Department of Mechanical Engineering - Karnataka State ...

i

VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI - 590014, KARNATAKA, INDIA

Project Report

on

“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A CERATONIA SILIQUA L

DEPULP AND SEED EXTRACTION MACHINE”

By

Mr. Santosh C 4JD14ME086

Mr. Raghupathi T H 4JD14ME072

Mr. Santhosh K 4JD14ME084

Mr. Praveena M C 4JD14ME066

Under the guidance

of

Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR ILAY M.Tech

Assistant Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Jain Institute of Technology

DAVANGERE-577 003

2017-18

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Jain Institute of Technology

DAVANGERE - 577 003

2017-18

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “Design and Fabrication of A Ceratonia

Siliqua L Depulp and Seed Extraction Machine” carried out by Mr. Santosh C , Mr.

Raghupathi T H, Mr. Santhosh K, Mr. Praveena M C, a bonafide students of Jain

Institute of Technology, Davanagere in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of

Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,

Belagavi during the year 2017-18. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated

for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the

departmental library.

The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in

respect of project work prescribed for the said Degree.

...................................

Signature of the Guide

Mr. Pradeep Kumar Ilay

Asst. Professor

...................................

Signature of the HOD

Dr. Rajaneesh N Marigoudar

Professor and Head

...................................

Signature of the Principal

Dr. Manjunatha. T. S

Professor and Principal

Name of the examiners Signature with date

1……………………………………………………………………….

2……………………………………………………………………….

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ABSTRACT

New era focuses on solving the problem faced by the farmers in separating the pulp

and seeds from the “Ceratonia Siliqua L”. Farmers use the traditional methods, due to

inaccessibility of suitable machinery for Ceratonia Siliqua L threshing. The time required to

extract pulp and seeds from traditional method is more which in turn results increased cost of

production. In traditional methods, usually roasting the Ceratonia Siliqua beans and by using

the some chemical acids they separate the pulp and seeds. The aim of the project is to Design

and fabrication of machine which will separate the pulp and seeds from the Ceratonia Siliqua

L. The major components required to fabricate the machine are Hopper, Shaft, Pulley,

Blower, Blades, Tray, Mesh plates (Sieves), Motor, V-belt and Bearings etc. The Ceratonia

Siliqua L threshing unit operates on the principle of axial flow movement of the beans.

The raw beans are fed into the de-hulling cylinder through the hopper where the beans

break open by the crushing action taking place in between the wooden pads which can be

used as crushing tool and with the sieve (mesh), the pulp get separated from the seed and

those will be removed through blower and collected in tray. A single phase motor supplies

the power to drive the decorticating tool with the help of pulley attached to the shaft of the

tool, which one is the main advantage of this fabricating machine.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank our project guide Mr. Pradeep Kumar Ilay, Assistant

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jain Institute of Technology, Davanagere,

for constantly monitoring our progress and suggesting improvements in various stages in

project.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Karnataka State Council for Science

and Technology, Banglore for funding to our project.

We would like to express our regard to Dr. Rajaneesh N Marigoudar, Professor and

Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering for his constant encouragement and

facilities to us to complete the project in time.

With the immense pleasure, we record our deep sense of gratitude to our principal,

Dr. Manjunatha T.S. For permitting us to work out on this project.

The project on “Design And Fabrication Of A Ceratonia Siliqua L Depulp And

Seed Extraction Machine” was very helpful to me in giving the necessary background

information and inspiration in choosing this topic for the project. My sincere thanks to

Mr. Jaya Naik, Project Coordinator for supported the work related to this project. His

contribution and technical support in preparing this report are greatly acknowledged.

We wish to thank our parents for financing our studies in this college as well as for

constantly encouraging us to learn engineering. Their personal sacrifice in providing this

opportunity to learn engineering is gratefully acknowledged.

Last but not least, we are thankful to one and all that helped us directly or indirectly in

carrying out the project.

Date: Santosh C, Raghupathi T.H,

Place: Santhosh K, Praveena M.C.

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CONTENTS

Chapters Page No.

Abstract i

Acknowledgement ii

Contents iii

List of Figures iv

List of Tables v

1. Introduction 01

1.1 Botanical Features 01

1.2 Habitat and Distribution 03

1.3 Propagation Techniques 03

1.4 Irrigation 04

1.5 Benefits of Ceratonia Siliqua L Cultivation 05

1.5.1 Benefits to economy 05

1.5.2 Benefits to society 05

1.5.3 Benefits to environment 06

1.6 Uses of Carob tree 06

2. Literature Review 08

3. Problem Statement 22

4. Design Considerations 23

4.1 Design of Shaft 23

4.2 Design of pulley and motor specification 24

4.3 Design of V-belt 24

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5. Drawings 28

5.1 Two-Dimensional drawings 28

5.2 Three-Dimensional drawings 31

6. Fabrication 34

6.1 Frame 34

6.2 Step turning operation on solid shaft 35

6.3 Mesh 35

6.4 Threshing rotor 36

6.5 Hopper 36

6.6 Pulley boring 37

6.7 Power drive unit arrangement of motor, pulley, V-belt 37

6.8 Final assembly of machine 38

7. Enactment of Machine 39

7.1 Machine productivity 39

7.2 Cleaning efficiency 39

7.3 Pulp and seed losses 39

7.4 Threshing efficiency 40

7.5 Specific energy consumption 40

8. Advantages and Drawbacks 41

8.1 Advantages 41

8.2 Drawbacks 41

9. Cost Estimation 42

9.1 Material cost 42

9.2 Processing cost 43

9.3 Overhead cost 43

9.4 Total cost 43

Conclusion 44

Reference 45

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

1.1 Ceratonia Siliqua L leaves 01

1.2 Carob tree 03

1.3 Ceratonia Siliqua ripe carob fruit pods 04

1.4 Ceratonia Siliqua L tree 06

3.1 Ceratonia Siliqua seeds 22

4.1 Cross section of V-belt 27

5.1 Frame 28

5.2 Accessories 29

5.3 Assembled 2-D drawing of Ceratonia Siliqua L seed extracting

machine

30

5.4 Sewer and mesh 31

5.5 Top cover 31

5.6 Threshing shaft 31

5.7 Hopper 31

5.8 Blower 31

5.9 Assembled 3-D model of Ceratonia Siliqua L seed extracting

machine

32

5.10 Exploded view of machine 33

6.1 Fabrication frame 34

6.2 Cutting Anguler 34

6.3 Solid shaft 35

6.4 Fabricated mesh 35

6.5 Threshing rotor 36

6.6 Fabricated hopper 36

6.7 Boring operation on pulley 37

6.8 Power drive unit arrangement 37

6.9 Ceratonia Siliqua L depulp and seed extracting machine 38

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page No.



Design And Fabrication Of A Ceratonia Siliqua L Depulp And Seed Extraction Machine

Department of Mechanical Engineering, JIT, Davanagere Page 1

Chapter 01

INTRODUCTION

Ceratonia siliqua L belongs to the Leguminosae family. Ceratonia Siliqua L is

commonly known as carob tree. It is also known as carob beans, locust beans etc, in

different country. It is an evergreen multi-utility tree that grows up to 15 m (49 ft) tall

with deep root system and cylindrical stem. Its native is Mediterranean and Aegean

regions. At the village level the plant is cost effective as its farming is nearly zero budget

and completely organic, yielding good harvest for almost 90-100 years the average life

span of a full ground tree.

1.1 Botanical features:

Fig.1.1. Ceratonia Siliqua L leaves

The Ceratonia siliqua tree grows up to 15 m (49 ft) tall. The crown is broad and

semispherical, supported by a thick trunk with brown rough bark and sturdy branches.

Leaves are 10 to 20 cm (3.9 to 7.9 in) long, alternate, pinnate, and may or may not have a

terminal leaflet. It is frost-tolerant to roughly 20 °F (−7 °C).



