EFFECTS OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT ON THE CUTTING TOOL DURABILITY

International Journal of Design and Manufacturing Technology (IJDMT), ISSN 0976 – 6995(Print),

ISSN 0976 – 7002(Online) Volume 3, Issue 1, January – December (2012), © IAEME

11

EFFECTS OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT ON THE CUTTING

TOOL DURABILITY

Lakhwinder Pal Singh1*, Jagtar Singh

2

1Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, L.R. Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Jabli Kyar, Oachghat - 173223, Solan, Himachal Pradesh

(India) 2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sant Longowal Institute of

Engineering and Technology, Longowal -148106, Sangrur, Punjab (India)

Corresponding Author. E-mail address; [email protected]

Mob. No. +919417362669

ABSTRACT

High-speed steel (HSS) tools are the most commonly used tools in small and medium-

scale industry. Cryogenic treatment can be used to enhance the tool life. Studies on

cryogenically treated (CT) cutting tools show microstructural changes in the material that

can influence the life of the tools significantly. This paper primarily reports performance

of CT HSS tools as compared to untreated (UT) HSS tools. The results show that CT

HSS tools exhibit better performance based on tool wear. The microstructure has been

found more refined and uniformly distributed after cryogenic treatment of HSS tool.

Taguchi L25 orthogonal array was considered for conducting the experimentation and

ANOVA used for data analysis. Three parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and

depth of cut at different levels were considered in this study. ANOVA results shows that

the cutting speed is the most significant parameter followed by feed rate in both the cases

(CT HSS and UT HSS tools). It has been observed that the performance of CT -HSS

tools is better than that of UT HSS tools as per comparison of nose radius.

KEY WORDS: Cryogenic treatment, high-speed steel tools, nose radius, tool wear.

1. INTRODUCTION

The commonly used cutting tool material in conventional machine tools is high-speed

steel (HSS). As the technology has been rapidly advancing, newer cutting tool materials

such as cemented carbides, cermets and ceramics are needed to machine many difficult to

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ISSN 0976 – 6995 (Print)

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machine materials at higher cutting speeds and metal removal rates with performance

reliability. In recent years, increased interest in the effects of low temperature on tool and

die materials, particularly HSS tools, has been demonstrated. Over the past few years,

there has been an increase in the application of cryogenic treatment to different materials.

Research has shown that cryogenic treatment increases product life, and in most cases

provides additional qualities to the product, such as stress relieving, toughness, etc. In the

area of cutting tool, which includes HSS and medium carbon steels, cryogenic treatment

can double the service life of tools.

Mohan Lal et al. [1] studied the improvement in wear resistance and the significance of

treatment parameters in different tool and die materials. They found that cryogenic

treatment imparts nearly 110% improvement in tool life. Cohen et al. [2] proved that the

power consumption of cryogenically treated (CT) HSS tools is less when compared to the

untreated HSS tools. Cryogenic treatment of tool steels is a proven technology to increase

the wear resistance and extend intervals between component replacements for blades,

bits, machining mills, etc., and hence improves surface quality of the machined parts.

Combining optimized lubrication, correct mechanical configuration and cryogenic

treatment of wearing parts results in the maximum performance of lubricated components

and can significantly extend the component life. Reliability of operating is influenced by

five factors: component design, manufacture, specifications, installation and

maintenance. Each of these stages can be influenced by separate individuals or teams, but

ultimately the responsibility for performance of the assembled system falls on the plant

maintenance team. It has been said that machines do not die, people kill them. In many

cases this is true, and many of the contributing factors to premature failure can be

controlled by the end user. However, if the equipment has been properly installed and

maintained, exerting influence on the other factors may be difficult or impossible for the

end user.

Cryogenic treatment has been claimed to improve the wear resistance of steels and has

been implemented in cutting tools since long. Although it has been confirmed that

cryogenic treatment improves the wear resistance and tool life, the process has not been

standardized, with the results being inconsistent, varying from researcher to researcher

[3]. The literature published in this regards reports that cryogenic treatment facilitates the

formation of carbon clustering and increases the carbide density in the subsequent heat

treatment, which further improves the surface quality and wear resistance of steels.

