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COOPSHATI^l] :jl5ISTIITa 1931 |g.g.I;--.-:-

A radio talk "by A o W. McKaj, Cliiof, Division of CoopGrative ' Marketing,j'edoral Farm Board, delivered tnro'^j.gh TJRC and 39 other rcvdio stations associatedwith the ITatioFial Broadcasting Conipanj, JaiT.iary 2, 1931 •

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The cooperative associations expectc to nrke progress in 1931» an^ theirfaith is justified by the record of 1930° Ijct us review sone of the acconplish-nents of- the cooperatives in a year when the handicaps they ha^d to neet couldnot have ooen nach no re severe.

First, approzinately 200 nillion bushels of grain is being marketed co-

operatively under the control of the tamers ITational G-rain Corporation. TheEarners National has brought together 27 regional associations- Sone of thesenenbers are wheat pools; others a.re federations of famers* eleva,tors. Tlie

National is capitalized at 10 nillion dollars and its firxancial resources area-dequate to neet the needs of its nenbers and the local elevators and graingrowers that mke up the nenbershi^D of its regional Se

The cott-on associations will handle noro than twice as oich cotton as hasever been narl23ted cooperatively before. Tlie total nay reach three nillionba,les. It will be sold by one gig?2itic famer-owned agency—the Anerican CottonCooperative Association which has now becone t?ie largest cotton nerchant in the

world. More than 1^0,000 cotton growers are nenbers of the 11 state a.sscciations

which are federated to fom the Anerican Cotton Cooperative Association. These

150^000 cotton growers have elininated conpetit ion anong thcnselvos by sellingall their cotton through a single cooperative agency.

ôol r^rketed cooperatively increasod iron about 20 nillion pounds in 1929to 120 nillion in 1930* —Q ITational Fool Ilarketing Corporation, with ]iead-

quarters at Boston, Massachusetts, has been set up as a national cooperativesales 3.gQ\\c'j for wool and nohair producers. The nenbership of t:ie I'ational isnade up of 26 nenber associations whose activities extend fron tJie Pacific Coastto the eastern states. A subsidiary credit corporation has been fomed by theITational ôol Markp-ting Corporation so tho-t pro-shearing advances and advances togro-êrs upon the delivei^' of wool na;,^ be riade pronptly.

The new ilational Livestock Marketing Associa,tion has centralized an annualvolune of over 200 nillion dollars' worth of Livestock in the hon.ds of onecooperative a-gency. Approxinately 350>000 farners and ranclmen are nenbers andpatrons of the IS n^^rketing agencies affiliated with the ITational LivestodiMarketing Associationo Tlie I'ational Livestock Marketing Association has been in-corporated with a capital of a, nillion dollars. It has organized a fip-ance corp-oration whicLx is able to looji noney to farners and ranclmen for the purcliase andfeeding of livestock, ilffiliated with the national association is the ITationalOrder Bu^^-ing. Conp.any which nalces sales direct to packers ai^d enables the producer,if he desires, to ship his livestock direct to the packer.

Over

G-rovrorG of PcCci:"-3i "beans, aiicl sugar "befet s .adso have fomed nationalassociationso , ,

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Local and regional associations for tlic narkoting of dair:^ products have"been fornedo Under an informal plan of cooperation, four large regional,associations aro working together in the narheting of "butter. Those are Land0" Ladies Croa''.ieries, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Cha,llenge Crean and Bij.tter

Associations, Los Angeles, California; United Dairymen's Association, Seattle,

TJashington; and the Interstate Associa,ted Creanories, Portland, Oregon, The

In"êrstate Assccio.ted Creaneries was foriied during 1930 and is a federation ofcooperative creanories in the State of Oregon. Producers of fliiid nilk ineastern districts also began to consolidate their coo perative efforts during

1930 « sales activities of cooperatives functioning in Baltinore, Maryland,and .Washington, D. Co, have "been conoinedo The producers in ITer/ England areTjorking on a plan for the forination of an overhead nilk "bargaining associationfor all fev SnglcJid states encept Connecticuto Approximately per cent of

the nilk sold to city consuners was handled "by cooperative associations during1930» I- general, these ?.ssociat io?-s are successful and V7ell«esta"blished in thedairy industry^

A cooperative nar]êting association for to"bacco has "been forned in Soiith

Carolina and plans are well advanced for the forna,tion of similar associationsIn S-eorgia, iTcrth Cea-olinc-j a-nd Virginia. State associations marketing turkeys.in the intermo\Tntain and northwestern states have forD.ed a regional associationwith headquarters at Salt Lolze Clty^ which operated su-'ccessfully during theThaiiLrsgiving end Cliristmas marketing seasonso

Growers of fra.it s and vegeta"bles liave organized in many sections of theUnited Stateso Cherr3.'^ producers in TJisccnsin and Michigan ha-ve got together ina single narketingplano The fig growers of Texas have formed regional market-ing associationa The apple growers of the Shenandoaii Valley took their firststejj in cooperative marlreting dxiring the season just pasto

These are some examples of the extensive development which the cooperativeassociations made during 193C" Reports of men"bership and "Dusinessiiandled for the5êar are not yet availa'olec "but what I havD told yo^j. will indicate that therewill "be a material increase over 1929o

The Farm Board has given assista-nce in the forming of new cooperativeassociations and has aided ni:jiy-of them financially "by loans from, the revolvingfi^-ndo The Board will continue this policy during 1931

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There are tv/o main objectives to be gained in cooperative m.arketing duringthe present year. The first is to consolidate the advances that have alreadybeen LTadeo Existing associations . vd 11 be strengthened* The Pederal Farm Boardwill assist in this work '(l) by extending financial help, (2) by the advice ofits cooperative marketing, legal, and business specialists, (3) "by preparingplans v;hich will enable local o^ssociations to meet the conditions of federal

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and state cooperative r.iarketing laws and bocono affiliated T7it!i regional andnational coop'-^rative agencies, and (U) Toy cooperating vrith extension andeducational agencies to iDring to nore farners a realization of tlie "benefits of

cooperation.

Second, ner; associations r/ill be organized. Tliere is an extensive develop-ment of tliis kind arc-ujid tlie corner o For excnple, in one comnodity alone—fru.it s and vegetaules—the Board's Division of CooiDerative Marlêting is nov7

working ivith potato growers fron I'âine to Wyoming, tomato growers in Mississippi,vegetabile growers in west Tennessee, strawberry growers in Missouri, citiu-s

growers in the Rio G-rande Valley of Texas. 7?"e also have loefore us requests for

assistance from peach, watermelon, and peanut grov/ers in southeastern states,

which cannot Tdc tali:en care of irxiediately with our present staff. It is hopedthat the successful organization of the majority of these groups will "be history"by the end of 1931.

The Farm Board will assist in the development of these associations. Ex-tension workers, vocational teachers, state directors of markets, and otheragencies wi. 11 work v/ith the F.^rm Board during the comhng year to heljD advancecooperative marketing. The permanent success of the associations, however, is

in the hands of their m.embers and of farmers generally^ The fiindamental re-quirements for success are loyal and informed nemhers, conscientious directors,and efficient managers. The Board helieves that there is su.fficient leadershipand ability among farmers to m.eet these requiirement s»

Surxiing up, we mây say tliat the outlook for cooperative marketing in 1931is one of umsual promisee There is an opportunity to build on the foundationlaid during the past year and during previous years. A cooperative-consciousnessis develoioing am.ong the farr.iers in the United States and also among business menwho are interested in agricalturoo Let us resolve to miake cooperation a ha.bit

during 1931

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THE ^B3C WITH ¥XBi: 30:{RD

A radio tail" 03^ 3dgar Horldiain, Sôdera-l Farm Board, delivered through WRCand 39 other radio stations associated -Tith the National Broadcasting Conipany,

January/ 2, 1931 •

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On hehalf of the Pam Board I an tal-ing this opportunity to vrish the Parnand Eone Hour radio audience a Ha;;x:?y Hon Year sjad l)etter tines in the nonths to

cone.

Asked the question, "What is jour greatest hope for agriculture in 1931Chaiman Legge replied:

"Tha-t the prices of farr. products rîll increase." He added that famerscan hasten this "by speeding up organization for collective action in narketingc.nd in adjusting production more nearly to the proha'ule consôiier requironent s»

The Board toda;^ nade public a reply of Mr. Legge to I.Ire, Sinpson of the

Earners Union saying the Board has nothing to conceal in regard to its activitiesand ^111 give the fullest cooperation if Congress orders the special investigationthat is Doing denanded oy "the interests "hich are so "bitterly opposing allefforts to aid s.griculture in an effective vray."

Expressing regret that the agricultural niarketing act is heing drawn intopartise.n politics, tZie letter continued:

"This act -rras passed "by the friends of agriculture i-d thout regard to partylines. The Board has ta2-.cen no part in political activities of anj" Mnd. ThejoD assigned us is to assist the farner in building and operating his oxmmarketing syster. so that he mil get t?ie full narket vdlue for his products andto aid hin in other rzays to place the industrj^ of agricult-'jire on a pernianentlysound financial oasis. Our work is being done the ây tjq believe to be in thebest interests of the producer and T7e are going to continue straight aliead. If

you doubt that real progress is being nade, ^-ê invite you to call upon the famorganizations that are participating in the progran laid do-rn by Congress."

Cotton growers of the South ^111 be interested in B-allotin ITo. ^, "Oatlookfor Anerican Cotton," issued yesterday by the Parr. Board. 'Fnis bulletin lays be-fore cotton farners all pertinent facts relative to their industry and says thatduring the next ten years the price of cotton my be ez-rpected to average con-siderably lower than during the last ten years.

"This prospect," the bralletin enphs.sizes, "nrkes it inporative for nanysouthern famers pern-anejitly to readjust their faming prograi-:s so that cotton willnot be their only source of cash incone."

Free copies of Bulletin No. ^'r r.iay be had b^?- writing to the Director of In-formation, Federal Fam Board, Washington, D. C,

aEOH&E WASHIlvTGTOirCOiSS teG ?0 :-:iS COUITTRY

A radio talk Tdv John M. diobs, Director, State -nd City |Org<"^nizat ionDivision, G-eorge Washington Bicentennial Conmissipn, ~'ashin£l|on, D. C., delivered^'through network of 56 radio st-^tions associated nith the IT'^Stional Broadcast ing.\iute

Company, Satyjrday, Janii.ary 2, 1951. \

This year the ^'.ather of Our Co^jntry is coning home again - hone--to- -our^^hâ^j^-s -

and ninds. rie has never "been too far anay, T7o have tnought of hin -arir^'arong

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But T?e have "been busy in a way that G-eorge "."'ashington himself rro'Jld a'opro"''e. Wehave heen "building tnis co"un.try he left in our h?.nds, and Tie have made it one ofthe strongest in history. It is a pretty good cotmtry for G-eorge Washington to

revisit, and this year r7e are brin-îng him "bach to vieu the res-uJlts of his '^"ork.

T7e are going to shor: him that he builded better than he kneir.

George Washington is going *to be "more alive in -".America than he ever hasbeen since he rode over his peace fields at Mount Yernon and fought over the

battle-fields of the Revolution. It has come over the 123 millions of Americathat the 200th anniversary^ of George Washington's birth is a good tii-ie to bringhim back to our hearts and o'er memories. The year 1952 is more than the 200thanniversary of "Washington's birth. It is probably the most important milestonein American history thus far. It gives us a, line to measure our grov/th. It is

a time to check up on our course and see ~hether Tve are safe on -he lines tha.t

Washington laid down for our eternal safety nd groTrth.

This year I believe the A-'-Brica.n people '^îll be better acquainted rithGeorge Washington than ever before. This approach o:' his 200th birthday has set

us all thirJ^zing of him. Learned authorities have looked into every phase ofhis life and character, ajid nov; ;-e can laio'7 George Washington for ^niat he reallyT7as - not the cold and marble figure "e used go read about, but a uarm-hearted

,

Tarm-blooded,kindly human being, like :-ll other Americans excer:t tliat he :~a,s

among the greatest men in history^.

We are going to love and ânderstand this ne'T George Washington more deeplythan ever. He is going to be every American's George Washington, because he him-self was every kind of American - farmer, business man, soldier, engineer,statesman; a devout Christian, a devoted husbaîd, a lover of children. This year

all Americans can ~clcome him back as if they knew him. But you boys and girlsof the 4—H Clubs, especiallj^, can welcome him back "because he was a farm boy andremained a. farmer all his life. You especially can say, "He is my GeorgeWashington, When he was a boy, he lived ^--iid worked just as I do now, I am goingto learn how to be the kind of Americani tha.t he was, so that my coun'^ry may live

on as he planned it to be."

But George v/ashington will come bad" home to his country this year only a.s

we bring him back, in o'U-r minds and lx;arts, in the honors we pay him during tnisnearly,- year-long celebration we have planned for 1932, That celebration is to bemore than a round of hurrahs. It calls for practica.l endeavor. There îll be no

celebration unless you help to plan it and carry it out.

So you boys and girls of the 4—H Clubs must not only put your hearts into

this thing; you must work out your xjarts in this celebration. Hielp your countyagent arrange prograras; then talie up those prograjns and bring them to life - notjust one -orogram, but a program for every holiday we are to observe during theyear, from Februarys 22d to Tharn-isgiving,

Take a hand in everj'thing that other organizations in your neighborhood a.re

planning to do. We want t'.'.is celebration of George "ashington to be una.nimous -

jlie -jjiitcd effort of 125 millions of people. A^id I- can promise 70U it is goingto "be tliat» ijnericans Yfr.o staj; out of tliis coming -celelDrat ion are going to "be

lonely indeed.

Tlie 'otner dorj I got a report tliat touched me - from a little settlement inAlc^slia, "Ti'cliin the Arctic Circle, ^"here

'30'"niiher s live miles away from civilization.

The man '.fio acts as their postmaster nroze, "7e axe going to haii'g George"

Tashington' s picture i:. the window, .and join in rrhen al-l America sings "Anerica-"

over the r-^dio. It, is all we can do, "but ^e are going- to do that." '

TThen the spirit of tl:is celepra-tion hp,s reached t-iat fa.r , I know wha-t ne canexoect from the boys and girls of these -splended 4-H Cluhs.- -'-^here ' are" 990,000groups of organized "oeople in the United States, fnej are all lined up for thiscelebra.t ion - 70U <?jnong them, I know you are going to join with all- these othersin a. nev7, revitalized citizenshi-c. Let me loiow That yonn. thihln- -trill happen then.

Trite your ideals to : our neaa-est ra.dio center. My oellef is that your replieswill he - "An America stronger than ever, one- still more firmly pl-nted' on the-

''2®ck of Ages.'"'.

H5LPIIJG- 5QYS AI'lD OfeS TO HELP THEI-/.SELVES |

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A radio tall^ Helen L^ Coins tock, County CIuId Agent, Kint County-,

I)ela3^/are,,' delivered over the Earm and' Home Hour network' ojf gtat'ions asso-

ciated 'with the ITational Broadcasting Company', Saturday,' January 3, 1931

I. have heard m^^ father in chronicling events of the past, date them

from the' war. I, too, can date the years spent in' Extension work iri Delawarefrom ..the war — a' more recent war.,,' liowever'* I. am never allowed to forget' that

I'' first came to Delaware as a ."Co_tt,age-chefese expert...'"' -That was in those dark.'

days ..of the' V/orld war, when every'' effort wa!s made to' stiiirdiate the use of

meat' :su'o's.titutes. i'/hen that 'ty.p'e of y/Oi^k v/as .no lorLger"jiecessary , I was. takeninto the extension familj?" i?i Delav/are .as a' Home Demons'tr'ation Age'nt and lateras a full time U-H 'Cluh Agent in ,K^nt County.'

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That Wa's in^l920. Teh yearshave seen a remarkahle grov/th in \^-H cluh v;ork through'out./the 'cbmitry.

In the past five j^ears,' the "enrollment, has douhled' in our State.. There '

v;ere 15s cluh groups in the three"co^anties ,in Delaware "in 1930, The enrollmentin these 15S cluhs, was I7OO hoys and girls. It is necessary that cl'uh groupshave .voluntary local leaders. Sixteen per cent of our local leaders last yearv/ere' older cluh members — fulfilling their pledge to give of their experience,and time for the he'tterment of cliih v;ork in their cluhs',' their co.mmunities and'''

their country.

Of the 1700 "boys and girls' enrolled in 1930, 285' of them had "been cluh'memhers for four or more years — potential leaders o'f the finest tjrpe, '

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In Kent County dairy cluh v/ork has made the most marked grov/th. In 1923there v/ere three; in 1930 there v/ere sixty-three memhers v/ho ov/ned 9^ dairyanimals, 7^ of v/hich v/ere pure hreds.

But if v/e measure grov/th in numhers or in dollars and cents onlj/, v/e missthe really vital thing in cluh v/ork, for after all that v/hich is of primary im-portance is the individual hoy or the individual girl. Hov/ has cluh v/ork helpedthem to face every day problems? 'w'ill they meet life with a. challenge or analihi? Is cluh v/ork a part of their life or a thing apart? ^H cluh v/ork hasheen defined as an organization that helps hoys and girls to help themselves —and there are countless instances that prove that it is really doing that in awholesome v/aj''.

Lyndon Caulk has paid for his third interest in his father's herd of

Ayrshire cattle v/ith prize and sale money. He has it figured this way» "Idon't knov/ v/hat our herd v/ould hring at puhlic auction hut I do Imov/ that I

v/ouldn't sell ray share for less than several thousand dollars. I feel that I

have enough cattle to pay my college expenses from the income, and still ha.ve

a herd to start life v/ith v/hen through."

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4'3?aiices,: Gop-lTDO-orne, one of- mj*' girls, leaiTied to mal?:e a liat at- the . -

J-onior Sliort Course. She sa'J one in a cit^" store that_ v^as similar / copied, it

and had a $3*00 hat for 9O cents. Her friends adinired it, so in her sparemoments s'ne made hats for them. ?raiices says, "So in this v/ay, I earned someextra mone.7, v/hich had it not iDeen for m^^ cluh v/ork, I could not have done."

• Martha Berry is another cIuId mern'oer who is striving, to m^ze the "best .

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"better. ' She has a pure "bred Hampshire' pig- named Christmas —- so called "because

it v/as a Christmas present. . liartha. ezliToited. Christme.s" -at the Kent and Sussex?air, v/inning in the. open'class and in the cluh claiss,- aS v/fell a.s 'the purpleribhon for grand champion .for- her .age and:all : "breeds /under one yee,T old. Shevalues "Christmas" at- $U0.00 — \7ith '$37»G0- received, .for . her' nine little pigsaaid the $lU.OO from, prizes, Martha^ s- total receipt s were $91«00. V/ith her ex-

penses su'ctracted, she has a profit' of $6Sw0P dollar's. •.But if you should askMartha v;hat it was that had given her the greatest pleasure, it would pro"ba"bly

not "be the money that she "hade "but either the fact, that her; '^Christmas" v/on the

pujrple riboon or that she raised all of .the nine 1 it tie.' pigs, without losing asingle one. The pride of ovrnership is ' aji importajit fa.Gtor .-in ... U-H achievement.

The mother of a poultry clu'D hoy,- told 'me that when'.^she wanted a chickenfromi the flock for dinner she always a^sked Jack to' select' :it , for he' could al-ways tell a "liaa"" from a "layer,"

These are only a fe'J of the man^', m^any. stories of "boj'-s and girls v/ho

are learning self reliance, v/no are. facing -the future withoclearhess of thought,kindliness of heart a;.id hands tha,t are tra.ined — che ci'cizens of tomorrow.

IS ^-H CLD3 V/CPJC PHACTICAL?

A radio talk "b" Veli:a G-rar, Zent County, Delaware, deliv-ered thrd-ugh:

V/3C aiid other radio stations associated v/itii tlie HationsJ Broadcast ing - Com-

pan", SatiH'da:', January 3, 1931. .' -

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ITew Year ' s Greetings from little I)e;lav/8-re to all 3-ôu U-H Clul) friendseverywhere: -

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As far as I can remeKher I have always "been interested in the ^-H clutsand the v/ork the^^ did. How I used to envy those older ones who "began gettingprizês and pins i ITaturally when I.Uss. Comstock, oror County -Clup Agent, broachedthe- Bu'b ject

,you can just bet I enrolled as (luickly as possible..

During my first year, which was when I was eleven years of age, om" re-

quirements for sev/ing were: a towel, sewing bag, dress, undergarment, dress withset in sleeves, a homemade hat,, a -patched garment, and a darned garmient. Atthe end of the first year I 'sent in m,}'' record and received one of those beauti-ful, little pins, for which I had long wished, with the fom" H's s®t upon abronze background. Having completed the required amôunt of work for the secondyear, I received a similar TDin with the exception that it had a silver back-gro'ond. These little pins always encoiaraged me to do my work.

The following articles were required for the third and fourth year work:an undergarment, made over garmeno, fine summer dress, "blouse, a cushion top,

pair of window c"ar tains, a ta"ble runner, a luncheon set, and six hemmed napkins.You can readily see that from doing this work I acquired an experience which I

could not have gotcen elsewhere. As usôal I received the little U-H pin for thethird year. This time with a gold "backgro-ond, while for fo^jirth year I was pre-sented v/ith the most highly prized pin v/hich has a pearl in the center.

You can't imagine' the thrill I get when I enter articles into competi-tion at the fair.' Dioring the iDlacing of each article I am at wits' end to

know if my v/ork has been successful. Then too, besides the honor, little moneyprizes like these came in quite hand^'' in summer vaca^tion. In the summer of

192s I first entered some articles in the fair and also judged. ?or judgingor entering U~H e.rticles v/e received a free ticket to the fair ground each day.

Besides the plee^s^'ore of getting in free, I received a third prize on a dressv/hich was tremxendously exciting as this v;a,s the first time I ha,d ever v7on any-thing. Because of this success the next year I entered more articles in the

fair along v/ith some canning. The prizes I received were as follov/s: one firstprize, tv/o second prizes, one third prize, one fourth prize, and one fifthprize. I hope I am. not boasting; yet I want to m-ention these prizes, becausethey s^nrroolize the work pub into ^-H club activities and the practical benefitsreceived.

Since I have been a ^H club member I have done practica.lly all mj^ oiTn

sewing and S'^ne of mother's. I have made many Christm.as and birthday gifts.

I think the people to "//horn I gave them appreciated them, miore than if they hadbeen bo"aght, because of the time and labor I spent upon them.

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Unluclzilr one of 'om^ ne'-$gii'u)Oi^-gV"Hrv"- 3-?avm^^^^^ "been quite sick and hisv/iie, of co-arse, h,as had to devote the larger part of .her time to. him. Know-ing__'that I v/fes' 'a. "clra^'; ffieraber.,' '

Sli^ .-Sald, v/orxder if j^ou/ vTould do-" some of

m^'' '•canning' and sev/ing uhiie' n^' hiisoand is ill.". Glad that ; I .could ,make, use 'of

rr^' U-H club v/ork, I answered, "Of course I can." '' " ' ' "

Most of the suniriier I did the canning end. sev/ing for her. In this wayI did not h:?ve 3 0 go out. to .get a regylai'. j.ob for... the s-uimier . . .Since. I. likedcanning- and sev/ing, I ' did not considefT it hard ubrk. ' Thus my U-H club' v/ork

lies been val''aa.ble to me in mailing me miore self-dependent as uell as in helpingme tov/ard aiding others.

_., ...

Best of c-1.1 though is the 'mixing; socially ''Tith'otli.er boys and girls andcompeting' with, txien. At our. pair ties and meetings, the re", is' positively no end of

fun. I v/oyldn'''t give up £>^:i2^hi'hg for all the good' tiimes I ' ve had and for thoseI expect to have.

In concluding I thinj.c that it lies \7ith the cooperation of the clubmenibers as to what he or she' gets'" out of U-?; Club 'Jprk.

THE 'ÊEK WITH THE FAEI.-I BOARD.

A radio talk \>j Eranl-r Hidgway, Director of Information, Federal FarmBoard, delivered through WHO and 39 other radio stations associated with the

National Broadcasting Company, Janmry 9, 1931'

Chris L. Christensen, who has been secretary of the Federal S'arm Boardsince it was created, has tendered his resignation to hecome dean of the Collegeof Agriculture and director of the Experiment Station at the University of

Wisconsin. Mr. Christensen will remain with the Board until spring.

Chairman Legge of the Farm Board spoke this week at a general mass meet-ing of farm organizations held in connection with the Farmers' Week programat the University of Nebraska . Mr. Legge and Mr. Carl Williams, memher of theBoard, will he in New Orleans tomorrow to attend the annual meeting of theAmerican Cotton Cooperative Associa.tion.

Farmers and city consumers of dairy products are interested in recom-mendations made to the Federal Farm Board "by the Dair2'' Advisory Comm.iis-tee whichmet this week in Washington, D. C. Thi'ee things recommended "by this conmiittee

and approved "by the Farm Board are of particular interest to the puhlic:

First. The comi-::iittee recommends a reduction in the retail prices ofdairy products, especially milk and cream, in harmony with the reduced pricespaid to farm.ers. In some cities, retail prices already have been reduced.The committee members ^ôint out that farmers are confronted with constantlydeclining milk prices as a result of the rediiced buying power of the public.The prices paid to farmers for milk have gone far below the cost of production.The comiTiittee finds that the retail prices of da,ir}/ products, especially milkand cream sold by distributors to city consumers, have not been reduced in somecases in proportion to the prices paid farmers.

The comi'nittee recoiTimends that dealers in dairy products, particularlydistributors of milk and cre.am in cities, be called upon to reduce retail pricesat least to the point where they will harmonize with prices paid farmers formilk.

Second. The com:nittee recommends that dairy farmers reduce the sizeof their herds, eliminate the low-prodticing and unprofitable cows, and vealm.ore calves.

To correct unfavorable farm price conditions growing out of an over-supply of milk, the individual dair.}-ian is asked to reduce the size of his herdby elim.inating at lea.st one cow out of each ten.

Third. Farm.ers are urged to further increase the cons'^jmpt ion of dairyproducts on the farm by eating each week at least the equivalent of one môre

pound of butter, either in the form of milk, creaim, butter, or cheese.

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^ PER 1931 'I

THE V/EEK V/ITH THE FAPJ'I BOARD

A radio talk Edgar Marldiam, assistant to the chairman, Eederal FarmBoard, delivered through Station Vk'RC and 39 other stations associated withthe national Broadcasting Company, Januarjr l6, 1931*

Vfnat news there is this v/eek of Earm Board a.ctivities is outside of

V/ashington. E?rmers meetings in a numher of states required the presence of

a Board memher with the result it was impossihle to have a quorum here.

Mr. Legge is at Uroana, Illinois, where this morning he felked on the

fsTm and Home V/eek Program "being held under the auspices of the State Agri-cultural College. He urged the importance of getting to farmers complete in-

formation about the national cooperative marketing program since its successdepends on their support and they cannot he expected to make an intelligentdecision unless they know the fa.ct's. At the same time, Mr. Legge warnedfarmers to he on guard against critics of the program and make sure thesepeople are not trying to protect a„ selfish interest instead of helping a.gri-

culture as most of themprofess.

Mr. Wilson is attending the meeting of the ITew York State HorticulturalScjciety at Rochester and v;ill spea.k at 3 p*m. today.

Mr. Denman is in Missouri this week for a, numher of conferences withlivestock and other farmer groups. Instead of returning to Wa.shington, hewill go to Portland, Oregon, to meet next week with wool and livestock grow-ers of the Pacif ic-Worthv/est.

Mr. Teague, returning from CaJiforniav, is conferring at Ha-rlingen,

Texas, today with citrus fruit ,^rov/ers of that section looking to the develop-ment of a cooperative program.

Mr. Williajns is just hack from a v/eek's trip that took him to Kfev/ Orleanswith Mr. Legge Friday and Saturday -for a meeting of the directors of the Amer-ican Cotton Cooperative Association; to Memphis, Tennessee, Monday, for theconference of southern agricultu:7al comrjiissioners , and to Lafayette, Indiana,Wednesday, to address the Farm and Home \'/eek Program at Purdue University.

Mr. McKelvie has "been in Colorado, Hehraska and ./yoming the past weekmeeting with various grain gro\7cr groups.

The Board's secret.^ry, Mr. Christenson, is leaving this afternoon to at-tend the annual convc;ntion of the Farmers Ea^ity Union at McCook, iJehra.ska,

where he will make a talk next V/ednesday.

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^

^ÊB 1 i 1931 ^

OUTLOOK COTOKfilTCE- REPORT 1

A radio talk by Alexander Legge, Sliaiffîan, federal Farm Board, deliveredthrough TOG and 39 other radio stations associated vdth the ITational Broadcast-ing Company, Tehroary 2, 1931* '

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The farmers of this country are fortunate in having the Outlook Reportof the Department of Agrici:iJ.ture as a "basis for making their plans for the

coming year. This report contains vital facts on almost every product of the

farm, including livestock and livestock products. For' each agricaltural product,it explains how we arrived at the. present level' of prices and points out wha.t

we can expect in the coming year. It looks ahead several years for such productsas "beef cattle, "fcutter, milk and the tree fraits«

IThile the outlook as a v/hole may prove to he on the conservative side,

yet . it' is "better to look facts squarely in the face, and the producer who adjustshis program "based on this report will "be "better off if actual results prove to

"be -a' little "better than the estimate than -if the re^vor'se were true. The farmerwho studies the report carefully should "be a"ble to figare out for himself whatcom'bination of crops and livestock for his farm haVe the "best" chance of makinghim a profit for 1931 •

ITChile any forecast of this kind will always' "be- su"bject to variations onaccount of conditions that cannot be foreseen, yet during the six year period192U to 1929 'the forecast on future sapplj'- and probable prices on staple agri-cultural products have been justified by such developments in most instances.I believe it is safe to say it is a, better record than forecasters of generalbusiness have been able to make during the same period.

Daring the past year the foreign crop reporting service has been en-larged and improved and it is reasonably expected that an anal^^sis at thistime would show a better batting average than any that ha,ve preceded* Throughthis report the farmer is given the best available information as a basis of

loolcing ahead and adjusting his progr/am of productiono The surest ây and theonly economically sound way to control a surplus is to prevent it. Marketingmachinery, no matter how perfect, can not insure good prices and a satisfactoryincome to farmers, when surpluses continue to pile ^^p«

With special reference to the outlook on cotton, I notice a statementissued by one of the older houses dealing in cotton, where some twenty or moreof the largest firms dealing in the commodity made independent estimates of wliat

the cotton situation was likely to be next fall and the average of theirestimates indicates that every bale of cotton raised this year in excess of tenmillion, bales will sharply reduce the income of the farmers producing it. Thestudies, of course, include the present stocks on hand and are based on the best

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information availalDlo as to the prpbalDle consuming d-eiiiand, Thoro is o;ipparGntly

no discrepancy iDetween the ;con(21ilsimi.:'5?f;:tiio^^ of Agricij-lturo as re-

leased as to the prospects on this coniraodit;/ and the conclusions reached "by niany

of the larger firms dealing in .cotton. . ,,. .

This should not he const ru.ed as an estimatq ;as\tQ vhat cotton production

in future years slionld he, hut is based on the action that seems necessar,y to

clean up, or allovj the consuming demand -to-clean up the tremendous surplus that

is now liearing down on the me.rket. After this is done it is reasonahle to ex-

pect the marltet vd11 cons'omej-'at a reasonahlo priqe, a consid-eralDle increase over

that figare. 'r ^ .. .

..

On wheat, all our studies seem to indicate that .other wheat erporting ;

countries are how producing •.-more .'surplus thoj.! the consuming/nations can- ahsorh,

and at price ;lovels which the Ai'nerican farmor cannot afford to meet. Therefore,

our recommenda,t ion on this commodity is that.production should he o.djusted to,

domestic consiijning demand and kept there.

TTlien the world supply is likel3^ to he excessive, as is the case withthe two great American farm products of wheat and cotton, adjustments in the •

production "become necessary. Regardless of whether the farmer can siihstitute-

some.,other cash crop for, which the market outlook is more satisfactory, it ;is

desirahle tliat cash outlays of all kinds he reduced to a.miniiinjjn that, so faras possihle, food for the far:iily and feed reqiiired for the livestock, he pro-'-,

diiced at home, and that less productive acres he allowed to lie idle for thepresent, ther-eby increasing the

. ri dine ss andthe- fertility of the soil.''. Innot -operating at maximum 'capacity ,the farmer will he following the same practiceas,.large :manufacturers in ; time of husiness depression who slow down operationsto .adjust their production to existing market ' requirement s. Although taxesmust, he paid and in man.}^ cases interest charges .met for- this- less fertile land,the land itself does not ,usually det.eriorate' hut improves instead when allowedto remain idle for a season. The reduced costs and greater margins of profitohtained on the more fertile land -will help to carry - fixed charges of the lessproductive land that is permitted to lie fallow. The improved fertility re-sulting from the season^. s rest will increase 5îelds per acre when the lend is

again placed in cuLltivation. Allowing the land to lie fallow one ye-ar inseven was a practice advocated in Bihlical times, more than 2000 îêars ago. ' ,'

While in a few of the staple coiTcnodities, farmers may find it necessaryto increase s-om.ewhat the îze of their producing unit in order to afford the

most efficient equipm.ent, there is nothing in our studies to indicate thatoperation. hy the individual owner will have to give wa^^ to cor^Doration farmingas contended in certain quarters.

The Federal J'arm. Board appreciates that, the formu-lation of a sound -

production program in the liglit of the' Outlook is a prohlcn for the individualaction .of each farmer. Each farmer who a.djusts his production in line withfacts contained in this Outlook re-oort strmds a hotter ..cliance. of making moremoney as an individual farmer. At the same time his action will contri'bute to

a prevention of hurdensome surpluses.

TliG PGcLoral Farm !Board hoartiiy comeiids to the jLnerican farnors the

Outlook Service provided "by the United States Department of Agriciilture and the

Agricultural Extension Service in the various states.

The Board also urges "banliors, merchants and others uhose lousiness is de-pendent on the welfare of agriculture to study carefxilly this Outlook report forthe important agricultural jprodiicts groiTn in their localities i There is greatneed at the present/time for the country "banker to understand the fundamentaleconomic aspects of the agricultural pro'bleri if he is to continue to successfullyfinance agricultural prod\iction in his coririimity. This is especially true in theSouth where cotton has iDoon practically the onlj'- "basis of short tim.e credit. Amore "balanced program, of production, once esta'blished, is in reality a sounderand safer "basis for extending agricultural credit than is the one crop sj/ster..

Every agency that is working for o„gricultural improvement in this countryshould "become thoroughly familiar with-^ke facts and figures presented in thisOutlook report. A safe aad sane look aliead on the "basis of a careful inter-pretation of this information is a definite step tov/ard a solution of the manypro'blems that agricraltural industry is facing today. "To "be forewarned is to"be forearLiod.

"

1'^ EXPEHIENCE ^CLU2 WOEZ

A radio talk Donald Sheldon, Club MemlDer, delivered throughthe Hew York studio of the National Broadcasting Company, EelDruary 7, 1931»

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Hello EverylDody: •

My experiences in U-H work started in 1925* My project that year was pigraising. This project proved to "be unprofitahle because my cost of production wasrmich higher than iiiy sale price of pigs.

In 1926 I hought a pure "bred Guernsey heifer calf through the assistance ofour Cluh Leader and a local hank. That same year I started the Forestry projectand sheep raising. The forestry project was unsuccessful due to a had fire inour part of the country. 1^ 21 ewes were killed hy strange dogs which meant thefinish of sheep raising. Baring the sad ezcperience in cluh work I was developinga dairy herd and trying to find myself in the agricaltural field. Two more pure"bred Guernsey heifers were purchased in 1926 and 1927 as foundation animals.These three foundation animals have produced, at the present time, a herd of S.

My total investment is •$550-00> whereas the total prize winnings amount to

$396.00. This young herd ^^ras inventoried at the beginning of 1931 $3,000.00.

My experience in cluh work has "been very valuable. Club work has taughtme perseverance, sportsmanship and citizenship. In my many years of training I

have some times been discoura,ged by having my best animals defeated in strongcompetition by fellow club members, but this only created greater inspiration andencouraged me to try again. Eive years of showing Guernseys at..' local county fairshas given me a chance to produce better individual animals for the show ring. Atfirst it did not seem as if any of iny foundation animals would be prize winnersbut in 1930 a junior yearling heifer, from my own breeding, was Champion heiferin club work at our local county fair; J)Td. prize junior yearling at the ITew

York State Eair; and she also helped me to win a Showmanship Contest.

Club work teaches showmanship, judging, feeding a,nd handling of cattle,together with the preparing of cattle for showing. It is through showing andcompetition that sportsmanship is developed.

In 1929 two of my heifers were selected to go to the Eastern StatesExposition, Springfield, Massachusetts, but due to college activities it wasimpossible for me to attend. This was somewhat discouraging but during the sameyear I was made Cliampion Showman at College. This opened up a new field for me.In 1930 our showmanship contest at our local fair proved very interesting. Mytraining at college gave me an opportunity to capitalize at the 1930 county fairwhere I was made Champion Showman of Dairy Breeds. While at the New York Statefair in 1930, I entered the showmanship contest with my champion junior yearling

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heifer in competition with 3IS calf club cattle from many parts of ITew York State.In the Guernsey showmanship division I was awarded first prize. This made it

possible for me to conipete with -the first prize -winners of the Holstein, Jersey,Ayrshire and Mil i^-ln^hort Horn divisions. To my surprise the Judge awarded methe title of C-rand Champion Showman for ITew York State. I owe this s^cccess tothe training obtained from U~H club activities, together with the breeding of

better pure' bred Guernsey cattle*

I am proud of the fact that I belong to the club which is NationallykQown and which the United States Government is promoting among boys and. girls ofour rural sections. It gives farm boys actual farm training that they can notget in any other way. The^^ are brought in contact with other boys in the sameposition of life end engaged in the same agricultural projects. It is necessaryfor club members to devote considerable time to their project, in order to besuccessful in any one thing. By so doing they will reap a great benefit in afew years.

.My er^qperience in club work has given me an opportunity to assist otherU-H club members and some day my herd my be large enough so that heifer calvescan be supplied to my fellow club workers.. It will be a..great satisfaction to mewhen my own breeding herd has produced merit animals for sale to other club membersthat I have associated with for the past five years.

Boys and girls in dairy sections of the various states in the Union shouldengage in the U-H dairy project because it brings to them real; farm experience,contact "with the soil, associations in life, development of friends, sportsmanship,earning of. money, oivning of property and above all a better community spirit amongboys and girls.

5

HOtf U-H TOULTRY HAS SAVSIj THE DAY FQH FAMILY

A radio talk by Ethel Lee, Clu"b memlDer, Clarendon County, SouthCarolina, delivered through a network of U5 radio stations associated -withthe National Epoadcasting Company, Saturday, February 7» 1931

•

Luring these depressing times, ^-H poultry has saved the day for myfamily. Each year more f-ands are added to the family pocket hook as mypoultry increases.

Little did I realize, when I "began my first U~H poultry work, what it

would mean to me and my family. I hecame interested and started poultryclub TO rk when I was fourteen. I had finished food and clothing cluhs, andheen "benefited "oy them. I started my first year with seventy-five V^hite

Leghorn chicks. From the'se chicks, I raised twenty-nine good pullets. Thesecond yeai', I decided' to liatch m^^ own eggs, so I "bought a small incuhator.Success Was mine again, for I had increased my flock from twenty-nine to

seventy-nine hens, my chickens showed some income, and "besides, had suppliedeggs and fov/ls for the family ta"ble.

At the first U-H Egg Laying Contest, I entered a pen which won secondplace. All this opened my eyes as to what I might accomplish with poultry.Tha^t fall, I. exhibited my birds at the county poultry show, and won twenty-five Hhode Island Red Chicks. This gave me the idea of trying "reds" so I

bo-Qght tv/enty-f ive more of this breed, in order to have eno-'ogh to start aflock.

I also began keeping flock records as a demonstration for the State Agri-

cultural College at Clemson. This helped me to see what my flock wa.s doingin comparison Vvith other good flocks of the state, as well as helping mekeep an accurate record of my own flock.

This Was a year of expansion for me. I added new brooder house, layinghouse, and fixed separate ranges for the two breeds. The County Honie Agentand poultry specialist, supervised these improvements. Again I exhibited atthe county and State Fairs, and sent a pen to the ^H egg laying contest,which I have continued to do each year since.

At hiie beginning of my third 3^ ear of v/ork, a rlajor project in poultrywas started in the county. I took up this project work. This year I didsome trap-nesting with my Leghorns. My reds were hatched at the Connronity

Hatchery. People were seeing the possibility of profit through poultry, andcommercial hatcheries were beginning to appear, which opened a market forhatching eggs at a premi-um. I had brooded eight hundred and thirty chicks,from which I kept a flock of one hundred thirty-seven hens, after they wereB.Vif.D. tested. Eggs from B.W.D. tested flocks were in demand at the local

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hatchery so I ".Tent in for a good "breedins flock, Ih- work was nou ."beginning

to show up. Records showed thp.t I. iiad--cleared S5C5- S2.: on "Eir .f'iocks up to thistl"e. I won in the District po^al-try Judgi-^-g Contest, which, with my poultryrecords, gave no a trip to the IIat,ional Cluh Congress- at Chicr go.

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Tills t2?.ip gave ne new inspir-^tion to "begin nir second year of najor pro-ject work. Besides selling eggs to the liatchery, I liad fifteen h-^andred "baby

chicks hatched fror^ which to get ipv "breeders for another year. Cockerelsand poor specinenswent to the iiiarliet as "broilers and iDrought ne a neat sun.

On looking hack over ry H poultry work, I find thrt it has been of

help to r-e, r^y lai-ily and niy coriiunity. !^ interest in cIud v/ork has in-

creased, and I have started a clue in ii^^ conriunity. Me now lirve an adultclue, v/hich cane fron this everwidening interest. I have helped ny honeagent with rally days, and ha.d cha.rge of the U-H Pcoltry show at the CountyPair. '

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po^jltry has "been profitacle; ;the receipts are increasing every year*Last year they amounted to $U6S.5S, which, added to my previous net income,gives me S100U,65. With this money,.! have clothed myself and it has gonea long Way on clothing the fanilj?". This year, it is paying school tuitionfor a crother and sister and helping to 'ouy a new light automobile. Po-or-

H poultry has certainly saved the day for m^'- family. It ha.s not only givennecessities and comforts, "but has furnished eggs and fowls for the ta"ble,

which helps solve the problem of nutritious meals for, a family of ten. "I'/hat

a happy day for me and m^'- family when I started U-p; poultry workJ

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a

SQu-H CAHGLi:iA :CxDUC:'S IM l&Qr LAYI1T& CONTEST gOH^.--H GLIB. MH/aiaS Vm^.:.:,^ ^ _^

A rndio talk >y Jôr^nita Neely, Extension Poultry Specialist, Wintliropollege, South Crrolina, delivered thro^jifeh a network of U5 radio stationsssocia.ted witli the National Broadcasting Compare , Satiardey, Iêhruarv 7, 1931'

South Carolina send greetings to (4~H club memlDers and friendsJ

Down in this state of the Southland, the U-H cluh memhers heave an EggLaying Contest for their own distinctive use in their poultry work. Thiscontest Was made possible by './inthrop College, located in Hock Hill, wMchis state headquarters for the Home Demonstration Department. The contestis located afc the college poultry farm, where we are provided with houses,yards, and other means for conducting the demonstration.-

The main purpose of the contest is to teach the club members througha real demonstration the value of proper feeding, housing, and managementof poialtry; the value of breeding for higher egg production; and the im-portance of accârate record. keeping.

Tlie contest each year runs eleven months. Efi.ch contesting club memberenters five selected p^Jllets in the "egg r-ace," and reports of progress aremailed to these members at the end of each month. At the close of the con-test, the birds are 2st-arned to their owners with an accurate and completerecord of performance. Tiie club members are urged to use their best layersfor breeding purposes in order to increase egg production in the farm flocks.

AJl pens are fed, housed, trapped, and managed alike, with detailedrecords kept on pjl phases of the work. A mixed mash that any club membercaji prepare, is set before the birds at nil times. They have free accessto oyst'^r shell and are pJlov/ed on green r^jige each afternoon throughoutthe yea-''; except when the ?/eather is bade Grain is fed once a day in theevenings

s

ITov/, I wish to give you some of the results of each year of competi-tion, in order to show the improvements made in the past four years*

Tlis Pirst U-H Eg'g Laying Contest opened in November I926 with twenty-one pens of pullets, sent by twenty club mem.bers representing fourteencounties of the state. The average e^g production per hen that year was100 eggs, with only one hen mailing a record of over 200 eggs. ' This recordfell far below expectations, but at least we made a start.

The Second Contest began with the same num.ber of entries as in theprevious year, but results were much more gratifying. Average egg produc-tion Was 116.5 eggs, and ten individiaal hens had records of over 200 eggseach. High hen that year laid 25O eggs in the eleven contesting months.

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The Third Contest, y/hicli had only eighteen pens competing, shovzed ad- cided improvement in egg records. Average egg production per hen was137»5 eggs, and high hen laid 253 eggs, which v/ere the highest recordsma.de since the opening of the contest.

The fourth competing year opened with twenty—four entries, and showed,on a whole, most gratifying results. Average hen record was 132. U eggs,slightly lower than in the yesT "before, "but a greater numher of hens madehigh records than in any previous year. Thirty-four hens of the totalnumber of 120, made splendid records of 170 to 235 eggs. Highest penof the entire contest averaged 202,6 eggs for each of its five pullets.

The fifth Egg Laying Contest which is now in "full swing," hasevery indication of producing good results. It has thirty-one pens, agreater numter of entries than anj?- of the former ones.

The contest each year has demonstrated very forcibly that the averagefarm flock in South Carolina, if properly fed. housed, and managed, canmore than triple the state average of atout 3S eggs per hen. Another stepin flock improvement, resulting from the contest, is blood testing the

flocks for club members who make entries. This is made possible by the

co-operation of Winthrop College and the State Veterinary Department.

Tb.rough the contest not only are better flocks being developed, but

persor.al benefits are being derived by the club members themselves. These

competing members remain in club work longer than the average club member;

their work thro-'jgh the contest builds better club records of achievement;

and finally, they are preparing themselves to compete with the best

poultry raisers of South Carolina.

APR 1 1931 w

. THE DROUGHT SITTJATI PIT

A radio talk "by Dr. C. WarlDnrton, Secretary-'-, NatioCommittee, delivered through WHO and 39 other radio stations associated with the

National Broadcasting Company, Monday, March 2, 193 !•

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The farmer in the drought area is now shaping up his plans for the comingcrop season. He is planning for early spring forage crops to make up the shortage

in feed for the livestock. He is planning early spring gardens from which to

supply the farm tahle. He is making every effort to put in early cash crops that

will "bring a quick return.

To aid the farmer in this effort, the seed loan funds recently appropriate!

by Congress are heing made rapidly availa/ole. To distribute the U5 milliondollars appropriated for these loans to the many thousands of farmers in the

drought area entitled to this aid before' the spring planting is over and to make

this distribution fairly and justly is a tremendous Job. The five seed loanoffices, located here in Washington, in St, Louis, in Memphis, in Tort Worth,

Texas, and in C-rand Forks, North Dakota are working at top speed these days to

place this money in the ha,nds of the farmers who need It in time to do the mostgood. Up to last Friday night, loans atno'unting to four and a half milliondollars had been approved and checks mailed to 2S,000 borrowers to buy seed,

fertilizer, and feed for work stock.

These funds were appropriated, particularly, for faxmers whose crops weredestroyed or seriously damaged by drought or storms last year and whose localcredit facilities are exhausted. Every effort is being exerted to make the fund?go as far as possible in enabling such farmers to rehabilitate their farm businerIn making application for a loan, each farmer gives his plans for planting andfarming his land. He indicates how many acres he intends to plant to feed cropsand how many acres to cash crops. He shows how much feed he must buy for workstock and how much fertilizer he expects to -out on the land. Each farmerpromises, also, to plant a garden and to grow enou^ feed for all of the stockhe owns. As security for the loan, he gives a first mortgage on the crops to beplanted.

Each co-'onty in which seed loans are available to farmers now has a countycommittee which is glad to give information on how to secure a loan. Countyextension agents, also, have application blanks and are ready to help farmersmake out applications and to answer their questions on obtaining loans.

Applications approved by county committees are forwarded t» one of the

five regional offices for consideration and approval. When the application is

approved, the check is mailed out imn:ediately from the regional office.

Leaflets describing how to get a seed loan and the regulations governingthe loan have been printed and can be obtained either through the Departmentof Agriculture in Washington, your nearest regional seed loan office or your

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local seed loan committee. Many of the States have also puhlished leaflets "both

printed and mimeographed to help farmers in the state meet the requirements of

the seed loan. An especslly. -fine publication ..from Tennessee has recently cometo my attention. This gives in a clear concise way the f-ondamentals of a safe

farming program and lists the minim-um requirements'- for a one man familj^ farm.

Authorization was recently given hy Congress'f or-' the- malting 'of loans for

the purchase of feed for livestock out of the $^5, 000, 000 appropriation, the

original authorization having heen" confined to feed for work stock used in crop

production. Loans are now "being made for feed for livestock used in producingfood for the family - that is, a few cows and hogs, and' a small flock of chickens,these loans being in addition to loans for crop production purposes, the securitytaken being a lien on thecrop to be grown in 1931* Announcement with referenceto loans for the purchase of feed for dairy herds and for other livestock in

excess of the number required for food production for the family, is expected soor

These loans will be made under somewhat different conditions than the crop pro-duction loans,

The Departmehf announced Friday the plans for making loans to individualsto enable them to subscribe to agricultural credit corporations or livestock loancompanies, either for the setting up' of new corporations or for increasing thecapital stock of. such corporations already, in existence. Those corporations,when properly organized, can make loans to farmers who can give satisfactory -

security and in turn' can rediscount notes given by borrowers at the IntermediateCredit Banks, thus making the proceeds available for' reloaning. A credit, corp-oration with a capital stock of $25,000, for instance, may, if properly managed,rediscount notes given by its farmer borrowers, if adequately secured, to the

amount of $125,000 to $150,000. These credit corporations should provide a con-siderable part of the- credi-t ordinariljr furnished by banks, but which banks arenot able under present conditions to supply.

The general situation in the drought states continues to be critical. Thevery small supply of feed and hay has been hoarded and mae to go as far aspossible, but the spring of the year finds it very low, Rec&nt reports fromTennessee estimate the feed on hand now is about 50 per cent of the normal supply.

Late reports from Maryl.and' and West Virginia also indicate a material shortage.

The short supply of hay has been supplemented by an unusually large use of cornstalks and straw, supiDlemented by various concentrates, which fortunately havebeen unusually cheap. The mild winter, also, has helped in making lighter feedin.-

possible.

Farmers are making every effort to find ways of relieving the situation.Those who have the seed or who have obtained seed loan money or have obtainedseed from the Red C^oss are sowing early oats, barley, and other spring feedcrops. There was more rye, barley and fall oats sown last fall after the drought

than ever before and this is now being grazed. To show you the type of self helpthat farmers are practicing to make up for the feed shortage, I will read yousuggestions made to Kentucky farmers by the State Extension Services.

"The failure'' of last year's seedings of pasture crops will cause a shortage

of pasture in many localities, especially during the late spring and early summer.

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Portunately much rye was sown last fall and this will fimnish pasturage until May,

if kept grazed rather closely. A thickly seeded field of oats will prohahly

furnish pasturage until June. Most farr.ers have sone permanent pastures and hykeeping stock off until late, even a limited acreage should carry the stock until

Sudan grass pasture is ready for grazing or spring sown clover and grassesfurnish pasturage. If drought conditions continue, more than usual attentionshould he paid to seed bed preparation."

The drought continues undiminished in many of the states in the Ohio valley

and in the Middle^AJ^lantic States, except for such relief as was afforded hy a

good rain Saturday/yesterday . The water supply is scarce and, often, must be

hauled frar:. nearby rivers or deep wells in the neighborhood. The MarylandDrought Coi-nir.ittee reports: "There is a. tremendous lack of water in all parts of

the State, Farmers are hauling water for their stock. Many wells are going dry.

There has not been sufficient water during the winter to offset the effects of the

drought."

To safeguard the wa.ter supi^ly and protect the health of the families in

the drought area, the U. S. Public Health Service is cooperating with the state ar.

county health units. Congress has recently made available two million dollars to

aid in this work and a plan has been worked out by v/hich an adequate public healthprogram can be maintained.

The family food supply is one of the m.ost difficult problems facing manyfarmers this spring. Recent reports indicate that West Virginia has about 20counties facing a serious food shortage; Tennessee, about 25 and Alabama about Uo.

The fall gardens planted last fall have proved life savers in many instances.The turnips and other vegetables, many planted with Red Cross seed, have been madethe most of by canning and storing for the late winter and spring. The Chairmanof the state drought committee in Tennessee writes, "It is impossible to calculatewhat this has meant to many people that had little or no' food,"

Spring gardens are now being put in order, and farmers who have money or caij

secure credit at the b.-^'jik are buying seed and fertilizer. Many others are buyingwith the money borrowed through the seed loan and others have been given Red Cross

,

seed to plant a familj'- garden. The county agricultural agent and the horie

demonstration agent are busy helping to lolan these gardens to give a continuoussupply of vegetables and are giving suggestions for their cultivation and manage-ment. The home derionstration agent in Ouschita Parish, La., has set the goalof 1,000 gardens in her parish this spring and she does not consider this \m-reasonable since there are 2,355 farms there.

Prom every State come favorable reports of the work done by the Red Crossainong farm families. Other local organizations are ?/orking, also, to help thefaraer over this difficult season. The Parm. Bureau, The G-range, other farm organ-izations, Home Demonstration Clubs and Parent Tea'^e^s Associations are aidingin a multitude of ways. It is without question a time for those m.ore fortunate to

help generously those who have suffered so severely from the great drought of 193'^-

Y\ *!) CXy THE DHOUGH? SITUATION.^ APR 1 1931 4r

A radio talk Dr. C. W. Warl^uTton, Secretary, National ] lAi^to^'^eTiefComiTiittee, delivered tliroiigh W£C and 39 other radio stations ass(lciat_ed_wii^the national Broadcasting Co.rrpany, Monday, March 16, I93I.

The question uppemost in everyone's mind regarding the drought situa-tion just now is, "How rapidly is the money ap-oropriated hy Congress for loansto farmers reaching them?" I ara most glad to say that of the original appro-priation of forty-five million dollars, nearly one-third is now available to

farmers in approved loans. Last Friday night the total was around thirteenmillions, and new loans in the amo-'ant of ap-oroxim.ately $750,000 are being ap-proved daily. As the loans, average only about 5I5O each, that means that at

least 5»000 farmers are being financed daily. The Memphis, Tennessee officeserving the Sta.tes of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennesseeis making 2,000 loans a day. Here the plo.nting season has already/ begun. We

are speeding up the handling of- funds in every possible way to get the m.oney

to these farmers in time to do the most good. The offices in Memphis, St. Louis,

and Washington are busy from early morning till mddnight , two shifts of workersbeing employed to give prompt service. Loans have already been made to neaa'ly

100,000 farmiers. The crops of each of these farmers were badly d.aiiiaged bydroUf;;ht or storms la.st year. Each of them tolls us he can not get credit fromany other source. He submits the farming plan he expects to follow during thecoming year, what crops he expects to raise, hov; m.uch fertilizer he will use.Each borrower agrees to grow a home garden and feed for his livestock. To se-cure the repayment of his loan he gives a first lien on his 193^ crops.

If you live in the drought territory and want to know more about theseed loans and how to get them, ivrite to the seed loan advisory committee atyour counts'- scat, to your county agricultural agent, or direct to the seed loan-

office in Washington, in Memphis, in St. Louis, in Eort Worth, Texas, or inG-rand ^'orks, Horth Dakota.

The last appropriation of twcntjr million dollars r.ade available byCongress is to be used in -part to finance the setting uid of new agriculturalcredit corporations and cattle loan companies, and the expansion of existingones. We have set aside ten million dollars for this TDurpose, as SecretaryHyde told you last week, and an organization is being raT)idly perfected to

handle these loans. The organization is called the Agricultural Credits Divisionof the Department of Ac-riculture , and is comrjosed of a National committee andof State advisory lo8„n corr"4ttees, devoting their efforts to the developmentof these credit facilities. Ap-olication bla:iks for these loans are now readyand can be obtained from either the State or National com±ittees.

(over)

As Secretary Hyde mentioned, these agriciiltiiTal credit corporations are

not to be instr-onents of hctliouse finar'Cing. This type of agricult-ujral credit

organization was authorized hy Congress some years ago. It is entirely sound

farm financing; it will oring in to agi-icultural con^munities outside noney to

the extent of from four to six or nore times the amount of the capital stock of

the credit corporation. In sections v/here hanks are hard pushed to finance

agriculture at sowing and harvesting seasons, these new credit corporations

well may "become a permanent featrjre of the credit system., and nay he the means

of "bringing production credit at a more m.oderate cost.

Arka.nsas is finding such credit corporations a great help in financing

this year's croT)s. D-aring January, ten credit corporations were incorporated

and up to February 25, twenty-one additional organizations were set up. The

Arkansas legislature recently passed an act raking available ir.imediately from,

highway funds $1,500,000 to be loaned as capital stock for these credit corpora-

tions.

Taruxers everywhere in this crisis are showing a very fine spirit of

mutual helpfulness. One of the best examples of this is the carloads of food

moving from, thirty New York counties outside the di'ought area to farm.ers in

West Virginia, Zentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas,. Each of these thirty counties

planned to ship from one to three cars of fruit, vegetables, butter, cheese and

even eggs. Ma.ny farmers who did not have the ready cash to contribute to the

relief fund hauled produce to their county drought relief car. The railroads

carried the cars of food free of c'narge up to March I5, and cold storage plants

in many counties offered their facilities without charge, llassau Co-unty was

the first coi^Jity to get its car under way. There was m.uch friendly rivalry

arxong the counties in the effort to get off their car first. Potatoes, apples,

cabbages, carrots, beets and onions wore som.e of the goods grown by New York

farmers and sent to drought sufferers. Seneca Coônty offered a car load of

buckwheat, since m.ost of the other produce of the county had been sold previously.

The work of organizing and collecting the produce was in the hands of the local

farm bureaus and the distribution was râde through the Red Cross.

Tlie food shortage grows m.ore acute in many of the drought States as the

season advances and it is requiring the best efforts of local organizations,

national relief v^ôrkers and everyone concerned to m.eet the emiergency. The hot

school lunch is proving one of the best ways of supplying food to the gro?/ing

c'nildjren who suffer m.ost from, lack of proper food. In practically all of the

counties where food is very scarce on account of the drought, a hot lunch or a

hot soup is being served to boys and girls in school. In m.any cases, Parent-

Teacher Associations, local club wor.en or other local organization are cooperat-

ing with the Red Cross in serving lunches to keep the children well and happy

in this emergency. A t^rpical case is the Spps School, West Carroll Parish,

Louisiana, where club wor.en are serving hot soup to 75 "boys and girls each day.

The Red Cross furnishes the supplies for this soup kitchen at a cost of $10 each

week. To help the local workers in Oklahoma in pla.nning school liinches, the

extension service ha.s issued a number of m.enu suggestions and recipes.

-3-

The early s'oring ^ptIch no"- occi;.pies a lar3ê place in the attention ofthe extension service, the Rod. Cross and individual farriers ^.'^ho are trying tocope with food shortage. In Arkansas alone atou.t 1^0,000 packages containingan assorti-iient of garden seed sm'ficient for a home garden are being distributedby the Bed Cross to farmers who are ujiable to get seed in any other way. Tohelp in the planning and cultivation of satisfactory home gardens, several ofthe States have printed bulletins giving lists of vegetables of high nutritivevalue which are adapted to the locality. Directions are given also for plantingand caring for a garden. iLnong these bulletins are "The Emergency Home Vegeta-ble C-arden," issued b3/ Oklahoma and 'Tood and Peed Crops for ilrkansas Farmers."

From many States come reôorts of the value of gardens planted last fallin States where rains made gardens possible. A recent report from Arkansassays, "The fall gardens were life savers — people are still eating tiurnips andturnip 'salad' — there have been more fall vegetables than ever before."Oklahoma re^:orts that more than 3S,000 fall gardens were sown and many farmfamilies are still having greens and t-ujrnips from their gardens, yrom theseOklahoma gardens, there were 131,152 q-^jarts of vegetables canned and Si, 876

'

quarts of other products such as pickles and preserves "out uo for winter. Thisvery fine record was largely the result of the work of the county home demon-stration agents. The 206. Cross coo-oer-^ted in the canning movement by buying32 pressujTO cockers which were loaned to Okla.homa housewives. I'ore tlia.n U50farm families used these 3.od Cross cookers in canning the meat and vegetablesthey had available on the farm. In addition to this more than 25OO fa~rm womenborrowed pressure cookers from their neighbors. Heighborliness is certainlyplaying a real part in meeting conditions in Cklahor.a.

Meat canning is still occiTpying a large part of the attention of homedemonstration agents and farm v/omen in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana,' Missouri

,

Oklahom.a, Texas, and other States. P.ecent fi,gures from Oklahoma indicate thatwithin the past few months nearly 2,500,000 pounds of meat ha.ve been cured onOklahoma farm.s. Gulling the herds and flocks so that only the profitable animâls

are kept and the riJiproi itable animals supply food for the family is an especiallysound farm practice in this season of scarce feed.

'êre the farm income has been greatly c-uTtailed, clothes are a problem.The way some of the farm women a,re meeting this problem, is shown in this itemfrom Zarle, Arkansas. "A sewing room where old clothes are remodeled, new clothe-are ma-de and garments are distributed and to those in need is a project of thehome demonstration clubs. Donations of clothing and of materials have beenquite generous and the vvoraen are -undertaking the task of furnishing clothingto the 2,000 people estim.ated to be in need of this section."

In general, conditions in the drought area are more encouraging, Federalloans are m.oving rapidly into the hands of the farmers who need them, iiecent

storPiS have helped to replenish the water supply. People generally in thedrought area are taking heart and working together to solve their difficulties.They are looking hopefully to a good crop .year to put them back on a goingbusiness basis and wi-oe out the burdens im-noscd by the disastrous drought of1930.

THE DROUGHT SITUATION.