Most carob trees are dioecious, some are hermaphrodite. The male trees do not

produce fruit the trees blossom in autumn. The flowers are small and numerous, spirally

arranged along the inflorescence axis in catkin-like racemes borne on spurs from old

wood and even on the trunk (cauliflory); they are pollinated by both wind and insects.

The male flowers smell like human semen, an odor that is caused in part by amines.

The fruit is a legume (also known less accurately as a pod), that can be elongated,

compressed, straight, or curved, and thickened at the sutures. The pods take a full year to

develop and ripen. The sweet ripe pods eventually fall to the ground and are eaten by

various mammals, such as swine, thereby dispersing the hard seed. The seeds

contain leucodelphinidin, a colourless chemical compound.

The carob genus, Ceratonia, belongs to the Fabaceae (legume) family, and is

believed to be an archaic remnant of a part of this family now generally considered

extinct. It grows well in warm temperate and subtropical areas, and tolerates hot and

humid coastal areas. As a xerophyte (drought-resistant) species, carob is well adapted to

the ecological conditions of the Mediterranean region with 250 to 500 mm of rainfall per

year.

Carob trees can survive long drought periods, but to grow fruit, they need 500 to

550 mm rainfall per year. Trees prefer well-drained, sandy loams and are intolerant

of water logging, but the deep root systems can adapt to a wide variety of soil conditions

and are fairly salt-tolerant (up to 3% NaCl in soil).

After irrigation with saline water in summer, carob trees could possibly also

recover during rainfalls in winter. In some experiments young carob trees could uphold

basic physiological functions at 40 mmol NaCl/l.

Not all legume species can develop a symbiosis with rhizobia to use atmospheric

nitrogen. For carob, it remains unclear if it has this ability: Some findings suggest that it

is not able to form nodules with rhizobia, while in another study trees have been

identified more recently with nodules containing bacteria believed to be from the

rhizobium genus however measuring the N-signal in plant tissue did not support that

carbo trees in the field can use atmospheric nitrogen.



1.2 Habitat and Distribution:

Fig.1.2. Carob tree in Sardinia, Italy

Although used extensively for agriculture, carob can still be found growing wild

in eastern Mediterranean regions, and has become naturalized in the west.

The tree is typical in the southern Portuiguese regions of the Algarve, where it has

the name alfarrobeira (for the tree), and alfarroba ( for the fruit), as well as in southern

Spain (Spanish: algarrobo, algarroba), Catalonia and Valencia (Catalan: garrofer,

garrofa), Malta (Maltese: harruba), on the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia (Italian:

carrubo, carruba), in southern Croatia (Croatian: rogac), and in southern Greece, Cyprus,

as well as on many Greek islands such as Crete and Samos the varios trees known as

algarrobo in Latin A merica (Albizia saman in Cuba and four species of Prosopis in

Argentina and Paraguay) belong to a different sun family, Mimosoideae of the Fabaceae.

They were named algarrobo by early Spanish settlers because they also produce pods

with sweet pulp.

1.3 Propagation Techniques:

Ceratonia siliqua L regenerates naturally from its own seed under favorable soil

and moisture conditions. The vegetative propagation of carob is restricted due to its low

adventitious rooting potential, which could be improved by using better grafting

techniques, such as air layering. Therefore, seeds are still widely used as the propagation

medium.



1.4 Irrigation:

Ceratonia siliqua L is a rain fed crop grown in areas with low rainfall. However,

the sowing occurs in pot nurseries in early spring and the cooling- and drying-sensitive

seedlings are then transplanted to the field in the next year after the last frost.

Carob trees enter slowly into production phase. Where in areas with good

growing conditions, the cropping starts 3–4 years after budding, the nonbearing period

can take up to 8 years in regions with marginal soils. Full bearing of the trees occurs

mostly at a tree-age of 20–25 years where the yield stabilizes.

The most labour-intensive part of carob cultivation is harvesting, which is often

done by knocking the fruit down with a long stick and gathering them together with the

help of laid-out nets. This is a delicate task because the trees are flowering at the same

time and care has to be taken not to damage the flowers and the next year's crop. The

literature recommends research to get the fruit to ripen more uniformly or also for

cultivars which can be mechanically harvested (by shaking).

After harvest, carob pods have a moisture content of 10–20% and should be dried

down to a moisture content of 8% so the pods do not rot. Further processing separates the

kernels (seeds) from the pulp. This process is called kibbling and results in seeds and

pieces of carob pods (kibbles). Processing of the pulp includes grinding for animal feed

production or roasting and milling for human food industry. The seeds have to be peeled

which happens with acid or through roasting. Then the endosperm and the embryo are

separated for the different uses.

Fig. 1.3. Ceratonia siliqua, ripe carob fruit pods



1.5 Benefits of Ceratonia Sliqua L cultivation

1.5.1 Benefits to economy:

At microeconomics level farmers, owning the marginal and wastelands in semi-

arid zones, start getting some income after eight years of planting.

1.5.2 Benefits to society:

The establishment of industries such as chocolate powder making, gum making,

timber, beverages etc. in the rural ares, generates agro- industry based off-farm

employment in the villages. At global level, Ceratonia Siliqua L project provides

livelihood to about 40% of the population.Carob tree cultivation helps in the poverty

alleviation of small and marginal farmers owning unproductive lands all over the tropical

world.

Education security: The villagers may be persuaded to invest the additional income in establishing

standard educational institutions at rural level so that by spending very little

money their children will have access to good education. Awareness has to be

created among the children about the ill effects of unchecked population growth,

pollution and global warming with the ultimate aim of motivating them to

affectively check these maladies.

Infrastructure development: The villagers may also be persuaded to invest in infrastructure development such

as sanitation, roads, water supply, medical facilities, electricity supply etc.,

through their own organizations so that the villages will have all the facilities of

the urban areas without the hassles of the urbanities. Such a progressive

development leads to the savings on education, health care, transportation etc. to

the entire society in due course of time.

Self-governance: With sufficient economic security they can as well plan to have their own self-

governance and need not look to any external agency or government for subsidy

and grants.



Self-sufficient: With assured income, with ready access to good education, with the best and

easily manageable infrastructure and with self-governance the villagers will

become self-sufficient units. Such an environment encourages the hard working

impoverished rural folk to pursue agriculture with renewed zeal.

Checking migration to urban areas: Thus, carob tree cultivation effectively prevents the rural people from migrating to

the urban areas in search ue course of time of earning, education and

infrastructural facilities. All these are hoped effect the overall rural development.

There is no wonder if the reverse migration process, from urban areas to rural

areas, becomes operative in due course of time.

1.5.3 Benefits to environment:

This eco-friendly tree with well-developed root system and with evergreen dense

canopy efficiently checks soil erosion, recharges groundwater, supports soil microbial

life, and improves soil fertility. The addition of biomass to wasteland at 10-15

tonnes/ha/year helps in the improvement of soil health and fertility in a natural course.

1.6 Uses of Carob Tree:

Fig. 1.4. Ceratonia Siliqua L tree

All parts of plant namely, seed, fruit pulp, unwanted branches, stem generate products

that are useful in the production of food, timber, medicine etc.



Food

The fruits of the carob tree can be eaten either green or after having been

processed. The inside the seed pod there are up to 8 seeds surrounded by a

saccharin pulp. The seeds are separated from the pulp and used to make locust

bean gum some times known as Ceratonia or Carob bean gum.

This product is used in the manufacture of food stuffs, especially confectionery. It

be used as a stabilizer, emulsifier, thickener or to prevent sugar crystallization.

The other major food source derived from carob is from the ground up pod itself,

which forms a high protein powder that is an effective substitute for cocoa

powder.

Beverages from fruit pulp The fruit pulp contains about 42-48% sugars. The pulp can be used in the

preparation of beverage and carob powder, which are very well accepted because

of their attractive natural colour, flavor, and good taste.

Medicine Carob has excellent nutritional value along with up to 80% protein, it contains

Magnesium, Calcium, iron, Pectin, Tanin, Phosphorus, Potassium, Barium,

vitamins A, B, B2, B3, and D.