Cryogenic treatment is a sub-zero thermal treatment generally given to ferrous tool

materials. In this treatment, the tool materials are subjected to temperature below −196°C

(−320°F) for 20–60 hours in well-insulated chambers and liquid nitrogen (LN2). Studies

on CT HSS tools show microstructural changes in the material that can influence tool

lives and productivity significantly [4].

The life of cutting tool is affected by factors like cutting speed, feed and depth of cut, tool

material, heat treatment of the tool, work material and nature of cutting. The main

characteristics of a good cutting tool material are its hot hardness, wear resistance, impact

resistance, abrasion resistance, heat conductivity, strength, etc. What is important to tool

life is the likely changes in these characteristics at high temperature because the metal

cutting process is always associated with generation of high amount of heat, and hence



13

high temperatures. Cutting speed has the maximum effect on tool life, followed by feed

rate and depth of cut. All these factors contribute to the rise of temperature. That is why it

is always said that an ideal tool material is the one which will remove the largest volume

of work material at all speeds. It is, however, not possible to get a truly ideal tool

material. The tool material which can withstand maximum cutting temperature without

losing its principal mechanical properties (especially hot hardness) and geometry will

ensure maximum tool life, and hence will give the most efficient cutting of metal [5].

During the cutting operation, cutting tool is subjected to static and dynamic forces, high

temperatures, wear and abrasion [6]. Singh [7] conducted experimentation on the effect

of cryogenic treatment on machining characteristics of titanium alloy (Ti–6A1–4V). In

his experimentation, he predicted the best rpm range for conventional milling of titanium

alloy (Ti–6A1–4V) using HSS tool material. The specimen was a cryogenic treated

cylindrical rod for which a cryogenic treated HSS end mill was used to generate a cavity.

The mechanical properties, namely, surface roughness, surface hardness, metal removal

rate, and tool wear rate of the machined surface, were observed to find out the best range

of machining characteristics. The results indicated that best machining range is between

300 and 500 rpm, surface roughness improves by 47.91%, surface hardness increases by

2.25%, material removal rate increases by 4.38% and the tool wear rate decreases by

52.9%.

Grewal [8] studied the effect of cryogenic treatment of the wire on machining

performance of wire cut Electric Discharge Machine. He found in his study that metallic

materials having high mechanical strength generally show a low electric conductivity,

whereas those having a high electric conductivity generally show a low mechanical

strength. With the help of cryogenic treatment of wire, current carrying capacity of the

wire can be increased. It is also expected that the cryogenic treated wire would have less

chances of breakage during machining as compared to untreated wire because of increase

in its toughness.

1.1 Evolution of cryogenic treatment process

The science and technology of producing a low temperature environment is refered to as

cryogenics. The word cryogenics has its origin in the Greek language where "cryos"

means frost or cold and "gen" means generate. Cryogenic processing has been around for

many years but is truly in its infancy when compared to heat-treating. For centuries the

Swiss would take advantage of the extremely low temperatures of the Alps (Fridge

Regions) to improve the behavior of their steels. They would allow the steel to remain in

the frigid regions of the Alps for long periods of time to improve its quality. Essentially,

this was a crude aging process accelerated by the very low temperatures. What we now

understand to have happened was the reduction of the retained austenite and the increase

in martensite. By performing this once secret process the Swiss obtained the reputation

for producing a superior grade of steel [9].

The process of experimentation and understanding of the cryogenic treatment of

steels really got under way during World War II. It was under the direction of Clarence

Zener who would later go on to develop the Zener diode. At that time there were no

computer controls so the steel tooling would be immersed in liquid Nitrogen for a brief

period of time, allowed to warm up, then placed into service. This method was crude and



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uncontrolled. Many of the tools would chip and break immediately upon use because the

immersion process would create a very high thermal gradient in the tool and this would

produce micro-cracks in the body. It was also later learned that the cryo-treatment would

convert the retained austenite into un-tempered martensite. But the tools that would not

break would experience a greatly enhanced service life. In the 1960’s cryogenic

processors would use multi-stage mechanical coolers along with insulated ‘cold-boxes’ to

gently remove the latent heat from tooling thereby achieving a much slower cooling rate,

concurrent with longer wear lives [10].