A radio talk "by Dr . C. W. WarlDiirton, Secretary, National Drought beliefCommittee, delivered thro^agh WHO and 39 other radio stations associated withthe National Broadcasting Company, Monday, March lb, 1931'

The question uppermost in everyone's rnind regarding the drought situa-

tion just now is, "How rapidly is the money appropriated by Congress for loans

to fanners reaching them?" I a-n most glad to say that of the original appro-priation of forty-five million dollars, nearly one-third is now available to

farmers in approved loans.- Last Jriday night the total was around thirteenmillions, and new loans in the amount of approximately $1^0,000 are being ap-

proved daily.. As the loans average only about $150 each, that means that at

least 5»000 farmers are being financed daily. The Memphis, Tennessee officeserving the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennesseeis making 2,000 loans a day. Here the planting season has already begun. Vife

are speeding up the handling of funds in every possible way to get the moneyto these farmers in time to do the most good. The offices in Memphis, St. Louis,

and Washington are busy from early morning till midnight, two shifts of workersbeing employed to give prompt service. Loans have already been ma.de to nearly100,000 farmiers. The crops of each of these farmers were badly damaged bydrought or storms last year. Each of them tells us he can not get credit fromany other source. He submits the farming plan he expects to follow during the

coming year, what crops he expects to raise, how m>uch fertilizer he will use.Each borrower agrees to grow a home garden and feed for his livestock. To se-cure the repayment of his loan he gives a first lien on his 1931 crops.

If you live in the draught territory and want to know more ab'out theseed loans and ho?/ to get them, write to the seed loan advisory committee atyour county seat, to your county agricultural agent, or direct to the seed loanoffice in Washington, in Memphis,- in St. Louis, in Port Worth, Texas, or inGrand Porks, North Dakota.

The last appropriation of twenty million dollars made available byCongress is to be used in -part to finance the setting up of new agriculturalcredit corporations and cattle loan companies, and the expansion of existingones. We have set aside ten million dollars for this purpose, as SecretaryHyde told you last week, and an organization is being ra-oidly perfected tohandle these loans. Fae organization is called the Agricultural Credits Divisionof the Department of Agriculture, and is composed of a National coni'dttee andof State advisory loan-^comiiittees

, devoting their efforts to the developmento^f these credit facilities. Ap-olication blaiiks for these lop-ns are now readyand can be obtained from either the State or National committees.

(over)

-2-

As Secretary Eyde nentioned, these agricult-ural credit corporations are

not to be instrijinent s of hothouse financing. This t:/pe of agricultm-al credit

organization was authorized "by Congress some years ago. It is entirely sound

farm financing; it will bring in to agricultural communities oiit side money to

the extent of from four to six or more times the amount of the capital stock of

the credit corporation. In sections where banks are hard pushed to finance

agriculture at sowing and harvesting seasons, these new credit corporations

well may become a permanent feature of the credit system, and may be the means

of bringing production credit at a more moderate cost.

Arka.nsas is finding such credit corporations a great help in financing

this year's crops. During January, ten credit corporations were incorporated"

and up to February 25, twenty-one additional organizations were set up. The

Arkansas legislature recently passed an act m.aking available ir.imediately from,

highway funds $1,500,000 to be loaned as capital stock for these credit corpora-

tions.

Fanners everjnvhere in this crisis are showing a very fine spirit of

mutual helpfulness. One of the best examples of this is the carloads of food

moving from, thirty Hew York counties outside the drought area to farmers in

West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Sach of these thirt;^ coântie?

planned to ship from, one to tliree cars of f r^jiit ,vegetables, butter, cheese and

even eggs. Many farmers who did not have the rea.dy cash to contribute to the

relief fijnd hauled produce to their county drought relief car. The railroads

carried the cars of food free of charge up to March I5, and cold storage plants

in D.any counties offered their facilities without charge. Nassau County was

the first county to get its car under way. There v-;as r.uch friendly rivalry

among the counties in the effort to get off their car first. Potatoes, apples,

cabbages, carrots, beets and onions were some of the goods grown by New York

farmers and sent to drought sufferers. Seneca. County offered a car load of

buckwheat, since most of the other produce of the county had been sold previously.

The work of organizing and collecting the produce was in the hands of the local

farm bureaus and the distribution was mS,de through the iled Cross.

The food shortage grows more acute in many of the drought States as the

season advances and it is requiring the best efforts of local organizations,

national relief vvorkers and ever3;-one concerned to meet the erêrgency. The hot

school lunch is proving one of the best ways of supplying food to the grovîng

children who suffer m.ost from lack of proper food. In practically all of the

counties vrhere food very scarce on account of the drought, a hot lunch or a

hot soup is being served to boys and girls in school. In many cases, Farent-

Teacher Associations, local club wor.en or other local organization are cooperat-

ing with the Red Cross in serving lunches to keep the children well and happy

in this emergency. A typical case is the Spps School, West Carroll Parish,

Louisiana, where club worsen are serving hot soup to 75 ôys and girls each day.

The Red Cross furnishes the supplies for this soup kitchen at a cost of $10 each

week. To help the local workers in Oklahoma in planning school lunches, the

extension service has issued a number of mienu suggestions and recipes.

-7-

The early spring garden now occupies a large place in the attention of

the extension service, the Hed Cross and individual farmers who are trying to

cope with food shortage. In Arlcansas alone ahout 150,000 packages containingan assortment of garden seed sufficient for a home garden are being distributedby the Hed Cross to farmers who are unable to get seed in any other way. To

help in the planning and cultivation of satisfactory home gardens, several of

the States have printed bulletins giving lists of vegetables of high nutritivevalue which are adapted to the locality. Directions are given also for plantingand caring for a garden. iVnong these bulletins are "The Emergency Home Vegeta-ble Garden," issued by Oklahoma rad "Food and Feed Crops for Arkansas ITarmers."

From many States come reports of the value of gardens planted last fall

in States where rains made gardens possible. A recent report from Arkansassays, "The fall gardens wore life savers — people are still eating tLirnips andturnip 'salad' — there have been, more fall vegetables than ever before."Oklahoma reports that more than 3S,000 fall gardens were sown and many farm

families are still having greens and turnips from their gardens. From theseOklahoma gardens, there were 131,152 q-ua.rts of vegetables canned and 81,876quarts of other products such as pickles and preserves Dut up for winter. Thisvery fine record was largely the result of the work of the couiity home dernxon-

strat ion agents. The Sed Cross coo-oerated in the canning movement by buying32 pressure cookers which were loaned to Oklahoma housewives. I'oro than U5Ofarm families used these Hed Cross cookers in canning the meat and vegetablesthey had availab:.^ on the farm. In addition to this more than 25OO farm womenborrowed pressure cookers from their neighbors. Neighborliness is certainlyplaying a real part in meeting conditions in Oklahoma.

Meat canning is still occupying a large part of the attention of homedemonstration agents and farm women in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana Missouri

,

Oklahoma., Texas, and other States. Hecent figures from Oklahoma indicate thatwithin the past few months nearly 2,500,000 pounds of meat have been cured onOklahoma farms. Culling the herds and flocks so that only the profitable animials

are kept and the unprofitable animals supply food for the family is an especiallysound farm practice in this season of scarce feed.

Where the farm incomie hag been greatlj/- c'Lirtailed, clothes are a problem.The way some of the farm women are meeting this problem is shown in this itemfrom Earle, Arkansas. "A sewing room where -old clothes are remodeled, new clothesare made and garments are distributed and to those in need is a project of thehome demonstration clubs. Donations of clothing and of materials have beenquite generous and the women are undertaking the task of furnishing clothingto the 2,000 people estimated to be in need of this section."

In general, conditions in the drought area are m^ore encouraging. Federalloans are moving rapidly into the hands of the farmers who need them. Hecentstorms have helped to replenish the water supply, people generally in thedrought area are taking heart and working together to solve their difficulties.They are looking hopefully to a good crop year to put them back on a goingbusiness basis and wipe out the burdens imposed by the disastrous drought of1930.

V0^S0U2ID FABI ^iy#GII\"C-

LIBRA ^

R E C E W E O

^^^AR 9 1931Loan Advisory Coin-A radio talic "by Lewis T, T\me, chairman, ITatior^l

mittee, U. S. Department of Agricult-are, delivered ThursJiRyi '!^2K?'t**«?-«>-^&iv

at 1:00 p.m., through T/RC and ?9 other associated radio jstations of the I'ational Broadcasting Company. '

^ -^-^^^"'7:^^.^::.^,. , . \

Priends of the drought regions:

On Tuesday the Secretary of Agriculture explained to you the organiza-tion set up for "bringing Federal funds into your States to help meet thefinancing emergency "brought ahout by last Summer's severe drought.

You v/ill recall Secretary Hyde ' s statement explaining that $45,000,000of Federal f-ands nov; is being lent direct to farmers to buy fertilizer, seedfor plejiting, and feed for v/orkstock. Another $10,000,000 is nov/ availableto hel;-) organize or strengthen 'agricultural credit corporations, livestockloan companies, or like organizations in drought- stricken sections.

I shall not tallc v/ith you about the seed loan organization, save to

say that up to this morning, it had lent $12,000,000 direct to farmers forthe p-jLrpose of getting in this yearns crops, those of you who wish to applyfor a production loan from, this fund may secure the information about it

from the Seed Lean Advisory Committee at your county seat,

I do v/ant to talk with you about the second m.ethod of meeting thecredit situation brought about by the drought. This method is to organizea new or to strengthen an old agricultural credit corporation, livestockloan company, or like organization in your community. Let me repeat thatthere are now waiting $10,000,000 of Federal funds to be used in aidingyour community to strengthen its credit for agricultural uses by settingup such a financial institution, or strengthening an existing one, I askthe attention of all rural bankers, farmers, and business men of publicspirit and financial strength to my explanation of the procedure necessaryto organize to bring outside money into your communities in this year of

stress upon local resources.

First, I want to say that these agricultural credit corporations arenot a new device at all. Some years ago, the Farm Loan board authorizedthe organization of such corporations. But many farm c oirmuni t i e s have nottaken advantage of the opportunity. Hence Congress authorized a fund of

$20,000,000 and the Department of Agriculture has made $10,000,000 of it

immediately available to help your communities form new agricultural creditCorporations or strengthen old ones.

ITov/ the money available for forming or strengthening corporations inyo'ijj: State will be disbursed by our Federal cormiittee upon recommendation ofa State commiittee, as Secretary Hyde told you. This State Committee in eachdrought State has been supplied now -jrith detailed instructions for itsoperations, and with the f onus that you must have in order to apply for the

Podoral loans to help you siib scribe tho stock of an agricultural creditcorporation or the like.

Pxere, then, is the way for you to proceed to form such an or^^pjii zationin your corimunity:

First, write, telegraph or telephone today to 5ôur State AdvisoryLoan Connittee asking that it forward the complete file of forms to beexecuted along with the applications for Federal loans to be used in sub-scribing to the capital stock of your local agricultural credit corporation.

Second, gather in your fellow citizens who will join in bringingoutside money into the community, see to it that the application forms forloans are properly executed, and that the articles of incorporation are filed.Then forward the applications to the State Advisory Loan Connittee.

There is the action the committee asks community leaders of agriculturalAmerica in the drought areas to take in order to meet the present financingemergency and to build for the future financial stability of their conr.-.unities.

But, I can hear some of you asking, "Just hov/ does this system work tobring new m.oney into my community, and why should I go into it?" I thinly

tnere is no better way to answer yoôr entirely proper question than to readthe statem.ent just issued by the Kentucky State drought committee. I nuote it

from the Louisville Coôrier- Jo^jj-nal of I.ionday, March 9:

"An agricult~ural credit corporation is incorporated under the laws ofthe State, The articles of incorporation of such an organization ma;/ becomprehensive in scope, but the primary purposes must be those of lendingmoney e.nd discounting notes. The Federal Intermediate Credit Banlvs arepermitted bj^ law to discount for an agricultural credit corporation eligiblenotes to an cunount not to exceed ten times the unimpaired capital stock andsurplus.

"I-Iowever, as a mâtter of practice, the extent of discounts depends onthe management and the class of loans submitted. From experience, it v/ould

appear t.iat corporations can expect to discoânt notes to the extent of fiveto eight times the amount of their capital stock.

"In order for the State Advisory Comittee on Agricultural Credits to

co-operate with groups or individuals in furnishing part of the caoital stockfor a.gricultôral credit corporations, the corporation must have a totalcapital stock of at least $25,000 and a substantial part of this stock m.ust

be subscribed locally in order to insure local interest and good management.The money lent for this purpose is part of the $20,000,000 appropriationauthorized by an act of Congress on February 14, 1931, and is being administer-ed by the Secretary of Agriculture in the drought- stricken areas throughState advisory committees. Money lent by these groups for furnishing partof the capital structure of new agricultural credit corporations, or for in-

creasing the capital stock of organizations already formed will bear anann^jûl interest rate of ?-|- per cent.

"The committee feels it is in a position to assist many co.rim-.mities

in Xentuclcy by furnishing this financial help in setting up agriculturalcredit corporations, so that the resources of the Federal Intermediate CreditBanks may "be used to supplement the resources of local financial organizations.This supplementary form of agricultural credit is of unusual importance to therural sections of Kent'ocl^'- at the present time due to the fact that availahleproduction credit during the crop season of 1931 will he consideraoly lessin most sections of Kentucky?- than in other recent years. Reduced borrowingpoY/er among farmers, as a result of the drought, and loY/er prices for fannproducts, decreased "bank deposits, ina"bility of banks to liquidate much oftheir present indebtedness will operate to curtail the extension of credit byrural banlis during the present crop production season,"

That Xentuckj/- committee statement, it seems to me, tells the storyWell and briefly. If I have m.oved any of you bankers, farmers, or businessmen to a.ct toda^/" to organize agricultural credit corporations for yourco'-uT-rjciit ies and to bring in outside m.oney to meet the present situation,you v/ill be wanting to know v/here to get in touch Avith your State cor-inittees,

i.Ir. Salisbury, will you read the list?

\ 3

BUILDIIia roil THSFUTU?!^: .IIT fAK'. FIMIICIIIG-.

I I rz3 t-t -\ -ri YR £ C E I V e: D

TÂPR 7 193]

A radio talk B. C. Powell, National Loan Advisory Coni'.-ittee , de-'

livered at 12:55 P.i'^.> Fridaj'-, March 20, in the Department of A^ric-ult-^jre

period of the JÎational Farm and Home Hour through ko associated stations of

the National Broadcasting Company.

It -gives me "oleasuTe to re"oort that the rural com:aiinity leaders of the

drought States are acting to swing all possible conir.unity credit assets into

action. This morning, Chairman Tune and General Cheatam and I have "been

analyzing and answering applications for federal loans to suhscrihe the ca"oital

stock of agricult'oral credit corporations, livestock loan con-oanies, and likeorganizations.

We have hefore us todajr — within two v/eeks after the organization wasset up — applications from North Carolina, South Carolina, Alaharna, Arkansas,and Mississippi. We are handling them 'oromptly.

We are highl.y pleased to find that râral comir.ercial hankers are takingthe lead in drawing together the proper local sup'oort for comiPiunity creditcorporations. This is clearly evident in the aôTolicat ions now reaching us.

It gratifies us hecause it means that the management of the local creditassociations will he good. The district Federal Intermêdiate Credit Bank willmore quickly and certainly rediscount the farmer borrowers' paper suhm.itted hycredit associations with good local management . Secretary Hyde and ChairmanTune have told you in previous radio talks that the Federal Intermediate Creditbanks are the sources from which will flow into your comr.unit ies new creditsof from five to eiglit times the amount of the ca-oital stock of your credit as-sociation.

It is easy to understand why rvxa.! bankers and business men of substanceare acting to form the credit associations. In the first "olace, these associa-tions v/ill make it T)ossible to finance the farmers of the community adequately.That helps all the comi-nunity. It is safe to say that the greater part of eachincome in the drought-stricken areas com.es least indirectly from the farms.The best proof is the fact that when the farmer fails to make a crop, themerchants, publishers, and professional mien in the towns feel the pinch.

The credit association plan has a second aT)peal to the self-interest ofthe business leaders in drought comim-onit ies . I'iTnen your credit association hasbeen properly organized discounts soon will begin coming back to the farmersfrom the Intermediate Credit Banks. These new funds will swell deposits ofyour banks. That will make bank funds available to merchants, professionalmen, and many others entitled to borrow from the local bank, once the farmers'credit needs have been looked after.

(over)

-2-

These benefits for the coir^Tx-uiiity can "be iTvade lasting. Chairman Tuneand Secretary Hyde^ ask ne to e:::phasi2e the fact that the Congress appropriated$10,000,000 to help form local credit associat i.o.ns with the idea that theseassociations will "be permanent institutions. Ple?,se do not think that this

is purely emergency financing. It is true that the TTederal funds j^dvanced

for organizing the associations m.ust he repaid within two years. However, -we

believe that if these organizations are properl3'" managed for two years, thefarmers will find this new method so well adapted to their needs that they willhave no desire to return to the old, uncertain methods.

Now of course the. $10 , 000 ,000 Federal fund for use in the -o'orchase of

stock of agricultural credit organizations and similar organizations will not

benefit the farmers or other business men of "Tarming sections in E^.nj easy,

automatic manner. Getting Federal funds and' '•our own comriunity' s funds into

most efficient action means hard work for iro^sj: community leaders. I 3Jn a-opeal-

ing today to these men — men who can see the benefits that will follov/ nowand in future years from these credit associations; men who will take the leadin analyzing this new credit field a'nd immediately bringing together all thoseinterested and able to help form the organization in the comimunitj/-. -

'

The time is already UDon us for starting new cor-oorat ions . The Stateidvisory Loan Conriittees have been formod and their mem.bers are ready to serveall communities. Leaders in some communities have acted, as I told ^'ou, andwe have ap-ilic.it ions from five states before us todaj^. The iiuperative need inother coimr.unit ies is for capable and. energetic business leaders to act toorganize credit associations. Get in touch with yo"'jr State committee today.We '11. handle promptly your a"oplicat ions for Federal loans to bu3^ credit asso-ciation stock as the State co-miaittee loasses them^ to us.

THE WEEK WITH THE EAEivI BOARD.

LIBRARYR £ c £ 1 \/ f-'^

APR 1 ^ ^.931

A radio talk prepared by Frank Hidgv/ay, Director of pii^brmation, Federal,

Farm Board, and delivered "by h. H. Lam"b, western radio pro^giri^ di^rector Unitedj

States Department of Agriculture in the Department period oc the \7estern Farmand Home Hour, Monda;^, March 30 » 1931) through Station KGO gind sevenjiihsE--"-radio stations associated v/ith the Pacific Division, National BroadcastingCompany.

In a statement made public recently, it was announced that the FederalFarm Board will not authorize the Grain Stabilization Corporation to malce

stabilization purchases from the 1931 wheat crop. There will be no alterationor change in the policy of the Grain Stabilization Corporation with referenceto the 1930 wheat crop. Stabilization supplies of wheat will be handled in

such a Way as to impose the minimum of burden upon domestic and v/orld prices.The Board's statement points out that since last iMOvember, the Grain Stabiliza-tion Corporation has purchased sufficient wheat to maintain prices in this

country. Because of this, our prices have ranged from 20 to 35 cents a bushelabove their usual relationship to world market prices. The statement furthersays that stabilization operations are emergency meas^ores and entail a healthycost. The Grain Stabilization Corporation has acquired and is acquiring verylarge stocks of wheat. It can not indefinitely buy more than it sells, orindef initel^T- hold what it has bought. It can not follow a regular policy of

buying at prices above the market, pov-ing heavy storage charges, and sellingbelow cost. Farmers laiow this and would not ask that it be done. It wouldnot be in the long run in the farmers' own interest.

,Latest reports show that

the wheat held by the Grain Stabilization Corporation is in excellent condition.

In an interview with Washington correspondents, Mr. C. C Teague, vicechairman, said that the Board is pleased over the Department of Agriculturereport of the farmers' intentions to plant. This report shows that farmersin the Spring wheat territorjr intend to -olant nea-rl^^" 2U per cent less Durum andreduce their acreage of other Spring wheat 12 per cent. Mr. Teague said thatthis indication of a strong tendency to reduce wheat acreage is in line withthe Farm Board's recommends.tion. For many months, the Board has urged wheatfarmers to reduce acreage as a means of correcting the disastrously low pricesthat have resulted from increased acreage ajid over-production.

FarmThe/Board announces that several sectiorial conferences will be held for

the purpose of discussing plans for the organization of a co-operative terminalmarketing agency for selling of miscellaneous fruits and vegetables. More than160 different fruit and vegetable co-operatives favoring the establishment ofsuch a teminal organization will have representatives at three sectional con-ferences which have alrea,dy been csJled by the Board. Tlie first conference v/ill

be held in Jacksonville, Florida, April "the second in St. Louis, April 6th;and the third in Washington, D. C. , April Sth, (End of r^ispatch)

Inclosing, permit me to call your attention to tomorro\7's program whichincludes a radio talk prepared by Mr. C. C. Teague, entitled "Co-operativeMarketing of Agricultural Products."

Y\ COOPERATIVE MARKETTO OF AGIlICULTmL PRC DU^g^P^ ^ ^^'^^ ^R E C '

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A radio talk prepared \)Y Mr. C. C Teague, Vice Chairm, ih-, "'Federal FarmBoard, and delivered "by H. J. Eustace, Chief, California Divi ; ion of__EarlieAs-

and CollalDorator with Federal Farm Board, in the Department oJHtgi "iTTai imt e

period of the Western Farm and Home Hour, Tuesday, March 31, 1931, .through

Station KGO and seven other radio stations associated with the Pacific Division,National Broadcasting Company.

Cooperative marketing has shown a slow, stead;^^ growth in this countryfor over f if tj^ years. At the time of the passage of the Agricultural MarketingAct there were more than tv/elve thousand cooperative organizations in agricul'^'

ture. These cooperatives handled a large volume of the products of the farm.The growth was so gradual, that there- was nothing spectacular in it and it at-tracted very little attention .in this country'" and comparatively'" little oppositionin a. puhlic way on the. part of dealers and speculators in agricultural products.

The high prices "brought on hy the war and the expansion of agriculturalproduction left the farmer, in the years following the war, with many lines ofagriculture overproduced. This condition "brought on a demoralized market in

many lines, with extremelj?" low-selling prices and with great distress in alarge part of the agricultural producing sections of the United States. It is

quite natural that a condition of this kind should hecome political, and theredeveloped a general demand from lea,ders in agriculture and from representativesin Congress that national legislation "be enacted in an attempt to "bring ahout.

some relief to the farmer so as to place agriculture more nearly on an equalitywith "other lines of industry. :

'/After some eight years of this agitation and discussion the AgriculturalMarketing Act was passed "bj-^ • congress, follov/ing the last presidential election.

It is natural for any proposed legislation that had "become so highlycontroversial when finally enacted into l&vi to have rough sledding for a while.The activities of the Board in administering the Agricultural Marketing Act,therefore^ have "been under fire just as v/ere the activities of the FederalReserve Board in administering the Federal Reserve Act v/hich was looked uponas political legislation until it was generally recognized a,s economic legis-lation. So it will "be with the -Agricultural Marketing Act.

Again governmental recognition Of the principles of cooperative majrket-ing and the setting up of the. Farm Boards with a large fund to promote coopera-tives, have tended to focus, attention on the development of the cooperative

,

movement, and much opposition has. developed from dealers and speculators dealingin the products of the farmer, particularly at the point of production. This-in some' cases has taken the form of organized opposition, with large sums ofmoney raised to inaugurate publicity campaigns to discredit the AgriculturalMarketing Act p- . the work of the Farm Board, Many smoke screens have heen setup and herrings dragged across • the trail to divert the attention of the.r)u"blicaway from the major thing that, the Farm Board is trying .to do, namely,, to assistthe farmers in setting up -a cooperative system of marketing for farm products,,grower-owned-and-controlled. •

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:•; : Atyenticn has been fQcused updn the efiorts of the Parm Board to stabil-

ize., the prices of \7heat and cctton. 'Stabilization operations are consideredbjr the Board to be purel.7 of an .einergenc7 character.

As a resôlt of this coildition, and to prevent as far as possible a dis-astrous depression in wheat and cotton, the Board un.dertook emergency'' stabil-ization operations in both of these counodities. Hiis v/as ôndertaken with the

f-ull realization that it was dealing with coiiiiTiOdities with la.rge exportables:ijrpluses on which prices were largely fixed by world supply" and demand condi-

tions. The Board realized that large s^Jins of nionej^ would be required, involvingwithiiolding from the laarket large vol-jjnes of both whea-t. and cotton, the objectbeing to support the .market for whea„t and cotton during 'this depression andas far as possible to prevent a disastrously low price on these two importantcoiT^nodities which, exert such an important influence on a large percentage of

che economic and social life of oâr country. The liazards were fully realizedand the operations undertaken deliberately and the Board was convinced, andis now convinced, that the conditions justified the means. The price of bothwheat and cotton for the crops of I929 and 193'^ âs been maintained considerablyabove the price i:hat would have obtained had it not been- for these stabilizationoperations.

Even here on the American continent the Canadian • wheat grower, sellingaw world market prices, nas been receiving only twenty-five cents per busheland in some cases as low as eigliteen cents per bushel for his wheat. The UnitedStates being, a wheat exporting co^jntry, o-or wheat growers would have been in

about the saiîe position as Canadian growers had it not been for the support

given to the market by the stabilization operations authorized •bj?' the Board,

liad this occurred, it does not require an active imagination to visualize what

would have ha:?.pened to the great v;heat~preducing sections of the countrj^, to

the fanners, the bankers and the business life of these communities, if- therehad been added to the general depression existing in the co'ontr^'- a still fôrther

depression in the great v/heat and cotton producing sections. The resâlt wouldcertainly have. been very serious to those sections and to the country as a whole.

'.7e are of the opinion that benefits to the countr;'' resulting from ef-

forts to sustain prices of wheat and cotton during these trying conditions willfar outweigh any cost, even tho^jgh considerahly money is lost in the operation.

It is quite nat-âl for the Board's v/ork to be judged primarily "hy itsemergency/ activities. Sensa.t i'onal elements that malce bold-faced headlines in

.the ne'vspapers and magazines of this co-oiitTir liave grown out of emergencymeasures. Information tliat makes good news usâally does not grow .out of suchlong-time projects as those being developed in connection with -coopera.tivemarketing. Daring the present depression chere have been many examples oftne great benefit to farmers' where they are properly orgajiiêd to market theirproducts cooperativelj''. .

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Most of the difficulties of the farmer to da;^^ are dtie to either sôrplusproduction or lack of control of niarketing- anid distribution. Tiiis conditionCan be most effectively met through collective action. Congress recognizedthis when it made cooperative marketing the 'keystone of - the Agricultural Market-ing Act. Tlie farmer is essentially an individ^jalist and his method of thinking

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and acting cannot changed quickly; therefore, his learning to act collec-

tively'' must come through a process of education. A good deal of progress in

that direction had "been made "before the enactment of the existing legislation.

Since that time, through the activities of the Farm Board and through the

recognition hy the government of the principles of cooperative marketing, the

movement has heen greatly accelerated. It is my helief that there has "been

more progress made in cooperative marketing during the past tv/enty months thanhad "been made in any prior ten-year period in our history. For the first time

in oui- history our great staple agricultural industries — like grain, cotton,v/ool and livestock — are represented hy cooperatives, national in scope andperforming a national marketing service. Several less important commoditiesare also represented hy national marketing organizations.

There has a,lso been made a great deal of progress in the organizationof local and regional cooperatives "by producers of da.iry products and of

fruits and vegeta'bles, and this organiza.tion v/ork is just getting well underWay. This has "been accomplished during the present economic depression v/hen alarge share of the time of the Board has "been occupied in attempting to dealwith emergency situations "brought ahout hy economic and drought conditions.Under more normal conditions the Board v/ill "be ahle to devote much more of its

attention to these long-time projects, v/hich we helieve constitute the funda-mental ohjectives of the Act.

4

MY litiNd ^LOCK.

A radio talk G-lendon L. Schrock, Shipshewana, Indiana, deliveredthrough associated radio stations of the National Broadcasting, Company,Satm-day, April I93I.

I have "been a nemher of some phase of cluh work for almost seven years.My experiences during that time have been most profitable. I started out on

rather a small scale, when I was only ten years old, with a pure-bred Poland-China gilt and have been enrolled, since that tine, in the Jerse-y calf cltib,

the corn club, the chick raising club and the poultry production club. I haveat the present time three pure-bred Jersey heifers and a third interest in alaying flock of 200 single-comb white; leghorn hens and puJlets.

The laying flock represents my latest enterprise and the one which hasbeen the most successful. Last year the title of State Poultry Champion forIndiana v/as given to me. I ai:i enrolled in the poultry production club at the

present time and expect to act as poultry club leader this coming suri'-ier.

I started my poultry production work in the spring of 1927 with ourflock of 200 hens. At the end of my first year my record book showed a profitof only $3.lU. This might be called my "breaT^^ing-in" year for all my previousexperience had been with four-legged animals. I did a great deal of readingthis first year and tried to learn some of the proper methods. I mixed my ownlaying mash and fed a grain ration in a strav/ litter of corn, wheat and oats.During the first year and in all my poultry production work up to this year thegeneral practice has been followed of maturing m.y laying -oullets early andshutting them in the laying house about the middle of September or the firstof October and not letting them, out until warm weather in the spring. Thiswinter for the first tiD.e my flock has had free range on all nice days.

One of the important things taught to me in my first year of productionwork was the importance of sanitation. It has always been m.y practice to cleanmy dropping boards every week and to give the coop a general cleaning every twoweeks and spray it with some disinfectant. At the same time, ILme is sprinkledon the floor and on the dropping boards. In this way my flock has been keptfree from disease and very few birds have been lost.

Although my profits the first year v^ere very low, I did not hesitateto continue the work the second year. My one year of record keeping had taughtme a few things. I found that coi'-iriOrcial egg m.ash could be bought as cheaplyas it could be mdxed, so I changed to a commercial m.ash. My hens producedmore eggs at less cost and showed a good profit at the end of the year. Onereason for the better profits was the fact that many of my eggs were sold forhatching purposes at a good prem.ium.

My third year's work was largely a continuation of the second. I

managed to raise production from^ IgU eggs per hen -to I92. This year I put a

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great deal of emphasis on culling. Uy hens were culled every "lonth and those

that quit laying V7ere removed as soon as they stopped. My records showed

lower feed costs and a "better egg record,

J'ly fourth year has "been very successful to date. I have a flock of 220old hens and pullets. I kept more old hens this year at the suggest ion y.of the

local hatchery :nan who huys my eggs. Ee prefers eggs from the hens. The flockis laying ahout ^0 per cent and is in excellent condition.

I have enjoyed ny poultry cluh work. I realize that a large part ofny success has "been due to the assistance and help that I received fro::\ nyparents and ny local leader, Mr. R. L. Case. I have tried to follow their sug-gestions and ha,ve been well repaid for :r.y efforts.

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A SMLI, CLUB CF WIHITERS. f Ap^ ^3

A radio talk "by Mary Mulligan, Strafford Coimty, ITev/- Hampshire, deliver-

ed throâgh WHO and U6 other radio stations associated with the Hati onalr- Broa.d4

'

casting Company, Saturday, April 1931. . .

I am going to tell 3ôu v/hat U-H clut v/orln has done for mj?" friends andmyself. '.7e formed the Mt. Pleasant G-irls' Clut at Dover, in Strafford County,New Hampshire, four 2êars ago. All of us have benefitted from this v/ork, "but

since I laiow m^" o^Tn story Dest, I am going to give it to you.

. Before doing clu"b work I never thought of such things, "but now I makeall my own clothes, oesides all the necessities needed in the home, and helpwith the clothing of other members of my family.

In the food project t have prepared hrealcfasts and suiopers, and this

year I am going to prepare dinners. Sometimes I haye Yery poor luck with mycooking, but I have tried to overcome difficulties and a year ago I succeededin becoming co-umty champion and placed second in the State, winning a free tripto our State ceiup at D-orham, Few Plampshire, and to Camp Vail in Springfield, Mass

Since starting the canning project I have done all the preserving in myhome for four years. I like this work best, although I somietim.es get discour-aged on hot summer days. Because of sickness in my home two years ago, mymother let me can all I wished, \7hen I tell anybody the number of jars I pre-served they thirn?: v/e must be very heavj' eaters in oôr house, but I did not do

them, all for my o\7n home. Liy mother gave some to need;* families and then I

did som.e for my neighbors. That year I was awarded the State championship forniy 650 jars, and received a bep,uGif"ud oil stove ivhich has been on duty eversince.

I h^"?e also been co'onty champion in the 12 projects I have started, be-:5tdes winning minor and reserve cham.pionships.

Because laj mother has other duties, I am obliged now to make use of theexcellent instruction of my U-H leaders and do most of our housework.

"iThen O'ar club was organized by m^r mother in 192?) club work was hardlyknown in our county. But the next year we had som:e strong competitors, for ourclub aroused the H-H spirit throughout the county. ITow our club and Straffordcounty are both outstanding in the State. Our club has had an average of aboutih members during f O'or years and was classed as a Standard Club the first yearand a Banner club ever since. Tlie result of o-or 70 club projects is about SOOarticles of sewing, ^,000 jars of preserves, and 275 meals, which is valuedat a little over $2,000. O-^r club of ik girls has won eight free trips to

State or interstate camips and has produced seven county champions and fourState champions.

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Doria Spencer is one of our outstanding mera"bers. Last year she preparedthe "blue-rihlDOn trealcfast in the State food contest, and she has won severalcounty championships. Biie to her unselfishness, Doria has v/illingly steppedaside to let her two younger sisters ohrain honors. Beatrice has won two Statechampionships in sev;ing and canning and has also received a nice oil stove.

Last year at our county field day, one of her dresses was exhilDited, turnedinside out to show Beatrice's exceedingly fine v/ork.

At present our clu'o has nc leader, tut Doria and myself are going to

help the 1^ girls In our cluh. \ie have adopted the motto, "We'll show them v/e

don't heed a -leader]"

The influence on the 11 Iiomes involved in cIuId v/ork in our community is

exceedingly great. Every m.other has been given a chance to have more lds''are

and we girls have teen given r esponsilDility which will make us all "better \7omen.

Glut v/ork lia-S not only created 'a socidl - instinct among the younger members of

our coniiiiunit^'- "but it has also brought the older members together. In our clubwe try not to be stingy in our praise of one_ another; and of course, we telleach other _our wealc points too. Me try tn keep before us our U~H club motto,"To make the best better."

THS ^EEK WITH THE TmA BOARD

A radio talk prej^.red "by Frank Hidgway, Director of Infomation, Federal

Fam Board, and delivered "by R. H. LanilD, western radio progran director, United

States Department of Agriculture, in the Departitient period of the Western Famand Hone Hour, Monday, April 6, I93I, through Station KGO and seven other radio

stations associated with the Pacific Division, National Broadcasting Company

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During the last few weeks the Federal Farm Boa.rd has nade a special effort

to aid fruit and vegetable co-operatives who are now giving serious thought to

the estatlishnent of a proposed grower owned and controlled terninal agency for

the selling of niscellaneous crops fron orchards and gardens. In February the

Farn Board sent out a questionnaire to co-operatives to find out how nany of

then favored the establishnent of a teminal agency for the selling of fruitsand vegetables. One hundred sixty co-operatives favoring the forming for such anorganization are attending a series of conferences which have been called by the

Fam Board,

Mr, C. C. Teague of California who is Vice Chaiman of the Board and Mr.Charles S. Wilson, a nenber of the Board, attended the first sectional con-ference which was held last Friday at Jacksonville, Florida. Mr. Wilson is

attending the second conference which was opened this morning in St. Louis,Missouri. The third conference will be held next Wednesday in Washington, D. C.

In a recent press conference at the !?arr. Board offices, Mr. Teague told corres-pondents that the meetings of co-operative representatives v^ere to be held in

various sections with a view to working out a plan. He said, "I cannotanticipate what their plan will be when it is finally worked out. Presumablyit will provide a sales agency for fruits and vegetables for co-operatives thatdo not have a rational distributing agency, "There are some now, " he explained,"that have national sales agencies; for instance, the California fr-'oit GrowersExchange has a national distributing agency. The Exchange officials did notindicate that they were interested in joining this proposed teminal agencybecause there would not be any advantage in doing so . " But there are many smallco-operatives that cannot carry the overhead of a sales program. They ha-ven't ayear round business, and they are interested in joining with other co-operativesin different sections of the country. According to Mr. Teague, the proposedagency would operate at many terminal points. The organization is expected tocentralize and coordinate the sales efforts of fruit and vegetable co-operativesfor the purpose of giving them a better control of the flow of their products,to give them a lower sales cost and to permit then to consolidate their effortsin the better grading and standardization of packs. The list of products tobe handled by the proposed agency will include potatoes, celery, lettuce,tonatoes and various kinds of fruits.

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Iniorcation coning to the federal Fani Board indicates that there is astrong tendency to reduce wheat acreage in both the winter and spring wheat "belts

The Federal G-overnr.ent ' s report on "intentions to plant" shows that reductionof acreage in the spring tzheat "belt will "be greater this year than last.

Mr. Jaiies C. Stone » Chairr.lan of the Far:/. Board on a recent trip throughKansas and Oklahor.ia found that sentinent is quite favorable to acreage reductionin those two winter wheat states. says that winter wheat growers around Enid,Oklahoma, and Hutchinson, Kansas, seen to have to cone to the conclusion thatreducing their wheat acreage is the only way out.

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\ ^0 J Tiwoim Fmam m the futube . , , \

c . , : \^ ^ A radio talk iDy Lewis T. Trnie, chairman, National- Loan 'Advisor5^:^Q<)m-

mittee, delivered Friday, April 10, in the Department of '''AgriQ^^^vtuiê per ioî^vv^^^*

of the National Farm and Home IJoiir, thro-ugh a network of Vl "fessociat^lô^s^âti

of the National Broadcasting Company'-. \

My friends, I want to clear up today some mi siinderstandings alDout the

operations and the purposes of Federal financial aid to agriculture in droughtor storm stricken States.

Let us look first at the situation which caused the enactment of

drought and storm relief legislation, then outline the legislation, then

analyze the uses in j'-our communities of the two types of Federal financialaid authorized "by Congress and administered hy the U<. S. Department of Agri-culture.

The situation which led to the drought relief legislation was this:

Last summer's extreme drought cut crop production to the vanishing point in

many communities. Because of the world-wide "business depression, prices werelow for what was produced. Farmers used up their financial reserves, slim at"best after some years of agricultural depression. The rural "banks v/ere pincheddou"bly hy the forces of "business depression and crop failure. Credits for thisspring's planting operations was low«

So Congress appropriated $^5 ,000, 000 for feed, seed, and fertilizerloans to individual farmers. This measure wa.s aimed to meet the immediatecredit emergency. The money is "being loaned direct to farmers in storm ordrought areas. Thus far, more than $31,000,000 has "been loaned from this fundin 29 States. The good results are "being felt "by all classes. The influxof Federal funds has eased credit conditions for everybody in the affectedcommunities.

But the Congress and the Secretary of Agriculture looked ahead to thefuture as well as met the present emergency. They considered the possihilitythat stringency in farm credit conditions again may arise. The Congressappropriated and the Secretary of Agriculture made availa"ble $10,000,000 forpermanent financial reha"bilitation hy esta."blishing and strengthening agricul-tural credit corporations, livestock loan companies, and the like.

These local credit corporations ena'ble agricultural communities to tapthe financial reserves of the nation through the Federal Intermediate CreditBanks. The local corporations are to "be incorporated in each State underState laws, and hy local people who are interested in the welfare of theircommunities.

The Government is willing to furnish half, and, in mahj'' cases, morethan half of the capital for the setting up of these corporations "by loaningmoney to those interested on one or two years' time at 3j- per cent annual

(over)

interest. The loans to be used to ,c.r:eat^-or--en^rge the capital stock of

local credit corporat ions are" adininistered "by the national Loan Advisory Com-

mittee with the assistance of State Advisory Loan Committees.

The Secretary and our Committee "believe that in order to make these

organizations of most benefit to er.ch cornmunity, they should have a capital

of not less than $25,000. V/ith good ma,nagement, a well-organized corporation

may arrange to discount with the federal Intermediate Credit Banlc to five or

six times its capital. This woâld meejn that new money to the extent of at

least $125,000 woiold "be iDrought into your community for the "benefit of every

farmer, hanlcer, merchant, manufact-ur-er ,lawjêr, doctor, and publisher. This

is the basis on which we ask local participation.

If the full $10,000,000 be issued as desired, the total new financial

aid available in drought communities each year will be nearly $100,000,000 or

more tlian twice the amo^:int of the $^5, 000, 000 appropriation of this year' which,

should be ample. . .

It would seem to us that every group of bankers in rural communities

should have a subsidiary of this cliaracter for the benefit of their farmer

customers. The agricultural credit corporation enables them to get a lower

rate of interest on rediscounts thro^jgh the Intermediate Credit Bank than they

otherwise could obtain.

Now let us look at the ulan as it should v/ork in a specific community

by forming or enlarging agricultural credit "corporations.

So, then, imagine a county seat community, the center of a farming,

territory, entirely dependent upon farm prosperity for its prosperity?-. The

first duty of the banks in this tovm is to finance the farmers in the territory

about the town, because the v^hole business of the town is tied up with the

farm business of the community. Tlie banlis have been hard, hit by the combina-

tion of short crops 'and low prices. They find it difficult to meet their

primary obligation of financing fe,rmers, and virtually'" impossible to supplycredits for the merchants and professional men of the- town.

If outside capital would take care of the farm credits, the banl^s

could finance the mercantile enterprises. This spring, the Federal Government

has stepped in with the feed, seed, and fertilizer loans direct to farmers and

has talên off the barilcs some of the strain of farm financing-. That has helped

mightily. But further help would be most welcome.

So the banlcers and business men in the community cast about for further

credit sources. They get together and organize an agricultural credit corpora-tion. The bankers and business men subscribe up to, say, $12,000. Then the

whole group of a dozen bankers and business men gets in touch with the State

Loan Advisory Committee and asks the coi-nmittee to transmit its applicationpapers for federal money to make up the remaining $13,000 of .thecapital stock

of their agricult^jiral credit corporation. The S'ederal money is lent by the'

National Loan Advisory Committee to the individual sto.cldiplders of the' corpora-tion. '

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The cofporation, now a going concern^ tal^es over part of tlie financing

of farmers in the comm-unit^^i,it offers the notes of fanners for discoiint at

the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of the district* The "bank, finding that

the local credit corporation is well managed and soundly financed, discounts

farmers' notes to^ say, $125,000* That much local "bank credit is released

for other purposes ^ the stmn is correspondingly eased, and all upon a suh^

scritpion of $12,000 from the substantial business men of the community.

ITow our communitsr has met its present situation "by team work of the

communitj'- leaders. Bat it has done more than that, m^r friends. Its les,ders

have looked forward to next year and the following years "by establishing an

agricultural credit corporation. It is hardly likely that we shall again suffer

such a widespread calamity of nature as befell us in last year's droijght. Theconsequences of that drought over such large areas brought about Federal ap-propriations to meet the situation. If we again liave normal v/eather conditions,it is not so lilrely that there will be a continuation for another year of suchappropriations, either for loans direct to farmers, or for loans to be usedin setting up or enlarging local farm credit facilities.

By participating in the present FedereJ loans, bankers and businessmen will insure themselves against the evil effects of future farm creditstringency.

Further, they v/ill take a step toward building up diversified farmingand stock raising. All of us agree, I think, that producing upon the farm thefood needed for the subsistence of 'che farm family and the feed for farmanimals is insurance against acute distress in farm sections. The fa.ct thatthe farmer can, if he will, live at home, is bringing back to the land youngmen who have found the economic insecurity of city living not to their liking;^'oung men who prefer open air life to the pent-up, smolq^ city atmosphere. If

these young men are fitted to farming they will contribute to the growth ofour farming commuaities. Agricultural credit corporations offer a means of

financing the best of them and keeping our better farm youig folks on the land.

Now, in conclusion, let me say tliat we continue to receive a. liberaln-umber of applications for loans to subscribe stock of these local agriculturalcredit corporations. But many of the applications are incomplete, apparentlybecause of mis-understan.ding of the requirements set up. Furthermore, theresponse has not been as v/idespread nor as prompt as is desirable. I hopethat I have been able to set before you community leaders today the possibil-ities for good of the G-ovemment plan. It is m^^- opinion that you will findit much more interesting than many stories you have heard during the past eightor ten years from shrewd promoters. I ajn sure you will find it more profitableto your community. It will at least create happiness and provide permanentreiiabilitation. It should mean much to your home places. If you are interest-ed, and will talce the lead in organizing your community agricultural creditcorporation, get in touch with your State Loan Advisory Committee.

FINAITCINC- PABniI& 111 THE FUTuHE .

Lewis T. THine, chairman, Nat i one

mittee, delivered Friday, April 10, in the Department of Agriculture periodV\ A radio talk Lewis T. Tune, chairman, National, Loan Advisory Com-

of the National Farm and Home Ho-jt, through a network of hi associated stationsof the National Broadcasting Company'".

liy friends, I want to clear up today some misunderstandings atout the

operations and the pîrposes of Federal financial aid to agriculture in droughtor storm stricken States.

Let us look first af the situation which caused the enactment of

drought and storm relief legislation, then outline the- legislation, then

analyze the uses in your ' comm-jnit ies of the two types 'of Federal financialaid authorized "by Congress and administered "by the II.." S?. Department of Agri-culture. * •

• -

The sit-ijLation which led to the drought relief legislation was this:

Last summer's extreme drought cut crop production to the vanishing point in

many communities. Because of the world-wide "business depression, prices werelow for what was produced. Farmers used up their financial reserves, slim atbest after some years of agr icultôral depression. The rural "banks were pincheddou"bly oy the forces of "business depression and crop failûre. Credits for thisspring's planting operations Was low.

So Congress appropriated $^5, 000, 000 for feed, seed, and fertilizerloans to individîal farmers. This measure was aimed to meet the immediatecredit emergency. The money is "being loaned direct to farmers in storm ordrought areas- Thus far, more tha.n $31,000,000 has heen loaned from this fund

. in 29 States. The good results are heing felt "by all classes. The influx,

of Federal funds has eased credit conditions for everybody in the affectedcommunities. '

* " '

. ..

--^

.

But the Congress and the Secretary of Agriculture looked ahead to thefutiJTe as Well as met the present emergency. They considered the possibilitythat stringency in farm credit conditions again may arise. The Congressappropriated and the Secretary of Agriculture made available $10,000,000 for

v permanent financial rehabilitation by esta.blishing and strengthening agrical-' tural credit corporations, livestock loan companies, and the like.

These local credit corporations enable agricultural communities to tapthe financial reserves of the na,tion through the Federal Intermediate CreditBanks. The local corporations are to be incorporated in each State underState laws, and by local people who are interested in the welfare of theircomm^jnitiesi

The G-overnment is willing to f-'ornish half, and, in manj'' cases, morethan half of the capital for the setting up of these corporations bj^ loaningmoney to those interested on one or two years' time at 3^ per cent annual

(over)

interest. The loans to "be used to create or enlarge the capital stock of

local credit coriDorations sJr'a administered "by the National Loan Advisory Com-mittee with the assistance of^ Sc&te Advisorj?' Loan CouinitteeB.

The Secretars'" fend our Committee iDelieve that in order to malce theseorganizations of most "benefit to each community, they should have a ca^pital

of not less than $25,000. V/ith good m£?.nagement , a well-organized corporationmay arrange to discount with the federal Intermediate Credit Eanlc to five or

six times its capital. This wo-old mean that new money to the extent of at

least $125,000 Y/ould he "brought into 2^our community for the henefit of everyfarmer, hanl^ier, merchant, manufacturer, laT-v^/er, doctor, and publisher. Thisis the iDasis on which we ask local participation.

; If the full $10,000,000 "be issued as desired, the total new financialaid available in drought communities ea.ch year will "be nearly $100,000,000 or

more than twice the amount of the $^5, 000, 000 appropriation of this year v/hich

should he ample.

It would seem to us that every group of hankers In rural comiiiunities

should have a subsidiary of this character for the benefit of their farmercustomers. The agricultural credit corporation enables them to get a lower.rate of interest on rediscounts through the Intermediate Credit Bank than theyothenvise could obtain.

Nov7 let us look at the Dlan as it should v/ork in a specific communityby forming or enlarging agricultural credit corporations.

So, then, imagine a countjr seat community, the center of a farmingterritory, entirely dependent upon farm prosperity for its prosperitj^. The

'

first duty of the banks in this town is to finance the farmers in the territoryabout the town, because the v/hole business of the town is tied up with thefarm business of the community. Tlie banlis have been hard hit by the- combina-tion of short crops and low prices. They find it difficult to meet theirprimary obligation of financing :fe,rme37s, and virtually impossible to supplycredits for the merchants guad professional men of the town.

• If outside Capital would take care of the farm credits, the banlcs

could finance the mercantile enterprises. This spring, the Federal G-overnment

has stepped in with the feed, seed, and fertilizer loans direct to farmers andhas talcen off the banks some of the strain of farm financing. That has helpedmightily. But further help would be most welcome.

So the bankers and business men in the communitjr cast about for furthercredit som-ces. They get together and organize an agricultural credit corpora-tion. The bankers and business men subscribe up to, say, $12,000. Then thewhole group of a dozen bankers and business men gets in touch with the StateLoan Advisory Committee and asks the coi-jmittee to transmit its applicationpapers for ]pederal money to make up the remaining $13,000 of the capital stockof their agricultural credit corporation. The Federal money is lent by theNational Loan Advisory Committee to the individual stocldiolders of the corpora-tion.

-3-

The corporation, now a going concern, talces over part of the financingof farmers in the coram-unity. It offers the notes of farmers for discount at

the Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of the district. The "bank, finding that

the local credit corporation is well managed and soundlv financed, discoiants

farmers' notes to, say, $125,000. Tliat much local hank credit is releasedfor other pm-poses, the stisin is correspondingly eased, and all upon a suh-

scritpion of $12,000 from the substantial "business men of the commmiity.

Uow our community has met its present situation hy team work of the

commionitj^ leaders. But it has done more than that, my friends. Its leaders

have looked forward to next year and the following years "by estalDlishing an

agricultural credit corporation. It is hardly likely that we shall again suffer

such a widespread calamity of nature as hefell us in last year's drought. Theconsequences of that drought over such large areas hrought ahout Federal ap-propriations to meet the situation. If we again have normal weather conditions,it is not so likely that there v/ill loe a continuation for another year of suchappropriations, either for loans direct to farmers^ or for loans to "be usedin setting up or enlarging local farm credit facilities.

By participating in the present Federal loans, "bankers and "business

men will insure themselves against the evil effects of future farm creditstringency.

Further, they will take a step toward huilding up diversified farmingand stock raising. All of us agree, I think, that producing upon the farm thefood needed for the su"bsistence of the farm family and the feed for farmanimals is insurance against acute distress in farm sections. The fact thatthe farmer can, if he will, live at home, is bringing back to the land youngmen who have found the economic insecurity of city living not to their liking;young men who prefer open air life to the pent-up, smol^?- city atmosphere. If

these yoiing men are fitted to farming they will contribute to the growth ofour farming communities. Agricultural credit corporations offer a means of

financing the best of them and keeping our better farm young folks on the land.

Now, in conclusion, let me say tliat we continue to receive a liberalnumber of ap3)lications for loans to subscribe stock of these local agriculturalcredit corporati''ins. But many of the applications are incomplete, apparentlybecause of mis-'^anderstajiding of the requirements set up. Furthermore, theresponse has not been as widespread nor as prompt as is desirable. I hopethat I have been able to set before you community leaders todaj'" the possibil-ities for good of the G-ovemment plan. It is my opinion that you will findit much more interesting than many stories you have heard during the past eightor ten years from shrewd promoters. I pjh sure you will find it more profitableto your coiTiiiiunity. It will at least create happiness and provide permanentrehabilitation. It should mean much to your hom.e places. If you are interest-ed, and will tal^:e the lead in organizing your community agricultural creditcorporation, get in touch with your State Loan Advisory Committee.

A.

THE WE3K ÎTH THE FmM 30A2D

A radio talk prepared h:/ Edgar Markhar. , Assistant to the Ciiaiman and in

charge of Press delations, Federal Ea.n:: Board -^.nd delivered hy R. H. Lar.h, western

progra-.: director, Oi'fice of Information, United States Demrtr.ent of Agriculture,in the Department per od of the ^"êstern Earr.: and Hone Hour, Monday, ipril I3, 1931through Station KG-0 and seven other radio stations associated v;ith the NationalBroadcasting Coi.voany, Pacific Division.

— oOo

—

Mr. Sazi H. Thompson of Illinois was a visitor on Eriday and Saturday at

Ear~i Board offices. He will "becorê a r.einher ahout ây 1, and was there to greet

the other r.e::'.hers. He vt?s there also to fa'.:iliarize hir.self with Board policiesand its work preparatory to assuming office. Mr. Thompson, for the past severalyears, has been president of the :k:erican Earn Bureau Federation. In that

capacity, he has "been before the Board on a nur.ber of occasions, ^^r. Thompson w-^s

appointed to fill the vacancy created on March 5 hy resignation of -Ir. AlexanderLegge, the first chairman of the Board. There are eight appointed iner.ibers and the

Secretary of .Agriculture is a ner.-ber exofficio.

The Board issued a call on Eriday for a v^-.eeting in Washington tomorrow ofthe organization cor.r.:ittee for the proposed co-operative agency to sell niscellanefruits and vegetables. There are fifteen :::e;';.bers of this cor-iiiittee . They wereselected by representatives of co-operatives at conferences held in Jacksonville,Florida, April 3, in St. Louis, Misso^jri, April 6, and in 'âshinjton, D. C. AprilS. Co-operatives in thirty one states participated in the conference.

The Wool Advisory Conn:ittee net in Washington last "Wednesday and submittedto the Board a number of reconnend^.tions relative to the operations of theNational Wool Marketing Corporation, the centr-^l sales agency for the "ôol andMohair Co-operatives. The annual neeting of the Corporation was held in ChicagoEriday and Saturday. Mr. C. B. Deninan , livestock nenber of the Board was inattendance

.

Mr. Saxn H. McKelvie, grain nenber of the Board, was in Chicago the firstthree days of the past week for the ann-oa-l neetings of the stockholders of theEarners' National and the Grain Stabilization Corporation. Meetings of the Wheatand Course Grains Advisory CoruTiittee were also held there on invitation eîlthe

Earn Board. In response to an invitation fron Ppesident Butterworth, ChairnanSt one told newspaper correspondents on Thursday that he expects to attend the annuconvention of the United States Chamber of Conr^.erce which will be held in AtlanticCity April 2S to May 1, inclusive.

R E C

TH3 WSSK WITH THE FAH'T BOARD a t.>.-

A radio talk prepared by S'rank Hidg\?ay, Director of Infprmation., .Fede:

Farm Board, and delivered 'by R. H. Lamb, western radio program^lrect or , UnitedStates Department of Agricultvir e , in the Department period of the Vfestern Farm

and Home Hour, Monday April 20, I93I., through Station KG-0 and seven other radio

stations associated with the Pacific Division, National Broadcasting Company.

—oOo

—

The fruit and vegetable organization com~iittee recently arD-oointed met at

the Federal jarm Board office in Washington last week for the purpose of workingcut the details of a proposed plan for the centralized selling of miscellaneousfruits and vegetables. Mr. Jpnes C. Stone, chaiiTnan of the Board says that the

plan of organization which is being developed by this committee will be sub-

mitted for approval or rejection to more than 160 participating cooperative units.The committee is composed of fifteen members, fourteen of them were selected at

recent meetings of cooperatives held in Jacksonville, Florida; St, Louis, Missouri,and Washington, D. C. The other member represents growers of the PacificNorthwest

.

Farmers throughout the United States were warned against overproduction of

potatoes in a statement issued recently by Mr. C. C. Teague , Vice-Chairman of the

Board. The Department of Agriculture report on intentions to plant indicates thatlate potato growers will increase their acreage approximately ten per cent. Ifthe usual yield is realized, this will mean a total crop of ^30,000,000 bushels.Mr. Teague sa.ys that past experience has shown that even with prosperous conditionsin the country the prices realized are in direct relation to the size of the crops.Records show that big crops bring less than small ones. He concludes that ifpotato growers increase their acreage this year, they may expect the lowest pricethey have had for years. There can be no justification for increased plantingof potatoes that will bring certain disaster in price. Surely there can be nojustification for increasing the acreage above that olanted last year.

In a statement made public a few days ago, the Farm Board said that thewheat advisory committee which met in Chicago last week endorsed efforts of theFederal Farm Board in helping to cope with the wheat suttjIus problem and calledupon all producers to cooperate in curtailing production and controlling the flowof wheat to market. In resolutions filed with the Board the committee said:"We realize the impracticability of the continued control of a surplus year afteryear by the grain stabilization corporation without an effort on the part of

producers toward production control. The present indications are that with anaverage wheat crop this year prices obtainable will be far below the cost ofproduction causing great loss and hardship to American farmers". The committeeurges farmers and their cooperatives to carry on a definite and forceful camTDaign,

not only toward the reduction of whea.t acreage, but also for the limitation andcontrol of the marketing of the 1S31 crop.

KIOTECTIHG YCUH DAIRY FOODS

A radio talk by C. W. Pyle, Bureau of "Dairy Control, State Department of

A-griculture , delivered in the Depart-ient period of the Western Farm and HomeHour, Tuesda?/, April 21, 1931, through Station KGO and seven other radio stations

associated with the Pacific "Oivision, i%tional Broadcasting Company.- .

—oOo— '

.-

. , ,

How "big is the "Cow"? How is she controlled and why?

The "bovine animal in this sense is represented "by "lultiple producers,transporters, manufacturers and distrihutors ,' mainly of whole narket i:iilk andcream, manufacturing inilk and crea.::, butter, cheese, ice cream, etc., of course.But, how uiany prod^ucts common enough to usage in different commercial or foodforms are generally thought of as having "been wholly or loartly contributed to

by "Bossy"? They run the range fror^i expensive appearing paper, piano keys,toilet sets, paints., etc, , to- chicken feed, baking supplies and medicines, and the

words "milk", "product of" or "Derivative of milk" "on a' label is sufficient to

incite the user to the belief that since milk is a -oart of the item, materialor analysis, that it is well recommended.

Although market milk, f or ' instance , has based its appeal to consumers,and is usuaJly associated- .with health and growth for boys and girls, why shouldn'tthis all inclusive body builder be t.~ken by grown-UDs as well?

.Just because Jim and Mar-''-'have pa.ssed through the grammar school stage,where plenty of wholesome, rich milk daily assisted each in withstanding what,was to them a rigorous siege of learning, and phjrsical education is no reason at ;

all why their diet as to dair?/ -oroduct's shouldn't continue in pretty much the .-,

same manner as -before. :

Pa and Ha really need the natura.1, health-giving qualities contained inthis perfectly balanced food as badly as little Jim-iy and Mp,ry did.

The "[J. S. has one-fifteenth of the human population, ,of the world and.-.

correspondingly one-fifth the cow popul tion. One-fourth, of the entire oiitlay andmoney earned from all agricultural activities fall under the Dairy Division, orthe equal of the wholesale total of the United States auto industry.

I'lilk fat produced by dairy far.i.ers in I929 reached the high markvaluation of $90, 3^5,000. The fifteen leading manufactured products of milk wereworth almost $158 ,000, 000.

"Tiile rar.pid, bellicose promoters ivave flags and holler to high Heavens,the lowly cow brute, without far flun.g ]jablicity stunts or horn tootin', in-creases California's wealth $180,00 every single m.inute o.:" the twenty-four hours,and chews her cud peacefully.

Over

-2-

Every important phase in handling milk and its products from point ofproduction is closely guarded by a representative or local deputized regulatoryagency, empowered h.}' the State Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Dairy Control.

k. We cooperate closely with the Division of Animal Industry in test-

checking the health of herds, inspect dairies, enforce sanitation in trans-portation, factories and warehouses,

B. Examine and instruct licensed weighers and samT)lers, testers andtechnicians for the protection of the dairyman and industry,

C. Control State standards and grade "butter, cheese, ice creaiii and all

such products, with bacteria limits as a further means of protection for the

consmer and survey any manufacturer or dealer with a penchant for dishonestcomi-ercialism,

D. Maaidatorj?- compositions for food value; legal, specific labeling andadvertising representation, and protection for the housewife against imitationbutter, or other substitutes.

Much credit is due the m.anufacturer-distribTitor as a body who realize the

necessity of a State law-enforcing department to handle this work, Healizing,with a few exceptions, that enforcement is chiefly a matter of education, theyhave readily cooperated with the Bureau of Dairy Control. Clean cor.petition inmost instances causes the factories to even elevate their quality standardsabove State requirements.

So far as the personnel policy of this Department is concerned, we ha^d

much rp.ther be knc^n. as inspecting ihstructors than big-footed policemient, andalthough the California Legislature has enacted possibly the strongest, m.ost

authoritative agricultural statutes of any state in the union, it is well knownthp.t the administrative privilege has never "been overstepped, and thp.t theenforcemicnt of the C-eneral Dairy Law, The p-ore Milk Law and related State Statuteshave done more to build and maintain industry, unquestionable pure m.ilk supplyand reliable products than aiv/ other possible method.

.. CREDIT FOR FAK-.CERS

^ - C X D

^ ViAY i 1 1931 ^

A radio address V/ 'B, C. Powell, Meni"ber, The National Advisory Loan

Committee, United States De-artment of Agriculture .delive^red tliro-agh WRC and,

kO other .radio stations asso'cis.ted with the National: Broadcasting Company,

April 22,' 1931.

. .• —oOo— r •. -.

When most of you 'Farm and Home folks think, of borrowing money, you go at. ,,

once to your local banker and talk the matter over . That is , exactly what you .

should do, usually. The. good local banker is deeply interested; in your business.He wants you to make profits because his institution can succeed • only if thecommunity as a whole is, in the long ru.n, on a paying basis.

How, I've been just a little surprised to find that many local bankers,apparently are not very seriously interested in the funds recently ao^ropriatedby Congress for agricul=feure credit corporations and livestock loan companies.I imagine this condition is partly our fault - that is, partly the fault of theNational 'Com-'nit tee on. Agricultural Credits, for not explaining to every personconcerned just what the possibilities are.

As I've mentioned to you before, Congress realized that many ruralcomm^anities, suffering from the drought, from sustained years of low farm prices,-

and from the general depression, needed additional money to carry on. , We have$10,000,000 to help such comnmnit ies . You may think it is an e?.sy task to leteveryone know .exactly how he may take s.dvantage of this money. As a matter of

'

fact it is a miglitly difficult job to get across almost overnight the facts to

bankers, business men, and farmers, ever^ one of whom stands to benefit from thesefunds . ^ ; .... •

Every one of j^ou who needs credit can help. Here, in a nutshell, is myidea. If. you .need credit, go t 0 jovx local- banker and talk the matter over withhim. He may., say that money is scarce and that he cannot help you. Your answershould be in the foriTi of a question: You have heard that the Federal Governmenthas funds to help out ^jjider just such circunistances . Why

,then, should not the

banker help organize a local agricultural credit corporation which will bringfunds to the community? ..

