CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE - Govinfo.gov

1806 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE JANUARY 17

Also, a bill (H. R. 16341) for the relief of Alfred Harris; to the Committee on Claims.

By 1\Ir. SABATH: A bill {H. R. 16342) for the relief of Clyde H. Tavenner ; to the Committee on Claims.

By Mr. SUl\UIERS of Washington: A bill (H. R. .16343) . granting a pension to Jacob T. Arrasmith; to the Committee on Pensions. . .

By Mr. UNDERWOOD: A bill {H. R. 16344) grantin~ an mcrease of pension to Margaret A. Rudolph; to the Comrmttee on Invalid Pensions.

PETITIONS, ETC. Under clause 1 or' Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid

on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows : 8249. By 1\lr. ABERNETHY: Petition of Ross Gidden~, of

Goldsboro, N. C., in favor of the Newton bill; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

8250. Also, petition of Col. Edgar Bain, president of Kiwani3 Club, Goldsboro, N. C., in favor of the Newton bill; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

8251. Also, petit:!on of Roy Armstrong, superintend~nt of city schools, of Goldsboro, N. C., in favor of the Newton bill; to the Committ:£e on Interstate and Fore4,crn Commerce..

8252. Also, petition of J. T. Jerome, superintendent.of county schools Wayne County, N. C., in favor of Newton bill; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

8253. By 1\lr. BOYLAN: Resolution adopted by New York Commandery of the Naval Order of the United States, favoring the naval cruiser bill; to the Committee on Naval Affairs.

8254. Also, petition from veterans at Castle Point Hospital No. 98 Castle Point, N. Y., requesting legislation favoring compen ation for veterans suffering with tuberculosis; to the Com-mittee on World War Veterans' Legislation. _

8255. Also, resolution adopted by the West Point Society of New York favoring the Black-Wainwright bill { S. 3089 and H. R. .13509) ; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

8256. By Mr. CONNERY: Resolution of Local No. 3, Amalgamated Lithographers of America; to the Committee on \Vays and Means.

8257. By Mr. CRAIL: Petition of Roosevelt Auxiliary, No. 5, United Spanish War Veterans, of Los Angeles, Calif., favoring additional hospital facilities at the . Soldiers' Home, Pacific Branch, Los Angeles County, Calif.; to the Committee on World War Veterans' Legislation.

8258. By Mr. EV Al~S of California: Petition of Roy Smith, of Glendale, Calif. and 85 others, in support of restrictive immigration, known a~ the Box bill; to the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization.

8259. By Mr. GOLDSBOROUGH: Petition of Dorchester Post. No. 91, Department of Maryland, American Legion, favoring the World War veterans' act and amendments thereto requiring that compensation shall be granted only in cases ~here the death or disability can be shown to have been incident to the service; to the Committee on World War Veterans' J...egislation.

8260. By Mr. MEAD: Petition of New York Commandery of the Naval Order of the United States, indorsing the cruiser bill; to the Committee on NaT"al Affairs. -

8261. By Mr. MILLER: Memorial of senate and bouse, State lecislature, State of Washington, memorializing the Congress of thoe United States to pass adequate legislation for a protective tariff on lumber and shingles ; to the Committee on Ways and Means.

8262. By Mr. O'CONNELL: Petition of the New York Commandery of the Naval Order of the United States, favoring the construction of the 15 cruisers; to the Committee on Naval Affairs.

8263. Also, petition of the Indian Rights Association of Philadelphia, favoring the passage of House Joint Resolution 374, for investigation of Indian affairs; to the Committee on Rules.

8264. Also, petition of Rich~rd G. Krueger, New York City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8265. Also, petition of Barron G. Collier, New York City, favoring the passage of House bills .9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary. •

8266. Also, petition of the Darlington Fabrics Corporation, of New York City, favoring the passage of Hou e bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the .Judiciary.

8267. Also, petition of the Corticelli SUk Co., of New York City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 ~nd 14659 and

Senate bill 1'976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8268. Also, petition of F. G. Montabert Co., New York City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary .

8269. By Mr. QUAYLE: Petition of National Beauty and Barbers Supply Dealers' As ociation, of New York, N. Y., favoring the pa sage .of the Capper-Kelly bill {H. R. 11 and S. 1418) known as the fair trade bill; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

8270. Also, petition of West Point Society of New York, favoring the pa sage of Senator Black's bill (S. 3089) and the Wainwright bill {H. R. 13509) as amended by Congressman 1\IcSwAIN; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

8271. Also, petition of New York Commandery of the Naval Order of the United States, favoring the passage of the cruiser bill; to the Committee on Naval Affairs.

8272. Also, petition of Dixie Post No. 64, Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, Na,tional Sanatorium, Tenn., favoring the passage of the RathbDne bill {H. R. 9138) ; to the Committee on Pensions.

8273. Also, petition of the Corticelli Silk Co., of New York, N. Y., favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8274. ALo, petition of Darlington Fabric Corporation, of New York, N. Y., favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8275. Also, petition of F. G. 1\Iontabert Co., of New York, N. Y., favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976; to the Committee on the ,rudiciary.

8276. Al o, petition of Barron G. Collier (Inc.), of New York, N. Y., favoring the passage of Hou e bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8277. Also, petition of I. Mittlemann & Co. (Inc.), of New York, N. Y., favoring the pas age of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8278. Also, petition of Richard G. Krueger (Inc.), of New York, N. Y., favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8279. Also, petition of Edmund Wright-Ginsberg Co. (Inc.), of New York, N. Y., favoring the p.:'lssage of Hou e bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8280. Also, petition of the Magee Carpet Co., -of Bloomsburg, Pa., favoring the passage of Hou e bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8281. Also, petition of New York Zoological Society of New York City, urging the passage of a Senate bill to acquire areas of land and water which may furnish pe1·petual reservations to aid in the adequate preservation .of migratory game birds; to the Committee on Agriculture.

8282. By Mr. WYANT: Petition of Marilao Auxiliary No. 33, Veterans of Foreign Wars, advocating passage of House bill 9138; to the Committee on Pensions.

SEN .ATE THURSDAY, January 17, 19~9

The Chaplain, Rev. Z!':Barney T. Phillips, D. D., offered the following prayer :

Almighty God, who art from everlasting to everlasting, ancient of days yet ever new ; all things wax old as doth a garment, but Thou art the same and Thy years shall not fail.

Thou hast made us heirs of all the ages as we stand nt the confluence of time. Show us, therefore, how we may better serve Thee with what we have, and help us to serve 'l"'hee further by patience amid our disabilities.

Look down with pity upon all who are stricken by grief; remember those in pain who must so soon take up again their weary burdens, and grant that in this new day each child of Thine, finding something of the comfort of Thy love, may give thanks unto Thee, who~e mercy endureth forever. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

The Chief Clerk proceeded to read the Jow·nal of yesterday's proceedings, when, on· request of Mr. CURTIS and by unanimous consent, the further reading was dispensed with and the Journal was approved.

MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE

A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Chaffee, one of its clerks, announced that the House had passed the bill ( S. 3162) to authorize the improvement of the Oregon Caves in the Siskiyou National Forest, Oreg., with amendments, in which it requested the concurrence of the Senate.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE 1807 The message _also announced that the House bad passed the

following bills, in which it requested the concurrence of the Senate:

H. R. 479. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to grant certain oil and gas prospecting permits and leases;

H. R. 13899. An act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to issue patents for lands held under color of title;

H. R.14925. An act to authorize repayment of certain excess amounts paid by purchasers of lots in the town site of Bowdoin, 1\Iont., and for other purpo es; and

H. R.15732. An act making an additional grant of lands for a miners' bQSpital for disabled miners of the State of Utah, and for other purposes.

PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS

1\lr. BINGHAM. In the nature of a memorial I present a letter from the president of the Dupont Circle Citizens' Association, of Washington, D. C., which I ask may be printed in the RECORD and referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia.

There being no objection, the letter was 1·eferred to the Committee on the District of Columbia and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows :

Bon. HIRAM BINGHAM,

DUPONT CIRCLE CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION, Wa>Bhington, D. 0., Jan·uary 10, 1929,

United States Senate, Washington, D. 0. MY DEAB SENATOR: Knowing of your keen interest in the affairs of

the District, I take pleasure in informing you that the Dupont Circle Citizens' Association, at its regular meeting at the May:tlower Hotel, Monday, January 7, 1929, passed the following resolution: Be it

'' Resol·ved, That this association go on record as strongly in favor of locating a retail farmers' market at some central location convenient to the citizens, where purchases may be made directly between these two classes."

It was clearly indicated that the sentiment of those present was strongly opposed to the use of public money !or the erection of a market for the benefit of commission men, middlemen,. etc.

The designation o! a location was specifically omitted in order to avoid controversy over points regarded as less important than the one dealt with above.

Yours respectfully, DEMAREST LLOYD,

President Dupont Oirole Oitizens' Association.

l\1r. BINGHAM presented numerous resolutions of women's clubs and civic and religious organizations in the State of Connecticut, indorsing the so-called Kellogg multilateral treaty for the renunciation of war, which were ordered to lie on the table.

He also presented petitions of clergymen of New Haven and sundry other citizens, in the State of Connecticut, indorsing the flo-called Kellogg multilateral treaty for the renunciation of war, which were ordered to lie on the table.

He also presented a resolution adopted by the committee on peace of the Bridgeport section, National Council of Jewish Women, of Bridgeport, Conn., protesting against adoption of the pending naval building program, which was ordered to lie on the table.

Mr. REED of Pennsylvania presented letters and telegrams in the nature of memorials of citizens and civic and religious organizations in the State of Pennsylvania, remonstrating against the passage of the bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the construction of certain naval vessels, and for other purposes, which were ordered to lie on the table.

Mr. l\10SES presented letters in the nature of memorials of sundry citizens in the State of New Hampshire, remonstrating against the passage of the bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the construction of certain naval vessels, and for other purposes, wllicb were ordered to lie on the table.

Mr. CURTIS presented letters and telegrams in the natm·e of memorials of sundry citizens in the State of Kansas, remonstrating against the passage of the bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the construction of certain naval vessels, and for other purposes, which were ordered to lie on the table.

Mr. COPELAND presented a resolution adopted by the executive council of the woman's department, National Civic Federation, at New York, N. Y., favoring the prompt passage of the bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the construction of certain naval vessels, and for other purposes, which was ordered to lie on the table.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES

Mr. SMOOT, from the Committee on Finance, to which was refened the joint resolution (H. J. Res. 340) to authoriz~ the Secretary of the Treasury to cooperate with the other re~ief creditor governments in making it possible for Austria to fiQat

LXX--114

a loan in order to obtain funds for the furtherance of its reconstruction program, and to conclude an agreement for the settlement of the indebtedness of Austria to the United States, reported it without amendment and submitted a report (No. 1450) thereon.

Mr. NORBECK, from the Committee on nanking and Currency, to which was referred the bill (S. 5349) to amend section 9 of the Federal reserve act and section 5240 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, and for other purposes, reported it without amendment and submitted a report (No. 1451) thereon.

He also, from the same committee, to which was refe1Ted the bill ( S. 5302) to amend the second paragraph of section 4 of the Federal farm loan act, as amended, reported it with an amendment and submitted a report (No. 1452) thereon.

Mr. VANDENBERG, from the Committee on Commerce, to which was referred the bill (S. 5179) to improve the efficiency of the Lighthouse Service, and for other purposes, r~ported it without amendment and submitted a report (No. 1453) thereon.

BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION INTRODUCED

Bills and a joint resolution were introduced, read the :first time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred as follows:

By Mr. METCALF: A bill ( S. 5400) granting a pension to Sarah Shepard (with

accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. McNARY: A bill ( S. 5401) co-nsenting that suit l:IU!Y be brought against

the United · States with respect to claims relating to the Lake Malheur Reservation in the State of Oregon; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. CAPPER: .A bill (S. 5402) to provide for the establishment of a

municipal center in the District of Columbia ; to the Committee on the District of Columbia.

By Mr. NEELY: A bill ( S. 5403) granting an increase of pension to Sarah A.

Cooper; and A bill ( S. 5404) granting ~n increase of pension to Eddie L.

Fetty ; to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. DALE : A bill ( S. 5405) granting an increase of pension to Mary S.

Warner (with accompanying p.apers); to the Committee on Pensions.

By Mr. COPELAND: A bill ( S. 5406) to amend the national defense act by pro

. viding for a pharmacy corps in the Medical Department, United States Army ; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

(By request.) A bill ( S. 5407) to renew and extend certain letters patent; to the Committee on Patents.

By Mr. JOHNSON: A bill (S. 5408) granting a pension to Maude G. Davis (with

accompanying papers) ; to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. l\IcNARY: A bill ( S. 5409) to afford protection to the watershed and

water supply of the city of Ashland, Jackson County, Oreg.; to the Committee on Agliculture and Forestry.

By Mr. McKELLAR: A bill ( S. 5410) granting an increase of pension to Carlton

Wright; to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. GEORGE: .A .bill ( S. 5411) for the relief of Marmaduke H. Floyd; to

the Committee on Military Affairs. By Mr. FESS: A joint resolution (S. J. Res. 199) to provide for the ex

penses of participation by th'e United States in the international conference for the purpose of revising the International Convention for the Protection of Literary and .Artistic Works; to the Committee on Foreign Relations.

NEWSPRINT PAPER FROM FARM WASTE

Mr. SCHALL. I introduce a joint resolution, which I ask may be read by its title and referred to the Committee on Finance.

The joint resolution ( S. J. Res. 200) to provide a bounty for the encouragement of the manufacture of newsprint paper from the waste products of field crops produced on American farms was read the first time by it title.

Mr. SACKETT. I ask that the joint resolution may be read at length.

The joint resolution was read the second time at length and referred to the Committee on Finance, as follows :

Whereas it is necessary to encourage the manufacture of newsprint paper from tbe waste products of field crops produced on American

1808 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17 farms (such as cornstalks, flax, wheat, rice, or oat straw, cotton stems, and sugar-cane pulp) for the purpose of further developing the paper-mak-ing industry in the United States, which is now dependent pdncipally upon foreign countries for an adequate supply of the pulp and paper used in such industry ; and

Whereas it is estimated that the utilization of the waste products or such field crops would increase the annual income of the American farmers by more than a billion dollars and thereby tend to relieve the present agricultural situation and the distress of the farmers; and

Whereas it has been demonstrated that paper manufactured from such waste products is of a finer quality than that now manufacturen from wood pulp and that the manufacture of paper from such products is commercially profitable ; and

Whereas the Congress, in order to encourage the growing of sugar ~ane within the United States, bas enacted legislation to provide for the payment of a bounty to sugar-cane growers with the result that a large and pr·ofitable industry bas been develQped; and

Whereas similar encouragement to the American manufacturers of newsprint paper would tend to develop the paper-making industry and enable such manufacturers to compete with those in foreign- countries: Therefore be it

Resolved, etc., That any American manufacturer of paper who manufactures newsprint pape1· containing at least 60 per cent or more of waste products of field crops produced on American farms (such as cornstalks, flax, wheat, rice, or oat straw, cotton stems, or sugar-cane pulp) and who sells the paper so manufactured to any newspaper or other publisher in the United States at a price not exceeding $40 per ton, shall be paid, from the Treasury of the United States, a bounty of 1 cent for each pound of paper so produced and sold.

SEC. 2. This resolution shall take effect immediately and shall remain in force for a period of five years from the date of its approval.

HOUSE BILLS REFERRED

The following bills were everally read twice by their titles and referred to the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys:

H. R. 479. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to grant certain oil and gas prospecting permits and leases; .

H. R. 13899. An act authorizing the Secretary of the Intenor to issue patents for lands held under color of title;

H. R. 14925. An act to authorize repayment of certain excess amounts paid by purchasers of lots in the town site of Bowdoin, Mont., and for other purposes; and

H. R. 15732. An act making an additional grant of lands for a miners' hospital for disabled miners of the State of Utah, and for other purposes.


A message from the House of Representati-ves, by Mr. Haltigan, one of its clerks, announced that the House h~d agr~ed to the report of the committee of conference on the d1sagreemg votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 15569) making appropriation for the Department of State and Justice and for the judiciary, and for the Departments of Commerce and Labor, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for other purposes.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Morning business is closed. RIGHTS OF NEUTRALS AND FREEDOM OF THE SEAS

Mr. REED of Missouri subsequently said : Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent as a part of the morning business to request that Senate Resolution 294, which I submitted on January 9, with reference to negotiations for a treaty to conform in ·principle to Article XII of the treaty of 1785 between Prussia and the United States, may go over until to-morrow without prejudice. I was not able to be present during the routine morning business, and I understand, in order to reserve my rights, I shall have to get the consent of the Senate to make the request in the form I have.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. COTTON REPORTS

1\Ir. HEFLIN. Mr. Pre ident, I was a member of the subcommittee of the Committee of Agriculture and Forestry which was authorized and empowered to investigate the conduct of the New York Cotton Exchange, tlle activities of certain cotton speculators and price manipulators, and also to investigate the conduct of tile Bureau of Economics in the Department of Agriculture and its connection with the manipulation of cotton price·. The testimony before the committee disclosed a situation regarding undeveloped or immature cotton that is being counted in as a part of the supply of fully developed cotton produced in the United States that needs to be dealt with by Congress. I introduced a bill which passed the Senate at the last session which provided that cotton known as "snaps" and "bollies" shall be reported and published by the Government in an item separate and apart from the report of fully developed or fully .matured cotton, as is now done in the case of linters. Time was when the Government included linters in

the report with cotton. The Government report used to read: "So many bales including linters," antl nobody knew how many bales we1·e cotton and how many bales were linters. I found upon investigation that we were producing yearly a million bales of linters and this little fuzzy stuff cut from the ~ ee-d after the cotton was ginned was being lugged in and counted in the supply or crop of actual cotton. It was unfair to the producer of cotton and misleading to the cotton-consuming world. It was at my suggestion that the Government now separates linters from cotton. The report now gives the number of bales of cotton in a separate item and the number of bales of linters in a separate item, and that is as it should be.