1.2 Types of cryogenic treatment

There are two types of cryogenic treatment [10], which are described as following:

1.2.1 Shallow cryogenic treatment:

Shallow cryogenic treatment is done using 4-10-4 cycle. The temperature of cryogenic

chamber is ramp down from atmospheric temperature to -110° C in 4 hrs. The soaking

period is 10 hrs. The temperature of cryogenic chamber is ramp up from -110° C to

atmospheric temperature in another 4 hrs. in this way 4-10-4 cycle is complete.

1.2.2 Deep cryogenic treatment:

Deep cryogenic treatment is done using 9-18-14 cycle. The temperature of cryogenic

chamber is ramp down from atmospheric temperature to -184° C in 9 hrs. The soaking

period is 18 hrs. The temperature of cryogenic chamber is ramp up from -184° C to

atmospheric temperature in another 14 hrs. In this way 9-18-14 cycle is complete.

1.3 Procedure to conduct cryogenic treatment

Following procedure is being adopted to conduct the cryogenic treatment.

1.3.1 Ramp down:-

A typical cryogenic cycle will bring the temperature of the part down to -300oF over a

period of six to ten hours. This avoids thermally shocking of the part. There is ample

reason for the slow ramp down. Think in terms of dropping a cannon ball into a vat of

liquid Nitrogen, which is near -323oF. The inside wants to remain at room temperature.

This sets up a temperature gradient that is very steep in the first moments of the parts

exposure to the liquid Nitrogen. The area that is cold wants to contract to the size it

would be if it were as cold as the liquid Nitrogen. The inside wants to stay the same size

it was at room temperature. This can set up enormous stresses in the surface of the part,

which can lead to cracking at the surface. Some metals can take the sudden temperature

change, but most tooling steels and steels used for critical parts cannot. So ramp down

prevents the thermal shocking of the parts.

1.3.2 Soaking :-

A typical soak segment will hold the temperature at -300oF for some period of time,

typically eight to forty hours. During the soak segment of the process the temperature is

maintained at a low temperature. Although things are changing within the crystal

structure of the metal at this temperature, these changes are relatively slow and need time

to occur. One of the changes is the precipitation of fine carbides. It is found that soaking

time in the process also provides time for the crystal structure to react to the low

temperature and for energy to leave the crystal structure [11]. In theory a perfect crystal

lattice structure is in a lowest energy state. If atoms are too near other atoms are too far

from other atoms, or if there are vacancies in the structure or dislocations, the total



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energy in the structure is higher. By keeping the part at a low temperature for a long

period of time, it is found that some of the energy go out of the lattice and making a more

perfect and therefore stronger crystal structure.

1.3.3 Ramp up:-

A typical ramp up segment brings the temperature back up to room temperature. This can

typically take eight to twenty hours. The ramp up cycle is very important to the process.

Ramping up too fast can cause problems with the part being treated. Think in terms of

dropping an ice cube into a glass of warm water. The ice cube will crack. The same can

happen to the parts.

1.3.4 Temper ramp up:-

A typical temper segment ramps the temperature up to a predetermined level over a

period of time. Tempering is important with ferrous metals. The cryogenic temperature

will convert almost all retained austenite in a part to martensite. This martensite will be

primary martensite, which will be brittle. It must be tempered back to reduce its

brittleness. This is done by using the same type of tempering process as is used in a

quench and temper cycle in heat treatment. Ramp up is there in a temperature to assure

the temperature gradients within the part are kept low. Typically, tempering temperatures

are from 300oF on up to 1100

oF, depending on the metal and the hardness of the metal.

1.3.5 Temper hold:-

The temper hold segment assures the entire part has had the benefit of the tempering

temperatures. A typical temper hold time is about 3 hours. This time depends on the

thickness and mass of the part. There may be more than one temper sequence for a given

part or metal. It is found that certain metals perform better if tempered several times.

The purpose of the study was to demonstrate use of the Taguchi parameter design in

order to identify the optimum machining parameters in turning operation.

2. EXPERIMENTATION & METHODOLOGY

Turning is a widely used machining process in which a single point cutting tool removes

material from the surface of a rotating cylindrical workpiece. Three cutting parameters i.e

speed, feed rate and depth of cut must be determined in a turning operation. The

parameters alongwith their levels & range considered for experimentation has shown in

table 1, 25 experiments were carried out by Taguchi method L25 orthogonal array. The

experimental design has been done using popular software, specifically used for design of

experiment applications, known as MINITAB 15.

