Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory (Course Code Here)

Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory(Course Code Here)

Department of Computer Engineering

Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering andInformation Technology

Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan

Draft Copy – 1 August 2017

ii Contents


Contents

1 Lab 1: I-V Characteristics of a Diode 11.1 Objectives: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Parts and Equipment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.3.1 Pin Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 Observations and Calculations: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 I-V Characteristics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Lab 2: Diode as Clipper 72.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 Parts and Equipment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.7 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 Lab 3: Diode as Clamper 133.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.2 Parts and Equipment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.5 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.6 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.7 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 Lab 4: Diode as Half Rectifier 194.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.2 Parts and Equipment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.5 Efficiency: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.6 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

iii


iv Contents

4.7 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.8 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5 Lab 5: Diode as Full Wave Rectifier 255.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.2 Parts and Equipment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.5 Efficiency: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265.6 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.7 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.8 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6 Lab 6: Diode as Full Wave Bridge Rectifier 316.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.2 Parts and Equipment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.5 Efficiency: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326.6 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.7 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.8 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7 Lab 7: Diode in Voltage Multiplier 377.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.2 Parts and Equipment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.5 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.6 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.7 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

8 Lab 8: Zener Diode 418.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.2 Equipment and Components: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.5 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438.6 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438.7 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

9 Lab 9: Common Emitter Characteristics of BJT 479.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479.2 Equipment and Components: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47


Contents v

9.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479.5 Input Characteristics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.6 Output Characteristics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.7 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.8 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509.9 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

10 Lab 10: Common Base Characteristics of BJT 5310.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5310.2 Equipment and Components: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5310.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5310.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5310.5 Input Characteristics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5410.6 Output Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5610.7 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5610.8 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5710.9 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

11 Lab 11: Common Collector Characteristics of BJT 6111.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6111.2 Equipment and Components: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6111.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6111.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6111.5 Input Characteristics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6211.6 Output Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6311.7 Precautions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6311.8 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6311.9 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

12 Lab 12: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 6712.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712.2 Equipment and Components: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6712.5 Transfer Characteristics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6912.6 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6912.7 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

13 Lab 12: Junction Field Effect Transistor 7313.1 Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7313.2 Equipment and Components: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7313.3 Circuit Diagram: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7313.4 Procedure: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7313.5 Transfer Characteristics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7513.6 Course Learning Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75


vi Contents

13.7 Review Questions: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75


Chapter 1

Lab 1: I-V Characteristics of aDiode

1.1 Objectives:

To study VI Characteristics of a PN Junction diode

1.2 Parts and Equipment:

• Digital and analog Multimeter

• Power Supply

• Bread board

• Connecting wires

• Diode IN4007

• Resistors 1K, 470K

1.3 Circuit Diagram:

• To get familiar with the usage of the available lab equipment.

• To get familiar with Prototyping board (breadboard)

• To describe and verify the operation for the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR,XOR, XNOR gates.

• To study the representation of these functions by truth tables, logic diagramsand Boolean algebra

• To Introduce a basic knowledge in integrated circuit devices operation itemTo practice how to build a simple digital circuit using ICs and other digitalcomponents .

• Learn how to Wire a circuit

1


2 Lab 1: I-V Characteristics of a Diode

1.3.1 Pin Diagram

Figure 1.1: Diodes connected in series with DC voltage source.

1.4 Procedure:

• Connect the circuit on the bread board as shown in the diagram.

• Gradually vary DC supply and measure the voltage drop across the diode andacross resistor using digital voltmeter.

• Record the values in the table.

• Plot the graph between Id(yaxis) and Vd(xaxis)

– based upon the values obtained in the table

– based upon the diode equation

• Now reverse the diode and replace 1K resistor with 470K resistor and repeatthe previous steps for this circuit as well

1.5 Observations and Calculations:


§1.6 I-V Characteristics: 3

Figure 1.2: Calculations

1.6 I-V Characteristics:

1.7 Precautions:

• All the connections should be neat and tight

• Multimeter should be checked before performing the experiment

• Resistors and diode should be checked

• Voltage should not be increased to much higher value lest it cause damages tothe circuit