Because of the high pectin and tannin content of the carob bean, it has been used

as an herbal remedy for Diarrhea. Pectin is polysaccharide, a water-soluble

substance, thought to aid in digestion and bacterial infections. The tannins which

are carbohydrates and plant pigments have antioxidant and antibacterial

properties. Additionally, the tannins retain water and act as a binding agent

resulting in firmer tools. The carob bean gum is helpful in lowering cholesterol

and for diabetes because its ability to regulate blood sugar levels. And the carob

powder can be helpful for prostitutes and prostate infection.



Chapter 02

LITERATURE REVIEW

1] M. S. Teota, et.al, study focused on the development of small scale equipment

for depulpping of locust bean seeds. The machine has a capacity to depulp 10 kg of locust

bean seed during a unit batch operation. Test results indicated that the depulpping

efficiency varied between 64 and 98 %. The seed membrane damage and seed loss were

less than 5 and 9.2% respectively at 45 minutes soaking time and at 350 rpm depulpping

shaft speed. The maximum power requirement was 2.25 kW at a shaft speed of 550 rpm. A machine for depulpping of locust bean has been designed, fabricated and tested for preliminary

performance. The highest depulpping efficiency of 98% was achieved at depulpping speed of 350

rpm and at soaking time of 45 minutes. The highest seed recovery efficiency was recorded at the

soaking time of 45 minutes. All materials used for fabricating the machine were sourced locally.

The machine performed satisfactorily during the period of operation. The speeds of the

operation of the depulpping machine affect the magnitude of deppulping efficiency and

membrane detachment efficiency. The effect of the machine speed has no significant

influence on the percentage seed loss. The soaking time has direct influence on the

magnitude of seed membrane detachment efficiency.

2] Amar M. Patil., et.al, Sunflower is cultivated all over the world. Extraction of

seeds, sunflower are dried in sunlight after they are rubbed over each other, the seeds that

with which waste material are collected & separated wind in over, which is manual

operation So we can develop new machine which reduces human efforts. Paper reports

the results of failure analysis of a two high gearbox shaft of a gearbox in a hot steel

rolling mill in Thailand which fail prematurely after about 15,000 hours of service.

Standard procedures for failure analysis were employed in this investigation. The results

showed that the shaft failed by fatigue fracture. While concluding this report we feel quite

contended in having complete the project assignments well on time we had enormous,

practical experience on fulfillment of manufacturing schedule of working project model.

The credit goes to healthy coordination of our batch collages in bringing out resourceful

fulfillment of our assignments which prescribed by university. Needless to emphasis here

that the we had left no stone unturned in our potential effort during machining fabrication

and assembly work of project model to our entire satisfaction. The result of seed



extraction machine is that the efficiency of machine is considerable higher than that of

manual extraction method.

3] Akubuo, C.O. et.al, research is to study some physical and mechanical

properties of cantaloupe, as promising fruits, to help the design of handling machines.

Results can be summarized as follows: Physical properties of cantaloupe fruits: diameter

= 82.12 – 113.51 mm, height = 82.07 – 119.95 mm, mass = 329.2 – 940.6 g, volume =

380 – 860 cm3, projected area = 85.85 – 160.95 cm2, real density = 0.69 – 1.08 g/cm3,

bulk density = 0.51 g/cm3, sphericity = 0.88 – 1.07. Mechanical properties: the average of

cantaloupe-fruit firmness was 62.5 N/cm2, the maximum = 80.4 N/cm2 and the minimum

= 28.6 N/cm2. The physical and mechanical properties are incorporated in the design of

the cantaloupe-fruit tube, holding mechanism and separated mechanism (vibrated chain-

belt) of the designed seed-extraction machine as follows:

Design of fruit tube: Fruit-tube diameter = Maximum diameter of cantaloupe fruits =

105 mm. Fruit-tube tilt angle = more than maximum friction angle between cantaloupe

fruits and stainless steal surface = more than 250.

Design of holding mechanism: Groove diameter = Maximum diameter of cantaloupe

fruits = 115 mm. Groove depth = Maximum diameter of cantaloupe fruits / 2 = 57.5 mm.

No. of grooves = 3 which give a suitable extracted fruit productivity.

4] Anil J, Guruswamy T, et.al, The present project focuses on solving the

problem faced by the farmers in separating the seeds from the sunflower. Farmers use the

manual methods due to unavailability of suitable machinery. During manual sunflower

production, the most time and labor-consuming operation is the threshing of sunflower by

beating the sunflower heads with a stick, rubbing wear heads against a rough metal

surface or power tiller treading machine. The sunflower threshing unit operates on the

principle of axial flow movement of the material.

The sunflower is threshed in a closed threshing unit by rotating blades where the

seeds are separated from flower and husk of the flower is removed through blower.

Finally the cleaned seeds are collected in a Tray.

1. The fabrication of sunflower seed extracting machine was successfully completed as

per the design specifications.

2. It is easy to handle and operate. This project has been designed to perform the required

task taking minimum time.



3. This project is economically feasible and we are under the impression that it can be

further reduced, when produced on large scale.

4. The project is very useful for farmers and works with the threshing efficiency of

99.76%. Seed damage is almost NIL and seed loss is 0.238%.

5] A.A. Eliwa et.al, The main objectives of the study is to develop and evaluate of

an extractor watermelon seeds machine (EWM), it saves the farmers efforts and time and

maximize watermelon peel benefits as a green feed for animals. The studied factors in the

present work, which affect the performance of extraction of watermelon seeds and cutting

peel machine, are chosen to be in the following ranges and magnitudes :Feed rate 20, 30

and 40 kg/min, three levels of flesh from fruit peel cutting unit rotational speeds 150, 250

and 350 rpm (1.11, 1.85 and 2.59 m/s forward speeds), two types of perforated concave

holes circular and square hole and different time span of extracting after harvesting (0, 2,

4 and 6 days). The seed losses and damage increased with increasing cutting unit speed

from 1.11 to 2.59 m/s and time-span after harvesting and using concave with square

holes. Operation cost analysis showed that the extraction cost by the developed machine

was 219.38 L.E/fed while the manual cost 1200 L.E/fed. Hence, a saving of above

81.72% can be achieved as well as about 6 -7 ton/fed green fodder for Animals.

The results summarized as follow:

1- The minimum percentage of seed losses 1.2%, minimum percentage of seed

damage 0.13 %and maximum value of seed extraction efficiency (98.7%) was obtained at

a 250 rpm flesh cutting unit speed, circular concave hole and two days span time after

harvesting.

2- the extraction cost by the developed machine was 219.38 L.E/fed which the

manual cost 1200 L.E/fed hence, a saving of above 81.72% can be achieved as well as

about 6-7 ton/fed green fodder for animals.

6] Ogbonna, P. E. et.al, Study determines the effect of methods of seed

extraction on seed loss and viability on Egusi melon (Colocynthis citrullus L). Three

methods of fruit breaking; vertical cut with knife, horizontal cut with knife and hitting

with wooden club were tested to determine their effect on seed damage.The result showed

that percentage seed loss resulting from vertical cutting with knife was 16% and was

significantly higher than 3.4% seed loss arising from horizontal cut with knife and 0%

from hitting with wooden club. The result of the effect of fruit breaking methods on

number of damaged seeds/fruit revealed significant difference (p < 0.05) between the



methods. Highest number of damaged seeds/fruit was observed in vertical cutting with

knife. This was significantly higher than number of damaged seed resulting from

horizontal cutting with knife and hitting with wooden club. No seed was damaged when

breaking was done with wooden club. The observation made on the effect of covering

materials on days to fermentation revealed that covering the hips with grass straws after

fruit breaking resulted to early fermentation. This was followed by leaving the hips bare

(no cover). Covering with black polyethylene sheet significantly (p < 0.05) delayed

fermentation when compared with other covering materials. Covering material also

significantly (p < 0.05) affected seed germination. Highest percentage seed germination

was obtained from seed processed from fruits fermented without covering. The essence of

breaking the Egusi melon fruits is to create easy entry for micro organisms that will

initiate fermentation of the endocarp tissue for easy extraction of seeds. However seed

loss recorded from vertical cut with knife was higher. This was due to the positioning of

the ellipsoidal flat seeds at almost right angle to the vertical axis of the fruit. In this

position, however only few seeds were injured by cutting horizontally.