It may even be advisable for- you to talk the matter over with yourneighbors and- then a group of^ yo-u can go together to see your banker.

Some people have said to me that a local banker is not interested in theformation of an agricnalt-aral credit corporation because it take's away his business.That is, I think, a very foolish statement. First of all, if your local bank is

equipped to finance you at a reasonable rate of interest, there is no need for acredit corporation. On the other hand, if your local bank does not have the fundsto do this, it is very much to its interest to see to it that funds are in some

Over

-2-

way "brought into the cornrnmity. In either case, your "banker is the key individual

Just for the seke of -aking the r.attor cle^.r, let's assimie that a snail

county in Kentuclq^ has been hard hit adverse conditions. The local "bankers

have done everything they could to. extend credit. They simT^ly cannot stretch

the purse strings anj'- further » What can they do?

First ..of all, the hankers and business men should get together with you

farcers to decide whether or not more credit is heeded. If so, an agriculturalcredit corporation should "be formed. Farr.ers, "business r.en, and bankers should

take part in this organization. In this county in Kentucky, it is found that

local people will subscribe $15,000 towards the stock. Your local conicittee

then gets in touch with the State advisory loan corrnittee and, if everj^thing is

in order, the United, States "Oepa-rtrênt of Agriculture will advance funds to

individuals to b-'jy stock- in the corporation. Let's assu-.e that, in ally the

corporation is capit.?lized for $30,000. Do you realize what that a'lount of

noney will do for your connrjaiity ? That corporation can discount with a Federal

I^temediate Credit Bank aro-'jnd $200,000 worth of agricultural paper. That

$200,000 may be the very nargin of credit your coniranity needs to get "cack on

its feet.

. Other people have said to ir.e that bankers are not interested in thisarrangement because the corporation gets only a three 'per cent margin of profit

;- on loans and that profits can't be rade at that rate. (In other words, the

corporation pays the Interr;ediate Bank four per cent interest, as a rule, onfunds and lends those funds at 7 cent.) liy answer is that no one eversuggested that agricultural credit corporations should make some one suddenly

•wealthy. Hather than a money-making proposition, this is a service proposition.At . the saine time» legitimate profits can be made. '

The Liargin of profit is large enough to -oermit good management. And themanagement should come, in most cases, from the ranks of the local bankers.They know br.st how to make the loans, how to handle them, and how to safeguardthen. In addition to that, the banl<:er is interested in helping your coitimunity

permanent ly

.

No matter how you. ;appreach the question, you are bound to discover that

. in one way or another ^'•our banker is an im.portant individual in utilizing this

money the govermr.ent has r.ade available for yo-^jo^' use. If, by any chance,' whenyou call to see youi- banker, he should not be familiar with the possibilitiesof setting up an agricult-oral credit cor-ooration, tell hiv.: that we have publisheda small pamphlet that tells briefly but exactly how the whole set-up works. I

think Mr. Eisenhower told you about this booklet last week. And, by the way,

if you want a copy of this booklet for yourself, write to the Department of

Agriculture at Washington .for one. It is called "New Credit for Farmers.^'

So convinced are the Secretary of Agricultiire and the members of the

National Advisory Loan Committee that the local b^jiLêrs can effectively help

you in the present situation,, that we. are starting out on a trip through the

drought area to attend the various state meetings of bankers, "ê will do all

we can to show them the possibilities of setting up agricultural credit corp-

-3-

orations to help you. But do let :;.e say thisi Thore is no need of our con-

vincing the b-.nlvers th?t they should help in this v7ork, unless you convince then

that you ivant then: to do it. So I repeat: If you as a farmer need additionalcredit, go see your local hanker. If funds are scarce, urge hi::: to look into

the possihilities of organizing a credit corporation and of obtaining govern-nent funis to help do this.

ITow, I realize that only about half the territory covered by this greatradio netv/ork is interested in ^'hat I have been saying. To those of you v/ho arelaot interested, I apologize, - and with thanks to all of you, I bid you goodbye.

im CI15DIT FOR FARMERS

A radi.o address "by B. C. Fovjell , llenher , The National.

Committee, United States De-artment of Agriculture, deliveredkO other radio s'tations associated with 'tha National Broadcasting Ccxnpany,

April 22, 1931.. . ...

. —oOo—.

^

When most of you" Farm and Hoiiê folks think of borrowing money, you go at

once to your local banker and talk the ratter over. That is exactly what youshould do, usuîlly. The good local banker is deeply interested in your busines;s.

He wants you to make profits because- his institution can succeed only if the

community as a whole is, in the long run, on a paying basis.

Now, I've been just a little surprised to find that many local bankersapparently are not very seriously interested in the funds recently ao-oropr iat ed

by Congress for agriculto-ôre credit corporations and livestock loan companies.

I .a^nagi-ne this condition is partly our fault - that is, partly the fault of the

National Com.r:ittee on Agricultural Credits, for not explaining to every personconcerned just what the possibilities are.

•As I've mentioned to you before, Congress realized that^many ruralcommunities, suffering from the drought, from sustained years of low farm prices,and from the general depression, needed additional money to carry- on. We have

$10,000,000 to help such com.munities. You may think it is an easj^ task to let

everyone know exactly how he may take advantage of this money. As a matter of.

'

fact it is a nightly difficult job to get across almost overnight the facts to

banke'rs, business men, and farmers, ever-:one bf whom stands to benefit from these

funds

Every one of j^-ou who needs credit can help. Here, 'in a nutshell, is myidea. ' If you need credit, go t 0 youir local banker and talk the matter over with .

him. - He 'may say that money is scares and that he cannot help you. Your answershould be^ in the form of a question: You have heard that the Federal Governmenthas funds to help out -under just such circuiiistances . Why, then, should not the

banker help organize a local agricultural credit corporation which will bringfunds to the community?

It majr even be advisable for you to talk the matter over with yourneighbors 'and then a group of you can go together to see your banker.

Some people have sa.id to me that a local banker is not interested in the

formation of an agrioaltural credit corporation because it takes away his business,

That is, I think, a very foolish statement . First of all, if your local bank is

equ.ipped to finance you at a reasonable rate of interest, there is no need for acredit corporation. On the other hand, if your local bank does not have the fundsto do this, it is very much to its interest to see to it that funds are in some

Over

way "brought into the corxiimity. In either case, your banker is the ke3^ individual.

Just for the seke of 'âking the natter cle-^.r, let's assume that a snailcounty in Kentucky/ has been hard hit by adverse conditions. The local bankershave done everything they could to extend credit. They simply cannot stretchthe purse strings Eniy further. What can they do?

First of all, the bankers and business nen should get together with youfarri".ers to decide whether or not more credit is needed. If so, an , agriculturalcredit corporation should be- forned. Farr.ers, business men,- and bankers shouldtake part in this organization. In this county in Kentucky, jt is found that

local people will subscribe $15 ,000 . towards the stock. Your local coniLiittee

then gets in touch with the State- advisory loan comiiiittee and, if everything is

in order, the United States "Departnent of Agriculture will advance funds to

individuals to buy qtock in the corporation. Lot's assu:e that, in all, the

corporation is capitalized for $30,000. Do you realize what that a'-^.ount of

noney ^îll do for your comiriuiiity ? That corporation can discount with a FederalIj^temiediate Credit Baiili around $200,000 worth of agricultural paper. That

$200,000 may be the very nargin of credit your comnunitj'" needs to get ba.fck onits feet..

Other people have said to ir.e that bankers are not interested in thisarrangcr.ent because the corporation gets only a three percent margin of profiton loans and that profits can't be rade at that rate. (In other words, .the-

corpore.tion pays the Inten\ediate 3anlc four per cent interest, as a rule, onfunds and lends those funds at 7 P-r cent.) M^^ answer is that no one eversuggested that agricultural credit corpora.t ions should make some one suddenlywealthy. Hather than a money-making proposition, this is a service .proposition.At the saine time, legitiriate profits can be made,

The margin of profit is large enough to Dermit good managem.ent . And themanagement ' should com.e, in m.ost cases, from, the ranks of the local bankers-.

They 1-mow best how to m.ake the loans, how to handle them, and how to safeguardthen. In addition to that, the banlcer is interested in helping your corviunity

permanent ly

.

Ho m.atter how you. 'approach the question, you are bound to discover that

in one,

way or another your banker is an important indivldu'il in utilizing thismoney the

"governir.ent has made available for jo^joc use. If, by any chance, when

you call to see 3/our banker , he should hot be familiar with the possibilitiesof setting uP an agricultural credit cor-oorat ion , tell him that we have publisheda smll pamphlet that tells briefly but exactly how the whole set-up works. I

think Mr. Eisenhower told you about this booklet last week. And, by the W8.y,

if., you want a copy of this booklet for jôurself, write to the Department of

Agriculture at Washington for one. It is called "New Credit for Farmers."

So convinced, are the Secretary/ of Agriculture a.nd the members of the

National Advisory Loan Committee that the local banlcers can effectively help

you in the present situation, that we are starting out on a trip through the

drought area to attend the' various state mieetings of bankers. We will do all

we can to shov/ them, the possibilities of setting up agricultural credit corp-

-3-

or^5.tions to help you. But do let :.-e say this: 'There is no need of our con-

vincing^ the b-nkers th^t they should help in this work, unless you convince then

that you xvant then to do it. So I repeat 1 If ydu as a farrier need additional

credit, go see your local bai-iker. If funds are scarce, ur^^e hir. to look into

the possibilities of organizing a credit corporation and of obtaining govern-nent fun^s to help do this.

Nov.', I realize that only about half the territory covered by this great

radio network is interested in what I have been saying. To those of you who arenot interested, I apologize, - and with thar^ks to all of you, I bid you goodbye.

R E C

* MAY n 1931

THE WEEK ÎTH TEF- ÂIT"! BOAitD

A radio talk prepared by Edgor Farldiar., Assositant to the Chairnan in

charge of Press Eolations, Federal "ârv. Board and delivered Vf H. H. Lar.i, westernprogra:.; director, Office of Information, United States Department of Agriculture,

in the Depart::ent period of the Western Tarr. and Hone Hour Monda-.?- ,April 27,

1931, through Station KGO and seven other stations associated with the Pacific

Division, National Broadcasting Conipanjr.

—oOo

—

Discussing the proposed co-operative sales agoncy for fruits and vegotaTaler

vice chairnan Teaguc explained to newspaper correspondents that the type oforganization agreed upon is si)riilar to that of the California Jmit GrowersExchange. A su"bcor:"ittee is working out the details and will :-:eet in WashingtonHa,?/ ISth, following which the plan will "be subnitted to the participating co-operatives for final a-oproval.

Chairnan Stone and Mr. Lillians, the cotton r^.ember of the Board, were inAugusta, Georgia, ?riday for the annual convention of the kierican CottonManufacturers Association, At the afternoon session, Mr. Williar.s discussed thecotton outlook for the present year. At the evening session, Mr. Stone told the

cotton manufacturers what the 5Virr. Board is doing in an effort to help southerncotton growers get their industry on a more profitable basis.

A visitor at the Parr. Board the first of the week w'--^s Mr. Alexander Legge,former chairr:ian. It was the first tir.e he had been in Washington since his re-tirement early in March.

Mr, Schilling, dairy member of the Board, attended a conference Tuesdayto discuss the powdered milk situation. As a result of the m^ceting, a cor.::-.ittee

was appointed to study probler.s facing that industry and report to the Board,

Publication of a story that the Farm, Board had decided to sell thestabilization wheat holdings abroad for whp.t they v/ould bring prompted ChairnanStone to issue the following statem.ent: "There is no foundation in fact forsuch reports. The subject was not even considered by the Fam Board yesterday.The Board has ma,de no decisions in regard to future v/heat stabilization operationsexcept these previously announced. Those are -

an

(1) "That /effort will be rade to sell abroad by July 1st 35,000,000bushels of out of position wheat stored at Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Northwestseaports, and -

{2) "That stabilization purcha.ses will not be -.:ade from, the I93I crop.Any stater.ent that the Parr:. Board at this tir.e conter.plates any other action iserroneous"

•

Over

Mr. "^ilsDn attended a conference of peanut grov/ers and State A^yicultiiraland Extension workers at Dothan, Alaba.-.-a at which it was decided to organize aco-operative to market ;\la"bar.a and Florida peanuts. The new co-operative will "b

known as the Alabar.a-Florida Poa.nut G-rowers Association and will have temporaryheadquarters at Montgor-er:/, .\laba''a.

LIBRARYRECEIVED

I

* MAY 1 1. 1931 ir\

U. 8. I)«)Hrt»ii«av of AcrioiiltTiw.

-WHAT BSZTTZl^ HOMES WEEK I'lEANS ";

A radio t?.lk l)y James Fcrd, Executive Director of Better Homes in A;nerica,

delivered through WHO and U2 other r^dio stations associated with the lâtional

Broadcasting Company, April 30, I93I.

--r: . —oOo

—

.. .. .When Better Homes in America wa.s organized nine years ago its founders

desired first cf all to encourage the improvement 01 homes and to help house-

holders and homemakers to find the best- 8,nswers to the many questions which they

face. The foânders were interested, also, in enco-'ji-aging home building and home

ownership, in calling to public attention the iih-oortance of having each family

in which there are children haê a home of its own. The interest extended beyond

the house itself, however, to its equipment, its garden, and to the family life

. which would be lived in it. Their ideal is to help each American fainily to

take the next steps toward making its home the perfect environment in which to

bring up children so that nothing ma]'- interfere with any child's development

into a wholesome, thou^tful and valuable citizen.

The best kind of helD is self-help, and so the Directors of Better Homes

.in America formed local committees of leading citizens who would direct the

local campaigns for Better Homes. These committees are -âde up of representatives

of women ' s clubs,parent teacher associations, home bureaus, civic improvement

associations and school teachers. There are State Committees now in all but two

of the forty-eight States and Territorial Committees in Alaska, Porto Hico and

the Virgin Islands. There are nearly a thousand county committees and over sixty-

five hundred local committees, making a total of over eight thousand Better Homes

Committees which are active at this moment throuôut the United States.

This is National Better Homes '"eek, the week of April 26th to Hay 2nd,

The county and local committees this week are carrying out Better Homes programsat which they have been at work for many weeks or even months. Practically all

of these eight thousand committees will have lecture and discussion programs andthousands of them have organized contests for improvement of kitchens, livingrooms, or bedrooms and for the improvement of grounds and gardens. Hundreds of

committees are cooperating in the solution of the unemployment -problem byenco-'iraging householders to make needed repairs in their homes and give jobs to

the unemployed for this work. Others are using the -unemployed to start their

gardens or to plant trees, shrubs, vines, flower beds and beautify front yards,

repair fences, lay walks, and thus make their homes better while giving work to

those who need it,

5?here are hundreds cf other committees who have built or borrowed a house

for demonstration. This may be a new house or an old house which has beenremodelled -or reconditioned. It has been furnished thro-uôut, usually on a

Over

-2-

carefulljT- prepared oidget and with the cooperation of local teachers of home

economics and their classes and the generous help of local furnishing stores who**

lend the fôrnitîre for such civic demonstrations, ên the house was opened

early in this week, hostesses were provided "by the local women's cluhs, parent

teacher associations or schools for e=ch roQi2...o.f .the house to explain the r.erits

of the house and its plan and the- -seleetidn of -th-fe furnishings. Hundreds of

thousands of persons will visit such de.-; onstration houses this week, or take

part in coânty tears to homes or gardens that 'have won prizes or honoralDle

mentions in the local contests. In this way thousands of families will get

suggestions as to irprovem.ent s which may te "-ade in their own homes.

Meanwhile, the putlic libraries have very generally reserved the best of

their "bocks which deal with hone rm-orovement in all of its phases. Many of them

have also reserved a sample horiC li"brary, m.ade ut) of the "best "books a-opropriate

to children of various ages and standard works which would wisely "be found in

every hom:e. Music clu"bs are cooperating in 'many places "by giving demonstrations

of hone m.usic which the whole fam.ilj'- can sing around the Tîano. Other corumittees

have derr:onstrations of children's, nurseries and children's playroom.s and of

hom.e-mxade equipment which can be provided in the ^backyard playground.

President Hoover, who was one of the founders of Better Homes in Amierica

and who is continuing to serve as Honorary Chairman of its Board of Directors,

has explained better than any one. else the meaning of the Better Hom.es riovement.

I shall close with this quotation which he wrote for one of the G-uidebooks for

the Better Homes Coimr.ittees

:

""The character of a people is largely affected by the homês in which they

dwell. I have no hesitation in urging cooperation with Better Hom.es Committees

as an outstanding- form, of public service.. Prom this m.ovem.ent there should

develop steadiness of character, high, ideals' of fam.ily life, civic pride , and

responsibility • throughout oîr land." .. . .

'

*:yiAY 1.1 1931 i,

miGilTIOH SUG-GESTIOFS FOR A PHY Y5:IR .

A radio talk by J. 3. Brown, Extension Specialist in Irrigation, Californic

College of Agriculture, delivered in the Department of A.griciilture period of the

Western Farixi and Home Hour, Friday, May 1, 1931, through* Station KGO and seven

other stations associated with the Pacific Division. National Broadcasting Compan:

—oOo

—

The available water sup-oly for the irrigation season" of 1931 far "below

normal. Indications are that the supply will approach the limited quantity

available in I92U, our driest year of record. In addition to' the shortness of

supply it must "be borne in mind -that more lands must be served this year thanwere served in 192U and that we have been passing through a prolonged dry cycle

which has used up or seriously depleted our underground reserves. Reports fromvarious sections of the Sacramento arid San Joaquin Valleys indicate that the

supply for those sections will be from 30 pe^" c-ent to 50 P®^ cent of normal.

Under conditions- which are s.o severe that some parts of the farm mustremain dry, permanent crops, such as trees, vines and alfalfa,- should be givenfirst consideration in utilizing available water.

All vegetation should be removed from orchards and vineyards. Even asparse growth of weeds competes with trees and vines for available sodl moist\ire.

The use of summer cover crops should be discouraged in districts where water is

scarce and all growing cover crops should be turned under at once.

In turning under cover crops cultivate only to the depth necessary to killthe crop. It is not necessary to till -deeply. There is an actual waste of moist\by deep cultivation as roots are kept from utilizing any moisture in the stirredportion of the soil.

TTherever water is available a thorough irrigation should be given to wetthe entire root zone to its full depth. With the entire soil mass wetted thetree or vine will have a reservoir of water on which it may draw until the supplyis exhausted. At this season in normal years the soil in most sections ofCalifornia is wetted to the full depth of rooting of trees and vines. In section;

of deficient rainfall this lack of soil moisture should be made good at once. It

is not necessary to wet deeper than the roots extend.

The usuaJ depth of rooting of trees, vines and alfalfa is about six feet;of grain, corn and sorghums, four feet.

Soils vary in their capacity to hold water and care should be exercisedin applying water so that adequate amounts are applied, but without waste. Sandysoils do not hold much water; hence, heavy applications on soils of this tjrpe

result in loss of water by deep percolation.

Over

Heavy soils have high water holding capacities and require heavy appli-cations of water to fill themi

In general, an application of one acre inch per acre, or one inch in

depth will wet four to five, inches of dry heavy.; soils,: six to ten inches of

dry medium or loam soils and twelve inches plus of dry sand^r soils.

A light application of water on a sandy soil is accomplished "by using a

-

relatively large streaii''. for a short period of time on a sinall area. Furrows •

in sandy soils should "be short; hxsins or checks, small, .

<

An important loss of water is that due to seepage from lateral and farmditches. Any slowing down of the speed of the water in the ditch increasesseepage losses through requiring longer . t inie for delivering the supply. A ditchchocked with weeds and aquatic plants cannot- deliver full,. si zed irrigation heads.Keep the distrihuting system in' readiness to receive water "by having farmlaterals cleaned out and furrows or "ba-sins ready,.

Later in the season when supplies' are reduced it is important that aportion of the soil should "be irrigated thoroughly rather than the whole soilarea "be wetted to a limited depth. The num"ber of furrows used should he reduced,or smaller basins used, and these limited areas should "be wetted to the fulldepth of rooting. Such practices will give- adequate irrigation with a minimumof surface wetting, and therefore with a minim^um of loss.

The way to save water is to prevent waste.

1. Save the pemnanent rooted crops; -first; Trees , vines , alfalfa.

2. Irrigate now if water is availahle.,, wet- to depth of rootinghut not deeper.

3. Remove competing vegetation. Weeds draw on the same moisture supplyas valuable plants. ' . .

;.

U. Do not cultivate deeply. Allow permanent roots to get what moisturethey can from u?oper soil. "

;.•

'

5« ^o"t apply excessive amounts of water to sandy soils. Reduce . -.

the length of furrow, or size of basin or chpck on such soils.

6. Keep field ditches free from weeds. ,-

..

7. In tim.e of acute shortage irrigate only portions of each row byusing fewer furrows or sr.ialler basins.

8. Watch penetration of irrigation water by extensive use of soil

LIBRARYRECEIVEDVIAY 1 1 1931

U.S. D*inartfHrtat of At:riof^ltllr^

THE HOMEMAIvIITCt PROGHA:^^^ i'CH U-K CLUB GIRLS IN VIRGHilA

A radio talk iDy Ruth Jamison, CoMnty Home Demonstration Agent, Augusta

Count3^ Virginia, delivered through WRC and k2 other radio stations associated

with the National Broadcasting Company, May 2, 1931*

—oOo—

The homemaking program for the k-}l cluh girls in Virginia embraces three

major lines of work. First, clothing which teaches the girl to plan, make and

care for her own clothes and to he suitably and economically dressed; second, the

food and nutrition project which teaches the girl hetter food habits, how to

select, pre-oare and serve the three meals of the day; and third, the home im-

provement project which teaches the girl not only to improve and ceautify her

own room andother rooms of her home, hut also to care for them according to the

"best standards of home mpjiagement

,

There are more than 12,000 girls in Virginia who have "been directing their

efforts along these lines which will do much toward putting the homes of the next

generation on a higher plane. These girls a,re taught not only how to use the

money wisely hut to hudget their needs and to earn money from their projects.

A study of the ages of cluh memhers and the length of time which they, remainin clut work shows, tha.t the majority of cluh memhers are young; and that we are

not holding them long enough. To meet this situation special programs are beingdeveloped for those girls who have been in club work for four, five or six years.

We have found tliat they wa.nted to Imow more about the management of ahome, they wanted to be ready, when the tme comes to set up a home of their own,

so that fewer mistalies mil be ir£ide in the selection of the furniture, and eqiiip-

ment , and.in, arrangement of equipment; they want to know how to adapt themselves

to live comfortably on the amount of money which will be available; they wantedto know how to earn m.oney,. to study standards for certain cooked products suchas cookies, cakes, tarts, relishes, etc., which they might sell on the nearbymarkets along vith poultrj'-, eggs and garden products'. These young people wantto be efficient yet they want time to play. They are studying how to use timewisely so that more time will be left for recreation - how to distribute the house-hold tasks so that no one day v^ill be too full. They are making daily and weeklyschedules including work, recreation and rest. They are studying better use of

equipment, improved arrangement and avoiding useless steps and motions in per-forming daily tasli:s. They are makirig menus by the week -to save tine and to havebetter balanced .neals . They want to improve themselves through books, m.aga2;ines,

nature study, music appreciation a.nd social customs. They want to know how to

entertain successfully - being a gracious hostess or a welcome guest. They wantto be attractive and well groomed, and appropriately d-ressed at all times. Some

of these girls have already found the value of keeping accounts through their^-H club experiences.

• Over

Mary spent $309.00 on her clothes last year, buying with no thought of

relation of one garment to the other. This resulted in her having a closet

full of clothes yet having nothing to wear. Her fellow cluh nemher's record

showed that she had spent ^^lyi.OO. Kathleen had "bought fewer clothes hut had

dresses in colors which hamonized, so that the same accessories could "be worn

with all of then. We had a heart to heaxt talk at the first called neeting

this year regarding the clothing prohlem, how to keep down the clothing cost

and yet he snartl;^ dressed. Mary saw her r.istalce and it is really gratifying

to see the improver'.ent that she has already rade this year. •_

Meetings are held nonthly carrying out the plans and programs cade early

in the year. Much attention is given to the social and recreational features.

One interesting thing which has cone from this work with the older girls

is that, in the face of the present depression, they are eager to help hyassuming financial responsihility for themselves. Some already have set out to

he self-supporting. They started first hy setting up a hudget,hy this they

will know how much r.one^^ they will need for their own personal expenses. In it

they include clothing, education, recreation, gifts a.nd savings. Next they set

out to ea.rn the m.oney required. They keep accurate ' account s of all expendituresand are careful to check each month to see that the outgo stays within the incom.e.

One girl is selling delicious cakes, and through this channel has had a goodincor.e for the entire year. Every girl can not he a good cake baker, but she

can do something - som.e of then sell cultivated and- wild flowers. My girls arefortunate to have a curb market in the nearby town on which they can sell manythings which had forr.'.erly gone to waste.

We are proud of these groups throughout Virginia and hope that when the

time comes for them, to make homies of their own, they will be well equipped to

select the proper furniture and equipment, to manage finances wisely, to knowproper allotm.ents to be rade for different family expenditures in relation to

the fa.r~. receipts, and m-ost imiportant of all to develop a plan for a happy andSatisfactory f,airdly life.

. CLU3 HOLDS 'AUyjSTA COUITTY GIRLS

A rrdio tr.lk "by Edith Berry, Aôgiista Coimty, Virginia, delivered throughWRC and ^+2 other radio st-.tions associated with the National Broadcasting Company,

May 2, I93I.

—oOo—

Oar cluh was organized eight years ago with I9 girls on roll - all ahout

the same age. Oiir first year w^.s almost a. failure hecause we didn't join for

work, only for play, didn't realize right then all the good things that

could really happen and the nice trips v/e could win if we really worked,

We have carried every project that we could possihly carry in cluh workand learn-ed to love it so much it didn't seem like work to us at all. Everysminer the most outstanding boys and girls of the clu'o were given a trip to the

Sâte Short Course at Blackso^jrg,

In 1930 ê decided to give the other clubs a chase for the much covetedState banner. T7e first made a ^lan of work for the year, consisting of fifteenmain points. We placed these on a large chart atid at each meeting we plannedto have at least one checked off. ê fo-'jmd it lots more fun to know what wewere working for, and easier to secure the cooperation of the whole club with aplan of work.

We had a membership drive- which resulted in having a club of 23 members,with an older club girl and m^yself acting as leaders. How those members workedlWe only ha~d to suggest something and they were ready to do their best. Thatyear our club won the two county banners, one for scoring the highest nunber of

points at the rally, and the other for having accomplished the most in club work.Ojt canning project was in fioll swing. E\"6ry mombor sent exhibits to the countyfair, and we won prizes tool A canning exhibit was sent to the National U-HClub Congress where we won the second vrize of $80,00. That same ^j-car two ofour girls won out of State trips, and two of the grouiD were miade All Stag's. Wewere a happy bunch when we received the news that we had won the banner for thechampion club in the State,

Oh, it was fun to work and win ~ and club v7ork was fun even when we didn'twin. One of the most interesting things a U-H club member can do is to help otherclub members to succeed.

For three years two of the older club girls have been club leaders, oneth3 leadrr for clothir.;;: project, the other leader for ptroltry project.

Tho sad p«rt ca:r,o -.'hen we realized that we had reached the age limit for

Over

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1+-H Oab -/ork. ^7e could still bo leaders but we just couldn't give up the idea

of not being club members ourselves. Fnile this was uppermost in our minds we

found iust the right "olan at the State U-H Club Short Courses. There a course

for older club girls was given, just exactly what we would like to have m our

own coroiiûnity. Hhy shouldn't we know how to set up housekeeping - how to ôw

values - whpt salary to exoect of our future: husbands in order to live comfortably,

^hese and a lot of other suggestions were <?ffered. We came back home and talked

with the girls who had started U-H club work with us eight years ago and found

them enthusiastic over the idea of ha.ving a club with the progra:n particularly

suited to us •'

"

'

We st='rted out with only seven members in.'. our comr^.unity. Later we in-

vited other -girls from nearby communities to join om- group and now we have twelve

members. Wo call ourselves the Junion Hor.emakers Club.

Our homemalcing iDrogram includes demonstrations on keeping accounts,

budgeting, saving of time -Jid m.oney, standardization of food products for m.arket

,

furnishing -nd eouipToing the hom.c, and linens for the hope chest, selected-

a book on "Social Customs." A mem.ber reoorts on som.e phase of the subject at

each m.eeting, this followed by a discussion in which all the girls tal:o part.

E-ch one of us aim.s to be self suDDorting. Several of our grou-i sola cakes, tarts

and other things last year, enough to provide all clothing and spending r.oney.

One girl sold $335 worth of cakes.

Meetin-s are held in the homes on Saturday afternoon so that those girls

who go to school or teach m.ay attend. We found the best way to keep up interest

of the club m.er.bers is through a good social prograjr. in connection with the

.regular program, and oroject work, ^ê Irnow that all work and no play rakes jack

a dull boy, so we have a recreation corxuttee which plans ga.:es and fun for a

period set aside for that purpose. Often we serve refreshments which r.akes our

, meetings seen like a real party. •

Our club is not vîthout musical talent. Each of us has a string instru-

m.ent which we talce with us to the meetings and during the recreation period we

practice together and hope to have an orchestra which m.ay be used for clvJo

rallies, Achievem.ent days and for other club events.

These are only a few things that we have planned to do to have a worthwhile

jolly, band of Junior Horn.emxakers.

\^Y\'^*'^ OlIH U-H OLUB \ r 'c-

C

A radio talk by Arnold Parhrenkrog, Scott County, Iowa, dellve^a^Aifirlotigi^^^

'43 associated radio stations of the iTational Broadcasting Com^Dany, I Saturday , ^ ^^-rw

May 2, I93I. \tJ.S.1>«^"^'^

—oOo—

To my father, mother, and sisters at home, and to all my friends of U-Hcluh work everywhere:

It is my privilege to he sent here as a representative of the Iowa "boys'

U-H cluhs to tell something pertaining to cluh work over this great network of

radio stations.

This is my first radio talk. I want to tell ahout the local U-H cluh

meetings we have in our group at home.

As I look hack over the seven years I have been enrolled in U-H cluhwork, I realize now how much our local cluh meetings have done to make cluh workmore interesting and yali:iahle , hoth to myself and other cluh members.

It was about seven years ago, that a dozen boys of our neighborhood in

Scott County, Iowa, met together and or^nized the Lincoln Township Boys' Club.We had heard ^bout the local clubs but none of the boys gathered there knewanything about how to organize a club, what the organization meant, and the

officers and program needed for a successful standard club group. As I recall,

none of that group had ever attended high school or had belonged to any sort

of an organization before. We did, however, with the help of some of our fathers

present, succeed in electing a set of officers and made plans to hold a regular

meeting once a month.

Our meetings were not the finest imaginable. We did have a splendid club

spirit, good attendance, and from the. start a definite part of each program wasgiven to good recreational activities, Q-ur County Agent, the late Mr. Hoffman, ;

gave us valuable help and advice. One of our boys' father consented to becomeo-ar local club leader. A set of b37--laws was drawn up. Our programs at firstwere such that our parents and friends could attend. Thus it was that the Lincolr

Leaders Boys' Club, the name we later adopted, was started.

I am still a member of the Lincoln Boys' Club and airi also acting as local

leader for this group. The other night, I attended our local meeting and I

thought to myself what a wonderful change and what remarkable progress thismeeting was as compared to our first meetings. Our membership at present is IS.

The business meeting was snappy and interesti ng . Timely and important topicson club work were discussed. The entertainment committee of two boys, hadarranged a good 3O minute social time. A new club member was added to ox^x group

in the simple but im.pressive ceremony. Prom the start our meetings have beenheld in evenings, about once each month at the homes of the various mem.bers.

A part of every meeting has been given to a study of Iowa or something of

an educational nature. This has included contests of one kind or other such asgrain judging or weed identification, demonstration and talks or lectures byeither the county or club agent or some prominent farmer in our corz:unity or an

occasional visitor from the S^^^-te Club Office.Over

^2-

We have foimd that the boys hn,viiig had the advantage of local cluh nee tings,find it r.uch easier to fit in 'îth larger groups such as county or district U-Hclub events* This likewise, holds true for the State Fair or State U~H, Soys'

Short Coui-se at A.nes, In all these places,- cluh rêotings are held, hoys are

assigned certain tasks to perfor::i and are given responsihilities towards carryingout definite mrts of the prograi-i. Boys who have "belonged to local cluhs find

it very easy to take mrt in these activities and are r.iost often given the noreresponsihle work to do. In other words, it is tr.-T.ining then to he leaders.

We have atter/oted to "ake our local club give this leadership trainingand I "believe that I have proof that it ha.s . . Four of the' twelve ' charter nemhersof the Lincoln Township Club, are now serving as. club leaders in our county.

During the past, seven years, the ner.bers of the Lincoln Township Clubh-^ve held various county..and state of ;'ices of the club organization. ' "In 1927

,

one of our mer-ibers . was vice president of the State Boys' U-H Club. Last year,one boy was' the county treasurer of our boys' clubs and another served aspresident . .

,\.

i could, mention nany achieveiiênt s to show' tha,t v\/e try to keep our localclul: group well balanced in carrying out the four "H's", the Head, IfoJid, Heart,and Health. This radio talk is but one of the many opportunities that club workhas r.iade possible for ne. In closing, I should lilce' to express a wish to everyclub iTienber of this nation, and that is the hope -that I93I will be the biggestand best' year for k-E club work that, we have ever had.

I thank you.

THE WESK WITH THE IPmi BOAHD

A radio talk prepared "by Frsuik. Ridgway, Director of Irfformation, FederalEarm Board, and delivered "by H. H. Leino, western radio progr^p direGt^jr, rUni^'ed:-

States iDepartment of Agricultiire, in the Department period ofthe \ifestern Earmand Home Hour, Monday, May ^, 1931* through Station KGO and seven other radiostations associated with the Pacific Division, National Broadcasting Company.

The Federal Earm Board has designated Mr. Sam R. McKelvie, memter of theBoard to attend the conference of representatives from the principal wheatexporting countries which will "be held at Canada House, London, heginning MayIS, to consider the world wheat surplus situs^tion. Dr. Alonzo E. Taylor of

the Eood Research Institute, Stanford University, California, will accompany i

Mr. McKelvie as Technical Adviser. The announcement said that regardless of J

tangible results, the Board feels that such a conference will develop factsrelative to the world situation and prohlems confronting the different export-ing countries tliat will lead to a "better understanding of the mutual difficultiesof these countries and what must he done to meet them. The Board wishes to

emphasize that participation in the London Conference does not change in anyWay its recommendation to ?/heat growers of this country- that they graduaJlyreduce production to a domestic market basis. That recommendation stands asstated repeatedly in the past year ajid a half. The Board is of the opinionthat such action on the part of producers is necessary if they are to get amore satisfactory price for their wheat than they have in recent years.

Chairman James C. Stone, and vice-chairman C. C« Teague attended the

annual convention of the Ch.'^jnher of Comi-aerce of the United States which washeld in Atlantic City, U. J., last week.

Mr. S. H. Thompson took the oath of office and attended his first meet-ing as a member of the Farm Board last Tiiursday. He was recently' appointed "by

President Hoover. Mr. Thompson, whose home is at Q,uincy, Illinois, wasPresident of the American Farm B^areau Federation at the time he accepted theFarm Board appointment.

Mr. McKelvie v/ill speal?: at the Stockholders meeting of the Farmers WestCentral Grain Company at Omaha, Nebraska, on May 5» The West Central is aregional farmer owned co-cperative aifilia.ted V7ith the Farmers National GrainCorporation.

y^^^yi^ ^ &RAIN FOPJIGS CROP PROSPECTS Oil MAY l. ^ ^ C ^ ^

^

A' radio talk "by Joseph. -.A. ,Becker., Acting Chairman, Crl Board.,, ^

delivered through WRG and ^2 other radio stations associated witli the IJ^îpMl"^^

"

Broadcasting Compajiy, Monday, Msy 11,- 1931. l-Q.*'^^'^

The condition of the 1931 winter wheat crop on May 1 was one of thehighest on record,. Reports from car crop correspondents show the condition to

have Deen 90*3 per cent of normal. Last yea.r the condition was reported atonly 76.7 per cent, while the ten yeaj* average condition is S2.1 per cent.

In this May report, the -Board prepaj'es an estimate of the acreage ofwinter grains, remaining, to "be .-harvested. Our information indicp.tes that lossd-oring the winter just past was very low, one of the lowest on record. Abandon-ment is estimated to have "been only 3 .7 per cent of the sown acreage, comparedwith average a"ba^-donment of 12,2 per cent. Tliis leaves a very large r.creage

to "be harvested in. I931, ^0,^32,000 acres, compared with 3g,bOS,000 acresharvested "in 1930., and a 5~year average of 3^,^66,000 acres.

The large acreage and high condition com'bine to indicn.te g, ver^^ largecrop in prospect'. The indicated crop is 6oU,000,000 iDushcls. Let me repeatthe figure, 60^,000,000 hushels. Last yecar 6oU,000,000 bushels were producedwhile the average crop of the preceding 5 years was 5^7»'000,000 hushels. Har-vesting will not "be general in the main winter v/heat Belt for some little time

yet- and a n-jmber of things may happen to enhance or reduce the present prospect.Because of the high present condition, hov/ever, there is a greater chrjnce for adecree„se than for an increase in condition.

The impi'ovement in winter wheat prospects during April is the result of

generally favora'ble growing conditions in all "but a few of the leading winterwheat states. Moisture has "been s'officient for the needs of the plants in mostStates. The cool temperatures dating the last 10 days of April were favora'ble.

Of greater significance is the fact tlis.t the moisture supply is not excessive,experience having shown that excess moisture, rather than drought, is more of _

a

limiting factor to wheat yields east of the plains regions.

The damage from March and April freezes in the plains states is notthought to ce very great. Some inj-'ory to the crop resulted from the severewinds in the Northern Rocky Mo-ijintains and the Pacific I'orthwest end from droughtconditions in California. Some reports have "been received of a very rank plantgrowth, C3,using some lodging of gra.in.

The United States winter wheat crop is in reality a number of separate .

crops in so far as final use is concerned. Hard red winter wheat, gro'.rn in theGreat plains Area from South Dakota to Texas and v/estward to the S.oclqr i-ôuntains,

is used in" the making of bread flour.- Ti'ie proba,ble production of this class' ofwheat is given at U09,000,000 bushels, about 12 per cent above the I93C produc-tibn. Soft red winter wheat used largely in the mailing of flour for pastries,biscuits, etc., is groT.7n largely from the Misso'Jiri River eastvârd to the AtlanticOcean. Probable production of this class is given at 20^,000,000 bushels, 5 per

(over)

-2-

cent above the production' an "1930 • Fall- sown white whea.ts, "ased for mixingwith other wheats and for export to the Orient is indicated at Uo, 00,0,000

"bushelE.., 10' per cent less than production in 1930'*'

The Foreign Service of the Department has just issued a report on foreigncrop prospects on whea.t. I will quote .just a fev/ items from that report.

"The a.creage sown to winter wheat for the 1931 harvest in the 11 foreigncountries reporting to date is approximately the same as last year. Decreasesin the acreage sown to winter wheat in North America and North Africa, c^j-e aboutoffset "by increases in Bur ope" and India*

"Winter wheat conditions generallj'" in Europe vvere reported as favorableduring the past v/eek, but were not as good' as at the seme time le.st year. Offi-cial condition reports as of May 1 from Germany show conditions of winter sown

grains to be average or a little better tlia.n avera,ge. Egypt reports crop condi-tions above average on Ma;^'- 1. On April 15 winter wheat in Poland was average.Prolonged cold weather in northern, central and ea:;tern Europe has retarded the

growth of winter cereals and hindered spring work, jprpjice now reports improvedconditions and good progress has been made with the spring v/ork. Winter cropconditions are reported satisfactory in Crimea and the middle Volga regions of

Russia but information concerning the other regions is lacking.

"Sowings of spring v/heat in ."Russia up to April 25 amounted to 9*227,000acres (I3. per cent of the c^orrent plan) comiDared with 26,7^3,000 acres sown to

the same date last year. The plan of the current yea.r for spring wheat is

69-,l88,000 acres, against 5^,291,000 acres sov.-n last year. The' situation is

the -most unfavorable in years. Last year Uio'aine and the north Caucasus regionshad pra-ctically finished spring sov/ings on\April 25- Peasant " sowing is especial

ly backward."

EYEWinter rye did not come through the winter in as good condition as winter

wheat and this crop also i7as adversely affected by April v/eather. More than one

fourth of the acreage of this crop is in North Dakota, where winter and springconditions have, been unfavorable. The first forecast for rye indicates aprobable production of 5l»000,000 bushels, slightly above the 1930 crop and 10

per cent above the average of the past five yea,rs.

HAY• :Eay meadov/s shov/ the effects of last year's drought. Over much of the

area affected by the 1930 drought stands of hay are thin and condition low. Condition on May 1 this year is the lowest Usy condition for many yerrs except forthe yesj" 1928, when a Yery short hay crop was produced. Hay prospects appear to

be particularly ^unpromising in a wide belt extending from Michigan v/ est to

Montana, and in. another belt from Pennsylvejiia and Maryland west to the Missis-,

sippl:- River. The cary-over of old hay on farms is very small, only 9,796,000tons, - 10.3 per cent of last year's crop. This is the lowest percentage of thecrop and the lowest total tonnage of liay reported on hand on Ma.y 1 since 1919*

-3-

PASTTJESS.

Condition of pastures on Ma^ 1 is reported at 7^.3 per cent comparedwith an average condition of Si. 9 for the preceding 10 years. Pa,st-uro conditionis lo'vv in the same states where he,j condition is low and "v/hich suffered fromdrought in 1930' No't all of the drought area of 1930 >

however, is included.In a numher of states, notahly Texas, rainfall last fall and during March andApril has "been very "beneficial to pastm-es.

^ THE WBSK WITE TPIS FARM BOilRD L I B R A. R£ C E I \/ E D

A radio talk prepared iDy Edgar Marldiam, Assistant to Cha .ri^n"^^^ 193)charge of Press Relations, Federal Farm Board, and delivered §'g^ LamlD,

western program director, Office of Information, United States 3eparfM?b**b? ^ôult

Agriculture, in the Department period of the Western Farm and HQia£__Hour_Monday,May 11, 1931, through Station KGO and seven other stations assocT?

Pacific Division, National "Broadcasting Company.

ooOoo

Discussing the California grat)e situation with newspaper correspondo.ntsTh-'ursday, Chairman Stone said "The Farm Board has indicated to the CaliforniaG-rape Control Board the conditions on which it will support a program for deal-ing with this ye"L.r's surplus problem".

He explained that the Board is ready and willing to work along with thegrowers in meeting this difficult situâtion provided the Control Boarddevelops a definite plan that is worka,ble.

The Farm Board at noon, Friday, made public the following statementrelative to the condition of stabilization wheat:

"A survey of the grain sto-bilizat ion wheat stocks made by the G-rain

Division of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department ofAgriculture, between March 18th and April 15th showed a little more than 98-1/2per cent to be in good or normal condition for milling purposes. The inspect ior.

was undertalcen at the request of the Grain Stabilization Corporation andcovered 226 elevators. Twenty Department of Agriculture supervisors were re-quired to do the work. They submitted 227 detailed reports in transmitting theresult of the survey to the Farm Board.

"

Mr. Ceorge S. Milner, President and G-eneral Manager of the StabilizationCorporation said that the remaining 1-1/2 per cent of v/heat not suitable formilling is being disposed of for feeding purposes. He added that the fact

such a lârge part of the stabilization holdings is in good condition speaksvery well for the care and attention that has been given the wheat by ourvarious representatives and also by the warehousemen.

Mr. Sam R, McKelvie, grain member of the Board, and Mr. Nils A, Olsen,Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, sailed for London Saturday on

the Leviathan to represent the United States at the forthcoming conferencethere on the world wheat situation by representatives of the various exportingcountries. They will be accompanied by Dr. Alonzo E. Taylor of StanfordUniversity who is going as technical advisor,

Mr. W. F. Schilling, dairy member, was in ^'Tew York Thursday attending ameeting with representatives of the milk producers in the Utica, llew York,•area.

TH5 mm 71 'TH TPS: FARIvI BOARD; ,\*^q^C-

A rac'.io talk prepared "by !Frank rL±d.gwsQr , Director of Infonnat i^j^ kc^**

federal Farm Board, and delivered 05- R, ?I. LaiT-lo, western radio r^cîsJn direc-tor, United States Department of Agriculture, in tlie Depart:nent\period^the Western Farm and Eome Ho-or, Monda^^, May 18, 1931, tlirough Si

and seven other radio stations associated with the Pacific Division, NationalBroadcasting Co;::oany.

oOCo

The organization committee representing co-operatives from twenty-one different states will meet'. in Washington, D. C. today at the call of the

Federal Farm Board for the pui'pose of continuing its task of working out the

deta.il s of the proposed llational Agency for the marketing of miscellaneousfruits and vegetahles* As soon as the plan has "been completed it will hesuhmitted to frîit ojid vegetahls co-opera,tives for final approval* The pro-posed l'''ational Agency is not ex .êcted to he pu.t into operation in time to

market fruits sTid. vegetaoles this season. ITine men are serving on the organi-zation cominittee. 'Ilieir nEunes and addresses are:

H, L. Hohinson, Hastings, FloridaR. H, Fnglish, Bradenton, Florida.

T. 1, Bennett, lieggett, 3. CarolinaA. B» Deeper, Cent±"alia, IllinoisF. ?. Hi est, Cadillac, MichiganL. IT. Jolmston, Wilmington, "J. CarolinaWalter W. Ilaule, Kennett Square, Pennsj'lvaniaLee 1... Laz'npson, Kennewick, TTashington, andW. F, PIcppe, Denver, Colorado.

The Farm. Board has just made puhlic a letter written hy ChairmanJames C, Stone to Lh-, F. J, Tilmer, of Hosalia, Washington, setting forth the

Board's viev/s on I.ir, Kilmer's proposed plan to control the wheat si:i-rplus andreduce whea,t acreage. Mr. Wilmer asked The Farm Board to give financial aidand moral support to his plan which calls for a nation-wide campaign to organ-ize farmers for the purpose of controlling whes,t sur-plus dâring the nextthree years, and to limit wheat acreage for 1S32 and 1933, This 7/ould he donehy getting at least seventj'-five per cent of the wheat growers in the UnitedStates to join a national surplus control association ajid sign a three-jêarmemhership contract. Chairmar- Stone says in his letter to Mr. Wilm.er thatThe Board is much pleased with the evidence th^t farmers are giving seriousthougiit to the nation's wheat prohlem and are ea.ger to share in an organizedeffort t-^ cope with it. The Farm Board has studied this proposal in the

hope that it miglit provide a solution for our wheat surplus prohlem. Mr.

Stone adds that, "We regret to conclude, however, that it would prove im-possihle to put this plan into o'oeration in such a manner as to yield net

advantages to wheat growers as a whole, to say nothing of other farmers".

L- I c M K YRECEIVED

THE ÊK WITH Tt^ lABlfi BOAHD ; JUN 1 5 1931 Â radio talk prepared "by Edgar Markham, Assistant to '55::fe,iêmfflBS'WC:M[ i.ôaltnw

in charge of press Relations, Federal Fam Board, and delivered 'by R. H,

Lam"b, western prograin director, Office of Information, t-^-;4-^^ .c-f^-f^;;

Department of Agriculture, in the Department period of the Western Farmand Home Hour Monday, May 25, 1931, thro'ogh Station KGO and seven otherstations associated with the pacific Division, l^Tational BroadcastingCompany,

__oOo~

Thirty-one representatives of the CaJifornia G-rape Control Board have"been in conference the past week with members of The Farm Board and its staff,on details of 1S31 grape surplus control plan^ They expect in the next fewdays to submit the completed draft to The Farm Board for its conside-âtion.

The eighth national Commodity Sales Agency has been set up by co-operatives v/ith assistance of The Fam Board. The latest addition to thefamily is the National Fruit and Vegetable Exchange Incorporated, which wasincorpora.ted Thursday in Delaware. More than ISO co-operative associationshad a hand in developing this new agency. Actual operations will begin afterits directors and the sales managers of the various co-operatives have workedout a merchandizing program, and the plan has been submitted to the individiialunits for approval and participation. Services of the llational Exchange willbe open to all fruit and vegetable cooperatives on an equitable basis.

Mr, C. B. Denman in a statement Wednesday called the attention ofhousewives to the fact that retail beef prices in some of the largest citiesare about thirty per cent lower fnan a year ago. In view of the large voluneof beef in storage, he suggested, consumers generally should be getting thebenefit of comparable reductions. Increased consumption Mr. Denman said, isnecessary to relieve the pressure upon a badly demôralized beef cattle market.At the roou3st of a group of grain men, cliairman Stone Tuesday discussed withtnem the o-operative grain .marketing program The Board is helping to developin response to questions of newspaper correspondents. Later the chairman said,"The Board is going right ahead in every wa;/ it can under the lav/ to help theAmerican Farmer" and that its policies in regard t assisting co-oporatives andhandling wheat stabilization holdings remain unchanged. Some twenty-five agri-cultural Economists from different parts of the co'ontry met here last Mondayand Tuesday with The Board and its economic staff. The purpose was to givethe visiting economists the complete story of what is being done in theeffort to assist agriculture, and to get their views on how the job can beimproved.

Addressing the London Wheat Conference Tuesday Mr. McKelvie told ofthe wheat acreage reduction movement in this country, and suggested thatcurtailment of production by all exporting countries is essential to sub-stantial improvement in the world v/heat situation.

SlM^SRglME PLAY

radio talk by Margai'et Richie White', Washington Cmld^êa^\enter, delivered throiigh WRC and 42 oth^r radio stations assîj^^^

^ ^ with the National Broadcasting Company, Thursday, May 28, IdZr,

L i B R ,- .•

search-

1931 ^:

Since this is a series of special programs aoout children, I amquite sure that you who are listening in today are either mothers, fathersor someone especially interested in children. With summertime and schoolvacation so close at hand the sâhject play and playthings seems especiallyappropriate. The play of young children, 2 to 5 years old, does not differ

much from that of older "brothers s,nd sisters. For all ages, play is en-

joyable; it develops sociability, and cooperation; and also enco'orages

vigorous ph;>^sical activity. There are games that are fun only when several

children take part; while others are very amusing to the child playing by

himself. Snail children are active, unrestrained, and often disinterestedin the kinds of amusement, that grown-ups provide for them. At times, this

causes the you:agest member, of the family to be i.n- serious difficulties withhis parents, when his interest for the moment, is pulling pans out of the kitch-

en cupboard, or books out of the bookcase. Y/ithout knowing gust how to directthe child' s ceasless activity indoors, we may welcome the warm days whenhe can work off what we consider excess energr.

During the hot weather, it is ideal for children to have both a playyard and a sheltered porch. In this way they get their sunshine in the earlypart of the day playing actively on slides, teeters, and in svirings beforethe sun gets too hot. Playing in the sand offers almost endless opportunitiesfor amusement. Back or front porches make excellent play space whilechildren need protection from the heat. Toys suitable for play on the porchare much the same as those used inside in the winter. Blocks, peg boards, andother small toys, square and ro'ond wooden beads for the ;^"oung child to

string on colored shoestrings, crayons, and modeling clay are always pop'olar.

If yo-or child is four years old he enjoys cutting pictures out of discardedmagazines, pasting them in scrap books he has made. If the porch is largeenough, kiddie cars, and small wheel toys to pull may be used. Swings,chinning bars or sv/in^dng ringshung from the ceiling make the large porch intoa gymnasium. On days when it is cool enough to play under the shade of thetrees, most of the equipnent I have mentioned, can be carried out into theyard and set up on small tables or boards, propped up by horses.

The backyard playground may be filled with interesting equipment atlittle expense, I'm sure many of you have discovered, that packing boxesand crates make delightful play houses. A very popular swing is made froma piece of rope and a worn out auto tire. Every home has plenty of discardedtin boxes, smoothly finished cans, kitchen spoons and kettles for the childto use in the sandbox, Vn'e sometimes overlook this type of equipnent, simplybecause we have never thought of using these things in just this way.

Parents who have plenty of space for a playground in the back yardhave excellent opportunities to construct interesting play equipment. Anumber of ideas can be taken from nursery schools, where specially trainedteachers have chosen the play equipment, M"ach of this equipment can be copiedby a handy father. In fact, one nursery school has a great deal of play groundapparatus built by the parents, with only a little help from a carpenter.

(over)

^3-

Let me describe several of the pieCest- For the' three-y6ar~old nurseryschool children the parents "built a climbing frame in which ladders, jmp-ing boards, chinning bars and rope swings were combined* A good mai^children can play on this frame at one timfe, but a less elaborate one mightbe constructed for the children of one family. Another of the fathers ofthe nursery school children devised boat and airplane swings which accommodatethree or four children. Those have' stimulated dramatic and group play amongthe four-year-olds. The nursery school sandbox is protected with a largecover .constructed in four sections. The four parts of this wooden cover areattached by strong hinges. When the.se, four sections are opened out, thechildren can sit on them to play. .A..smallar sandbox in the home yard couldhave a cover made in two sections.

Some of these large devices for play are described and pictured ina G-overnment pamphlet written by the U.S. Office of Education for nurseryschool teachers, but useful also to parents who have play yards to equijp.

I am sorry there are no free copies. The bulletin can be. bought from the

Superintendent of Docments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

for five cents. Ask for Office of Education pamphlet no. 15, Housing theEquipping the Washington Child Research Center, and send five "cents in coinwith your request.

THE WEEK V;i?K THE EA31vI BOAI^D:

A radio talk prepared "by Ed^ar Ivlarkham, Assistant to

in charge of Press Relations, Federal Earn Board, and delivsre

LIBRARYrl •

E D

:d^tafj^0l^p^t- *,, "9ol, through

western program director, Office of Inf orinat ion, Unitment period of the Western Earm and I-Iome Hour Monday, June L,

Station KGO and seven other stations associated v/ith the Pa :-gfg.,q)e^^ljSioih4cr''

ITational Broadcasting Company.

oOo

Mr. C. C, Teague of California met with The Farm Board as a memherfor the last time on Friday. With Mrs. Teague he "began that afternoon amotor trip home "by way of Maine, his native state, Mr. Teague v/ho is oneof the outstanding leaders in the Co-operative movement, has "been on leaveof absence as President of Tlie California Fruit G-rowers Exchange and alsoThe California IValnut Growers Association, Mr. Tea.gue came to The Boardwhen it was organized with the understanding that he would remain only one

year. When that period was up last Jmie he was prevailed upon to continueservice for a time tut felt he could remain away from his business nolonger than June 1, of this year.

Re-appointment of Mr. W. F, Schilling of Northfield, Minnesota,dairy mem.ber of The Board for a six year term "beginning June 15, wasannounced at the lignite House at noon Friday.

Mr, Sam Pc Thompson the new mem"ber of The Board left on Fridayafternoon for Quincy, Illinois, where the home folks tomorrow -evening willhold a celebration in his honoro On that occasion Mr, Thompson will makehis first puDlic talk as a member of The Board and probably will have some-thing to say that will be of interest to the farmers of the country. Watchfor it in Monday's newspapers.

Announcement was made by The Board last Monday that six fruit andvegetable canning co-operatives of the Pacific ITorthwest have set up aregional marketing association iQiown as "The l\iorthpac" Canners and PackersIncorporated with headquarters in Portland,

In response to inquiries of a group of dairy middlemen v/ho met withhim on Tuesday of last week, Chairman Stone stated that The Fa.rm Board is

making loans to dairy co-operatives strictly in accordance with the pro-visions of the agricultural marketing act. Fears were expressed by the

group that loans would be made to co-operatives for the construction of newphysical facilities in communities where already such facilities are adequateto meet the needs of the producers. The law says that loans shall not bemade to a co-operative in such circumstances unless co-operative is unableto lease or acquire the needed facilities on fair terms.

Among those conferring the past week with Tlie Board and its staffwere Mr. E. F. Creelanore and H^

,G-. Safford of the American Cotton Co-

operative Association; Mr. Alfred Stone and Wm G-arrard of the Staple CottonAssociation Greenwood, Mississippi; Mr. Sol Mayer of San Angelo, Texas,President of the National Wool Marketing Corporation and Mr, Ralph Merritt,Washington representative of the California Grape Control Board,

1R'^SE.mCH IS THE FOUTIDATIOrT

0? AGRICULTURAL PROCESS IN JJ^L NATIONS

RADIO T.\LK

Dr. A. E- WoodsDirector of Scientific Tork

U. S. Department of Agriculture

L i B R A R VR E C :L ! V D

APR o ] 1931 ^

Delivered June 1, 1931,WGY, Schenectady, New York.

All progress is leased on careful, studious inquiry inorder to ascertain and evaluate facts. Tliat is research. Re-search, then, is an essential function of all agencies and or-

ganizations t';at desire to maintan txiemselve s ef i^^'icientlj/ andto make pr0;j:ress. It lies at the foundations of the improvementof a^^ricultrjre in all countries.

Industry and "business have appreciated this and haveset up arpropriate research agencies to discover the facts neces-sary for the efficient conduct of their "business, '•'any of thesecommercip.l research laboratories are more efficiently organizedand adeqijiatel-/ supported than are the pu'blic and privately en-dowed agencies. iVLtogether the business and industrial groupsspend around $180,000,000 a year in research of this kind.

They are thus enabled to apply to their operations thevery latest scientific knowledge, some of which they have them-selves worked out and protected by patent for their own use.

The business of agriculture is not highly organized.It consists of smaller, less highly capitalized units of farmfamilies. In the United States these constitute about one-fourth of our total population. They produce our staple foodsupply and raw products for extensive manufacturing operations.

Tlie fa,ct is that the business of agricult^ore is the

most complex and difficult business in the world. It is sub-ject to more conditions difficult or impossible .to control thanany other business and is therefore in need of more scientificaid.

T':Q United States has ^dndertaken to supply this

througli the developm.ent of a great central group of researchBureaus in the United States Department of Agriculture. Some

of those deal exclusively with agriculture; others have func-tions relating to the Nation as a whole. Examples of the lat-

- 2 -

ter class are the leather Bureau, Bureau of Fuhlic Roads, Bur-eau of Ho:n£ rconomics, and the Food and Drug Administration.The Bureaus of Animal Industry.-, Dairy Industry, Plant Industry,Entoraolo'7, and Cliemistr;'- and Soils deal more largely withresearch relating directly to acriculture.

In addition to these federDlly controlled and sup-ported research Bureaus the Federal Government has granted to

each State an annual a-j^jpopriat ion, now amounting to $90,000 ayear, or a total of $4,340,000 to develop within the States, in

connection with the Land-grant Colleges estahlished with Feder-al aid, efficeint agricultural research agencies. The Stateshave furnished- land, "buildings, and equipment, and additionals^jpport, on the average greatly exceeding Government allotment,

Tr.e work of these stations is correlated closely withthat of the Federal Departrnent of Agriculture. Tnile they werenot ver-y effective at first they have gro7/n to he very effectiveand helpful agencies in every State and Territory. It is safe

to say on the hasis of Ciiroful study of the work accomplishedthat for every dollar expended for research by the ITational andState Governments t;iere is, as I have announced hefore, an an-niJLal cash return of at least 3500, or an annual return on the

invest risnt of 50,000 per cent.

Is there any better way to develoo national • wealthand well-heing than to discover those facts and laws of naturethat enable us to control the natural forces about us to ourbenefit ?

I will review very briefly some of the outstanding-

things that have been accom.plished by the Federal Departmentof Agri cult '.ire and the experiment stations.

Looking back over the years the introduction ofvaluable plants from abroad stands out as one of the mosthelpful activities of the Federal De-oartment. Among these the

Washington i^'aval orange, introduced from Bal'^-ia, Brazil, is the

foundation of orange industr^^^ of California. Two of the origi-

nal trees are still living, one in Riverside, California, andone at the Department of A.gricul tu-re in 'Tashington, This in-

troduction has been the basis of several improved strains. It

is safe to say that tlie introduction has been worth hundreds of

millions of dollars to the cit2rus industry of the United States.

T"ne introduction of Kaffir corn and sorghums has beenof i'.^nense value to the Southwest.

Tnc introduction of tbe so-called Turkey winterwheats from southwest Russia and the drouth and rust-resistantDur-om whep.ts from the same region are worth untold millions to

the wheat industry. Those introductions have been the basis

- 3 -

for the clevclovment of ip.3.ny improved varieties, which are addingto the incorie of the Arnerica;n wheat gro-^ers more than $100,000,-000 a year over returns from old varieties, and this ins'oite ofthe fact tl:at the world has more vmeat at present than it needs.

Similar facts might he given for cotton, corn, alfal-fa, -:^,nd a host of other staple cro'.'S, including fruits and vege-taole s.

Our Indian corn and tobacco came originally from Cen-tral -iLnerica, our i-otatoes from South inierica. They were "brought

here "by the Indians, to mom we owe a deht of gra.titude. We

have gone oach to the original home of these crops for m.aterial

to use in "breeding and adaptation work.

In taking plants from one co'ontry to another it is

necess.-ry to exercise the greatest care not to introduce dis-ease and insect pests. In the early days this was not realized,with the resu.lt that pests like the San Jose scale, the hrown-tail moth, the corn horer, and various kinds of weevils, in-

cluding the cotton Doll weevil, the Japanese and Asiatic "beetles,

and n-Jinero-as other serious pests, have "been established andcause i ymense losses to the comm"'jJiities in which they are num-erous, hany millions of dollars are expended annually in ef-forts to control these "oests and prevent their spread.

The same is true of fungus, bacterial, and other dis-eases of our crop plants.

Z'c chestnut blight, brought in from Japan, has des-troyed Q-ox great chestnut forests, entailing hundreds of millionsof dollars loss, besides preventing the growth of one of our

mOot "akjiahle timber trees and sources of tanning material.

Since effective quarantine and inspection methods wereadopted only one serious pest has been introduced, so far as

we can dnter;.-ine, namely the Mediterraziean fruit fly. It is

hoped that this may be eradicated from the few counties whereit was fowad in Florida., Tliere is accumulating evidence thatthis has been a.c c om.pl i shed. It is high.ly im/oortant that everycountry- having agricultural and forest resources should haveefficient research and control agencies for preventing the

introduction , as far as possible, of dangerous insects anddiseas.'s and for studying the methods of control of those al-ready present or that may be accidentally introduced.

The research work in this field done by the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture and the experim.ent stationsand similar agencies in other countries is of enon-nous economicimportance.