The States of Texas and Oklahoma are now producing annually nearly a million bale of immature or undeveloped cotton-cotton that comes from green bolls gathered, heated, and thrashed ont and ginned, and that stuff is called "snaps" and "bollies." I want the Go>ern.ment to report "snap " and "bollies" in an item separate and apart from cotton just as it now does in the ca e of linters. My bill provides for that. It has passed the Senate and is now in the Honse of Representatives, and I am hoping and expecting the Representatives in Congress from the cotton-growing States to see that thi · measure passes that body at an early date. If that is done, the " snaps " and " hollies " produced this year will be separated from the Government's report of cotton when another cotton crop is coming upon the market. Mr. Pre ident, the counting of "snaps" and "bollies" in with the cotton supply constitutes a grave injustice to the cotton farmers of the South and it must be stopped. I desire to print in the RECORD a part of the hearings on this subject as a part of my remarks.

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. FESs in the chair) . Without objection, it is so ordered.

The matter referred to is as follows : COTTON KNOWN AS "SNAPS" AND u BOLLIES"

(Statement of Samuel T. Hubbard, jr., president of the New York Cotton Exchange)

* * * Senator HEFLIN. May I ask the chairman before we start what his

definition is of the difference between snaps and bollies? Senator SMITH. I do not think there is any very great difference. It

depends on the manner in which they have gathered the cotton. I understand that snaps mean where there is a top crop, and they just snap it ofi' and take limbs and all; and bollie are where they have taken the bolls that are not yet open and open the brea ·ts of the gin so that there will be more room for the seed to drop out. They just gin the whole business, you know, bm·r and all. Dollies is where there comes a frost and they take these green bolls, and they have a way of subjecting them to arttiicial heat and drying them out and opening them. The boll is pulled green before it is fully developed and is opened by some sort of a heating process.

Representative RANKIN. I think all this cotton that is gathered with a sled would come under the heading of snaps. They have a way of gathering cotton with a sled out in some of the western country, and I think that would come under the name of snaps, because they pull burrs and everything ofi'.

Senator SMITH. They have three names, sled cotton, snaps, and bollie ; but there is hardly an appreciable difference.

Senator HEFLIN. Mr. Hubbard, what is your idea of the difference between snaps and bolUes '/

Mr. HuBBARD. Snap cotton, as I understand it, is where the boll is opened naturally and the cotton is hanging. The ordinary process is to go through and take it out with the fingers. Instead of that they just snap the stems ofi'.

Senatot· HEFLIN. Boll and all'/ Mr. HUBBABD. Yes. Senator HEFLIN. With the locks remaining with the boll? Mr. HUBBARD. Yes. Those are mature lock . Senator SMITH. But it is not open. It is the top crop and you can

not pick it readily and you snap the top ~ff. Representative RAKKIK. Mt•. Hubbard has a brother who is a much

abler man than he is when it comes to putting his thoughts on paper, and here is his definition of snaps and bollies. It is just u paragraph and I will read it if there is no objection.

Senator HEFLI:-J. I would like to have that. Representati>e RANKIN (reading) : "Gathered cotton, snaps, bollies,

machined cotton-in Oklahoma and 'Texas, when labor is short, the cotton is 'gathered'; that is, the plants are simply cut down and brought in, open bolls, unopened bolls, and all. In the seed hQuse the open cotton is pulled out and ginned in the usual manner, while the unopened and half-opened bolls are sent on to the gins where special machinery is installed to break open the bolls and gin out the cotton. In the early days the result was the mol'lt feat•ful-fooking mess, known as 'bollies' * *.

"I think that is an accurate description, or sometimes as 'snaps' and sold for a few cents a pound. The process of cleaning has been

·1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SE~ATE 1809 so much improvE:'d that to-day ft is possible to get good results, so much so that at times it is very difficult to tell this 'machined' cotton ft'Om that picked and ginned in the usual manner: The regular picked cotton of low grade is sometimes put through a machine to be raised in grade by cleaning. Machined cotton is not ' regular ' for the reason that care iiS not taken to keep the half-opened bolls with immature cotton separated from the matured bolls, so that the staple gets mixed, breaks ~ff in the mill machinery, and thereby causes loss. The most objectional bales are easy to detect, for the cotton bas a sort of halfspun appearance and breaks off in the fingers when the staple is pulled. The trouble lies with the bales just 'O<n the line' with the bulk" of the cotton satisfactory, so that they get by and are later found in the process of manufacture. There is a rule in th , future contract and in the law fo1· that matter, prohibiting the delivery of machined cotton. It is probable that the impr·ovement in the cleaning machinery will bring more care in the selection of the bolls to gO< through the machine so that the weaker staple will be put into bales by itself. It has proposed that all machined bales be marked at the gin."

Senator HEFLIN. I am having a bill prepared now, and as I have outlined it, it requires the ginners to report snaps and bollies separate and apart from fully matured CQtton and linters in a separate item. .As Mr. Hubbard will recall, they used to report on cotton as, for instance, 14,000,0CO bales, including linters.

·senator SMITH. · .A law has been passed year before last prohibiting the Census Department from making a report collectively. They have got to separate them.

Senator HEFLIN. They separate them now in their reports. But my bill will provide that snaps and bollies are put in a separate item like linters are now put in a. separate item.

Mr. GANIBR. I think they ought to be printed so that they can be distinguished from other cotton of similar character.

Senator HEFLIN. That would be a good plan, because it ought not to be sold as cotton of fully developed fiber. It injures the price of good cotton.

Mr. GANIER. It sells for a big discount under the regular cotton. Senator HEFLIN. Yes; but it ought not to be counted in the supply

and put on the market and sold as fully matured cotton. M.'r. OsMoND. You might have a colored stripe on the bale that would

distinguish it from regular cotton and force the gins to do that. Senator HEFLIN. Yes; there ought to be some way to mark it. Senator SMITH. In that connection, with reference to the report as

to the supply of cotton, there ought to be a differentiation between regular cotton and the machine-gathered and bales stuff. But in the sampling of cotton by those who purchase they readily distinguished these so that the effect on the market will not keep them from being put on the market, because every sampler will distinguish them ; but they should not be calculated in t he crop.

Senator HEFLIN. Would not that be ll good provision, Mr. Hubbard? Mr. HUBBARD. I have no objection to it. Senator SMITH. It is really essential, because we have, as Josh Bill

ings said, such a great amount of conjecture growing out of so little fact that a man can not tell the conjecture from the fact ; and we ought to have the facts.

Senator HEFLIN. We ought. We would have for once the exact amount of real cotton produced and the carry-over of real cotton.

Representative RANKIN. I will tell you where this hurts the worst. Where the snaps and bollies have done us the most harm, in my opinion, is they are being passed by· Government classers and tendered on contract. There is no evidence here to disprove that.

Senator HEFLIN. I started the fight in the House to separate llnters from real cotton in 1908, I believe; and while Senator HARRIS was Director. of the Census I got him to put it in force. He did, and he ordered it separated, and it was separated for a time, and afterwards we legislated on the subject. But, here is my purpose: The Government shows 12,000,000 bales of cotton. In another place it will have a million and a half bales of linters. Wff have got a million bales of snaps and bollies, and we have 12,000,000 bales of the fully developed cotton. You have now in the cotton crop, your visible supply of cotton, 13,000,000 bales of cotton. If this provision that I am suggesting can be enacted into law, this million bales of snaps and bollies will be put down by itself, and the real spinnable cotton, the desirable C()tton, will appea1· in another column as 12,000,000 bales instead of as 13,000,000 bales.

Mr. HUBBARD. May I presume to inject a suggestion? Senato r SMITH. Certainly. Mr. HUBBARD. I think that cotton trade would greatly appreciate a

provision that required that when exports are made they have got to designate whether it is cotton or linters. There is absolutely no way for us to tell, when we have exported 11,000,000 bales from! the United States, whether it is 11,000,000 bales of all cotton or 9,500,000 bales of cotton and a thousand of linters, and so on; and if that provisio:'l could be made that when they make the declaration of exports so that it can be cllecked up---

Senator SMITH. The total exports differentiate between linters and cotton?

Mr. HUBBARD. Yes, sir.

Senator HEFLIN. I wonder if they are not counting some of the linter bales in the carry-over, too?

Senator SMITH. I have no doubt in the world that there Is cotton that is unmerchantable from every standpoint that is counted from year tQ year an.d that duplications occur. It is almost unavoidable. We ought to have a good house cleaning and get the facts not only as to the number of bales but the character of the cotton. Then we would have a year as a standard of comparison, and we would know when the carry-over was announced definitely what it consisted of.

Senator HEFLIN. If we had that to work under and could take the census we could find out where this dog-tail cotton is and how much there is of it, and we could condemn it and brand it before the world as a certain character of cotton. Then it would practically eliminate it from the trade and take this dead weight off the market .

Senator SMITH. Congressman RANKIN~ when the officials of the department come before the coiilJJ1ittee I want, if I overlook it, to have members of the committee ask if at any time they have allowed snaps and bollies whlch they consider of the same value as low middling seven-eighths certificated..

Representative RANKIN . .According to Mr. Hubbard, it is a violation of Jaw to certificate or tender it on contract.

Mr. HuBBARD. You are referring to my brother? Representative RANKIN. Yes. Senator HEFLIN. Has any of it been tendered? Senator S!lnTH. You must remember that the law provides that below

low middling, s~ven-eighths inch staple, or cotton of like value may be tendered, and it was the phrase in the law--

Senator HEFJ,IN. That they construed into giving authority to do it? Senator SMITH. Yes. Representative RANKIN. Here is what Mr. Hubbard says about it in

his book, which is considered an authority on this subject : "There is a rule in the future contract-and in the law, for that

matter-prohibiting the delivery of machine cotton." And that m'eans snaps and hollies. Senator HEFLIN. Do you know whether they have undertaken to

deliver any of that on. your exchange? Mr. HUBBARD. The only cotton that has been delivered on our ex

cllange has been passed on by the Governmeut arbitrators. Senator HEFLIN. Do you know of any of it that has been passed?

You would not be to blame for it if the Government certified it. . Mr. HuBBARD. Of course, all the snaps and bollies that are grown

or, at least, I would say, 80 per cent of them, or more-come out of Texas, and it is all handled through Galveston and other Texas ports, so far as the classification is concerned ; and those classers there would decide whether or not this cotton was of a tenderable condition.

Senator HEFLIN. If that is correct, that they class it and grade it pown there and certify it and send it on to New York, then it is not classed any more, unless somebody demands it?

Mr. HUBBARD. Unless somebody asks for it. Senator HEFLIN. It might be tendered; but unless reclassification

was had, you could not tell whether it was snaps and hollies or not? Mr. HUBBARD. No, sir.

FIRST DEFICIENCY APPROPRIATIONS

1\Ir. WARREN. I ask unanimous consent that the Senate proceed to the considerat!-on of House bill 15848, the first deficiency appropriation bill.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the

Whole, proceeded to consider the bill (H. R. 15848) making appropriations to supply urgent deficiencies in certain appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1929, and prior fiscal years, to provide urgent supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1929, and for other pnrPQses, which had been reported from the Committee on Appropriations wi1J1 amendments.

Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that we may dispense with the formal reading of the bill and that the bill may be read for action on the committee amendments.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. Mr. HARRISON. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a

quorum. The VICE PRESIDENT. The clerk will call the roll The legislative clerk called the roll, and the following Senators

answered to their names : .Ashurst Barkley Bayard Bingham Black Blaine Blease Borah Bratton Brookhart Broussard Bruce Burton Capper Caraway

. Copeland Couzens Curtis Dale Deneen Dill Edge Edwards Fess F1etcher Frazier George Gillett Glass Glenn

Greene Hale Harris Harrison Hastings Hawes Hayden Heflin .Johnson Jones Kendrick Keyes McKellar McMaster McNary

Mayfield Metcalf Moses Neely Norbeck Norris Nye Oddie Overman Ransdell Reed, Mo. Heed, Pa. Robinson, Ark. Robinson, Ind. Sackett

1810 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE JANUARY 17 Schall Steck Trammell Sheppard Steiwer Tydings Shortriuge Stephens Vandenberg Simmons Swanson Wagner Smith Thomas, Idaho Walsh, Mass. Smoot '.rbomas, Okla. Walsh, Mont.

Warren Waterman Wheeler ·

:Mr. McKELLAR. I desire to announce that my colleague [Mr. r_ryso ""] is unavoidably detained from the Senate because of illness. I ask that this announcement may stand for the day.

1\ir. ROBINSON of Indiana. My colleague the senior Senator from Indiana [Mr. WATSON] is detained from the Senate on account of illness. This announcement may stand for the day.

Mr. BLAINE. I wish to announce that my colleague the senior Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. LA FoLLETrE] is necessarily absent on account of illness.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Eighty-one Senators having answered to their names, a quorum is present. The clerk will read the bill.

The Chief Clerk proceeded to read the bill. The first amendment of the Committee on Appropriations

was, under the heading "Legislative," on page 2, after line 1, to insert:

SENATE

To pay Amanda J. Gooding, widow of Hon. Frank R. Gooding, late a Senator from the State of Idal10, $10,000.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 2, after line 5, to insert : For payment to Ingham G. Mack for services rendered as assistant

clerk to the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys investigating the occupation, leasing of, and contracts for oil and oil lands in the Salt Creek field in Wyoming; the transactions and activities of the Continental Trading Co. of Canada and the continued investigation of all oil leases as authorized by Senate resolutions of the present Congress Nos. 101, 202, and 237, respectively, and Resolutions Nos. 282 and 294 of the Sixty-ninth Congress, continued during the present Con-gress, fiscal year 1929, $2,500. ·

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 2, after line 16, to insert: For the purchase and exchange of an automobile for the Vice

President, fiscal year 1929, $5,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 2, after line 19, to insert: For stationery for Senators, committees, and officers of the Senate,

fiscal year 1929, $3,500 . .

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment wa~. on page 5, after line ~1, to insert:

ARCHITECT OF THE CAPITOL

Senate Office Building: For maintenance, miscellaneous items and supplies, including furniture, furnishings, and equipment, and for labor and material incident thereto and repairs thereof; and for personal and other services for the care and operation of the Senate Office Building, under the direction and supervision- of the Senate Committee on Rules, fiscal year 1929, $8,400.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment WS$, on page 5, after line 19, to insert: House Office Building : For the acquisition of a site and construction

of a fireproof office building !or the House of Representatives ; !or the preparation of plans, employment of skilled architectural, engineering, personal, and other services, advertising and printing; for the purchase in the open market of material, supplies, equipment, necessary technical and other reference books, for the letting of contracts, and for traveling expenses and all other expenses incident thereto, without reference to sections 3709 and 3744 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, fiscal year 1929, $8,400,000, to r emain available until expended, said building to be erected by the Architect of the Capitol, subject to the direction and supervision of the commission in charge of the House Office Building without reference to section 35 o! the act of June 25, 1910 ; the appropriations hereunder to be disbursed by the Department of the Interior, in accordance with an act entitled "An act to provide for the acquisition ·Of a site and the construction thereon of a fireproof office building or buildings for the House of Representatives," approved January 10, 1929 (Public, No. 648), $8,400,000.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, under the heading "United States

Supreme Court Building Commission," on page 7, line 11, after the numerals "1928," to strike out "$10,000" and insert "including the procurement of models, $25,000," so as to read :

To enable the United States Supreme Court Building Commission to carry out the provisions of section 2 of the act entitled "An act to provide for the submission to the Congress of preliminary plans and estimates of costs for the construction of a building for the Supreme

Court of the United States," approved December 21, 1928, including the procurement of models, $20,000, to remain available during the fiscal year 1930.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 7, after line 12, to insert:

PORTO RICAN HURRICANE Rl!lLI:il:F COMMISSION

For the purpose of making loans to any individual coffee planter, coconut planter, fruit grower, or other agriculturist in the island of Porto Rico, $5,000,000, of which $3,000,000 shall become immediately availathe and $2,000,000 shall become available on January 1, 1930; for rebuilding and repair of schoolhouses damaged or destroyed by the hurricane in small towns and rural districts of Porto Rico, and fo.- the em· . ployment of labor and the purchase of materials for repairing Insular and rural municipal roads, $2,000,000; for purchase and distribution of seeds and seedlings, $100,000 ; and for administrative expenses of the commission, $30,000; in all, $7,130,000, fiscal year 1929, to remain available until expended, as authorized by Public Resolution No. 74, approved December 21, 1928.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, under the heading "Navy Depart

ment," on page 11, after line 7, to insert : Relief of Lucy B. Knox : For payment to Lucy B. Knox, widow of the

late Lieut. Commander Forney Moore Knox, United States Navy, of an amount equal to six months' pay at the rate said Forney Moore Knox was receiving at the date of his death, as authorized by the act approved 1\!ay 26, 1928 (45 Stat. pt. 2, 281), $2,370.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 11, after line 13, to insert: Relief of Vincentia V. Irwin: For payment to Vincentia V. Irwin,

widow of the late Ensign Glendon Ward Irwin, United States Navy, of an amount equal to six months' pay at the rate said Glendon Ward Irwin was receiving at the date of his death, as authorized by the act approved May 26, 1928 (45 Stat. pt. 2, 283), $935.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, under the subhead " International

obligations," at the top of page 15, to insert: Foreign Service buildings fund : For the purpose of carrying into

effect the · provisions of the Foreign Service buildings act, 1926 (U. S. C. 1953, sec. 295), and for each and every object thereof, including the initial alterations, repair, and furnishings of buildings heretofore acquired under specific authorization of Congress for the use of the diplomatic and consular establishments in foreign countries, fiscal year 1929, $700,000, to remain available until expended.