Table 1: Cutting parameters and their levels (for CT and UT HSS tools)

Level Cutting speed (m/min)

(A)

Feed rate (mm/rev.)

(B)

Depth of cut (mm)

©

01 11.3 0.15 0.30

02 20.9 0.20 0.35

03 33.1 0.25 0.40

04 49.9 0.30 0.45

05 75.7 0.35 0.50



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Two cutting tool blanks T-42, S-400, 1/2″x 4″ were purchased from Mirinda Tools Pvt.

Ltd., one tool was kept un-treated and the other one got deep cryogenically treated from

the Institute for Auto-Parts and Hand Tool Technology (UNDP-UNIDO assisted Punjab

Govt. Project), focal point, Ludhiana, Punjab. The tools were prepared as per desired tool

geometry. The desired angles and nose radius were cut on profile grinder machine from

the R and D centre for Bi-cycle and Sewing Machine, Ludhiana. Brief experimental

conditions, machine tool and equipment specifications are given in Table 2.

Table 2 Experimental conditions, machine tool and equipment specifications.

Sr. No. Parameter/ite

m

Experimental conditions/ M/C tool and equipment

specifications

01 Machine tool High-power rigid lathe machine, 6.5-feet bed, 3-phase

2 HP motor

02 Cutting tools Untreated Mirinda make, HSS T-42, S-400 (UT) 1/2″x

4″ single point turning tool.

Cryogenically treated, HSS T-42, S-400 (CT) 1/2″x 4″

single point turning tool.

Chemical composition; C-1.430, Cr-3.920, Mo-3.560,

W-8.56, V-2.900,

Co-9.45.

03 Tool

geometry

Back rake angle: 08°, side rake angle: 10°, end flank

angle: 05°, side flank angle: 05°, end cutting edge

angle: 15°, side cutting edge angle: 15°, nose radius:

0.5 mm (as recommended by M/S Mirinda Tools Ltd.

for machining mild steel)

04 Work

material

Mild steel, AISI/SAE-1020, Diameter 36 mm, same for

both the tools

Chemical composition; C-0.190, S-0.40, P-0.38, Si-

0.140, Mn-0.43.

Turning operation was carried out on the work specimens using cryogenically

treated and untreated HSS tools. Various experimental runs were performed by

changing the machining parameters at a fixed length of cut. The nose radius of the

cutting tools (CT and UT HSS) was measured after each experiment run and

increase in nose radius was calculated.

2.1 Methodology 2.2 Metallurgical investigation of both the tools (CT and UT HSS) have been

obtained using a metallurgical microscope with magnification X100 as shown

in Fig. 1.



17

Fig. 1 Metallurgical microscope

2.3 Nose radius of both the UT as well as CT HSS tools was measured after the

each experimental run using Universal Measuring Microscope Least Count

(LC) 0.0001 mm and microstructure of both the UT and CT HSS tools was

taken using Metallurgical Microscope, magnification X100 as shown in

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Universal Measuring Microscope used to measure the nose radius.



18

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After the completion of experimentation the data was used to calculate signal to noise

S/N ratio using Taguchi method. The main objective of the experiment is to optimize

machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) to achieve low value of

the increase in nose radius (minimum tool wear). So from the S/N ratio characteristics,

smaller the better was selected for analysis. The S/N ratio values of the increase in nose

radius are calculated, using smaller the better characteristics. The experimental data for

increase in nose radius along with its computed S/N ratio values is given in the table 3.

The response for signal to noise ratio is given in table 4. The plots are developed using a

software package MINITAB 15 and the results were further analyzed using ANOVA

(Table 4) for the purpose of identifying significant factor, which affects the increase in

nose radius. This analysis is carried out for a level of significance of 5% i.e. for a level of

confidence of 95%. The F-test is performed to judge the significant parameter affecting

increase in nose radius. The larger F-value affects more on the performance

characteristics.

Table 3 Experimental design using L25 orthogonal array for CT and UT HSS tools

Exp.

Run

Cuttin

g

speed

(m/mi

n.)

Feed

rate

(mm/re

v.)