- 4 -

The developrjcnt of naturaJ methods of control "by the

use of r'^sistant Vcirieties, the introduction and artificial 'pro-

pagation of t\:e parasitic enemies of injorious insects have"been extravxly hel-oful. . 7ilt-resistant cotton, watermelons,covroea, and flax have saved thes? industries from enormousl0SS3 S.

'r-e Australian lady "bug has controlled a destructivescale in California, and parasites of the corn horer and the

orown-toll moth are Yery helpful in controlling these pests.

IiiO sugar-cane industry in Forto Rico and Louisianahas he-3n saved from destruction hy the introduction of a var-iety of Crvne resistant to virus diseases.

The dev^elopnont of insecticides and fungicides hashad much to c'.o in protecting our crops from disease and insectpests that -.vould otherwise exact a toll on an average of 20per cent, vnich represents potential losses of 32,000,000,000a year, SO per cent of wliich could he saved and is saved at

com -jaratively sm.all cost. This is iria.de _^:ossiole oy research.

Scientists in the Bureau of Animal Industry liave madecontrihutions from their research lahoratories that have led to

important advances in the control and "rovsntion of some of the

m.ost serious diseases of anim.als and m.an. The discovery bythat B"L\rGau thcat Texas fever of cattle is due to a microorgan-ism in the Dlood cells introduced the hite of a tick T^as the

first discovery of a disease transmitted in this way through anintermediate host. This led not only to the control of Texasfever, out also to the discover^- Dy other workers of the true

nature of malcria and yello\7 fever carried hy m.osquitoes and ahost of other similar disea^ses.

"ith this knowledge it has no-,? hecome "oossihle to

control a,nd eradicate these diseases.

St'idies hegijTi in the same ^-ureau in December, 1885,sho7/cd that irmrujTiity to a, disease could he produced ''oy the in-jection of killed cultures of the bacteria, causing it. Theresult :7a3 later applied in vaccination against diseases ofthis t-rpe, including many diseases of man, such as tjnphoid

fever.

The discovery by the 3iareau of a new species of hookv/orm that is a serious enem.y of m.an in warm countries and thediscover-/ of effective means of control has led to a world-wideeffort to control the 'oest.

The discovery and development of our knowledge of

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vitajTiins vjr^s in large part due to the work in tv/o of our ex-periment stations, ''/isconsin and Connecticut, and greatly ex-tended 'jy other workers.

Time does not penTiit even "brief mention of hundredsof discoveries and developments due to research in the variousBureaus oi the Department and the experiment stations, as well

as in other lahoratories in hundreds of institutions in thisand ot'^er countries that are daily making their contrihutionsto huiTian welfare.

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r£A!r A ?OUR~H .HA.tHT CLUB CAN DO TO HSIPoMmiTY DAIRYING-

A- radio talk "by Norton Moody, Windham County, -Yermont

/

49 associated radio stationsof the National Broadcasting Coriip

June - 6 , 1931.

My home State, Vermont, as I see it is a very broad field for dairyclub work. It is especially adapted for dairying. In fact many Communitiescould not Carry on any other activity.'"' Dairying should he developed to its'

utmost;' th^t could be a "better way of helping than a 4-H club? '' •

Fo'ur-H clubs aid in -establishing better dairying in two ways;' Directlyto the members while they are in club work and indirectly after they- ar'e

'

beyond the club age, but carry on dairying under the advice of the ExtensionService. •

''

•

'*

•

• There are four inrportant subjects to discuss concerning the Influenceon the comiiTiuiity of f.n active dairy club. First, the influence at the homefarm,; next, the boys' exhibits at the fairs; third the public progroms givenby the club and fourth, the stock judging contests.

When a club member prepares a talk at home he uses bulletins -orepared

by authorities on the siibject. He is helped by his parents who gain much"benefit from considering modern farming principles. The home farm is always'benefitted when club members are required to apply ideas they discuss at •

'meetings. Kore they are taught the irnp'ortance of a purebred herd or one stepbette"r a registered herd. They learn the importeoice -of records ; that workingwithout records is like gropfihg' i-n the- dark; that dairy herd improvementrecords are the surest way to show a de.iryman if 'ho is getting a new dollarfor an old one and. just which cov/s should be eliminated. Advanced recordsare valuable for the' sale of good stock. Club members also carry facts onbetter sires,' control of disease, economical feeding and better care of animals.

Next the. exhibits of farm products- always have' a great influence on acommunity and people like nothing better than to see one of their town boyswin at the fair. Every year more and more 4~H club boys and girls boost theirlocal fairs. When thqygravup they will moke the fairs the best ever,

A very direct method of helping a community in dairying is presentingprograms in public. A public demonstration is an effective way of givingfarmers the facts offered them by the Extension Service. \Tlaatever is used in a4-H program can alv/ays be relied -ujjon. For this reason the Babcock test is

often used. It shows the farmer the unquestionable value of having his milktested.

Another method of helping a community is through stock judging. It isone of the strongest features of club programs. The boys often judge on theirneighbors' farms. In my town during such a contest one of the prominent farm-ers remarked that he thought he knew his cows but that the boys' score cardsware an eye-opener to him.

(over)

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"The good that men do lives after them" aan truly be said of a 4--H dairycIuId. The boys go onto their own farms and put into practice what they havele.arnecL in club work. Let us see how a grown up club neirber with a fine herdof registered cattle can influence his connunity. If he has an exceptionallygood b-ijll his neighbors ask for its use. He nay sell good bulls to them.

Considering the fact that the bull is half the herd he thus is directly helpingthe comirranity. He will sell cows too, which will in many instaiices increase:the production of his neighbors' herds.

In my conrnunity years ago several m.en bought some very fine registeredcattle from a large Jersey sale. The res^olts are seen even today where theoff-spring of these cattle v/ere sold. If it could be shown in black and whitewhat these men did for this comm.unity it would startle almost anyone. The .

best help to community dairying which a farmer can give will be to sell calvesto nearby 4-H clubs.

Besides scattering good stock a, grown up club boy will greatly influencehis community by his methods of dairying and crop growing. A farmer can alwaysread how lime will help grow better legume crops or how alfalfa will increasethe production of his herd, but he is generally skeptical about attemptingsomething nev/. A farmer with fo-ai^-H experience as a back ground can morereadily realize the value of modern dairying principles and is more willing to

try them, out

.

A 4-Her developed into a modern dairyman realizes more than anyone elsethe V3.1ue of cooperation, because he has been taught that through all the yearsof his club work. The Farm B'oreau talces the place of his club agent and in-

stinctively looks to him for cooper at i3n. The dairy herd improvement associa-tion turns to him for leadership.. He is an active worker in the Grange.Most important of all - who -in the, cociainity will be quicker than he to come

forward and lead a 4-H club. ;'

.

In closing I v/ould. like to be a little personal and add that our . o^vn

Jacksonville Dairy club is working along all these lines and our success is due

to the finest county leader a club 'ever had, Bruce H. Buchanan. He has in-

spired us all through our work to malce the best better. -

CAII CLUB WORK HEIP THE PAKEITT ?

A radio talk ^oy liiss Elizaljetli Salter, AssH.. StatMadison, Wisconsin, . delivered through 49 associated radioNational Broadcasting Company, Satiird,'^;^/-, June' 6, 1931.

Axiy youth actively engaged in worthwhile tasks at home will have afiner attitude toward home values than the one not so engaged, Cluh workhas as its greatest xmrpose this anchoring of the home deeply into the life

of hoys ajid girls» This question comes to you now as 4-E cluh members

—

"Is it doing so with you?"'

Out on the many farms in our State we find proud parents working shoulder

to shoulder with their girls and hoys iinder the 4-H sign. This was not true afew 2^ears ago. We oelieve it has come through cluh work.

May I sugges'.' just four of the many waj'"s jo'd might use 4-H cluh workto help your oxm _-a:"~'nts? Pirst, I see 4-H cluh work as a medium wherehyparents can help chj.^dren to larger things. One mother says, "Ho parent can

listen to a group of young peopl-e make their earnest pledge or see them eager-ly respond to the call of higher ideals and greater attainment, without astirring of the sluggish adult spirit to higher things," All -parents wantcontact with hoauty and fine living for their children. Rural folk feel handi-capped in providing this touch, and- are grateful to cluh work for stressingheauty of chara-cter and hroadening of experiences. One of our girls has told

you how cluh 7/ork furnished this touch in her home— and if club work can andhas .done this thing for Eleanor's father and mother— it can and will do it for

your.s, lay do you not try using 4-H in this way also?

Second, through 4-H cluh work we can help our parents use better prac-tices and methods for home and farm. We realize hoys and girls do not intendto instruct father and mother, but if a bit of organized effort, a systematicprogram of work :and a few intelligent instructions can" put a project on aprofitable working basis for you as boys and girls, a little more of the same

thing will help in the farm and home -problems and father a;nd mother will wantto use them. I laiow manjr mothers v/ho have learned how to can through 4-H clubwork and girls who have taken this phase of home v/ork from the shoulders ofbusy mothers, I know fathers who are raising better livestock because theirsons are 4~H members.. Poultry project work in about three years puts the clubmember practically in charge of the fajrai flock and relieves the mother of abig job, G-ardon project work does this also. One mother said to me, "I havefound that five years in the clothing club has made Alice practically'" indopende

as far as making her ov/n clothing is concerned, and now she is beginning to

sew for me," Will you use your 4-K project this year as a means of buildingbetter practices in your farm homo?

Tliird, it builds for p.artnership and cooperation in the very heart offamily and com^nunity life, I know families who go to club meetings with just

as keen enjo-.nmont as the youngsters and when they meet here and there clubwork is a link which unites their interest and builds for finer relationship.Sacrifice develops enduring attachiTicnt s. Work develops love. Boys a^nd girlswho live in homes that they help build up have the basis of this enduringattachment, the partnership and cooperation in the very heart of family and

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comnninity life, Ify last , thought is that we may use 4-H cIuId work to^help ourparents keep the spirit of youth. . I aia quoting here, "We simply can not letsuch things as stiff muscles, or "bent back, eliminate us from the activitiesof young folks. I'o parent ever unbended, laid aside his dignity and joinedheart and so"j-l in the fun and the work of these "boys and girls without re-ceiving benefits ""jntold for riimself, I feel from our own personal experience—Dave's and nine—that 4-H club work has been half of our existence- in the

last ten years.

"

I have attempted to give you just four ways. You will think of man^;^

more. These have come to you from parents in our State who have used 4-H

A mediuin for parents to help children to larger things — the Head H,

A moans i ^ l' b-^tter practices and methods for both home and farm—the -:.nd li. .

"-

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"

To bulla xor p-o'tnership and cooperation in the very heart offamily lifo—the Heart H,

To help adults keep the spirit of yo\ith—the Health H, . .

I ari asking each one of you- 4-H girls and boys to look into your club

projects tliis year and sec what you can find in it to help your father andmother. . . .

When you boys and girls, come to realize that the greatest accomplish-ment on the -gejrt of your parents, the sotirce of their greatest joy, is the

giving to the world a good manly son, a refined womanly daughter; then the

challenge cones to vou as a club member to attain all that is hoped for and' /isexpected '.x you. Accomplishment is 'the tool by which this/ done— to be some-

body, you ::ust do something.. ' .

work as:

1.

2,

3.

4,

, THE TOEZ TflTH TE3 FABi BOARB :

A radio talk prepared by Edgar Markha.m, Assistant to Chairman and mcharge of Press Relations, FederaJ Farm Board, and delivered b;'' R. H. Lamb,

v/estem program director, Oiiice of Infornation, United States Department of

Agriculture, in the Department period of the Western Farm and Home Hour Monday,June 8, ISol, through Station ZGO and seven other stations associated withthe Pacific Division, National Broadco.sting Company,

oOo

Re-presentatives of the California G-rape Control Board, after conferencesthe past week with the Farm Board, returned to California to complete thedetails of their plan to handle the 1931 crop. If they are successful it

is expected they will return to Washington about July 1, to lay the programbefore the Board for final approval.

Announcement was mde Wednesday that the G-rain Stabilisation Corp-oration had discontinued the purchase of wheat. This action was taZ^en

because the new crop moving earlier than usual had become a factor in the

market. It was in harmony with the statement nia.de ten weeks ago that purchaseswo'ald not be made out of the 1S31 crop. Information Thursday by some of the

newspaper correspondents of complaints that the action was without any advancenotice and contrary to former promises, Chairman Stone said nobody had anylicense to say that he was doublecrossed by the stabilization corporationbecause it has lived up to what it said it would do to the letter. Theagreement was to make purchases only until the now crop became a factor in the

market,

Mr, Wilson attended a meeting of Virginia peanut growers at SuffolkTuesday. In cooperation v/ith the Farm Board and state extension servicethe growers are planning to set u.p a regional marketing association similarto those already established by growers in Alabama ojia Florida, G-eorgia andNorth Carolina.

Mr, Williams v/as in New Orleans the past week attending a meeting ofofficers and directors of the Anerican Cotton Cooperative Association, Plansfor handling the 1931 crop were among the things considered.

Several members of the Board and its staff will participate in theprogram of the imerican Institute of Cooperation being held this week atKansas State Agriculture College. Among these are Chaiman Stone, Mr. Denman,Mr. Stanley Reed, the C-eneral Counsel, and the following from the Divisionof Cooperative Marketing: Mr, C, G-, Randell, in charge of the Livestock andWool Section; Mr, F. J, Bell, Jr. of the Grain Section; Mr, T. C-. Stutts, incharge of the Dairy Section; Mr. Albcrtus Williardson, in charge of the PoultrySection; Mr. S, H, Huldcrt of the Livestock and Wool Section; and Mr. PorterR, Taylor of the Fruits and Vegetables Association,

?HE \?EEK VvITH THE FARI/i BO.iJlD:

A radio talk prepared "by Edgar Markhain, Assistant to Cnacharge of Press Relations, Federal Earm Board, and delivered "by

western program director. Office of Information, United States tepartment of

Agriculture, in the Department period of the ITestern Earm and H( i^feffilDA^Krtwfwt bt Ac

Monday, June 15, 1931, through Station KGO and seven other stat:

with the Pacific Division, National Broadcasting Company.

—oOo—

L 1 B R A R >

R E C ^ I\/ E D

rman and m

,rMMi

ons associated

Members of the Earn Board and several of the staff have "been attendingthe Araerican Institute of Cooperation at Manhattan, Kansas during the pastweek. You may "be interested in hearing some of the salient features ofMr. Stone's address there on Eriday, Spealcing of the Farm Board's part in

the development of co-operative marketing, Mr. Stone emphasized the factthat the Earm Board is helping farmers to "build a co-operative marketing system,which they themselves will own and operate in their ovrn interests. He statedthat the Board is not ouilding a marketing system nor will it operate marketingassociations when they are formed. He pointed out that while numerous referencesin the press to the Earm Board Co-operative or Earm Board Agency have appeared,there is no such thing as a Earm Board Co-operative and no co-operative is anagent of the Board. He stressed the fact that every co-operative "being

assisted "by the Board is fanner owned and controlled in accordance withprovisions of the Agricultural Marketing Act, and the Capper Volstead Act.Mr. Stone stated further that co-operative marketing has made substantialprogress in the past two years, estimating that the average gain of mem"bershipin the large scale associations is approsimately ?C^, while reports fromabout one-third of the local associations indicate an average gain in theirmembership of a little better than 6f>, The records indicate conclusivelythat co-operative marketing has made real growth since the passage of theAgricultural Marketing Act.

Fnile the chairman and Mr. Denman were absent from Washington, Mr.McKelvie returned from London. He arrived on Friday after attending therecent conferences of the wheat exporting countries of the v/orld held atCanada House, London, May 18 to 31. Mr. McKelvie' s term as a member of theBoard e;cpires today, and he is making his final appearance as a member attodays' Board meeting; Mr. Thompson acting as chairman in Mr. Stone's absence.

Mr. Wilson spoke at Rutgers University on Tuesday, ajid Mr. Schillingon that date attended a conference of dair;yTnen at ColiJmbia South Carolina.

4~H CLUB WORK IK ALAEAllA. MP Ur, 1^ It. Hlfci:

A radio talk Suth Olasgo:^^ J'rankiin Count3% Ala'baina,

I7P.C and 42 other radio stations associated with the National BConpany, June 18, 1921.

LIBRARYRECEIVED

delivered through

o^c^im^ 1931

It is a pleasure for ne, a 4-E 'clu'b girl of Fran3d.in County, Alabama,to speak about 4-H club vrork in lay State and pay tribute to an Alabama manwho has distiiigaished himself as a leader in the work in Alabama and in otherStateso

I am sure ths.t I speak for all the 4-H club girls and boys of Ala-bama when I say that 4-H Slub T7ork has meant much to us, and that we are deep-

ly grateful and appreciative for having had the opportunity to engage in the

work. ITothing can take its place with us and we sincerely hope that everygirl and boy will have an opportunity to enroll in a 4-H club, becomeacquainted with the aims and objectives; and profit by the training^ the

broadening experiences, and the enlarged outlook upon Ixfee

In a review of the work we are able to see not only the educationaltraining which we h^ve received but the beneficial application of it in ourhomes, our gardens, our poultry yards, in our crops and livestock on the farm.?or example, we 4-H club girls know how to dress better and look better at asmaller expenditr.re of money. T7e are qualified to produce and prepare foodand serve it attractively. This has improved the health of all the membersof our families. Many of us have learned how to produce better products forsale and to sell them, thereby enlarging our family income. Many other bene-fits have been derived from 4-H Club Work.

Ivlr. I, W, Hill, a beloved Alabamian was bom, reared, educated, andspent much of his life in educational work in Alabama before he moved toWashington to assist in directing 4-H club work for farm boys and girls of theSouthern States.

Mr. Hill is known personally to many thousands of us; and those whohave not had the pleasure of meeting him know of him and respect him highly.He is indeed a noble gentleman and a true friend to everybod;:r, but especiallyto boys and girls who live on farms.

He wa.s born neajr Autrjjm, Alabama., where the land-grant college of

our State is located. After finishing college he began teaching in the highschools of Alabama. Later he became a city superintendent; and from 1909-

1907, he was State superintendent of education in Alabama. After his termof office expired he returned to teaching work.

It was in 1912 that Mr. Hill entered 4-H club work as a representa-tive of the United States Department of Agriculture. Since then approximatelytwo million farm boys and girls have participated in the work in the SouthernStates. I wish that all of these could be here to-day and join me in payingtribute to him, who, a-s a true friend has spent 19 years of his life workingfor us and helping to inspire us to the finer and nobler things of life.

We shall never bo able to pay our indebtedness to him, but we arehappy on this occasion of the Fifth national Boys* and Girls' 4-H Club Oainp

to express to him our sincere appreciation and to wish for him a continuationof health and happiness and of service to the farm boys and girls of ournation.

0^

T7HA.T 4r-H CLUB TOEK IH TEXA.S I.iEAIIS TO ME

^ ' a l-T' A f

A radio talk "by Trula Horror, Collingsworth County, Texil^' ^'dJSif)fc?f,^j:ed_

thro-Qgh WHC and 42 other radio stations associated with the l\[afional Broad-'

casting Company, June 18, 1931.

— oOo-

Texas has 14,170 4-H cluD girls enrolled in 118 counties. Each cluhgirl conducts five demonstrations. The productive demonstration is eithergarden, poultry or dairy. The other four are food preparation, food preser-vation, clothing and home improvement. I conducted eight demonstrations lastyear. Lly eight demonstrations yielded in net profit as follows: Turkeys,

$250.00; chickens, $225.00; dairy cows, $109.92; vegetables from ray 1/2O of

an acre garden, $20.30; food preservation, $46.65; clothing, $67.00. In all,

the total value of products produced and articles made, $655.00.

Flowers were planted around the base of my home and a hedge of firehushes was set around the borders of the fence.

The furnitiire was rearranged in my home according to good principlesin house fui-'nishing ajid the old calendars were taken off the T7alls in keepingwith the home improvement demonstrations.

At present I own 3 cows and 3 calves and have loaned $100.00 of my cluhmoney out this year. While the cluh work has been financially valuable to methe greatest value has been in new friendships ma,do with both club girls andboys. Thro^jgh association with my homo dem.onstration agents, I have learnedwhat good standards are in home making and personal development.

My trips to the Texas A. & I.!. Short Course and also to the State Fair atDallas ^were very educational. We a^rc having a wonderful time at Washington.Sefore, to me, Washington has only been a place on the map and a place wherethe President of the United States lives but now it is a real place from whichthe Extension Service of the United Sta.tes Department of Agriculture is directedand every member of the extension stai'f here seems to have thought of every-thing to make our visit both pleasant and profitable.

When I go ba.ck to Texas I wish I might tell every one of the 30,0004-H club girls and boys about my trip to the great NationaJ 4~H Camp. I hopethey will all ha.ve a chajice to read the story I shall write. I am inspiredby this trip to continue my club work a.nd assist many of the younger membersin their 4r-H club work.

TEH SFONr^jÎTSOuS SHTATIN3- 0? HAY

^'^lA^^ Eac^.o to.lk on tliG ilational Grange Prcgran, Parr.i rjnd Hoiie i-OHfpM"b^Raicasi- 5a-^î.-d?.7j Juno ^0, 1S'3j. over WHO and U3 associated static is

Hat.'. 3r':;-f.dcai;t:'.n3 Coi-TjiOiiâ

By

C. A, Bro-STne,

Luroau of Cheiuistrs- & Soils,U. S. Dopartnent of Agriculturo,

WasMn{;jton, D>-,C«

L I B R A R •

RECEIVED

7. 8, DflfNui^nMvt ti Acmniti

The spontaneous heating of hay in barns aîd stacks is a subject whichhas aroused the interest of fejuiers frcn the tine when prinltivo naxi firstattcnptwd to store grass in his prehistoric cave. It has "been a generalobservation nnoMg all races of ::aîlînd that hay, when piled in large masses,frc'<5a.antly begin? to heat and in certoAn cases will actually catch fire*

The aiiTial i^.osjes resô-lting f ron the burning of bams and other famproxêrty -.n ".he T.':::..' cl S Gates a!: a resrolt of spontaneous conbust ion havebeen entiiîai-ed /b'> be -j.-. "êast ^20,000,000 a year, which is 20 per cent of

the total 2s'::'.ui,to-l aAivail loss of $100,000,000 from fires on fpjnSa Ihit

if we Govs\'icr in addition the decreases in weight and in nutritive valuewhich liay r-ndcrgCGS durir^ spontcjieous heating, in the nore general caseswhere there is no actual outbroali of fire, the losses will amount to manytimes this suiio

T'.io tcta^ hny crop of the United States has an estimated annual valueof seme th. -'-.?en hunc red million dollars ($1, 300.000,000) c The resultsof a careful conservative estimate lead to tne conclutîon tr^^^t a.t leastono-tenth of our h-arvested grass crop, from the time it is cut until itis used, is lost as a resu-lt of spontaneous heating, —as surely lost andconsumed as if our farmers had consigned every tenth load of their harvestto the flaiôs, A thorough undo rij tanking of the causes of this great lossand the doTeiopment of frai table pecans for its prevention are, therefore,matters of the. grea,test practical importancoo They are S'ubjocts to whichthe scientists of the Department of Agriculture are at present devotingmuch a 1 1 enti on*

/ The spontaneous heating of hay taiies place in three stages. The firPtste,go is due to the vital activities of- the livirg cells of the grass whJ.ch

continue for some time after it is cut. As a result of these ceirolar pro-,

cesses the i?igars and other carbohydrates of the grass begin to be brokendo^. and heat is evolved, Tliis heat is rapidly carried away and is not scivsi"'. to the touchj if there is free circulation of the air. If. however,the freshJLy cut gra-ss be placed in a pile, the escape of heat is rctarduodand it irjmediately becomes perceptible upon insertion of tlie hand,

Wlion the mass of heating hay reaches a toiperature of about 110*^?.

the life of the grass colls is destroyed and there then commences the secondperiod of the spontaneous heating which is duo to the activities of them.oulds and bacteria that occur naturally ia lia^'". The nôiubcrs of thesemicro-organisms, because of tlie favoring wamth and moisture produced in

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tho first sta^c of the heating, lar.dGrgo a vast increase and additional

quantities of heat are produced, the tajperaturc rising to as high as ISO*^

or 1S5%.

irhe nain purpose of curing hay is to reduce the natural noistare con-i'

tent of t2".o grass of 75-^0^ as rapidly as possible, "by exposure to the son

and air, until it has reached a point whore the vital processes of the

cells are suspended and where hacteria and noulds cannot thrive. If hay

has looen t7c11 cured to a ijiiifom noisture content of "below 20 per cent there

is very litole danger fra.: its overheating in the stack or nowo Thisideal condition, hcêver, is not always attained in practical workc Tho

weather nay "be unfavora"ble and the famor. to avoid the risk of rain, naydraw in his iiay "before it l;ias coiTpletely cured. The vital processes of the

grass cells "nave not "been completely arrested; heating "begins in the interiorof the now, moisture is driven from the wamer to the cooler parts and tholiay, as we say, "begins to sweat.

When Gho timperature of a liay mov: reaches 180°?. the life of the "bao-

teria and mc^jlds is destroyed and the second stage of spontaneous heatingcomes to an end. The now may now either slowly cool or if ccnditicns are

exactly favora'ole, it may enter upon tlie third and final stage of spont£ineo-us

heating v/hen the temperature rises to the point of ignition* If at this

point a "burnt odor should "become perceptihlo it is almost certain that a firo

pocket 1ms forLiod scmewhere within the mow.

The location of a fire pod::et is "best determined "by "boring into tho

mow in -different places with a hollov/ steel rod or tuhe, provided with asharp c'j.tting edge, and feeling the rod when it is rcnovod. If a section of

the rod sho-ald "be very hot and the core of hay, which is pushed out from the

tube, should show a "burnt appearance, the position of the fire pocket can "bo

definitely detcrr.iinedo If a fire podcet is present, th.e hay must "be removedat once, "bat "before this is con"cnced srcitatle provision must ho made for ex-

tingdisliing im:r.ediatoly any outoreak of flames with fire cxtingoishdngaiDpliancos or with streams of water. A ccrx.u.nity fire fighting apparatus, if

availa'ble, should "be sarmoned in all suspected cases*

' When the ha3' is l:cing removed from a smouldering mow there is dangerthat tho S'j.dden admission of air to a fire pocket na^/' cause the outhreak offlames. Places tha,t are very hot and daiiiened should "be inmodiatoly drenchedwith watir since the ha^' at these xDoints is very apt to "oe spontaneouslyinflai.-ina''Dle. Hay removed seme. distrT.ce from the region of a firo pocket has"been kn^twn it- f.ne cases to catch fire spontaneously eve?) after it has "been

previ ously d: !• .d with water.

If a now, enclosing a fire xôcket, is not opened up there isdanger that tli^ pressure of hot gases may force a channel outward to the s'cir-

faco when tho •."-ole mass of hay will suddenly catch fire with almost oxplosivoviolence. If '--o hot pocket is aiiall the hay may simply car'ôonize, tho os-clusicn of air hy the râss of surrounding hoy preventing tho final riso intemperature to the point of ignition. Statistics for Switzerland show that

ai)out one in every eight cases of the carTDorJ-zation of hay in a mow resultsin actual fire*

Hay igPiitos at a temperature "Detweon ^50°!', and 500^^*microorganisLis which are responsihle for the second stage of spontaneousheating are killed at 180° you will naturally ask the question, "What is it

- 3 -

that causes tho great olov-tion of 300°t cr.ipGrc.t-irc ^oet^Tccn the death

point of the nicro-orjjajQiBnG and the jjoint of if^nition of the hay?" Tliis

is a jT^zsle v/hich lias 'botherod tho scientists for nai);/ years and n-unercais

theories have been proposed to ox,olain the phenoncnon. Iron investigations

t-eing conducted at the Dcpartr.:ent of AGriailtrare vq holievc th-at the hay

h-^jtexra in the interior of tho now, v/here air is excluded, produce very

--r'ista'Dle ccr.rpGPjQids v/hich arc rapidly oxidized upon the accidental accessof odr with so rreat an evolution of heat tliat not orJ.y are the hr.cteria

killed hut tho tenperature is qui d.d.y raised to the point of ignition of

the h.ay,

Hie Dexoartnent of Agriculture has at present under ohservation inan isolated ham upon its fox:.i at Bcltsville, I'd., thirty tons of ho^v" whichare nov/ undergoing a process of s;;;ontoUieous heating. Tenper^.tures attwenty-seven different points within the r.:ow are hcing taken t\7ico dailywith electrical themoDeters v/ithcut distu-rlDing the h^^". The effect ofthe noisture content of the Iid^ upon the increase in t er-iperature and thelosses in weight and nutritive value, which the iia^-'" undergoes during spon-taneous hca-Lii>^, are rll oeing C£>jrcfully studiedo In t.iis mo^- we hope to

arrive at an exact e:cplanati n of tho causes of the spontaneous heatingof hay and at a Imowledge of reducing the imcnso loss wldLch is thus pro-duced in tho handling of one of o-ar most inportaiit crops.

You cDJTx assist us greatly in this work hy "bringing to our noticean^' cases of the spontaneous cci-ilDUstion of ha^.^ cjid of the discovery ofhurnedout fire poc±:ets in hG;>^ r.:ows that nay cone to year attention.

We will greatly appreciate yor.r cooperation in helping us to ohtainexact detri-lcd infomaticn as to occurrences of trds kind.

IffiETIITCT 4-H CLUB SOYS AI-^ C-inLS FHOI.-I THE ?0l^.

THE UNITED STATES

L i B R A'R Y

A radio talk "by Ada Rogers, Peno"bscot CoTontj?-, Ivlaine, de!

WPlC and 42 other radio sta-tions a.ssociatsd vrith the National B

J-une 22, 1331.

JUL 6 193t

oadcastmg Company,

Tliis trip to the National 4-H Club Camp at TJashington is a rare experiencethat I have al^rays dreamed about, and now it is a reality. It is- an experienceof a life time, .especisilly to one who has never "before "been far from the homestate or even from the home community. •

The Katignal 4-H Club Camp brings us in company with, boys and girls fromall over the united States. _ TTe who are, here certainly appreciate such a.

privilege. Tliis year there are forty states represented, in most cases by twoboys and two girls, accompajiied by two 'state leaders. .

.

Tlio first, and perhaps the groups that you become the best acquaintedwith, are the delegates in the same tent with you. Two leaders and the dele-gates from two states occupy one tent, '"e, from Ifeine, are fortunate to bewith two delegates and a leader from the central west - the St.-^.te of "Tisconsin.Tlie two girls from Wisconsin are A^nes H, HuJ.ett from Jackson County and HelenHaldimr.n, C-reen County. Agnes hr.s been an active club member since 1920,carrying several different projects which have gained her m^-ny awards and tripsto state and co'jjity fairs. Helen first entered p. 4-H club in 1925, feeding rjid

caring for a calf as her club enterprise.

Since I on from the ITortheast corner of the United States, I especiallywanted to meet boys rjid girls from the other three corners. I have mot thedelegates from Florida. I have always heard r-nd read a great deal about theiDJid of s-anshinc. The delegates chosen from 15,000 club boys and girls inFlorida to come to the National 4-rI Club Camp are Leila Duke, Falton County;Ruth D-orrenbergor , Orc^jige Countj'-; Arlington Henley, "alton County; ojid Jack Piatt,Marion County, All these delegates are outstanding in their club work.

During our social talks and the W8.1ks to our meals, on tours, in the tents,

at the beautiful camp fire, and at all recreational occasions, we meet and talkwith boys and girls from many other states. One afternoon as I was walking backfrom a tour of the national Museum of Fine Arts, I met IJeca Jones and her clubleader from far ITevada.. She is outstanding as a club member and is Hea,lth

Champion of the ITestem States.

At the recrea.tional period one evening, I met the four VJashington Statedelegates, Arth-^or Crews, Willard Haiser, Clara SickiiPJin, ?Jid Leola Tinner stet.All these people are distinguished club members and they have come the greatestdistance of any of the delegates. A rather new project in 4-H club work is beemanagement. At our bf-nquct Friday night, Arthur Crews of Uashington gave ademonstr<ation on the care of bees but he didn't have the bees on the platform.

Thursday while at the United States Department of Agricult-uxe Experi-mental Farm at Boltsville, Maryland, I becrinc acqijiainted with delegates fromHew Mexico. Tlielma '~'ooten, Cliaves County, is their only girl delegate. She

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is outstanding in club '.7ork in hor stp.te and has "been fortunate enough to payfor her education through her cluh accomplishments. Jog Brooks and FloydGray are the hoy delegn,tes. Ii I had the time, I could tell you of many morefriendships tliat I have made throughout the United States. This trip and themi:'jiy friendships that we malce are memories that will always last.

Friday night v/e all went to the United States Chamber of Commerce Build-ing and enjoyed a delicious "banquet. The United States Marine Band, that hasmcjiiy times played over the radio for 4-H club memhers, entertained us at the"banquet and pla3i^ed for the goiAos and the folk dancing. Captain Branson,Leader of the United States Marine Band, hjn,s hecn made an honorary 4~H clubmember as an expression of cor appreciation.

I am not sure tiiat deleg.ates of the many states can ever show appreciatioenough to all who have mcoie this ccxrp and trip possi"ble. The only wa,y for usto show our tKanks is to go back to our ovm. state and do everj'-thing possible to

help develop club work by our leadership so that many more boys rjid girls maybe benefited by 4-H Club ITork.

Of

-S^W^ /L/ B F? A p V

A radio trJk iDy Clifford Smith, Eaton Coimty, Michigaril dcRiêê^ ^tlivaagh.'

17EC mid 42 other radio stations associated with the National Broadcasting ^ ^Company, Juno 22, 1931.

|1^- J(JL 6'

I93J ^

4-H club mcmoers vzho are attending the iTational 4-H c. _Washington, D, C, realize more thojR ever the significance of personal de-velopment, llj time is too limited to discuss personal development in all itsphases but I rzill attempt to show how the 4-PI cIuId work assists in the develop-ment of rural youth.

The 4-H club motto "To MpJce Tlio Best Better," if applied to our dailyactivities, ccjinot help hut he guiding influence in our personal improvement.Our 4-H club pledge is, 1 pledge: My Hcai to clearer thinking; My Heart togreater loyalty; My Hands to larger service; My Health for better living; Form^^ club, my community, and my Comitry. This pledge sots before us goalstoward which to strive.

In pledging our Head to clearer thinking we have to develop our abilityto thiiik things out for ourselves, lo further find that we should cultivatean appreciation for good books, art, music, nature ojid everything that isabout us in the open country, ~'e should study ourselves and cultivate theacquaintance of worthwhile individuals. T7o should learn the sources of help-ful information, 'ê should also cultivate a sense of h-'om.or, for sometimesdiscour.?gements arc m.ade to appear different if we crji see a hnmorous side tothe situT-tion. '"e are taught to strive for as m.uch education as possible, forthe man who l-aiows, other things being equal, is the non who has the bettercliancc for success.

The second H, our Heart H, stands for loyalty ojid service to others.We learn to associate and cooperate with oiir fellow club members. T.'e developthis trait in our group meetings. 17e endeavor to be fair to o'u.rselves, and ofservice to other members of our family and commimity. The Heart H also bringsus the true appreciation of wlir.t our parents have done and are doing for us.

The third H, or the Rand H, stands for skill and efficiency in doing.In our project activities we are ta-ught the best practices in agriculture andhomo economics. Even though we begin in a small way, eventually if we con-tinue we will liave developed the sense of ownership because each year ourproject activities and responsibilities become greater. For cxauiple as a.

dairy club member, a boy starts with one calf and if he continues in hisproject for four or five yerxs, he will have a good start for a dairy herd.

Through this process of developing a herd, a club member receives a soundbusiness training, not only in how to spend his money but how to save it.

The Health H is above all the most important. TJe realize that the devel-

opment of a healthy body is essential. Throiigh o-or club training the samescientific practices which are used in r^riculture and home economics can beapplied in car every day living. Surely no one has a better opportunity fordeveloping health ho.bits than the farm boy and girl, with the advantages ofopen air, sunlight, plenty of milk, fruits, and vegetables. Periodic healthexaminations cxo encouraged to check up on our physical conditions.

In conclusion we can readily g.oC that a 4-H club member may secure fromhis 4~H club motto and pledge, guidance in personal development but after allthe task is ours, it depends more on what we do for ourselves than what othersdo for us.

THE iTEEK '71 TIE FIEM BQAED

L / B R A RV E D

JUL 6 ,93,_rman mid m

'artmcnt of

A radio talk prepared "by Edgar Moj*ldiojn, Assistant to Ch.

charge of Press Relations, Federal Farm Board, ,?jid delivered bT7e stern program director, Office of Information, United StatesAgriculture, in the Department period of the Western Farm andJune 22, 1931

'through Station KG-0 and seven other stations associated irith

the Pacific Division, National Broadcasting Companj^*

ooOoo

Hr, Snm R. McZelvie last week completed his services as a member of theFarm Board, He left ITashington Friday to take active cliarge of his personal"business in ITebraska, The final act of Mr, McKelvie as a member of the Boardwas to present a report on the recent London ITheat Conference at which he wasone of the representatives of the United States. Summing up this part of theconference lilr, McKelvie said, "All in a.ll the conference ma,y be regarded ashaving been worth while. Largely speaking each country will have to approachthe question in its own way. This is facilitated and expedited by conversationthat lay bare the underlying facts. Acreage reduction is coming about inAustralia, Argentina and Cc?jiada through sheer necessity. It will be hastenedby a realization that there is no legerdemain by which such abnormal quantitiesof wheat con be disposed of at a profit to the grower. It is apparent thatRussia, is not so happy with her situation and some of the Ba,lkan states arelooking to other crops than wheat. These are encour^aging signs,"

Chairman Stone was in Kentucky last week meeting with representativesof Burley Tobacco and Blue Grass Seed Producers organizations,

Mr. Thompson, on Thursday, addressed the boys and girls who were herefrom all over the United Stc.tes attending the Annual Camp of the 4-H Clubspitched on the grounds of the United Str.tes Department of Agriculture. He toldthem that the country is looking to them to provide the future leadership ofthe cooperative movement upon which the permanent financial improvement ofAgriculturo depends.

In response to suggestions from farm and other leaders of Kansas that the

Farm Board make a statement to the effect that all stabilization wheat will bewithheld from the market for a definite period, the Board has advised them that

the policy announced March 23 will be continued. At that time it was said nopurchases will be made from the 1931 crop and that stabilization holdingswould be handled in such a wa^/ as to impose the minimum of bujrden upon domesticand world prices.

After meeting for four days in TTashington with general managers and

sales managers of a number of the large fmit and vegetable co-operatives, the

Board of Directors of the National Fruit ojid "Vegetable Exchange Incorporatedannounced Friday that operating plans had been agreed upon and that temporaryheadquarters will be opened in Chicago at once.

1

I c cr

THE., CAPITOL,

A^g) O^SajM^gt^lpto SKHIliSS OF WASHIHG^Oll/ ^ "^^^ 6

A radio talk by.;Leola Tinnerstet, G-rays Harbor t?otuity, JgsM^gton^delivered through MC arid. 4^ Qt'her. radio stations associated v/ith

'

Iffational Broadcasting Cpiiroany, .tJm 25, ; 1931,

•ooOoo*

I have "been asked to say a few words that would express the thouglits

of us 4-H club delegates visiting at the ITational, Capital for the first time.

I ain not at all certain that I'csn express my om feelings, "but perhaps,!can give you an idea of them by telling you of my trip through the UnitedStates Capitol 'Building. It is beautiful as seen in the daytime. At niglit,

¥/hen viewed from the Lincoln Memorial, it is even more impressivco To moit seems to voice the strength of our groat nation, just as the WashingtonMonument expresses its spirit, '

,

The croiming glory of the Capitol is the dome. The Statue of Fres^dom on top of the dome, seems to be the fitting symbol of the Nation* s

Capitol

«

The room which you first enter, after mounting the Capitol stain's,

is the rotunda. This is an immense circular liall. The walls are adornedv/ith paintings aid sculpture depicting memorable scea^d in the history ofthe country* The canopy top glows with color.

To the left of the rotunda is Statuaxy Hall, one of the mostbeautiful rooms of the Capitol, This room was formerly the Hall of Repre-sentatives and was the forum of the debates of Webster and Clay, and ofothers whose names are associated with the early history of the country.A plate set in the marble floor marks the spot where John Q;aincy Adams wasstricken with paralysis during a session of the House. One can almostfeel the spell of greatness when passing through, this hall, lEach stateis allowed to place two statues in the hall; but not all states are repre-sented. One thing that interested me was the statue of only one v/oman,

Frances E. Willard. Perliaps in time other great women ?dll be added tothis Hall of Fane.

The largest painted canvas in the Capitol is "The Battle of LakeErie." This is a beautiful piece of art covering one large paiael on thestair landing. It was after the battle pict-ored here that Perry sent hisfamous message, "We liave the enemy and tliey are ours.^

Oar guide told us that the Hall of Representatives is a legislativeChamber unsurpassed by any other legislative halls in the world. He isprobably right for I can't imagine anything finer. It is lighted by aceiling of glass panels on which are painted the seals of every State inthe Union.

To the rigbt of the rotunda is the Supreme Court and next to thisthe Senate Chamber. It is hard to realize that in this room so much of thehistory of our government has been lived. Of course tlie senators are helped

iDy the Congressm£ai..in' :th© fioufeo Representat in sucha setting* sho\:iJLd he ahle to pass a lot of good laws*

Another shjrine in 'Washington, D. C, 'that gave me new' insight intonational grandeiir was the Lihrary of Congress, This is a spacious "building

whose walls are covered with interesting Italian paintings and beautifulmosaics- Every copyrighted hook that is published in the United Statescan be found in the Library of Congress, There are also publications therein every Imown language, A number of employees loiov; at least threelanguages.

The Library is classed as a most perfect piece of American archi-tecture, but to me the Lincoln Memorial is more impressive. The Librarycontains the original draft of the Declaration of Iiidependence, the Con-stitution of the United States and what looks like millions of books.

G-roat as these tilings are, Mount Vernon, the estate of the Fatherof our Country, and Arlington, She National Cemetery with the tomb of the

unknown soldier, are to me most sacred 'shrines of our National Capital,Both seem to breathe the soulf of our country.

HE FI?TH UATIOML BOYS'< MD GIBLS' 4-H CLUB CAIvIP AH) ITS ACTiv4gl(E^^ Q''^T^/ ^ ^ C J \/ .

A radio tallc "b^r Se.lmar Lei-^mim, Sangamon Countj'-i Illinois,/ delivered"* Cthrough WRC and 42' "'other radio sta'tîons associated with the Haticftiali'Bi^^dgas1j^_ing Compaiv, Jime S2, 1931 i

,

.

Irr

It is very difficailt to find words to express to 7011 ourof the Fifth National 4-H Cluh Camp, We are situated about 500 yards directêast and a little north of the TâsMngton Mon'UJiient on the Department of Agri-^

culture grounds in the heart of the City of Washington-

The camp site 'surrounds the Cluh Tree, which was planted "by thedelegates of the first ITationo^l Comp. We are camped in large army tents,shaped like pyramids. They are arranged in military order on a wide greenlawn, dotted with tall pine trees,

.Tiie rows of tents are divided equally..

The girls occupying the south half and the hoys the north half* IJverynecessary facility, comfort and convenience is supplied right at canip with theexception of our meals which are served at a nearhy restaurant, esfpecially -

equipped to handle us in a group. .-'

.

.,'

We have twelve-hour laundty service, prompt incoming a.nd outgoingmail service and camera films are 'taken care of right on the grounds, A ,

doctor and a trained nurse are bn duty to care for any minor cases of illness.The leaders' camp uniforms are e^^ctly the same as the cluh members, and theyare quartered in tents with the club members. All these things go to make upa well organized camp that operates' as smoothly as a clock. Much of this is

due to Mr. G-eorge Farrell, Camp Director and others who are assisting him.Each day is divided up into four pp,rts. First a general assembly of every-body in camp; then, separate conference groups for club members and leaders;next there are trips to places of historic and educational interest in andabout the city of Washington and in addition each evening there are programsand activities around the camp fire.

The general assembly each morning is opened and closed with groupsinging. A distinguished speaker, one whom it is a privilege for us to hear,is on the program of each assembly. At the assembly' this morning the speakerwas Mrs, Jane Deeter Rippin, formerly with the national G-irl Scouts organiza-tion and now one of the most prominent and successful business women inAmerica. Other assembly speaJkcrs have been Dr. C. B. Smith, Chief of theOffice of Cooperative Extension Work, Mr. Sam Thompson of the Federal FarmBoard, the Honorable R. W. Ihinlap, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, andLieutenant-Commander C, E. Rosendaiil of the United States Uavy, who was anobserver for our navy on' the round-the-world flight of the Graf Zeppelin,

After these general assemblies the lea,ders go to their conferencesand the club members divide up into five groups for discussion of varioustopics. For exarriple, this morning we discussed Ideals for Service, Interest-ing points of view are brought out by club members from different parts of thecountry.

After these conferences we visit places of historic and educationalinterest. On tours of any distance, we travel in a fleet of six or seven busesescorted by official motorcj^'cle police who clear the right of way without anydelay in transit. We spent a most interesting afternoon on the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture Experimental Farms at Beltsville and enjoyed a fried

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chicken dinner on the lawn in the evening* rrom the Washington Monument togot a T7onderful view of the entire city and the same afternoon we sawLindhergh' s "Spirit of St» Louis," h.anging aloft in the Smithsonian Institute.

In the early evening folk dancing and games are led "by a well knownrecrea.tion leader i Miss Elizabeth Burchenal, President of tho American Folli:

Dance Society. TThen darimess comes the entire group assembles in a circlearouiid the canp' fire just in front of the headquarters tent. There are stories,demonstrations, stunts and announcements "by the 4-H club members and leadersand each canj) fire closes with the singing of taps,

I want to mention other important feat^jres of the national 4~E ClubGanp. Each day there is a cainp news letter called the 4-H Forage, The canrp

news items are contributed by the club members themselves. We club memberswho are here are most pleased that three radio programs are being broadcastduring the Farm and Home Hour so that we can tell the 4-H club members whom weare representing about the canp. T7e sh-all tell you nore when wo get honeaboiit what the camp has taught us. We ha.ve gained inspiration that will lastthroughout our whole lifetime.

/-

IDEALS FOR SERVICE

A radio talk "by Aurora Santimore, Worcester Coimty,

delivered tliro-u^'h T7RC and 42 other radio stations associated

Broadcasting Company, June 23, 1931,

I

' t'

l' X-

L I F3 R A R YRECEIVED

}h a.s-f||tciitMe«ts,1931

with the National

"5Te who are here as delegates at the ITational 4-H Club Camp have "been

discussing each forenoon problems relating to our own. 4-H club work and ourdevelopment

.

One of these discussions centered around "Ideals for Service." Many-

thoughts on service have been brought to us by those who have spoken and it is

through the inspiration and foresight gained from these talks that I want to

give to you some which have appealed to me.

One of the speakers ca-lled our attention to the words written of the

great character in history of whom it was said, "He went about doing good."

Again one of our speakers gave us these words, "He who gives most gets

most.^' Do you not agree TTith me that he expressed a keynote of our purposewhen he called our attention to the enthusiasm in the comp (a.nd there is

plenty of enthusiasm) and said, "Back of all this enthusiasm that inspires

there is an abounding faith, hope and desire to be someone worth while and to

do something worth while." Again he said, "Only a few of us cosn chisel our

names in Ic-rge letters but it is given to all of us to serve,"

Another spealcer gave us these beautif^il thoughts. Every hour of the

day is filled with opportunities to give ser'/icc - for service is giving, ^?e

must be faithful over a few things before we cozi become rulers over many things.

She ToeA us this verse so full of meaning p-nd bep.uty. "If your life is un-selfish - if for others you live, for not what you get but how much you cangive, if you live close to God in his irjfinite grace, you donH have to tellit, it shows in yo^'ur face." She referred to a speech by our President Hoovermade in 1922 when he said, "Tlierc is developing in our people a new valuationof individuals, and of groups and of nations. It is a rising vision ofservice,"

Our ideals of brotherhood and fair play urge us on to a fulfillmentof our dreams. It is with us, as Eipling says, "If you can dream and not mpJce

dreams yo-uT master," Drerjns of progress and unselfish love are our da,ily

a.ims to serve in a way far greater than we did yesterday.

We 4-H club members here at o"ar National Camp are sincere and eager to

look beyond the present into the future. ITe stand steadfast in our promise tomeet and conquer the problems of this life with persistence and unselfish love.Eaith in our God and oiir country ore our wide and far-reaching ideals, butseirvice to the present and our fellow beings is our close aim and striving.

17e of the 4-H clubs will not disappoint you. T7o stand ready to serve.Our pledge is strong, our ideals high, ojid our ambitions great. The inspira-tion we have gained from the work wo have in contact with life and beauty areever our councilors. We call upon God who guides us in our work and play, V.e

will not fail for we realize, "'Tis the torch that the people follow whoeverthe bearer be,"

^ Ik CHOOSING- THE RI(^-HT VOCATIQIT H

A radio tcalk ^7 Joe Brooks, Cmry Co^jnty, iTew Mexico ^ dcfli^red throi^l:]^ OT7RC and 42 otiicr radio stations associated TTith the iJational '

Bfo^TAcasxiii^jg^

CoI^Dr^^^, Jimo 23, 1931. /^-^.iM-fl^^ ^

Tlie mem"bers of the Fifth National 4-H Gluh Cainp liave discussed the choiTJif

of a vocation. From m;^^ onn vievjpoint I am interested in the raising of live-stock as a "business "because New Mexico, my present hone, is an ideal countryfor livestock raising. YIe have grass in the mountains and on the plains.Gra.ins including grain sorghums can "be produced cheaply on the plains. Byfeeding to cattle the available grass and gra.ins that are produced cheaply,^e get "better prices for cattle and grains.

The clu"b members at the J-'jnior Conferences at the camp have discussedsix points concerning the choice of a vocation. They are divided into twostages. In the first are self discover^/ and analysis of your own qualities,of 3''0cir skill, and aptitudes. By analyzing myself, and knowing my own a'bili-

ties, I find that I can do far "oetter in some lines than in others. Forexample in riiy 4-H club TTork I find th.':^.t I have been more successful and havewon more honors in my livestock projects than in any other project that I haveever completed. This shoTTs that I liavc taken more interest in livestock work.The second point is vocatione.l discovery and analysis, that is the- learning ofthe kind of skill required for success in different occupations. I havenoticed school teachers, county agents, clerks, etc., and from -vhp.t I Imow of

these vocations, I cm more interested in th-^ livestock raising whore I can cn-

joj the fresh air. The third point is the choosing of pji occupation whereyour omi skills and aptitudes can be used to the best advp.ntagc. I have al-waj's lived on a farm pjid in the heart of a livestock county. Under theseconditions it will be most profitable for mc to specialize in livestock grow-ing. -I find tliat the livestock raising is on the decrease and has been forthe past number of years. The amount of livestock needed will be on the

increase as the population grows. Therefore, I believe tha.t there will be avery good opening in the livestock industry in the near future. Tlie qurditiesof livestock raising in ITew Mexico look very profitable because of the largearea.s of grass land and the large production of grain sorghums that may be usedfor the feeding of livestock.

The second strgc consists of, first, preparation. In my high school and4-H club work I have studied and taLcen more interest in livestock raisingthan in any other project, I have not yet been to college and studied animalindustry, I feel that I have learned many of the principles of livestockraising in 4-H club work. I do expect to attend college ond. further preparemyself for livestock irork. The second point is finding a job. By studjring

and getting all of the information as far as possible, I find tliat the numberstudying and preparing for other vocations is greater thcan the number preparingfor livestock raising. Therefore, there is an opportunity in livestock rais-ing, Tlio third point is improving yourself on the job. In order to moke asuccess of a vocation one must improve himself and be an expert in the workhe intends to follow. The raising of livestock is something that I enjoy andI believe every one should choose a life work that he may enjoy. In the far

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7cst X7Q hcivo tliG s-uiishinc c^îd open spaces, in fcict the '.ôst is a nost ideal

place to enjoy fresh air and open spaces, pcrhr.ps nore so than in any other

section of the United States. I have considered these things in choosing la

"business. If one should choose a ousincss that did pay very high hut cculd

not enjoy the surroundings, ^Tâat enjoj^Tient r/ould he get out of life?

Of course you have your ottii abilities and liking r-jid therefore I an notsug;'scsting that all of you choose the business of livestoch ra.ising, hut "be

OJD. e:xiort in the husinesG or profession you intend to follow. The nan thatdoes not nrlzo himself an e:qjert in some line has no show in the world today.

LIVE-AT-HOMB CMCPAIG-IT Tj IIOR^H CAEOLIITA

A radio talk "by !• 0. SchauTD, Director of Extension Service,Uortli. Carolina State College of Agriculture, delivered through WEC and42 other radio stations associated T7ith the National Broadcasting Cor-ioanj?',

June: 27, 1931. . ^,.

;

' —oOo—'

. , ..a"To everything there is a season, and /time to every purpo'se under

the heayen."

The truth of this quotation from the third Chapter of Scclesiasteshas "been definitely exenrplified in our Live-at-Home Campaign in ITorth

Carolina. From the Civil "War period, to the present time, agriculturalleaders have advocated, and even preached the I'ive-at-home idea to our

'

people, "but with decidedly the majority of our farmers this advice hasfallen on deaf ea^rs. Thirty-cent tooacco and twenty-cent cotton were toogrea^t a temptation, and most of the effort and the best land went to

these groat cash crops. It was easy to use the income at those pricesto purchase flour ,from Wisconsin, corn from Iowa, hay from Kansas, meatfrom Chicago, canned goods from Indiana, and so on tlirough a. riultitude of prducts, to a value of some 250 million dollars annually. T7e built roads,

'

consolidated schools, took long vacations, and enjoyed ourselves immensely.

Unfortujiately, however, a.bout 1922 farm prices for our cash crops"began to decline, and by 1928 and '29 most farmers were not getting costof production for these crops. This condition not only left old obliga-tions -Djipaid, but in m.any cases it was the cause of growers having nofeed for their livestock,, no food for their families, and no money for *

providing these necessities. There were some instances of actual want.

At this period, His Excellency, G-ov. 0. Max G-ardner "began hisadministration and announced that one of his main objectives during hisperiod of office was to make ITorth Carolina rural life more satisfyingand profitable. To that end, even "before he was inaugurated, he calledtogether representatives of the College of Agriculture, State Departmentof Agriculture, farm, paper editors, and other agricultural leaders, to

develop a unified program and procedure. The opinion was unanimous,particularly during ihis emergency period, 'that the live-at-home idea, andso far as possihle, a self-sustaining agriculture was imperative. The

Agricultural Extension Service of State College was asked to prepare aprogram for the state with the Live-at-Home idea as the central theme.

Various committees of farm-ers and specialists, representing the differentphases of agriculture, were set to work to outline a program to "be sub-

mitted to the State Farmers* Convention in July. More than 2000 farmersand farm women came to this convention 'and spent four days going over' indetail the submitted program. This was then printed as a long-time, sta,te-

wide program.

This, meeting was followed "by the holding of similar meetings in

each county of the state, and still later by comm?an.ity meetings, wherecounty, and comrmuiity programs were developed and adopted. In manj^ countie's','

the 'Board of County Commissioners appropriated funds for pu"blishing countyprograms.

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Later in the fall G-ov. Gardner gave a "Live-at-Home" dinner atthe Executive Mansion, to T7hich vrere invited the editors of all the paperspuhlished in the state. Various groups vied with each other in furnish-ing home grovm products for 'tiiis dinner. One county furnished the turkeys;another, the flop;r; another, the milk and hutter, and so on, through anelaborate menu. More than 150 editors returned home well fed with homegrown products, and since that time have continually given wide publicityto the "Live-at-Home" program. County and home agents and local peopleheld similar live-at~homo dinners in more than 80 counties of the state.

At State College information was assembled to show in detail howeach county in the state stood with reference to growing its own foodand feed, how far it fell short, and approximately how much money it was

sending outside its borders for the purcliasing of supplies,. In the office

of the Agricultural Editor at the College articles embod^y^ing this informa-

tion were prepared and sent to the local papers. In practically everyinstance the local papers carried these articles "U-nabridged.

The school system of the state joined in the- canpaign* One weekwas set aside as Live-at-Home ^'^eek. Each day in every class room aperiod was devoted to a "Live-at-Home" program. Various speakers repre-

senting all the professions joined in the work. State-wide essay contests

on reasons for living at home were conducted through the schools, and more

than 1000 of the best essays were assembled, bound into several large

volumes and are now kept in the Governor's office. One interesting

incident in connection with this contest was that a negro girl won a state

prize, Wide use was made of a picture of Gov. Gardner standing between

the negro girl and a white boy who was also a winner.

For use in the schools a food and feed" budget giving the needs for

an adequate supply for one family for a year was prepared and printed.

On one side of the sheet was a table giving the amount of flour, meat, eggs,

vegetables, hay, grain, etc., reqp.ired for one person and one unit of

livestock. On the reverse side was a form for calculating the total

needed for each farm family based on this budget, and a special column to

enter the figures of the deficiency of that farm. Every high school

student in the state - more than 65,000 of them - was asked to work out this

problem for his oim farm ajid. carry the sheet home to his parents.

Bankers, supply merchants and others who supply production credit,

aided in the campaign. Previously the basis of credit was the number of

acres planted to cash crops. However, during 1930, and still more so this

year, production credit is based, first, on production of food for the

family and feed for the .livestock, and, second, on cotton, tobacco, or

other cash crops.

This gives a brief outline of the campaign. ITow the results?

In 1930 ITorth Carolina reduced its cotton by 246,000 acres, and

increased its corn by 245,000 acres, Oats were increased 29,600 acres;

hay and legumes were increased 187,000 acres; white and sweet potatoes,

47,000 acres; home gardens, 10,000 acres; sorghum for syrup, 10,000 acres;

hogs, 24,000 head, and dairy cows, 20,000 head. The value of the increase

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in food and feed crops gro^ during 1950 as compared with. 1929 Tvith.

lower values per unit, and daring one of the worst drouths ever experienced,amounted to $21,800,000. The Governor h-ad asked for an increase of

$15,000,000.

Actual figures for 1931 are not yet available, except for smallgrain, which increased over 1930 from 20^ in some crops, to 40^ in others.As regards home gardens, hsiy and feed crops, the verdict of puolicopinion expressed in all parts of the state is this: "We never saw so

many gardens or so rmich. feed. We will at least h^ve something to eat nextwinter."

Whether our people have really "broken a long established habit, or

whether they will return to cash crops as their sole means of living,only time will tell. We do l-oiow, however, that the effort was worth while,even though it develops into nothing greater than the concerted action of

a people to meet an emergency.

In closing permit me to sa^'- no individual or group working alonecould have brought aboui: whatever progress we have made. . It was due to

the united efforts of the press, the schools, the bankers: and otherbusiness interests, the agricultural college, the G-overnor, and the farmersthemselves, to make farming in Uorth Carolina a self-sustaining and asatisfying mode of life.

THE FIFTIETH AI\n:riirERSABY OF THE SOIL jTSP.TILITY PLOTS AT TEE PEMSYLVAITIA

STATE COLLEGE

A radio talk "b^ Dr. S. W. Fletcher, Vice Dean and Director of Research

Pennsylvania State Agricu.ltural College, delivered through TRC and 42 other

radio stations associated with the National Broadcasti:i|; Conpany, June 27,

1S31.

•oOo—

I have ju.st cone fron a "onique "birthda" party — the fiftiethanniversary of the soil fertility plots at The Pennsylvania State College,These are the oldest continuous soil fertility e:xperiments in America,second only to the classic experiments at Iiothaiiistead, England, ?7hich were"begun in 1843, Soil scientists from all parts of the United States andfrom Canada have been at State College for the past three days studyingthe res"alts of the various fertilizer treatments and exchanging views ontliat most iLiportant of all agricultural problems — how to maintain the

fertility of the soil. The occasion was shadowed by the absence of Dr.

Whitman Howard Jordan, for twenty-five years Director of the IJew York StateAgricultural Experiment Station, who established these plots in 1881, rhileProfessor of AgricultnTal Chemistry at The Pennsylvania State College. Hisname appears on the program, 'but he passed away on Hay 8, full of years andhonors. In recognition of his contribiition to agriculture tlirough the

initiation of this e:êriment, these plots will be laiown henceforth as the

Jordan Soil Fertility Plots.

Although the plots happen to be loca.ted in Pennsylvania, the profitableutilization of the results are not confined to that state. In man^^ respects,this experimental work has a national significance, especially to soilscientists who are conducting siirdlar studies in other states and on othersoil types.

The experiment comprises 144 one-eighth acre plots, arranged in fourtiers of thirty-six plots each. The soil is of limestone origin, mostlythe Plagerstown silt loam. The tjîcal Pennsylvania four-year rotation ofe&rn^—-ea;t^.,-TaaiQat and mixed clover and timothy is followed. Each of thesecrops is grown on one tier of plots every year. The fertilizers are appliedfor corn and wheat; the oa.ts and liay receive no direct fertilizer treatment,but have the benefit of the residual effects of the fertilizer applied to thecorn and wheat. All the fertilizers and manuiê used are analyzed. The cropof each plot is weighed and every effort is made to liaiidle all the plots alikeand at as nearly the same time as possible, in order tliat differences inyields may be fairly attributed to differences in fertilizer trea,tment. Thekeeping of the records for such an experiment is no light task; 12,000separate entries are required in recording the yields alone.

One of the most significant results of these experiments is the

convincing evidence that the fertility of this soil may be maintained by theuse of commercial fertilizers and lime, without the use of manure. Fiftyyears ago, when this experiment was begun, most farmers believed that manurewas indispensable to successful crop production. Plots which have not beenmanured for fifty years, but which have received certain commercial fertilizertreatments, have given as high average yields, and at somewhat lower cost, asthose which have been manured at the rate of six, eight or ten tons an acreevery other year. This should not be interpreted as minimizing the value of

manure, which continues to be one of the best and most lasting soil improvemeniB,

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when available; "but in this day of the autonolDile, tru.cli and tractor,'with a steadily decreasing number of horses and nrales on most farms —and some farms without any teazas or dairy stock. at .all — it is comfort-ing to kno\7 that manure is not indispensable,

A generation ago it uas thougiit that the soil could be kept ingood heart only by frequent applications of manure or by plowing underrye, clover, cow-peas or other crops, to a.dd their substance to the soil.This still is good farm practice, under certain conditions. These ex-periments have shoTTn, however, that it is possible to >:eep an average farmsoil in good heart merely by adding to it the roots and st^J.bbles of thecrop grown on it, provided the soil is so fertilized as to produce largecrops, and hence large crop residues. This is especially true if a sodis included in the rotation. It may not be trao on the lighter types ofsoil.