Figure 1.3: I-V Characteristics

1.8 Course Learning Outcomes

1.9 Review Questions:

1. On what part of the curve is forward biased diode normally operated?

2. What happens to the barrier potential when the temperature increases?

3. What is the simplest way to visualize a diode?


§1.9 Review Questions: 5

Microprocessor Systems Lab RubricPLOs Excellent Good Satisfactory Poor Score

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Table 1.1: Lab Rubric



4. Under what condition is the diode never intentionally operated?


Chapter 2

Lab 2: Diode as Clipper

2.1 Objective:

To study diodeâAZs clipping function


• Oscilloscope

• 1N4007 diode

• Digital Multimeter


• Bread board

• Signal Generator

• Resistor 10 KΩ


Figure 2.1: Diode as Clipper

7


8 Lab 2: Diode as Clipper

2.4 Procedure:

• Set the signal generator to 5V peak, 1KHz Sin wave

• Observe the input and output waveforms of the circuit with the help of anoscilloscope

Figure 2.2: Input and Output waveform plot

• Reverse the diode and observe the waveform


• Connect the diode in following configuration

• Observe the output waveform after setting dc source to 3V

• Reverse the diode and observe the output waveform

• Reverse battery polarity and observe the waveform

• Reverse diode and observe the waveform

• Connect the circuit in following configuration


§2.5 Precautions: 9


Figure 2.5: Reversed battery polarities

2.5 Precautions:







1. What is the function of Clipper circuit?




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Figure 2.6: Reversed Diode


2. What characteristics of diode make it a useful clipper??

3. What is the difference between positive and negative clipper??



4. What is the effect of adding biased to the diode in a clipper circuit?


Chapter 3

Lab 3: Diode as Clamper

3.1 Objective:

To study diodeâAZs clamping action


• Oscilloscope

• 1N4007 diode


• Transformer


• Bread board


• Resistor 10 KΩ

• Capacitor 0.1 µF


3.4 Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram and draw input sine wave

• Set signal generator to 10 volts peak to peak sine wave position

• Observe the input and output waveforms of the circuit with the help of anoscilloscope

13


14 Lab 3: Diode as Clamper

Figure 3.1: Diode as Clapper


• Reverse the Diode and Observe the waveform

• Connect the diode in following configuration

• Observe the output waveform after setting dc source to 3V

• Reverse the diode and observe the output waveform

• Reverse battery polarity and observe the waveform

• Reverse the diode and observe the waveform

3.5 Precautions:






§3.6 Course Learning Outcomes 15

Figure 3.3: Diode coonected in reversed configuration

Figure 3.4: Diode as Clamper



1. What is the function of a clamper circuit?

2. What is the function of a capacitor and resistor in an unbiased clamper circuit?




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Figure 3.5: Diode as Clamper

Figure 3.6: Reversed battery polarities

3. What component in a clamping circuit effectively act as a battery?

4. What is the effect of clamping action on the amplitude of the input waveform?



Figure 3.7: Reversed Diode


Chapter 4

Lab 4: Diode as Half Rectifier

4.1 Objective:

To demonstrate the use of a diode as a half wave rectifier


• Oscilloscope

• 1N4007 diode


• Transformer


• Bread board


• Resistor 10 KΩ

• Capacitor 0.1 µF


4.4 Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in figure

• Measure the ac voltage across the output of the voltage transformer

• Observe the input and output waveforms of the circuit with the help of theoscilloscope

19


20 Lab 4: Diode as Half Rectifier

Figure 4.1: Half wave Rectifier Circuit


• Measure the average/dc value of output voltage with the help of voltmeter

• Calculate average/dc value using the formula and compare

Vdc =Vmax

π

• Connect oscilloscope across the diode and find the peak value of the sinusoidalwaveform. That will be the PIV of the rectifier

4.5 Efficiency:

• Find Vrms, Irms, Vdc and Idc to calculate the efficiency using the relation:

η = (Vdc)(Idc)(Vrms)(Irms)

• Now connect a 100 µF capacitor as shown and observe the output



Figure 4.3: Rectifier

• Find Vdc and ripple factor using the formula. Also find Vdc using voltmeter andcompare

Vdc =VPR

1+1/2 fr RLC

%r = 12√

3 fr RLC× 100

4.6 Precautions:







1. What is called the process of changing an AC voltage to a pulsating DC voltage?




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PLO-5

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DataAcquisition

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Figure 4.4: Diode as Half wave Rectifier