The amendment was agreed to. 'l'he next amendment was, under the heading " Treasury De

partment," on page 16, after line 15, to insert: BUREAU OF PROHIBITION

·For an additional amount for the fiscal year 1929 to carry out the objects sp'l:!cifled under this head in the act making appropriations for the Treasury and Post Office Departments for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1929, and for other purposes, approved March - 5, 1928, $25,000,000, to remain available until June 30, 1930.

Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, I ask that that amendment may go over until the smaller items in the bill shall have been considered and agreed to.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objecti<m, the amendment will be passed over.

The reading of the bill was resumed. The next amendment of the Committee on Appropriations was,

under the beading "Judgments, United States courts," on page 21, line 1, after the word "in," to insert "Senate Document No. 192, and"; and at the end of line 3 to strike out "$11,556.60" and ins~rt "$377,566.23," so as to read:

For payment of the judgments rendered against the Government by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California under the provisions of the act approved June 7, 1924 (U. S. C. p. 870, sec. 52), and certified to the Seventieth Congress in Senate Document No. 192 and House Document No. 473, as follows: Under the Treasury Department, $377,566.23.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 21, after line 10, to insert : For payment of the judgments, including costs of suits, rendered

against the Government by United States district courts under the provisions of certain special acts and certified to the Seventieth Congress in Senate Document No. 193, under the following departments, namely: Navy Department, $47,870.51; War Department, $1,886.20; in all, $49,756.71.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, under the heading "Judgments,

Court of Claims," on page 22, line 3, after the word "in," to in-

1929 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE 1811 ·sert "Senate DocU:m«:>nt No. 194, and"; in line 5, after the word ' "namely," to inser t "Department of the Interior, $100,000"; in line 6 after the name " Navy Department," to strike out " $.208,29i.66" and insert " $340,383.61 '' ; in line 8, after the name "War Department," to strike out "$680,460.54" and insert u $1,3-69,608.36 " ; and in line 8, after the words " in all," to strike out "$897,096.09" and insert "$1,818,335.86," so as to read:

For payment of the judgments rendered by the Court of Claims and reported to the .Seventieth Congress in Senate Document No. 194, and House Document No. 465, under the following departments, namely : Department of the Interior, $100,000; Navy Department, $340,383.61; 'Treasury Department, $8,343.89 ; War Department, $1,369,608.36; in all, $1,818,335.86, together with such additional sum as may be necessary to pay interest on certain of the judgments at the legal rate per annum as and where specified in said judgments.

The amendmtmt was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 34, after line 20, to insert:

AUDITED CLAIMS

SEc. 3. That for the payment of the following claims, certified to be due by the General Accounting Office under appropriations the balances of which have been carried to .the surplus fund under the provisions of section 5 of the act of June 20, 1874 (U. S. C. p. 1022, sec. 713), and under appropriations heretofore treated as permanent, being for the service of the fiscal year 1926 and prior years, unless Qtherwise stated, and which have been certified to Congress under section 2 of the act of July 7, 1884 (U. S. C. p, 43, sec. 266), as fully set forth in Senate Document No. 195, Seventieth Congress, there is appropriated as follows:

INDEPENDENT OFFICES

For housing for war needs, $1,782. For salaries, General Accounting Office, $7.50. For salaries and expenses, Board of Tax Appeals, $3-For increase of compensation, Veterans' Bureau, $1;071.33. For salaries and expenses, Veterans' Blll'eau, $322.55. For vocational rehabilitation, VeteriUls' Bureau, $1,.538.68.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

For general expenses, Forest Service, $309.22. For general expenses, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, $1.2.18. For salaries and expenses, Federal Horticultural Board, $3.21.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

For district and cooperative office service, Department of Commerce, $6.58.

For investigating mine accidents, $126.57. DEPARTMENT OF IXT'ERIOR

For Geological Survey, $42. For Wind Cave National Park, $30. For Army pensions, $155. For relieving distress and prevention, etc., of diseases among In-

.<]iaru;;, $18. For Indian schools, -support, $130.72. For support and civilization of Indians, $189. FQr support of Indians in California, $2.63.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

For salaries, fees, and expenses of marshals, United States com·ts, $1,295.73.

For salaries and expenses, district attorneys, $11L83. For salaries and expenses of clerks, United States courts, $4,293.90.

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

For miscellaneous expenses, Bureau of Naturalization, $1. For salaries and expenses, commissioners of conciliation, $4.50. For general expenses, Children's Bureau, $6.05. For expenses of regulating immigration, 281.64. For miscellaneous expenses, Bureau of Labor Statistics, $1.90.

NAVY DEPARTMENT

For pay, miscellaneou's, $43.81. . For increase of compensation, Naval Establlshmen't, $1.74, Fot• transportation, Bureau of Navigation, $295.03. For engineering, Bureau of Engineering, $42. For pay of the Navy, $2,626.11. For provisions, Navy, Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, $75.11. For maintenance, Bm•eau of Supplies and Acc01.mts, $81.29. For freight, Bureau of Sapplies and Accounts, $62.9p. For aviation, Navy, $a,657.50. For pay, Maline Corps, $166.61. For general expenses, Marine Corps, $132.73. For maintenance, Quartermaster's Department, Marine Corps, '$243.48. For scrapping of naval vessels, .$3,590. 76. For Air Service, At•my (War tran.sfer tQ Navy, act May 21, 1920),

$5,657.50.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE

For contingent expenses, United States consulates, $101.26. For water boundary, United States and Mexico, $6.68,

TREASU:RY DEPARTMENT

For contingent expenses, Treasury Department, miscellaneous items, $57.33.

For stationery, Treasury Department, $1.50. F<Jr collecting tbe revenue from customs, $2.56. For enforcement of narcotic and national prohibition acts, $295.08. For Coast Guard, $50. For repairs to Coast Guard vessels, $384.15. For reyai:rs to Coast Guard cutters, $345.12. For pay of personnel and maintenance of hospitals, Public Health

Service, $10.04. WAR DEPARTMENT

For Army War College, $210.97. For pay, etc., of the Army (longevity act January 29, 1927),

$78,330.22. For pay, etc., of the Army, $7,569.96. For pay of the Army, $1,206.90. For increase of compensation, War Department, $50.60. For increase of compensation, Military Establishment, $5,873.64. For Army transportation, $405.33. For barracks and quarters, $2,660. For clothing and equipage, $18.04. For general appropriations, Quartermaster Corps, $33,734.79. For regular supplies of the Army, . $51.78. For supplies, services, and transportati{)n, Quartermaster Corps,

$11,049.37. For. replacing ordnance and ordnance stores, $193.91.

o'r supplies for seacoast defenses, 13 cents. For Ordnance Service, $2.15. For ordnance stores, ammunition, $92.03. For armament of fortifications, $155.57. For field artillery armament, $41.35. For proving grounds, Army, $70.64. For terminal storage and shipping buildtngs, $3. For arming, equipping, and training the National Guard, $4,413.59. For arms, uniforms, and equipment for field service, National Guard,

$1,267.Ul. For organized reserves, $103.54.

POST OFFICE DEPA:RTi\IENT-POSTAL SERVICE

(Out of the postal revenues) For indemnities, domestic mail, $645.77. For indemnities, international registered mail, $9.65. For indemnities, internati<mal mail, $182.30. For railroad transportation, $109.74. For rent, ligbt, and fuel, $120. For Rural Delivery Service, $35.06. For vehicle service, $77.45. Total, aadited -claims, secti-on 3, $180,371.43, together with such

additional sum due to increases in rates of exchange as may be nec<!ssary to pay claims in the foreign currency as specified in certain of the settlements of the General Accounting Office . .

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 40, line 8, to change the

section humber from 3 to 4. The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 40, after line 12, to insert

the following_ additional section : SEC. 5. For the payment -of the claim allowed by the General Account

ing Office under the provisions of Private Act No. 279, approved May 29, 1928 {45 Stat. pt. 2, p. 324), and certified to the Seventieth Congress, in Senate Document No. 196, $3,000.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 40, line 18, to change the

section number from 4 to 6. The amendment was agreed to. Tbe VICE PRESIDENT. That completes the committee

amendments, with the exception of the amendment passed over. Mr. WARREN. On behalf of the committee I offer an

amendment, which I send to the desk and ask that it may be adopted.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment proposed by the Senator from Wyoming on behalf of the committee will be stated.

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 8, after line 21, it is proposed to insert as a separate paragraph the following: DEPABTMlllNT OF COMMERCE--BUREAU OF FOREIGN AND DOi\IESTIC COM-

1\fERClll

Customs .statistics: For an additional am-ount covering tbe same objects and purposes specified und€r thiB head in the act making appropri-

1812 CONGRESS! ON AL R.ECORD-SEN ATE JANUARY 17 alions for the Department of Commerce for the fiscal year 1929, to remain available until June 30, 1930; $10,000, of which amount not to exceed $8,000 may be expended for personal services in the District of Columbia.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the amendment i~ agreed to.

Mr. WARREN. That completes the bill on the part of the committee except the amendment which has been passed over.

Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, the pending amendment will take some little time. I wonder if the chairman of the committee will permit me to offer an amendment before proceeding further, as I haYe an appointment which will call me from the Chamber in a few moments.

Mr. WARREN. The Senator from Kansas is aware, of course. that there are a couple of items which have not as yet been disposed of and which will have to be considered, but under the circumstances I make no objection to the Senator's request.

Mr. CURTIS. I ask unanimous consent, then, to offer the amendment which I send to the desk.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the amendment will be stated. ·

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 26, after line 17, it is proposed to insert:

For repairing dikes, opening ditches, repairing bridges, repairing an<'! rebuilding fences, etc., at Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kans., damaged by flood, $7,400; and fot· replacement of hay, grain, and feed destroyed by flood, $1,600; total, $9,000.

Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, I should like an explanation of the amendment.

Mr. CURTIS. There was a flood last fall in the locality where the Haskell Institute is situated which destroyed the dikes and ditches at the institute and also destroyed all of the feed which was stacked on the ground. I should like to have this amendment go to conference. There are one or two of the items for which app,ropriations must be made because of the lack of feed for the cattle.

Mr. \V ARREN. I understand that this item relates to an institution which is maintained for the benefit of the Indians.

l\1r. CURTIS. It is a Government institution. 1\fr. TRAMMELL. Where is it located? 1\fr. CURTIS. It is the Haskell Institute, located at Law

rence, Kans. 1\lr. WARREN. Mr. President, I have no objection to the

amendment. The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the

amendment. The amendment was agreed to. The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment which was passed

over will be stated. 'l'he CHIEF CLERK. On page 16, after line 15, it is proposed

to insert: BUREAU OF PROHmiTION

For an additional amount for the fiscul year 1929 to carry out the objects specified under this head in the act making appropriations for the Treasury and Post Office Departments for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1929, and for other purposes, approved March • 5, 1928, $2G,OOO,OOO, to remain available until June 30, 1930.

1\lr. WARREN. Mr. President, I have here a letter from the Secretary of the Treasury in answer to an inquiry as to whether or nQt this amount of money-$25,000,000-could be economically expended. The Secretary of the Treasury has been kind enough to answer the inquiry in a. comprehensive manner, and I ask that his letter be read at the desk.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the clerk will read the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury.

The Chief Clerk read as follows:

lion. FRANCIS E. WARREN,

THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY,

Washington, January 12, 1!J29.

Chairman Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate.

MY DEAR Itfr. CHAIRMAN : In acknowledging receipt of your letter of January 11, in which you state that the first deficiency bill has been reported to the Senate with the :i.D.clusion of an item of $25,000,000 for the Bureau of Prohibition, for prohibition enforcement, and that it is the wish of the committee that the Treasury Department furnish a statement as to whether in the opinion of the department such a sum could be judiciously expended, and if granted by Congress bow such an amount would be allocated, permit me to give you a brief general statement on the subject of prohibition enforcement.

The problem of prohibition enforcement has many ramifications and its successful solution depends not only on ample appropriations for the Bureau of Prohibition but on the activities and situation of other

departments and bureaus of the Government. The question, therefore, of whether an increase of $25,000,000 in the amount appropriated for the Bureau of Prohibition will accomplish the results desired by the Congress and this department, is not one that can be answered without a thoroughgoing survey of the entire field, for I assume, of course, that if any such large sum is to be appropriated, the Congress will desire it to be used with the utmost effectiveness and in a way calculated to bring about the greatest results. For instance, one of the major difficulties encountered in making the prohibition laws truly effective is the congestion in the United States courts occasioned in large part by numerous pending prohibition cases. It would seem desirable, there· fore, if the Congress deems it advisable to appropriate an additional sum of $25,000,000 for this general purpose, that some consideration should be given to whether a part of this sum, at least, should not be allocated to the Department of Justice. As to the needs of the Department of Justice I am, of course, not in a position to express an opinion.

The problem of smuggling is an important one. Its pt·evention is largely dependent, in so far. as our sea const is concerned, on the adequacy of the fleet maintained by the Coast Guard and in part· on :10

adequate customs force at our various ports; and in so far as our land borders are concerned, on an effective patrol of the borders. On account of our failure thus fat· to secure a satisfactory agreement with Canada, which, in my opinion, would materially reduce the liquor traffic coming over the Canadian border, the necessity of a thoroughgoing survey as to the best means of increasing the effectiveness of our border patrol is apparent. This the department has recently undertaken.

In so far as the Coast Guard is concerned, some time ago I instrur.te,1 Admiral Billard to submit a report as to the adequacy of the pres0nt Coast Guard fleet, together with an estimate of the Coast Guard b;ulding needs over the period of the next five years.

The problem of securing the necessary personnel under the provisions of existing law applying the civil service to the Bureau of Prohibition and customs border patrol must likewise be taken into consideration. Up to the present time it has been po sible to make permanent appointments for only a portion of the service and it is anticipated that many months will elapse before the provisions of the civil service act can be fully applied through the furnishing of adequate eligible registers for the present positions.

In so far as the Bureau of Prohibition itself is concerned, some additional funds could be advantageously used at the present time in increased investigational activities and in a well-considered educational program. Looking to the future, it will no doubt be advantageous to provide additional funds for increased border patrol of the Customs Service and an increased customs force at some of the principal ports of entry and increased equipment for the Coast Guard.

The department desires, of course, to see every reasonable provision made for the adequate enforcement of the.law, but I do not believe that any such large sum as is provided for in the present deficiency bill should be appropriated until the surveys above suggested have bee n completed and until it can be determined how any increased amounts can be most wisely and effectively expended. In other words, I am not prepared to say that prohibition enforcement can not be made more effective by the expenditure of increased amounts for this purpose, but I do feel that no such appropriations should be made until they can be definitely allocated to certain specific purposes, and that any other method of proce<lure will necessarily result in the extravagant use of the public funds.

Very truly yours, A. w. 1\lELLON'

Secretary of the Treasttt·y.

1\fr. WARREN. Mr. President, the distinguished Senator ~rom Georgia [1\lr. ~.A.RRIS] who, I am very happy to say, IS not only my good friend personally, but one of those Senators who always have in mind in their service on the committee the idea of proper economy in Government expenditures, origi~ nally proposed this amendment in the committee. Of course he has his views upon many matters, and it seems he has very strong views on the question of prohibition. As the Senator first proposed the amendment; it called for an appropriation of $50,000,000, which was cut by the committee to $25,000.000.

I ask the Senate to consider, because we must consider it the probable action which the House of Representatives may 'take on whatever we may do here in the way of attaching amendments of this character to the bill, and also to consider whether those who have the responsibility of providing for the expenditures of the Government ought not to be not only willing but anxious to insure so far as possible that the money which we appropriate will be expended not extravagantly but practically to attain the end desired.

It seems to me, I wish to say to the Senator from Georgia, that it becomes my duty as chairman of the committee either to ask that the amendment be rejected or to proceed, if possible, to find a way by which the appropriation may be economically expended.

I have no further remarl\:s to make upon the amendment at this time, but I shall have to ask for a vote upon it.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE 1813 Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I am sure the senior Senator

from Wyoming knows that there is no Senator in this body who has a higher regard for him personally or greater respect for his suggestions and the splendid work he does than the senior Senator from Georgia.

I want to call attention to certain statements in Mr. Mellon's letter, which the able chairman of the committee has just read. I 'do not think Mr. Mellon's letter has been carefully read by Senators or they would not take the view that some of them haYe taken.

Here is what he says: The question, therefore, of whether an increase of $25,000,000 in

th e amount appropriated for the Bureau of Prohibition will accomplish the results desired by the Congress and this depa rtment is not one that can be answered without a thoroughgoing survey of the entire field; for , I assume, of course, that if any such large sum is to be

. appropriat ed, the Congress will desire it to,. be used with the utmost effectiveness and in a way calculated to bring about the greatest results.