The paramount iinportance of lime in maintaining the fertility ofmost farm soils has been emphasized by these lolots. The benefits of

liming rrere slig'nt during the early years of the experiment,; but havebeen more and more in evidence as it }:as neared the half century mark,because of the increasing acidity of the soil on the Djilimed plots.Limo alone iias not maintained soil fertility; only when lime has beenapplied vrith coi-im.orcial fertilizers or manure has it been profita.blc.The valLie of liming in correcting soil acidity and thus making possiblea heavy growth of clover and the grasses, which are the main soi^Jrce of or-

ganic Liatter in the rota.tion, has been particularly marked. G-roijn.d lime-stone applied at the rate of two tons an acre every two years, and burntlime applied at the same rate every four years, have given practicallj'eojaivalent returns.

The numerous -plots devoted to a comparison of the rela.tive valueof the three most essential plant foods have revealed the paramount im-portance of phosphorus on this soil t,',^e. TThen used alone or in anycombination, phosphoras aJways has given a substantial increase in yield.

In all combinations, phosphorus has returned over eight dollars in crop

yields for every dollar spent for this plant food. Similar experimentsin other states indicate that this is the first need for most of the residualsoils of the United States.

ITeither nitrogen 'Hor potassium, applied either separately or together,

have had any appreciable irxfluence on yields, nitrogen least of all; but whenused with phosphorus, in a complete fertilizer, the yields have been equal to

those of the manured plots. On the same soil, however, potatoes, vegetablesand fruits are more likely to be benefited b^^ applications of nitrogen andpotassium than the hay and gra,in crops.

When this experiment was begun, fifty years ago, the soil was in

a good state of fertility. The best of the fertilizer treatments h^ve

maintained yields but have not increased them materially. During the past

ten years the yield of corn on the unfertilized plots lias averaged only

twenty bushels an acre; while the yields of the best fertilized plots have

averaged over sixty-five bushels an acre. In the same period, wheat has

averaged eight bushels an acre on the -onfertilized plots, and thirty bushels

on the best fertilized plots.

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Tlie value of long continued field experiments has been clearly

shovm by the Pennsylvania experiments. The longer the treatments are con-

tinued, the more reliable is the evidence. Moreover, the lengthening

years make the plots useful for many important studies on the structure,

organic matter, and flora of the soil which were not dreained of when the

work was beg-on.

The results of these pioneer soil fertility experiments have

special significance at this time. YJe are passing tlixough a trying period

in agriculture as well as in industry. A profitable agriculture is based

not only on ability to market the products at a fair price, but also on

ability to raise these products cheaply. Large yields, at a low cost of

production per unit, are fully as essential to success in farming as a well

organized marketing program. These experiments have helped many thousands

of farmers in Perjisylvania and other states to secure greater economy in

production, which is the first and most importtijit factor in successfulagriculture.

TiiThile it is appropriate that the soil fertility plots at The

Pennsylvania State College should receive special attention at this time,

on the occasion of their fiftieth anniversary, it must not be forgottenthat similar and equally useful experiments are being conducted at the

land grant colleges of most of the other states. The fertilizer plotsat the Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, l^Tew York and Rhode Island AgriculturalExperiment Stations are am-ong the oldest and most serviceable. The UnitedStates Department of Agriculture, also, has made many notable contri'Dutionsin this field, particu-larly tiirough its fundamental studies in soil science.

Agricultural research is supported for the most part, with publicfunds. This is justified on the ground of broad public interest.Agriculture is not only the foundation of the national wealth; it also is

concerned primarily with the production of human food, hence it is of

particular concern to the state. Furthermore, agriculture is not, andprobably never can be, centralized, as are other industries. It is con-ducted on scattered farm units of limited capital, none of which couldmaintain a research program, as do the centralized industries with theirlarge resources. According to a report of the national Research Council,the industries expend $15.00 for research for every $1000 of capitalinvested; agriculture expends 43 cents. If agriculture is to keep pacewith the expanding industrial life of the nation, it must strengthen itsprogram of research.

The Pennsylvania eiKperiment s, ajid similar research in other states,show that if farm soils are properly liandled they are indestr'j.ctible; thatthe so-called "worn out soils" of certain sections of our country are merelythe result of careless farming; that there is no good reason why the farmlands of the United States should not be fully as productive two thousandyears from now as they were when first brought under the plow. This is thegoal of the agricultural colleges and experiments stations a permanentagricult-'ore.

(A/ THE SIOUIFICMCE 0? SieGIITESRIHG IIT MODSRIT AGRICULTURE

A radio talk "by Dr* A. F. Woods, Director of Scientific iTork, deliveredthrough WRC and 42 other radio stations associated Tith the National Broad-casting Company, July 1, 1931.

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For more than two centuries the most essential materials of Americanlife have come from the fariis and forests — men and rromen, food, wood, fiher,and raw products of many kinds, constituting ahout 80 per cent of the "basic

needs of industry and commerce and essential to our whole social structure.

Life on our farms has not "been easy intellectually or physically. Thedifficult problems to he faced and the hard work to he done have, however, de-veloped hrain and physical stamina in the hoys and girls reared there. Herehas been the great reservoir on which we have drawn for leadership in everywalk of life. Out of this training school came the men who mechanized agri-culture by inventing improved plows, cultivators, harvesting machinery, trac-tors, using horse power, steam, gas, and electricity, •'jintil in the last 100years American agriculture has become the most efficient agriculture in theworld in production per worker.

From the standpoint of machinery and the use of power more progress hasbeen made in the last decades of this century than in all the years before.This greater use of power, coming with greater economics in its production andavailability, has lifted the heaviest burdens in land preparation, cultivation,harvesting, and handling, and has broijght into farm operation greater interest,along with increased production and lowered costs.

This is true a.lso of the farm home. Many of the drudgery features havebeen removed from the more progressive homos.

In all of this work various aspects of engineering are involved. Thewider and more effective utilizr.tion of labor-saving devices in the farm homecan be greatly promoted by the agricultural engineer working with the homodemonstration cgents, the women* s clubs, the Extension Service, the coijnty agentsojid v/ith the manufacturers of equipment in aiding adaptations to better meetfarm needs.

Bringing the cost within the reach of larger numbers and reduction ofoverhead for depreciation are among the linos of development most needed.

There is now a great intermediate group of farm families between thesuccessful farm operator and the so-called marginal land group, fighting alosing battle on lands not adapted to farming of the standard type. Much canbe done for this great intermediate group by helping them to effectivelyorganize their work, reduce wastes, and utilize opportunities now overlooked.

Here is a great field for the agricultiaral engineer, cooperating withthe county agents and agricf-ltural organizations. '7e must save the family-sized farm, not only for the sake of the family, but for the welfare of thenation.

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Multiplying the power and efficiency of the family throiigh the use of

machinery'', por/er, and better practices will "be one of the g-reatest possioleservices to these hone-loving farmers and to the welfare of the nation.

These home farms are far more important to America and the T7orld thanthe "factory farm" or the cooperative farm, though much can "be done to improvehiaman relations on these enterprises.

The marginal farms are not hopeless except as plaices to produce staple

crops, like corn, cotton, and ^heat. Usually these farms are located in areaswith soils not adapted for cultivation, such as is required for cotton and corn.

This may Le due to the nature of the soil, too ligrit or too hea^/y or too un-fertile, or the land may he too hilly or subject to erosion. In many of theseareas there are n-amerous small streams that in days gone by fed larger watercourses, marxy of them navigable by good-sized boats. In the days of water powerthese streams were utilized for power for grinding wheat and sawing wood. Thedeserted mills and washed-out dams still bear witness of tlie better days nowgone — where once was a thriving forest conserving the rainfall and prevent-ing erosion and furnishing income to a population who operated the mills,hunted, trapped, and fished, constructed boats, cultivated gardens, and in themost favorable localities grew a little com and wheat. These were happy a.nd

prosperous people compared with those who now occ"upy this land, devoid of trees,with eroded soils filling up the steems, promoting floods, destroying fish andgame, and constituting what wo may call rural sl'oms.

Can this sin against the nation, and especially against the poor peoplehave drifted there for a place to live, be corrected? It will take many yearsbut it can and must be done. A plan to do it has already been formulated andis in progress of execution.

Basically it is a problem for agricultural engineers cooperating withforesters, protectors and developers of game and fish, fur animals, and de-

velopers of special croDs adapted to s-'jch regions.

ITow with our timber s'opply so greatly depleted and the high costs of

transporting,sijpplies from distant regions and the rapi'dly increasing nnmber

of products availa.ble from forests, these areas may be made highly profitableand delightf-ol plaices to live.

Now nay I speak briefly about the more highly capitalized and mechanizedfarms which are increasing rapidly in number. These will doubtless produce the

bulk of staple crops, such as corn, cotton, wheat, and meat. They will in-crease to a size not yet determined, but somewhere between 3,000 and 10,000acres, so that the overhead for machinery can be most economically distributedand labor crji be utilized the year round. G-ood wages and comfortable homoswill be possible and those who ^ork these farms may look forward to as secoroa position in society as is now assured to the workers in our most forward-looking and well-managed corporations.

Here the ^agricultural engineer will find a great opportunity to show hissld.ll in 37-ery aspect of er^gineering.

If this type of farming is to be successful in the long run it must be

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organized most skillfully and scientifically and on a pcnaancnt l)o,sis, other-wise it Trill decline rrhen the natural conditions that made it possihle have"been destroyed.

Finally I wish to call your attention to the need of more systematizedresearch in the field of en^jineering, and the organization of the Bureau of

Agricultural Engineering in the Department of Agriculture is a recognition of

this need. It is not a new thing, "but has grown with the recognized needs of

engineering help in all aspects of Department work.

This has "been true also in the Land Grant Colleges and experiment sta-tions. Great progress has heen made there and 31 of the 48 institutions havealready organized engineering research. There is urgent need for its organ-ization along similar lines to the agricultural experiment stations. Greatprogress in this direction has already "been made.

Finally let me sa;^'" that we are now well started in a new and greaterepoch of development for agriculture. The new agriculture is not of the land-skimming type but of the conservation type. It is based on knowledge gainedby scientific surveys and land classification, the study of market needs andadaptations of production to meet these needs. There will be effective co-operation in production, grading, and. marketing. Wastes will be eliminated,costs redticed, quality and dependability increased, and profits increased.Producers, distributors, and cons-umers will all be benefited.

•

The outlook offers a challenge to fonward-looking young men and women,who want to do something worth while and build something for generations to

come.

OUH 4-H CLUBS

A radio talk by Lucille Jonos, Mercer Co-unty, Ohio, delivered throughIRC and 46 other radio stations associated with the National BroadcastingCompany, Friday, July 3, 1931.

I an very glad to he one of the people to represent Ohio in thisBroadcast, I "belong to the Sewing Sisters Cluh of Port Recovery in MercerCounty. Fort Recovery, if you remeinber your history, is a very historicalplace.

The conmanity in which I live is an average farm coimrnmity in WestemOhio, gro\7ing average farm crops*

4--H cluh work was first organized in our ccimnunity in 1924« At thattime, two clubs were organized, the boy*s club and one for the girls. Twenty-four members enrolled in the two clubs • The girls started the work with thecan.ning project and almost immediately the new method of cold pack canningwas adopted in the community. The boys took up livestock work. Since thattime we have had Food, Clothing, Room Arrangement, Livestock, Crops, Vegetable,and Fl0T;er projects. This has given us a variety of very interesting work.

This year, we have six clubs in our comra-Jiiity with an enrollment ofseventy«five boys and girls. We hope to have 100^ clubs and a better clubseason tlian ever before in Ivlercor Co-unty.

Our club meetings are held in the same manner as other 4-H clubmeetings. After our basiness meeting, we have an hour for work to get allthe help from the leader and other girls in the group that we can. Thencomes the recreation period and social activities. This part of the meetingwe enjoy very much. At this time, we learn to play and cooperate togetherin a way we could not do if it v;ere not for the 4^H club. In fact, we findmach better work is done when there are others with which to compete.

As members of the clubs, the boys and girls learn to work and play to-gether which better prepares them for later life when they must cooperate asa community. The club work has drawn the community together so that they areworking and playing together. As a result of the clothing club, our communityis more suitably and becomingly dressed.

Everyone in the community is trying to live up to the 4 h's: Health,Heart, Head, and Hand. This, I feel, is directly due to the 4-.H club work.

Ocy: work has won us other distinctions that have reached farther than

our community and county. In 1928, our boy's juc^ingteam won first place atthe Ohio State Fair and received the trip to Memphis, Tennessee. The girlssent a demonstration team to the State Fair in 1929.

I have enjoyed club work very mach and have been greatly benefittedby it. I urge every boy and girl listening to join a 4~H club. It lias muchin store for you.

4-E CLUBS iLND THE COMMUNITY

A radio talk by Mrs... Benjanin McCarty, AiJglaize Coimty, Ohio, deliveredthrough MO and 46 other radio stations associated v/ith the National Broad-casting Company, -Priday, JTily 3, 1931,

When we think of ten years, it seems a long time, "bat as we- look backover the past ten, busy years, it seems to have passed very quickly. In thepassing have I as a Club leader, accomplished any good for inyself , my girls,and my conLiunity? v ; ..

First, what have those ten years meant to me - life has been richer,fuller, broader because of my association with those youngsters. I havelearned to be mCre patient, tactful, sympathetic, X. have gained confidencein myself and others. I ^vo a greater understanding of youth and so feeltliat becarase of this experience I am a Isefter mother to my children, a betterhelpmate to my husband and a better citizen of my comma'ni;ty» ">0f course,, ithas meant that many times' household duties have been neglected, hours thatmight have been spent in leisure have been busy ones vdtli the girls and I

have given up many pleasures but at tliat, I ha'^ no regrets—» I am the gainerand am enjoying ray w'ork with the girls as much as ever this year.

Second, what has Club work meant to the girls? As I think back, I

recall that some 'of the girls drew the inspiration for their life's work frombeing in the 4^H club, and have fitted, and are fitting themselves for usefulservice as home demonstration agents and home economics teachers. One of our^rls has this 'year graduated from Ohio State University having worked so

faithfully that she von a scholarship during -her course and i s now planningto bo a home demonstration agent. We believe she is going to do much goodfor others. Some are now wives and mothers. . We believe they are more effi-cient for the training received in the club. Fifteen from this community liave

won enjoyable trips to represent Aaglaize County at the State Fair and StateClub Congress. All have learned many thJ.ngs tliat will make life easier forthem, not only in' their homely tasks of sewing, darning, and mending, but al-so in their relations with other people j since club work teaches a greaterregard for the feelings of others; to bp good losers as well as gainers; to

believe that all honest labor is honorable; and to feel that anything worthdoing is worth doing well. The girls have not only learned to v/ork but toplay and we feel that to be able to play successfully is almost as importantas to be able to work successfully. One who has been trained in good sport-mansliip in play is bound to be able to ' Tdthstand the ;jolts of after-life withbetter grace than one who has not been trained in the club spirit*

A comanity is made up of many individuals and tliat which benefitsmany of the individuals can not help but benefit the community. Let us thinkof some of the principles taught in fourw-H club work. The motto is "To Makethe Best Better". The colors green, emblematic of spilngtime, life, andyouth; and white, the emblem of purity. The emblem of the four leaf cloverwith an "H" on eadi leaf symbolizes the Head, Heart, Hands, and Health. Thepledge -

My head to clearer tliinMngIJly heart to greater loyaltyMy hands to larger service

• • .' My health to "better livirxg for ny cli323,

ny conrjimity, and uy coimtry.

By using sono of their sTonnier leisure tine in 4-.H club work, "boys

and girls learn better practices in hone econocics and agriculture, a lovefor the coninon tasks of life, a greater appreciation of the "beauties ofnature, and in fact, develop into wholosone, industrious, pu"blic-spirited,self-reliant "boys a:id girls who v/ill "be the sane ld.nd of citizens of to-norro;7e We "believe boys and girls trained Tvlth those ideals can not help"brut "bo a great asset to any conr-iunity and I an glad to have had the opportu-nity to help in ny snail way in tliis work,

I have not hocn alone in this vrark in ny connunity. Mrs, OscarKurtz has assisted no for five years. Her hus"band has boon a leader of aboy's club for tliree years. This year it enrolls thirty-one boys,

Mrs, Ada SMnner, a leader for nine years, has written the poen withwhich I will closes

. The hunble task, however snail,Is worth doing well if dcaie at all.The hunblcst child in all the earthMay sone day bocono a nan of worth,

> - .'!'..

':

•• Each has its place in G-od's great plan, - :

The child of today is tonorrow's nan, .

~ .So train th(2rx well and you little knowEow far o'er the earth your work will go,

' Like bread that is on the water cast.It will cone, back to bless you at the last.So tliink not your tine is idly spentBut only for the world's good lent,

For the greatest need of this old earthIs nen of courage and wonen of worth;i7illing to work in the tliick of the strife.Courage to do the things tliat are right.

CV 4^ji,,6llB. PL|jj^fe ^ 6iSR COUNTRY"

A radio talk "by Ernest Stanford, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, deliveredthrough 43 associated radio stations of the National Broadcasting Company,Erida;^'-* July 3, 1931.

Our 4-H cluh pledge, to me expresses the real spirit of the Fourth ofJuly. I7e 4-H nembers pledge the development of our heads, our hearts, ourhands and oui^ health for the service of our clubs, our community and our coun-try. G-ood citizenship in this way is the highest ideal of every 4-H club mem-ber,

I owe much to club work because it has helped me to appreciate my ownhome* It has brought me the real partnership with father and mother and givenme a share in its responsibilities

•

I belong to the Live Ylire 4-H Club of Blue Earth County, Hinnesotajwhich has a membership of « The friendship of these other club membersand all other boys a.ui girls I have met at county. State and National events isone of the finest prizes I have won by being a club member

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The 4r-H's of club work help us boys and girls to appreciate that goodcitizenship also recplres well developed bodies. The 4th H is helping us dothat a

Our county agent helped us organize our club seven years ago, when I be-came a member, taking the da.iry and poultry projects*. I have continued theseprojects until now. One result of the work is that I have a very fine flock ofstandard bred Barred Rocks, which are bringing me a nice little income. Theyhave also won for me many wonderful educational trips to county. State and Na-tional 4-H club events. The prize which I appreciate the most, however, is ascholarship awarded me, which will make it possible for me to go to college.So you seo mj^ Barred Plymouth Rocks are helping me get a college education.

It's a wonderful thrill to win, but it's a great lesson to lose so thatwe can overcome our difficulties; 4r-E work gives us a chance at both.

Eour-?I club work hn,s taught me that working with dairy cattle, poultryand farm crops can be made a very interesting game, if you become thoroughlyinterested and have some real objectives to work for,

Tlie opportunity to bo a member of a judging and a demonstration teamgave mo a cha.nce t^ learn how important team work is for success. I,iy teant-

mate did a lot for me. Our leader tolls us that team work is one of thestrong qualities of good citizenship. There was real pleasure in winningchampionship with our demonstration on "selecting, fitting and showing poul-try" at the National Dairj^ Exposition; but there was more real satisfaction tobe able to do our poultry'- work better at home becouse of the experience gainedthrough the demonstration.

My 4r-H work has given me a chance to act as assistant of the poultrydepartment at our coionty fair, where I could encourage and help other 4-H clubmembers.

(over)

Our club mGrntiers oxc trying to .mflcG our homos, lir-ppier ."by eacll one tak-ing- a little of the responsibility of the, home and by helping to im.prove ther/ay ^e raise our crops and livestock, ^e are trying to nrJko ov.t community"better by learning to rrork .vith our neighbors and by helping to provide worthvrhile comiminity activities through our club programs.

•It seems to me that 'jhen we 4-H club members give our pledge, dedicatingo-'or heads to clearer thinld.ng, our hearts to greater loyalty, O'or hands ^ to lar-ger service and our health to better living, for our clubs, our communities ojid

our country, and then through our projects and clubs get results, xtq are prac-ticing good citizenship.

Y)FRUITS MP VEG-STA3LES

A radio talk by 0. W. Holmes, Federal-California Martet ^^s^Service

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delivered in the Department of Agricrulture period of the T7eltern FQ,^m)an^93t "

Home Hour, Friday, July 3, 1931, through Station KG-O and se^enr^lmer radiostations associated with the Pa.cific Division, National Broad^^l^^j^m^afe^;^ 2"'

Good Afternoon Everyone:

Tlie outstanding event of the past week has been the terrible scorchingheat in majoy parts of the country, particularly the middlewest. The prolongeddrought, c'l^ccorrrpanying the heat, is having a very hannful effect on crops invarious sections. However, in spite of these adverse conditions the totalcarlot movement of principal fruits and vegetables increased greatly lastweek to a daily average of four thousand five hundred cars, which was some-what heavier than for the same period a year ago.

Watermelons exceeded all other products with a daily average of 1,200cars, although potatoes v/ere a close second with about 1,000 cars each day.It is encouraging to know that warm weather has stimulated the demand for allkinds of fruits a.nd melons. There was also an active call for euch productsas lettuce and toma.toes.

California pear shipments ha,ve increased to 110 ca,rs da.ily. 3y thistime last year the pear sea,son had scarcely begun. Now York City reportedsuction sales of $3.25 to $4.25 for the best Dartletts with an a,verage of

$3,29« Chicago averaged $2,55 on nearly 7,000 boxes of Dartletts, while the

average on a small number of boxes e.t Philadelphia was $3,20. Plums andprunes were still averaging 60 cars daily.

The lemon shipments were about at their peak with 100 cars per day.California oranges had the market a.lmost to themselves, as Florida ora,nge

movement neared an end. Shipments of grapefruit totalled only 10 cars dailyfron Florida and Ca,lifornia together, but arrivals from Porto Rico incroa,sed

greatly. In this connection, it is of interest to note that the Federalshipping point inspection service on Porto Rican grapefruit is meeting withmuch favor.

The source of the cherry supply ha-s shifted to the northwest withabout 10 to 20 cars moving da,ily, in spite of the serious damage to the cropresulting from prolonged rains dujring mid-June. Cherries have also begun to

move from Utah,

The grr.pe movement from CrJifornia has been much heavier than a yearago with for\7ardings already totaling 25 cars daily and, I might also mentionthat the Arizona grc?pc season has just opened.

California was shipping about five cars of new crop apples each daybut the bulk of the supply of this fruit recently has been from Illinois,

Apples from cold storage were coming mainly from the State of Washington,

Exporters of apples should bear in mind that the British apple order of last

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yGc?,r has been mado pcrmpjient. This order excludes from Grep.t Britain anyboxed apples below the fancy grade between July 7 and l\Tovomber 15. Anotheritem of inrportance to exporters of citru-s fruits, if you have not alreadyheard it, is the duty of Z5(^ per cubic foot placed by Canada on all orangesexcept those fron British countries. This means th-at the duty will aiaount to

about 64:(p on each box of oranges from California and 70^ on Florida boxes.By the wa,y, the annur.l distribution tables for Florida citrus fruits are nowava.ila,ble from ^feshington. These tables show the destinations of most carsof each kind of citrus fruit during the past season, and about 67,000 carloadsare covered by this si:a:xiary.

While talking about smimaries of recent shipping seasons - our SanFrancisco office, of which your speplcer is the Local Eeprescntativc, now hasavailable mimeographed smimaries of the 1930 season for California peaches,pears, plums and prunes. These may be had free upon request by addressing acard to Room 1, Ferry Building, San Francisco, or to the station to ^/Tliich youare listening. The Portland office of the Bureau of Agricultural Economicshas also issued special summaries on Northwestern celery and green peas, whileour Seattle office h9,s similar sui-.Tmaries on !^ashington lettuce and asparagus.

The most striking feature lately in the western ca,rlot movement has beenthe heavy output of melons from Imperial Valley. On one day about 740 carsmoved from the Valley. These included vra,termelons, cantaloupes, honeydows,and simila,r melons. Tlio ca,sh track price of cantaloupes in the Imperial Va,llej

and in Arizona had dropped to the low point of 75^ per standard crate of 45melons* Arizona cantaloupe shipments are now exceeding those from California.Prices on watermelons were down to less than $100.00 per carload in theImperial Valley, but recently advanced slightly. The southeastern watermelonseason is at its height this week with 1,000 cars moving daily from Georgiaand Florida together. Texas also is p.ctive in the movement of watermelons.Shipping point prices in southern G-oorgia were as low as $85 per carload.

The movement of potatoes recently lias been very heavy, pa,rticularly in

Virginia and Oklahoma. The f.o.b, ma.rket on Eastern Shore of Virginia saggedagain to $1.75 per stave barrel of Cobblers. Shippers of Bliss Tri-umph

potatoes in Oklahoma and Arkansa.s were getting as little as 65(p per c^rfc, during

the height of the season, while the Sh-r?„fter district in southern Californip.reported growers receiving only 55^ per cwt. on Long IThitos. There seems to

be a great surplus of potatoes nearly everywhere ejnd. the shipping season is

now opening in Washington and in soiithwe stern Idalio.

Such a scarcity of good lettuce recently occurred in terminal marketstha.t crates of western stock liave been jobbing a,s high as $6.00, but the

movement is again increasing in California, Washington and other western stateswith a resultant decline in prices at shipping points.

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I ^ jy^ 9 9 19

A radio talk "by 0,W. Holnes, Eodcral-CalifDrnia Mdr^fcd^ltef/f'

Service, dolivcrod in the Dopartnent of- Agriculturo period of the

Western Fam and Hone Hour, Friday July 10, 1931, tlirousli Station KOO

and seven other radio stations cissocieuted with the Pacific Division,

national Bi'oadcasting Co.

Well folks, Mgh tenperatufes and groat humidity during the past

week continued to nake nest of the country sv/elter. More reports arc

being received of the damage to crops from the intense heat and from

drought. • Some products are "bound to "be in lighter supply than at first

expected and the size of Liany tree fruits \7i 11 Tdc smaller tlian dosira^blo,.

Sunless rains come very soon.

j\n interesting ca„se of nixed conditions lias "been reported in

Idaho. Heavy rains caused serious damage to the cherry crop in the

northern part of Idaho, appro3im£i.tely fifty per cent daxiage accordingto local report. In the southern part , of the state, however, a goodcrop of cherries was harvested and some growers received as much as

12^ per Ih. not for Tings and lai-iherts. In this case, Southern Idal'

evidently profited by northern Idalio's loss.

no

Cohhler potatoes arc now moving from the early section of Idahovdth first offers by local dealers around $1.00 per cwt. A heavy movementis Gxpected tliis;month.

r The • spring season for green peas in Idaho met with disaster,because of the generally low prices roceived. Many growers left halfof their crop in the fields unliarvested.

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To cl:iajige the subject rather abruptly, here is an interestingexample of ttie effect of a h-ighor tariff ra.te established by Canada,You Iciow the' Canadian duty on fresh tomatoes was increased about tendays ago to 6^ per lb. Well, over in Central Mississippi where tomatoes *.

were running heavily to -small sizes, there was a very active movementto Canada just before the Mgher tariff rates went into effect. Butby July 1st, that market outlet for small -sized stock wa>,s practicallyclosed a,nd the end of the Mississippi season was very disappointing,Tennessee is now sliiprjing more tomatoes than any other sta.te and pricesof lug boxes have declined to a.bout 85^ around Humboldt.

lettuce prices at Central California shipping points liave beenfluctuating rapidly. Last week the cash track majrket was down to $1.50to $2.00 per crate but recently the price has advanced to a range of 02.00to $2,35, with an active demajid for good stock. Western Washingtonshippers v/ere getting $2.00 or more. ITew York Big Boston lettuce, whichsells in city markets at 50^ to $1.15 per crate of two dozen heads, isnow competing more actively with western Iceberg type, wliich jobs at$3.00 to $5.50 per crateof 4 to 5 dozen heads. Uew York recently hasbeen shipping 40 cars daily of this Big Boston lettuce, v/hile the T/estem

over

output of Ico'bcrG typo increased to 100 cars oach day.

The ciddlo v/ost is not the only part of tho country which has'

suffered fron the intense heat. Doivn.in the Salt River Valley of Arizona,nasiniun temperatures liave reached 110 degrees, so that the cantaloupe vinesY/ere seriously danaged and nest of the Arizona cantaloupe sMp:icnts wereconpletcd last week. The season in this sta.te was very early aLid the cropwill soon all be narkcted, after which Central California \7ill beconevery active. However, Arizona cantaloupe sMppers took advajitage of

the fact tliat Irporial Valley had finished and the Arizona novenentearly tliis week increased tenporarily to about 200 cars c'taily. Cashtrack prices in both a.reas advanced recently to $1,00 per crate of 45

nelons, after having been at a nuch lower level o In general the cantal-oupe deals in Inperial Valley and Arizona have been very unprofitable thisyear. More than 13,000 cars of camtaloupes novcd fron the Inperial Valley,besides the excoptionaJly heavy sMpnonts of other nelons. The InperialValley watemelon season is h-astening to a close with 4,000 cars alreadyship;^.ed and the cash track prices dov;n again to the low nark of $85,00per carload. The G-eorgia n-arket lias boon vjcek. at $100 to $200 per car-load, Waternelons still exceeded any other individual product withrespect to carlot forwardings, but shipnents last week decreased to

5,100 cars. Dry weather was tending to reduce the southeastern crop butG-eorgia and Florida together still no^ed 700 cars of wa.tomelons daily.

The nore inportant varieties of peaches are now begiixiing to

novo fron G-eorgia with the first cars of Elbortas expected next week.Peach prices liave. becsi wol 1 nadntained for good size fruit.

With the closing of tho potato season in OldLaliona and Uorth Carolina,the foi-wardings of thJ.s crop dropped last week to about 700 cars each day,nost of wMch were fron Virginia. SMpping point prices strengthenedsonev/lmt, but were still less tlian $2.00 per barrel on the eastern shore,Missouri Cobblers of U.S. Hunbor one quality, but of one and one-half inchr-iinimm size, were starting at $1,50 -1,65 per hundred pound sack, whichwas a rather encouraging level. The potato sMpping season is about to

open in Kansas and Kentucky also. By the way, the first production reporton the total crop of potatoes was released in WasMngton this Friday after-noon at 3:00 o^clock and there were also crop foreoa.sts on sv/eet potatoes,apples, as well as other fiuits. These production estina.tes nay effectthe trend of prices during the next few weeks. So, v/atch for the cropreports. Well, that is all for thJLs tine.

R E C '

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* JUL? / m]

A. radio talk prepared "by Edgar Marldian, Assistr?irt "tu"' Clloin-Jcui'

and in cliarge of Press Relations, Federal Pam Board, and deliverediDy R. H. Lanb, western progran director, Office of Infomation, UnitedStates Deprxtnent of Agricultiore, in the Departnent period of the

Western Pam ond Hone Hour Monday, July 13, 1931, through Station KGO ojid

seven other stations as'-ociatod Tdth the Pacific Division, National Broad-casting Conpany.

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Repljdng to qaostions asked at the Federal Farn Board* s pressconference last Friday, Mr, Carl Willians told Washington correspondentsthat requests had heon received fron tliroo exchanges and a cotton ^.oumalfor a statonent concerning the Board's viev/s on the handling after July 1,

of the 1,300,000 bales of cotton now held "by the Cotton StabilizationCorporation at How Orleans. Under the policy announced last Septenherthe Corporation stated that the stabilization holdings would bo maintainedthjToughout the present cotton season wliich ends July 31, 1931, Unlessthe price in the neantinc advances to or above the purcliasc price, Mr, •

Willians said Friday, it is due the tra.de, the famers and the mills ofthe nation that some further policy be stated by the '.Board,' As to exactlywhen wo will got to that statement, I am not prepared to say.

Last Friday S • H. Thompson, a new member of the Farm Board deliveredan address before farmers and business men who were attending the Famand Home Field Day meeting held at the South Dakota State Col lego,Brcokings,South Dalcota, He told farmers how they can put themselves in a positionto be aided by the Fam Board, He told business D.on that they cannotremain aloof unmindful of, or indifferent to, the farmer or his problems,and to the prograr.i being developed tmdcr the Agricultural Marketing Act.He urged them to support farmers in their efforts to benefit tha.asolvestliru organized marketing and distribution of their products

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The Federal Farm Board lias anno-uncod the appointment of Cliarles S,Brown of Arizona, as a field representative. Ho will familiarize famerswith the Board's efforts to aid in the development of co-operative market-ing organizations. Some of his time m.11 be spent in addressing publicmeetings. Mr. Brown lias boon active in Fam organization work for more thanfifteen years.

The National Fruit and Vegetable Excliange, Incorporated, opened itstemporary office in Cliicago a few days ago, according to infon:mtion sentto the Federal Farm Board by A.B. Lecpor, President of this new NationalCo-operative Sales Agency. Tlie temporary boa.rd of directors found Chica.go

the most convenient place to open an office for organization purposes,Perr-ianent headqimrters of the Bxch^ige liave not been selected. During thenext few months fruit and vegetable growers may reach officials of tliis

organization by writing to the lTationai3rult ond Vegetable Exchange, Inc.,at 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois, The Exch-ango is theeighth national famer ovmed and controlled marketing agency establishedby cowoperatives with the assistance of the Fam Board.

TEES WISEE t^TH THE FA^^ BOARD:

GENERAL CROP PROSPECTS, JULY 1

A radio taJk iDy W« E. Callcndar, chairman, Ecdcra^

ing Board, dolivorcd Monday, July 13, in tho Dopartmont o,

period, National Earm and Homo Hour, througji 43 associatomo

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On Eriday and Satrurday of last week tho Crop Reporting Board issuedits first general crop report of the season covering the acreage of practi-cally all crops and a forocavSt of the production of all important cropsexcept cotton.

This seems likely to be a season of rather moderate crop productionmth sharp shifts hetweon crops and marked differoncos in conditions in the

various producing areas. With the exception of:' the area from Illinois oast,

and smaller areas in tho far Southwest and Northwest, drought and heat havedried pastures, reduced milk production and caused a general reduction inprospects for hay crops. In more limited areas centering on western NorthDakota, eastern Montana and northern G-corgia extreme drought has reducedlocal prospects for all growing crops and will prohahly cause a slight re-duction in the total crop acreage harvested in tho country as a whole. Aconsiderable acreage has already boai abandoned in the Montana^*North Dakotaarea. On. the other hand a heavy crop of winter wheat is being harvested,fruit crops seems likely to be well above average and supplies of oommercialtruck crops will probably continue to be fairly liberal. The July 1 averageof crop conditions is about 2 per cent higher than at this time last yearand between 1 and 2 per cent lower than the July 1 average during the proviots

10 years. The volume of crops finally harvested is still largely dependenton how corn, cotton, potatoes, tobacco and other late crops are affected byweather conditions during the next throe or four months.

After making some allowance for abandonment in prospect, the com-bined acreage . of important crops remaining for harvest in the United Stateson July 1, 1931 is estimated at 360,784,000 acres which is 99.8 per cent oftho 361,589,000 acres of these same crops harvested in 1930t

Slight declines in the combined acreage of crops in 1931 comparedwith 1930 are shown in the North Atlantic, Middle Atlantic, and in some ofthe South Atlantic States. Little change is shown in Iowa, Wisconsin, andMinnesota, Wasliington and Oregon. Small increases occurred in tho group ofstates from Ohio to Missouri. An expansion of about 2 per cent took placein tho Plains States from South Dakota to Texas. Sh^rp decreases of 12 percent in North Dakota and of 17 per cent in Montana were, due chiefly to

drouglit. Other Western States show dccrea.sos up to 5 per cent because ofshortage of irrigation water.

Of the major crops, the principal increases in acreage this seasonarc corn, 4.1 per cent; oats, 2.8 per cent; tane liay, 0.9 per cent; potatoes,10.7 por cent; and sweet potatoes, 20.5 per cent, v/hilc wheat decreased4.7 per cent; cotton, 10.0 per cent; barley, 1.0 per cent; flax, 15,2 percent; tobacco, 1,0 per cent and wild hay, 3,8 per cent.

Ike TOBE. wKr.H the fabia boapd« LIBRARY

A ra.dio talk prcparod by Edgar Harldianj Assistant tcJlxK

cliargG of press relations, Federal Prjrn Board, delivered bythe Departnent of Agriculture, period of the Western Hone aJd^'FciS^^W Ai,-noaruir^

Monday July 20, 1931, tlirough Station KGO and seven other sfa^-£irLS_^ssociatedmth the Pacific Division, I'lational Broadcasting Conpany.

Chaiman Stone issued the follovring statement Friday in response toquestions of newspaper correspondents at the Wasliington office Tlmrsday noon:

"I stated tliat the Grain Stabilization Corporation has not sold asingle bushel of wheat in the southwest in conpotition ivith faniers riarketingthe new crop: that all sales nade in that section ito nect nill or storagercquircnents since the new crop began noving have been replaced with purchasesof an equal onount of other wheat in the northwest spring wheat section.Sone few sales have been i::a,de* to idLlls that lia.d to hrve spring wheat in orderto continue their nil ling operr.tions, but these were nade only after thenill lia.d notified the Stabilization Corporation in \7riting tliat it would liave

to close dovm unless it got old spring whea.t to take care of its niliing ro-quirenents. These snail sales in no way conpete with the price of the newliard winter 7/heat being r^rketed in the southwest,. I stated further tliat thefarn boojrd is doing and will continue to do everything it can under the lawto help farners neet their present difficult situation. Any published re-ports giving contrary view to ny expression Imvo no foundation in fact."

The Fam Board liad a birthday Wednesday—it was two j^ears old. Inthe pa.st two yeajsthe Board has had to deal with nany energency probi ens,but its najor efforts liave been centered on the long tine progran for thebettemont of agriculture v/liich Congress loi-d dom in the AgricolturalMarketing Act. Tliis program calls for cooperative action by famors on anational scale. It is intended to put famers in position where they, tlnrough

organized narketing and adjustment of production to probable consuLier-denand,

will liave sonetMng to say a.bout wliat they get for their products. One of

the duties inposcd on the Board by Congress is to help famers organize.Mnthe short tine since it was created, the Board feels tha.t substantial progresslias been naxle in developing anational cooperative program. Surveys showtliat the nenbersliip of large scale cooperatives and the volume of productshandled have increased about thirty per cent. The number of farners belong-ing to local cooperative associations of wliich there are nearly 12,000 lias

increased aboLit six per cent in tliat period. Coopera.tives , with the aid of

the Board, ha.ve set up n'ational cooperative sales agencies for eight connod-ities, including grain, live stock, wool, and noliair, cotton, fr-oits andvegeta.blcs, pecans, dried beans and sugax beets. A considerable number of

regional narketing associations liave been fomed in other connoditics.National organization is the objective for aJLl conmodities produced on a.

nationaJ scale.

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^^^-'vôirAUGi

193^SCIMCE GOES TO WOSK PIT THE FARM

A radio talk "by Dr. T. B. Symons, Director,. Ex^nuroKriê3;y4ceÛniversity of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, delivered thiôtigh WHOand 50 other radio stations associated with the ^National .Broadcasting

Conrpany, Saturday, July 25,. : 1931 • . ;.,

LADIES MD GEiiraLEra^;(iF;.^ '

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As' Secretary of the:;Radio CoiiMttee of the Land Grant Association,I am pleascdto annoimce a new series of radio programs, which will be"broadcast from a net^work of about fifty stations on the fourth Saturdayof each month at ^ this ho-or •"^'•-•^

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- These programs wij.l "present important pKgises of the work that is,

being done by the Extension .-Service of the United States Department ofiVgricult-ure, and the Land Grant InStitutionsy Each program mil includeabout four short talks by outstanding leaders, and, in addition, a pro-gram of muLsic will be played by the United States Army Band, Speakersmil include members of, the staff and specialists from both the FederalExtension Service and the Extension Services of the several States*County Agents, .Home Demo i-strati on Agents, local leaders and farmers andhomemakers who have had distinct success in. some phase of agriculture andhome life, will discuss topics upon which they are most able to speak mthauthority. Thus, an effort will be made through this cooperative arrange-ment to give the radio listeners up-to-date ihformation on Extension acti«vitics and results, and acquaint them with the splendid developments in thisimportant field of education.

We -are indebted to the National Broadcasting Company for placingits wonderful facilities at the disposal of the cooperative agencies andmaking tliis program possible. Did you ever stop to think how radio, bythe Joining together of many individual stations throughout the country,is demonstrating to the world the effectiveness of cooperative action?

Effective Extension work i s dependent upon the working together ofa wide variety of agencies. Indeed, the very spirit of Extension is co-operation aad service. During the last seventeen years, since the Federaland State Extension v/ork has been in progress, wonders have been accomplishedin rural Anerica. I cannot stop to cite in detail, or even enumerate themany accomplishments, «- suffice it to say that its influence and the valueand extent of its services are continually increasing and being utilizedby greater numbers of people. At the present stage of its development,there is at least one trained worker in each of more than two«thirds of thecoimties in the United States. And these, who arc on the firing line to

render personal service, arc backed up by the staffs of specialists, bothState and Federal, Immeasurable assistance has been given by Extensionworkers in the organization of farmers by comcjimities and by commoditygroups, in the improvement of marketing facili^fciesr'and agencies^ in all

plaases of production^" and" in .manifold .lilies of activity affecting home andconmmity life.

In Maryland^ oiir people af.e .Ibolsing to the County Agents, HomeDemonstration Agents and Specialists to help them through the present de«pressed situation. J f, there ever was a time when these agencies couldassist rural people, it is now, when .farmers are seeking earnestly to

adapt their operations to the changed conditions, are trying to work outsystems of farm management that- wi-11- increase their net incomes, lessenthe cost of production, and enable them to market their products more ef-

ficiently than ever hefore. It is now, when homemakers need the assistanceof well-trained Extension jfprkeTs to laid. them in Dztending their limited"budgets for food and clothing and at the same time maintain the health of

.the family., ;,

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It i^, now-tiiat pur Extension Services througlaout the land mast ex-ert every effort to render the greatest service to our people. We areliving in a new and constantly changing world. Conditions today are dif-ferent from the conditions existing yesterday, and tomorrow wo must facea different set- of conditions. Our success depends upon the adaptation ofourselves, our efforts ajjd our operations to the conditions surrounding us,and we 'nood all the assistaiice. that science and practical experience canoffer for improving our Tmsiness and our mode lof life. Extension v/ork isconstantly bringing to the farm and into the faxm hame the latest resultsof scientific research and also the results of practical experience, and.it presents these results in .usable, workable fom,

.1 am an optimist when considering the future of agriculture in thiscountry. The people must be fed. It Is the farmer who cooperates withliis Extension forces who will be the success of the future,

I am delighted that the Federal ajid' State Extension forces haveentered into this cooperative effort to give the folks on the farm and in

the, farm homes of the co-cmtry the very best in the way of interesting andhelpful radio programs that they can Jointly arrang-e; I hope that youwill mark this ho-ar on the fourth Saturday, of each month in such a way thatyou will be certain to tune in for tliis program.

SCIMCS GOES TO TTORK lU THE HOI.IE Library^R E C F

V\0^ A radio talk by Mrs. Jane S. McKimmon, State Home l|em?^s4fc'4ti.on jA^nt,Assistant Director of Extension, Raleigh, North Carolina, fdelivered throiii^h

17RC and 50 other radio stations associated with the Ilatioi

Conrpany, Satirrday, July 25, 1931.

There never was anything more depressing than the old adage "Man worksfrom s-un to sun, hut woman's work is never done." One could think of nothinghut a drab creature going from sunrise to be6.time in a hopeless round ofdrudgery contribviting to the needs of the family only in a material way andsinking under the burden.

You do not hear this adage quoted so frequently in the country today,for science has gone to work in the home. A r-^jral woman who has had the in-spiration of meeting with her neighbors for homemaking instruction in thehome demonstration clubs can wish herself "Many happy returns of the day" whenwell planned work hours, labor-saving conveniences, and a knowledge of how tocoordinate her work have secured for her a balance of time to be used for theinteresting and joyful things slie has always wished to do.

Someone has called the home demonstration clubs, which are organizedin rural communities all over the United States,' the "Coiintry Woman's College,"a good name for an organization through which the scientific teachings of thecolleges are extended to the home in practical demonstrations.

One of the biggest interests of the rural home today centers aroundthe family's nutrition. Wliat to do about breakfast, dinner, and supper; whatdiet will build the best bodies for the children; and what will keep thathusband in repair and feeling fit and good hunored. There's the question alsoof preparation that none of the nutritive value may be lost.

A farm woman who has had the training that home demonstTation workgives knows the liody' s daily needs and she also knows that if the bulk of thefood necessary to satisfy these needs is not produced on the farm, it is notapt to be served on the family table.

The fact that has brought the homemaker and her farmer husband, togetherwith the nutritionist and the farm ajid home agents, to work out a. food pro-

duction bud^get which outlines the amount of milk, eggs, meat, cereals, vege-tables, etc. which a farm should produce to feed the family for twelve months.

From growing a garden and keeping a few hens to a budgeted productionof the family's food supply is a big step for the farmer and one tliat points

to a possible balancing of agricultural production and perha-ps to an increasein the farm income*

As one successful farmer expressed it, "If every citizen of the state

would eat every day the meat, milk, eggs, and vegetables these scientific

people have proved we need, every farmer would be so busy producing foodstiif for an insistent market that he would not ha.ve time to ^Torry about his

losses on his so-ca.llod money crops."

(over)

The farm woman who wishes to manage her home, as well as her husbanddoes his farm, finds tliat home demonstration work makes a telling approachthrough the keeping of household accounts; the family budget; step- saving,time-saving arrangement of equipment, and, the use of household conveniences.

If I were asked what three material things would most surely raise thestandard of living in the farm home, I should answer without hesitation, -

running water, electrical current, and furnace heat ~ the three great time-savers which release a woman for recreation, community interest, and all theother things that make of her a wholesome personality, an interesting compaji-

ion, and a desirable citizen.

Order and business management of a home should go hand in hand withcomfort and beauty. A vision of color harmonies, furniture arrangement, andbeauty in line and design has developed in the rural woms^n a love of the beau-tiful that expresses itself in changed attitudes toward life,

"Sometime," said an awakened woman, "when I look out through my prettycurtains on the larkspur and ragged robins growing in lovely masses of colorunder my kitchen window, I wonder what could have been the matter with ray

eyes all these years tha.t I did not see that old garbage barrel th-at stood inthe place where the flowers are."

It was a country doctor's wife who found a sweeter, closer companion-ship growing up between herself and her husband when the planned arrangementof her kitchen enabled her to make an inviting rest corner under the southwindow with a couch, comfortable easy chairs, and a table full of magazines.

"I havenH seen so much of the doctor since before I was married,"she said. "How when he comes in for the midday meal or at supper, instead of

going to the living-room he drops down on the couch in the kitchen, picks upa paper, ajid reads to me while I dish up the meal. Sometimes I Dm guilty of

prolonging ray dishing, the reading is so interesting."

Standards in the home have much to do with the personal appearance of

the family, ?.nd clothing looms large in the rura.l woman's planning. There is

the question of making or 'purchasing, reiuodeling or casting aside, and throughit all is the cost and how the family exchequer can stand the expense. Homedemonstration work has given the housewife a basis for choosing and weighingvalues in clothes.

Perhaps it gives a basis also for choosing and weighing values in theother responsibilities that life has tlirust upon her, but when science canlift drudgery into the realm of interesting things, I think there evolves ahousekeeper who can get a vision of "the rainbow on soapsuds in dishwater."

TEE IEEE t?ITH THE JAM BOAUD;

A radio talk prepared by Frank Ridgway, Director of Lnfomation,Federal Farm Board, and delivered "by R. H. Lamb, Western Progran Director,Office of Inforaation, United States Department of Agriculture, in the. De-

partment period of tlie Western Fam and Hone Hour Moi:day, July 27, 1931,through Station KGO and sevon other stations associated with the PacificDivision, National Broadcasting .Conpany.

-—ooooOoooo~—

-

Representatives of various cooperative groups interested in California'sgrape industry narketing progran are in Wasliington conferring with ncnbers ofthe Federal Fam Board's staff. They are working out the final developmentsof a plan th^t will be followed in handling the 1931 crop of grapes and raisins.Later the narketing plan in its final fom will bo brought before the board,

Mr, B« A, O'Neal, the new president of the ^erican Farm Bureau Ped^-

eration, was a visitor at the Board offices Friday. Mr. O'Neal succeeded Mr.S, E. Thompson who is now a member of the Farm Board,

«

Chairman James C. Stone told Washington correspondents in the Board'slast weekly press conference that the Grain Stabilization Corporation atChJ-cago is negotiating with foreign countries for the sales of the wheat.Mr. Stone said that until something more definite develops he will not beprepared to give the amount of wheat involved in these negotiations.

Information coning to the Board from fanners, county agents and bankersduring the last few weeks indicates that producers are planning to feed largeqaantitles of wheat to livestock this fall and winter. Overproduction ofwheat which has led to low prices has encouraged many farmers to feed thisgrain to their cattle, hogs, sheep, horses and cliickens.

The Farm Board has just received an encouraging report from the Na-tional Wool Marketing Corporation at Boston showing that several million morepounds of wool liave been sold to date than wore marketed during the same periodlast year. The National Wool Marketing Corporation, vtAch is a cooperative,owned and controlled by farmers, actually sold more of the now clip woolduring June and July this yef^r than it sold of the 1930 clip during June,July, August, and September of last year. This wool has been sold at a sat-isfactory price*

FRUITS AKD VEGETABLES

A radio talk "by C. J. Hanson, Federal-CaliforniaMarket News Service, delivered in the Departmentof Agriculture period of the T7estem Earn and HoneHoTir, Friday, July 31, 1931, through Station KGOand seven other radio stations associated with thePacific Division, National Broadcasting Conpany.

Good afternoon, everyone! You Iniow, there is an old saying, that"no news means good news". Well, if I were to say very little aboutthe fruit and vegetable situation this week you all night get the impres-sion that overytMng is going along happily in the produce vrorld, "but thefact is that nearly all products declined in price last week, and the to-tal shipments continued rather heavy.

In the Eastern markets potatoes were about the only bright spotin tho general situation. At least, the potato market strengthenod thereslightly because of greatly reduced aliipments, and lighter ari-lvals. TheChicago carlot market reached a top price of $1.25 per cwt. for Kansas andMissouri Cobblers* The futures for October delivery en the Chicago Exchangeadvanced a few cents. Further .reports are being received of 'some damageto potatoes, especially in tho middlowest from continued heat, and in thewestern section from lack of irrigation water. Tho California market onpotatoes has been very dull, with top prices in San Francisco on StocktonBurbanks around $1.20 per cwt, New crop Wash-ington Netted G-ens are nov-ing slowly at $1.50-1.60 per cwt. The, total shipments of potatoes lastweek dropped to about 3300 cars, as the active season neared an end onthe Eastern Shore of Virginia. On the other hand, the movement was heavierin Maryland and Kansas, but most of the other states registered decreases.ITlien I told you that potatoes were one of tho bright spots of the producesituation I forgot to state that the Western Washington gre^j.pGc *3fi3?kfi)t

has been very firm, with bushel hampers returning as high as $3.00.

The demand for good lettuce in Central California has recently ex-ceeded the supply. Crates of 4-5 dozen heads have been selling as highas $3.00 on a cash track basis. Tho movement from California has beenless tlian 50 cars daily, while Washington shipments decreased to 30 carsper day. There has also beai a limited number of cars moving from Coloradoand shippers are getting mostly $2.50-3.00 per crate. Incidontsilly, I

might say that tho hot weather is not only in California, for Denver re«»!M-t

ported the highest temperature last week for that date in more tlian twentyyears. Tho themonetor hit tho 100° nark, and the drought situation hasbecome serious throughout the state of Colorado.

The California pear novenent is now aboit at the peak, with ship-ments so far to date slightly exceeding that of last year. Oregon icadn

Wasliington pears are now starting to move, and will offer competition to

California. If Eastern auctions are able to maintain their recent levelsthere i s every evidence the seasonal weighted average on Bartlett pearswill exceed the price of the 1930 season. On account of the limited amountof large sizes, California canners have advanced thoir price and are nowoffering as much as $35,— per ton for extra largo Bartletts in the North-ern Coast counties. Prices around $27.00 per ton were being offered in

(over)

LIBRARYRECEIVEDAUG 1 9 1931 ir

U. 8. Depftrtitifiac ar Acriofiiri^f

Southom OroGon for Bartlett pcstrs, "bait nany growers aro holding out fora $30.00 por ton price on the 2 3/8" size and larger.

The Georgia poach novenont .last week anoianted to about 2700 bars,with prices on Eroertas slightly lower at 50^^ per bushel "basket, or 6-

basket crate, f ,o,b, the car in Central Georgia, v/ith a sinilar low priceprevailing in the Horth Carolina peach area*

The cantaloupe markets have been in fair condition, partly becauseof lighter shipments recently, Tho movement by rail has been averagingonly 125 cars daily, but shipments of Honoydcws and Honeyballs are stillheavy. The only problem confronting Western cantaloupe growers and shippersat present is the liberal supply of loTT!t.priccQL melons available from Eastorrproducing sections, Worth Carolina cantaloupes have been jobbing at 75^ to

$1.75 per standard crate in city markets. In the West, Hew Mexico is nowezcoeding Central California as a source of this product, New Mexico can-taloupes have been bringing as much as $3,50 and $4.00 per crate in thelarge terminal markets, although California stock lias almost sold at tliis

same figure.

Western onions arc selling at a Mgher price range tlian Easternonionc. More th^an one-third of the total onion shipments aro originatingin Washington and California.

Tho Gravcnstein apple season in California is practically finished,vdth almost 50^ of the outpit having been placedin European markets. Themovement last week from California amounted to 400 cars or more than halfof the total U.S. sliipmcnts.

FOUR-H CLUB WOEK IIm mTUCgl^ ,^

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L. ! o R A R YRECEIVEDAUG 19 1931

A radio talk 'by Jack Lynch, Fayette Coiinty, K^ntiicl?; 'J^' le^'fver^4*i!^foâ network of 50 radio stations associated with the ITationa! . „£x.Qiadr,aFiti ng Cnmpansj,

Saturday, An^st 1, 1931. .

'

Today, I "bring you greetings from 20,000 Xentuclky 4r«H club memhers.It gives ne a great thrill to be able to talk to so many of my fellow clubmembers at one tii.ie, and I only wish that it were possible for you to talkback to me so that we could turn this into a roundtable discussion of clubwork# Since we can not do this, however, I would like to tell you some ofmy personal experiences in club work and something about club work in Ken-tucky •

I have been in 4-E club work six years and in these years I liave car-ried the projects of poultry, hogs, sheep and tobacco. In 1928 I won twostate championships and went to Chicago to represent Kentucky at the Na-tional 4-H Club Congress. I have attended our district camp every year and.have been awarded medals three years for being an outstanding camper.

In Kentucky, we have 1,000 4-H community clubs with a total member-ship, of over 20,000 boys and girls. I suppose we conduct our work on aboutthe same basis as the rest of you do. That is, we have projects in everyline pertaining to farm life, and we get practical training in organizationand cooperation. As we are going to be the farmers of the future, it is

very important that we become familiar with improved farm practices. Sincethe United States Department of Agriciilture and our State Universities havemade it possible for us to obtain this knowledge, we should at least expect

to be better farmers and farm women tlian our ancestors, who never had this

opportunity.

My state is divided into five districts, in each of which we have anannual show. This is done in order to give the club members a chance to

compare their project work with that of others. There is nothing like com-

petition to stimulate interest and it also teaches us how to be good losersas well as modest winners. If we lose, we know that we have not spent as

much time and interest on oui' project as the fellow wiio beats us, so wego back home fully determined to have a better project for next year.

The winners at the district fairs are the ones \fn.o send their pro-ducts to the Kentucky State Pair, to compete for state-wide honors. Aseparate derârtment is maintained at our state fair for 4-H clrb members,

and liberal premiums are awarded. The state livestock judging contests are

also held at the state fair. There are usually about seventy teams in those

contests.

Another state-wide show which is of great interest to our club mem-bers is the state Saby Beef show held at the Bourbon Stock Yards in Louis-

ville. Between 400 and 500 calves, which have been fed and fitted by 4~H club

members have been exhibited annually for the past nine years. At this show,

the state legislatuiê appropriates funds to be awarded as premi-ums.

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. In June each year, Tve have our ann-ual Junior Week. At this time, from500 to 600 club members gather at the University of Kentucl^, where they areenrolled in short courses of study on farm and home life, and at stated tines,

enjoy a general play program. Features of our Junior Week program are theState Demonstration Team Contests, Style Dress Review, Health Contest, thecompetitive judging of clothing, foods and canned products "by county championteams. The winners of these various contests have the honor of representingKentuck;y' at the International Club Congress in Chicago, and the National DairyShow in St. Louis. These alone are worth working for, because at these na-tional meetirigs, one meets boys and girls from all over the United States.

We also have the play side to our club work and every year during Julyand' August we have our district camps, each one attended by 125 to 200 boysand girls. We have our regular discussion groups. Of course, but after that

we have all ld.nds of games, under the direction of an Assistant State ClubLeader and our County and Home Demonstration Agents. .

From this brief discussion j'^ou can see that cjir community, county andstate 4-H club programs are so planned tliat they, are interesting and inspiringto our members and they are also guiding our activities along the lines that

we feel will best maintain and develop the agriculture and rural homes of ourCommonwealth.

THE FAJETTE COUmV .4mH tiEADERS CCm'CIL

A radio talk "by J. Ed. Parker, Co-unty Agent, Fayettel Comty, < ^ ^ oKentucky, delivered through a network of 50 radio stations assî^t^p^t^q.the ITational Broadcasting Company, Saturday, August 1, 1931:

rt9f rtf

The Fayette County, Kentucky 4-H Cluh Leaders Councit^^wasî^ccsay-jze^

in March 1925 at Lexington, Kentucky., for the purpose of coordinating'

the work of the vaii ous local club leaders; to advise and assist the

.County Extension Agents in administering cluh affairs^ and to provide aforum for tJxe full and free discussion of all matters pertaining to cluhwork in the county.

In our co-unty, all adults who are interested in assisting and direct-ing the VTork of cluh^ members in their local comriiiifiitiosâr^'dcGignated

as leaders, and are enrolled in the County Council.

Our leaders arc divided into three classes, namely, community clubloaders, associate community club leaders and project group loaders. Eachlocal community club is allowed to have two comm'jinity loaders, one man andone woman, who look after the general welfare of the club as a whole, assistin club meetings, and act as general supervisors of the club in theirconniimities. The associate leader is the teacher in the local communityschool. And this post was created to provide suitable recognition for the

active and interested teachers in Eayette county schools, who wish to takea part in promoting 4«H club work in the county, but upon whom we did notwish to lay the burden of full responsibility for the managomciit of the lo-cal club. The associate community leader is expected to give moral supportand encouragement to the general club program in tlrnt community, but is notexpected to take over the actual administrative work. The project leadersare those who through special aptitude or inclination, desire to specializetheir leadership on some particular line of work in which five or more clubncnbcrs are interested. These leaders concern themselves only with the \vork

of their particular groups.

In our council, all leaders have the same voting power and rightto hold office regardless of their classification and it is generally under-stood that this classification is made simply to promote efficiency in theadministration of the county-wide 4-E club program.

The organization sot-up of our council is very simple. TIic officersconsist of a president, vice-president, secretary-treasurer, and reporter,all of whom must be from different community clubs. The executive committoois composed of the officers and two members at large, who are elected annual-ly by the council, and who must represent different clubs, other tiian thoserepresented by the officers. The coônty and home demonstration agents are :

ex-officio members of the executive committee.

Month-ly luncheon meetings are held on the third Saturday of eachmonth in Lexington. Eash person pays for his own meal. Following the meala short business session is held, and in this way, busy people are enabledto attend our meetings and still not lose much time from their other interests.These monthly meetings arc vorj'- beneficial to the county-wide 4^H program.All club activities are discussed at the meetings and the council decides

the "best way to pTit theo on. The council tlirougL its oxocutive comitteGdecides on co"anty chanpi onships and has dram up a score card "by which the

cluhs are scored oadi nonth. A co-oncil that is active and interested inthe advanconont of work is a great help to the county extension agents.

The Fayette County 4«E Leaders Council is sponsoring a 4^H DistrictFair tlus year, in wliich 25 counties will take part, and whdch is the firstevent of its IdLnd to he held in Kentucky. It is conducted along the saneline as a countj^ or state fair, except that only 4^H cluh nenhcrs nay ex-liihit, and adinission is free. The prcsniun noney was raised hy the nenhersof the council, who cooposG the connittoos in charge of each dcpartnent ofthe Fair.

In closing let ne extend to all of you, a nost cordial invitationto visit Kcntudcy scnc tine and to neet the nenhers of our Club Council.If you happen to he in Lexington, Kentucky, on the thJ.rd Saturday of anynonth, cone and take luach with us*

OUR STATS mSIC FROGRAI'.l

LIBRARYRECEIVED •

^AUG 19 1931

A .radio, J talk by Miss Hary A. HcKee, Extension Specialifet in Jiini or . CltLb

Work, Urbana, . Illinois, ^delivered thro-ugh a network of 50 radlF- l-ll^M^fS'^ A's^SOpalt^re

ciated with the ..National •Broadcasting Company, Saturda^^ Au^^t 1, 1951.'

Realizing that the finer things of life must not be neglected,. Illinoishas for many years had some work in music in its 4-H club program. In thebeginning this was in the form of a minor project sent out to each local club.This project listed three kinds of music, listening numbers, numbejrs to sing,and folk games. These selections have been changed from year to year to addnew interest and to make the project more worthwhile. This past year each ofthe series of eight lessons 'has included selections from a different country.

About four years ago it was decided to attack the study of music froma slightly different angXe. TheJ'main object was to encourage club members todo more singing at their . .various meetings. In order to do this a chorus contestwas made a feature of the program at the annual Club Tour to the University.Each chorus was required to sing two numbers from a list which was sent to them.-One night of the Tour was given over to this contest and a fairly creditablepiece of singing was done by the coiinties which entered. However,, the numbersused were quite easy to sing. This same plan was followed for two years.'Last year it was decided to encourage "better singing." Up to this time theslogan had been "more singing." So a much Mgher type of music was used forthe selected numbers which were to be sung in parts instead of in unison.-Since that time contests in male quartets and girls' trios have been added.

•

A stunt contest for individuals was also inaugurated in order to encourageoriginality and to offer a type of entertainment tha.t could be used in localand county meetings. This contest included a variety of acts, some of them in

costume, but most of them musical.

iJow that a great deal of interest all over the state has been arousedin singing, the plan is to make the music work more educational. Contests are

valuable in creating interest but they should not be the ultimate end of the

work. The plan for the coming year is to send out a year's program of musicfor each of these groups. For example, the choruses will have a number of

selections which they may use over a period of months rather than siriply

preparing a few for contest purposes. The contest numbers will te selectedfrom this yearns music program. Some of the counties are planning music fes-tivals and other events as a finale to their year of music stud;^''.