2. How often does current flow in a half wave rectifier with reference to AC input?

3. At what point on the input cycle does the PIV occur?


Chapter 5

Lab 5: Diode as Full Wave Rectifier

5.1 Objective:

To demonstrate the use of a diode as a Full wave rectifier


• Oscilloscope

• 1N4007 diode


• Transformer


• Bread board


• Resistor 10KΩ

• Capacitor 0.1µF


5.4 Procedure:


• Measure the ac voltage Vac across the output terminals of the transformer

• Observe the input and output waveform of the circuit on an oscilloscope andtheir frequency as well


25


26 Lab 5: Diode as Full Wave Rectifier

Figure 5.1: Full Wave Rectifier Circuit


Vdc =2Vmax

π

• Find PIV of the rectifier




Vdc =Vmax

π


5.5 Efficiency:


Vdc =VPR

1+1/2 fr RLC

%r = 12√

3 fr RLC× 100

• Now connect a 100 µF capacitor as shown and observe the output



Figure 5.3: Rectifier


Vdc =VPR

1+1/2 fr RLC

%r = 12√

3 fr RLC× 100

5.6 Precautions:







1. If the frequency of input voltage is increased, what will be its effects on output?

2. What is the efficiency of the full wave rectifier?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

andcompletely


Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesdata






tasks/experiments

in the lab





Figure 5.4: Diode as Half wave Rectifier

3. In a full wave rectifier, how often does the current flow through the load, whenthe inpt cycle is applied? s


Chapter 6

Lab 6: Diode as Full Wave BridgeRectifier

6.1 Objective:

To demonstrate the use of a diode as a Full wave bridge rectifier


• Oscilloscope

• 1N4007 diode


• Tranformer


• Bread board


• Resistor 10KΩ

• Capacitor 0.1µF


6.4 Procedure:


• Measure the ac voltage Vac across the output terminals of the transformer

• Observe the input and output waveform of the circuit on an oscilloscope andtheir frequency as well

31


32 Lab 6: Diode as Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Figure 6.1: Full Wave Bridge Rectifier Circuit


• Calculate average/dc value using the formula and compare Vdc =2Vmax

π

• Find PIV of the rectifier and compare it with that found in Lab 04 and Lab 05



• Calculate average/dc value using the formula and compareVdc =

Vmaxπ


6.5 Efficiency:


η = (Vdc)(Idc)(Vrms)(Irms)

= %



Figure 6.3: Bridge Rectifier

• Now connect a 100µF capacitor as shown and observe the output


Vdc =VPR

1+1/2 fr RLC

%r = 12√

3 fr RLC× 100

6.6 Precautions:







1. What is the output frequency of a bridge rectifier?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

andcompletely


Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

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Figure 6.4: Diode as Full wave Rectifier

2. In reference two bridge rectifier, during the first cycle of the AC pulse, howmany diodes are forward biased?

3. What is called frequency of the variations in the DC output voltage of a recti-fier?



4. Which diode has higher rating?

• Bridge rectifier

• Simple rectifier


Chapter 7

Lab 7: Diode in Voltage Multiplier

7.1 Objective:

To demonstrate the operation of voltage multiplier


• Oscilloscope

• 1N4007 diode



• Bread board


• Transformer

• Resistor 10KΩ

• Capacitor 10 µF, 100µF


7.4 Procedure:

• Connect the oscilloscope and measure the peak voltage of the transformer sec-ondary and record

• Measure voltage across C2 by digital Multimeter

• Connect oscilloscope across C2 and record the waveform

37


38 Lab 7: Diode in Voltage Multiplier

Figure 7.1: Diode as Voltage multiplier



Vdc =VPR

1+1/2 fr RLC

%r = 12√

3 fr RLC× 100

7.5 Precautions:







1. What must be the peak voltage rating of the transformer secondary for a volt-age doubler that produces an output of 200V?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

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Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesand

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Analyzesdata






tasks/experiments

in the lab




40 Lab 7: Diode in Voltage Multiplier

2. What PIV rating of diode be selected for a voltage doubler?

3. How we can increase the current rating of voltage doubler?

4. Which diode has higher rating?

• Bridge rectifier

• Simple rectifier


Chapter 8

Lab 8: Zener Diode

8.1 Objective:

Zener diodeâAZs characteristics and Zener voltage regulation under varying loadand with varying applied voltage

8.2 Equipment and Components:

• DC Supply

• Zener diode



• Bread board

• Resistor 470Ω


Figure 8.1: Zener Diode Circuit

41


42 Lab 8: Zener Diode

8.4 Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown in the figure

• Turn on dc supply. Slowly adjust it and measure voltage with the help of digitalmultimeter and record in the following table