7] Zinash D. OSUNDE. et.al, In West Africa Egusi melon (colocynthis citrullus

L.) seeds obtained from egusi melon plant are a common component of daily meals. The

seeds which are extracted manually from the fruit are used in the preparation of local

soup. In this work a motorized melon seed extractor was developed. To aid the design,

some engineering properties of melon fruit such as; the weight, major diameter, minor

diameter, volume, compression and shear forces were determined. During operation ripe

melon fruits are fed into crushing chamber through the hopper, water was sprayed

simultaneously into the crushing chamber. The materials are crushed by fast rotating

blades and conveyed by rakes mounted on the rotor. Sprayed water washed out the seed

through the seed outlet and the crushed pulp was ejected out through the pulp collector.

The result showed that the rate of extraction was highest for the sliced and fully

fermented fruits (1.631kg/s) and lowest for the whole fruits (0.609 kg/s). The extraction

efficiency was also highest for fully fermented sample (81.57%) followed by partially

fermented sample (77.9%) and (70.55%) for the sliced sample, while the whole fruit has

only 39.6% extraction efficiency. At a crushing speed of 300rpm the capacity and water

requirement of the machine was 1032kg of melon fruit and 60liters of water per hour

respectively.A simple melon seed extractor has been developed, preliminary test were

carried out on the Extractor to ascertain its performance. The water spray and the



reciprocating sieve provide necessary cleaning operation required. The cost, safety,

durability and efficiency were critically taken into consideration in the design. The results

of the preliminary tests carried out on the machine showed a very remarkable and

promising success as far as the functional requirement of the Extractor is concerned. To

reduce or minimize water waste especially where there is no enough water, filter and

water pump should be installed at the bottom of the reciprocating sieve to re-circulate the

used water for better water management.

8] V.B. Gaikwad, et.al, The specifically designed drum type onion seed extractor

developed was evaluated for its performance, at the fixed feeding rate of onion umbels at

100 to 105 kg/h, by varying beater drum speed for beating followed by rubbing of the

umbels and air velocity for separation of seeds from trash. The average recovery of seeds

from 100 kg umbels was found to be 54.24 kg. The optimum performance of the onion

seed extractor was observed at 240 rpm of beater drum used for beating and shearing of

umbels and 3.7 m/s air velocity for separation of seeds from trash. The cleaning

efficiency and extraction efficiency were found to be 98.59 and 90.28 per cent. The

working capacity of onion seed extractor found was about 100 kg of umbels per hour. The

average seed recovery found to be 54.24 per cent. The optimum performance of the onion

seed extractor was observed at 240 rpm of beater drum used for beating and shearing of

umbels and 3.7 m/s air velocity for separation of seeds from trash. The cleaning

efficiency and extraction efficiency were found to be 98.59 and 90.28 per cent,

respectively. Seed loss of 1.82 per cent and 90 per cent of germination was observed at

optimum operating condition. Germination percent was significantly affected by beater

drum speed while air velocity for cleaning of seed from trash had non- significant effect

on germination of onion seeds

9] N.A. Aviara et.al, Result of tests and analyses showed that the performance

indicators (percentage effective seed extraction, cleaning efficiency, cleaning loss,

percentage seed loss at concave, material retention and percentage seed retention) were

significantly affected by fruit moisture content (storage duration), material feed rate and

machine speed at 1 and 5% levels. Percentage effective seed extraction and percentage

seed loss at concave increased with increase in fruit moisture content, material feed rate

and machine speed Maximum percentage effective seed extraction of 95.1% at the

moisture content of 92.45% for the colocynthis fruit, and 96.0% at 89.74% moisture

content for the lanatus, was obtained at the material feed rate of 375 kg/h and machine



speed of 939 min – 1. Maximum percentage seed loss at concave was less than 5%. A

guna seed extractor was developed in this study. The performance evaluation of the

extractor showed that fruit moisture content, material feed rate and machine speed had

significant effect on its performance indices. Percentage effective seed extraction and

concave loss increased with increase in fruit moisture content, material feed rate and

machine speed. Cleaning efficiency, cleaning loss and material retention decreased with

increase in moisture content and increased with increase in material feed rate and

machine speed. Percentage seed retention decreased with increase in fruit moisture

content, material feed rate and machine speed and practically no seed damage was

recorded. It should however be noted, that the significant effect of fruit moisture content

on the performance indices within the moisture ranges employed that appeared narrow,

might have been influenced by the contribution of biochemical and physiological changes

that must have taken place in the fruits during storage. The seed extractor has a compact

design and a robust outlook. It will contribute to the enhancement of guna crop

processing as it could be used to eliminate the tediousness of the present traditional

methods of extracting guna seeds from the fruits. 10] Abdrabo, A.F.A, Experiments were carried out to manufacturing a combine

prototype from the local materials to suit separating the seeds of watermelon pulp,

cleaning and collecting the seeds. The experiments were carried out to evaluate the

performance of a combine prototype, as well. The performance of the manufactured

prototype was studied under the following parameters: four feeding rate (100,130,160 and

200kg/min), four drum speed (6.2,8.5,10.6 and 13.2 m/s) and four number of resting days

after harvest (2,4,6 and 8 days) on the seed losses %, seed damaged %, productivity kg/h,

machine efficiency%, consumed power kW, and operating cost L.E/fed. The experimental

results reveal that the highest value of the seed losses, was 7.0% at feeding rate of 200

kg/min, drum speed of 6.2 m/s and 2 days after harvesting. While the lowest value of the

seed losses, was 1.2% at feeding rate of 100 kg/min, drum speed of 13.2 m/s and 6 days

after harvesting. The process of seeds separating from watermelon pulp mechanically

considered one of the most important agricultural operations.

The main conclusions summarized as follows:

1- The highest seed losses of 7.0 % was obtained at 2 days after harvest, drum speed of

6.2 m/s and feeding rates of 200 kg/min and the highest seed damaged of 1.75 % was

obtained at 2 days after harvest, drum speed of 13.2 m/s and feed rates of 100 kg/min.



2- The highest productivity of 579.0 kg/h was recorded at feeding rates of 200 kg/min,

drum speed of 13.2 m/s and 6 days of days after harvest.

3- The minimum prototype efficiency of 91.55, % was recorded at feeding rates of 200

kg/min, drum speed of 6.2 m/s and 2 days after harvest. The highest value of the power

consumed of 22.6 kW, at feeding rates of 200 kg/min, drum speed of 13.2 m/s and 2 days

after harvest. The minimum operating cost of 185.0 L.E./fed., was recorded at feeding

rates of 100 kg/min, drum speed of 13.2 m/s and 6 days after harvest.

11] Emmanuel Fagbemi1, et.al, The designed Dehulling Machine is a machine

used to removes shells from rubber seeds and as well separates the foreign materials from

the rubber seed kernels. The Dehulling Machine for rubber seed processing is powered by

Electric Motor, the Electric Motor drives the Shaft for dehulling operation and the

blower/Fan Shaft, the Total Power required is 70KW.The main frame is made of mild-

steel and it accommodates all other members of the machine. From the outcome of the

design, the dehulling machine for rubber seed processing is used to remove shells from

the rubber seed and as well separates chaffs/shells and other foreign materials from the

kernels. The machine is designed such that, it can be easily fabricated and maintained

with simplicity of operation. The machine can be conveniently used by farmers to

aid/enhances value of natural rubber products in economic development. The rubber

seeds kernels are removed manually by beating before, the introduction of this dehulling

machine saves time, energy and cost of production. Therefore, the components are strong,

the materials are readily available and well selected, and the designed works is best for

fabrication method of production of the model.