Next summer at the Club Tour the emphasis will not be put upon the con-

tests, tho"ugh these will be held and the winners in each group will sing at

the Club Tour to show what county groups can do. Host of the time will bespent in training these groiips hov/ to sing their required numbers correctlyand then all of these large massed groups will furnish the entertainment forthe first evening of the Tour* Simply to enter a contest does not mean agreat dea.l unless one learns how to do better another time.

In addition to this work in singing Illinois has been attempting to

arouse an interest in the playing of musical instruments. Last year an all-state 4-H club orchestra was formed and twenty-five club members were electedto. play. This first group was small and the abilities and experiences of eachmember were extremely varied. However, under skillful direction, the perform-

(over)

- 2 -

ance of 'this arcliestra was "better -than could ever have heen anticipated* Thisyear much more difficult music was used and greater sMll was shown in its

production. Each year the all- state orchestra will he added to and huilt up.It -'is -dliimalating interest to play musical instruments. Already several coun-ties, cluhs and communities have formed their own local orchestras and arehaving a fine -time with them.

• The development of singing contests and orchestras has "been very rapidhut the less spectacular phases of. the music work hav^ not "been neglected thelast few years. The appreciation of music through listening numbers has heencontinued. Several counties have held music memory contests. Many clubs haveused folk games as a part of their recreation program. Individual membershave been encouraged to participate in various ^ays with musical numbers".

* Through all of these methods, singing, orchestras, music appreciation,'folk' games and individual performances, Illinois is building a fine programof music among her 4r«H Club members.

WHAT CLUB GIHLS GAIT DO WOEEIiTG TOSETHER*'

A radio talk ty Vera ITofftz, ChaBipaign Coimty, 111through a network of 50 radio stations associated Tdth thecasting Company, Saturday, August 1,' 1931. •

I 1 B R ARECEIVED* AUG 1 1931 i

nois, deliveredSfafeteiOi^'Ifl^akdJ^'

Ten years ago ahout twenty. girls in the southern partu of ChampaignCounty formed the first 4-.H cluh in our county. ^ I.am glad to say that itwas my good fort-one to he a member of this cluh. Since then our county 4-Hcluh work has grown step by step to one of themost outstanding in our state.

Last year Champaign Coun.ty ranked 7th highest in the state in enrollment andit has always "been near the top in percentage of finish-up. We now haveover three hundred girls in twenty^-three different clubs.

Pour years ago the enrollment in our county grow to such a largenumber tha,t wo found it was necessary to have something to make the girlsfool that they were more than just local groups. We decided to organize a ' •.

county 4^H,Club Execrutive Board made up of club girls. .At the beginningour board was composed of a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer,recreation chairman and health ci^rn^*

The co'uiity hoine ^advi ser, the county club leader, and all past pres-idents are honorary members of the board. As our state and county workgrew we were required to add two new members, a music chairman and a campchairman.

The duties of the president are to preside at all meetings and helpon all committees. The "tI co-president is in charge of getting new members.Wc increase membership by drives and have contests between different clubsto sec who can get the most new members. The vic&-president goes to allparts of the county and talks at meetings or gets other members to talk.She and her helpers make personal visits to people who arc prospectivemembers.

The secretary makes reports of all the meetings.

The treasurer plans ways to make money and has charge of all financesSometimes the clubs ha.ve entertairiments in their local communities or havevarious kinds of sales and in this way make money.

The msic chairman encourages interest in music and supervises allthe music contests. We have groups from all over the county try out forthe all county chorus and we are woiking on quartets and trios now. Severalof our members played in the all-state orchestra this year.

campThe camp chairman makes all arrangements for our county 4-.H club

• This is one of the biggest events of the year.

The recreation chairman is in charge of all OD^^nty recreation. Shehelps plan the games for the camp, directs the play at our county picnic,and assists with the folk dances we give at our county fair.

Tlie health chairman assists at all hcaltli contests. We liave contestsin our county to select the ten girls who score the highest, one of themrepresents our county in the district oDntcst, Each chairman selects three

girls to T7ork with her oh the concittee

The officers representing all parts of the couaty meet each nonthat the coixnty Hone Bureau office. To hold an office a girl nust "be anactive club nenbcr. If anyone has tliree gaccessivc unexcused absencesshe is dropped froEi the board, iJo one nay hold the office of presidentfor nore than two years.'

Members of thiis board not cnly do the duties connected with theiroffice but they all work together in making plans for county -events, anddiscussing gnd settling new questions tliat na:y arise.

The county executive board is also in charge of our county 4^Hnews bolletin, the county fair, the icounty Christmas party, and all othercountj?" events,

I . By organizing all of our undertakings the county Executive Boardhas been a big factor in our county's success, but the greatest thing ithas a.ccomplisIied is the bringing togetlier of the whole county, making itpossible for all the girls to get acquainted. It really shows what can beaccomplished by having everyone work together and i t is one of the best ex-amples I know of to show T&at club m.embers arc really doing to live up to

their club motto "llake The Best Better".

THE WITH THE FAIÎ 30AHD

A radio talk prepared "by Edâr Marlcham, Assistant tolthie GJiagiî^^Qcliarge of press relations, Federal Farm Board, delivered l3ylR7%. hanib in theDepartment of Agriculture, period of the ITestern Home and Fi^^gj^nitte*i^3^^^'''*''^''^''''

Au^st 3, 1931, through Station KG-0 and seven other stations associated withthe Pacific Division, National Broadcasting Company.

—ooOoo—

Representatives of the California G-rape Control Board raisin pool, the

Sujimaid Raisin Growers Association, and the Fruit Industries Ltd. have "been

working the past week v/ith the board on their program for handling the 1931grape crop* Owing to a greatly reduced grape crop this year on account of the

droiight and heat, the cooperatives have fo-ojid it desirable to revise theiroriginal program with result that some delay has been occassioned in gettinga final decision*

»

In answer to questions of newspaper correspondents on Thursday, Mr*Carl Williams, the cotton mombar of the Farm Board, said, "The Board is notready to make an announcement of future cotton stabilization policies butpending such an announcement, the present policy which is to offer no stabil-ization cotton for sale will be continued*

A Farm Board visitor, the end of last wf*-^ wôs Mr. Alexander Leggc of

Chicago, the Board's first chairman. He cone to Washington, D. C. fromBlacksburg, Virginia where, T/ednesday, he participated in the Centennial Cele-bration of the invention of the grain reaper* Mr. Logge is carrying out thepromise he made on retiring from the Board, that he will do everything he canas a private citizen to help make the program being developed under the Agri-cultural l.Iarkoting Act a success. Hot a week goes by tho.t he does not addressone or more public meetings in support of the program.

Leaders of various cooperative groups in the northwest spring wheatarea, including the states of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, andMontana, were before the Board Friday and Saturday to discuss cooperativeproblems of their section*

Mr, C* B* Denman, the livestock member of the Board, was one of thespeakers Thursday at the Institute of Rural Affairs, being held by the Col-lege of Agriculture, Blacksburg, Virginia. He discussed the National Coopera-tive ProgrDja for the :.iarkoting of livestock.

SeveroJ suggestions have come to the Farm Board that stabilizationwheat stocks bo donated for relief purposes. A serious obstacle in the wr^r

of such a proposal is that the Agricultural Marketing Act does not permitstabilization stocks to be given away.

A imi EDUCATIOH..Ag?. XOim STATE FAIR,

A radio interview with Mr« J* W. Hiscox, chief, Offic4 of^:conducted by Morse Salisbury and broadcast Tuesday, AiJ^st 4

Apartment of Agriculture period, National Farm and Home, Hour,44 associate KBC radio stations.

A R Ybits.

SALISBURY:

A year ago we lured Mr. J. T7. Eiscoz, the chief of the Department'sOffice of E3±iibits before the microphone to tell us about the new exhibits andthe old standby exliibits and the schedule of Department exhibits to be shownat State and interstate and international fairs and expositions during 1930.

Mr, Hiscox wasnH frightened by the microphone apparently, for today hehas come back, readily enough, to give us the same information about the 1931exhibits to be shown by the Department of Agriculture at the big fairs of theUnited States.

All of you who have attended these big fairs and expositions in the pastwill recall one or more Department of Agriculture exhibits which caught andheld your attention for prolonged study against the conipetition of the passingshow and the ballyhoo of the fair midwaj'' and races and balloon ascensions, andacrobats. This, ladies and gentlemen, is the man under whose direction theexhibits are prepared and scheduled around the fair circuits « How, many Farmand Home folks and other folks of the country will see the 'exhibits this year,Mr. Hiscox?

HISCOX ;

If it's a normal fair year, about five million.

SALISBURY;

And how far will the exiiibits travel? ''- -

HISCOX ;

*

About 50 thousand miles.

SALISBURY?

Those of you, Farm and Home Folks, who saw the Department exhibits lastyear will remember that they give you something to listen to, as well as to

look at. The talMng cow and the lecturing hen were on the fair eircuits lastyear — in fact, it seems to me the talking cow became twins so that she couldvisit more fairs* Are the twins going out again this year, Mr. Hiscox?

HISCOX ;

Absolutely. And the lecturing hen has done even more remarkably thanthe talking cow« The talking biddy is now quadruplets* She has not been shownon the fair circuits before •— I must correct you on tliat point* The original

one .of her went to the World's Poultrj'- Congress in London, England, ' last stun-

mer. Then she visited the -IJational Dairy show at St. Louis, Missouri, lastfall, and later in December was displayed at the Chicago Coliseum Poultry Show,Chicago. Tliis year she and her three sisters will "be ' out on the State andinterstate and international fair circuit.

SALISBURY ! • • •

Sorry I misrememhered about the hen. I do recall now that she was builtespecially for the World* s Poultry Congress and wouldn't have had time to getback to the United States for the fair circuits. Could you describe her brief-ly, Mr. Hiscox, for the benefit of the folks -who'll be seeing her later,

HISCOXi

Well, this hen exposes all her inner workings by means of a system of

illuminated mechanical figures showing the process of converting mash andscratch feed and greenstuff into sunshine in sealed packages — In other words,eggs.

SALISBURY !

And She tells about the process meanwhile?

HISCOX ;

Tliat's right.

SALISBURY !

Have you any other now exhibits going out this year?

HISCOX : - - •

You might say that nearly every exhibit piece is new this year. Duringthe past winter, a consulting engineer came into our storehouse and chockedover with us the mechanical and electrical equipment of many exhibits. Wemade many clianges as the result of his suggestions. Then a psychologist camein and sat down with us and criticized the ••• well, I suppose you could callit the •••• teaching effectiveness of each of the exhibits.

SALISBURY !

You mean, the way in which the exhibit catches your attention andleaves a cleoj^cut idea with you?

HISCOX :

That's one way to put it. Anyway, after this psychologist critized the

exhibits we made a number of changes which will make their message clearer to

the people who view and hear them this Fall and Winter, we feel sure. •

SALISBURY:

I get the idea. All the exhibits have been thoro-ughly go^e over andrenovated and iirrproved in preparation for this yearns showing. But have youany new ones that haven't been shown before?

EISCOX:

Ye-e-s. There are ••• three of special interest. The important one,

I suppose, is the all-Department exhibit on wool.

. SALISBURY !

Wliat do you mean by all-Department?

HISCOX ;

I mean that the exhibit doesn*t stop with the work of any one set ofscientists dealing with wool. It doesn't, for example, show only the dis~coveries recently made about the influence of heredity upon quality'- of wool.This e3±iibit tells you the whole story of the part played by 'breeding, flockmanagement, grading, standardization, and methods of use upon the developmentof quality wool production in the United States. T7e're going to haire- moreand more sdiibits of this sort.

SALISBURY:

A necessary move, it seems to me. We have got to gather together the

information coming from all the scientist working in one field and assemble it

in orderly fashion if it is to be of the most use to producers and processorsand consumers. There are a lot of four-bit words. But what I mean is that,with cotton, for example, we have got to know what the plant breeder,. ..the

.

gin-ning expert, the home economist trying to work out new uses, and the plant-

disease and insect figjiters

HISCOX :

That reminds me of the other two new exhibts to be shown by the Depart-ment of Agriculture this year on the fair circuits. I hope you'll excuse me,Mr. Salisbury, for interrupting your speech,- but I understand we have onlyabout four more minutes to tell the exhibit story.

SALISBURY !

_Q;aite all right. What about the two new exliibits?

HISCOX !

They're both from the Bureau of Entomology, which is why I was remindedof them by your mention of insect fighters. One is an animated housefly whichexposes to you all the ways in which his smaller cousins and aunts and uncles

in real life spread the seeds of disease and death. This fly is a propagandistfor hotter and heavier war upon his species.

SALISBURY ;'

'

I remember seeing some thousands of doo-dads the exliihit "builders ^rere

patiently fixing to his feet to simulate the hairs on the feet of act-ual

flies

HISCOX ?

Yes, it's unbelieveahly time-consuniing to "build a faithful representa-tion of an insect. Unless you've looked at one under the microscope you can'trealize how many tiny individual parts one of these little creatures owns •••«

SALISBURY ;

But I can assure the Farm and Eome folks that they're all present on the

mechanical fly. Wliat's the other insect exhi"bit,* -Mr, Hiscox?

HISCOX:

It's an animated explanation of how the larva of the Mexican "bean

"beetle gets in its destructive work on garden plants, and of how to fight thisinsect

•

SALISBURY ;

How many carlots of exhibits will "be on the road this season?

'

HISCOX ;•

. .

Mneteen this year. One more than last year.

SALISBURY ;

To help our listeners who haven't seen a Department e3diibit at State orinterstate or international fair, suppose, Hr. Pliscox, you tell us what willhe shown in one exliibit gi*oup.

HISCOX ;

llo one group is what you might call typical of all the rest..- That'sthe difficulty in complying with your request, Mr* Salisbury. The subjectmatter of the groups varies widely. But let's take group nunber 9. Here are

the individual exhibits in tha,t group:

The talking hen and a booth showing how to grade, pack, and handlecountry eggs for highest returns.

Then two pieces for dairymen one showing the quantities of feed for

dairy cows at different levels of production in order to make most profit;

- 5 -

another shoTTing now tlie average dairyaan' s dollar of incoue is divided amongthe expenses of his business and of his family living and capital increaseplans.

One piece shoiring the process of honey production and grading.

One piece showing how to control flies.

One piece showing how to control stinking simit of wheat "by seed treat-ment •

One piece showinvg how to compare the plant food value of high and lowanalysis fertilizers.

And a booth for the distribution of further information to peoplewhose interest is roused by the exhibit and who want to foil ow up and getmore knowledge.

SALISBURY ;

T7e just have time for a list of the fairs and expositions where Depart-ment exiiibits are to be sho'Tn this year — that is, as booked up to today. Ofcourse, other bookings will be made later. All right, llr. Hiscox, in Ai:igust?

HISCOX:

Chronological List of August State and Inter- state Tq^Its for T?jiich

ITegotiations for the Display of United States Department of Agri-culture Educational Exhibits Have Been Completed, as of Aug. 4, 1931.

DAT-E PLACE STATS 0CCASI02T

AvLg* 15-21 Kankakee 111. Kankalcee Inter- state Fair

Aug. 17-22 Helena I.iont • Montana State Pair

Aug. 17-22 Ionia liich. Ionia Free Fair

Aug. 22-29 Sedalia Ho • Missouri State Fair

Aug. 24r-29 Escanaba Hich. Upper Peninsula State Fair

Aug. 29- Sept,4 IJilwaukee TTisc. Wisconsin State Fair

Aug.31-Sept .5 Columbus Ohio Ohio State Fair

.1TEE EI&KT-YEAH PR05RAM OF THE SPASTA

"-3) l( HOMEi.IAICII^& CLj^L. i tz5 R A K YRECEIVEDSEP n 1931 .V

A radio tollz Ida Ar-ielia Hai-oell, Sussex Comi'-y, New Jersey,

delivered through a network of 51 radio stations asrociiffcl JJrabtJauc^ali^^

ITaticnal Broadcasting Conpany, Sat'orday, August 5, 19 31

1

Hello, 4-H Club Boys and G-irls!

Wlicn tho Sparta J-a:iior Club was orgrnized eight years ago, it was

loiov/n as the Brcckfast Cluh, First wc learned how to prepare oxid. serveattractive "breoJcfasts. Ucxt we learned how to prepare s'o.pper dishes, and

then our group was renar.ied the Sparta Junior 4-H Club, Vic started v/ith

eight ncnbers, but nov/ we liavc tliirty-fivp, including six of the ch^j'tcr

ncnbers. Our r.iectings arc conducted according to parliancntrj:^^ law. At our

rcguJcx ncctings we arc divided into age groups, one of girls tMrtccn yearsand under, end the other of older girls • Each group docs different v;ork

v/ith the help of its leader, O^^^r club lia.s six adult leaders. After wchave completed the task wc set out to do, v;e liave a little pcjrty and dis-cuss tho TiCnus, or display tho things we have na.dc.

After wc had f :-.nished the Brealcfast, Supptr, and Baking projects, wcasked oiir hone demonstration agent for some rul^s in table etiquette. Fol-lowing out the s"aggestions v/e served two afternoon teas. At the first tea,

a club member was hostogs. We invited our mothers to the second tea. Weare now studying meal planning,

. . . .

'

In May of this year we had a Junior Foods Achievement Day, Weserved a banquet which v/as wholly prepared by the girls,

Oup <UH Club projects have not . only been in cooking. In clothingwork we have i.ade sewing boxes, kimonas, simple dresses, beach coats,smocks, and aprons. For our roor.s wo L:ade chair covers,- laundry bags,and shoe bags. Wc liavc r^dc scarfs, handkerchiefs, and limchcon sets, withdesigns crayoned on thcr.. Each year v/e make spring and fall hats. Wclearn to paint candy containers, trays and book-ends. Vfc have r,ade n:any

cook books.

For five years the Sparta Junior Club has exhibited at both theSussex County Fair and the Sta.tc Fair at Trenton. One year several girlsga,vc demonstrations a.t the Sussex Coionty Fair on preparing saJa-ds and set-ting the tabic* Through such cor.pcti tions the girls learn to be good win-ners a.s well a-s good losers.

Two years ago five of ovx club x~embcrs v/ith Mrs. Williaxis, one ofo-j-r .leaders, attended Camp ilcygadt, conducted by the Extension Service.This year three riorc of our girls vdth soric other Sussex County girls at-tended this camp again.

Last year the Spa.rta. Junior Club v;as honored by having one of itsdelegates sent to the national 4-.H Club Camp in Wa.shington, I had thehonor of being the fortunate delegate.

The members of the Spajrta J^onior Club enter heartily into comj-unity

activities. 0-^r club has a. Sunshine Corj-dttce. This corxdttec biiys fruit

( over)

or flor/crs for any ncnlDcrs thc.t ctq sic.Zo Jor two years wc liavo "bought milkfor the Social Service picnic which is held in Spcj-ta G-len. We recently votedto contri"b"ate $5,00 rnnurlly to the local lihrary. Every ycox our r.erhers

help in the annual Drive of the Rod Cross. Last year wo contributed $5.00to the Hospital Fund of Ncwtoii, the county scat* The 4irl§ cf our cluh helpthe Fire Departnent servo don "bakes. Throughout the year wc have variousentertainncnts. We have Christcr.s parties, Valentine nasquerades, seasonalpicnics, and swirj:lng parties. We also go on hikes.

We have r.:any ways of making r.oncy. For two years we have served theann-oal banquet to the 4-H Dairy Cluh Boys of Sussex Coimty. Each tine wewere able to nake about $50. Another way of raising funds is by Bake Sales.The girls and their r.others r.ake cakes, pies, cooldLes and other things. Wcare a.ble to sell nuch of this to passers-by.

In 1929 wc saved enough noney to charter a bus to take our clubnenbers to llew York City, which is about sixty riles away. After luc^ch wcvisited the Muscur.: of Natural History. Last year we repeated the trip to

llcM York. Wc liad a banquet lunch in a Hew York hotel and la.ter went to the'Metropolitaii Museum of Art, This year wc went to the IJcw York Aquarium andthe Statue of Liberty.

We are nowint crested in a new project, Next spring we a>,rc going to

Washington, D.C, for a v/cok-end tour. We alroa.dy have made ajrrangementsfor oujr bus and have started a special bank account for this trip. Everyclub r^cmber is busy this sur.imer helping sell cakes and pies to r.alce m-oncy.

We already have $20 tovrard this trip and hope to lia.vc mjLch r.orc than this bythe end of the sumr;.cr.

I T/ish it were possible for all of you 4-H club girls to join us inWasMngton next spring.

Vki^ THE WEEK WITH TEIE FARli BOARD t ^ .'r-. G ,

iL l^:R A RrA:.--. •. :r - I /j^^^^^;

^ - ^ ^

A.' radio- talk prepared by Frank Ridgway, DiJector of i^fo^rmation,

,

Federal Farm Board, and delivered by Bobb llichols, bS^'Adno-uiLcer,'^'for'^^

R.E* lamb, western radio program director, United ^ates Departme^t^^.of.j,

Agricralture in the Department period of the Western faiT3i'^;^9^*'"l&ome Soiir,

.Monday, Aagust 10, 1931, through Station KGO and seven other radio_ -stations

associated with the Pacific Division, National Broadcasting Company.

—oooOooo—

The Federal Farm Board of Friday August 7, transmitted to the

State Department the following answer to the proposal received from the

.Gennan G-ovenunent on August 6: -

"

"The' Farm Board has given careful consideration to the

. German offer to purchase cotton. The Board is desirous offacilitating assistance to Germany and to the American CottonProducer by expanding his immediate markets. Many conditionsof the G-erman offer are beyond the ability of the Board to complywith. It is therefore iinable to accept the offer -under thepresent- proposed terms. I§ addition to other difficulties

* the original suggestion of Ambassador Sackett, five weeks ago,

provided for a minimfum price which would have contributedmaterially to stabilizing the price of cotton and would havemade it possible for the Board to offer participation to the

holders of new crop cotton. The fall in price since, that time,due in part to the sit-uation in Central Europe, hagnecessarily led to the elimination by the G-erman Governmentof that feature of its offer. However, a new possibility hasarisen in this whole question which offers an alternative course.The purpose of the discussion has been in effect to assist theGeiraans in securing the foreign exchange necessary to provideimmediate supplies. The effort now being made by theTreasury Department to expedite payment to German Nationalsunder awards of the Arbiter of certain German claims, if success-ful, would place the German Bank in possession of an- evenlarger amo-unt of dollars exchange than the vol-ume of this pro-posed transaction in cotton and would enable German Businessto make its p-orchasos directly from the producers and the tradein the normal way."

C.B. Donman, member of the Soard will deliver an stddress at theannual Farmers' Field Day mooting which is to be held at Morgantown, WestVirginia, on August 13. Next Wednesday afternoon S.P. Thompson, member ofthe Board, will speak before members of the Illinois Agricultural Associa^tion, who are to meet at Old Salem, Illinois.

The Farm Board has made public the first of a series of comLiodityreleases dealing with facts concerning agricultural products sold co-opera^tivcly by farmer owned local and regional marketing organizations in twelveof the northeastern states. The figures were collected in a recent surveymade by the Board and State Agricultural Agencies. They shov; that ninety-five dairy cooperative marketing association handled a iDusiness valued at

- 2 -

more than $228,000,000 in 1929. These associations served norc thaa 126,000farm members. The sales £3ino-ajited to more than half of the total cash in-come of $408,000,000.

There arc many independent local co-operatives operating in NewYork that arc ccmpeting with one another and with the large organizations*Bringing all of these Associations together woiild materially assist milkproducers in ITew York and northern Pennsylvania. The large fluid milk co-operatives in the northeastern states handled from 50 to 98^ of the fluidmilk supply in their respective territories. It is estimated that anaverage of approximately 70^ of the milk in these areas is led hy the largercgion^a.1 fluid milk co-operatives. This figure probably would be increased6 to 10^ if independent locals now selling fluid milk in these markets couldbe brought together v/ith the large milk organizations. This suorvey includesco-oporatives in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and WestVirginia. The survey figures given dairy and other co-operatives in the

northeastern states -are a complete inventory of their business the year theParm Board was brought into existence. These facts are expected to guidefarmers organizations in developing a more unified marketing program underthe provisions of the Agricultural Marketing Act. Within the next few weekssimilar facts concerning other cccEiodities handled by co-operatives of thesetwelve northeastern states will be announced by the Board,

T3E' wESK "TITH TES VA3i: 50APD :

A radio talk prepared "bj Ec'iâr Marldiami Assistant to tlie Chairmen

in Charge oi press relations, Federal Farm Board, delivered "by H,

Lajno in the Department of Agriculture, period of the I?estern Home and FarmHour Monday August 17, 1931, tlirough Station KG-C, and seven other stations

Associated with the Pacific Division, national Broadcasting Company*

oOo

Carrying out the instructions of Congress to investigate conditionsof overproduction of agricultural comnodities and advice as to the pre-vention of such over-production, the Farm Board T7ednesday night sent a.

telegram to the G-overnors of the fourteen cotton states suggesting a planto "bring ahout improvement in Cotton prices in line Trith the mandate fromCongress. In this T;ire the folloTîng suggestions were ms.de to the

respective G-overnors. That you imr-iediately mobilize every interested andavailable agency in your state including farmers, "bankers, mercliants, landowners, and all other a.gricultural educational forces to induce immediateploughing under of every third row of cotton now growing. "Without questionat present low prices there will "be considerable abandonment later in the

season, but this will not Tr2pTove prices during xiearry marketing. Theproblem to be solved is to secure abajidonment in an organized and orderlyfashion, which will give farmers a better return on the remainder. The

Board is convinced that such organized reduction immediately^ done will be

more than repaid by increased price received by growers on this and futurecrops, entirely aside from savings by reason of no picking and ginningcosts on tliat part of the crop ploughed under. If the South adopts thisprogram, the wire to the G-ovcrnors stated, this Board will do all in itspower to support the program and will pledge itself to permit no sales bythe Cotton Stabilization Corporation of its present holdings before July31, 1932, and will urge upon the cotton cooperatives financed by the Boardthe desirability of similar action by them on their stocks of 1930 cottonnow held. 7,000,000 bales of cotton will be taken off the market if theBoard' s suggestion is adopted. Thus far, the Board has had direct repliesfrom only the G-overnors of Ala.boma, California, Florida, G-eorgia, Mississippi,and Texa.s. Until it hears from the Governors of aJl the big cotton statesthe Board will h^ve no further a.rniouncemont to make on the subject.

The Cotton Stabilization Corporation held its ajinual meeting at theoffice of the Board T/ednesday. Mr. Alex. Legge, former chairman of theBoard, and Mr. Cason J. Callaway, cotton manufacturer of G-range, G-eorgia,

were elected Directors at large, and A. E. Zobs of 01d.alioma and H. J.

Iûrray of Texas, were elected directors to represent the cooperatives ofthose two states. The corporatioils officers were re-elected. The directorsof the American Cotton Cooperative Association, which is the central salesagency for the cotton cooperatives, were meeting here on Theirsday and Fridayof the past week, making plans for the hajidling of the 1931 crop..

The FsTm Eoa.rd annoujaced on Saturday that a commitment of fundssufficient to cover estimated needs for the year 1931 - 32 had been madeto Fru-it Industries, Ltd.., of San Francisco. This crgaiiization is one of

the cooperatives participating in the California grape industry program

( over)

tmder the Grape Control Board, As previously announced the Parm Board is

extending financial assistance to s-jjiinaid raisin growers of California,

and the California raisin pool in the handling of the 1931 raisin crop.

Speaking hefore the-20th Congressional District picnic of the

Illinois Agricultural Association at Old Salem, Wednesday, Mr. Saiii H«

Thompson said that adjustments in production and uiarketing must be made"by the iiiierican farmer to meet changed T7orld conditions if he is to get abetter price for his products.

Mr, C. B. Denman, the Livestock member of the Bosjrd, was theprincipal speaJcer Thursday'" at the Farmer' s Field Day held by the WestVirginia University at Morgantown.

Mr. Frank Evans of Utah, whose appointment to the Farm Board wa,s

recently announced, has notified the Board thr.t he will assujne hisduties on September 1.

Records in a survey of the 12 northeastern states just i-.iade availableshow that thirty cooperative associations in that area with an aggregatemembership of 1 , 921

•

growers marketed 01,618,475 of apples in 1929.

A radio talk C.J. Hansen, Federal-State Market Hews Service, de-

livered in the Department of Agriculta;xe period of the Western Earn and HomeHour, Thursday, A-ogust 20, 1951, through Station KGO and seven other radio

stations associated with the Pacific Division, National Broadcasting Company.

-—ooOoo

This week finds it posEiole to again give y.ou a few sentences fromthe latest official report released on the price situation, I will read youa little of Y/liat it sayss "The industrial activit/ dâring July receded still

f"ujrther from the Spring recovery and has probably orought the physical volumeof industrial output close to the low levels reached last DecemlDer. Eollovdngthe stimulus given to. business sentiment, and corrii-ôdity and stock prices bythe inter-G-ov^rnment Debt Moratori"am, financial co:.dltions in Central Eujôpc

have been a depressing factor. Host of the comi'nodity price advances of Junehave been lost cither tlirough increased si^pply prospects or f-jj:thcr coxtail-mcnt in demand, but a . few . comi:jodities liavc made advances during the latter partof July, Industrial 'stock prices also liavc lost a part of their rise dujring

the. latter part of Jujio, but on August 10th there were still about ten per cent

higher than the lov/ level reached d-oring the first week of Junco As a resultof more than seasonal declines in factory employment and payrolls during Juneaiid further reductions in .July and August, the farmers arc marketing the 1931production with the cons'cuncrs incomes at the lowest level so fcj: in tliis de-

pression. However, the smaller incomes of consiomers are offset, to some ex-

tent, by the lower level of retail prices," That was the end of the quotation.

So from that it looks as though wc do not have a great dcol of optis^smto offer the western grower yet, How then, I would like to say just a wordfor the special benefit of you western, apple shippers v/ho comtemplate exportingtMs year to the United Kingdom. May I caution you to accompany all such appleexport shipments ^^th'the special certificate covering the grade of the appleas required by the British Government. This certificate must be in additionto that which you secure at shipping point for' arsenical spray residue. It canonly be had at the point of loading on the sliip. Several carloads of westernapples have recently been held up at Liverpool and Hull, England, because of thefailure of the shippers to comply with this requirement. Remember, it is aBritish law end it may mean a considerable expense to you if you do not havetMs additional certificate.

Incidentally, the total movement of western apples has decreased tcm^

porarily to around 25 cars per day and ea.stcrn shipments arc even lighter. It

appears the Pacific northwest is getting under way more slowly thaii last year,whJ.le Belleflowers from Califomia are expected to be ready for harvesting with-in the next ten days. Some fut-are sales in the ITorthwest h^ve been made on

apples with extra fancy Jonathans of medium to large sizes at $1-1,15 per box,

Y/inesaps are being cold at $1-1,25 and Delicious are topping the ma.rket at

$1,50 per box, f.o,b. shipping point in the State of Washington,

With California about out of the picture insofar as fresh plums andprunes are concerned, the interest has shifted to the Pacific Northwest, Themovement from there is around 25 cars daily. In the Walla Walla district of

Washington, the suitcase boxes are returning aroimd 40^. If any of you prune(over)

*- 3 *•

or plum growers arc intorostod in a resximo of tho 1930 crop of Oregon and Wash-ington you in£'.y secure a very interesting publication without cost hy addressingthe Washington, D.C., office of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

. .

effect of the recent crop report showing a raach lifter productiono±^ onions tnis year tlian last was to strengthen the market for that product.Prices recently have been relatively high at sMp-oing point as well as in thecoriâmng markets. In the State of Washington, Spanish type yellow have beenselling around 1^ per lb. in crxload lots. The total shipments of onions havebeen ratiicr light and averaged less than 70 cars per day. About half the week-ly supply have been coming from California and Washington. Many Californiaonions arc now moving to tho Atlantic Seaboard.

Well, the C^rc .liiia© ueason is here and the first shipping point salesnave been reported on California Zinfandels at $32.50 to $35.00 per ton. Thisprice IS from $8-10 per ton less than at the same time last season. The tablegrape market is slow and dull, with Thompson Seedless variety returning only60-70^ per lug dox. Malagas sold but slightly abore that price. Dur^rg thepast we^^ California shipped over 500 cars of grapes, while the Ozark districto± Aricaiisas ani Missouri was credited with about 50 carso The total outputwas scarcely more than iialf what it was during the same period last season.

.carlot forwardings of peaches, cantaloupes, and watermelons all

showed a heavy decrease the past week. The movement of peaches averaged only600 cars per day and about ono^fourth of these ^^rc California peaches goingto the Conner s. Tlie California cantaloupe season is about finished, withWasûngton and ITow Mexico still rolling them to market in fair volume. Pricesrecently have been low. The lettuce market rontinues to be the brightest s-ootin tne agricultural world. M^st cash track sales from California and Coloradohave been aroând $3.00 mark, wliile in the terminal maxkcts this same lettuceaas sold as high as $8 per crate; although now there is an undertone of weakness,lactate shipments from eastern sections have been relatively light with arc-sultajit strengthening in the market. On the other hand the movement from thewest IS heavier and a noticeable weaker tone is prevalent. Best Stockton Bur-banks arc selling on the San Prancisco market at Iff: per lb., while Netted GemsIroEl the Yakima district of Wash, ranged from $1.25-1.40.

iTow, I believe that Is all I have of interest today, so I bid yougoodbye until next week. . .

a COOPERATIVE EXTENSION PfORK HAS IMPROVED - ^ SMIRIN& IN LAPORTE 00™!. (Indiana) | F.

A radio talk 0. W. Mansfield, Coiinty Agent, LaPortef County, Indiana, ^delivered throtigh a network of 51 associate lÎBC stations in the Land Q^snVCollege program of the National Farm and Home Hour, Saturday, August 22, 1931V^

—oOo—

I could tell you many things about LaPorte County, Indiana.. It has itsshare of sand dunes and the beautiful scenery familiar to everybody "who hasvisited the country about the lower end of Lake Michigan. •

.

":

.

More than 1100 of LaPorte County's 2200 farmers are in the dairy busi-ness. Even at present prices their business amounts to about one and one-halfmillions . .of. dollars per year. •

'

I have been asked to tell you today how the dairymen of our countyhave worked with the Farm Bureau, the County Fair, and the specialists of theExtension Service at Purdue University to build up this big business.

I hardly know where to start. But I guess 1*11 begin with the tuber-culosis eradication work. Farm and Home Hour listeners a month or so agoheard Doctor Wight of the Federal Department tell how the whole State of

Indiana has reduced cattle tuberculosis almost to the vanishing point; Ourcounty was one of the pioneers in the State. It was first accredited asT.B. - free in 1928.

Our dairy farmers early realized that records are the essential basisfor breeding up a good herd of cows, feeding them efficiently, thus raisingnet income.

So six years ago, in 1925, our farmers organized a dairy herd improve-ment association. Then another in 1926. There are about 27 herds in eachof these associations. About one-eleventh of our dairy cows have been uponrecord in these associations continuously. The members of the associationshave sold an average of 138 ujiprofitable cows per year, or about sixteen per^

cent of their herds. I believe you will agree that if all dairymen wouldthus sell their boarder cows, the present problem of surplus dairy productionwould be much easier to solve and our daiiâ^n would be more prosperous.

But I didn't intend to step aside and point morals. The facts pointtheir own morals. One powerful fact is that the n-umber of LaPorte Countycows producing over 450 pounds of fat has increased from 27 in 1926 to 69

in 1930.

Now, I don't want to cram, a lot of fijiûres down your throats, but let

me tell you the story of one of our good dairymen to show you the economy of

the herd improvement program. This man milked 23 cows from June 1, 1929 to

June 1, 1930. Ten of these cows averaged 406 pounds of buttorfat; and to-

gether made an income of $980 above feed cost. The other 13 cows averagedjust three-quarters as much butterfat. It cost our friend 14^^ more to pro-

duce a pound of butterfa.t from them than from the 10 good cows. The 10

good cows paid him $980 above cost of feed. The 13 poor ones failed by ^^135

(over)

- 2,-.

to pay for their feed — to say nothing of the care given them. This dairy-man has sold most of the poor cows and is now in a "better position to endiire

the present low prices.

Our dairymen want to "bring cows of higher production into their herds,naturally. They're doing it partly "by using registered sires from dams of

known pro duct i on o Through the extension service and the herd improvementassociations we've brought 32 sires of this type into the county. All aremoney makers for their owners.

T7ell, I see that I'm about to "be ordered to cease and desist, "but to

give you even a sketchy picture of how extension workers and our dairymenhave toiled together to build up their industry, I'll have to mention twoother things. One is the fact that we have increased alfalfa by 2000 acresand soybeans by6000 since 1925. These crops have furnished home grown pro-tein roughage. This has cheapened feed costaand thereby increased profits.

Tlie crowning fact of our extension .program is that since 1927 63 dif-ferent boys and girls have been members of dairy calf clubs owning registeredheifers. Of course these boys and girls won prize money and got excellenttraining. But besides that, production records show that these clubs increasedthe quality of our herds.

Now, in conclusion, I want to disabuse your minds of an;;,^ idea that I"

have an idea that LaPorte County, Indiana, is carrying on the best dairy pro-gram in the United States. Most counties with a dairy interest are usingsome or all of the phases of cooperative extension work I have mentioned as

a means of improving their dairy industry. I hope and every other countyagent in a dairy territor;^" hopes with me that confidence will increas-e in

this type of program. It is our firm belief that closer cooperation betweenthe dairymen and the extension forces will lead the way to more prosperityand more pleasure among the people who are producing milk, nature's most

perfect food.

HOW M OLD 7IR&IMA COUITTY ADOPTS ITSW IDEAS. R E C

^- SEP 8 1931

A ra.dio talk "oy Miss Katherine Ragsdale, Co-ujity Homs DemonstrationAgent, Powhatan Coinity, Virginia, delivered through a netv;orkT.qs?l}^.rtaS:SQ.ciate

EBC Stations in the Lan(i G-rant College Program of the National Farm and HomeHour, Saturday, Au^st 22, 1931 •

Powhatan County, named for the famous Indian chief, dates faj: backinto Colonial history. Here we still have homes owned and occupied "by the

descendents of those to whom they ?/cre originally granted hy the EnglishCrown, But the persons living in these old houses are keenly interested in

new home-making ideas..

At present the home demonstration club women are interested in homemanagement as a major project. A homo convenience contest is in progress,the object being to have each member whether her home be large or small,

Colonlp.l or noddra make a survey of her needs and sot a goal for possible im-

proTer:;cnts. One member said recently that her goal in the contest was to

secure four things - an inlaid linolcuii'. cover for her Mtchcn table, a dishdrainer for her sink, a tea wagon, and an outdoor fly trap. She now has all.

except the linoleum. Another club member who is building a new ld.tchen askedfor bulletins and suggestions about building her cabinets and planning asnl table ao.lior schame. The first thing she said when I went to her kitchenwas, "I have my work table the right height", and proceeded to show me bystaaiding straight up by her table and placing the palms of her hands on thetop without bending her back. Twenty-four women have secured tea wagons whichYdll save many steps and much energy and give more leisure time.

The establishing of a con-j:.Tuni ty house in the village of Powhatan, ourco-nty seat, has been the dream of the Worth While Home Demonstration Club mem-bers for several years. A few months ago the local Masonic Lodge gave theclub the use of the lower floor of its building which had been a grocery store,linmediately the club women held a meeting and jjlanned to remodel that partof the building and fit it up as a community house. Partitions, shelves andCO inters wore removed, making a large assembly room 30 by 50 feet. Wallsand woodwork were painted, fifty chairs and twelve tables bought and paintedby the club women, a^ color scheme of cream, orange and black being ca.rried

out. Soft window curtains and drapes with harmonizing colors were used. Anadjoining room v;as furnished as a kitchen and a shower was given by the club.This, with other donations and gl^ts, furnished the room. Altogether $200was spent on this building to nakc it a comfortable, attractive and convenientpla.co for community gatherings. An alcove was fitted with book shelves,vlndow seats and pillows. Here wo have the beginning of a county library.This community house was formally opened Achievement Day ,and was visited byover 100, It is now the meeting place for peopio from all sections of theco-unty, Comm-unity socials, church and lodge suppers, leaders* training con-ferences, home demonstration and 4-H Club meetings, are hold here.

Beautification of home groi;nds is one of the outstanding results ofhome demonstration work iii PoY/liatan County. This began with a yard improve-ment contest. Thirty entries were made, among them many old Colonial as wellas modern homos. For these, simple landscaping plans wore ma,de, emphasisvTDEing placed on base, boundary and entrance plantings, proper location ofwaullcs and drives and improvement of lams. The contest fcontinuod eighteenmonths when reports of accompli sliments were tabulated. It v/as fo"und that

(ov-^r)

1,187 trees azid. shru.bs had "been planted, 3,815 small plants, IduITds and roots

sc.t out, 9 walks and drives established, 4 now. laTTns made and 5 fo-unds.tions

closed vdth lattice or stone, besides many other imprc' vemcnts. The best ro-

S'xLt of this contest, hov/evcr, is that home beautifi cation has steadily con-*

tinued, those first contest homes serving as real demonstrations, Now,:,

all over the coimty along any road wo travel homes may be seem where yardimprovement work is in progress. Thus the outv/ard beauty and attractivenessof our farm homes is adding to the joy and contentment of;-the home makers.

Announcement v/as recently received that our county' had been awardeda prize of $300, second in the Virginia Sanitation Education Campaign v/hich

had beenconducted by the State Board of Health. The Federation of HomeDemonstration Clubs directed the activities in Powhatan. This organizationis entirely responsible for the home improvements made since it is the onlyone- In the cb^unty that v/ould sponsor the local campaign. The :four pointsstressed were proper sewerage, safe water, screening and fly control. Onethousand three hundred ten homes and public places were: visited by the clubconmittee members and a suTvey made of these four points,- sewerage, safeY/ater, screening and fly control. Literature and suggestions for improvementswere left at ^ach home. In May the same coranittee members revisited eachplace and collected final reports. In this last scoring.it islinteresting to

note that homes of club members ranked higher than others in the co'onty, manyof them reaching the foujr-point goal. Hundreds of outdoor 'fly traps weresecjjred and fly breeding peaces cleaned up. As a result nearly all the homesin the county are completely screened. -

I have told you about some thing's that may seem trivial to the' city-bred apartment dwellers in my audience. But rural folks will appreciate whatthey mean in more comfort about the home, and better social conditions in thecommunity. . On behalf .of the 1,410 other homo demionstration workers leadingthe home-makers for 6 million farm families toward those goals, I tb-ank allof you for listening.

THE WEE^ WITK ..^Hli!.. BbARD i

A radio talk prepared "by Frank Ridgway, Director of

L I B R A RR E C E I

\/ E Dnformation, I'edei'al

Farm Board., and delivered by R. E. Larn'o, western program di: 'eG^SjE^fS'ic^GSiInformation, United States Department of Agriculture, in tho Department periodof the Western Farm and Home Hour Monday, August 24, 1931, ilSrftuilf*SifeS«i^)^'^C-0"

and seven other stations associated with the Pacific Division, national Broad-casting Company.

oOOo

The following statement was made pu"blic at the Federal Farm Boardoffice last Friday: The Grain Stahilization Corporation announced at that timethat with the approval of the Federal Farm Board it had sold twenty-five million"bushels of wheat to the Brazilian Government, The wheat is to he paid for bythe delivery of 1,050,000 hags of coffee. Under the terms of the agreement,the coffee is to he witliheld from consumption until the Fall of 1932. Inaccordance with requirements of the Brazilian Government now in effect whichregulate the amount of exports from that country, the Brazilian Government hassigned an agreement with the Bush Terminal Company of New York, This companyundertakes against 225,000 hags shipped to it by the Brazilian Government togive to the Grain Stabilization Corporation certain guarantees and to undertakeall grading, handling and storage of the coffee without any expense to theGrain Corporation under whose control, however, the coffee will remain. Whenthe coffee is offered for sale it will be through established channels andfor delivery in cumulative monthly allotments of 62,500 bags to avoid disturb-ance to the coffee trade. The wheat will be shipped in monthly installmentsbeginning in September or October and will be from the stocks of the GrainStabilization Corporation, formally Brazil imports little wheat from the UnitedStates, but the United States imports a large part of its coffee requirementsfrom Brazil, It is believed that results of this transaction will be beneficialto both countries.

Chairman Jrjnes C. Stone in last Thursday's press conference told Wash-ington correspondents that The Federal Farm Board had replied through the StateDepartment to the inquiry coming from the Chinese Nanking Government concerningthe b-uying of stabilization wheat, Mr, Stone said the Chinese officials hadbeen told that the Grain Stabilization Corporation will be glad to enter intonegotiations with them for the sale of 15,000,000 bushels of wheat for therelief of flood sufferers in China.

During the last ten days officials of several big central cooperativemarketing associations have applied for loans .and submitted to the Farm Boardplans for financing their organizations in handling 1931 crops. The Boardannounced last Wcdnscday that it has completed arrangements with the AmericanCotton Co-operative Association for supplemental financing on a basis of whichthe cotton co-operatives will be able, at present price levels, to advance to

their grower members for delivery of the 1931 crop an amount equal to one centper pound less than the market price at points of delivery. It has boon es-timated that the cotton co-operatives will receive approximately 3,000,000bales of cotton from this year's crop.

( over)

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Mercliandizing loan^ connnittments have iDeen granted to the. National PecanMarketing Association of Jackson, Kississippi, according to the Board's announce-ment Friday, A^agust' SI* 'The Board also contemplates making a supplementalcommodity loaji 'to the Association when the deliverj'" season is under way. Of-

ficials expect the three thousand grower-memb.irs to deliver t'o the NationalPecan Marketing Association ap-oroximately 10,000,000 pounds of pecans from thisyearns crop. This National Association is the centra.l sales agency for twenty-four local pecan, co-operatives . The Board* s financial assistance will er.ahle

this new central agency to handle its increased deliveries and to carry out its

e35)cLnded merchandizing program* ..

U 1 B H '

H r%y THE WEEK fflT.H THE FARM: EOAH) t I R - ^ ^ '

1 ^ SEP li ^^2'A radio talk prepared "by Praiik Ridgwayj Director of inf^rmsition,

Federal Farm Board, and delivered "by R» H* Lamb western proar^^ ^^^^^fiiiij A.^rioiiiti»r-

Office of Informtion^ United States "Department of Agricultilr'6', m theDepartment period of the Western Farm and Home Hour Monday, k]a^st 51, 1931^—-—

^

through Station KGO and seven other stations associated withH^B^^'PacificDivision, iJational Broadcasting Con5)any»

—oOo—

C« B* Denraan, mcmher of the Board, in an address at the annual "banquet

of the ITational Swine Growers Association held at Springfield, Illinois, lastFriday night, warned farmers against the danger of over expansion in theproduction of hogs. He said that the hog has rightly "been named the mortgagelifter "but his lifting power is no longer proportionate to his weight. Lightweight hogs offer more profit than the heavier ones, hogs weighing from twohundred to two hundred twenty pounds offer the producer the "best chance ofsuccess in swine raising*

Charles S. Wilson, member of the Board, addressed the annual meetingof the Vegetable growers Association of America at Cincinnati, Ohio, lastFriday.

The Board announced Friday morning that Dr, John D. Black of HarvardUniversity has been appointed chief economist of the Farm Board to succeedDr. Joseph S. Davis, who has been on leave of absence from Stanford Universityin California and is shortly to resume his work there as Director of the FoodResearch Institute. Dr. Black will continue his teaching work at Harvardand therefore, will devote only a portion of his time to the Board. Dr.Black, a native of Wisconsin, is an outstanding agricultural economist withan international reputation as a teacher and student of agricultural problems.He holds degrees of BA, MAj and PH D from the University of Wisconsin.From 1918 to 1927, he was professor of Agricultural Economics at theUniversity of Minnesota, and from 1921 to 1927, Chief of that University»sDivision of Agricultural Economics. Since 1927, he has been professor of

Economics at Harvard University. From its organization some years ago, he hasbeen a member, and since 1929, the chairman of the Advisory Committee onSocial and Economic Research in Agriculture, appointed by the Social ScienceResearch Council. Dr. Black is the author of "Introduction to Economics,1926;" "Agricultural Reform in The United States, 1929"; "ProductionOrganization, 1929" ; and numerous articles and bulletins. The Board willhave in addition to Dr. Black, two assistant chief economists Dr. M. J.Ezekiel and Mr. G, C. Haas. Dr. Ezekiel is returning soon to the Board*

s

staff, after a year of travel and study in Europe.

The Federal Farm Board made public a few days ago a report on grapecooperatives in twelve northeastern states which showed that eighteen localcooperative associations with an aggregate membership of 3,067 growers in the

northeastern states marketed grapes valued at $1,390,070 in 1929. These factswere revealed in a survey of twelve states in this area. This survey wasconducted jointly by the Farm Board, State Agricultural Colleges, ExperimentStations, Extension services and Departments of Agriculture. The grapes weremarketed by cooperatives that also handle other fruits, vegetables and supplier

doing a total business of $2,827,900.

!ri!B ..gpAi^TA 'uz at)iiEi,miiia club • | -

w

# 3£r 1931 ^A radio talk "by Mrsl Vlo^mide "Pd6 Williams, Local- Leader, Siksafg:^

Co-unty, rlew'Jersey, delivered t-lirdli-^ a network of 51 radio stations asso-ciated with tlie National Broadcks'ting Company j Saturday j

Septem'oer 5., 1931-^

Hello, G-irls and Boj'-s of tlie 4—H'-GIuTds. G-reetings to you all-—Horth, East, South and West from the Sparta/ Uew Jersey,- Junior 4-HCluh. .

•• . . ...

Ida Haoariiell has already told you of the activi ties of the SpartaCluhs Now I want to tell you how I think that cluh, since it startedeight years ago,' has- i^de' it§' influeac0 felt b^^ and their mothersand also the town ^of "Sparta :^ • ,,. .. .

As.' local cluh leader, I haive "tried to show mothers of members thatinstead of living >for our girls w© •Sliould live mth them, 3y this I

moan that mothers should participate in their girls* activities and sliarc

in their fuQ. That is v/iiat wo liavc done in the Sparta Cluh, and. throughsuch participation wc have had the thorouglily cnjoyahlc experience ofwe,tciiing our girls develop- latent ahili tics and strengthen desirahlc traitsof character -u-ndcr the impctu-s of out-4-H club program.

In teacMng hom'omaking skills to the Sparta girls during the lastciglit yce.rs I have seen innumerablBc examples of hov; 4-H club work developsgirls in many ways, oduca.tes mothers, and benefits the home.

To il.'.ustra.to, let mo tell you- a,bout Mary, whose mother complainedthat she wonld not cook- 'or do any -of the kitchen work,

Mary was present at one 'Ot ovx meetings—the girls were busilyengaged making felt ha,ts—when someone suggested that refresl-ments be madeajid served. ITliilc oho group set about preparing chocolate coold.es, anotherone nadc lemonade. Mary expressed the desire to assist in mixing the bat^tor for the cookies. About tiiat time Maury's mother appeared on the scene-

and, seeing her daughter actively at work in the kitchen exclaimed: ^

"'iThy, I'm surprisedl She will never do any work of tliat ld.nd when I wanther to,"

In reply, I suggested that she should allow Mary to prepare andserve Sundaj' tea in her o\m way some afternoon*

"Uo," the mother ansivered, "I want her to prepare things for mein my way."

To tliis I could only says "G-ive Mary a chance to use her initia-tive and do somethings her ways then she will work."

Here, it seems to me, is an example of how, through club work, agirl has been trained to accept a certain amount of responsibility for

affairs of the home, and thus has developed her o\m judgment in malcing

decisions.

Consider, for a moment, the things our girls learn through theirfoods program in 4-H club vrork. Prom the state specialist in nutrition

(over)

and the home demonstration agent tliey learn a"bout proteins, carbohijrdrates,

and fats; about minerals^ and iHtaininsi find the part these substances playin keeping us w<)lli*noi3ri-shcd and healthy* Along ^Tith this ""book learning,"as I suppose some v;ould term itj our girls are- taisght hou io can fruitsand vegetables, hov; to; prepare difehefe that range from the light salads to

the more substantial meat dishes. They leam how to buy foods economically.But tMs isn*t all, for in the Sparta 'cliib oiir girls have also learned thatthe nutritious and itcII' cooked meal ' should' also- be v/ell served. "Theirtraining has included that v/hich has made them not only efficient homcmakersbut also charming hostesses in their oi,7n homes and at comminiity affairs.

Added zest is given -td our work tlirough thepicnics, liikcs, swimmingparties, and ska,ting pa^rties sponsored by the club. 'The girls keep thingsmoving, planning for a nev; activity of some sort almost a„s soon as an oldone is completed. Some of these events require a little money, of course,but tliis is obtaancd in duos - the girls pay ea-ch month. The Sparta 4-.H

Club lia«s its own bank account, ajid it -is 'kept entirely by the girls them-selves.

.

'..'

As a leader, ma^y I speak- of the great satisfaction and joy it h^sgiven mo to work v.lth girls- -of • the Sparta Junior 4-H Club. Tor the past8 years we liavc worked and pia;^*ed together and too' much caamot be said fqrthe wonderful cooperation and help given to us by the Hew Jersey EomeEconomics Extension Service.

'

My greatest source of satisfauction as a club leader hxis come fromwatching these girls develop into fine, capa-ble yo-ung women, and to laiow

tl-:ia.t their club activities liavc in part, o.t lea.st, been a fa.ctor in th-is

development. 'The greatest joy of m;^^ life lias been to sec the gradual re-

spect and attention v/liich our comr-Tonity has given to its girls' 4wH club.

The girls are mj^ friends, as they-fere of the five other club leaders. Eormc, the privilege of worlcing aad playing with my group in Spa.rta. h*as madethe \7orld scan brighter.

HOW THE IITTERUATIOITAL JUD&IIT& DAIRY CUP WAS EROUGHT BACK TO T [t__Ui|rigD[:^AgE^

RECEIVEDA radio talk by H. C* Barker, Univorsity of Maryland E^o^gp^^ Sa^:^

vice, delivered through a notv/ork of 51 radio stations assoqiated vathi^na'^'ITational Broadcasting Conpany, Saturddy, Soptcmber 5, ^931.

^Ti'. 8, r>,oiinmMS£ ar ^^^^j^

i- „

Hollo Boys and GirrsJ '\'-

.

Geo,' we are glad to be hone again from Europe and to liavc tlii s op-port-onity to tell you 4-H* ers a little about tho International JudgingContest at Warvdck, England, tMs summer. Most of you know that the 4-HJudging team that wins first place at tho National Dairy Show in St. Louisoach year h^s tho honor of representing this country in the InternationalJudging Contest. The Maryland team composed of Bill Chilcoat, Dick Clark andJin Johnston had th^t honor thds year.

The Contest was held at the. Royal Agricultural Show, proba,bly the"biggest show of its kind in the world. It was a hot contest. Six classeswere judged, consisting of a class of Milking Shorthorns, two classes ofi^shdres and one of Friesians, (Holsteins, we call them).

The weather was good, not a cloud in the sky - cool too, its alwayscool in England, an American day, I guess, because at the end of the Contestthe Anerican team was in first place with a score of 1917 points out of apossible 2160. Our boys won with the wide margin of 105 points.

Before the Contest, we sa?/ the Highland Agricultural Show atEdinlaorough, Scotland. On the farms of Scotland wc saw the AyrsMre cow inher native hone, gathering her living from knee-deep pastures that havebeen in permanent grass for 75 to 100 years. Such cows, with straight backs,size, almost perfect uddors, and great, deep middles, wc seldom see. Scot-land thrilled us.

Tho country-side of England was most beautiful, flowers everywhere,beautiful flov/ers, too. Every farmstead liad its flower garden. It seemedto us that the English really take time to enjoy life.

Erom England we wont to the Island of Guernsey, the nursery and homeof the Guernsey cow. Guomsey is fascinating. Thcro arc only 24 square milesin the Island. Forty thousand people live thero, and thoy Ixivc six thousandcows. Dairying in Guernsey is a side-lino. The green-house business is thobig industry. They produce thousands of tons of grapes, melons, tomatoes,ajid figs, all gTOwn under glass, and send thorn to the Paris and Londonmarkets. The cattle on the IsleJid ha.ve boon bred pure for over a hundredyears with no importations from othor comi trios. It was common to find afarm that had been owned by the same familj^ for two or three centuries.Jersey .was very much like Gucmsoy except larger and probably a bit moremodem. There are ten thousand cows on the Island of Jersey which is abouttwice the size of Guernsey,

Of course, we liked Franco, and we shall never forget our impressionof the battlefields where our Aneriean boys fought and died in the World War.

(over)

But I want to tell you a littlo alDout Holland, This country wasroclaimGd from the sea nearly 400 yearie ago and surrounded with high dikes.The land is 4 to 6 feet below sea level* As you drive through Holland,the landscape is a gorgeous picture of luxur^iant pastures, canals, ditches,(slotts, they call them) dikes, windmills, beautiful brick roads linedwith tall trees, and thousands Of black and white cattle.

Mne million people live in Holland, In Ijnstordam, there are onehundred canals and three hundred and forty- six bridges. There a,re onemillion two hondred thousand people living in this city, and there are fourhundred thousand bicycles. Everybody rides a wheel. The boys on Sundayafternoon, instead of taking their girls for an auto ride, go bicylceriding. Paralleling every country road, is a bicycle path,

It was a wonderful trip boys and girls, and I wish all of you mighthave the pleasure of taking it sometime.

Yi/HAT 4v.H CAIIF CUlB WOHK HAS IvIEAîy ^CO DAIRY iroSTRY III liABlOri COlMTt

L i B R A YRECEIVED

!.iISSI3_SIPFI

A radio talk by J.W, Rawls, Jr#, Marion Comty, Mis-._^^j-^j.^through a network of 51 radio stations associated with the lational Broad- ^casting Company, Saturday, Septembers, 1931. ^' ^P*^««»t ef AôaUnw

Hello Club Folks and Friends: I am glad of this opportunity ofcoming from "Way Sown South in Dixie" to bell you about 4-H Club Work inMarion County, Mississippi,

In 1929, ai'ter the eradication of the Texas cattle tick, the MarionCounty 4--H Dairy Calf Club was organized with 10 members. The Club membersand county agent arranged v/ith tlie J.J. White Lumber Co., and the two Banksof Columbia to finance the purchase of our calves on condition that eachClub member would agree to produce sufficient feed for his calf, grow oneacre of cotton as a cash crop and improve his pasture, ..These requirementswere met., payments liave been ma.de on ca,lves when due and the banlcs axe finan-cing additional members each year.

Our Club hold monthly meetings throughcat the year at v/hich tine wewere given' timely instructions by our Covmty Agent and the Extension DairySpecialists in the care and management, feeding, training and showing ourcalves.

In the fall of 1929 we exhibited our calves at one District Fair andthe State Fair where we woti 32 ribbons and $333, in cash,' At the end of theshow season I was chosen as the Champion Dairy member of the state andawarded a free trip to the National 4-H Club Congress at Chicago,

Due to the fine record made by our Club in 1929, our membership.*more than doubled in 1930, With more and better calves, oxy? club decided to

show at four instead of tv>ô fairs that fall. So we "made" two district, theState and the Mid-South Fairs in 1930, At the Mid-South Fair at Hempliis,

Tenn*, the Marion County group of five calves won first in the All-Southclass of cocmty groups. This same group was undefeated at any fair wc attend-ed. At the State Fair v/c won over.,; blue ribbon except one and wc did not comr-

petc for it. Wo also, v/on every championship offered, including tlircc goldmedals,' one silver medal and one bronze medal offered by the American JerseyCattle Club, Our cash vannings were $907. Wo took 89 ribbons. In addition,one of our members was again declared state Champion Dairy Club member andav/ardcd a trip to the National 4-E Club Congress at Chicago. In the State4-H Dairy Judging Contest conducted a.t Miss, A, & M. College each year ourteam has won second place for the past two years aaidhas, also, furnished the

highest scoring individual in the contest both ycajrs.

Our membcrsMp now totals .2$ and wo o\m forty six registered Jerseysof high production breeding. Three of our calves have been selected by the

Mississippi Jersey Cattle Club to be exhibited along with other caJvcs fromtills state at the Mid-South Fair a.t Men$this, Tenn, and at the National DairyShow at St, Louis, Mo,

But I think the most important result has been this: as a directoutgrowth of the work of the Marion County 4-H Dairy Calf Club, eight Ilegiste3>-

(over)

- 2 -

of-Herit IduIIs from dams witli an average l)utter-fat prodiiction of more than

500# have "been Drought into the Coimty; greater enthusiasm has been arousedin the Dairy Industry; 30 herds of pure "bred dairy cattle have heon estab-lished; and a large n'um'ber of hoys 'and girls have received splendid train-ing in improved dairy practices. As a rcs'^t of this increased interest indairjdng, our farmers arc producing more feed crops and practicing hotterfeeding methods, and pastuj?cs arc hcing renovated and improved. Several ofour mcmhcrs arc developing purchrcd herds of their own and one mcmhcr isnow engaged in thcreteal milk business.

In addition to learning how to select, feed, train and show dairycalves, our boys and girls have learned hov; to cooperate and work togetherfor the best interests of the Club as a whole; for instaiicc all winningsat Pairs arc pooled and after pc;7ing all expenses of the Fair Circuit theren£?j.ndcr is passed to the credit of the Club, or £-p)portioncd to the membersexiiibiting as determined by vote of the club. Last fall one of our memberswas off at College, so the Club decided to carry her calf on to the Pairs*This calf won $34. in prizes and a check for that amo-ojit was cent her to helptoke care of her College expenses.

In conclusion I want to say that without the leadersMp and interestshown at all times by our County Agent, Mr. R.M. Comc?.n, and the ExtensionDairy Specialists and Club leaders the results accomplished by the MarionCounty Dairy Calf Club would have been impossible. Our Club feels very grate-ful to the Pederal end State Extension Service for what they have done andarc doing for the rural boys and girls of America. I thank you.

H017 THE II-TISRmTIOHAL DAIRY-JUD5IM5 CUP WAS BROUGHT BACK TO THE UNITED STiJBS ^

A radio talk "by Williazn CMlcoat, Baltimore Coi:uity, Maryland",^- delivere'E'"''^^**"

through, a network of 51 radio stations associated with the National BroadcastingCompany, Saturday, September 5, 1931,

Paris, London and Edinburgh are wonderful cities and it would takeme a long time to tell you ah out them, and "besides, I thought you would "be

more interested in the rural life. As the main object of our trip was thejudging contest, we were mostly interested in cattle.