• Observe that Zener voltage variation is very small as compared to input voltage

• Draw the graph based upon above values

Table 8.1: Add caption

Sr. No. Iz(mA) Vz(Volts) Vin(Volts

1 5

2 10

3 15

4 20


• Connect the circuit as shown below

• Set RV to maximum resistance

• Adjust input supply to 20 volts

• Vary RV and adjust IL through RV and record the values in the table below

• Observe that when load current approaches the total current, the voltage acrossthe load begins to decrease and regulation is lost



Figure 8.3: Zener Diode Circuit


Sr. No. IL(mA) IT(mA) Vin(Volts) Vz(Volts) Iz(mA)

1

2

3

4

5

• Connect the circuit as shown below

• Make input voltage equal to Zener voltage slowly. Decrease the applied voltageto zero and observe that the Zener voltage follows the applied voltage since theZener diode no longer regulates

8.5 Precautions:







1. What is the basic difference between Zener diode and a simple diode?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

andcompletely


Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesdata






tasks/experiments

in the lab





Figure 8.4: Zener Diode

2. What is the function of current limiting resistor in a Zener diode circuit?

3. What happened when the reverse voltage applied to a Zener diode exceeds thebreak-down voltage?


Chapter 9

Lab 9: Common EmitterCharacteristics of BJT

9.1 Objective:

To construct a set of common emitter input and output characteristic curves basedon practical measurement


• DC Supply

• Transistor C828



• Bread board

• Resistors 100Ω, 1KΩ

• Potentiometers 250K, 10K

• Resistor 470Ω


9.4 Procedure:

• To determine the input characteristics of common emitter amplifier, connect thecircuit as shown above

• Adjust 250K and 10K variable resistors to set VCE and VBE as shown in the table.

47


48 Lab 9: Common Emitter Characteristics of BJT

Figure 9.1: BJT Common Emitter Configuration

• Measure and record the voltage across 1K resistor Vb for each combination ofVCE and VBE.


Sr. NoVce = 3 Volts Vce = 5 Volts

Vbe (V) Vb(V) Ib = Vb/Rb (mA) Vbe(V) Vb(V) Ib = Vb/Rb (mA)

• To determine the output characteristics of the common emitter configuration,set the 10K potentiometer to its max value. This will cause VCE to decrease to 0volts.

• Adjust 250K potentiometer to set Ib to some value of ACM/IEEE InternationalSymposium on MicroarchitectureA.

• Adjust the 10K potentiometer for all values of VCE in table making sure that IBremains constant


§9.5 Input Characteristics: 49


Sr. No. VceIb= 10 ÂtA Ib= 20 ÂtA Ib= 30 ÂtA Ib= 40 ÂtA Ib= 50 ÂtA

Vc Ic=Vc/Rc Vc Ic=Vc/Rc Vc Ic=Vc/Rc Vc Ic=Vc/Rc Vc Ic=Vc/Rc

1 0.2

2 0.4

3 0.6

4 0.8

5 1

6 3

7 5

Figure 9.2: Input Characteristics

9.5 Input Characteristics:

9.6 Output Characteristics:

9.7 Precautions:



• Trasistors, Resistors and diode should be checked




Figure 9.3: Output Characteristics



1. What elements determine the overall voltage gain of a common emitter ampli-fier?

2. What is the phase relationship of input and output voltages of common emitteramplifier?

3. What is the effect of load on voltage gain of common emitter amplifier?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

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Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesand

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Analyzesdata






tasks/experiments

in the lab




Chapter 10

Lab 10: Common BaseCharacteristics of BJT

10.1 Objective:

To construct a set of common base input and output characteristic curves based onpractical measurement


• DC Supply

• Transistor C828



• Bread board

• Resistors 4.7KΩ, 22KΩ, 1KΩ


10.4 Procedure:

• To measure transistorâAZs common base characteristics, connect the circuit asshown above

• Adjust Vcc to obtain Vcb of 5V

• Adjust Vee to obtain Vbe of 0V

• Measure and record Ve to determine emitter current Ie

• Repeat the procedure for all values of Vbe in the corresponding column of table