12] Mortadha A. Ali , et.al, Oil extraction from date palm seeds (Iraqi date palm)

is done by standard solvent extraction method using a Soxhlet apparatus. Work is aiming

to investigate the extraction of palm seed oil as a cheap feedstock for producing bio-oil

and determine the fatty acid composition of bio-oil. Parameters such as particle size,

extraction time and type of solvent are optimized in order to enhance the yield of bio oil

production. The bio-oil is characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

(FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Some of the basic fuel properties

such as iodine value, saponification value, acid value, density, refractive index and

kinematic viscosity are investigated to characterize fuel quality of the bio-oil. The bio oil

extracted from palm seeds is very much similar to other bio oils in chemical composition



and basic fuel properties. It could be inferred from the present study generally, that date

seed oil is rich in oleic acid. It has high viscosity compared with other type of vegetable

oil. FTIR analysis shows that the palm seed oil is highly dominant with oxygenated

species. GC–MS analysis of the oil indicates the presence of low molecular weight fatty

acids with no unsaturation. The best oil yield was satisfactory at 2h extraction time and

0.425 mm particle size by using Soxhlet extractor and n-hexane as solvent.

13] A.E.Kate, et.al., The wild apricot pits yield 22-38 percent kernels, which may

be sweet or bitter depending on the type. An analysis of the kernels gave about 53.4% oil.

The fatty oil extracted from the apricot kernels is an important article of commerce.

Newly implemented power driven oil expellers, seed decorticators which improve the oil

quality, less labour requirement and high capacity at about 150 kg/hr. Decortication of pit

is the most difficult task are solved by the various types of the apricot pit decorticators or

crushers, with capacity varying from 60-150 kg/hr, and certain benefits over the

traditional method. However, the oil extracted by the traditional method is still being

preferred by the locals as well as those visiting from outside the region. It possesses a

distinct smell which is absent in the one extracted by modern method. But as the rate of

oil extraction was very low and the Very laborious, tedious work traditional method has

certain limitations to commercialize.

Whereas the initial capital investment is the major problem for mechanical decortications

but speed and quality of the work (low Variable costs) overcomes these. However,

regarding the facilities of credit availability and insurance helps the widely use the

mechanical oil extraction technology commercially.

14] Anebi, G. J. et.al, An expelling machine for extracting oil from soya bean

seeds was designed and fabricated for market oriented production. The procedures

employed the design stage, construction and testing. The machine components are: the

speed reduction gear, expellant unit, drains collector, driving and driven pulleys, and the

hopper. The expelling unit consists of a screw expellant shaft with expellant barrel. The

soya bean seeds were pre-heated by roasting before extraction of the oil in it. The

machine gave a better performance at the speed of 60 revolutions per minute. The

extracted oil was evaluated as follows: free fatty acid value 2.5 %, saponification value

191 mgKOH/g, iodine value 128 I2 /100g, peroxide 4.68meqo2/kg, total viable count

(TVC) 0.2 x 101 CFU/mL and total coliforms count 0.0 x 101 CFU/mL. These values fall

within the acceptable standard values. Based on the characteristics of the oil, it could be



suitable for applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. The results obtained from

the developed machine shows that mechanical extraction is a suitable method for

extracting soya bean oil because of its high yield and high oil purity. Also, the use of an

electric motor to operate the extractor produces less noise thereby reducing the cost of

abating pollution. This process also generates little or no waste since the soya bean cake

can be used as animal feeds thereby reducing cost of waste disposal. From the output of

the machine it can be concluded that design and installation of a commercial plant is

viable.

15] S.J. Ojolo, et.al, paper presents the design of an efficient Jatropha oil

expelling machine carried out at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. The design of this

Jatropha oil expelling machine will enhance the production of biodiesel from Jatropha

seeds. The designs of the crushing system and pre-heating systems before pressing will

enable the machine operate at efficiency greater than 90%. This machine is easy to

maintain and economic for commercial uses. The Jatropha oil expelling machine has been

designed to a capacity of 1000 kg/hr and can expel oil at the rate of 2.2 m3/hr. The

machine is powered using electric motor of 40kW to be operated for 8 working hours.

This machine is an improvement over existing machine and presupposes appropriate

technology for manufacture, operation and maintenance. This machine is conceived as

ideal, easy to maintain and economic for commercial uses. The expected capacity of the

expelling machine is 1000kg/hr. The designs of the crusher and pre-heating systems

before pressing will enhance the performance of the expeller and the machine is capable

of delivering greater than 90% efficiency. The machine will expel oil at the rate of

2.2m3/hr. The machine is powered using electric motor of 40kW to be operated for 8

working hours. This expelling machine is conceived as an improvement over existing

machine and presupposes appropriate technology for manufacture, operation and

maintenance. The machine has not been manufactured but can be fabricated locally at a

well equipped machine shop.

16] Abdul-Akaba Tijani, et.al, project is aimed at the design and fabrication of

oil extraction machine from nuts. The objectives are aimed at providing a base for the

commercial production of the machine, using locally available raw materials at a

relatively low cost. There is so much wastage of these nuts on farms since a negligible

portion is consumed by the harvesters. This work is intended to help solve some of the

problems hindering a successful design and fabrication of oil extraction machine from



nuts. The oil extracting machine from nuts was fabricated from the available locally

source materials. The machine is very applicable for local production, operation, repair

and maintenance. The operation of the machine which could be manually or electrically

operated makes it unique type compare to others. The automatic operation of the machine

saved energy and did not required high skilled labour. The operational and process

performance showed that the machine extract well over an average of 62% of nuts when

manually and electrically operated. Finally, the operation is simple, save time and

energy. It can be used in rural areas where electricity is not available.

17] A. Isaac Bamgboye. et.al, An expelling machine was developed for

extracting oil from decorticated sunflower seeds. The expelling unit consists of an auger

with decreasing pitches and the heating of seeds is achieved by generated steam, which

heats the surrounding of seeds passage. The machine was tested at auger speeds of 30, 40,

50rpm respectively and three throughputs. Results showed that performance efficiencies

increased with auger speed and throughput. Expelling efficiency of over 70% was

obtained. The machine has expelling capacity of 24.4 litres/hr. of oil and throughput

capacity of 502.64 kg/day. A sunflower oil expeller with a capacity of 24.43l/hr. was

developed. Evaluation of the machine on sunflower gave an expelling efficiency of 70%

at the speed of 50 rpm. However, improvement in the design of the auger and the heating

device is expected to greatly improve the performance efficiency of the machine. The

power requirement of the machine is 3hp and is designed to expel oil from sunflower and

can be adapted to expel oil from most oil seed varieties

18] Keyll Carlos Ribeiro Martins et.al, paper discusses the construction and

testing of a system of continuous mechanical pressing to extract vegetable oil from seeds

of castor and jatropha. Currently, the scientific literature concerning the design of an

extrusion press is not presented accurately. The study made it possible not only the design

of the prototype, but also in establishing a methodology for sizing this type of equipment

based mainly on the control of two parameters: the compression ratio and pressure drag.

The first parameter is related to reduced passage area available for seed. The second is

related to seeds subjected to pressure along the cylindrical chamber. The analysis of these

physical characteristics of the project allowed to discuss their structural dimension to

enable their CAD model and subsequent construction, assembly and testing. The

prototype was built and the data obtained show the feasibility of constructing such

equipment. It requires new research and testing to consolidate and develop design



methods for new prototypes, as well as research of the flow and amount of oil produced.

The experimental results show that there is need to work an improvement in extraction

equipment, since the operating principle of the press has been reached, but not well, since

there was no extraction efficiency due to the homogenization of the powdered seeds,

which generated a kind of substrate that can not be used as pie, because of the presence of

oil in it. Finally, procedures for preparation and content of the seeds will be examined

along with the integrity of the extracted oil, the latter being an important parameter for

improvement for future projects, as well as developing the manufacturing processes used

and the search for new production alternatives.