With the help of the British Ministry of Agriculture, we managed to

get some practice judging English cattle. An outhreak of hoof and mouthdisease kept cattle from the Highland Show, where we expected to get somegood practice. The Secretary of the Ayrshire Breeders Association of Scotlandtook us to some very good herds of Ayrshires. While on this trip, we wereable to see fourteen herds from one spot.

Shorthorns are very popular in England and they have many of what theycall "dual purpose" cattle, which means that they are for both dairy andbeef production. At the Royal Show in England there were ninteen breeds ofbeef and dairy cattle.

The Channel Islands were about the most interesting places we visited.G-uernsey, the home of our G-uernsey cattle, is very small, with a great numberof narrow roads. This Island was very nice-loold.ng, because everything grow-ing was green and the red and white G-uernseys looked nice in the green fields.The two financial assets of this Island are the exportation of their cattleand crops from their greenhouses.

Jersey Island was much larger and more like our country. The Englishpeople stay on this Island in shammer for a good time. It corresponds to ourAtlantic City. The Jersey cattle are of the best and the Islajid breeders areworking hard to breed cattle that we may demand.

The best looking country we visited was Holland. The black and whiteHoi steins look very attractive grazing on a small lot of land surrounded bywater. Holland is very flat and terribly cut up by canals and ditches. Thecow stable and home of the family are all under one roof. When the cows goout to pasture for the summer, the family moves out into the stable. The Dutchpeople certainly keep things clean and they have the best of manners.

It was a groat experience to visit the homes of our ancestors and theancestors of our cattle. I certainly thank everyone who helped to make ourtrip as wonderful as it was.

THE WSK WITH TkSl ÂPM BOAPDi

A radio talk prepared "by Frank Mdgway, Director of In'foraaônVFederal Farm Board, and delivered by R. H. Lajnb, western prograxii director,Office of Information, United States Department of Agriculture, in the De-'partment period of the Western Farm and Home Hour Tuesday, September 8,

1931, tlirou^h Station KG-O and seven other stations assoicated with thePacific Division, National Broadcasting Company.

—ooOoo—

The Federal Farm Board has made public a telegram sent to CrovemorJohn E, Erickson of Montana in which it was stated that the G-ran Stabiliz£u-tion Corporation has the Board's approval to furnish seed winter wheat to

Farmers in drought stricken countiesof that state. The stabilization Corpor-ation offers the seed wheat in oxchango for notes payable in one year. Thewheat v/ould be delivered to the Board- of Co-onty Comi'iiis si oners in twelvedesignated counties which may receive seed wheat on credit. The notes wouldbe sigLicd by the county commiss. oners and beax 5^ interest; the ^^v^t would beshipped f.o.b* to the dry coimtics at current market prices based on gradeand quîty of the grain. The Boards of County Commissioners worJd bo re-quired to pay all transportation charges* The Montana drought area selectedwas based on a report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture listing theco-anties in acute need. The Farm Board sent the message to Govenior Ericksonafter its attention had been called to the emergency existing in certcinMontana co\inties. Under the Drought Relief Act the Department of Agricultureis not authorized to finance the purchase of seed wheat to "fee planted thisfall and harvested in 1932, The Farm Board wishes to emphasize that this pro-posal by the G-rain Stabilization Corporation is only for the purpose of meet-ing a human emergency in this drought area. No other department of the G-ovemment is authorized under the law to mact this emergency. The Corporationoffer will enable farmers in that area to continue their normal farming operastions. The proposal is made subject to an agreement by Boards of CountyCommissioners that no seed wheat will be furnished for any farmers in anamount in excess of his normal requirements for planting purposes this fall, ain no case in an amount greater than that required for planting an acreageequal to winter wheat harvested by him in 1931,

R E C ^ IV'

* SEP 2^ Vj

L I B R A RTHE TOK mm THE imi BQiLRD: d ^ =. ,rt ^ C E I V fe, Q

, ^ iSr SEP ?8 1931 53A radio tallc prepared Frank Ridg^ray, Director of Informa' ion,

Federal Farm Board, and delivered in Department of Agricultiire V^' 'ti)^ ^^wmmt of A^uHthe T7e stern Farm and Home Hour Tuesday, SeptemlDer 15, 1931, tlirou^;h

Station KGO and seven othor stations associated with the Pacific ^jT^g^ip^gir~

.T"""~National Broadcasting Company,

ooOooV

President Hoover has announced that the Chinese Government has accentedthe proposal of the Federal Farm Board for the purchase of wheat and flour tol3e used exclusively for famine relief purposes, on terms of payment over aperiod of years. The Chinese Government undertakes the transportation and ithas given assurance that it will give equal opportunity to American flag shipsin the charters made for this purpose, 15,000,Q00 "bushels of wheat is theamoimt involved in this negotiation tctwcen the UanJcing Government of China andthe Grain Stabilization Corporation. A few days ago it was announced that25,000,000 bushels of wheat had been sold by the Grain Stabilization Corporationto the Braziliaji Government, The Grain Stabilization Corporations total salesof wheat to foreign governments will amount to 40,000,000 bushels when the saleto China is consummated.

The executive committee of the Eastern Livestock Corporative MarketingAssociation, Incorporated, announces through Farm Board that it will makeapplication for membership in the National Livestock Marketing Association atChicago* Tliis decision was reached by the Board of Directors of the Associationwhich met in Washington recently where a resolution was passed authorizingthe Secretary to sign a membership agreement with the National. The grsaiting ofmembership, to this organization will give the National 21 cooperative livestockmarketing agencies whose operations cover every section of the United States.The Farm Board assisted in the establishment of the Eastern Association whichwas organized by livestock producers im eight eastern states, includingMaryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, New Jersey, NewYork, and Pennsylvania, Thomas B. Glascock of \^pper Ville, Virginia, is

president of the now association which will operate selling agencies in thestockyards at Baltimore, Maryland, Jersey City, Now Jersey, and Lancaster,Pennsylvania, The purpose of the Association is to handle and market livestockfor growers ojnd. feeders in the eastern part of the United States, It alsoprovides a financing service to farmers.

Last Thursday a delegation from the Pacific Northwest wheat producingregion appeared before the Farm Board to present whn,t is now commonly knownas the Farmers* T7alla Walla, Washington Plan for Wheat surplus control. Thenorthwest representatives attending the conference were Rcpresentive John W,

S"ummers of Washington; Representative Burton L. French of Idaho; C. I.I. Radcrand Charles Baker of Walla Walla, Washington; and E, b. Aldrich of Pendleton,Oregon.

1.1

THE mac 17ITH THE FXBli BQAIffi:L I B R A RR E C E I V ^ E

, SEP ?d 1931A radio talk prepared "by Prank Ridgway, Director of Informa' ion,

Federal Farm Board, and delivered in Department of Agriculture pe: 'feci, j9^»rtiB«Mi

the Western Farm and Home Hour Tuesday, September 15, 1931, tliro"u^;h

Station KGO and seven othor stations associated with the Pacific te^^i]Qai^~National Broadcasting Coiripajiy,

ooOoo—- •

'

V

President Hoover has announced that the Chinese Government has accsgatedthe proposal of the Federal Farm Board for the purchase of trheat and flour tohe used exclusively for famine relief purposes, on terms of payment over aperiod of years. The Chinese Government undertakes the transportation and it

has given assurance that it Trill give equal opportunity to American flag shipsin the charters made for this purpose, 15,000,QO0 "bushels of T7heat is theamount involved in this negotiation "bctTTcen the llanJcing Government of China andthe Grain Stabilization Corporation, A ferr days ago it uas annoimced that25,000,000 bushels of wheat had been sold by the Grain Stabilization Corporationto the Braziliaji Government. The Grain Stabilization Corporations total salesof wheat to foreign governments will amount to 40,000,000 bushels when the saleto China is consi^mmated.

The executive committee of the Eastern Livestock Corporative MarketingAssociation, Incorporated, announcee through Farm Board that it will makeapplication for membership in the National Livestock Marketing Association atChicago* Tliis decision was reached by the Board of Directors of the Associationwhich met in Washington recently where a resoltLtion was passed authorizingthe Secretary to sign a membership agreement with the National. The granting ofmembership, to this organization will give the National 21 cooperative livestockmarketing agencies whose operations cover every section of the United States.The Farm Board assisted in the establishment of the Eastern Association whichwas organized by livestock producers im eight eastern states, includingMaryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, New JersesT", NewYork, and Pennsylvania. Thomas B. Glascock of Vpper Ville, Virginia, is

president of the now association which will operate selling agencies in the

stockyards at Baltimore, Maryland, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Lancaster,Pennsylvania, The purpose of the Association is to handle and market livestockfor growers ojid. feeders in the eastern part of the United States, It alsoprovides a financing service to farmers.

Last Thursday a delegation from the Pacific Northwest wheat producingregion appeared before the Farm Board to present whnt is now commonly knownas the Fa.rmcrs' Walla Walla, Washington Plan for Wheat surplus control. Thenorthwest representatives attending the conference wore Representive John W.

Summers of Washington; Representative Burton L. French of Idaho; C. LI. Raderand Charles Baker of Walla Walla, Washington; and E, b. Aldrich of Pendleton,Oregon.

THE 171 ?H THE FAElvI BOABJD:

LIBRARYRECEIVEDÔCT? 193) *

A radio tall": prepared "by Frank SidgT7ay, Director of Information, FederalFarm Board, and delivered "oy R. h. Larat, western program director, Office ofInforD.a,tion, United States Department of Agriculture, in the Department periodof the '.Testem Farm and Plome Ttiour Monday, Se-otemoer 21, 1931, through StationKGO and seven other stations associated with the Pacific Division, NationalBroadcasting Company,

oOo

State marketing and college officials of Virginia, vJest Virginia,and Pennsylvania met on Friday of the -past '.Teek vrith representatives of

the De-partment of Agriculture and the Federal Farm Board. The meetingrzas called to uork out "orogram for assisting apple growers in f-urther

development of cooperative m.arketing of apples in the Shennndoah Valley,

Annoimcem-ent iras made "by the Farm Board on Thursday that it could notapprove the Tualla ITalla plan of wheat acreage reduction. This plancontemplated giving wiioat growers an option to dvlj stabilization wheat next

Jvl^f in an amount equal to their promised reduction. "'Te do not "believe

the plan is likely to work to the advantage of the wheat producers of thecountry", acting chairmr.n Denman stated in a letter to RepresentativeSummers of T^shington, Chairmxan of the delegation which presented the planto the Board, "or that we are justified under the terms of the AgriculturalMarketing Act to authorizing the Stabilization Corporation to maiie the

contracts sûggested in the Boai^d", The letter continued by saying, "17e

have e::tended consideration to your -olan because it does attempt to bringabout some of the necessary red^^ctions in production. Readjustments arerequired, hov/ever, not only in wheat "hit in many other products and mustbe made with reference to systems of farming as a whole. The Board willcontir-ue its efforts to assist in bringing about thesereadjust: lonts" . Since you last hoard from the Farm Board, a.n agreementhas beo;- concluded to sell 7,500,000 bushels of stabilization v;hoat to

Crcrman^'- on credit. Previously se^cs of 25,'"y00,000 bushels to Braziland 15,000,000 bushels to China had been made, bringing the total of

such saJes since the first do.y of July to 47,500,000 bushels, OTnesc arc

in addition to the sales being made in the open market of not to exceed

an average of 5,000,000 bushels a month,

Chairma.n Stone returned on Friday from a four-day trip that included a

conference with the lând grant colleges, their extension services, and

various farm organizations in Chicago Monday and Tuesday of last week,

Sam R, ^'cTlclvic, who retired as member on June 16, after nearly two

years of service, wa,s a Board visitor on Frido.y and Saturday, He is

autZior of a plan that will enable the G-rain Stabilization Corporation to

supply -rdieat :ieeded by commun.ity relief organizations.

L i

R E cI

' *0CT1^ 1931 ^THE WEEK WITH THE FABI'^ BOAPD

| « A^rn^a^tB^

A radio talk prepared "by Frank Eidgway, Director of Infornation,Federal Farm Board, and delivered oy R. H. LaTb, ^.vestern program director,

Office of Information, United Ste.tes Department of Agricult'ore, in tlie

Department period of tlie Western Farm and Home Hour, Monday, September 28,

1931, tlirougli Station ZGO and seven other stations associated 7/it:i the

Pacific Division, national Broadcasting Company.

—ooOoo

—

Governor Dan T7. Turner of Iowa headed a delegation which appeared"before the Federal Farm Board last week to discrass "onfavoratle conditionsconfronting the Iowa corn grower. The delegation included the following Iowamen: Don Griswold, Co^^nty Agent; Clmrles E. Hearst, President of the IowaFarm Bur'eau Federation; F. Rogers, fecretary, Clarinda Chamber of Conmerce;

Mark G-. Thomborg, State Secretary of Agriculture; Ivan C. Hasbrouke, Presi-dent, Io?;a Bankers Association; Carl Water, Theodore 0. xTordstrom, and W. E.

Brock. Governor Turner states tliat the Iowa corn producers are facing a des-perate sit^j^tion, but no definite plan was presented by the Iowa delegation.The Farm Board Members offered the s'o.ggestion that farmers and agriculturalagencies work through the grain coopera,tives and the Farmers ITational GrainCorporation in creating and developing a large scale credit corporation. TheBoard also s"aggested that the assistance of banl-is and other financial insti-tutions be enlisted. Iowa has a, farm storage warehouse law which i.ialces itpracticable to give the corn producer en advance on warehouse r eceipts.Through the credit corporation money could be loaiied to farmers so that theywould not be forced to sacrifice their com at the time of harvest. Cornco^XLd be kept on the farm and later fed livestock or sold for cash. TheBoard* s suggestion is now being considered by the lowa delegation. Thissuggestion is also of interest to farmers throughout the corn belt states,including Illinois, Indiana, Missoujri, Nebraska, Kansas, the Dalcotas,

Minnesota and Ohio,

The whole question is of interest to livestoak producers becauseapproximately eighty-five per cent of the com produced in the United Statesis i^rketed thro-ugh livestock. The Earn Board has mailed the last of aseries of ten releases dealing with f cts concerning cooperatives in theI'Tortheastsm states. The facts were revealed in a survey made jointly bythe Board and Agricultural Agencies in twelve northeastern states. Copies ofany or all of these releases dealing with the cooperative marketing of dif-ferent farm crops can be secured by writing to the Director of Information,Federal Farm Board, Washington, D. C.

WI-!Y 1 Ml k LI^'ESTOCZ CLIB !'LS!.IEEII L I B R A R ^

RECEIVEDA radio talk by Bôrl TTinchestcr, Ga.riield Coionty, Olilalioma.

delivered through a netrork of 51 radio stations associajte^^Ty.îl the *HationaJ 3roadc.-\st ing ConrDany, Sat-jjrday, Cctooer 3, l'D3lL • . •

Tor rn:' short sts," here I have chocen the Sahject of "îy_

a Livestock Oluh I-Iemoe:.t ", j suppose if I Tvere to t r^' to e zplain'.tils

I

'"^hy I joir-d th,',.4-H cl'-.h or just Thy I atteirptcd the livestock T^ro-

jcct,. iny oiJy- satisfactcry ::-':''.clusion Trorld he a reason for Tzhich I cm'

not totally resppnsihloo T7hy I Joined xia^s nercly a lucliy matter, of

course, hu-t I shall bo more concerned irith Just frhy I continued this

-ôrk, and v.hy, if it rjorc possible, I ô'.ld again Join the livestock'

club. •.

Some of the benefits I hr.vo cxccrienccd as a res-'jlt, of Hclub v7ork during the "oast eif;ht years Tould perhaps best exrjlain mycoint". Because I lived on the farm and my dad .0'"êd sheep, I, took

shee-o as my club project. Along TTith livestock I entered in poultry.

- . In the first one or t'.~o years my 'winnings at local fairs T7ere

not many. The biggest success that perha^c-s ever came my rray vras the

natural one - thpt of he.ving my parents' strong ,encoiJ-ragement from the

start. !!y sheep paid my râry throu.^h high school, by having rron a fe'T

firsts, and' championships at the 14 State and lla.tional fairs ^here I

sho'Ted them. I also benefited from attending several livestock,poultry, and dairy Judging schools, and Trinning a fe^v prizes includingthree State ^Jid tv:o ITational firsts. I alrrays liked travel and this âsanother good reason ^hy I am going livestock club -jrork, T/hich hastaken me on many inter-state trips and a fe^r out of state trips in-cluding one to ?t. TTorth, Texa.s; tT7o to Chicago International Live-stock Sho'7; one to St, Louis National Dairy Sho"~, rnd one observationtrip thro-a^~:'h Ontario and Quebec, Canada,

All of this is merely an assemblage of fragments from a persona.lexperience seeking to give meaning to rriiat "e call the spirit of 4-Hclub T7ork. Thus, I TTOLild say that I am a livestock club member for api;jrioose greater thati that of making money, but every industr^r or insti-tution ria.s to have a means of support.

The chemist 'ôrks steadily to produce a more efficient compoundso that cars may get more males rer gallon of ga.soline. The elctricianponders by months in his laboratory over a device rrhich he believes vrill

improve ra.dio. In the same Tierf cvjt home economics departments discoverhoTj to prepare food to be more pa.latable, or to T:reserve foods moreperfoctl3' for futujre cons'jmption. That is one aim of the 4-PI club girl,

ên our aviators breach those old records they utilize air cujrrents,

atmospheric pressure and ever;" possible force of nat-u-re. Does it sorn.d

strange to say that agriciilture , too, can work --ith nature? Modernagriculture is one of the greatest sciences because it embodies so manydivisions of these lines of laio'^'ledge collectively spoken of as science.

Can you think of any business more important than that of good"oroduction? That is why Oklahoma 4-H club members are stri-.îng to findtheir air c-ujrrents; a~re terracing their fields to conserve moisture, areplanting certified seed, and studying the habits of parasites tliat causeuseless losses in croôs every year.

-2~

Life not only enoodies scientific study and planning "but it

includes the final puroose of all effort - happiness. We may T7ork hardevery day, "but t':.e efforts of the day are "wasted \mless they "bring

happiness or TDrepare the nay for it, Ohlahoma 4-H cluhs are lajn-ng

stress on the health "ohase of our rrork. Also are Tie atten-ctirig to

make the r'U'r-.l life more pleasa^nt h^^ "bringing those comforts, previouslyenjoyed in cities only, to the farm, making the farm a pl3.ce to live,

Ey a-^-Dlying on onxr farms and in our homes the various phases of

4-H cluo rrork "^e helieve rre cm live a well rounded life. The 4-Hprograir. rill help solve the pro'blem of farm relief, and nliile dwellingUDon that su"bject I will say that so fa.r as we have any record, there

has never heen one Oklahoma 4-H Cluo member or parent of clu"b memberstha.t liave ever applied or received any Government first aid or fa.rm

relief. Oklahoma is "oroud of that record and is trying to maintain it,

which is only possible by the developing of those TDotential q^^-alities

which m.'^?.^:e every individual fit into society,

I am a livestock club member because I have fo'cmd a r)leasure;

because I have seen that the puriDose of 4-E clubs is constructive;because 4-H club work Reaches me the art of personal expression, andthe :]o'j of S"cortsm.anshi-c— to be a good loser a.s well as a, good winner -

and finally becsAise 4-H work D.akes men - such men as are citizens,a-s a.rG real neighbors, a'9 malce the nation a better place in which to

live. That \s m.y idea, of OlcLahoma^s program of 4-H club work.

L I B R A RR E C E I ^/ E O

{ k OCT ^0 ^QV -4

A radio tal];: prepared 'by Edgar Marldiam, ABst, to the Chairman,Federal Fann Boards and delivered "by R. H. Lamh, western progran director,Office of Information, United States Department of Agriculture, in the

Department period of the Western Farm and Home Eovx Tuesday, Octo'oer 3, 1931,tlirou'fii Station ICG-0 and seven other stations associated with the PacificDivision, National Broadcasting Compa.ny,

In response to inquiries of Tfashington newspa.per correspondents atthe weekly press conference last Thursday, Chairna.n Stone said the FarmBoard favors ms2-ing stabilization wheat availahle for relief purposes.As the lo.w 'now stands, the donation of this wheat is prevented. But the

Board is working out a plan whereb-'- the Grain Staoilization Corporationcan maize sales on liheral terms to responsiole agencies. The ChairmanDelieves that Congress sho^Jld grant the necessary authority to give stabili-zation wheat for distrioution to the h^mgry,

The Dairy Advisory Committee met at the offices of the Board Fridayand Saturday to discuss problems confronting dairy farmers and the de-iry

industr^^ as a whole. The members of the comm.it tee were selected hy the

dairy cooperatives in accordance with the provisions of the Agricult-uTal

Marketing Act, They include Harry Hartke, of Cincinnati; John Brandt,

Minneapolis; U, H. Dickey, Seattle, Wash; George T7. Slocum, Milton, Pa.;

H. L. Betts, Chicago, and C. F, Hought ,Hartford, Connecticut,

Mr, Sam P", Thompson has just retijirned from, a trip to Lincoln, llehraska

Des Moines, Iowa, and Chicago, Illinois, where he discussed the corn

situation with farm leaders, hankers end others. Consideration is heinggiven to setting up a credit corporation with tlie capital structure to he

supplied hy local h?jil:ers or through cooperatives as suggested to the

Iowa delegation which recently came to Washington to see what could he

done to help improve the sitiiation.

President L. J. Taber and other memDers^ of the Executive Comjnittoe

of the National Grange were Farm Board visitors Thursday.

Mr, C. B. Denman was in la Grange, Indiana, Sat^urday where he spokebefore the twenty- sixth ann-oal corn carnival.

I ^ ^ Q R A pVQ THE WEEK 7/ITE THE FAEM BOARD ; / ft £ c ^

> x

,

v-^nq '^ —" /

"^^-'^^D. The radio talk prepared "by Frank Eidgeway, Director of k.aîAB'îSTi}

Federal Farm Board, and delivered "by E. H, Lamli in the DepartmQ|it of Agri- ^

calture period of the Western Frxm and Home Hour Monday, October ^.S",^^*!^? ^^^^^^^through Station KGO and seven other stations associated with tiie_^Pacific Divisio:national Broadcasting Compajiy,

—-oOo—-

The course grains advisory committee held its first regular meeting of

the year in the offices of the Farm Board last week to discuss particularlythe prolilems confronting the corn growers of the Middle West. This committee,coniposed of seven men, was selected "by the grain cooperatives in accordance withthe provisions of the Agricultural Marketing Act* Earl Smith of Chicago is

cha.irman of the committee* He was appointed in place of S. H. Thompson, whois now a memher of the Farm Board* Other members of the coarse grains advisorycommittee are S. J. Cottington, Stanhope, Iowa; George S. Milnor and Jozies,

Murray, Chicago; Waj'-land Magee, Bennington, ITebraska; Co E, Huff, Salina,Kansas; and L. J. '-L^-Â'-er of Columhus, Ohio.

In response to requests, the Farm Board announced recently that it is

prepared to authorize the Grain and Cotton Stabilization Corporation to sellwheat and cotton at market prices to appropriate relief agencies in the UnitedStates, either for cash or on such deferred pajnnents as may he agreed upon.These arrangements are intended to assist in relieving the distress of thoseunatle to provide food and clothing for themselves as a consequence of un-enrployirent or drought. By this action the Board hopes to make the sarplusstocks of wheat and cotton immediately available for relief purposes, eventhough some time may elapse heiore relief organizations can raise the necessaryfunds. These arrs(sigement s will need to oe v:orked out with authorized nationalrelief agencies whose function it is to deal with emergency problems ofdisaster and unemployment relief. The Board cannot authorize the StabilizationCorporations to give awa^'' their stocks of wheat or cotton even for charitablepurposes. But it can arrange for sach deferred payments as will enable promptand effective utilization of part of the stocks for relief purposes.

James C. Stone, chairman of the Federal Farm Board, delivered an addressat the annual convention of the American Bankers Association held in AtlanticCity, ITew Jersey, last Wednesday. In talking to the bankers, Mr. Stone saidhe thought the Board' s severest critics will have to admit that the past twoyears have been rather difficult ones in which to demonstrate the effectivenessof the Agricultural Marketing Act to achieve the purposes for which it waspassed. Yet real progress had been made in strengthening the cooperativemarketing associations which were already functionirig and assisting in the

organization of others. As an evidence of this fact, Mr. Stone pointed out

that cotton cooperatives handled twice as much cotton in 1950 as they did in

1929; wool cooperatives handled almost five times their 1929 receipts; gra.in

cooperatives handled in terminal markets three times the amoimt they hadpreviously handled. Mr. Stone also stated that there was no cooperative to

his knowledge which did, not show an increase in the 1930 crop over that handledin 1929, As further evidence of the progress that cooperative marketingassociations have made under the Agricultural Marketing Act, Mr. Stone saidthat during these trying times the Board has given financial assistance of

more than $300,000,000, aside from loans for the wheat and cotton stabilizationoperations to 112 cooperative associations. Many of these are national or

regional in scope with hundreds of local cooperative associations as members.(Over)

L 1 a

^ ^™ WEEK 7/ITE THE FARM BOAUD !

| £ C p ; \y -

. The radio talk prepared by Eranli Eidgeway, Director of |lnA>rQLGiB.2ri(i

Eederal Farm Board, and delivered "by E, H. Lcon'b in the Leparti^^t of Agri- ^oilture period of the Western F??xm and Home Hour Monday'", October *L&',^*^Sik^f\^^^y^^^

through Station KGO and seven other stations associated vrith ihe^Pacific Divisio:national Broadcasting Conpa<ny. ..

—oGo— •

The course grains advisory committee held its first regular meeting of

the year in the offices of the Farm Board last week to discuss particularlythe problems confrontirig the corn growers of the Middle West, This committee,coniposed of seven men, was selected by the grain cooperatives in accordance withthe provisions of the Agricalt^ural Marketing Act* Earl Smith of Chicago is

chairman of the committece He was appointed in place of S. H. Thonroson, whois now a member of the Farm Board* Other members of the coarse grains advisorycommittee are S« J. Cottington, Stanhope, lowa^ G-eorge S. Milnor and JamesMurray, Chicago; WayLand Magee, Bennington, ITebraslsnt Co S, Huff, Salina,Kansas; and L. J. 'Jr,c.er of Columbus, Ohio.

In response to requests, the Farm Board announced recently that it is

prepared to authorize the Grain and Cotton Stabilization Corporation to sellwheat and cotton at market prices to appropriate relief agencies in the UnitedStates, either for cash or on such deferred pa^nnents as may be agreed upon.These arrangements are intended to assist in relieving the distress of thoseunable to provide food and clothing for themselves as a consequence of un-employment or drought. By this action the Board hopes to make the surplusstocks of wheat and cotton immediately available for relief purposes, eventhough some time may elapse before relief organizations can raise the necessaryfunds. These arrajigement s will need to be v:orked out with authorized nationalrelief agencies whose function it is to deal with emergency problems ofdisaster and unemployment relief. The Board cannot authorize the StabilizationCorporations to give awaj'" their stocks of wheat or cotton even for charitablepurposes. But it can arrange for sach deferred payments as will enable promptand effective utilization of part of the stocks for relief purposes.

James C. Stone, chairman of the Federal Farm Board, delivered an addressat the annual convention of the American Bankers Association held in AtlanticCity, ITew Jersey, last Wednesday. In talking to the bankers, Ivlr. Stone saidhe thought the Board' s severest critics will have to admit that the past twoyears have been rather difficult ones in which to demonstrate the effectivenessof the Agricultural Marketing Act to achieve the purposes for which it waspassed. Yet real progress had been made in strengthening the cooperativemarketing associations which were already functioning and assisting in the

organization of others. As an evidence of this fact, Mr. Stone pointed out

that cotton cooperatives handled twice as much cotton in 195C as they did in

1929; wool cooperatives handled almost five times their 1929 receipts; grodncooperatives handled in terminal markets three times the amotmt they hadpreviously handled. Mr, Stone also stated that there was no cooperative to

his knowledge which did, not show an increase in the 1930 crop over that handledin 1929, As further evidence of the progress that cooperative marketingassociations have made under the Agricultural Marketing Act, Mr. Stone saidthat during these trying times the Board has given financial assistance of

more than $300,000,000, aside from loans for the wheat and cotton stabilization

operations to 112 cooperative associations. Many of these are national or

regional in scope with hundreds of local cooperative associations as members.(Over)

Of th.e raonev borrowed frofe tiie revolving f'ijind, these cooperatives liave paid"back nearly $170,000,000 and;- up to the present time only, two •coopere.tives

have, failed, both of whidi were comparatively small organizations „ He addedthat the collateral on all these loans ma.de by the Board to cooperatives couldbe liquidated today on the present low level of prices at a loss of less than5^ of the total amount of the loans made. The percentage of failures of

cooperatives will compare favorably with that of other business organizationswhen you consider that practically all loans made by the Board are secondaryloaiis and were made during a period of continually declining commodity prices.The record is goodo -Mre Stone asked the bakers how many other Americanfinancial institutions ^ could say the' same tcdayc .

..

vA A ^SUCC.SSSFltL ilXTS>ISIO!T PROJECT ' \,

^rx\j 3 t93^ ^

A: COLu'irillTY THROUGH THE FJISHBHRPT CHOP

A radio tal> by Joseph h. Patnem, Coi:inty Agricultural Agent, PraiTklinCounty.', Ivtassacr-usetts, delivered through a network of 51 radio statio]is--^»^'(5cia-ted with the national Broadcasting Company, SSiturday, October 24, 1931.

In the Eastern Eills of Franlclin Countj^, I.Iassachusetts, lies the t^'picalhill town — to^mship, to you Westerners - of iJew Salem. This was the. sort - ofigew England town you have all read about. It faced depletion in population 8.nd

agricultural abgndorjiient . The development of transportation along the valleyhad left it stranded. The limited areas of clee,red land, the difficulty

_of -

cultivating it ?n.d the encroachjr.^ nt of brush and forests had made large cropproduction and dairying impractical.

Its soils are listed as "marginal" — ^such soils as are purchased by the --

State for forestry reservations. To one who loves these hills and has faith intheir abilitj^ to continue to produce that rugged type of manhood that has buildedour ITation, IJew Salem and its sister Uew England towns, present an interestingproblem.

To maintain a live tovm there must be living in it, live people who areable to secure sufficient remuneration for their labor ta maintain a r easonablestandard of living. ITow New Salem men could depend on some employment inlumbering and highway work - but not enough. Their farm production program- mustinclude cro-os of a high value per acre; also it was desirable to utilize thelabor of the ~omen and the children at the time of year they were not in school...

In this particular locality, which includes parts of Wendell and Ora-nge,

wild raspberries and blueberries grow l^oxuriantly.

These cro-os fit the requirements of the program for such a locality..

In 1917, d~aring the high prices of the war, Butler Coolidge received $1700.00, -

for his crop of Cuthbert raspberries from seven-eighths of an acre, and lest I. ; .

forget, this same field this season- at 24 years of age produced a fine crop*

This rather startling production, perhaps, furnished the momentum forthe Extension project which revived a dying New Salem Comjnimity. The CountyAgent with ?ruj.t Specialists from the State College Extension Service canvassedthe area to encourage a larger planting of Cuthbert Raspberries^ . We found .

mosaic and other diseases, but these appeared to do little damage in this

locality. G-radually, plantings increased.

New Salem has one advantage over man;;,'' of our hill towns in that it is

the seat of one of the" old New England endowed academies, which is now runjointly with the toYm as a High School, and connected with this is a Smith-Hughes Agricult-ijoral Department. The County Agent in cooperation with the highschool agricultural instructor laid out a program for encouraging the raspberrygrowing. / '

, , -:

Just then something iikppened which had, perhaps, the greatest influence .

(over)

- 2 -

of all in deveioping this section* The GorJity A^^ent met a reporter for thef eati;.re section of the Boston G-lohe and took him to visit these raspherryfields. He was so impressed with the q-uality of the crops heing raised thathe came "back a few days later with a photographer and wrote a full page illus-trated feat-ojre story for the Sunday paper. One could fairly see the farmers of

New Salem straighten up their ha-cks, throw out their chests, raise their chins,and tackle their projects with renewed vigor, when they felt that their workwas of sufficient importance to- make a feature story in.' a big city paper. ...V/.

Increased plantings followed immediately.

One of the serious T)rohlems of the growers was' the shipping of their

crops to Boston. Each one took a crate or -two to the express office at Orangedaily and only too frequently go-t nothing in return "but a hill of expense fromthe commission house hecause damage to theherries during transit caused themto arrive in ujimarketahle condition. We made a survey and got a truck to take

the entire crop through to Boston market, hut when the time for shipment arrived,the grov;ers lost their courage and again hitched the old -horse to the hugg3'' andtook their cro^os to the express office.

Two years later a surplus of raspberries in the Boston market caused one

of the most enterprising growers to take a few crates on his little Ford truckto the "Torcester market. To his surprise they carried perfectly and he decidedthat they mi;<5ht carry equally well to Boston. As the result of a trial t rip ;•

the followin;^ year, all the growers shipped together on one truck, and to.

facilitate matters these berries were all delivered to one commission house*As a result the berries arrived in good condition, were sold in the presence ofan interested -oarty, growers occasionally marking" the trip with the truck, andusually topped the Boston market.

The "llew Salem Reds" achieved such a reputation for quality that theirname was used on other berries. Last year a meeting was called and a newshipping tray was devised holding thirV baskets in one flat, which would packreadily on the truck and when' delivered at the market, show every box in the.-

package. 'The men also adopted a trade mark - "New Salem Reds" - and every box •

bore this label.

TThile,this last year was, one of exceptionally low prices, New Salem-

raspberries usually topped the Boston market and returned a good profit to .

the growers. Frequently a night shipment from this little community returnsthe growers over $1200.00 and the best fields produce up to $1000.00 per acre. ..

Tlie Association is nov; -olanning to put in a small jam factory to talce

care of the surplus fruit or that which is injured by unfavorable weather atpicking time.

Soils, like people, often have apart to play, in the world's progress. .;.

Today the soil of this little section, previously ' classed as "marginal", is -.

producing at a value per acre reached by very little of - the best soil in, the.county. Tlras this little community, agriculturally abandoned fifteen yearsago, has con-e to be known throughout New_ England as the leading ra.spber.ry, sec-

tion and the residents have seen their community awaken from dormancy and be-come a live co.:jLmnity; en asset to the country.

*^Vv^ TE2 GAF-DEI-T^S COITTRIBUTIOIT TO TH3 milLY 13IET • ' ^ O\

i ^ ^ -^

A revdio talk "oy Miss Esther C. Lott, Hone Demonstration Agent, Otta?ra^^^,^^

County, Michigan, delivered through a netrrork of 51 radio stations' associated

with the National Broadcasting Conipanj^, Sat-arday, October 24, 1931, _

I 212 so glad to have the privilege of telling you today about what \ie

have been doing ir. connection with vegetable gardens in Ottawa County, Hich-

igan, during the past spring and summer

•

The siDirit of thrift that was cor.imon'to Michigan and the ilat ion during

the days of the 7orld War returned to our rural men and women and the "boys and

girls of Ottawa County as they entered whole-heartedly into our garden cam-

paign. Our slogan "âs "enn-agh vegetables for every member of the family for

everyday in the year". This appeal went to every section of . the coimty and

particularly to those persons whose winter diets had been limited oecause of

lowered incomes,

ê put demonstration gardens in seven different sections of Ottawa

County to show how to grow varieties of vegetables suited to the Michigan cli-

mate as recorr-iended by the horticult-ural department at the State College,

ê made the gardens about one hi^Jidred by two hiuidred feet and planned them to

fill a food budget which would provide two servings of vegetables every day

in the year for a family of five, allowing for canning and storage.

After the gardens were well underway we invited the people of the co-anty

to visit thei:: and to hear talks by the garden sioecialist from Michigan State

College, -Tliese coivjîunity meetings gave -.he men and women opportunities to re-

ceive first Inand information on methods of Dlanting and caltivation, recom-

mended fertilizer ratios, and on the control of insects. More than eight hi^jidred

men and women visited the demonstration gardens during the spring and su2F-i3r.

iJow, all of you know that we may have ever so perfect a garden and

highest q_-aality vegetables gathered at just the right stage of plimipness and

maturity - but if these vegetables are not properly prepared for canning all

of our efforts have been in vain.

That^s why, as a part of our nutrition and garden program, we gave dem-

onstrations c'nd lectures' on the preparation and cooking of vegetables to retain

their natural flavor and color and how to serve them attractively.

Here is one of the things our people learned at these meetings. The

vegetable ^late is a deservedly popular means of supplying a whole da^'"' s ration

of vitamines aîd minerals. Potatoes are always a part of the vegetable dinner.

They may be balred, creamed, au gratin, e scalloped or mashed and then arranged

on the plate with three other vegetables, usually a green leafy one, a color-

ful vegetable like beets, carrots, or tomatoes and one prepared with milk or

egg, like corn pudding or escalloped celery-' with cheese,

3}aring the months of July and A^jgnist the war time spirit was again

evident in the majiy comjnunities requesting instruction in canning. Many home-

makers opened their homes and invited their friends and neighbors in^ to attend

these ca-ining demonstrations. The women were especia^-lly interested in the

- 2

canning of soup mixtures using odds and ends froip. the ga,rdens. Often vt-o naynot have enough vegetahles of any one kind to make it worth rrhile to ca,n themalone "but by using the several kinds together we can easily prepare some jarsof comhination vegetables . You'll "be surprised at the occasions for usingcanned soup mixtures - someone is ill and needs some good nourishing hroth —you com.e home late at night from cold winter drive and a "Dig bowl of steamingsoup warms you up before going to bed - or you talie down a couple of cans whenunexpected ^Taests arrive and you want to extend a meal.

I wish Yov. all could see the many well filled shelves in the cellars ofour thrifty housewives, i.'any women tell me that their jars are all filledand that 'cliey have purchased several dozen new jars this summer so that theycould provide their fsmilies with the much talked of "two vegetables per daj^"

during the eight months of the year when fresh things are not available fromthe garden. These thrifty housewives are assured as a result of the busyseason's work, that the hungry wolf will not com.e to their door this winter.

TEE miK ?ITH TEE ¥KBK EOAIiD I ^ NOV "i-^^^^

A ra.dio talk prepared by Sdâr Markhain, Assistantj"&c^' Chairman in\

charge of Press Helations, Federal Farm Board, and delivered hy E. H. Lamb iTtr

the Department of Agriculture period of the Western Farm, and Home Hour Monday,Octooer 2S, 1931, through Station PIGO and seven other stations associated withthe Pacific Division, Na.tional Broadcasting Company.

oOOo—

The State Bankers' Association of Texas, the largest cotton producingstate, TT-as first to report to the Farm Board its e.pproval of the ITew Orleanscotton plan. This plan calls for the withholding from the market the presentcrop year of 7,000,000 "babies of cotton. Southern harikers are to finance atleast 3,500,000 "bales or half tlê minimum total fixed, and the Farm Boardagrees that the cotton staciliza:ion corporation will not sell any of its

1,300,000 osJes, sjid that the cotton co-operatives will be extended credit so

that they can withJiold about 2,200,000 bales of their old cotton. Cottonacreage reduction next 3êa.r is an important part of the I^Tew Orleans holdingprogram. This w^.s emphasized by the Texas bankers, who in approving the ploji

adopted a resolution not to finance cotton growers next year who do not obeythe sta,te acreage reduction law. Congratulating the Texas Association, Chair-man Stone wired on Wednesda.y; "The team work which can be developed from, thismovement is the m.ost important forward step for southern agriculture which hasbeen taken in npjiy years. You can depend on continued cooperation of the FarmBoard in this work" .

Mr. Williams attended the meeting of the G-oergia State Bankers' Asso-ciation at Hacon, Tuesday when the Uew Orleans cotton pl£?ji wa,s approved.

Resolutions adopted by the Dairy Advisory Committee ?.t the recent meet-ing in Washington were ma.de public Thursday. These warned da,iry farmersagainst overprodiiction, advised them to support their co-operatives in o.d-

vertising dairy products to increase consumption, and urged them to consumemore of their ovrp. products. The committee also commended co-operatives m.ar-

keting of man-'ofactured dairy products and urged milk distributors to buy milkfrom co-operatives because of the high quality of their products,

Mr. Wilson attended a meeting in Chicago Thursday at which permânent

organization of the National Fruit and Vegetable Exchajige, Incorpora.ted, wa,s

completed. The Exchange announced tha.t active operations will begin shortly,

Chiarman Stone in addressing the ITa^tional Associa.tion of Farm equipmentman-ujfacturers in Chicago Thursday, urged farm implement men to support the

cooperative progrrjrn being developed under the Agricultural Ma.rketing Act, say-ing that they a.re vita.lly interested in its success because farmers are theironly customers.

Mr. Denma.n spoke at the annual meeting of the Institute of American HeatPackers in IJew York Monda.y. He cadled upon mea.t packers and retailers to re-duce the spread between producer and consumer to help increa.se consumption.At present, he said, livestock farm.ers are bearing ne3,rly all the burden of re-duced retn,il r.iea.t td rices.

vi 'crrh R A Rl^^c^ SCIEITCE PJ!:LATI0IT to EEED AlID FSHTILIZER COlTTROL |j

A radio talk \)j H. D. Easkins, Massacliusetts Agric-U-lt\iral E::êj£?iyie'îi? 1931

Station, delivered through WRC and 44 other associate IIBC station?^, Curing the,

Department oi Agricult-ujre period of the National Farm and Home Mg'o^ y^'^(?iisa*ib^]A^'

1 9 31 « ' -

— oOc

—

In 1^29 farmers of the United States used 7,934,030 tons of coiTKiercial

fertilizer, Assiiming an average ton cost of $35,00, the total outla.y for thiscom:.iodit;- .in 1929 was $275, OOC ,000.

Althoiv-jh no relia"ble statistics seem to be available as to the to:":^-age

and cost of commercial cattle fe-eds, yet in all probaoility they would farsur-pass the figures given for fertilizers.

Laws of 47 states compel the manufacturers of these two commodities to

furnish a statement of guarantee to "be attached to, or stencilled on, everypac'mfê or parcel containing mixed fertilizers or fertilizer products, mixedC3,ttle feeds, or the crushed seeds of plants tlis.t are sold £.nd used for feedingpurposes.

In case of fertilizers the laws req-Stire the statement to give the netweight, "brand name, and the g^j^ranteed percentage of nitrogen, availablephosphoric acid, and waiter soluble potash, this being the briefest andsimplest form of guarajitee. Many la^"S require a more dets.iled st?.tement of

composition, such as water soluble, tota.l and insoluble phosphoric acid, aswell as the various forms of nitrogen present. All labels shall also bear thensjue and principal address of the manufacturer or importer.

• In case of commercial cattle feeds, the laws require the statement to

give the net weight, brand name, and g-c^ranteed composition interm.s ofprotein, crude £at

,nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber, and crude ash.

Since 1884, the mem.bers of the Association of Official AgriculturalChemists have labored earnestly for the perfection of accii-rate and rapid

methods of chemical control that have been annually applied in checking up

the statements which a-cpear on the labels of these products.

Attaining perfection has not always been a simple matter, as frequent

changes in the composition of by-product materials, the introduction of new

materia.ls, a.nd the improved methods of manufacture have introduced new problems

for the control official to solve.

The Association's system of cooperative research, headed by well

qualified referees, has resulted in the adoption of adequate methods, m.odified

and revised from time to time to meet new conditions.

The annual publication of resrjts of this chemical control, often

suTDT)lei-snted by valuable microscopic examinations, is eagerly anticipated 'oj

the cons"umer and by the reliable manufacturer, whose attitude has always been

one of helpful cooperation.

The control bulletins aim to Toresent in simple and popular mannerthe reiwiti of the year's work. They are briefly edited in such a manner as

to make the most of their educational possihilities, as well as to make them

a val'j^blo source of reference.

Most of the siic.cessf^iJ. men engaged ih agricult-ur&l pursuits arefainiliai: with these putlicat ions and use them freely when p-ujrchasing eithertheir plant foods or cattle feeds,

These "bulletins are usually supplied free of charge to citizens of the

sta/be hy the State Experiment Station, or "by the St^-te Coi'iraissioner of

Agricult-'JTe in case the latter official is charged with this control work. Totha,t SLiall n-JiTLDer who are unfamiliar with these "b-alletins, I wo"i:-ld strongly'urge I'ov. to apply now to have your name placed upon the mailing list to re-ceive ooth present and fxiture pu"bli cat ions.

THE WEEK WITH THE EABl BOAEDL. i B R A R >

A radio talk prepared "by Frank Ridgway, Director of Inffcrmsfîîf'r ' V E DFederal Farm Board, and delivered by R. H. Lamb in the Departirint oôigri^l-ture period of the Western Farm and Home Hour Monday, NovemheiJ 9 , 19si^ ^-Hii®^ "ikr

Station KGO and seven other stations associated with the Naticlnal| [Broadcasting

Company,MC-KGO network

- - o)(o - -

The Federal Farm Board has assisted in establishing the National CornCredit Corporation, which was incorporated under the laws of Illinois lastweek. Its organization plans were completed a few days ago. The credit Corpo-ration is a cooperative and already has paid in capital amounting to approxi-mately $1,000,000, The Corporation ?dll make it possible for farmers to bor-row money on corn stored in cribs on their farms. Loans will be made to co-operative and non-cooperative farmers by the credit corporation thru arrange-ments with banks and other designated organizations in the farmers own coraraa-

nity, Growers who borrow money in this way will be in a position to keep cornon their farms and later feed it to livestock or market it in an orderly man-ner. They will be able to a,void being forced to sell their corn on an unwill-ing market. In borrowing money made available by the National Corn Credit Cor-poration, farm storage warehouse receipts will be issued on corn which is to be

used as collateral to secure the farmers loan, Harry Laird of Ees Moines, Iowa,has been selected as G-eneral Manager of the Corporation. Mr. Laird served as

head of a similar organization in Iowa several years ago. He plans to open of-fices for the new corn corporation in Chicago vv-ithin a week. The National CornCredit Corporation has an authorized capital stock of $2,500,000, This stock is

being purchased by financial and industrial organizations of the middle westand the Farmers' National Grain Corporation which will market the corn controlledby the credit corporation.

Packers, baiikers, and implement manufacturers already have raised a halfmillion dollars thru locals made to the Farmers' National Gra.in Corporation.The Federal Farm Board will match dollar for dollar up to a million dollars,

the money invested in the Corn Credit Corporation by business organizations,with its initial capital of a million dollars. The National Credit Corpora-tion thru discounts ^vith Federal intermediate credit banks in St. Louis, andOmaha, will have from eight to ten million dollars available for loans to far-

mers. The Corporation may expand its credit facilities if later developmentsindicate that more of this money is needed.

Directors of the National Corn Credit Corporation are:

George R. Ranney, Vice-President and Treasurer of the International Har-vester Company;

C. E. Huff, President, and George H. Milnor, General Manager of the Far-mers' National Grain Corporation;

Earl C. Smith, President of the Illinois Agricultural Association;John H. Hogan, Vice-President of the Continental Illinois Bank & Trust

Company;Charles E. Hearst, President of the Iowa Farm Bureau Federation; andMark Woods, Nebraska farm.er and banker.

Tlie Directors are expected to meet in Chicago soon to begin passingupon loans.

THE YEj:^ WITH THE LMD-GEMT lUSTITUTIOiJS L I B R A R Yi

RECFiVED

A radio talk "by 0. W. Hightmire, President, Ohio State uSi^£?i'4:y, ^931 -A:

delivered in the Rational Fstrm and Home Ho^jt through a networ]^ of f5 associatemc stations, November 16,. 1931, '

^^^^'^^^ ^rnmH^ ft)

•oooOooo

—

The Land G-rant Colleges were fo-jjided to educate the agricvLltural andindustrial classes; they were founded, "by Federal initiative and have grovmwith both Federal and State support. , These Colleges rest upon national interestand have a national character and program.

Since 1887 they have been, through, the Agricultural Experiment Stations,centers of research in the problems of agriculture, and the cumulative resultsof this long period of study and exp 'jrimentation are being increasingly realized.

The Department of these Colleges are also undertaking r eseax'ch intomany ld.nds of farming problems in laboratories and upon the college farms.

All these findings are carried out to the farmers • and year by year ap-pear in better crops, better livestock, finer fruit, richer' gardens and moreproductive daireies. i\nd we must not forget the studies continuously goingon in farm homemaking in v/hdch great improvements are contributed to cookingand dieting, to clothing- and to home management and decoration, Parrxi efficiencyand farm home life have been promoted amazingly through the varioi:© activitiesof the Land G-rant Colleges; besides they have been preparing thousands of ouryouth for important positions in the Federal Department of Agriculture wherethey become skilled investigators, counselors and G-overnment agents in fieldsof nation-Yd.de interest.

All these and many other results which there is nov/ no time to mentionare ayccompli shed by the Land G-rant Colleges year in and year out — these areits regular work <— and so accustomed hxa.ve the benefiting public become to theusual activities that the^T- are accepted as a part of our lives.-

But in the last two years of economic, industrial and social stress, ina time of drouth, unemplo^nnent and discouragement, these Colleges liave playeda master part.

_.

The Agri cul t-ujral Extension division through its coimty agents andspecial workers in the drouth states in 1930 and 1931 surveyed the food suppliesand the feed for stock on the farms and estimated the amo'onts needed but notpresent for the six months or more ahead until new supplies might be producedin a better year, G-overnor^s and President's comalttees used tliis informationto maice a total picture of the conditiins and upon that basis set to work to

find relief. These Extension workers were on the ground, were fanilia.r mthconditiins, and through them the Land. G-rant Colleges came swiftly to the reliefof the stricken areas. '

.

These extension v/orkers have been counseling the fanners in these timesof need about the most effective use of their lands and the most productivemet'iods of dealing vdth livestock and have given them much market information.Farm costs, farm accounting, selling, have been brought to the attention withgreater persistence and skill than ever before.

(over)

College agents Imve l)een working in cooperation with the president'sComirdttee on Unemployment to instract people on part time work in garden makingand self help in food production* The extension service has heen also an avenueof approach to the rural people for the Federal Farm- Board aaid in tl:iis way asteady effort lias oeen made through the Colleges to disseminate ox.ioiig rural

peoples the Board^s prograirx ajnd annojiiced purposes. •

In these times of stress I have no douht that the women and girls on

the farms have benefited by. the teacliings and studies of the Departments ofHom.e Economics on millinery and clothing and suggestions about quality, styleand textiles have been made in the homes by demonstration agents. The Laiid

G-ran.t Colleges in these times liave shown a hxiglily gratifying adaptability andreadiness to fit themselves into any occasion of need, and they liave materiallyaided in keeping up the spirt and morale of the farim.ng ccmmunity.

Cur Engineering Experiment Stations have also given mj.ch aid. In Ohioa. new and careful stj^dy of Ohio coals has shown mining possibilities, heatvalues and percentages of waste, that are putting these coals bade into favorand a degTee of factual publicity attained for beyond belief. A great industryvdll deservedly be getting the benefit of these studies.

Experimient stati on studies in Ceramics are giving help t o tliis great in-dustrial field. The road buildi :g program upon wiiich some plans for aiiploymentrost, h^s been greatly helped by testing of road materials and research carriedforward in these stations.

Experiments have gone forward with concrete structures, also in thefield of metallurgy and with metlxds of reenforcing beams, all of wMch areproducing genuine advances in our Imowledge and tecliniques.

Like all business, farming has' had to ta2-ce an inventorj?" of itself intiiese times and check res Its and programs against the demands of the time; andwiien the Federal Farm Board and other agencies are finding it necessary to dis-courage ?/heat and cotton production the farmer m.ust have ready and efficientadvice about, rotation and diversification of crops and an almost professionalImowledge of market trend and practices. At tliis point the Land G-rant Collegestnrodgh their laboratories, the agriailtural experiment stations cuid the exten-sion service, have been the centers of effective and sympathetic help.

Much progress has also been made through these agencies in the reclaim-ing of agricultural and industrial waste, and in advancing a program for landutilization. The future holds much promise in both directions.

The last two years liave given a strild.ng opportunity to demonstrate thevalue of the dual relationship of the Land Grant College that is, its relationto the state and to the nation. It responded vitally to the call of each, andin a national crisis demonstrated anew its national significance, and justifiedafresh its national su.pport.

The tems "States Rights" and "Federal' Centralization" h^ve both lostmuch of their old significance; we now thinly in terms of cominLmity cooperationand general interest and must do what the situation demands regardless of theseold tim.e bogies. •

The foijndation which these Land Grant Colleges have in Federal LandGrants and Federal financial appropriations .and Federal cooperation is assuredin public sentiment and by their constant activities in educating oot agricultur-al and industrial people, forever made impossible in this country a peasantryand a proletariat.

H0T7 TEE 7/EST, WITH THE AID OP LAIID-GRAUT COLLE&ES, IS i..IEfeTIlI&

ITS CUIffiSlTT PROBLEMS|

^3? Â radio talk "by 17. J. Kerr, President, Oregon State |Agricp,XtL\ral^T iâiuisaw

College, delivered through a network of 45 associate 1^0 rsfdio stationsin the national Earm and Horns Plour, Monday, Uoveiriber 15, 1 .-— -7T;zzim^

—oOo—

The Eleven Western States, emhracing the vast area from the

Continental Divide to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, are at presentsl'ia^ring the hardships occasioned "by the world-wide depression. This is

hut natural, since these states produce lumber, v/heat, beef, citru-S anddeciduous fruits, wool, dairy and poultry products, and other coiomodi tiesthat mast find markets in states far to the East and in foreign countries.

This regional division extends for 1,340 miles from the Canadianline to Mexico, and includes 1,175,732 square miles. But less than one-fourteenth of this area is directly suited to cultivation or pasture.More than 200,000 square miles is in forest reserves. Only 7.4 peopleper square mile inhabit this great territory, aS' compared with 25 in theMiddle 7/est and 82 in the Eastern States.

Rainfall in the Eleven Western States varies from a maximum of

131 inches to a minimujn of 7 l/2 inches. Temperatures vary from amaximujn of 122 degree's in California to a minimum of 60 degrees below zeroin Wyoming. These figures indicate something of the diversity of agriculturalconditions ejid the problems involved in agricultural production in thisvast region, under such variations of topography, temoerature, and rain-fall. /' .'

.

It is generally accepted that the depression is not so acu.te in the

West a,s in the industrial East. Whether this be true or not, the factremains that cattlemen, sheepmen, fruit grovêrs,' grain producers, lumber-men, and others in the Eleven Western States are facing serious problems.Drouth in certain sections has reduced crop yields below normal, curtailedsupplies of irrigation water, and added to the usual hardships of the

agricultural depression.

Owing to varying conditions in the West, agriculture, from the

standpoint of both production and marketing, has been subjected to athorough and searching analysis. The principle is recognized that the

foundation of a sound agricultural marketing program is the developmentof the agricultural industry in harmony with the production and rriarketing

resources of the region. Agricultural programs, based on a survey of

conditions within the respective states, have been developed within the

past decade in practically all the Eleven Western States. These programs,modified from year to year by state-wide and local conferences, have be-

come a more or less authoritative basis for the development of agriculturethroughout this region. They involve constructive progra^ms of landutilization and land settlement.

In the solution of present agricultural problems the land-grantcolleges of the West are emphasizing four distinct principles. These

include (l) reduction in production cost; (2) iinprovement . in narlretingmethods, (3) reduction of rural taxation, together with means of increasingthe productiveness and volume of taxable assets, and (4) the provisionof agricc.ltural credit structures to help in. producing processing, ware-ho"C-sin£-, 8.nd marketing land products.

In the first place, problems of production are regarded as offundamental importance in the program of the land-grand colleges of thisregion. Abundant but controlled production is still the main objectiveof the progressive farmer. Large physical returns for the effort andthe resources invested in agriculture must ever be salient factors inthe su.ccess of the business. They represent reduced costs per unit. Underpresent conditions of low prices the only hope of profit for the farmeranywhere rests in a lower cost of unit production. The necessity to re-duce costs is peculiarly forced upon the western farmer, since he m-ast

sell his products on distant markets, under the handicap of high transporta-tion costs. In order to succeed, he mast practise a high type of efficiencyill his farming operations, producing his commodities at a cost lower thanthe farmer near grea.t markets. The efficient methods of production de-veloped by the experiment stations during the past quarter-century, andmade a.vailable to the public through resident teaching and extensionservice channels, thus form the very groundwork not only of agriculturalrehabilitation but also, so far as the ITest is concerned, of any programof permanent agriculture.

The land-grant colleges, in collaboration with the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture, h^ve surveyed and classified the soils of the

IJestern States. Having done so, they have been enabled to offer competentadvice on maintaining the fertility of these soils, the most suitable cropsto grov/ on them, the best yielding and most marketable varieties of productsto raise, how to control pests and diseases of both plants an.d aiiimojs,

how to produce beef, butter-fat, eggs, and wool at a minimum cost, and howto apply good management and business -methods to these operations. Theseare but illustrations of many ways in v/hich the land-grant colleges arehelping toward the solution of production problems on the farm.

In addition to land utilization, - however, there are broad economicproblems, such as adjustment of production t.o maxket demand, cooperativemarketing, taxation, and transportation, to the solution of which the

•7estem land-grant institutions have directed both research and extension.

In the second place, the land-grant colleges are emphasizingimprovement in marketing methods. The whole marketing problem is closelyrelated, of course, to production. Successful marketing involves suchmatters as the growing of marketable crops and varieties; the establishing

and using of grades and standards; proper packing, processing, and handling;

selecting suitable transportation types and agencies; scientific analyses

of demand and supply; study of market reports; and the building ^lp of

efficient marketing channels through either private or cooperative agencies,

or both.

The land-grant colleges of the West have joined with the United

States Department of Agriculture in developing a crop and market reporting

-2-

service, together with an agricultural outlook and " inteiition-to-produce"service for the guidance of farmers in their efforts to 'oalance production^ith marlret demand. By means of the press, the radio, and the county agri-caltura,! agents, • this information is made, availal^le tofarm.ers everyir/here.

Use of ocean transportation and the consequent reaching of Pacificmarkets not accessi'ole on the same iDasis of economy to interior and easternstates is still another effort initiated "by the land-grant colleges of the\7estern states.

After years of study, Congress passed the Agricultural MarketingAct, in June, 1929. This Act, which may "be taken as an expression of thepolicy" of the Federal G-overnment with respect to the econom.ic pro'olemsof agriculture, provides for a systemx of farmer-o\7ned and farmer-controlledcooperative marketing associations and for scientific studies in landutilization. It provides also for study of market conditions at home andaoroad, vdth a view to "balancing prodiiction with marketing demand, t'nus

attacking the problem of the surplus at its source.

In all of these fields of service the land-grant colleges of the

"Jest are active. The West, in fact, has pioneered in the development ofsuccessful farmer o"iTned and controlled cooperative marketing associations.The na.tion has long pointed to certain of the earlier California, cooperativem.arketing associations as models of their kind.

The TTest is committed to "building cooperative marketing associationsfrom the "bottom up, and not from the top down. It "believes in vesting the

mr?;xiiiiam of control within the local organization, and the minimum of controlwithin the great central or national sales agencies. If developments con-tinue at variance v/ith this philosophy of sound cooperative principle, the

West may "be expected to uphold the views that are the outgrowth of its ex-

perience.

In the third place, the land-grant colleges are aiding in the con-

structive effort to reduce rural taxation on the one hand, and on the

other to increase the productiveness and volume of taxa'ble assets in general.

Distur"bance of our entire economic structure has con-rpelled a searching

study of the t^jx "curden and its equita"'ole distribution. The land-grant

colleges are seeld.ng, ciiiefly "by means of research, to contribute to the

clarifice.tion of the principles of modern taxation methods. Although this

research is practically all recent, some significant taxation studies have

already been completed and the results published. The land-grant colleges

will play a further part in helping to put into practice the results of

such research.

The land-grejit colleges are likewise aiding in the development of

agricultural credit structures. It is generally recogiiized that the

agricu-ltural producer must have credit advantages equal to those of the

industrial producer. Through federal and state legislation the farm.er now

has this advantage. It is a part of the service of these institutions to

assist him in utilizing this new benefit in producing, processing, ware-

housing, and marketing his products.

While it may' "be true that the Western States have felt the economic

depression and its resultant unemployment a little less severely than other

-3-

parts of the country, it is certain that the West, like the country- generally,3,s fa.cing serious proolerns. In .the solution of these problems the land-grant colleges are assisting both in efficient production and in marketingand other economic phases. The program is one of self-help, a programthat reposes faith in the resourcefulness, the courage, and the determina-tion of the people themselves. Such a program, it is believed, will carryus through to a secure and a more abiding prosperity.

HOW THE T/EST, nflTH THE AID OF lAJlD-GRMT COLLEGES, IS i.CEETIlTG

ITS CUKREITT PROBLEMS|

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A radio talk "by W. J. Kerr, President, Oregon State AgriculturalCollege, delivered through a netv/ork of 45 associate HBC radio statipp^s^

in the national Farm and Home Plour, Monday, November 15, 1931,"''

—oOo—

The Eleven Western States, emhracing the vast area from the

Continental Divide to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, are at presentsha,ring the hardships occasioned "by the world-wide depression. This is

"but natural, since these states produce luiQ"ber, wheat, "beef, citru.s anddeciduous fruits, wool, dairy and poultry products, aiid other coinmodities

tha.t Eiust find markets in states far to the Sast and in foreign countries.

This regional division extends for 1,340 miles from the 'Canadianline to Mexico, and includes 1,175,732 square miles. But less than one-fourteenth of this area is directly suited to cultivation or pasture^More than 200,000 square miles is in forest reserves. Only 7.4 peopleper square mile inha"bit this great territory, as compared with 25 in theMiddle West and 82 in the Eastern States.

..

'

Rainfall in the Eleven Western States varies from a maximuiii of

131 inches to a miniraam of 7 l/2 inches. Temperatures vary from amaximujn of 122 degrees in California to a minimum of 60- degrees helow zeroin Wyoming. These fi'gares indicate something of the diversity of agriculturalconditions and the pro"blems involved in agricultural production in thisvs.st region, under such vsxiations of topography, temperature, and rain-fall.

It is generally accepted tha,t the depression is not so acv.te in the

West a,s in the industrial East. Fnether this be true or not, the io.ct

remains that cattlemen, sheepmen, fruit growers, grain producers, lum"ber-

men, and others in the Eleven Western States are facing serious pro'olems.Drouth in certain sections has reduced crop yields "'oelow normal, curtailedsupplies of irrigation water, and added to the usual hardships of thea.gricultural depression.