Depth of

cut (mm)

Cryogenically treated

(CT)

Un-treated (UT)

Increase in

nose radius

(mm)

S/N

ratio

Increase in

nose radius

(mm)

S/N

ratio

1 11.3 0.15 0.30 0.0006 64.4370 0.0025 52.0412

2 11.3 0.20 0.35 0.0009 60.9151 0.0045 46.9357

3 11.3 0.25 0.40 0.0042 47.5350 0.0080 41.9382

4 11.3 0.30 0.45 0.0061 44.2934 0.0095 40.4455

5 11.3 0.35 0.50 0.0073 42.7335 0.0109 39.2515

6 20.9 0.15 0.35 0.0099 40.0873 0.0132 37.5885

7 20.9 0.20 0.40 0.0107 39.4123 0.0162 35.8097

8 20.9 0.25 0.45 0.0110 39.1721 0.0185 34.6566

9 20.9 0.30 0.50 0.0108 39.3315 0.0195 34.1993

10 20.9 0.35 0.30 0.0095 40.4455 0.0208 33.6387

11 33.1 0.15 0.40 0.0115 38.7860 0.0216 33.3109

12 33.1 0.20 0.45 0.0088 41.1103 0.0223 33.0339

13 33.1 0.25 0.50 0.0094 40.5374 0.0227 32.8795

14 33.1 0.30 0.30 0.0116 38.7108 0.0229 32.8033

15 33.1 0.35 0.35 0.0122 38.2728 0.0233 32.6529

16 49.9 0.15 0.45 0.0103 39.7433 0.0234 32.6157

17 49.9 0.20 0.50 0.0107 39.4123 0.0235 32.5786

18 49.9 0.25 0.30 0.0105 39.5762 0.0237 32.5050

19 49.9 0.30 0.35 0.0120 38.4164 0.0239 32.4320



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20 49.9 0.35 0.40 0.0097 40.2646 0.0242 32.3237

21 75.7 0.15 0.50 0.0124 38.1316 0.0243 32.2879

22 75.7 0.20 0.30 0.0114 38.8619 0.0245 32.2167

23 75.7 0.25 0.35 0.0115 38.7860 0.0249 32.0760

24 75.7 0.30 0.40 0.0119 38.4891 0.0252 31.9720

25 75.7 0.35 0.45 0.0139 37.1397 0.0255 31.8692

75.749.933.120.911.3

52

48

44

40

0.350.300.250.200.15

0.500.450.400.350.30

52

48

44

40

Cutting speed (m/min)

Mean of SN ratios

Feed rate (mm/rev.)

Depth of cut (mm)

Main Effects Plot for SN ratios

Data Means

Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better

Fig 3. Main effects plot for signal to noise ratio for CT HSS tool.



20

75.749.933.120.911.3

45

40

35

0.350.300.250.200.15

0.500.450.400.350.30

45

40

35

Cutting speed (m/min)

Mean of SN ratios

Feed rate (mm/rev.)

Depth of cut (mm)

Main Effects Plot for SN ratios

Data Means

Signal-to-noise: Smaller is better

Fig 4. Main effects plot for signal to noise ratio for UT HSS tool.

Table 4: Analysis of Variance for Increase in nose radius (mm), using Adjusted SS

for CT and UT HSS Tool.

Source Degrees of

freedom

Sequencial Sum of

squared deviation

Adjusted Sum of

squared deviation

Adjusted Mean

squared deviation

Fisher’s f ratio

(F)

Probability of

significance

(P)

CT UT CT UT CT UT CT UT CT UT CT UT

Cutting

speed (m/

min.)

4 4 0.000215

8

0.001067

4

0.00021

58

0.00106

74

0.00005

40

0.0002

669

20.97 140.4

0

0.00

0

0.000

Feed rate

(mm/

rev.)