19] Mehdi Kaviani et.al, Sesame seed has the most oil compounds (%50), but all

of its oil not extracts due to being difficult of extraction. The target of this review article

is comparing different extraction method of sesame oil. Sesame oil extraction methods

categorizes in two groups; laboratory method and industrial method including, Hot water

flotation, Ram Press, Ghani Process, pressing method, subcritical liquid method, soxhelet

method, fractionation, and enzyme extraction. The amount of extracted oil and time are

different in this method. Efficiencies of hot water floating, poly press, ram press, Ghani

process, subcritical liquid, soxhelet, fractionation, and enzyme methods were %41, %70,

variable, %26.47%, %34.23, %58.93 and %58.87 respectively. The most extracted oil

was related to poly press method with 70% efficiency.

20] Ketan S. Tekale et.al, A critical appraisal of technologies for oil extraction

from oil-bearing agricultural products is presented. Different types of oil- bearing

agricultural products are discussed. The products include; groundnut, coconut, sheanut,

castor, sunflower, sesame, oil-palm, etc. In India, most of land use for agricultural

purpose which produces semi-finished product or goods. Groundnut also one of the

agricultural semi-finished goods. Groundnut is grown on small scale farmers in

developing countries like India. The average kernel price is approximately twice the price

of pod. A research-work for design, fabricate, and performance evaluation of a groundnut

oil extracting consisting of feed hopper with a flow rate control device and power system.

21] F. B. Akande et.al, Locust bean fruit is normally processed into food

condiment, which is popularly taken in the western part of Africa and it is used as a spice

that gives an African meal a pleasant flavor. Processing of Locust beans is faced with

various difficulties that affect both the small and the large scale production. This paper

reviews the traditional methods of production of fermented locust beans, the problems



associated with it and the possible ways of overcoming these problems in order to bring

this health friendly seed into the limelight of large scale production. The processing of

locust bean fruits to food condiment involves depodding, cleaning, boiling, dehulling,

washing, re-cooking and fermentation. Some constraints are identified in the production

and consumption of the condiment such as low production due to rudiment equipment,

high wood consumption and poor production practices. The food condiment (fermented

locust bean) is discovered from the researches carried out on it to be very nutritious,

because of its high protein content in it (Alabi et al., 2005). The processing of locust bean

fruit into food condiment passes through different unit operations that are still carried out

manually with rudiment equipment and an unhygienic environment. This has made the

production of the condiment to be in smallscale production. In order to increase the

supply to the growing population, it is necessary to modernize production techniques and

optimize processing conditions. A better post fermentation technique is also necessary to

protect and prolong shelf-life and to render the fermented bean in a more presentable

form. An invention of these processing technologies for production of fermented locust

bean (food condiment) will make its production to be in a largescale.

22] Ikubanni, P.P. et.al, work aimed at designing and fabricating a Moringa seed

dehulling machine using another design concept. The dehulling mechanisms includes a

dehulling shaft that accommodates the dehulling drum of diameter 100mm and thickness

2.5mm and spikes 40mm long. The dehulling machine for Moringa seed processing is

powered by an electric motor, pulleys, belts, shafts and bearings. The chaffs leave the

machine through a slot created in the dehulling chamber while the seed fall through a

screen under the action of gravity to a tray placed under the dehulling chamber. The

overall efficiency of this machine on dry basis was 65.9 % and on wet basis was 52.5 %.

Based on the design outcome, the Moringa seed dehuller can be used to remove seeds

from the Moringa In order to maintain simplicity of operation and easy fabrication, the

machine is so designed. Due to the simplicity of the machine, it can be conveniently used

by Moringa farmers to enable quick and adequate processing of Moringa oleifera seeds.

Prior, the Moringa seeds are removed manually which is a serious and laborious task

however, by the introduction of this dehulling machine, time energy and cost of

production will be saved. Moreover, the components used are strong; the materials are

readily available and well selected. The overall efficiency of this machine on dry basis

was 65.9 % and on wet basis was 52.5 %. The machine can be improved upon so as to aid



its efficiency. Also the usage of Moringa pods with lower moisture contents will also

improve the efficiency of the machine.

23] Thierry Godjo et.al, An Oil Extraction Machine was developed for

extracting oil from Cashew Nut Shell. The extracting unit consists of an auger with

decreasing pitches. Two different samples of cashew nut shell were used: old cashew nut

shells that have been decorticated more than two months and new shells that have been

decorticated less than two months. After the performance test, the machine was tested at

different auger speeds. Results showed that the designed machine was able to extract oil

from Cashew Nut Shell with a good performance: Extraction efficiency of over 80% was

obtained and the machine has extraction rate of 38.66 kg/hr. of oil and throughput

capacity of 100.33 kg/hr. An Oil Extraction Machine for Cashew Nut Shell with a

capacity of 100, 33 ± 0,577 kg/hr. was developed. Evaluation of the machine on Cashew

Nut Shell gave an expelling efficiency of 80% at the speed of 30 rpm. However, the

power requirement of the machine is 4 kW and is designed to expel oil from Cashew Nut

Shell and can be adapted to expel oil from most oil seed varieties. Presently, the targeted

users of the developed prototype machine are the cottage industries.

24] Malina AVRAM, et.al, An experimental bench-scale plant based on

percolating procedure was built-up, in order to investigate the solvent extraction for oil

separation from ground rapeseed, soybean and sunflower. n-Heptane and hexane have

been used as extraction solvents. The extraction time, the solvent to ground seeds mass

ratio and the ground particle size were considered as process factors. A thermal regime

near to solvent boiling point was assumed. A detailed description of the extraction yield

dynamics and its correlation with the operating conditions are given by the experimental

results, obtained for different values of process factors. The oil extraction from

oleaginous materials using the percolation process was investigated. As raw materials

rapeseed, soybean and sunflower ground seeds and hexane and n-heptane as solvent were

used. The extraction process in Soxhlet extractor and in an original experimental set-up

with a column type fixed bed extractor respectively was performed. All these

observations lead to the conclusion that the shrinking core model is adequate for

mathematical process characterisation. A new paper considering the process modelling

and model parameters investigation is in progress.

25] Chaimae Boualdab, et.al, The capstone project presented in the report deals

with the valorization of waste coffee grounds into biodiesel and soap. To this end, efforts



have been focused into the optimization of the yield of coffee oil extraction as well as the

design of a medium-sized machine that can perform large scale coffee oil extraction. The

coffee oil extraction was carried out using n-hexane as the solvent. Heating and

ultrasonication were included in the oil extraction phase of the experimental work to

reduce the duration of chemical reactions. The maximum yield of coffee oil extraction

that could be achieved was 8.9% with 66% solvent recovery. As for the proposed mid-

sized machine, its draft was inspired by the several steps that are conducted within a small

scale in the chemistry laboratory, and illustrated in a clear 3D drawing using Solid Works.

The valorization of WCG cleans the environment by reducing the large volumes of air

toxins that are produced by fossil fuels. Throughout this project, it has been possible to

extract coffee oil with a yield of 8.9% and 69% of hexane recovery. It has been shown

that acetone performs better than hexane when it comes to coffee oil extraction at room

temperature. Also, a 3D drawing of the mid-sized coffee oil extraction machine was

drafted on Solid Works. The realization of the project goes hand in hand with the

enhancement of the economic and political status of Morocco which objective is

maintaining an eco-friendly piece of the planet.



Chapter 03

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Ceratonia Siliqua L seed have wide range of application in various areas like

medicine, beverages, food processing industries, spices etc., moreover these seed have

good yield capabilities. But its extraction of seeds have trouble for farmers and industries.

Its due to readily machine not available in the market for extraction of seeds. But,

particularly Ceratonia Siliqua L seed extraction machine is needed to improve seed

extraction process. So mainly concentrated on designing and fabrication of the Ceratonia

Siliqua L depulp and seed extraction machine.