Owing to varying conditions in the West, agriculture, from thestandpoint of "both production and marketing, hag heen subjected to athorough and searching analysis. The principle is recognized that the

founda.tion of a soiJ-nd agricultural marketing program is the developmentof the agricultural industry in harmony vTith the production and imrketingresources of the region. Agricultural programs, "based on a survey of

conditions within the respective states, have "been developed within the

past decade in practically all the Eleven Western States. These programs,m.odified from year to year 'Dy state-wide and local conferences, have be-come a more or less authoritative basis for the development of agriculturethroughout this region. They involve consti-uct ive programs of landutilization and land settlement.

'In the solution of present agricultural problems the land-grantcolleges of the West are emphasizing four distinct principles. These

include (l) reduction in production cost; (2) improvement in mai^::etingmethods, (3) reduction of rural taxation, together with means of increasingthe productiveness and volume of taxable assfets, and (4) the provisionof agricu.ltural credit structures to help in producing processing, v/are-housin^-, and marketing land products.

In the first place, problems of production are regarded as offundamental importance in the program of the land-grand colleges of thisregion. Abundant but controlled production is still the main, objectiveof the progressive farmer. Large physical returns for the effort andthe resources invested in agriculture mast ever be salient factors inthe success of the business. They represent redaced costs per unit. Underpresent conditions of low prices the only hope of profit for the farmeranywhere rests in a lower cost of unit production. The necessity to re-duce costs is peculiarly forced upon the western farmer, since he mastsell his products on distant markets, under the handicap of high transporta-tion costs. In order- to succeed, he raast practise a high type of efficiencyin his farming operations, producing his commodities at a cost lower thanthe farmer near grea.t markets. The efficient methods of production de-veloped by the experiment stations during the past quarter-century, andmade available to the public through resident teaching and extensionservice channels, thus form the very groundwork not only of agriculturalrehabilitation but also, so far as the West is concerned, of any programof permanent agriculture.

The land-grant colleges, in collaboration with the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture, have surveyed and classified the soils of theWestern States. Having done so, they have been enabled to offer competentadvice on maintaining the fertility of these soils, the most suitable cropsto grow on them, the best yielding and most marketable varieties of productsto raise, how to control pests and diseases of both plants and animals,ho"!.' to produce beef, butter-fat, eggs, and wool at a minimom cost, and howto apply good management and business methods to these operations. Theseare "out illustrations of many ways in Y/hich the land-grant colleges arehe?.ping toward the solution of production problems on the farm.

In addition to land utilization, however, there are broad economicproblems, such as adjustment of production to market demand, cooperativemarketing, taxation, and transporta.tion, to the solution of which the

Western land-grant institutions hxave directed both research and extension.

In the second place, the land-grant colleges are emphasizinginiprovement in marketing methods. The whole marketing problem is closelyrelated, of course, to production. Successful marketing involves .-sach

matters as the growing of marketable crops and varieties; the establishing

and using of grades a:id standards; proper packing, processing, and handling;

selecting suitable transportation types and agencies; scientific analyses

of demand and supply; study of market reports; and the building rep of

efficient marketing channels through either private or cooperative agencies,

or both.

The land-grant colleges of the West have joined with the United

States Department of Agriculture in developing a crop and market reporting

-2-

service, together with er. asricultural oâtlook and " inte:ition-to-produce"

service for the guidance of farmers in their efforts to halance prod:action

î'th niarhet demand. By means of the press, the radio, and the couJity agri-

cultural agents, this information is ms.de availaole to f armers every^jhere.

Use of ocean transportation and the consequent reaching of Pacific

markets not accessiole on^ the sane tasis of economy to interior and eastern

states is still another effort initiated oy the land-grant colleges of the

T7e stern states.

After years of study. Congress passed the Agric^^ltural marketing

Act, in June," 1929. This Act, which may be taken as 3i\ expression of the

-oolicv of the Federal &cvernment with respect to the economic problems

of"âgriculture, provides for a system of farIner-o^7ned and farmer-controlled

cooperative marketing associations and for scientific studies in land

utilization. It provides also for study of market conditions at nonie and

abroad, rith a view to balancing production with marketing demaiid, tnus

attacking the problem of the surplus at its source.

In all of these fields of service the land-grant colleges of the

7-st are' active. The TTest, in fact, has pioneered in the development of

^niccessful farmer o^med and controlled cooperative marketing associations.

The ns.tion has long pointed to certain of the earlier California cooperative

m^.rketing associations as models of their kind.

The ?Jest is committed to building cooperative marketing associations

frori the bottom up, and not from the top down. It believes in vesting i:he

mr.-i-um of control within the local orgimization, and the minimum oi control

-:t>in the great central or national sales agencies. Ii developments con-

tinue at variance with this philosoiDhy of so^Jid cooperative principle, Lhe

West may be e:<pected to uphold the views that are the outgrowth o^ its ex-

perience.

Ir. the third place, the land-grant colleges are aiding in the con-

str^^ctive effort to reduce rural ta:^-ation on the one nand, aiid on .ne

ct-êr to increase the productiveness and volume of taxable asseos in general.

D^stTjrbance of our entire economic structure has compelled a searcnmg

stiây of the tax burden and its equitable distribution. The ^land-grant

colleges are seeking, chiefly by m.eans of research, to contrioute .ne

clp--fication of the -principles of modern taxation metnods. Al-cha^fen unis

research is practically all recent, some significant taxation studies nave

al-eady been completed and the reâlts published. Tne land-gran, colle^.s

will play a further part in helping to put into practice the resi:.l-.s ox

such research.

The land-grant colleges are. likewise aiding in the development of

agricultural credit structures. It is generally recognized tha. .-.e

acTicultural producer mst have credit advantages equal to^^H^^^J''^

industrial producer. Through federal and state 1^!^^?^*^^^^^^^ . tt;^^ Z

hcs this advantage. It is a part of the service ox tnese institutions to

assist him in utilizing this new henefit in proaucmg, processing, .mre

housing, and marketing his products.

While it may he true that the Western States have felt the economc

depression and itfresaltant unentployment a little less severely .nan o.ner

parts of the country, it is certain tnat the West, like the country generally,is facing serious proolerns. In the solution of these problems the land-grant colleges are assisting ooth in efficient production and in marketing&,nd other economic phases. The prograjn is one of self-help, a programth^.t reposes faith in the resourcefulness, the courage, and the determina-tion of the people themselves. Such a program, it is Delieved, will carryus through to a secure and a more ahiding prosperity.

- T:hS EECRC-AinZATIOi: DF TE3 SO'JTH'S AGRIGULTU3S TO Iv3ST ITEW GOlxÎTIClTS..

MTD TEE COlTTFJBlTTIOiJ OF TEE LML-GRAITT C0LI51GES ^ pA radio talk 'by Bradford Knapp, President, Alabama Tc^lytecrsni'c Insti-

G, delivered thro-j.gh e. network of 45 associate iJEC radio $tati^:^ ^v?t^:^:,-

âtion^l Earm. and Home Eo'jXj Monday, ITovember 16, IS 31.

— oOo

—

0. &, Ih^fin^L ai A^mmlttre.

ITo section of our coimtry is more nearly r^jral and agric'jlt-:.ral thant':ir.t section which we know as the South. B.ov.gh.ly speakin^^ these states com-prise about one- third of the tota,l area of the continental portion of ovj:

coL'iitr^'" v.dth average crop va,lues about one-third of those for the whole coimtry.Tê hia.vb the largest percentage of rj.ral population and the largest percentageof tenant faiTners of any section of the country. In wealth we fall far shortof 0 -r quota of the wealth of the whole people. Our problems have been manyand there never was a time in our history when they Y/ere as dlffic-.lt a.s theyare no V/.

the stor^r is too long for thJ.s brief statement. A comparison of theCensus fig^jjres of 1860 with those of 1870 shows that farm values in the Southwere cj-t dovm practically fifty per cent between these tvro dates because ofthe rava-ges of the War of 1861-65 while the values of faxms in northern;, statesdou.bled in that same decade-. It took a qiiarter of a centujry to restore the

shattered structujce of local self-govemjnent . Then came progress in publichealth to gra,daally wipe out yellow fever, malaria and hook-worm and malce ofthe Soj.th the healtMest section of the coujitry. With the beginuing of thecentvTy progress in education cajne into every southern sta,te. The me.gnitude

and eztont of this movement no one can. fally understand unless you have livedas a part of it.

. Today common schools and high schools are witlnn the reach ofall of our people. Then came industry; textile mills in the. so -_thcast ; hydro-electric power development; oil and gas in the fieldsof Texas,- Oklahoma,Louisiana and Arkansa.s; iron and steel in north Alabama; chemdcal industries,paper mills and fa.ctories of m.any ld.nds. We axe in the very midst of adjustingourselves to these ramd clianges. Cu-r financial and economic sti^-icture isgra^dually undergoing a change, llew talents, new sldll and new visi-^n are incourse of developrient , But beneath and supporting all these new developmentsis Southern Agriculture still destined to be the South* s chief so Tce of wealthfor ;'-ears to come.

Eor a hundred years the South has been "the Land of Cotton." It hasmonopolized her agricil tôre, her finance, her trade and commerce, her very socialand politicaJ thinldLng.' These states are still to'day the greatest cotton pro-ducing area in the world. In the last few yeajrs it has seemed that tMsmonopoly has been threatened by India, Egypt, Russia and other countries. letme remind you that we ha.ve the best established cotton industry iii the .world.

I believe that the future vdll show tha.t the South can and will coLipete withthe w..rld in cotton production as well a.s in cotton manufac taring. T'oda.y we

are suffering possibly because of an over- dependence on cott-on but we ha.ve

faith to believe that we can organize a better balanced and more reso-urcernlagriculture with cotton still one "of our groB-t cash 'cr-ops.

Sixty years ago the Land-C-rant Colleges were set, up. in the southernstates. Those v/ere cLays of pverty and str;'.ggle. With little financial supportfor years they liave gradually/ established themselves in the confidence of thepeople until today these institutions ai-e leaders in the agricultural v/ork ofevery sta„te. Eorty years ago the Experiment Stations were organized under the

(over). .

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£1 ^

Hatch Act. At first there was little local support. Today the states areSLipporting the research work liherally and the steady, continuous szLdminter-si

-

ruptcd effort of scientists is \7orld.ng out the prohlems of soils, crops, J

machinery, livestock, farm ma^iagemont and agric^j.ltiijral economics.

Almost thjlr^ty years ago an insect pest, the 'ooll weevil, caused fear

to, spr-oad throughput the cotton telt. Out of that menace came the domonstrar-

tion v/prk pf the late Doctor Seaman A. Knapp, the father of the co.-nty agentworv, '4-H Cluh-.work and Home .Demonstration 'York. Here the Federal Depajtment.took the lead .assisted hy f-ujids generously contributed from the General Educa-..tion Board. . A new system of agricultural extension work was developed to hemade a part of .our national ©do-caticnal system under the provisions of the

Smith-Lever Act, I cannot picture the distress our people would he suffering..were ..it not for the progress of these last tY/enty years. If the South has thiswinter provided more of the home supplies on her farms than ever oefore, andI aja sure that is true, much of the credit m^ast he given to the organizedwork of thousands of Extension workers and the effect of carefully planned.demonstrations through these yeajrs. These colleges through their co^jnty a-

gents have brought a new note of confidence into our-r"'oral sections; coopera-

tive rjaxketing on a large scale has come; farm organizations have been developed.In ever,y co~UQty vdll be fojJid large groups of farmers who depend -'jpon the re-sults of

.the experiment stati-ons and cons'olt these colleges in their work.

Let me ramind.you that under the present system of Federal and Statecooperation we have eliminated a lot of duplication and working at cross pur-poses. Instead of having two systems for getting the information to farmerswe h_a.ve one united system. There is an annual conference -of all the extension

_services of the colleges of the southern states at Vi^hich the regional problemsare discussed and broad programs worked out. Through the Association of SouthernAgrib-o-ltuTal Workers,, annual meetings of all research .and ex.tension workers ofthe cotton states are held. Here the experiment station prograjns are discussedand much needless duplication prevented. There has been developed in the Souththe very finest of cooperation and understanding in all agricultural 7/ork.

- We are among those who first introduced the sytem of cooperative work.We believe it has great advantages. I iia,ve worked in the Federal Depa^rtmentand also in the State Land-Grant Colleges and have learned^ to value the workas nov- organized for its strength, its resourcefulness and its real service.Aoove all both research and extension work in agricult-'or e to be effective musthave security and contin\iity in fincOicial support. The greatest strength of thepresent system is the certainty of steady, continuous and uninterrj.pted work.The Federal sapport has helped to make tliat possible. The greatest problem inextension work today is how to secure greater certainty of state and local sup--

port in times of emergency when the work is most needed. To disturb the presentsystem in such a difficult period as we have now would be a misforti.me,

,In the South we have the heavy task of facing new competition in a new

and changing era of the world^s history. Our whole credit system viid-er whichcotton is produced -must be changed gradually. Broad programs of research mi;Lst

be carried out for years to maintain both economy of production and the qualityof ODJT product. If ws mvst meet new world competition what shall we use forother soiu-ces of income to help sustain our cotton and prevent loss in time offailure of crop or of market.

We must reach the ideal expressed by Henry Grady more than forty yearsago vfhen he said: "When every farmer in the South shall eat bread from his own

(over)

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past^^-res, and disturbed "by no creditors, and enslaved "by no debt, shall sit

amid liis teeming gardens, and orchoxds, and vineyards, and dairies, rnd ba.rn-

yards, pitching Ms crops in his own vdsdom, and growing them in independence,molding cotton Ms clean surplus, and selling it in Ms omi time, and iin hischosen market, and not at a master* s bidding— getting Ms pay in ca,sh and notin a receipted mortgage that discharges Ms debt, but does not restore hisfreedom-— then shall be breaJcing the fullness of our day."

We have done almost nothing and yet have made some start in forestryand tree farming* Our climate with its long seasons and abundant rain falloffers us a new and aJ.luring prospect in timber culture, Banlrers, merchantsand farmers care beginning to work together on new programs of great promise.We like ovx present system of State and Federal supported Land-G-rmt collegesof Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. If we must stop in the midst of the pressingta.slcs we have before us to organize some new and uncertain plan of financingour a.gricultojral vyork, the lossof time and effort will be irreparable.

FinaJly let me say, the whole na.tion is interested in the developmentof the south. If ovx average family purchasing p ower could be brought up to

the national average the result would be felt in every state in the Union.The greatest undeveloped market lies in these southern states once their pro-blems of a. better balanced and more resourceful agriculture can be solved.Agriculture is no longer a. locaJ problem. It extends across state lines andeven into na.tionaJ and int crna.tional programs. You cannot plan to live to

yourself alone. What Russia, India and Egypt are planning has its influenceupon us. In spite of the present difficulties and as great as they arc, noCQ-'jntry has a better system of agricultural education, agricultural researchand agri cul t^jxal extension work than we have in Anerica today and wc needthat service to meet the new conditions of these difficult days.

THE YE^ WITE ^HS LMD-C-PJUTT lUSTITUTiqiTS ^ r C17

A radio talk by G** W. Rightinire, President, OMo StAte Univer si,tj^,i.

'

delivered in the Ijjational .'Farm and Kome Hoiir through, a netwo|^.feJ>«l5 associateilBC stations, November 15^ 1931,

—oooOooo

—

The Land G-rant Colleges were foLinded to educate the agricultural andindustrial classes; they were foujided hy Federal initiative and liave grovmv/ith hoth Federal and State support. These Colleges rest upon national interestand have a national character and program.

Since 1887 they ha.ve heen, through the Agricultural Experiment Stations,centers of research in the problems of agriculture, and the cumulative resultsof tliis long period of study and experimentation are being increasingly realized.

The Department of these Colleges are also undertaking r esearch intomany Idinds of farming problems in laboratories and upon the college farms.

All these findings are carried ou.t to the farmers and year by year ap-pear in better crops, better livestock, finer fruit, richer gardens and moreproductive daireies. And we miust not forget the studies continuously goingon in farm homemaking in ?/hich great improvements are contributed to cookingajid dieting, to clothing and to home management and decoration. Earn efficiencyand fann home life have been promoted amazingly through the various activitiesof the Land G-rant Colleges; besides they have been preparing thoLisands of ouryouth for im.portant positions in the Federal Department of Agriculture wherethey become skilled investigators, counselors and G-overnment agents in fieldsof • nation-wide interest.

All these and many other results which there is now no time to mentionare accomplished by the Land G-rant Colleges year in and year out — these areits regular work — and so accustomed. ha.ve the benefiting public become to the

usual activities that the^^ are accepted as a part of our lives.

But in the last two years of econordc, industrial and social stress, in

a time of drouth, unemployment and discouragement, these Colleges have playeda master paj-t. .

The Agri cul t-ural Extension division through its county agents andspecial workers in the drouth states in 1930 and 1931 siirveyed the food suppliesand the feed for stock on the farms and estimated the amo-onts needed but notpresent for the six months or more ahead until new supplies might be producedin a better year, G-overnor^s and President's committees used tliis informationto make a total picture of the conditiins and upon' that basis set to vrork to

find relief. These Extension workers were on the groimd, were familiar withconditiins, and thro'u^gh them the Land G-rant Colleges came swiftly to the reliefof the stricken areas.

These extension Y/orkers have been counseling the farmers in these timesof need about the most effective use of their lands and the most productivemethods of dealing vdth livestodc and ha.ve given them much m.arket informatic3n.Farm costs, farm acco^ojiting, selling, have been brought to the attention withgreater persistence and skill tha^n ever before,

(over)

College agents hpjve "been working in cooperation with the President'sComirdtteo on Unemployment to instruct people on ijart time work in garden makingand self help in food production. The extension service has been also an avenueof approach to the rural people for the Federal Farm Board aiid in tins way asteady effort lias "been made through the Colleges to disseminate among ruralpeoples the Board^s program and annocjiiced purposes.

In these times of stress I have no douht th^t the women and girls onthe farr.is have benefited by the teacliings and studies of the Departments ofHome Economics on millinery and clothing and suggestions about qi^lity, styleaiid textiles have been made in the homes "by demonstration agents. The LandG-rajit Colleges in these times have shown a rJLghJy gratifying adaptability andreadiness to fit- themselves into any occasion of need, and they -iD.ve Liateriallyaided in keeping -jp the spirt and morale of the fanning camimmity.

Oar Engineering Experiment Stations have also given much aid. In Ohioa. nev! and careful stady of Ohio coals has shown mining possibilities, heatvalues and percentages of waste, that a.re putting these coals bad^ into favorand a degTee of factual publicity attained for beyond belief. A great industryYdll deservedly be getting the benefit of these studies.

Experimient stati cn studies in Ceramics are giving help' t ^ tliis great in-dustrial field. The road buildi :g program upon which some plans for eir.plojTnent

rest, been greatly helped by testing, of road materials and research carriedforward in these stations.

Experiments have gone forward with concrete stru.ctures, also in thefield of metallurgy and vd th metlxds of reenforcing beams, all of which areproducing genmne advances in our laiowledge and tecliniques.

Like all business, farming has had to take an inventorj^ of itself intnese tim.es and check resMts and programs against the demiands of the tim-e; andwuen the Federal Earm Board and other agencies are finding it necessary to dis-co^jLrage wheat and cotton production the farmer must have ready and efficientadvice about, rotation and diversification of crops and an almost professionallaiowledge of market trend and practices. At thds point the Lajid C-rant Collegest_irough their laboratories, the agriciiltural experiment stations and the exten-sion service, have been the centers of effective and sympathetic help.

Much progress has also been' made through these agencies in the reclaim-ing 01 agricultural and industrial waste, and in advancing a program for landutilization. The future holds mach promise in both directions.

The last two years have given a striking opportunity to demonstrate thevalue of the daal relationship of the Land Grant College that is, its relationto the state and to the nation. It responded vitally to the call of each, andin a. national crisis demonstrated anew its national significance, and Jiistifiedafresh its national support.

The terms "States' Hi ghts" and "Federal Centralization" h^ve both lostmach of their old significance; we now tliink in terms of community cooperationand general interest and must do what the situation demiands regci.rdless of -theseold time bogies.

The fo-cjidation wliich these Land G-rant Colleges have in Federal Land .

G-rants and Federal financial appropriations and Federal- cooperation is assuredin public sentimient and b^^ their constant activities in educating ojr agricultur-al and industrial people, forever made im-possible in this country a peasantryand a proletariat.

^ b TE5 TEEK "ÎTH THE ?APa-I BOARD ; , , . _A- radio talk TDrepared "by Edgar Harldiam, Assistant to the | Chafe'sacr i;^; charge

of Press Relations, Federal Farm Board, and delivered Dy R.- iair.'b in the de-

partment of Agriculture period of the TTestern Earn and riome rIouT, l!St03a)(E3&,5 jj'o'îm^

"ber 30, 1931, through Station KGO and seven other stations associated îth the

IIBC-KGO network, National Broadcasting Coinpany. .

C. S. J)<;?«»i-;.f54'*t or ^ •=

— ooOoo

—

A detailed account of the activities of the Federal Farm Board for the

past year was presented to the Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry thepast T7eek.' Chairman Stone was the first witness called hy that body when it

began its hea,ring Tuesda^^ to determine the need for further agricultural legis-lation.

At the request of Oregon Chairman of the committee he laid before thecommittee a copy of the Board's second sjinual report to Congress which otherwisewould not have become -rablic until the seventy-second Congress convenes onDecember 7. Mr. Stone stressed the "ooint that the Boa,rd' s principal effortshave been centered on the long time program of the Agricultural Marketing Actwhich offers help to farmers; First, ±ii the development of their own marketingsystem to the end that they will receive for their products a larger part of theconsumer's dollar and a fair return based on sup-oly and demand conditions; andSecond, in a,d.iusting production of the 'orobable cons-amer demand. Cooperativegrowth the past two years, Mr. Stone said, has been greatly accelerated. Exist-ing cooperatives ha.ve been assisted in strengthening a,nd expajiding their organi-zations and in unifying their merchandizing activities in central sales a.gencies.Six active national cooperative sales agencies have been set up by the coopera-tives" as follows: Grain, Cotton, Livestock, 'Tool and Mohair, Pecans, Fruits andVegetables, and numerous regional and state associations have been formed fordairy products, poultry products, fruits and vegeta.bles, potaotoes, beans, sugaj*

beets and other products. Mr. Stone gave the committee figures showing thegrowth of cooperative marketing.

Up to November 1, the Farm Board had made loans from the revolving fundto 112 cooperative associations v;ith v.'hich were affilated airoroximately 5514regional and local associalions with a farmer membershir) of a. million and aQ_uarter. In addition to this direct financial assistance, the FarmBoard aided coopera.tives in many wa^s by organization s-'orveys, by aid in im-proving methods of operation and mana^'sement , in maintaining sound relationshipwith members, in developing sould sales policies and in improving the qualityof the service rendered. Mr. Stone ga.ve the comjnittee general information con-cerning the whea.t and cotton stabilization.

He revealed that the grain stabiliza.tion corporalion had p-orchased a^p-

proxim.ately 329,000,000 bushels of wheat in its efforts to lorotect the roa.rkets

of the American farmer, and on November 1, still owned 189,000,000 bushels.Purchases by the cotton stabiliza.tion corporation to aid cotton farmers ajnountedto 1,319,000 bales of which net sales of only a.bout 10,000 bales have been madeup to November 1, Mr. Stone said these emergency operations had benefitted notonly farmers but the nation as a. whole.

George S. Milnor, President and General Manager of the Grain Stabiliza-tion Corporation, and E. F. Creekmore, President and General Manager of the

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Cotton Stabiliza-tion Corporation, vrere "before the couTnittee on Friday to give

details of the vh.eat and cotton stabilisation operations.

In its report the Farm Board tells Contress that at this time it has noamendments to s-oggest to the A,gri cultural Marketing Act. Congress is informedthat the Board confidentially believes the program being developed is sound andthat it is the best approach yet offered to bring about the permanent improve-ment of American Agriciilture

.

Some opposition, the reTDort says, is being encountered from those, whoobject to the American fa,rm marketing his ovrn products. The Board is not per-mitting this to interfere in any way with the carrying out of the duties imposedupon it by Congress, It is the purpose of the Board to continue in the futureas in the -ps-st to render every possible assistance offered to agriculture in the

Agricultural Marketing Act to the end tha,t farmers may have equality of economicsopport'onity with other groups.

The livestock advisory comxnittee, \7iiich was set up by the livestock co-operatives, has subm.itted a report to the ?a.rm Board recomrnending that the Boardappoint a committee of fifty representatives of various groups and a^gencies

interested in the swine industry s.nd a similar coi^nittee interested in cattleand sheep i^roduction whose purpose would be to recommend to the committee na-tional production policies with respect .to hogs, cattle and sheep.

Southern bankers have reported to the Farm Board definite pledges to

finance 3,100,000 bales of cotton in accordance with the agreement entered intoa.t l\Tew Orleans on October 12, by bankers, cotton cooperatives and the Farm Board.At that time the Board agreed to authorize the withJioldings from the market ujitil

July 31, -1932 of the 1,300,000 bales of stabilization cotton and to extendfinancing of coopera^tives and old cotton until that date if the bankers wouldmake loans on 3,500,000 bales of cotton for the same period.

Since the bankers are so near the goal set, the Board annoiuiced last

Monday morning that it will carry out its -part of the agreement. The con-sumation of these arrangements will definitely remove six and one-half to seven

million bales from the supply of American cotton available for sale during the

current year.

EVSRY 4-.H CLUB MSvIBER A LIAJ3ER

Mas sac^mê t ^1,.-; ê-,

ll5 tlie' 11-ati 6halA radio talk by Mr. E. A. Moses, West Springfield,

livered through a network of 53 radio stations associated m.ZL\

broadcasting company, Saturday, Decembers, 1931,jU. S. A.#non!tMr.-

Hello, 4-H Glub Members I As I stand before the microphone -in- New^Tork^^

and speak these words of greeting to you, I am rrninded of the pleasant occa-sions when I have met many of you face to face, of the satisfaction I have hadin being associated vA th your splendid work^ and of the privilege I hc„ve en-joyed in watciiing yoLi shape your lives into usefLil and successful ones*

Uaturâlly it would be much more jolly to greet you all personallyand to have the opportunity to talk wi th you rather than _at you. Tha-.t is some-tiling I have always held against the radio: the injustice of the listener'snot being able to talk back. Sometimes this might be a distinct advantageto a spealcer, but just no?/ I should greatly enjoy being talked back to.

It would be great fun to meet again all those Yho have attended the

4-r: Leader Training SchO'^^l in Springfield, the Moses Trophy winners and other4-;i Club workers I have met in Chicago in the past. As that is not possible,I want to extend to all of you wlxi exe listening in, as well a>,s the 800,0004—I-I clxib members in America, cordial greetings and congratulations for thesplendid work you axe so v/hole-heartedly carrying on.

To !ia.rion Dolan of Wisconsin and Roscoe 0?iêns of New York, this year'swinners of the Moses Leadership Trophy, i wish to extend my hearty congratula-tions and regrets th^t I wa.s not able to go to Chica.go, meet you personallyaJid present this trophy. May your achievements, whicrh entitled you to receivethxis roQjgnition out of some 845,000 boys .^nd girls contesting, be only thefirst step up the ladder whioh leads to a su.ccessful and useful life. To allotner club members, may I remind you that there is always an opportujii ty ar-

head. The question is, - axe you going to see and take advantage of that op-port'Jiiity when it^-conoe? Remember tha.t no ma.tter what your surromdings areyou con be a leader in some capacity and an asset to your community.

Halving spep.t my early days on the farm and knovdnsS som,e of its problemsand hardships, I now see the value that a.omes from forming the Kabit of workand taking responsibilities wliile young.

If this is your situation, be thankful rather than unhappy. I am some-times asked to give my version of the secret of success. I believe it to bethe ability to save. Form the habit of thrift st an early age. Back it upwith hard work. You may have many friends, but none so reliable ad. capableof pushing you ahead a.s a little leather covered book with the name of a bankon its cover. If it Yiere possible to inject these qualities into every boy,we would have a great many more real men.

These are -difficult times through whlxh v/e are struggling. You on thefanxis know it as well as we in the cities, in some cases more, in some less,I want to caution you to keep your coura.ge during these strenuous times.Accept them as a chance to prove your metal. Try to look at fhon as part ofa gamej

, played for the sake of the game as well as for the saS:e of vanning,and I think you v/ill be suxjjrised to find how much more easily successful r^.stilts can be accomplished,

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In looking at your individual situation, consider it a part of agr««,t ajad iLrp^rtcnt noveneat, you in yo'ur section and other 4—H club nerv-

"bcrs in theirs are setting the ideals of the country in your line of endeavor.This is where yom- infl..us.i).cG as a 4«-.-^ leader:" is para;^ou?.i

b

You snouid, ?:ad 1 firrQ.y oclievn; you do, repressnt 'Qjie prom so atia

hope of agricuj.ture and co-'ontry life in ijaerica.o You ejre a very i:.iport-aat

group of young people. You are the standard hecj'ers of the farm, individuallyin your coli unity, collectively throughout the n.-r^-lon,

Calvin Coolidge said; ''There is no better opportunity for raisingcitizens than on the farn. " To you who ha.ve that privilege there is open atthe present a great opportunity for proving the truth of that statement. Yourgood citizensliip is "being tested and I an sure you are rising to the occasionand v.dll continue to do so.

It is probable tiiat agriculture vdll play a big part in the returnof prosperity. It, in coni-ion Fith industry, is going through a severe depres-sion. Right now, appearances are that the worst is over. Very likely withthe rise in farm ca.riodi ties, agid cuL tural inprovenent will do ixich to leadus back to good tines,

If you are faitliful to youir trust in adversity aid your 4-n leadershiphas helped you to ke^ courage end to give your best in a fine cause, so, I

believe, your efforts viill be rewarded and lead you on to greater service\?ith the return of prosperity, which you individually and collectively willhave helped to bring about.

In all your endea-vors renenber you exe the leaders on whon the agri-cultural future of this country depends and that the country has fcith inyou.

It is sonev.hat early to nake a prediction for a Leadership TrainingSchool in 1932. I nissed the event very nrach this past fall. If conditionsiuprove sufficiently to nake it passible, I sliall look forward to entertain-ing 3Dther fine group of 4-H Club : Loaders next year. Until then, goodcourage rnd good luck! '

"

HOW OUR 4-H CLUB IS AIDIITG IIT THE ATTAIMvlEITT .

'

OF OUR COI-arUHITY IDEALS R £ C E i V t O

A radio talk by Marion Dolaii; Dane County, Wisconsin, delivered.through a network of 53 radio stations associated -dth the Nat ionaiL,,,S,rQa,dcas1;-ing Company, Saturday, DecemlDer 5, 1931. '

•' ' ' '

'

Hello 4-H Club Folks in Yfisconsin and Everywhere:

This is a rather difficult sabject for me to discuss in a radio talk.Boys and Îrls come gradually to realize what is meant by community ideals.Th3.t T7as tru.e in my own case. It came 'about through 4-H club work.

About six years ago a little girl went with her father to the StateCollege of Agriculture- to attend the Junior Livestock Show. Here she saw boysand girls exhibiting calves and learned that they owned and cared for thoseanimals. On the v/ay home she urged her daddy to let her raise a calf andprepare it for the show ring. Her daddy told her of an organization kao^-^n asthe 4--H clubs, that helped boys and girls do those things. No club was organiz-ed and so for the first year Marian Dolan was the only 4-H club member in herneighborhood. Thas my father started me in club work, and all along it hasbeen his and my mother's encouragement which has h^jlped me.

The next year boss's and girls in the neighborhood wanted to join, szid

so I organized the first 4-H club in iiTi^ township. In five years this club ha.s

gro^.Tn from six members to one that now claims every eligible boy and girl inthe co-x.TLinity in its membership.

Our club is like one big family, each thinking in terms of helping onea.nother. That spirit of helpfulness extends beyond our own club. We found it

necessary to raise money for some of our expenses, and adopted the plaji ofgiving a. play each year. We learned that our rural school needed some newequipment, aiad so this year we gave our school district one-half of the totalreceipts from our club play. Our school means more to us now since we haveshared in providing for it.

Our Maple Ifnoll 4-H club ha.s participated in ma.ny county and state clubactivities. We have had judging teajns., demonstra.tion teams and exhibits of ourwork at our county and State fairs. Through these activities we have hekoed to

enlarge the viewpoint of individual club members and also 'to represent our

community as a whole. For ea.ch of the la.st five years our club has been a100 per cent achievement club.

Professor R. A* Moore of our State College of Agriculture is kno^rm a.s

the graîddaddy of club work in Wisconsin, Years before there was a 4-H clubhe gave seed corn to boys living in Dajie and nearby coiJJities and personally/'

supervised their work of growing better corn. From that beginning has developedwhat ^.ê now know as 4~H club work.

This year there are 1,234 club members in our county. Our club work is

carried on under the supervision of our county agricultural agent. Some day wehope to have a county 4-H club leader worlcing just with boys and girls. Perhapsour club can help in a.ttaining that goal.

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ITever in the five years of ir-j club leadership have I ass-amed that I

would continue being the leader of our club. Each year I -uTged the club to

choose another leader, but they always ask me to act again* While our club hasmade some splendid achievements, I have not done any of these things alone,

nor have I achieved beyond the possibilities open to any 4-H boy or girl in

any State. I believe the first essential in leadership is to be a good follower.

There was need in our conmujiity of getting parents and young folks to

work together and so it has been through 4~H club work that almost everyonein our neighborhood has been helped to see how boys and girls may aid in

the attairjnent of certain comnonity ideals.

naturally, I an pleased to represent our State and take back to

Wisconsin ezid to DaJie County the Moses Leadership Trophy,

THE ACrRICULTURAL PROGEAI/I FOR OUR C0U1«T.

h AIJD THE PART OUR 4-H CLUB FAS HAD 1¥. ITL i B R

R E C E .. C

0m,

^ JEC 1 / ^^31

A radio talk "by Roscoe E. Owens, Chenango County, New York| deliveredthrough a network of 53 radio sta,tions associated with the Nation^l^.l^iJ^'a'd-casfi^t'^

Company, Saturday, DecemlDer 5, 1931. • I

Hello 4-H Club Eriends:

I have quite a jo"b before me when in five minutes I tell you about our

4—H cliiD work and how it ha-s had a ^art in the agricultural rjrogram of ourCounty, "but I will try to give you just a few of the more interesting facts.

In recent years we have seen many improvements in the farming operationsin Chenango County. These include more purebred stock, improved methods of

feeding, better.

grades of poultry, greater use of lime, the growing of more al-falfa and the renewing of our forests. Boys and Girls 4-E clu.b work has had apart in bringing about these improvements.

Dairying is one of our principal agricultural industries, and has re-ceived much attention from our Farm Bureau, our County Extension agents and the

4-H; club members p;nd leaders. As result the cow population has greatly increased,and with that increase has come also im.provement in quality. Api^roximately 90

head of "ourebred cat'cle have been brought in to our county by our 4-H clubs.

Another item in our dairy program is that of better herd sires. At thepresent time there are ten imrebred sires within the area covered by our Guil-ford 4-H club. There has also been an effort to keep the better producing cows

on the farm. This led to the orga.nizat ion of dahry herd improvem.ent associa-tions. One of the lea,ding associations of the county is composed largely of

members and former -members of 4-H clubs.

Every fall each township holds a community fair, at which 4-H club m.em-

bers may exiilbit their products. There are 21 such fairs in our coimty, prac-tically no fair association will allow untested stock to be exhibited. 4—

H

club members have their cattle tested and in some cases this led to the testingof the entire herd owned by the -oarents of certain club members. In our ownneighborhood there are eight tested herds, of which five are accredited. So

much for dairying.

Fine alfalfa grows in Chenango Coiojity. Surveys show that with the aid of

lime much of our land is caioable of producing a good cro'i of alfalfa. Some of

our 4-H clLib members have grown alfalfa a.s feed for their dairy animals.

Te also raise lots of looultry. Special classes have been held in severalcommunities for the "our-oose of teaching poultry raisers some of the newer methodsin grading poultry and eggs. 4-H -ooultry club m.embers attended these meetingsand as far as possible tried to follow some 01 these methods in their own flocks.Our 4-H: poultry jud^ging teams and demonstration teams have v/on several trips,cups, medals, ribbons and other awards.

Our reforestation program has been carried on under authorization of theSta^te Conserva.tion Committee. Xfe have planted nearly 4 million tre.is of variousspecies. Our 4-E club members ha.ve helped in this project by setting out manythousands of trees on their own farms.

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Many Chenango County 4-H club memDers have Yion scholarships to our StateColle;<ê of A^^riculture . Several have i-on educational trips to various parts of

the Country, ^hich trips i.'ôuld not have "been made had 'it not "been for 4-?I clubwork.

So you can see that the fami "boys and girls from Chenango County havelearned -to work together. 4-H clu"b work has been largely responsible for thi's

situation. It is because they worked together that our -4—11 clubs have ha.d apart in building the agricultural ":irograjn in our coimtj^.*

As my last iôrd may I say that I am hap'^y to carry back to New York andto Chenango County the Moses Leadership Trophy which was awarded to me thisweek.

t SUIvn.lilEY, ACTUAL REPOP.T , S5CH3TARY OF AGRI CULTUEaA

A radio interview conducted oy Horse Salisbury'', vdth ia. S.' !E!is3:i.ho^;7er ,

:

director of information, and delivered TFednesda.y, December 9, in the Deparjb-

Liont of A§;ri culture period, ITa.tional Farm axid Home Hour, through a not^-.^ork

of 45 associate liI3C stations.

SALISBUriY ;

Tor 59 years now, secretaries and commissioners of agriculture hs.ve

been reporting the conditions of American agricu-lture to the President. Today,the report of the Secretary of Agriculture for the crop year 1931 is issued.It brings the recording up to date. It analyzes some of agri cal'irare'

s

difficulties, makes recomnendations for future action, and mentions some of

the more note-.7orthy axconiplishment s of the Federal department last year.

Yov. may have read brief review of the report in your newspaper thismorning* But nmny of you want to know more about its salient poinos. lir,

M. S, Eisenhower, director of information for the Department, has agreed to

outline them for us. I'm sure you'll be glad to hear Mr. Eisenhower.

SISSNH0T7ER:.'

Thanks, Morse. And hello, everyone. I'm glad of the opport-iinity to

bring you some of the main points set forth in Secretary Hyde's report, I'mespecially glad because this report recommends policies that won't be putinto effect unless farmers cooperate. Quite obviously, individual farmerscontrol agriculture in the United States. The people who live on the familyfarm decide what they shall do. So if our agricultural system is out of

balance , the r/iain remedy lies, as Secretary Hyde points out, with the farmoperators themselves.

Two steps precede the application of a remedy.- One is the correctdiagnosis of the trouble-. The other is the assent of the farmers to the •

diagnosis. Right action will follow.

SJ\XIS3URY :

So I tal^e it the Secretary in his report this year sets out some of the

causes of agriculture^ s present difficulties.

EISEITHOTSR :

Yes,' he does. And he believes that main problems mast be solved beforeminor ones.

SALISBURY !

"IThere does he start in analyzing the difficulties of agriculture andtheir causes?

SISEITEOV.^!

In the first place. Secretary Hyde asks us to draw a line separating

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:

• ' -2-

the diff ici;.lties that agriculture suffers along with other industries, fromthe difficulties affecting agriculture alone.

SALISBUZf ;'

'

I âppose the first class of difficulties — the ones all industriessuffer from — includes the v/orld wide economic depression.

naturally. The sl-cunp a.ffects all industries and all enterprises.

SALISBUHY :-

Sut not in t?ae same degree.

SISSlÔiTSB ;

Of course not. Some industries are better armed against 'it than others.proDably agriculture in a21 countries has the weakest defense. In "this countryne can see ho 77 hard agriculture -:a,s been hit by comparing the price trendsfor farm products and for other commodities.

SALISFuBY ;

•TThat does the comparison shon?

I1ISZ1TH07.TE:'

"Jell, from August, 1929, rhen the prices turned dov/nvrard, to July,1951, prices received by farmers dropped 45 per cent. In the same periodthe prices of non-agricultural goods di'opped 22.5 per cent,

SALISg'JUY : But vfny have agricultural prices fallen more than other prices?

SISZ1TE0;7ZH;

That is one of the main points dealt .-.'ith in Secretary Hyde ' s report.Flitting the ans\êr in a nutshell, farm prices have dropped farther and fast-er than other prices because agriculture is more burdened V7ith surpluses thanother industries. That's the special difficulty that agriculture suffers.

Uow here's a question v/e've had raised on that point many a time

recently. You often hear it said., "the trouble is not overproduction but

underconsumption."

SISZIÔ^H ;

Tlia.t's pretty largely a difference of T7ords.

SALISBUPT :

But it is a difference that ma.y have important consequences.

-3-

I agree T.dth you thoroiighly . For if; we say the trouble is under-consrj.ip.tion v/e "begin at once to concentrate on measures to increase demand.Some of those measures may "be of dubious character. Then, too, we ii-^rply thatthe fp.rmer has only to sit back until business revives; and he will be allrijiht.

S.\LISBU?T ; ^ . -•-u; , ;

'.

;

But what if overproduction is the main trouble?

BISBIIEOTTER ;

' '

'

Then, of course,, it will take more than t?ne restoration of normoJ de-mand to pu.t agriculture back on its feet. So, as Secretary Hyde points out,ca,lling the trouble \uider consujnption when the right najne is overproduction maycause us to misdirect our efforts.

SALISBURY ; .

''

_ .

.liov/,. Kr. Eisenhower, will you sum up for us, the Secretary's discussion

of the problem of overproduction? '

.

'

SISSK-:07,1R ;. - ..

*

Of course, in a brief time I can touch 'only the high points. They haveprincipg-lly to do with the relation of American agriculture to the world market.

As you a,ll Imow, American agriculture developed, in a close relationshipto the industries of Europe. Me sent farm products to Europe and receivedindustrio.l goods in excha.nge. In the latter half of the nineteenth century,our a:^:'i cultural exports to Europe , particularly cereals, livestock proiu-cts,

and cotton, mounted tremendously . The peak year was 189S. Then cams a

decline vhich continued until the war. Our farm exports dropped about 35 percent in vol'ojne from 1898 to 1914-, The decline did not hurt us; at all. On thecontrary our agriculture saw its greatest prosiperity in the period of decliningex-ports. The explanation is not hai^d to find. American agriculture -'•as

moving toward a domestic basis under the stiLialus of a growing population at

home — a population .increasingly concentrated in cities — and a phenomenal in-

crease in national wealth. liore of what our farmers produced wa.s consumedat home . l-eantime Europe drew on new sources of supply: Canada, Argentina,and Eussia for grain; Argentina for meat; Australia and New ZeaJand for sheep

and dairy products. Our fa.rmers might have supplied our own needs and con-tinued, to supply Europe' s, had these new sources of supply not arisen. The

fact rer-iains that prior to the war American agriculture remained -prosgerous

in the face of a rabidly falling ex-port trade .

The 7.'ar reversed this trend that promised permanent staoilit:; end

prosperity for our farmers. American agriculture was rapidly ezqpanded to

meet war-time needs, -By . 1918 our farm exports reached a point 45 per cent

above the prewar level, 'He sent'.m.ore beef, pork, and ceraals to Europe than at

the height of our agricialtural export trade in the- nineties. This was pji un-healthy development from the standpoint of our -permr.n.ent agricultural welfare.

It was off the natural course. But for the war, American agriculture would

-4-

have coiit iroied moving to^-ârd increased reliance -gpon the home demand * Un-doiictedly it would have continued e:rporting many comrfiodities, "but v/ould notha've tried to force excessive quantities upon the norld market. It ATould

have oeen v.J'ell- adjusted to its tot al market , domestic and foreign. Thisv-ôuld ha,ve come a„"bout easily, without shock or violent readjustment, had thewar not intervened. It must no^ "be effected painfully through dra.stic

reductions in output.

The increa.sed production cara.city called into existence "by the v/ar haspersisted long after the need for it has passed. As late as 1927, we "^re stillex-porting, chiefly to Europe, approximately 36 per cent more farm pro6:ucts thanbefore the v/ar. Yet the contrast "betv/een the world market situation then andthe prewar situation was tremendous. Consider first the difference in ETJ.rope'

s

"buying power. Prior to the war Europe was prosperous and it was our creditor,It-;could pay and pay generously for. what we had to offer. IJow it cannot do so.

It "nas insufficient means for its current needs, and it's our debtor to ooot.

I"c sinply hasn' t the money to "buy our surplus farm products as li'tDeraAly as it

once did. Add to this drop in Europe' s "buying power the great increa.se in the

foreign competition that our farmers nxi.st encounter in Europe. Canada, Argentina,Australia, aaid many other countries, as well as the United States, emerged fromthe v;ar with expanded farm production. Farmers in these foreign countries,like our oirn, want aji open door in Europe and do not find it. Furthermore,Europe has revived its own agriculture which, outside Russia, is practicallyback to the pre^-'ar level. Russia, too, is coming back as an agricultural ex-

porter. Foreign countries have put up all sorts of restrictions to protecttheir or.oi- producers. In such circumstances, how is it possible for the United

.

Sta.tes for force upon SiJ.rope export surpluses of almost war-time magnitude?And yet only in the last two or three years has the volume of our farm exportsdropped sharply, We are still overexpanded for e^cport.

SALISHJFY ;• •

'

. ,.

I take it that the Secretary commends the pla'n of reducing our outputsoi'-iewrât so that we won't be disastrously dependent on the foreign market.

EISFllHOUER ;

Precisely. Pie does because, as I've j-ast said, our agriculturalsurpluses are largely, though not exclusively, export surpluses. This year wehad a wheat crop of some 884 million bushels, or 22 million bushels more thanla.st year. And last year the world's production of wheat, outside Russia andChina., was nearly 5 billion bushels. In the prewar years, the world's wheat

production v/as about 4 billion bushels. Since the war, too, our c o 1 1 on acreagehas increased about 10 million acres, despite widespread development in other

cotton growdng countries.

SALISBURY ;

Yes, it's obvious that we're overexpanded,. "'cut isn't there a difference

in the situation of different lines of production?

EISEIHCTJER :

Of course, the Secretary takes that fact into acco^JJit. Obviously

cotton presents a different problem than v;heat. The Secretary says that we shall

-5-

Gxport sorac coinmoditiedndefIni^^ly . could continue, he say^', r.xnortmost if not all of them. Cur farmers ct.^ rncet costs of f?.rmsro olse-^hcre inany line — but to do it in some lines they ^tou-l^ have to reduce theirstanOnrds of living drastically. The "shift of producti^>a to avoid h-avingto lov.^sr this standard of li^îng vdll not be made overnight. 'Te cs-inot all atonce eliminate the surplus production capacity vie nov7 have. But 7/e ca,n movein the right direction. Tliat is the Secretary's plea.

SALIS3Ij?.Y :

Looks like a choice of evils.

SISZIHOT^ÊR ;

Hell, you might put it that ây. It costs something to curtail pro-duction, especially where overhead expense is heavy, but it costs more tocontinue production Tîthout a market. Tie should, of course, be better off,if Su.rope's buying power were restored so that it could take from us, atsatisfactory prices, the fa.rm corrjnodities that it needs. Hven if Europe'sbuying power were restored we would still be better off if we adjusted ourproduction to the profoundly changed post-war situation.

SALISIUHY ;

t'hat method of adjustment does the Secretary recommended?

aissiTEO'n.F. t .

'

Voluntary action by producers not compulsory action by law. SecretaryHyde believes, however, that it is the duty of the State and federal governmentto give aid in many ways, including the finding and dissemination of factsthat will help guide the action of producers. Sspeciallj/' facts about the rightuse of land.

SALISBURY ;

Such projects as were put for^-?-ard three weeks ago at the Land Utiliza-tion Conference?

SISEISO^vIlR ;

Exactly. The Secretary called that conference because he felt oh til- -h-j

problem of land use is basic. Eis annual report points out the necessity of

helping farmers on poor land find better opportunities in agriculijure or in

other industries. It recommends the collaboration of Federal and Soate

agencies in developing a more orderly and efficient system of land use — part-

ly "tl'ie withdrawal of ma.rginal land from production.

SALISBURY :

How, Mr. Eisenhower, we have spent so mach time on the ma.in theme of

the Secretary' s report that v:e shall not have mu-ch opportunity to sun up the

sections relating to other activities of the Department. Cell you give us

a birdseye view of the scope of the report on these points?

-6-

—> J. ij—Jj.j—i,U :-L\. »

~oll, it suiDra^.rizos the cdministratio-.i of funds appropriatosl- by Congressfor drou^^ht relief nid uneniploTiTient relief. It records scientific acliieverncnt

s

in the cureaus of the Department. These include iinportant discoveries inchemistry and plant "biolOijy, de.iry research, and in the control of the dis~eases and pests of plants and animals.

SALISBITFT :

The new knowledi^e the.t helps cat dovm production costs in agriculture.

Yes. That ' s ir^portant. In my suiOmar^;' today I have emphasized the

sections of the Secretary' s- annuaj report rhich deal ^/ith adjusting productionto de:?iand# Horever, tr.e Secretary certainly does not slight in his reportas I liave in this suriinary, the equally important problem of reducing pro-duction costs, by ap-plying science to agriculture, ?a.rm practice treads machmore closely on the 'heels of farm science than it formerly did. Yex, it still

lags. This is inevitable. Men busy ^7ith daily '"'ork cannot keep in touch rithall the work of the scientists. It is imperative nevertheless to keep the

channels of communicant ion open between science and a.griculture,

S-tJ.ccess for our agriculture demands both good farm.ing by the individuals.nd good teanrork by all. The one thing or the other temporarily may be

.

forced into -prominence, bat both are ii-portant. Just now the need for collectiveaction — ' teamwork — is paramount. The Secretary of Agriculture's report to the

President this year, sets the goal of teamwork in agriculture as adjustmentof the farming industries to their ch-anging relationships to world conditions.

JAN 7 1932

THE WEEK WITH THE. Fmi BOARD

A radio talk prepared "by Frank EidgÂ'a^s Director of Information, FederalFarm Board, and delivered hy R, H. Lamb, Office of Information, United StatesDepartment of Agriculture during the I'êstem Farm and Home Hour Ivlonday, Decem-ber 14, 1951, through Station KGO and nine other stations associated with the

EBC-KG-0 netivork, national Broadcasting Company,

--ooOeo

—

In a recent hearing before the Senate Agricultural Committee, CJhairman

Stone of the Farm Board revealed that the G-rain Stabilization Corporation ownedon November 1, 189,000,000 bushels of wheat which was bou^'^ht for the purposeof protecting the markets of the American Farmer, At the Board's last pressconference, Mr. Stone told lYashington correspondents that several persons, in-

cluding members of Congress, recently had discussed with him the question of

using some of this wheat for charitable purposes. Under the Agricultural Har-keting Act, the Board cannot give away this wheat. Chairman Stone thinlis thatit would be necessary for Congress to pass a resolution giving authority to

use the wheat for this purpose and reimburse the Grain Stabilization Corporationfor the grain turned over to cha.ri table orgejiizations.

The Farm Board announced a fe?/ days ago the names of the new Dairy Ad-visory Comnittee which will serve during the next year. This committee ^âs

selected by the dairy cooperatives in accordance with provisions of the A,gri~

cultural r.iarketing Act. Here are the names and addresses of the seven men ivho

compose this conrnittee:

Harry Hartke, Covington, Kentucl?y;

C. E. Hough, Hartford, Connecticut;John Brandt, Litchfield, Minnesota;George W. Slocum, Milton, Pennsylvania;

P. L. Betts, Chicago, Illinois;

U. M. Dickey, Seattle, Washington; andW. W. Mo scrip, Laice Elmo, Minnesota.

On December 9, the Farm Board submitted its second annual report to

Congress.. The report covers the Board's a.ctivities during the year ending

June 30, 1931. Both emergency a.nd long time measures are explained in this

detained account of the Board's work. Tliis report should clear up majiy mis-understandings a>.bout the Agricultural Marketing Act. The public seems to knowmore about the emergency mea.sures which include stabilization operations tha.n it

does about the effort being made to develop central organizations designed to

improve marketing.

During the next few weeks, there will be given short radio talks overthis station based on the Farm Board's second annuaJ report. In these talks an

attempt will be made to shov/ that has been done to develop coopera.tive ma-rket-

ing so tha.t fa.rmers will receive a larger pa.rt of the cons"ariier ' s dollar. OnYfednesda.y, December 16 at this saane time, we will present Mr. William F.

Schilling's a,cco-ant of the progress made throughout the United Stc^tes in the

cooperative marketing of milk, cheese, bu.tter and other dairy products underthe program- which is being developed ^•^dth tlie aid of the Agricultural MarketingAct,

JAN 7 1932

^ C\PROaRESS I,-IADE III THE C00P2PATIVE MAUKSTIHa OF DAIRY FROIDUCTS

A radio talk prepared "by William I"* Scliillingi Member, Federal Farm Board,and delivered by H. H. Lamb, Office of Information, United States Department ofAgriculture, during the ?êstern Farm and Hone Hour T7ednesday, December 16, 1931,through Station KGO and nine other stations associated Trith the IBC-KGO network,National Broadcasting Company.

During the last year, cooperative marketing of dairy products has madesubstantial progress, even with depressed conditions. The number of 'associa-tions has increased and the quantity of "oroducts handled by cooperative dairyorganizations has grown. While some dairy organizations suffered losses as aresult of falling prices, no large associations handling dairy products wentout of business during the last year. .Membership and volume of products handledincreased with practically all associations.

The growth of cooperative marketing of dairy products is of importance to

the consumer as well as the producer. There are now cooperative millc marketingassociations in almost all of the large cities of the United States. Last year,cooperatives sold more than 4-0 per cent of the fluid milk used by city consumers.Milk marketing associations were formed during the year in Louisville, Kentucky;Denver, Colora.do; Oklahoma City, Oklalioma; and Portland, Oregon. Steps are beingtaken to establish milk marketing organizations at Lincoln, Nebraska and Omalia,

Nebraska and several smaller cities.

The Farm Board assisted in establishing the new organizations and madesmall loans in some cases. It also assisted other cooperative milk ma.rketingassociations in reorganizing their programs. TTith the Board's aid, the MiamiValley Cooperative i.iilk Producers Association of Dayton and Springfield, Ohio,was reorganized and its volume and membershi-) were more than doubled last year.

Cooperative milk m.arketi:ag associations render a significant service,not only to producers, but also to consioi'iers and distributors. They have contri-buted materially to the stability of milk markets in which they operate and havetaken the lea.d in maintaining high standards of qua.litjr. In this "oeriod of

economic depression, these orgar.izatioris have thoroughly demonstrated their ef-fectiveness •

Manufactured dairy products, such as butter and cheese are sold and dis-tributed nationally. The Board realized that if these products wore to be ef-fectively distributed, cooperatively owned and controlled a.ssociations must be

large and strong and able to ^-ôrk together on a nationwide scale. Regiona-1 as-

sociations selling manufactured dairy products have been recognized by the

Board. They are the Challenge Cream and Butter association, Los Angeles, Cali-

fornia; the Interstate Associa.ted Creameries, Inc, Portland, Oregon; The UnitedDairymens Association, Seattle, Washington; The Land 0' Lakes Creajmeries, Inc.^Minneapolis, Mirjiesota; The Dairy and Poultry Coopera,tives, Inc, Chicago, Il-

linois; and the National Cheese Producers Federation, Plymouth, Wisconsin.These regiona,l associations are independent business ânits serving directlytheir own m-embership. Since the passage of the Agricultural Marketing Act, these

regional as-êncies have developed a system of contra.cts providing a. mutual work-

ing agreement. Under this agreement, competition between the a.ssocia.tions has

been minimized. These cooperatives and their locaJs manufactured in 1930 ap-

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T^roximately 250,000,000 pounds of "butter Or slifûitly more than one-sixth of allcreamery hatteT oanufa.ctured in the United States.

The Laii-y and Poultry Cooperative, Inc. vrith headquarters in Chicago andlêvr York is a ne- regional Laai-ketinî ort'âniza-tion formed during the last year.It serves priios.rily producers in Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas,Colorado, !Te"braska, Indiana, Ohio and the Dalcotas. Last year its member as-sociations handled ap-:)roxinately 55,000,000 pounds of "butter in a^ddition to e;-;'gs

and poultry.

3y i-ioving products from producers to ccnsui.iers throu^^h the most directchannels, the a^ssociations tend to eliminate uhnecessa,ry distri"bution costs ajid

in this wa^/- benefit "both producers and consuiaers. -The Eegionals have also "been

active in ii.provinj,'? the quality of "butter. The marked increase in the ijroduction

of 95-score "butter is largely to, be "attributed -to "oioneer work of the Land 0'

Lakes Creoineries, Inc, with headquarters in Ivannea.polis, hinnosota, and other

cooperative loaders in this field.

I.iore detailed inf orr.ia,tion concerning the progress of cooperative market-ing of dairy products and the activities of the Farm Boa.rd in its efforts to

aid cooperatiYo dair^'' marketing organizations will be found in the Second AnnualReport of the T'oderrd Ta-m Boaxd which wa.s presented to Congress la.st "week.

J'or a> copy of this report, write to your Congressman, or, if you -orofGr,

address your request direct to the Federal Farm Board, care of the sta.tion to

which 3/0U ".re now listening.

T:-:l COmiTY AQIITT AIID AOHICULTltRAL RSABJUSgii^TI 3 p A R Y

1^ rt, I R '^'

'

' ^ A radio tali: Sllwood Douglass, Ilonmoutli Coimty Agrictillûral Agent,

Nevr Jersej'-, delivered tliroiigh a netnork of 55 associate USC " staiiit*ks-, in tlie,

National Farm and Eorae Hour of Saturday', December 26, 1951 • ,

-iviaftliuiis

Monmoutli County, Nev Jersey,- is rich in historic bach/:^round. It is also

rich in a{:.:riciiltural resources, in able farmers '^hose industry, skill, and in-'

itiative have for years kept Monmouth rcjiked among the nation's most importantagricultu.ral counties. They are ever read^' to change and mold their enter-

"orises to meet cheriging economic conditions. These Monmouth farmers have eachyea^r since 1911 received from nine to twelve million dollars for their potatoes,fruit vegetables, poultrs^- and dairy products.

That they '..ave su.cceeded in doing this despite pJmost constant changesin ma.rket demand^.' and increasing competition from other producing areas is atribute to the farm readjustment 'program of Honmouth, a program that has beencarried on under the leadership of the County Agricultural Extension Service.

To illustrate how we met changing agricultural conditions, let me ex-

plain the action taken 10 years- a>go when it becsjue apparent that som.e of ourm.arkets for '-jotEitoes, fruits, and vegetahles might be lost.

Our extensive potato industry'", which embraced from 15,000 to 20,000 acresin the 3êars 1910-1918, was not thriving. This was becajiise 95 per cent of theacreage was in the Giant variety of potatoes, which more and more cons-amers

didn't care for. Too big. prices :ôt the C-iants varied considerably — but.they were generally vjisatisfactory . Potato a.creage during the war increasedalmost 100 per cent in Ivionmouth Coujity. By 1922 our fa„rmers realized they weregrowing pota.toes for which they had no market.

Then the Z;r_tonsion Service urged gro-mrs to substitute the Cobbler, around potato of ;.iigh quality, for the G-ia.nt« Our farmers did so. Furthermore,following Extension Service recori-iendations ,

they planted certified seed, ajnd

adopted other practices to reduce production costs by increasing acre-yields.Our average yields of cobblers increa.sed from 70 barrels aii acre in 1922 to 100barrels aji acre in 1926. Nov? ivionmouth ranks second or third among all coujities

in the United States in acre-'yields of potatoes, and in economy of -oroduction.

Like the potato growers, our fruit growers also had to make readjustmentsi/iany of them foimd, as the Extension Service predicted, that the Ben Da.vis a.pple

was not a worth}?- competitor of such high quality varieties as the Delicious,Stayman, ajid '""inesap. In the last 15 j^-ears our growers have made a, wides-oread

planting of these improved varieties. They ho,ve adopted other Extension Servicerecormnendations on cultivation and management, a.nd as a„ result ha.ve ina.intahned

their orchards e.s ir.Tportaiit sources of income.

Now w;ien our growers reduced pota.to acreage and adopted more intensivecultural prr?.ctices they saw tha.t many acres -oreviously devoted to one crop mightmore profitably be u.seo. for another. This brought a.bout more cro-o chaA'?;es. Inthe last ten years, i.ionjnouth' s vegetable acrea^ê has increased from 10,000 to

more than 20,000 a.cres. Here too, the Extension Service has pointed the way to

profit by recomjaending croDS riid varieties suited to our markets, by showing howto increase 3îelds, and reduce production costs.

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Commercial vôiAltryLiGn, w'-iose plcjits are scattered throiifi:lio-!rb t".:.e county,liavo l3o.rn::d iron tke Extension Sorvico ho'r to iiicrease e'^vr production .?iid to

reduce i.iortalit- •« General farmers also have learned that from 200 to 500 wellmanaged birds helu to Lialce the farm income more stable. Qiir dairymen havesteadily im-oroved the quality of their herds. Today they produce a higher grademilk at lever cost than ever before.

Since it is impossible to divorce the production and the marketing of

the crop, I b.ave — as I.'ionmouth county agent — devoted much time to develop-

ing better marketing facilities. At present there is a small farmer-O'^ned

cooperative :.iarket in the county a.t Bradley Beach ^.Thich does a business of

considerably over a million dollars a year. Just a little more than t-velve

months ago, I coO':)erated 'îth farmers in iionmouth and other northern counties

in the development of the ITe~;ark Farmers' Market, Inc., ^vhi ch promises to reachbetter than a half-million dollar stock coLipany, conrpletelj^ ov/ned and controlled

by fa.rmers. This market is no''? incorporated for $200,000; more than forty com-

mission houses are doing business on t'.ie property; and the completely developedFarmers' Pla.za, covering five acres, has been overcroY/ded during the past sea.son.

These t. ô max-cets, especially the one a.t ITewark, in addition to hanciling manytruckloads of ;oroduGe from otlier comities, are capable of handling practicallyall of our I.Ioni;io-ath county growers' fruits and vegetables — except for our

potatoes.

Such a.cc OLTpli-shjjents have come c?ôout a.fter thon^^ht and counsel with co-onty

leaders in the a.gricr.ltura.1 field. The banj-:s of the county, civic clubs, Boardsof Health, and other civic bodies Iniow our organized, farmers' plans dzid. they backour nrogr^j.i 100 -oer cent. The seriousness of the present depression only makesour farmers m.bre careful in their juds'sraonts and more likely to consult the Ex-

tension agents Trhen setting up their economic program.

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