53


54 Lab 10: Common Base Characteristics of BJT

Figure 10.1: BJT Common Base Configuration

• Repeat the above procedure for each value of Vcb


Sr. No.Vcb = 5 Volts Vcb = 15 Volts Vcb =25 Volts

Vbe Ve Ie=Ve/Re Vbe Ve Ie=Ve/Re Vbe Ve Ie=Ve/Re

1 0 0 0

2 0.2 0.2 0.2

3 0.3 0.3 0.3

4 0.4 0.4 0.4

5 0.5 0.5 0.5

6 0.6 0.6 0.6


• To determine common base output characteristics, connect the circuit as shown

• Adjust Vee to obtain Ie of 1mA(Ve = 1V)

• Adjust VCC to obtain the desired values for both Vcb and Ie

• Measure and record Vc which is used to calculate Ic

• Repeat above procedure for all values of Ie in the table


§10.5 Input Characteristics: 55


Sr No. VcbIe=1mA Ie=2mA Ie=3mA Ie=4mA Ie=5mA


1 -0.65

2 -0.5

3 0

4 5

5 10

6 15

7 20


Sr. NoVce = 3 Volts Vce = 5 Volts

Vbe (V) Vb(V) Ib = Vb/Rb (mA) Vbe(V) Vb(V) Ib = Vb/Rb (mA)



Figure 10.2: Input Characteristics plot

Figure 10.3: Common base output characteristics circuit

10.6 Output Characteristics

• To determine the output characteristics of the common emitter configuration,set the 10K potentiometer to its max value. This will cause VCE to decrease to 0volts.

• Adjust 250K potentiometer to set Ib to some value of ACM/IEEE InternationalSymposium on MicroarchitectureA.


10.7 Precautions:




§10.8 Course Learning Outcomes 57

Figure 10.4: Common base output characteristics plot


Sr. No. VceIb= 10 ÂtA Ib= 20 ÂtA Ib= 30 ÂtA Ib= 40 ÂtA Ib= 50 ÂtA


1 0.2

2 0.4

3 0.6

4 0.8

5 1

6 3

7 5

• Trasistors, Resistors and diode should be checked




1. What is a common collector amplifier called?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

andcompletely


Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesdata






tasks/experiments

in the lab





2. What characteristic common collector amplifier make it a useful circuit?

3. Is there any phase inversion from input to output in a common collector am-plifier?


Chapter 11

Lab 11: Common CollectorCharacteristics of BJT

11.1 Objective:

To construct a set of common collector input and output characteristic curves basedon practical measurement


• DC Supply

• Transistor C828



• Bread board

• Resistors 100Ω, 1K|Omega


• Resistors 4.7KΩ, 22KΩ, 1KΩ


11.4 Procedure:

• To measure the input characteristics of common collector configuration, connectthe circuit as shown above

• By carefully adjusting potentiometer 250K and 10K, set the voltage Vce and Vcbas shown in the table.

61


62 Lab 11: Common Collector Characteristics of BJT

Figure 11.1: BJT Common Collector Configuration

• Measure and record Vb in the table which will be used to find the value of IB.

• Calculate IB and plot the input characteristics of common collector configura-tion


Sr No.Vce = 3 volts Vce = 5 volts Vce = 7 volts

Vcb Vb Ib=Vb/Rb Vcb Vb Ib=Vb/Rb Vcb Vb Ib=Vb/Rb

1 2.4 4.4 6.4

2 2.38 4.38 6.69

3 2.36 4.36 6.38

4 2.34 4.34 6.36

5 2.32 4.32 6.34


• To determine the output characteristics of the common collector configuration,set the 10K potentiometer to its max value. This will cause Vce to decrease to 0volts.

• Adjust 250K potentiometer to set Ib to some value of ÎijA.



§11.6 Output Characteristics 63

Figure 11.2: Input Characteristics plot

11.6 Output Characteristics

11.7 Precautions:



• Transistors, Resistors and diode should be checked




1. Why common base configuration is little used practical??




Sr No. VceIb=10ÎijA Ib=20ÎijA Ib=30ÎijA Ib=40ÎijA Ib=50ÎijA

Ve Ie=Ve/Re Ve Ie=Ve/Re Ve Ie=Ve/Re Ve Ie=Ve/Re Ve Ie=Ve/Re

1 0.2

2 0.4

3 0.6

4 0.8

5 1

6 3

7 5

2. 2Can the same voltage gain be achieved with a common base as with a commonemitter amplifier?