Mr. President, there is nothing in this bill that forces the Secretary of the Treasury to spend one dollar extravagantly. The spending of this money, if my amendment is passed, would be entirely within his hands. He has a year and four months and a half in which to use this money. He does not have to use a dollar of it if he can not use it in a way that would be economieal and helpful.

The Secretary of the Treasury has been for eight years in the position he now occupies. His enforcement officer, Doctor Doran, t~e man that he put in charge of this work-and he certainly ought to have respect for his opinion-said before the House committee that it would require ten times as much as we have appropriated; so why should Mr. Mellon differ with his own officer, the man he keeps at the head of the Prohibition Bureau?

Mr. President, something was said about making a survey to find out about the enforcement of the prohibition law. We might just a s well talk about making a survey to find out whether ther e is a Washington Monument here in the city of Washington. There is not a Senator here who will state that there is not a great need of field agents in his State to enforce this law. There is not a Senator here who will deny that this law is violated ten times as much as it would be if we had the proper number of field agents to enforce the law in his State.

So far as I am concerned, I shall not reflect on Secretary Mellon's ability to handle funds economically ; and I do not believe that the funds that we appropriate for this purpose would be extravagantly spent by him or his department. I think he has erred in the other direction.

Another statement of his, Mr. President, in the third paragraph of his letter :

On account of our failure thus far to secure a satisfactory agreement with Canada, which, in my opinion, would materially reduce the liquor traffic coming over the Canadian border, the necessity of a thoroughgoing survey as to the best means of increasing the effectiveness of our border patrol is apparent.

We know the length of the Canadian border. We know how many men it will take to enforce the law on that border, and we know that there is not one-tenth the number of men there to enforce the law that there ought to be, and we know the reason is that the dep-artment has not the money appropriated to enable it to employ additional men. · The Secretary of the Treasury is one of the best financiers in this country; but he has been in that office eight years and has not recommended, as I recall, the appropliation of one dollar additional to enforce this law, when every man and woman in this country knows that the bootlegger is worse than the barroom formerly was; there are 50 bootleggers where there was 1 barroom, and the law would protect us to a certain extent from certain things that occurred in the barroom.

I ask to have read from the desk a Jetter from a Methodist minister in Mr. Mellon's State who is at the head of the ministerial association to improve conditions in prohibition-enforcement work. lie is giving his time and money to it, together with the other ministers of his section. I ask the attention of Senators to this letter to Ebow the necessity for more money to employ a larger number of field men in this woi·k.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, the letter will be read.

The legislative clerk read as follows: FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH,

Oharleroi, Pa. Hon. W. J. HARRIS,

Washington, D. 0. DIIIAR Srn : A few days ago an article appeared in the morning news

paper to the effect that the Senate Committee on Appropriations had

recommended an increase of $25,000,000 for prohibition enforcement. This is good news to the friends of prohibition and I sincerely hope that the measure will be approved by both Houses of Congress.

I have been interested in the work of law enforcement for several years and at the present time I am the chairman of the local law and order committee. We have been quite a ctive in this work during the past two years but have met with so much difficulty that the committee is somewhat discouraged. We have spent about $1,000 during the past year in getting information or evidence on cases of violation that were reported to us. After our effort along this line, we have had to wait weeks and sometimes months before we could get assistance from the Federal forces. We have been told r epeatedly when asking for help, that they did not have the men or money to give us the help tllat we desired. While Mr. Pennington and his small force have rendered a splendid service in and about Pittsburgh, the work of enforcement is wholly inadequate. Mr. Pennington is trying to cover nearly 500,000 square miles of territory with a field force about the size of the police squad of a small city.

Enough money should be put into this work to make it effective and to realize the purpose in the minds of the people when the legislation was adopted.

On behalf of the Ministerial Association and the churches of Charleroi, I would respectfully urge you1· support of this measure.

Sincerely yours, J". E. MORRISON.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, you will notice that the writer of that letter says that the Ministerial Association raises its own funds and works for months to get up information that will be helpful in enforcing the prohibition law, and then it takes months to get a Federal prohibition-enforcement officer from Mr. Mellon's department to help them. That is in Secre-tary Mellon's own State. ·

I ask that the Clerk read a letter which I have sent to the desk from Mr. H. C. Morgan, of Hornersville, Ga., one of the prominent 1awyers of his section, a splendid man, and a prosecuting attorney in his judicial district of Georgia for several years which shows conditions in my State; I shall not burden the Senate or the RECORD by having other letters read along the same line. I could bring a good many here.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, the letter will be read.

The legislative clerk read as follows: HOMERVILLE, GA., January 10, 1929. -

Senator W. J. HARRIS, Wa-Bhington, D . 0 .

DEAR SENATOR: We are in great need of more prohibition enforcement in this territory, and to this end we need more Government enforcement officers. I do not know of but two or three in all south Georgia. They certainly do not give my territory any attention. This may be due to the fact that the few officers who are now in charge have too much territory to cover.

Do you think there would be any chance to get the authorities in charge to give us a few more officers and locate., one at Homerville or close by? The officer would have plenty of work to do and it would be a great service_ to our people.

• * • • • • • H. C. MORGAN.

Mr. HARRIS. Now, 1\Ir. President, I want to show that in three paragraphs out of the six in the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury he says that more funds could be used. Here is the next one. I quote his words:

In so far as the Bureau of Prohibition itself is concerned, some additional funds could be advantageously used at the present time in increased investigational activities and in a well-considered educational program.

He admits that he needs it right at this time and can use it. Looking to the future, it will no doubt be advantageous to provide

additional funds for increased border patrol of the Customs Service and an increased customs force at some of the principal ports of entry. and increased eqmpment for the Coast Guard.

In almost every paragraph he says that he could use increased funds to help in this matter. Why is he against it if he could use more funds; and why does he wait for years and never make a recommendation to the Senate or to Congress for additional funds? When we offer him larger appropriations why does he say he does not want them, although he states in his letter that he can use them?

Now I will read the last paragraph, and I hope Senators will listen to this :

In other words, I am not prepared to say that prohibition enforcement can not be mflde more effective by the expenditure of increased amounts fo1: this purpose, but I do feel that no such appropriations

-

1814 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17· 13hould be made until they can be definitely allocated to certain specific purp0SE'S, and that any other method of procedure will necessarily result in the extravagant use of the public funds.

Mr. President, the Secretary of the Treasury is too modest about his ability as an administrative officer. I do not believe he would waste the money. I believe, as a matter of fact, that he could spend several times as much money as he is now and has been spending. As I said, his prohibition enforcement officer said to the House committee that he could spend ten times the amount he has been spending. I wish we could have his recommendations instead of those of the Secretary of the Treasury.

Another thing, Mr. President : We speak of an appropriation of $25,000,000. If they have

the same experience with this fund that they have had with the $9,000;000 they are now spending for this field work, they will get back more than 50 per cent of it; so $25,000,000 spent will bring back in fines from twelve to fourteen million dollars if we get the same proportionate return that we get from the other amounts that are spent. . There is $4,000,000 and more that is spent in what we call

overhead, for office force and other expenses, and a little less than $9,000,000 spent for field service, where the actual enforcement work is done and where they now need ten times as many men as they have at present.

In my State, for instance, we have 161 counties. Ours is the largest State east of the Mississippi River; and we have 30 enforcement officers for 161 counties. We need ten times that number to proper_~y enforce the law. Congressman WRIGHT, of Georgia, one of the ablest and best men in the House, told me to-day that from his horne city of Newnan to Chattanooga, Tenn., a distance of 135 miles, they had only one enforcement offic-er. Of course the enforcement of prohibition is going to be a farce as long as it is continued in that way; and every Senator here knows that more money is needed to employ more field men. E>ery Senator, whether he is in favor of this law or not, knows that its enforcement is a farce, the way it is conducted to-day, with less than one-tenth the number of field men needed.

Mr. President, the people of this country are more interested in prohibition than anything else before Congress.

Mr. REED of Missouri. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for just one que tion?

Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator. Mr. REED of Missouri. The Senator says that the enforce

ment of prohibition is a farce as conducted to-day. Is it worse to-day than it has been all the time?

Mr. HARRIS. I think it is in the same condition to-day that it has been since the present Secretary of the Treasury was placed in charge of it. I do not think he has tried to enforce the law a Congress intended that it should be enforced. Not only is this law violated, I will say to the Senator from Mis ·ouri, but it is causing the people of this country to lose respect not only for thls law but for all laws; and I do not know of any beater harm that is being done than for our people to lose respect for law of any kind.

Mr. REED of Missouri. I do not want to prolong the discussion, because the Senator is entit'led to proceed with his SpE>ech; but the Senator now says that the enforcement of the ln. w has been a farce since the present Secretary of the Treasury took charge.

l\1r. HARRIS. Because of the lack of enforcement officers. Mr. REED of Missouri. Yes; but the Senator says it has

been a, farce since the present Secretary of the Treasury took charge. When was that?

Mr. HARRIS. Eight years ago, as I recall. Mr. REED of Missouri. Prior to that, the enforcement was

in charge of whom? Mr. HARRIS. I have forgotten who the Secretary of the

Treasury was. There were several. Mr. REED of Missouri. It was still in charge of the Sec

retary of the Treasury? 1\Ir. HARRIS. It was still in charge of the Secretary of the

Treasury. Mr. REED of Missouri. Did the predecessors of the present

Secretary do worse than he has done? Mr. HARRIS. They certainly did not. They could not have

done any worse. Mr. REED of Missouri. Does the Senator think there has

been any change for the worse since Secretary Mellon came in? Mr. HARRIS. I think this law was not enforced properly

from the very beginning, because they did not have the money with which to enforce it.

1\Ir. REED of Missouri. But the enforcement, whatever it has been, has been a farce from the first?

Mr. HARRIS. It has been a farce because they have not had the money with which to enforce it.

Mr. REED of Missouri. All right. Mr. HARRIS. They have not had the men they needed to

enforce it. As I said, if the Senator from Missouri will pardon me, in the State of Georgia there a1·e 161 counties ; it is the largest State east of the Mississippi River; and we have only 30 enforcement officers when it would take 30 for the 5 cities of my State alone, and if we u ed all the 30 in the cities it would leave the 156 other counties without enforcement officers. . 1\Ir .. R~ED of Missouri. As I understand the Senator's posi

tion, 1t 1s that because of the lack of a sufficient number of enforcement officers the enforcement of the law from the first has been a farce; and the Senator now says that we could well expend-and I pre ume he means economically expendten times the $25,000,000 that is proposed in the bill. That is, we could spend $250,000,000?

Mr. HARRIS. I do nlrt think we could spend ten times $25,000,000 within the next year.

Mr. REED of Missouri. I so understood the Senator. Mr. HARRIS. No; I said the prohibition enforcement officer

Doctor Doran, said it would take ten times as much as this. ' Mr. REED of Missouri. Does the Senator agree with the

prohibition enforcement officer? I am just trying to get the Senator's views; that is all. I do not want to haggle with him at all. I have the greatest respect and the kindliest feeling for him, and he is able to take care of himself anyway.

What I really wanted to find out was whether or not the Senator meant to say that we could expend $250,000,000 in the enforcement of this law in addition to the amounts we · are already appropriating. Does the Senator think that is neces-sary? .

1\Ir. HARRIS. I said that it could be spent to enforce the law at the present time, but I do not believe that amouut could ~e sp~nt within.. the next year without some extravagance, as It would take time to organize a much larger force. I think that if we would give them $25,000,000 this year, and perhaps $50,000,000 the next year, we could stamp out most of the trouble.

The information I get about the nonenforcement of the law is from the appointees of the Secretary of the Treasury from several States, who tell me that it is not enforced because they have not enough field agents. 1\fr. Mellon's appointees tell me that in my State, and they tell me that in other States and I believe that is the reason for nonenforcement.

Mr. REED of l\1isrouri. I am glad to have one frank state· ment in regard to this matter, because I have heard it asserted on this floor many times that the enforcement is a success. The Senator has cleared the matter up.

l\fr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. BARKLEY. Has the Senator information as to how

many field men are actually employed by the Prohibition Depart-· ment throughout the country?

Mr. HARRIS. I have that, and I will place it in the RECORD There are 30 in the State of Georgia, 34 in Florida, and 7, I believe, in Arizona. I will place the whole list in the RECORD.

Mr. BARKLEY. Does the list show how many there are in Kentucky?

Mr. HARRIS. This does not show the number in Kentucky. It is given here by districts ; and a district may cover more than one State, as in the case of Georgia and Florida, which are in the same district. We can not get complete information except by having them report just how many are employed in one State.

Mr. BARKLEY. My observation has been that on the average each one of the e field agents has to cover several counties not only in investigation but in making arrests, and it would be ridiculous if a sheriff, in the attempt to enforce any other law, has to cover by himself a large number of counties. It seems that the same situation that would require a smaller territory to be covered by each individual agent ought to apply to this law, as it does to all others.

Mr. HARRIS. I should tbink so. I stated that there are now 30 agents for 161 counties in Georgia; and 30 agents are really needed in the five large cities in my State.

Mr. HAYDEN and Mr. BRUCE addressed the Chair. The PRESIDING OFFICER (1\Ir. SHORTRIDGE in the chair) .

Does the Senator from Georgia yield; and if so, to whom? Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator from Arizona. Mr. HAYDEN. I can give the Senator from Kentucky the

information he seeks. It is found on page 188 of the annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury for the fiscal year ended .June SO, 1928. It shows that there are 339 permanent and 7 temporary employees on the rolls of the Bureau of Pro-

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1815 hibition at Washington and 4,057 permanent and 85 _. temporary employees in the field service, ·making a total of 4,396 pen:rlanent and 92 temporary employees on the rolls as of June 30, 1928.

The personnel on June 30, 1927, consisted of 4,269 permanent and 17 temporary employees.

Mr. -BARKLEY. If I may inquire, those figures, of course, include clerical assistants and office help in all the offices throughout the country. What I was seeking to arrive at was the actual number of men whose duty it is to go out throughout the country for the puri)<>se of searching out violations of this law, making arrests, and securing evidence upon which convictions may be bad.

Mr. HAYDEN. As the Senator from Georgia very well pointed out, the-overhead exp~nses will not be increased by the adoption of this amendment ; the bulk of the money would go into this enf(}rcement work.

Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. BRUCE. The Senator, however, is not taking account

of the · fact that all these States have- State enforcement statutes and police agencies of one sort or another that are cooperating with the Federal field agents for the purpose of I'epressing violations of the Volstead Act. Is not that a fact?

Mr. CARAWAY. Mr. President, it is hardly correct to say that all of the States have enforcement statutes.

Mr. BRUCE. All the Senator mentioned. Mr. CARAWAY. I do not think the Senator's own State

has. Mr. BRUCE. No; it has not, I am glad to say. Mr. WHEELER. The State of Montana has not. Mr. BRUCE. The State of Montana has not, I am glad to

say. The State of New York has 'not, I am glad to say. Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President---Mr. BRUCE. f know the Senator did not yield to me for

that, but I ask the Senator whether .the States he mentioned! am not speaking of all the 48 States of the Union, but all the States he mentioned as having a deficient Federal prohibition field forces-have not State enforcement statutes and a corps of State police agents who are cooperating with the Federal prohibition force for the purpose of keeping down bootlegging?

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, that is quite true; but for many years the people have become accustomed to the Federal Government taking charge of tl:J,e enforcement of the prohibibition law, and they expect the Federal Government to continue. May I ask the Senator from Maryland whether this law is enforced in his State? · .

Mr. BRUCE. The Federal prohibition law? Mr. HARRIS. Yes. Mr. BRUCE. With the utmost rigor. We have two honor

able upright judges, who deem it to be their duty, as they should, to enforce this law without fear or .favor; and we have there a most active, energetic prohibition agent, Colonel Herbert, who was imported from Massachusetts for the very purpose of enforcing the prohibition law as vigorously as possible, and he has made intensive raid after raid in the city of Baltimore since he has been there, only with the result that last year there were more deaths from alcoholism in that city than there were the year before.

Mr. HARRIS. How many enforcement field men are there in the Senator's State?

Mr. BRUc_E. I could not teil the Senator how many there are; but I know that intensive raids have been carried on there, and that, in his desire to enforce the law, Colonel Herbert has brought any number of field agents from the outside, imported them from other States, fearing, of course, that' our own people might to some extent be too deeply biased against prohibition to furnish just the proper sort of police officers for the purposes of enforcement.

Mr. HARRIS. My information is that a man can buy whisky in Washington without any difficulty; but if he does not want to buy whisky in the city of Washington, there is no trouble getting it in Maryland.

Mr. BRUCE. Or anywhere else; because General Andrews said, the Senator will recollect, that bootlegging was absolutely coextensive with the entire territory of the United States.

Mr. OVERMAN. Mr. President, will the Senator from Geor-_ gia yield to me?

Mr. HARRIS. I yield with pleasure to my good· friend the able Senator from Norili Carolina.

Mr. OVERMAN.. I would like to put into the RECORD a telegram from the judge of the middle district of North Carolina, and also an interesting letter from the enforcement officer in my State, which bear out the Senator in what he stated as to the law enforcement.

Mr. -HARRIS. · Let them be read. May I ask · the Senator from North Carolina.how long that judge has been on the bench and by whom he was appointed?