Many methods can be employed for the separation process. The conventional

manual methods used are time consuming and depends on the skill of the farmers. The

production of Ceratonia Siliqua seeds in establishing Ceratonia Siliqua plantation and

management as a profitable business for the rural population. There is also shortage of 3

phase power supply in the rural areas which are required to run motors. Extracting

machine is compact in size and it can be economical. Ceratonia Siliqua is also used in

industrial manufacture of gum, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, etc.

Fig.3.1. Ceratonia Siliqua Seeds



Chapter 04

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Calculations were carried out in order to determine the dimensional and other

mechanical properties such as power, torque and velocity etc. so as to withstand the effect

of various loads on the machine. The following details furnish about the design of various

parts those have been used in this machine.

4.1 Design of shaft:

Design of shaft involves the determination of diameter in the case of solid shaft.

According to tortional rigidity, the diameter of the solid shaft.

푻푱

= 흉풓

= 푮Ɵ풍-------- (1)

푴풕푱

=푮Ɵ풍

ퟔퟒ푴풕풍흅푮Ɵ

ퟒ = D

Mt = ퟗ.ퟓퟓ×ퟏퟎퟔ×풑ퟒퟑퟐ

= ퟗ.ퟓퟓ×ퟏퟎퟔ×ퟎ.ퟕퟓퟒퟑퟐ

= 16.579×ퟏퟎퟑ N-mm

ퟔퟒ×ퟏퟔ.ퟓퟕퟗ×ퟏퟎퟑ×ퟕퟕퟎ흅×ퟖퟎ×ퟏퟎퟑ×( 흅

ퟏퟖퟎ)ퟒ = D

D =20.774 mm

By considering obtained diameter, standard shaft size is taken by (DDHB) D = 28 mm.

For this project 28 mm diameter shaft is used.



4.2 Design of pulley and motor specification:

For the extracting machine, 1HP Single phase Induction Motor, Speed – 1440 rpm,

746W,230V,6A, 50Hz

P = ퟐ흅푵푻ퟔퟎퟎퟎퟎ

--------- (2)

T = ퟔퟎퟎퟎퟎ×ퟕퟓퟎퟐ×흅×ퟏퟒퟒퟎ

T = 4.974×ퟏퟎퟑ N-mm

Since desired speed for crushing rotor is 432 rpm

N1 = 1440 rpm D1 = 76.2 mm

N2 = 432 rpm

The speed ratio is given by

푵ퟏ푵ퟐ

= 푫ퟐ푫ퟏ

ퟏퟒퟒퟎퟒퟑퟐ

= 푫ퟐퟕퟔ.ퟐ

D2 = 254 mm

4.3 Design of V – belt:

V –belts are wedge shaped with trapezoidal cross-section. They are end less belts

moulded to shape and length. They will have nylon chords for load carrying and are

covered with cotton fabric and moulded in rubber to have good friction co-efficient. They

V-belts work in v-grooved pulleys generally known as sheaves. They are better for

smaller center distances and for transmitting medium to high powers.

Speed of motor N1 = 1440 mm

Speed of threshing drum shaft N2 = 432 rpm

Diameter of driver pulley D1 = 76.2 mm

Diameter of driven pulley D2 = 254 mm



i. Velocity,

V = ×

---------- (4)

= × . ×

×

V = 5.74 m/s

ii. Equivalent pitch diameter of smaller pulley, de = d× Kd --------- (5)

= 76.2 × 1.14

de = 86.86 mm

iii. Belt – cross section,

Based on de value from design data handbook the belt cross – section for de ˃ 80

and ˂ 125 is A. For this cross section A, power capacity is given by,

Kw = (0.61 푉 . – . - 1.04 × 10 v2 ) × 0.7355v -------- (6)

Kw = (0.61 × 5.74 . – ..

- 1.04 × 10 × 5.742) × 0.7355 × 5.74

Kw = 0.8892 kw/belt

iv. Length of belt,

L = 2C + 1.57 (D+d) + ( ) ---------- (7)

Assume average center distance,

C = 2D = 2×254

C = 508 mm

L = 2 (508) + 1.57 (254 +76.2) + ( . )×

L = 1549.97 mm



v. Angle of contact,

Ɵ = π - 2sin --------- (8)

Ɵ = π - 2sin .×

Ɵ =159.85O

vi. Number of belt required,

n' = ( )× × ------------- (9)

where, P is the drive power in kw

KS is the correction factor according to service

KL is the correction factor for length

Ka is the correction factor for arc of contact

(kW) is the rating of V-belt

From DDHB for cross – section A

Ka = 0.95 KL = 0.98 KS = 1

= . ×. × . × .

n' = 0.90 ≅ 1 belts

Therefore, the V-belt required is of Cross-section A and number of belts required is 1

vii. The actual center distance,

C = A+ √퐴 − 퐵 --------- (10)

Where A = − ( )

= − ( . )

A = 251.33

B =

B = .



B = 493.95

C = 251.33 + (251.33 – 493.95)

C =501.67 mm

Hence, Nominal top width b (mm) = 13 mm

Nominal thickness t (mm) = 8 mm

Fig.4.1. Cross section of V-belt



Chapter 05

DRAWINGS

5.1 Two – Dimensional Drawings: (All dimensions in mm):

Fig.5.1. Frame


Department of Mechanical Engineering, JIT,


Department of Mechanical Engineering, JIT, Davanagere

Fig.5.2. Accessories


Page 29



Fig.5.3. Assembled 2



ssembled 2-D drawing of Ceratonia Siliqua L seed extracting machine


Page 30

D drawing of Ceratonia Siliqua L seed extracting machine



5.2 Three Dimensional Drawings:

Fig.5.4. Siever (mesh)

Fig.5.6 Threshing shaft Fig.5.7 Hopper



5.2 Three Dimensional Drawings:

er (mesh) Fig.5.5


Fig.5.8 Blower


Page 31

Fig.5.5 Top cover




With the help of above components and some minor components such has fasteners

complete assembly of the machine has been showed in the figure

Fig.5.9. Assembled 3




complete assembly of the machine has been showed in the figure 5.9.

. Assembled 3-D model of Ceratonia Siliqua L seed extracting machine


Page 32


D model of Ceratonia Siliqua L seed extracting machine



Fig.5.10. Exploded view of machine

Figure 5.9, shows the complete assembly of an extracting machine, which is to be

done woth the help of Auto-cad software version. It gives the clear picture of the model.

Figure 5.10, shows the exploded are dissemble view of a machine, which shows

the different components of the machine such as frame, hopper, mesh, wood pads

(blades), runner hub, and fasteners with some covering plates.



Chapter 06

FABRICATION

6.1 Frame:

Frame is the major support structure of the machine it withstands the load acting

on the machine. All the components fabricated are assembled over the frame. The frame

is made by using standard section available i.e. the angle plate which are all the

components fabricated are assembled over the frame. The frame is made by using

standard section available i.e. the angle plate which are 650mm×610mm×300mm thick

and the angle is 90̊̊̊̊ between the adjacent plates. The angle plates are cut to the

requirement and welded together for housing the machine components. The fig 6.1, 6.2

shows the angle plate and frame fabrication for Ceratonia Siliqua seed extracting machine

using them.

Fig.6.1. Fabrication Frame

Fig.6.2. Cutting angler



6.2 Step turning operation on solid shaft:

As per the drawing the shaft of 28 mm diameter and 770 mm length was chosen. The

shaft is made of mild steel ordinary material. The raw shaft was purchased and step

turned to the required dimensions in order to fit into the bearings and pulley. The shaft

was turned using a conventional lathe machine to required tolerances. The fig 6.3 show

the solid shaft and step turnig operation on shaft.

Fig.6.3. Solid shaft

6.3 Mesh:

Figure 6.3 shows the mesh (sieve plate), which is the major part of the machine helps to

crush the seeds, meanwhile it expels the separated pulp and seeds with the perfectly

dimensioned holes provided on the plate. It has 470 mm length and 340 mm width, with

that the hole has 9mm width.