4 4 0.000016

7

0.000050

0

0.00001

67

0.00005

00

0.00000

42

0.0000

125

1.62 6.57 0.23

3

0.005

Depth

of cut

(mm)

4 4 0.000006

5

0.000015

2

0.00000

65

0.00001

52

0.00000

16

0.0000

038

0.63 2.00 0.64

9

0.159

Error 12 12 0.000030

9

0.000022

8

0.00003

09

0.00002

28

0.00000

26

0.0000

019

Total 24 24 0.000269

8

0.001155

4



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Fig 5. Microstructure of CT HSS tool material

Fig 6. Microstructure of UT HSS tool material

From the main effects plots (for both UT HSS and CT HSS, fig. 3 and 4) for signal to

noise ratio, it can be observed that the maximum value of parameters i.e. speed 75.7

m/min, feed rate 0.35 mm/rev. and depth of cut 0.50 mm are the optimum parameters for

machining mild steel with both CT HSS and UT HSS tools. Further from the ANOVA

results (for both CT HSS and UT HSS, table 5) it has been found that cutting speed is the

most significant factor followed by feed rate as the larger F-value affects more on the

performance characteristics. The results for wear (table 3), i.e. increase in nose radius

vary widely for CT and UT HSS tools. From the analysis, it can be seen that the wear of

UT HSS tool is more than that of CT HSS tool.



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The microstructure analysis was carried out to study the microstructure changes in HSS

UT and CT tools due to cryogenic treatment. From the micrographs shown in Figures 5

and 6, it can be seen that the microstructure of HSS gets more refined, with uniformly

distributed fine alloy carbides in tempered martensite, after the cryogenic treatment.

4. CONCLUSION

The performance of HSS is quite good because of its composition, especially 10% cobalt.

After cryogenic treatment, the performance of cryogenically treated tool had been

significantly enhanced. From the analysis of graphs for signal to noise (S/N) ratio it has

been observed that optimum machining parameters in both the cases (CT HSS and UT

HSS tools) are higher cutting speed (75.7 m/min.), higher feed rate (0.35 mm/rev.) and

higher depth of cut (0.50 mm). The ANOVA results shows that the cutting speed is the

most significant parameter followed by feed rate in both the cases (CT HSS and UT HSS

tools). On the comparison based on increase in nose radius, it has been found that the

performance of CT HSS tools is better than that of UT HSS tools. It has been found that

the microstructure of HSS gets more refined and the particles are uniformly distributed

after the cryogenic treatment. Less increase in nose radius, more uniform distribution of

metal particles, refined microstructure of CT HSS tool represent the positive scope of

cryogenic treatment on tool and die materials.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors thankfully acknowledges support of R & D Centre for Bi-cycle and Sewing

Machines (UNDP-UNIDO assisted Punjab Govt. Project), Focal Point, Ludhiana in

providing experimentation and testing facilities and the Institute for Auto Parts and hand

Tools Technology (UNDP-UNIDO assisted Punjab Govt. Project), Focal Point, Ludhiana

in providing cryogenic treatment facilities.

REFERENCES

1. Mohan Lal D, Renganarayanan S. and Kalanidhi A. (2001), “Cryogenic treatment

to augment wear resistance of tool and die steels”, Cryogenics 41:149-155 doi:

10.1016/S0011-2275(01)00065-0.

2. Cohen .P and Kamody D. (1998), “Cryogenics goes deeper” Cutting Tool Eng

150(7): 46-50.

3. Sekhar Babu P, Rajendran P. and Rao K. N.(2005), “Cryogenic treatment of M1,

EN19 and H13 tool steels to improve wear resistance” IE(I) Journal–MM 86 : 64-66.

4. Flavio J, Sinesio D, Emmanuel O, Allisson R and Antonio M (2006),

“Performance of cryogenically treated HSS tools” Wear 261: 674-685.

5. Raghuwanshi B. S. (1990), “A Course in Workshop Technology, Volume II

(machine tools)” New Delhi: Dhanpat Rai & Company Ltd. 23(5) : 309-316.



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6. Bayhan Y. (2006), “Reduction of Wear Via Hard Facing of Chisel Ploughshare”

Tribology International 39 :570-574, 2006.

7. Singh A. H. (2007), “Effect of Cryogenic treatmenton machining characteristics

of titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4v)” M.Tech. Thesis, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering

College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

8. Grewal J. (2007), “Effect of cryogenic treatment of the wire on machining

performance of Wire Cut Electric Discharge Machine” M.Tech. Thesis, Guru Nanak

Dev Engineering College, Punjab, India

9) Huang, J.T. and Lliao, Y.S. (2003), “Optimization of machining

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EFFECTS OF CRYOGENIC TREATMENT ON THE CUTTING TOOL DURABILITY

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