Mr. OVERMAN. · He was appointed by President Coolidge, and he has been on the bench about two years. In the letter the enforcement agent says he has in his district 26 counties· and 10 agents, and that if he had an agent for every county the. law would be enforced.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will read. The legislative clerk read as follows:

GREENSBORO~ N. C., January 13~ 1929. Hon. LEE S. OVERMAN,

Senate B1dlding, Washington~ D. 0.: Trust you will use your influence to secure passage of the Harris pro

hibition appropriation. This amount should treble the present number of agents. In my opinion this is wise legislation and will meet the necessities in rural communities such as our district.

JOHN J. HAYES,

United States Jud.ge.

Mr. OVERMAN. Now read the letter from the enforcement officer.

The legislative clerk read as follows: TREASURY DEPARTMENT~

UNITED STATES PROHIBITION SERVICE,

Greensboro, N. a., Jan-uary 15, 1929. Hon. LEE S. OVERMAN,

United States Senat(YI'~ Washington, D. a. MY DEAR SENATOR: This is following up my telegram of even date

urging you to support the Harris bill asking for $25,000,000 increase for the purpose. of enforcing the national prohibition act. In order to have more effective enforcement we must have more prohibition agents, and this is impossible unless we have more money. We have only 10 agents far the middle district of North Carolina, which .is composed of 26 counties. If we had an average of one agent to each county in this district we could give the people real effective enforcement. The people in North Carolina are very anxious that the appropriation for the enforcement of prohibition be increased.

Very truly yours, J. L. OSTEEN'

Deputy Admini-strator.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I do not believe there is a Federal judge in the United States, unless it is in Maryland, who would differ from the statements made by the North Carolina judge. Nor do I believe there is a prohibition-enforcement officer in the United States who would differ from the statement made by the North Carolina enforcement officer . .

Mr. BRUCE. I ask the Senator not to cast any reflection upon the most upright, conscientious, and faithful judges we have, who are doing everything in their power to enforce the Volstead Act. Some Senators present know-the Senator from Nebraska certainly knows-that I myself wag perhaps the most~ active spirit in this body in procuring another Federal judge for the State of Maryland for the very purpose of relieving the frightful congestion that has been taking place in the dockets of the Federal courts because of the heaped-up prohibition cases. Our officials in Maryland, of high and low degree, are doing the very best they can to enforce this law, and as strongly as I am opposed to the law I would not like to see any aspersions of any kind cast on the conduct of any one of them so far as fidelity to their sworn duty is concerned.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I will make the statement a little broader and not except the State of Maryland. I do not believe there is a United States judg~not one in this country__:_ who would not say that there are more men needed in the fielc:I to enforce this law. I will not even make an exception, although I meant no reflection on the State of Maryland. The Senator from Maryland had suggested _what splendid judges· they had and how energetic they had been in enforcing the law. That is the reason I made the exception.

1\Ir. President, by request of a Member of the Senate, I ask _ to have placed in the RECORD ·a letter from Governor Pinchot, of Pennsylvania, containing extracts from letters of the Secre-tary of the Treasury as to the prohibition law in his State, showing that he has not in any way tried to help to remedy · the law and its nonenforcement in that State.

I stated that the bootlegger is worse than the barroom, be-cause there are fifty times as many of them. I ask that the clerk read the letter.

Mr. NORRIS. Before that is done, let me ask the Senator a question about the letter of Governor Pinchot.

Mr. HARRIS. I will be glad to have the Senator ask me a question. _

Mr. NORRIS. I think I have read the letter; at least Mr. Pinchot has written a long letter in regard to the enforcement

1816 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE JANUARY 17 of prohibition · in Pennsylvania, which I have read. Perhaps it is the same one. If it is, I would like to call the attention of the Senator from Georgia to the fact, as I remember it, that it is· ·not so much a complaint ·that more enforcement officers are needed as it is a demand that the right kind of enforcement officers be appointed. It is a complaint against the officials, stating that they have not backed up the men who are already engaged in the business, and in some cases have appointed the wrong kind of men. Is not that true of Go,ernor Pinchot's letter?

Mr. HARRIS. That may be true, but, beyond that, Governor Pinchot, who was Governor of Pennsylvania, Secretary l\Iellon's home State, asked the Secretary of the Treasury to help him when the legislature of his State was considering strengthening the enforcement of prohibition laws. He asked Secretary Mellon to aid him in the matter, and claims that Secretary Mellon declined to take any part in it, and quotes Secretary Mellon's letters declining to do so. ·

Mr. NORRIS. There is no question involved, then, about having enough men to do the work, but what he was complaining about was that they did not do the work; that the men who were appointed were not the right kind of men; that men who had been arrested bad been relieved from punishment; and even prosecution, by other officials, perhaps by Secretary Mellon himself, or at least coming from his own office, where proceedings were nolled, and where prosecutions were not carried on in good faith. All that goes to a very important point in this matter, which I would like to have the Senator and others discuss.

Mr. CARAWAY. 1\Ir. President, may I call the attention of the Senator from Nebraska to the fact that Mrs. Willebrandtwe ha'e beard of her-testified that in Pennsylvania they absolutely nullified a prosecution for conspiracy to sell liquor in violation of the prohibition law?

l\Ir. NORRIS. I think that particular case was referred to in the letter ; at least it was in the letter I read.

l\Ir. HARRIS. I ask that the letter be read. l\Ir. NORRIS. I would be glad to have the letter read. 1\Ir. BARKLEY. l\Ir. President, if it be true that the Secre

tary of the Treasury has appointed the wrong sort of men to enforce this law and has refused to lend his assistance to the States in the enforcement of it, should not that have some bearing on the weight which the Senate will give his letter in regard to the appropriation being sought?

1\Ir. NORRIS. I could not hear the Senator's question. 1\Ir. BARKLEY. If that is the attitude of the Secretary of

the Treasury with referenoe to the enforcement of this law, is it not pertinent--

1\.fr. WARREN. 1\lr. President--1\fr. NORRIS. There are so many interruptions all around

that I can not hear what the Senator is saying. He is asking me a question.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Senators will please observe the ru~e of the Senate. Does the Senator from Georgia yield; and if so, to whom?

l\Ir. HARRIS. I have yielded to the Senator from Nebraska. l\Ir. NORRIS. I hope the Senator will yield to the Senator

from Kentucky, so that he may ask me the question he is trying to propound, and which I have not been able to hear.

l\Ir. HARRIS. I yield to the able Senator from Kentucky, who is author of some of the prohibition laws.

Mr. BARKLEY. If it is true that the Secretary of Treasury has appointed the wrong sort of men to enforce the prohibition law and has refused to aid the State governments in their efforts to enforce it, ought not that situation to be considered in determining how much weight his present opposition to the appropriation ought to be given by the Senate?

1\Ir. NORRIS. Oll, yes; I think so. My own idea is that if it be true that they are not appointing the right kind of men and will not g ive them the right kind of backing, if they are making a farce of prosecutions, as referred to by the Senator from Arkansas and the testimony of Mrs. Willebrandt, to my way of looking at it that would be an argument against giving to the Secretary of the Treasury additional money. If he has not properly used the funds already given to him, the money he has already had, why gi'e him more?

Mr. GLASS. Mr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield to the Senator from Virginia? 1\Ir. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. GLASS. I merely desire to observe that if we may think

the Secretary is that sort of official, if he has appointed either corrupt or inefficient agents, why should we let him expend $25,000,000 more from the Public Treasury in that very sort of thing? ·

Mr. NORRIS. That is the very question I was raising.

Mr. GLASS. Perhaps I may say without any impropriety that very likely my vote in the com!fiittee decided the question of recommending the approp1iation. It was ordered by a vote of six to five; but if anyone can convince me that the Secretary of the Treasury is consciously-or unconsciously, for that matter-appointing corrupt and ineffective agents to enforce the law, I am not going to vote to give him another dollar.

Mr. NORRIS. If the Senator from Georgia will pardon me further--

1\fr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. NORRIS. I think on this point we ought to have the

testimony of Mrs. Willebrandt. The testimony is on record. I do not have it here, but it has been referred to in the debate. I think it is referred to in the letter of Governor Pinchot. I may be mistaken about that. I think the letter also will refer us to an instance where prominent men were not properly prosecuted-at least the charge is made. I do not know anything about the facts. I would like to have the letter read.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I ask that the letter be read at this time.

1\Ir. HARRISON. Mr. President, will the Senator yield before the letter is read?

Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator from Mississippi. Mr. HARRISON. Here is one proposition which it seems to

me Senators have overlooked. There is to be a change in administration on the 4th of March. Of course, it is doubtful that the present Secretary of the Treasury, who some say has been derelict in his duty, will be reappointed. This $25,000,000 is to be added to the $13,000,000 that is to be used in the enforcement of prohibition until July 1, 1930, giving nearly a year and a half for the new Secretary of the Treasury to use the money. If the evidence shows that the present Secretary of the Treasury has been derelict, centainly 1 the President elect would not appoint such a man as his Secretary of the Treasury.

Mr. \V ARREN. 1\Ir. President--1\!r. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator from Wyoming. Mr. WARREN. It so happens that in the judgment of the

Senate we put all of these agents of the Government under civil service. The Civil Ser,ice Commission started by examining them and for some reason passing them by until finally many of the States had no one who had passed the examination. Of course, the Senator from Georgia can answer for his own State, but I know that in the Western States, in any number of them, not a man was left who had not been told that he did not pass the first examination.

Mr. HARRIS. The appointees from my State are more intelligent and they nearly all stood the examination.

Mr. WARREN. I am not willing to admit anything of that kind.

l\Ir. HARRIS. But who appointed them? Mr. WARREN. It has become perfectly evident that some

where, somehow, either they are all bad agents or this examination has not turned them out fast enough in order to use the money that is there now for paying the agents and for conducting the business as well as, or better, perhaps, than in an earlier time. For instance, the State which I in pari represent had a man who everybody presumed was able, effi· cient, and honest. An assistant took his place and he was passed by on the first examination. An assistant also had a good record, but he too was passed by on the first examination. He took a second examination and was passed by again, and since then has been ordered to .an adjoining State. The same thing happened in Colorado.

Without intending any attack upon the civil-service system I may say that that has been one of the reasons why we are so short in agents to properly spend the money we are appropriating. Aside from all the points we have been discussing there is the business side of it, and that is the only side I represent here. It is a question whether we are going to appropriate and give unwilling agents an amount of money to expend when we ourselves have undertaken to put those agents under civil-service examination, which procedure, it would seem, results in the selection of only about one out of a dozen applicants.

The Senator from Georgia knows, and I think the Senate knows, that I have always stood by every proposition to extend help and appropriate money for the enforcement of this lawwith the one exception of $270,000,000 recently, which I thought then, and am forced now to think, was an improvident proposal.

Mr. HARRIS. l\Iay I interrupt the Senator at that point? Of course, those who voted for the Bruce nmendment had no idea that the $270,000,000 item would be agreed to in confer

. ence, but we did think and hope that a reasonable sum would be agreed on in conference.

1929 CONGRESS! ON Aij RECORD-SEN ATE 1817 Mr. HARRISON. Mr. President-Mr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. HARRISON. I ask the Senator, who has no doubt read

what Mrs. Willebrandt said about it, what the Prohibition Commissioner said about it before any of the committees?

Mr. HA'RRIS. He said before the committee that it would take ten times as much money as we are asking for.

Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, will the Senator yield again to me?

Mr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. NORRIS. I have just been informed that the letter of

Governor Pinchot, which will soon be read, does not refer to Mrs. Willebrandt's testimony, but the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. CABAWAY] has just told me that he has sent for her testimony. I have read the testimony myself. The placing of the appointment of enforcement officers under the civil service law does not relieve the situation, so far as the point made by Mrs. Willebrandt in her testimony is concerned. In that case the prosecuting officer was to blame. A conspiracy was permitted to go by default because of a lack of the right kind of prosecution, as I think it was testified. I would like to have that testimony of Mrs. Willebrandt read.

Mr. HARRIS. I will ask that it be read when the Senator from Arkansas gets it.

Of course, if the Civil Service Commission would hold more examinations they could get more men for the work. They might get a few Democrats under the civil-service examination, but they could at least get more men. The men in my State

. appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury for this work have told me that they need more men and could get more men if they could get more money.

Mr. BORAH. Mr. President--'l'he PRESIDING OFJnCER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield to the Senator from Idaho? Mr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. BORAH. In my judgment we will never have a com

petent force if we keep upon the statute book the law putting them under the civil-service provisions. I think we made a very serious mistake in doing it. We can hold the examinations and fill the States with that class of men, but we will never have enforcement.

Mr. NORRIS. On the other hand, if the Senator will permit me-

Mr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. NORRIS. I think that we enacted that law because of

dissatisfaction that was perfectly apparent under the other plan, which was not under civil service. If we made a mistake it was because we jumped out of the frying pan into the fire.

Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield to the Senator from Maryland? Mr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. BRUCE. I will say in r&sponse to what the Senator from

Nebraska has just remarked that when these appointments were made under the old system, out of a force of about 3,000 field agents some 875 were dismissed from the prohibition service either for violations of the Volstead Act or rascality in some form or other. So I think it is hardly fair for the Senator from Idaho, certainly this quickly, to· pass the censure that he does on the new system of appointments originated under the new law, when the results under the old system of appointments are duly taken into account.

The facts that I am stating are derived from the testimony of Gen. Lincoln C. Andrews before the Senate subcommittee on prohibition in 1926. It was those revelations that led to the Cramton bill and the determination of public sentiment that the prohibition field agents should be selected under a competitive system of examination. The Senator is aware, of course, that when the competitive examinations took place 75 per cent of the field prohibition agents who were appointed under the old system, appointed mainly at the suggestion, of course, of churches, the Anti-Saloon League, and agencies of that sort, failed to pass the examination.

Mr. BORAH. Yes; but that is no reflection upon the men. :Mr. BRUCE. I think it is. Mr. BORAH. I think they were incompetent in all proba

bility, but if they had been competent they would have just as likely failed to pass the examination.

Mr. BRUCE. The Senator, of course, is an inveterate friend of the old spoils system of patronage-

Mr. BORAH. Oh, no! Mr. BRUCE. And is opposed to the merit system of ap

pointment. Mr. BORAH. . lrl some lines of governmental activities I am

thoroughly in favor of the civil-service system, but I do not believe it is applicable to this situation.

Mr. BARRIS. Mr. President, I can appreciate the difficulty of getting men through the civil service, and I understand that situation, but I have had dozens of applications from my State for positions as prohibition enforcement officers. I have not tried to influence the officers in the matter of these appointments, but I have had a great number of applications for positions in this work, and have referred them to the Civil Service Commission for information relative to examinations for these appointments.

Mr. REED of 1\fissotiri and Mr. FESS addressed the Chair. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield; and if so, to whom? Mr. HARRIS. I will yield first to the Senator from Missouri. Mr. REED of Missouri. The Senator from Nebraska said it

seemed that we had jumped out of the frying pan into the fire. I am wondering if he wants us to jump back into the :frying pan again or if he has in mind some other receptacle?

Mr. NORRIS. No; I am not behind any proposition. I will say that I do not know yet how I am going to vote on this particular amendment.

I would like to see a fair, honest attempt made to enforce the prohibition law. So far as I am concerned I am not willing to repeal it now until I am convinced that a fair, honest attempt at enforcement has been made and failed. Then I shall be will· ing to talk about it. If it can not be enforced, I do not want it. But in the way the matter has been handled, it seems to me, the old method of appointment was unsatisfactory. I know it was said in this particular line there would be a great chance for dishonest men to be appointed, because there is money in it-" there are millions in it." ·

I was amazed at a letter that was published a couple of years ago by a then Senator from Oklahoma complaining that in his State enforcement officers had been appointed without consulting him, and calling attention to the fact that he was a candidate for office and that he wanted himself to name them, to get his friends on the enforcement force so they could help him be reelected. That was a pretty blunt statement of it, but it brought out a condition that more or less existed under cover in a great many places in the United States. It was a deplorable condition, it seemed to me, if we really want an honest enforcement of the prohibition law.

Mr. SMOOT. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator from Utah. Mr. SMOOT. 1\Ir. President, I will speak in my own time

later on this subject, but I want to call the attention of the Senate at this particular time· to the fact that, in my opinion, we are going at this question in just the opposite way that we should. We do not need an appropriation of $25,000,000 for the purpose for which it is sought to be appropriated. At this time there are pending in the courts over 9,000 cases which are undisposed of. What we ought to do is to provide more courts so that they can dispose of the cases pending before them and not let them drag on for years and years. If we had a sufficient number of courts to enforce the law and handle the cases which are now pending, I would be perfectly willing to vote an appropriation of $25,000,000 or $50,000,000, or more if necessary ; but what is the use of appropriating $25,000,000 to bring more cases into the courts which can not be handled? ·

l\Ir. HARRIS. Mr. President, would the Senator from Utah vote for this appropriation if it were left to the President to allocate it between the Department of Justice and the other departments?

Mr. SMOOT. Allocate it for what purpose? Mr. HARRIS. For the enforcement of prohibition. The

Senator is complaining that the Department of Justice has not money enough to take care of the cases now pending in the courts and this would furnish additional money.

Mr. SMOOT. I know the department has not; there is not any doubt about that, because it is reported to me from the department that there are now over 9,000 cases, which have heen pending, in some instances, for four or five years. There are not sufficient courts to handle them, and this $25,000,000 will only pile up more cases for the present courts to consider, which they are not able to do. If we want to get at a solution of this problem, the proper thing to do is to give the Department of Justice additional help in the shape of more courts, if you please, and have the cases considered and decided by the courts as they are filed.

Mr. REED of Missouri. Mr. President, will the Senator from Georgia pardon me an interruption?

Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator from Missouri. Mr. REED of Missouri. I call the attention of the Senator

from Utah to the testimony of the former district attorney of New York, Mr. Buckner, who made a very strenuous effort to enforce the law. Before the committee of which I was a member he said about two years ago that in o~der to enforce

1818 CONGRESSIONAL REOORD-8ENATE JANUARY 17 the law in the State of New York they would need 85 additional Feder al courts. I think he also stated that they would need 1,500 enforcement officers in that State. I merely wanted the Senator to understand the number of additional courts which would have to be created. -

Mr. Sl\IOOT. I have read the testimony, but I can not for the life of me see now why we should want to appropriate $25,000,000 and pile up cases which the courts have no vvay of di sposing of. That is where we ought to begin ; I am perfectly willing to begin to u e the $25,000,000 for that purpose if necessary ; but, in my judgment, it would be an absolute waste of money and time and energy on the part of all connected with the problem to appropriate $25,000,000 only to pUe up the cases which can not be beard for, perhaps, the next 10 years.

Mr. CARAWAY. Will the Senator from Georgia yield to me for just a moment?

1\lr. WHEELER. Mr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield ; and if so, to whom? 1\lr. HARRIS. I yield to the first Senator from Arkansas. 1\lr. CARA \YAY. 1\lr. President, this alibi about the courts

not having time to con ider the cases does. not appeal to me. Anybody who does not want to enforce the law can always say that there is something wrong with the machinery of enforcement.

1\lr. SMOOT. I want to have the law enforced. Mr. CARAWAY. If the Senator believes it will take that

many couTts to enforce the law, be will never see the law enforced.

l\Ir. SMOOT. I did not say it would take that many. 1\lr. CARAWAY. The Senator was making the statement

that additional courts were needed. I think, however, the Senator know~ that is an alibi ; he knows when any official comes before Congress and says that if he had 500 more enforcement officers or 85 more courts be could enforce the law, the truth of the matter is that he has not tried to enforce the law, but he say, "I want you to give me an acquittal because I did not have the necessary instrumentalities from the Government; there were not the necessary number of . Federal courts." E very Senator here who has ever practiced law knows that that sort of a statement is absolutely beyond any common sense; he knows it is not true ; it is ridiculous. Whether we are going to enforce the law or not enforce the law, let us be perfectly . candid about it.

Mr. SMOOT. Does the Senator say there are sufficient courts to enforce the law?

1\lr. CARAWAY. Absolutely so. 1\lr. SMOOT. The Senator, then, is the only man I have ever

heard say so. Mr. CARAWAY. That makes no difference. The ·Senator

has talked to nobody who wanted to enforce the law. Mr. SMOOT. Of course, the Senator from Arkansas has. Mr. CARAWAY. I have; and I know the law can be en

forced ; but I know it can not be enforced as long· as those charged with the duty of enforcement continually furnish alibis and say, "If we do not enforce the law, you will have to excuse us, becau e we have not sufficient agents with which to .enforce it." .

Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President--l\Ir. HARRIS. I have yielded to the Senator from Arkansas. Mr. BRUCE. I was going to ask the Senator from Arkansas

a question. Mr. CARAWAY. I will be glad to have the Senator from

Maryland do o, if the Senator from Georgia will yield to me for that purpo e.

Mr. BLACK. Mr. President--1\fr. HARRIS. I now yield to the Senator from Alabama. l\Ir. BLACK. Mr. Pre ·ident, I desire to call the attention of

the Senator from Utah and of other Senators to the fact that while there may be congestion, and probably is in the State of New York, that does not apply to the remainder of the country. In the State of Alabama we have three judges, none of whom work even approximately, perhaps, half the time. One of those judges goe all over the country, including the State of New York, to hold court. We do not need additional judges in Alabama, but we do need additional prohibition enforcement officers.

I agree with the Senator from Arkansas that it does not mnke any differ nee where we start, but let us start, and let us begin at the place where it is needed. If the present Secretary of the Treasury will not enforce the law, if he be reappointed, then the Senate and the Hou e of Representatives have the right to take enforcement out of his ha nds. There is no reason to attempt to conceal om· actiou or our desires behind the Secr·etary of the Treasury, whoever be may be.

Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President-Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator from Maryland. Mr. BRUCE. 1\lay I make one statement apropos of some

thing that was said by the Senator from Arlmn~as? I presume the attention of the Senator from Arkansas has been called to the fact that only a month or so ago Mr. Doran, the Commissioner of Prohibition, when it was suggested that an additional force of prohibition field agents might be given to him, said that he did not want any more; he said, "We are making more arrests now than the courts can take care of." That was the statement of Mr. Doran, the Prohibition Commissioner.

Mr. OVERMAN. Mr. President, that i not so in my State. I will reinforce what the Senator from Alabama has said. The new judge in North Carolina has cleared his docket, and he has enforced the law in his district. The new judge has a real idea about doing his duty.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, if we had more officers there would be fewer violations of the law as the people would pay more attention to the law.

Mr. REED of Missouri. Mr. President, will the Senator from Georgia permit me to ask the . Senator from Alabama a question?

Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator from Missouri. Mr. REED of Missouri. Merely for my own information I

should like to ask the Senator from Alabama if his State ha~ a State prohibitory law?

Mr. BI.JACK. It has. Mr. HEED of Missouri. And that law makes it the duty of

all the police and the constabulary of the State to enforce the law?

l\Ir. BLACK. That is correct. Mr. REED of l\lis ouri. I suppose that all together there are

several thousand such officers? Mr. BLACK. I can not say as to the exact number. Mr. REED of Missouri. Well, there are . everal large cities

and a considerable police force within those cities? Mr. BLACK. That is true. Mr. REED of Missouri. And there are sheriffs, marshals,

and their deputies throughout the State? Mr. BLACK. That is correct. Mr. REED of Missouri. Those officers all take an oath to

enforce this law the same as other officers? · Mr. BLACK. Just as we take an oath in the Senate to pro

vide sufficiently appropriations to enforce the law? Mr. REED of Missouri. No; we do not take an oath of that

kind. Mr. BLACK. Well, to enforce the Constitution of the United

States, which demands sufficient appropriations to enforce the law.

Mr. REED of Missouri. Are those officers, speaking generally, in the State of Alabama pel"forming their duty or are they shirking or neglecting it?

Mr. BLACK. My judgment is that most of them are performing their duty.

Mr. REED of Missouri. So we then find the situation tllat there are already several thousand-at least several hundredfaithful men trying to enforce· the prohibition law in the State of Alabama?

Mr. BLACK. That i correct. Mr. REED of Missouri. Yet there are some tills down there? Mr. BLACK. Oh, yes ; there are some tills, and there are

some people who steal, and there are some people who commit other crimes, just as there are in Washington.

Mr. REED of Missouri. There are always some people who steal.

Mr. BLACK. Yes, sir; and some who drink and violate the prohibition law. ·

Mr. REED of Missouri. Does the Senator think that the prohibitory law has been successfully enforced in the State of Alabama in the same way that we say a criminal statute bas been enforced?

Mr. BLACK. My judgment is that the prohibition law in Alabama has been far more successfully enforced than have many other laws that are on the statute book . That judgment comes from a practical experience in the enforcement of the law.

Mr. REED of Missouri. If that is the ca e, if Alabama is in that happy situation, there is hardly any need for additional help from the Federal Government in that State?

:Mr. BLACK. That might be the conclusion the Senator would reach.

Mr. REED of Mi souri. Would not that seem to be logical? Mr. BLACK. No, sir. We desire to ·enforce the law in Ala

bama and we have tried to do it. It is my judgment that from 75 to 80 per cent of the people would vote for the continuation of the law and its enforcement. The idea that because we

1929 CONGRESSIONAL REOOR.D-SENATE 1819 desire a more rigid enforcement we are tnereby doing something that is wrong does not at all follow.

We desire a more rigid enforcement of all law where it is violated; we desire a more rigid enforcement of the law against burglary, and there are many burglaries committed in the State ; but we take the position that when the integrity and honor of the United States Government are challenged, when Senators in this body say that the enforcement of the law is a farce, and that that condition fs bringin$ about disrespect for other laws, there is a common meeting ground for every man, whether he believes that the law is right or wrong. We take the position that whatever funds are needed to enforce it, it is the duty of every Senator, whether he is for the law or against the law, to vote to appropriate those funds.

We do not claim that the law with reference to liquor is perfectly enforced in Alabama; we do not claim that the law is perfectly enforced with reference to any other crime on the statute books; but we do claim that every good, honest, patriotic citizen of this country should be in favor of an enforcement of every Jaw, especially where it is written in the Constitution of the United States. Therefore we do not conceal our action, nor do we attempt, as the Senator from Arkansas said, to find an alibi for failure, under one method or another method.

We are ready to create additional courts where needed. We in Alabama do not need them. We are ready to have additional enforcement officers where needed, and we believe that practically every State of the Union needs them. We believe in taking out of the hands of a man who is not for the enforcement of the law, and who does not attempt to enforce it, the right to enforce the law, if such be the case; but we do not concede, as the Senator seems to think, that because we have enforced a Jaw so satisfactorily that the overwhelming majority of the people are for it, we must stop and never attempt to advance a step further in the enforcement of the statute. That is the difference, it seems to me, in the position of myself and the Senator.

Mr. RIDED of Missouri. Mr. President, that is a rather long answer to a categorical question. The situation I wanted to develop was this: There are, in the State of Alabama., a multitude of officers-! do not know how many but the number must reach several thousand--charged with the duty of enforcing the prohibitory law. We are told two things; one is that those officers are for the most part faithful, and, secondly, that they have been as successful in enforcing this law as in enforcing other criminal statutes. If that be the case, it would seem that the addition of a few more Federal prohibition officers would not greatly improve the situation. I do not want to argue it; I merely wish to get the facts ; that is all.

Mr. CARAWAY. Mr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield to the Senator from Arkansas? Mr. ii.ARRIS. I yield. Mr. CARAWAY. 1\lr. President, if there were an extraordi

nary increase in the number of robberies of national banks would there be any Senator stand on the floor and say, "There is no use to provide an appropriation to secure additional marshals to arrest the burglars because there are already too many criminal cases pending in the courts " ?

Mr. REED of Missouri We have had that situation. Mr. CARAWAY. And there. never has been a Senator or

anyone else who has ever risen to protest against any appropriation to enforce any law but the prohibit~on law. I have been a Member of the Senate for eight years and I have never heard a Senator denounce any other law and say it is a bad law and we can not enforce it or object to the me~s of enforcing it except in the case of prohibition. That is the only law as to which anybody has stood here since I have been a Member of the Senate and said, " There is not any use in appropriating money; the authorities will not enforce it, and it can not be enforced, a,nd it ought not to be enforced."

Mr. REED of :Missouri. Does the Senator know of any request of the Senate or Congress going beyond the requests of the various departments? .

Mr. CARAWAY. I know this: The Senator says they are not enforcing this law, does he not? · Mr. REED of Missouri. I say that, as far as I am concerned, I agree with the Senator from Georgia [Mr. HAmns] that the whole matter of enforcement has been a farce.

Mr. CARAWAY. But the Senator says the law has not been enforced.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for just a minute to correct the statement of the Senator from Missouri? What I said was tbut the reason why the enforcement of the prohibition law was a farce was because the department did not have enough money to employ additional field men~nforcemen t officers.

Mr. CARAWAY. And I ·call the· attention of the Senator from Georgia again to this matter: He has been on the Appropriations Committee a long, long time. Has there ever been any objection to giving all the· money necessary to enforce any law except this one?

Mr. HARRIS. I never heard of it in the 10 years that I have been a member of that committee. Nearly all the other departments have come before the Appropriations Committee, of which I have been a member 10 years, and asked for more money for their department.

Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President, I should like to ask the Senator from Georgia a question in that connection.

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HASTINGS in the chair). Does the Senator from Georgia yield to the Senator from Maryland?

Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator. Mr. BRUCE. I should like to ask the Senator whether any

Federal official has ever come before that committee and said that any particular criminal law could not be enforced unless the Government provided the enormous sum of $300,000,000 for its enforcement and covered the face of the country with courts? I say that this law is being enforced just as well a~ its irrational nature and the corruption that it works as it goes along will permit.

Mr. H...<\..RRIS. ·And the enemies of the law, like the Senator from Maryland, would like to have it fail.

Mr. EDGE and Mr. CARAWAY addressed the Chair. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield; and if so, to whom? Mr. HARRIS. I yield first to the Senator from Arkansas. Mr. CARA W .A.Y. Mr. President, the Senator from Maryland

says this law is being enforced as well as it can be. The Senator from Maryland offered an amendment here on the floor of the Senate to increase this enforcement fund to $270,-000,000, and voted for it, and voted to ov.erride the action of the conferees in receding from that amendment.

Mr. BRUCE. Certainly. I am not making any apologies about that.

Mr. HARRIS. I now yield to the Senator from New Jersey. Mr. EDGE. Mr. President, the salaries provided for this

particular class of public servants range, I believe, from $1,500 . to $1,800. It has already been established that a large proportion of these men can not resist the temptations offered. Through what process of reasoning does the Senator believe that an increased appropriation, allowing the appointment of an increas-ed number of inspectors, would raise the standard so that enforcement would be improved?

Mr. CARAWAY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to me? Mr. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. CARAWAY. I wonder if the Senator from New Jersey

thinks that a man who can not make more than $1,500 a year is against enforcing the law; that only the high-salaried people are in favor of its enforcement?

l\1r. EDGE. The Senator from New Jersey did not make any such inference.

Mr. CARAWAY. What is the inference, if that is not the inference--that because the department does not pay bigger salaries the men it gets are of no account and will not enforce the law?

Mr. EDGE. The Senator from New Jersey is stating a situation. Hundreds of men are employed. Certainly the Secretary of the Treasury does not pick out these men. They are employed, as I understand the present system, under the civil service law, which operates in every State in the Union. Whether the civil service law is wise or unwise, I repeat, the fact remains that if we increase the number of men employed to enforce the law we must increase them from citizens who are just as honest whether they make thirteen or fifteen hundred dollars a year or $10,000 a year; but, dealing with the situation we have had in the past, I repeat the question: Does the Senator anticipate that increasing the force from 1,000 to 10,000 is going to get a type of men more honest than those we have had before?

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I have not ln any way 1'€· fleeted on the Secretary of the Treasury or the men under hhn. I think that the men under him, the men in charge of prohibition-enforcement work, are doing the very best they can. I know that is true of the men employed .in this work in my State. I realize the difficulty in getting men suited for this work under the civil service law; but I believe we ought to give it a trial, and I would rather have it continue in force a while longer. I know that in iny State there are plenty of good men applying for these places who could stand the civil-service examination, and if we had sufficient appropriation they would help enforce it so as to make the law effective in my State.

182,0 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE JANUARY 17 'Ve know the old plan of having these men secure these positions by political influence was a failure.

1\Ir. BARKLEY. 1\Ir. President--The PRESIDING OE~ICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield to the Senator from Kentucky? Mr. HARRIS. I yield to the Senator from Kentucky. 1\ir. BARKLEY. Does the Senator know to what extent

these various agents, who are more or less incompetent, judging from the statements that have been made here, have been appointed upon the recommendation and the insistence of Members of both branches of Congress who belong to the party in power?

Mr. HARRIS. I am not familiar with that, Mr. President. I have not myself tried to influence any appointments. I have heard some of the Senators who have had men named for these places criticize the Civil Service Commission as a body to select these men ; and, as I said, I can see the difficulty in findina them under the civil senice. There is no doubt about that but it is far be1:ter than the old spoils system in force befo~·e the law placing them under the civil service.

As I said, l\Ir. President, I ha'e not criticized the Secretary of the Trea ·ury. He said that he might expend this money extravagantly if we appropriated it for him. I say that I do not believe he would. He is too modest when he says that. I have not in this debate in any way referred to the fact that the Secretary of the Treasury hnd been in the whisky business at one time· I have tried to avoid a partisan discussion of this question. PI'Ohibition is a moral question and should not be made a party question.

l\lr. President, my first interest in politics was in a prohibition campaigu in my home county. I have been interested in ad,ancing the cause of prohibition in my town, county, State, and Nation. Because of my interest in prohibition when a state-wide meeting was held in Atlanta to celebrate the passage of the state-wide law, the leaders of the cause asked me to preside at the meeting. I voted for the eighte<>nth amendment and I shall vote for every appropriation to get more men to enforce this law. Every Senator here knows that the lack of money and the lack of men is the greatest reason why this law is not enforced. It is useless for you to deny that.

"ritbout reilecting on the vote of any Senator, I believe that if I yoted again t an amendment to give more money for the enforcement of prohibition I would be helping to make wrecks of thousands of men and women, boys and girls all over this land every day until a sufficient sum was appropriated to enforce the law.

Mr. l\lcKELLAR. l\lr. President, will the Senator yield? The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Geor

gia yield to the Senator from Tennessee? l\lr. HARUI8. I yield to the Senator from Tennessee. l\fr. McKELLAR. In reference to the inspection service or

agency sen·ice about which the Senator has just spoken, the Senator will recall that several times within the last few years quite a large number of post-office inspectors have been created, and they have been certified by the CiYil Service Commissi?n. The object and purpose of those inspectors is to run down VIolations of the post-office laws and regulations, just as the purpose in this case is to run down violations of the liquor laws. Has the Senator ever heard any criticism of the character of the men who have been certified by the Civil Service Commission for the Post Office Department? Has it not been quite a success?