3. 3. What is the main disadvantage of common base amplifier as compared tocommon emitter and emitter follower amplifier?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

andcompletely


Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesdata






tasks/experiments

in the lab





Figure 11.3: Common Collector output plot


Chapter 12

Lab 12: Metal Oxide SemiconductorField Effect Transistor

12.1 Objective:

To investigate the drain characteristics of a MOSFET


• Two DC Supplies

• MOSFET



• Bread board

• Resistors 100KΩ, 1KΩ, 4.7K

• item Potentiometers 100K, 1K


12.4 Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown above

• Turn potentiometers fully counter clock wise, and turn on power supply

• Leave 100K potentiometer fully counter clock wise so that VGS = 0

• Adjust 1K potentiometer to get desired values of Vds as shown in the table

67


68 Lab 12: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

Figure 12.1: MOSFET


Vgs= 0 volts

Vds (volts) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Id (mA)

• Measure voltage across 1K resistor. Use this value to find out the value of Idand fill in the corresponding place in the above table

• Adjust 100K potentiometer so that VGS = −0.5 volts

• Repeat above steps to find VDS and Id and fill the table below


Vgs= -0.5 volts

Vds (volts) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Id (mA)

• Invert the leads of the supply connected to the gate of the MOSFET and adjustthe 100K potentiometer so that VGS = 0.5 volts

• Repeat above steps to find VDS and Id and fill the table below

• Use the corresponding values of Id and Vds to draw the drain characteristics


§12.5 Transfer Characteristics: 69


Vgs= 0.5 volts

Vds (volts) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Id (mA)

Figure 12.2: Drain Characterisitics Curve

12.5 Transfer Characteristics:



1. If the gate to source voltage in an n-channel depletion MOSFET is made morenegative, dose the drain current increases or decreases?

2. How many physical channels dose the enhancement MOSFET has?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

andcompletely


Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesdata






tasks/experiments

in the lab





Figure 12.3: Transfer Characteristics

3. What is the difference between MOSFET JFET?


Chapter 13

Lab 12: Junction Field EffectTransistor

13.1 Objective:

To investigate the drain characteristics of a JFET


• Two DC Supplies

• JFET



• Bread board

• Resistors 100KΩ, 100ω, 1KΩ



13.4 Procedure:

• Connect the circuit as shown above

• Turn potentiometers fully counter clock wise, and turn on power supply

• Leave 100K potentiometer fully counter clock wise so that VGS = 0

• Adjust 1K potentiometer to get desired values of VDS as shown in the table

73


74 Lab 12: Junction Field Effect Transistor

Figure 13.1: MOSFET


Vgs= 0 volts

Vds (volts) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Id (mA)

• Measure voltage across 1K resistor. Use this value to find out the value of IDand fill in the corresponding place in the above table

• Now adjust 100K potentiometer so that VGS = −0.25 volts.

• Repeat above steps to find Vds and Id and fill the table below:


Vgs= -0.25 volts

Vds (volts) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Id (mA)


• Repeat above steps to find VDS and ID and fill the table below


• Repeat above steps to find VDS and ID and fill the table below

• Use the corresponding values of ID and VDS to draw the drain characteristics


§13.5 Transfer Characteristics: 75


Vgs= -0.50 volts

Vds (volts) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Id (mA)


Vgs= -0.75 volts

Vds (volts) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Id (mA)

13.5 Transfer Characteristics:



1. In which bias mode, dose the JFET operates?

2. Is JFET unipolar or bipolar device?

3. Should a P-channel JFET have a positive or negative Vgs?




3.0 2.0 1.0 0

ApparatusUsage

PLO-5

Can inde-pendently


Can setupand handle

theapparatus

withminimal

help

Can setupand handle


help

Cannotsetup or

handle theapparatus

DataAcquisition

PLO-5

All requireddata is

recordedand

presentedaccurately

andcompletely


Datarecorded

andpresented is



Datarecorded

andpresented is

partiallycomplete.



deficiencies.



frominstructor

Design PLO-3



arecompletely

present





parametersand


are present

No specifi-cations,

parametersand


are present


PLO-4

Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesand

interpretsdata



Analyzesdata






tasks/experiments

in the lab





Figure 13.2: Drain Characteristics Curve

Figure 13.3: Transfer Characteristics


Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory (Course Code Here)

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Transcript of Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory (Course Code Here)