Fig.6.4. Fabricated mesh



6.4 Threshing rotor:

Figure 6.5 shows the threshing rotor of the Ceratonia Siliqua seed extracting machine. It

is the most important part of the machine used to beat and thresh the Ceratonia Siliqua.

Here, we are using wooden stripes with an open threshing rotor. 4 sets each welded on the

drum which are placed at 900 around the circular drum as shown. The length of each blade

is 430 mm and its thickness is 10 mm.

Fig.6.5. threshing rotor

6.5 Hopper:

It is the primary part of the machine which is placed on the top of the machine, in this the

carob beans are fed into the hopper which helps the beans to flow into the crushing

chamber. It is also known as feeding unit.

Fig.6.6. Fabricated hopper



6.6 Pulley Boring:

Boring is a process of producing circular internal profiles on a hole made by

drilling or another process. It uses single point cutting tool called a boring bar. In boring,

the boring bar can be rotated, or the work part can be rotated. Lathe boring usually

requires that the work piece be held in the chuck and rotated. As the work piece rotated, a

boring bar with an insert attached to the tip of the bar is fed into an existing hole. When

the cutting tool engages the work piece, a chip is formed. Depending on the type of tool

used, the material, and the feed rate, the chip may be continuous or segmented. The

surface produced is called a bore. Large pulley of 254mm diameter is bored to 28mm and

small pulley of 76.2mm diameter is bored to 28mm for proper fitting into shaft and

motor.

Fig.6.7. Boring operation on pulley

6.7 Power drive unit arrangement of Motor, Pulley, V-Belt:

Power drive unit of the machine consists of 1HP single phase AC Induction

motor which rotates at 1440 rpm. Pulleys are designed to transmit 432 rpm to the

threshing rotor. Two V-Belt pulley of 76.2 mm and 254mm are used. V-Belt of length

1549.97mm is used to transmit power from motor to the threshing rotor.

Fig.6.8. Power drive unit arrangement



6.8. Final Assembly of Machine:

All the components are fabricated and assembled together on the frame in their designed

position. The frame houses all the components like Motor, Centrifugal Blower, Bearings,

pulleys, Threshing Drum and Threshing Rotor. The Motor,Centrifugal Blower and

Bearings are mounted on to frame using thread fasting method i.e. using Bolts and nuts.

Finally the machine is painted and is as shown in figure 6.9.

Fig.6.9. Ceratonia Siliqua L depulp and seed extracting machine



Chapter 07

ENACTMENT OF MACHINE

7.1 Machine productivity, (푷풕풉)

To determine the productivity of the machine following relationships are used

푃 = 푃푡

Where, 푃 = mass of total pulp and seeds in kg.

T = Time consuming in threshing operation in hours.

푷풕풉 = ퟏퟎퟓퟏ

= 105 kg/hr.

7.2 Cleaning efficiency, (ƞ풄풍)

To determine the cleaning efficiency the following relationships are used

ƞ = 푀 −푀

푀× 100

Where, ƞ = Cleaning efficiency in percentage (100%)

푀 = Mass of impurities

푀 = Total pulp and seed mass

ƞ = 1750 − 0

1750× 100

ƞ풄풍 = ퟏퟎퟎ%

7.3 Pulp and seed losses, (ƞ풍풐풔풔)

Losses could be determined for this machine according to the following equation,

ƞ = 푀푀

× 100

Where, ƞ = Seed loss efficiency (%)

푀 = Mass of separation losses

푀 = Total pulp and seed mass,



ƞ = 10

1750

ƞ풍풐풔풔 = ퟎ.ퟓퟕퟏퟒ%

7.4 Threshing efficiency, ( ƞ풕풉)

Threshing efficiency was calculated from the following relation

ƞ = 푀 −푀

푀× 100

Where, ƞ = Threshing efficiency

푀 = Mass of un-threshing beans

푀 = Total pulp and seed mass

Also by visual inspection pulp and seed present in threshing flower was NIL.

ƞ = 1750 − 0

1750× 100

ƞ풕풉 = ퟏퟎퟎ%

Considering pulp and seed losses during the operation the threshing efficiency is

100% minus percent (%) of pulp and seed losses.

ƞ = (100 − 0.5714)

ƞ풕풉 = ퟗퟗ.ퟒퟑ%

7.5 Specific energy consumption, (SEC)

To determine the specific energy consumption the following relationship are used

SEC = ( )× ( )( )

= . × = 7.14 × 10 Kw.h/kg

= . ×

SEC = 7.14 Kw .h/ton

The result of pulp and seed extracting machine is that the efficiency of machine is

considerably higher than that of manual extraction method.



Chapter 08

ADVANTAGES AND DRAWBACKS

8.1 Advantages:

It is compact in size.

Less investment cost.

Less maintenance cost.

It can be easly adopted by farmers, since it is economical.

It can reduces the time consuming.

Skilled labors are not required.

Ease of transportation.

Life of the machine is about 10-15 years.

8.2 Drawbacks:

Wear and tear of wooden pads takes place.

Small amount of noise is produced during operation.



Chapter 09

COST ESTIMATION

The cost of estimation involves cost of the raw material required to manufacture. The cost

required for converting the raw material into finished parts and the miscellaneous cost to

complete the manufacturing.

9.1 Material Cost:

This includes cost of material required for manufacturing and also includes all direct and

indirect material cost. The table below shows the price of material.

Table.9.1 Material Cost

Sl. No.

Description

No. of pieces

Cost (INR)

1

Hopper

1

250.00

2

Pulley

4

1200.00

3

Belts

2

300.00

4

Metal Sheet

2

1500.00

5

Shafts

2

500.00

6

Mesh

1

700.00

7

Angular

2

1400.00

8

Wooden pads

4

60.00

9

Motor (1hp)

1

4800.00

10

Bolts and Nuts

33

300.00

Total material cost

11,010.00



9.2 Processing cost:

Cost required to converting raw material into finished part, it includes the manufacturing

cost of each part by considering time required to complete the part. Process cost varies

depending on the type of manufacturing process and material.

Table 9.2. Processing cost

Sl. No.

Description

Cost (INR)

1

Workshop cost

2000.00

2

Labour cost

3500.00

Total processing cost

5500.00

9.3 Overhead cost:

This is an indirect cost which includes transportation power and other miscellaneous cost

Therefore, Other expenses = 3500/-

9.4. Total cost:

Total cost = Material cost + Processing cost + Overhead cost

= 11,010.00 + 5,500.00 + 3,500.00

Total cost = Rs 20,010/-



CONCLUSION

In this research work, Ceratonia Siliqua L depulp and seed extracting machine were

developed. This automated machine contains high end performance which meets

customer’s satisfaction after the fabrication. The modeling of extraction machine which

contains easy way to develop by standardized parts which are easily available in the

market. After extracting pulp and seeds from the machine, it can be used as potential

resource for edible purpose.

Carob beans pulp and seeds are very essential additives in cocoa powder, but seed

extraction process requires an automated design configuration. In this design majorly

concentrated on shaft, pulley, motor, v-belt, etc. By design consideration, the shaft used

as 28mm diameter, motor 1HP, maximum speed of 1440 rpm, 230 V of supply, 2 v-belts

were used. The modeling has been carried by Autocad 2013 version software. In machine

performance machine productivity (푃 ) = 105 kg/hr, cleaning efficiency (ƞ ) = 100 %,

pulp and seed losses (ƞ ) = 0.5714 %, threshing efficiency (ƞ ) = 99.43 % and specific

energy consumption (SEC) = 7.14 Kw.h/ton. For fabrication all design aspects has been

considered and also performance test has been carried after the fabrication of machine.

Result revels accepted of design configuration primarily the performance machine is

satisfactory.



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PROJECT ASSOCIATES

Mr. SANTOSH C

4JD14MEO86

[email protected]

7975866820

Mr. RAGHUPATHI T.H

4JD14ME072

[email protected]

7795543744

Mr. SANTHOSH K

4JD14ME084

[email protected]

8904362908

Mr. PRAVEENA M.C

4JD14ME066

[email protected]

8147644656

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