Mr. HARRIS. It has; and no objection has been made to doubling the force of inspectors, as I recall. .

Mr. McKELLAR. I think it has been more than doubled m the last eight years.

Mr. HARRIS. I mean in the past few years. Mr. McKELLAR. So far as I now recall, since I have been

a member of the Appropriations Committee, not a single objection has ever been interposed to increasing the service in order to carry out or better to enforce any law except this one.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I had not ex.-pected to hold the floor more than a few minutes; but I have asked that Governor Pinchot's letter be read. Before it is read, however, I desire to ask thnt a statement made by my former friend and colleague in the Senate, the late Senator Thomas E. Watson, in regard to the barroom, be read. As I have said, the barroom was not as bad as the bootlegger, because there are 50 b0otleggers whe~e there was one barroom ; I ask to have the clerk read this Sono- of the Barroom. I think it i one of the best statements showing the great harm done by whisky that I have eYer read.

Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator from Georgia whether that is the song he had inserte~ i.n ~he REC?RD about two or thl·ee -.;·ears ago? It left such a VIVId 1mpresswn on my mind that I ~have never forgotten it.

Mr. HARRIS. I am sure the Senator would enjoy hearing it again.

1\Ir. BRUCE. The Senator is bringing it in as a sort of refrain, I suppose, at this time.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the Secretary will read, as requested.

The Chief Clerk read as follows: THE SONG OF THE BAllROOM

.Alive, let us live. Where is Ye:terday? Lost forever. Where's Tomorrow? It may never come. Today is here. Within its fieeting hours, runs the only certainty that you'll ever know. Come! eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow you die !

The chains of Self-restraint are galling-throw them off! The burden of Duty is grievous-fling it down ! The cross of Responsibility is crushing-let another bear it!

Live for yourself: live for the Now: Jive for the lust of living. Drink ! and forget dull Care. Drink ! and ease the heartache.

Drink! and drown the passion for the unattainable. See bow men are drawn to me ! My lights blaze a brilliant wel

come : I am never too hot, not too cold. Mirrored Vanity smirks in my gilded reflectors; and no one is ill at ease, in my Free-for-all Club. No shrewish wife can tongue-lash you, het·e; no peevish child annoy you with its cries. Leave to them the ugliness of your haggard home, and come unto me for comfort. Theirs, the cold and the gloom and the lonely vigil-yours, the warmth and glow and social joy.

Clink your glasses, men ! Drink, again, u Here's hoping." 'Tis well to toast her here, where begins the trail to the grave of Hope. Be jolly ; let the place ring with laughter : relate the newest story-the story that matches the nude pictures on the wall.

What's that? .A dispute, angry oaths, a violent quarrel, the crash of overturned chairs, the glenm of steel, the flash of guns, the stream of life-blood, the groans of dying men?

Oh, well, it might have happened anywhere. The hearts of mothers and father , I wrench with pain: the souls of wives, I dat·ken in woe. I smite the mansion, and there are wounds that gold cannot salve: the hut I invade ttnd poverty sinks into deeper pits.

I sow and I till, and I reap where I sow, and my harvest-is what? Men so brutalized that all of humanity is lost, save the physical

shape--men reeking with moral filth, stony of heart, bestial in vice-men who hear the name of God with a wrathful stare, or a burst of scornful mirth ; men who listen to the death-rattle of any victim of their greed or their lusts, without a sign of pity.

And the women, too ! How can I fitly sing of the Woman of my harvest-time? Did you ever bear her laugh? It must be the favorite music of the damned. Did you ever hear her ribald talk. The very sewers might shrink at bearing it away. Have you ever beard her libidinous songs? Did you ever watch her eyes-those defiant, mocking, hopeless, shameless eyes?

What warriors have I not vanquished? What statesmen have I not laid low? How many a Burns and Poe have I not dragged down from ethereal heights? How many a Sidney Carton have I not made to weep for a wasted life? How many times have I caused the ermine to be drawn through the mud?

Strong am I-irre. istibly strong. Samson-like, I strain at the foundations or character; and they

come toppling down, in irremediable ruin. I am the cancer, beautiful to behold, and eating my remorseless way into the vitals of the world. I am the pestilence, stalking my victims to the cottage door and to the palace gate. No respecter of persons. I gloat over richly-garbed victims no more than over the man of the blouse.

The Church, I empty it; the Jail, I fill it; the Gallows, I feed it. From me and my blazing lights, run straight the dark roads to the slums, the prisons, to the bread-lines, to the madhouse, to tbe Potter's Field.

I undo the work of the School. I cut the ground from under Law and Order. I'm the seed-bed of Poverty, Vice and Crime. I'm the Leper who buys toleration, and who has not to cry " Unclean! " I'm the Licensed ally-of-Sin. I buy from the State, the right to lay dynamite under its foundation. For a price, they give me the power to nullify the work of law-makers, magistrates and rulers. For a handful of gold, I am granted letters of marque, to sail every human sea and prey upon its life-boats.

Huge battleships they build, casing them triply with hardened steel; and huge guns they mount on these fioating ramparts, until a file of Dreadnaughts line the coast-for what? To be ready for perils that may never come. But I give them a pitiful purse; and, in returu, they issue to me the lawful rights to unmask rny batteries on every square; and my guns play upon humanity, every day and every night, of every year. And were my Destroyers spread out upon the Sea, they would cover the face thereof.

.Around that grtef-bowed woman, I threw the weeds of widowhoodbut I paid for the chance to do it; and they who took my rnoney lcne-to that I would do it. ·

1929 ·coNGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE 1821 To the lips of that desolate child, I brought the wall of the orphan

but I bought the right to do it; and they w11o sold me the right, knew what would come of it.

Yes! I inflamed the murderer: I maddened the suicide: I made a brute of the husband : I made a diabolical hag out of the once beautiful girl : I made a criminal out of the once promising boy : I replaced sobriety and comfort, by drunkenness and pauperism-but don't blame Me: blame those from whom I purchased the legal right to do it.

No Roman Emperor ever dragged at his chariot wheels, on the day of his Triumph, such multitudes of captives as grace my train. Tamerlane's marches of devastation were as naught beside my steady advance over the conquered millions. The Caesars and the Attilas come a.nd go-comets whose advents mean death and destruction, for a season : but I go on forever, and take my ghastly toll from all that come to mill.

In civilization's ocean, I am the builder of the coral reef on which the ship goes down: of its citadel, I'm the traitor who lets the enemy in ; of its progress, I'm the fetter and the clog: of its heaven, I'm the hell. (From Prose Miscellanies, by Thos. E. Watson, 4th ed.)

1\Ir. BRUCE. May I ask the Senator who wrote that article? Mr~ HARRIS. The late Senator Thomas E. Watson. 1\Ir. BRUCE. Was he a teetotaler? Mr. HARRIS. So far as I know personally, he was. He was

one of the ablest and most influential men who lived in my State in the past half century, and had a devoted personal following greater than that of any other man in our State. From the day he entered the Senate until his death our relatiQnS were most cordial and I prized highly his friendship.

I ask that Governor Pinchot's letter be read, and that Mr. Doran's statement, relative to the number of men employed under his bureau, be placed in the RECORD after that.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Let the letter be read. The Chief Clerk proceeded to read the letter, as follows:

Mrs. HENRY W. PEABODY, Beverly, Ma.&s.

JULY 9, 1927.

DEAB MRS. PEABODY: Your welcome letter of June 16 would have been answered much more promptly except that, as I telegraphed you, certain other work already undertaken unfortunately had to have precedence. You ask that I give you a definite statement of the delinquency and failure of Secretary Mellon in the enforcement of the eighteenth amendment. I am delighted at the opportunity your letter has given me, and I take great pleasure in making this reply.

First of all, Secretary Mellon is utterly unfit to have charge of the · enforcement of the eighteenth amendment. Personally he is wet. When appointed as Secretary of the Treasury, Mellon was, if not the largest one of the largest, distillers of whisky in America through his ownership in the Overholt Distillery. Both because of his personal views and his business interests he was, therefore, just the wrong man to enforce the law.

It ha~ been reported in the press, I assume with substantial accuracy, that when his interest in the Overholt Distillery was sold, after he had been in charge of law enforcement for a number of years, it brought $15,000,000.

Being out of sympathy with law enforcement himself Mr. Mellon, until forced by the accumulating pressure of public sentiment to do otherwise, bas put disbelievers in the law in charge of enforcing it.

Mr. Blair, who until the last year or two bad charge of law enforcement under Secretary Mellon, is wet. General Andrews, who succeeded

· him, is wet. Ogden L. Mills, who appears to have authority over ex-Lieutenant Governor Lowman and Mr. Doran, is also wet.

Mr. Doran is, I understand, responsible for the formula for the "specially denatured alcohol," which supplied millions of gallons of bootleg liquor, because of the ease with which the poisoning ingredients were removed.

The first man Mellon put in charge of law enforcement in hls own State of Pennsylvania was a State senator, McConnell, a notorious wet and a man of known bad character beside. Within three months McConnell turned loose 700,000 gallons of whiskey on fraudulent permits. After being caught, he was treated with extreme indulgence, and when finally he . had to be indicted was never punished. The United States district attorney came into court at the critical time and announced that the evidence upon which hi! depended for conviction had been stolen.

Nothing is better known in executive work than that the spirit of the head man powerfully controls the purposes and actions of his subordinates. Mellon's lack of interest in law enforcement bas infected the whole service under him. There is no other factor to which the present abominable condition of law enforcement in the United States is so largely due as to the equally abominable refusal of Mellon to enforce the law for which he is responsible.

When the eighteenth amendment was first passed, criminals generally assumed, as their past experience gave them every right to do, that the United States would respect and enforce its own Constitution and laws. Consequently, the figures of crime, poverty, and drink steadlly declined from the date ot the adoption of the amendment until Secretary Mellon

came into office. The present enormous development of bootlegging as a criminal and financial system has taken place entirely under Mellon's administration. It could not have taken place if he had done his duty.

Mellon's own city of Pittsburgh is the wettest city in Pennsylvania. Mellon is the undisputed political dictator of that city. He could make it dry if he chose to make it dry. He does not choose. His political, financial, and personal associates, over whom be holds complete domination if any man anywhere in this country does to-day, are openly against the eighteenth amendment.

Mellon's own State of Pennsylvania, of which be is beyond all comparison politically the most influential citizen, was probably, when I took office as governor in January, 1923, the wettest in the Union. Although the eighteenth amendment had been in effect since January, 1919, although Pennsylvania had ratified it, yet no law bad been enacted to dtive the open saloons out of the State. It is fair to say that the situation was appalling.

There was no State enforcement, and Federal enforcement under Mellon had completely broken down. A Federal prohibition director and other officers had been indicted. Whiskey was being illegally removed openly and by wholesale from warehouses in the Pittsburgh district. Some of the illegal removals were from the properties under Mellon's control.

Alcohol by the millions of gallons was being diverted into bootleg channels in the Philadelphia district. Breweries all over the State were running night and day turning out high-powered beer, and all this in Pennsylvania, with Mellon, a Pennsylvanian, in charge of national prohibition. Nothing of the sort could have taken place if Mellon bad seriously intended to enforce tbe law.

At Pittsburgh the United States district attorney, who was, of course, under Mr. Mellon's political control, had quashed indictments against big bootleggers and politicians, one of them against the superintendent of Mr. Mellon's Overholt distillery, for releasing on fraudulent permits over 45,000 gallons of whisky.

In the middle district the United States district attorney, also under · Mr. Mellon's political control, bad shown no interest in stopping law violations and ·had allowed breweries openly to pour out high-powered beer . .

In the eastern district the United States district attorney, also under •I

Mr. Mellon's political control, and still in office to-day, had secured not one conviction of big bootleggers or members of alcohol rings, in spite of denunciations of actual conditions by Federal grand jury statements that could not have been stronger. This is the same district attorney who is responsible for the failure to punish McConnell. The administration of his office, so far as law enforcement is concerned, is still an open scandal.

I suppose it is fair to say that during my four years as governor as vigorous a fight was made to enforce the eighteenth amendment as has ever been made in any State. It consisted of two parts-one to abolisl). the legalized saloon and, by legislation, give the State government the powers it needed to enforce the law ; the other was the actual work of enforcement.

First as to legislation: The most vigorous fights in two regular and one extra sessions of the legislature had to do with the effort to secure enforcement laws. In not one of them did Mellon give any help of any sort. In all of them the Pittsburgh machine, which was completely under his control, was more virulently wet than any other machine in the State.

• • • • • The portion of the letter not read is as follows: In the session of 1925 it was current gossip at Harrisburg that

Secretary Mellon was actually hostile to our most important enforce- , ment measure (called the united dry bill). On March 17, 1925, I telegraphed Mellon as follows :

"You are being quoted to members of the Pennsylvania Legislature as having made the statement by long-distance telephone that the pending enforcement bill, known as the united dry bill, must positively be defeated. I can not believe this is true. Bill comes up for final vote to~morrow morning. Please wire me your position at once in order to give time to correct this report."

His answer said : ·" Replying to your telegram with reference to enforcement bill pend

ing in Pennsylvania Legislature. I have not been advised as to its provisions -and consequently have taken no position in regard to its pas age."

That is, the chief law enforcement officer of the United States not only was so little interested in law enforcement in his own State that be did not know what legislation was pending, but when the matter was brought to his attention he declined even to take a position upon it.

You will recall that when President Washington wanted to smash the whisky rebellion in Pennsylvania, a great Pennsylva-nian and a great financier, Albert Gallatin, volunteered to lead the troops. Furthermore, a great Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, asked Washington to accept his resignation as Secretary and appoint him to active command of the expedition to quell this revolt against a Federal law. Mellon would not even say that he was in favor of legislation necessary to enforce a Federal law in his own State.

182-2 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17 I have been a. Federal official for mfl.ny years myself~. Consequently

I know what power the Federal administration has. I know also ~h~t the Secretary of the Treasury has all the necessary legal and admirustrative authority to enforce the law if be will use the power he has. From personal observation and experience in this effort to en~orce the law I knew positively that the power Mellon bad was not bemg used in his own State for law enforcement.

Accordingly I wrote him on October 28, 1923, in part : "Pennsylvania is maldng a harder fight for law enforcement than

any other State. • • • But while the State government of Pennsylvania is using and will continue to use to the utmost every power it has to combat the present outbreak of lawlessness, it is severely handicapped by the fact that the Federal Government is not. * * * 'l'he people of your State and mine are being affronted by open defiance of the law. This reign of disorder, which is having most serious consequences, is mainly due to the huge quantities of alcoholic liquids ~nd illegal drin.ks turned loose from plants operating under Federal permits. These permits can not be granted, revoked, or dealt with in any way by state authorities. You, as Secretary of the Treasury, have the power to cut this flood of liquor off at the source by revoking these permits and by r efusing to issue others except upon conditions sufficient, with honest enforcement, to make violations substantially impossible. I as Governor of P ennsylvania, have no such authority." ' I then made several specific requests. One was that in all Federal

permits issued in Pennsylvania he would require the permittees to allow the members of the Pennsylvania State police to have access at any time, day or night, to their plants. .

. l\:lr. Mellon promised in writing to grant this request. All that we got after months of waiting was permission for the State police to enter plants under Federal permit "during ordinary business hours.': In other words, the violators were to be guaranteed freedom from mt?rference during the greater part of the 24 hours, and the State pollee were to enter only at the time when their doing so would interfere least with law breaking. More than a year later, after much more pounding, I succ~eded in getting that promise kept. .

I asked, also, that he would suspend and cancel, after bearmg, the permit of any alcohol making or using plants or breweries detected in violation of the eighteenth amendment when I submitted to him, with my indot·sement, sworn statement of such detection by officials of the State government, and thereafter keep such plants closed. I gave the names of many breweries which bad been caught violating the law, and yet within a year had been given new Federal permits.

I also asked that since denatured alcohol, afterwards redistilled, was the main source of illegal whisky, whether be would not change the regulations to give more effective control. I pointed out the methods by which alcohol was being allowed to get into bootleg channels, and suggested constrncti>e improvements. My statements in this matter were confirmed several years later by General Andrews before one of the congressional committees.

I pointed out, also, that the regulations of the Treasury Department provided for following pure alcohol-not d~natured-from the source where it was manufactured through every step of release, transportation, and purchase for final use.

Mellon replied to my letter on October 29, and said : " The regulations of this department m·e ample for the control of

alcohol from the time of its production to the time of its ultimate consumption whether u ed as pure alcohol or denatured fot· the various purposes 'for which denatured alcohol is used. • * *

"By far the greatest number of violations of the law in respect to denatured alcohol are those committed in connection with special denatured alcohol, and as to this aspect of the case the regulations are aniple.''

As to my request for the suspension of permits upon violations of law found by Pennsylvania State officials, Mellon fell back upon the old excuse. He said :

"You of course, know that there are often minor irregularities whi~h do not 'constitute legal grounds sufficient for seizure and forfeiture and appropriate action." .

This evasive letter then closes with these sounding phrases : "I am very anxious that the eighteenth amendment and the national

prohibition act should be enforced throughout the United States, first, of course, because they are the law of the land, and because it Is my obligation as Secretary of the Treasury to execute tbell;l as best I can 'u ought to be clear to you that I could not be less desirous that they should be enforced in the State of Pennsylvania."

On October 30, 1923, I answered Mellon that ,; what is needed is not a defense of past aud present evils, but the determination to abate them followed by effective action " ; and added : " It is a matter of sincere re(7ret to me that your answer to my letter is merely an effort to justify th: present Federal system of enforcement, which all America knows to be defective, inefficient, and a breeder of corruption."

1 said "I ask you again to refuse to reissue permits for the operation of ~lants where the law bas been broken." Perhaps it would be as well if you would allow me to quote somewhat at length from my letter:

"Your letter asserts that the law required your department to reissue permits after a year to applicants who are admittedly lawbreakers.

There is no such provision of the law. The law does forbid the reissuance of a permit to such offenders until a year bas passed, but does not require you to renew it afterwards. If you have any doubt of your powel' to refuse a permit to a lawbreaker after a year, I suggest that you do so refuse and let YOUL' refusal be appealed to the courts. The applicant can appeal, but when you relicense a lawbreaker the public has no recourse." • • •

"You have been good enough to grant my request for the right of the State police to inspect for violations at any time, plants operating under Federal permits. I thank you heartily, and I suggest that, under the right to modify permits set forth in subsection B of section 15 of Treasury Decision 3398, approved by you, it would greatly assist enforcement if this right were given to the State police for all permits immediately.

"All but one of the five breweries which I named as still operating, and which have been caught by the State police and reported to your department, were so reported prior to August 15, and that one on September 6. Your answer is that they have been cited 'or the administrative machinery is in action for that purpose.' If tbe pet·mits of these plants had all been promptly suspended, as my letter asks, one of them, the Bottig Brewing Co., of Pittsville, could not have been caught violating the law again by the State police, as it was last Saturday.

"I regret that your letter should show entire satisfaction with the present regulations regarding alcohol and brewery permits and contain no reference to the suggested insertion of condit ions in the permit which would make lawbreaking, as I said, 'practically impossible with honest enforcement.' This is the line along which the best hope of effective enforcement will be found. I repeat my offer to help in framing such conditions."

Again, on October 26, 1925, I wrote Secretary Mellon, repeating my request that he grant no Federal permits to breweries that were caught violating the law. I called his attention to the fact that in the last two months, by making use of interpretations of law recently obtained, we had entered 64 nonpermit breweries and destroyed 600,000 gallons of illegal beer, and that we had succeeded in completely s topping the production of strong beer in all the breweries of the State save those under Federal permit, of which there were 48-a number clearly beyond any possible need for producing legal near beer.

On January 16, 1926, I called upon Mellon in Washington to lay bc~ore him the unendurable violations of law by Federal permittees in Pennsylvania. During that interview I asked him for his help wilh the Pittsburgh delegation in the Pennsylvania Legislature toward securing their support of dry legislation. The great majority of that delegation was controlled by his nephew, W. L. Mellon, as his personal representative. I called his attention to the fact that the Mellon members of that delegation had opposed dry legislation in the last two s essions and were expected to oppose it in th<: extra session then sitting.

When Mellon was questioned by reporters concerning this conversation, be replied with heat:

" Until informed by Governor Pinchot I bad no knowledge of his program of dry legislation in the Pennsylvania Legislature. So far as the reference to W. L. Mellon, of Pittsburgh, my nephew, as controlling the Allegheny County delegation is concerned, it is an ipdefensible insinuation. W. L. Mellon is a private citizen engaged in business in Pittsburgh. He is attending to his business there and I am attending to my public business here. Just because be is the nephew of the Secretary of the Treasury is no reason for exploiting him in this connection. This is something which has nothing to do with the enforcement of the prohibition law, which was the purpose of the appointed conference.''

On January 17, the day this was published, I wrote to the Secretary in part:

" In accordance with my statement, I am sending you bet·ewith copies of the dry bills that have been introduced at the special session of the legislature. These bills are sponsored and supported by all the dry forces in the State. They strike at the sources of bootleg whisky and illicit beer.

"As head of the enforcement agency of the National Government and as a Pennsylvanian in bigb official position, their successful passage through the legislature will naturally have a peculiar · interest for you.

''I observe in this morning's newspapers that fee1ing which remained unexpressed while I was with you bas led you to ch:Hactet·ize as an 'indefensible insinuation' my reference to the Mellon control over certain members of the Pennsylvania Legislature from Allegheny County. How a plain fact, known to everyone who knows the fundamentals of P~nnsylvania politics, can be ' an in inuation ' is beyond my understandmg. The men to wbom I refet· and their local leaders not only acknowledge that they openly assert and even glory in the fact of Mellon control. These men voted wet in the last two legislatures and are expected to vote wet in the present e:xtra session.''

Everybody knows to-day that Secreta1-y Mellon's statement concerning his own all!l bis nephew's relation to politics in Pittsburgh was deliberately false. W. L. Mellon has since, in testimony before a Senate

• 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR~-SEN ATE 1823 committee, admitted his Pittsburgh leadership, and that he was in close touch wHh his uncle at this particular time. The only reason that W. L. Mellon. is to~ay State chairman of the Republican Party in Pennsylvania is because be is the nephew of Andrew W. Mellon.

1\Ioreover, Joseph G. Armstrong, commissioner of Allegheny County, county Republican leader, and former mayor of Pittsburgh, who proudly calls himself "Barroom Joe," had issued a call for a caucus about a week before this incident took place. This call, which was published in the papers, begins :

"As you know, the Republican organization of Allegheny County bas been cemented into one organization, all factions connected with the name being eliminated, with Mr. Mellon as our chief adviser and leader."

It is worth remembering -that this Mellon-led Allegheny County delegation came straight to Harrisburg from that caucus and voted unitedly against the dry bill.

There is very mtuch more that might be said concerning the issuance of permits to alcohol " cover houses " and other well-known violators, and even to persons actually under indictment, concerning the restoration of permits by Washington to influential violators whose permits bad been suspended by local officials, etc., but I hope the foregoing may answer your purpose.

Sincerely yours, GIFFORD PINCHOT.

The letter of 1\Ir. Doran is as follows :

Hon. Wu. J. HARRIS, United States Senate.

TREASURY. DEPARTMEXT, BUREAU OF PROHIBITION,

Washington, January 16, 1929.

DEAR SENATOR HARRIS : Pursuant to your telephonic request, there is attached herewith a mimeographed statement showing the amounts of money collected as a result of the enforcement of the national prohibition act. This information is given by years.

There is also attached a statement showing the number of field officers in each administrative district as of December 31, 1928. Figures covering field officers are not compiled by States, and the only way of securing same would be to ascertain each officer's post of duty. In order to avoid delay in fdtnisbing the desired data it is hoped the information furnished by administrative districts will answer your purpose.

Very truly yours, J. M. DORAN, Commissioner.

AMOU~TS EXPE:'iDED IN, AND COLLECTION INCIDENT TO, ENFORCEMENT OF THE NATIONAL PROHIBITIOX ACT

Amounts appropriated by Congress for the use of the Bureau of Prohibition, 'l'reasury Department, for enforcement of the national prohibition act and the Harrison Narcotic Act fol' the fiscal years indicated :

1920 (Jan. 17 to June 30)----------------------------- $2,000,000 Deficiency appropriations (2) --------------------------- 200, 000

Tutal for 1920---------------------------------- 2,200,000 1921 (including $750,000 for narcotic work)-------------- 5, 500, 000 Defic.iency appropr~ation (March 1, 1921) ---------------- 1, 400, 000 DefiCiency appropnation (June 16, 1921) ___ _.:____________ 200, 000

-----Total for 1921---------------------------------- 7,100,000

1922 (including $750.000 for narcotic work) __ _: ________ .:._ 7. 500, 000 19.23 (including $750,000 for narcotic work)-------------- 9, 250, 000 1924 (including $750.-tOOO for narcotic work)-------------- 9, 000, 000 1925 (~nclud~ng $1,1}.:<:9,440 ~or narcot~c work)------------ 11, 341, 770 1926 (mcludmg $1,<>29,440 for narcotic work)------------ 11, 000, 000 1927 (including $1,329,440 for narcotic work)------------ 10, 635, 685 Supplemental appropriation, 1927 (July 3, 1926) ---------- 2, 686, 760

Total for 1927---------------------------------- 13, 322, 445 1928 (including $1,329,440 for narcotic work)------------ 13, 320, 405 1929 (including $1,350,440 for narcotic work)------------ 12, 729, 140

Amounts realized as a result of enforcement of the national prohibition act and the amounts actually expended by the Bureau of Prohibition in admini tering such law:

Fines and pen- Accepted under tax and

Fiscal year- alties collected tax-penalty . Total Expenditures through Fed- provisions of collections eralcourts the act

1920 _____ - --------- $507, 482. 70 1 $641, 029. 34 $1, 148, 512. 04 $2, 059, 774. 32 1921_ ____ ----- --~-- 2, 418, 117; 55 1 2, 152., 387. 45 4, 570, 505. 00 6, 300, 581. 25 1922 ____ ----------- 2 2, 376, 305. 20 1 1, 979, 586. 94 4, 355,892. 14 6, 543, 994. 30 192.3_-------------- 2 4, 366, 056. 00 1 729, ~44. 23 5, 095, 300. 23 • 8, 135, 842. 44 1924_- ------------- 2 5, 682, 719. 87 1 855, 395. 37 6, 538, 115. 24 7, 509, 145. 27 1925 ______________ - 2 5, 312; 338. 38 1 560, 888. 07 5, 873, 226. 45 9, 203, 384. 45 1926_----- --------- 2 5, 231, 130. 90 I 416, 197. 63 .. "'· '"' "I 9, 573, 791. 64 1927--------------- 2 4, 143, 040. 02 1, 018, 969. 71 5, 162,009. 73 11, 720, 533. 63 192i.L __________ _. __ 4, 997,491.83 1, 109, 518. 82 s 6, 1 S3, 942. 72 11, 610, 669. 91

t.As shown by the records of the accounts and collections unit, Bureau of Internal Rev-enue.

2 As shown by the records of the Solicitor of the Treasury. • Including $76,932.07 collected by administrators from sale of Government-own~d

and unclaimed seized cars. ·

LXX--115

AMOUNTS EXPE~DED IN, AND COLLECTIONS INCIDEXT. TO, ENFORCE~ENT OB' 'l"HE HARRISON NARCOTIC ACT

Amounts deposited in the United States Treasury incident to enforcement of the Harrison Narcotic Act, and the amounts actually expended by the Bureau of Prohibition in administel"ing such law :

Special and Offers in Fiscal year- stamp taxes, compromise Total Expenditures fines and collections

penalties accepted

1920_ --·- ----------- $1, 513, 919. 50 (1) $1, 513, 919. 50 $460, 827. 24 1921_ ______________ 2 1, 170, 291. 32 (I) 2 1, 170, 291. 32 2 598, 826. 32

1922_-- ------------ 1, 213, 399. 90 $55,640.00 1, 269, 039. 90 658,728.77 1923_ -------------- 2 964, 755. 65 48,510.61 2 1, 013, 266. 26 2 679, 405. 86 1924_-- --------- --- 973,240.08 83,826.25 1, 057,066. 33 709,790.65 1925_-------------- 1, 004, 262. 83 86,669.90 1, 090, 932. 73 1, 1131, 935. 79 1926 ___ - ----------- 8.37, 684.37 144,054. 70 981,739.07 1, 233, 136. 73 1927--------------- 693,658.68 104,166.64 797,825.32 1, 142, 729. 92 1928--------------- 623,221.46 67,210.95 690,432.41 1, 284, 649. 92

1 Incl.uded in special taxes, penalties, fines, etc. 2 Revised figure. (The figures for collections and expenditures are subject to change

as delayed reports come in.) Number of employees in the various d-istricts assigned to enforcement

work as of December 31, 191?8

[Exclusive of clerks] BOSTON, MASS.-DISTRICT NO. 1

Prohibition administrator------------------------------------- 1 tssistant administrator in charge of enforcement---------------- !

~~t!V~~~{ti:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ · :1 l\"EW Y.ORK, N. Y.-DISTRICT NO. 2

Prohibition administrator------------------------------------tssistant a~~inistratOl· in charge of enforcement---------------

~~~~~~t~;;;~~?~;;~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==~==~=~=~========~== ~~~i[~~!~r-f~~~~i==============~=================~========= BUFFALO, N. Y.-DISTRICT NO. 3

~~~~~ti~~m~~~~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~========~================== 1~~~~~~~or================================================= Pharmacists-------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------

~~~~~~~~r~~i:is:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: NEWARK, N. J.-DISTRICT NO. 4

Prohibition administrator ______________ -----------------------Inspectors--------------------------------------------------Investigators-----------------------------------------------Pharmacist--------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------

~~:~~~;:r~f:~ieis:;:::::::::::=====:::::::::::::::::::::::: PHILADELPHIA, PA.-DISTRICT NO. 5

Prohibition administrator-------------------------------------Assistant administrator in charge of enforcement_ ______________ _ Deputy administrator-----------------------------------------Inspectors---------~---------------------------------------Pbarmacists-------------------------------------------------Investiga tors ----______ ------_ ------------__________________ _ Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------VVarehouseagents-------------------------------------------Storekeeper-gaugers ------------------------------------------

PITTSBURGH, PA.-DISTRICT NO. 6 Prohibition administrator-------------------------------------Assistant administrator in charge of enforcement_ _____________ _ Deputy admlnistra tor---------------------- ___ ----------------Inspectors --------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents----------------------------- -------------VVarehouseagents-----------------------------=-------------Storekeeper-gaugers ------------------------------------------

BALTIMORE, MD.-DISTRICT NO. 7

1 1 1

41 7

150 10 14

1 1

31 1 4

66 3 5

1 21 12

1 23

1 10

1 1 1

54 1 8

46 17

7

1 1 2 9

89 4

10

Prohibition administrator -----"-------------------------------- 1 Deputy administrators ______________________ :__________________ 3

Inspectors -------------------------------------------------- 8 l'harrnacists------------------------------------------------- 4 Investigators________________________________________________ 3 Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------- 35 'Vnrehouseagents-------------------------------------------- 10 Storekeepe~gaugers ------------------------------~----------- 14

RICHM:OND, VA.-DISTRICT NO. 8

Prohibition administrator ------------------------------------- 1 Deputy administrators---------------------------------------- 5 In pector--------------------------------------------------- 1 Pharmacist-------------------------------------------------- 1 Investigators--------------------'---------------------------- 3 Prohibition agents____________________________________________ 77

SAVANNAH, GA.-DISTRICT NO. 9 Prohiblbon administrator ____________________ :_________________ 1 Deputy administrators _____ :::_ _________ _:__ _______________________ 4 Inspector_ __________________________________________________ 1 Investigator------------------------------------------------- 1 Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------- 64

• 1824 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE J AJ.~U A.RY 17

NEW ORLEANS, L.A.-DISTRICT NO. 10

Probibi tion administrator ___________ --------------------------Assistant administrator in charge of enforcemenL ______________ _ Deputy administrators----------------------------------------

. ~~~r~~0d~f::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::~::::::::::: Investigators---------------------------------------------Prohibition agents------------------------------------------VVarehouse agents-------------------------------------------Storekeeper-gaugers ------------------------------------------

L<>UISVILLE, KY.-DISTRICT NO. 11

Prohibition administrator-------------------------------------Assistant admini~trator in charge of enforcemenL ______________ _ Deputy administrators----------------------------------------Inspectors--------------------------------------------------Investigators-----------------------------------------------Prohibition agents------------------------------------------VVarehouse agents-------------------------------------------Storekeeper-gaugers -----------------------------------------

COLUMBus, OHIQ--DISTRICT NO. 12

Deputy administrator ----------------------------------------Inspectors-------------------------------------------------Investigators-----------------------------------------------Pharmacist ------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents -----------------------------------------Storekeeper-gaugers------------------------------------------

CHIC.AOO, ILL.-DISTRICT NO. 13 Prohibition administrator ____________________________________ _ Assistant administrator in charge of enforcemenL ______________ _ Deputy administrators----------------------------------------Inspectors _________________________________________________ _

~~~~~:~~~~8:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=================== Prohibition agents------------------------------------------VVarehouse agent--------------------------------------------Storekeeper-gaugers------------------------------------------

ST. PAUL, MINN.--DISTRICT NO. 14

Prohibition administrator------------ __ -----------------------Assistant administrator in charge of enforcement_ ______________ _ Deputy administrators----------------------------------------Inspectors---------------------------------------------------Investigators-----------------------------------------------Pharmacists ________________________________________________ _

Prohibition agents--------------------------------------------TOPEKA., KANS.-DISTRICT NO. 15

Prohibition administrator ____________________________________ _ Deputy administrators----------------------------------------Inspectors---------------------------------------------------Investigator ------------------------------------------------Pharmacist--------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------

ST. LOUIS, MO.-DISTRICT NO 16

Prohibition administrator------------------------------------Deputy administrators----------------------------------------Inspectors __________________________________________________ _

PbarmacisL-------------------------------------------------Probibition agents------------------------------------------Storekeeper-gaugers------------------------------------------

FORT WORTH, TEX.-DISTRICT NO 17

Prohibition administrator_------------------------------------As.sistant administrator in charge of enforcement_ ______________ _ Deputy administratorS---------------------------------------Inspectors--------------------------------------------------Pharmacists------------------------------------------------Investigators------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------

DEli."'VER, COLO.-DISTRICT NO. 18 Prohibition administrator _______________________________ _____ _ Assistant administrator in charge of enforcement_ ______________ _ Deputy administrators----------------------------------------Inspector--------------------------------------------------Pharmacist--------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------Investigators------------------------------------------------

HE:r.EN.A, MO-:fl'.-DISTRICT NO. 19

Prohibition administrator ___ ----------------------------------Assistant administrator in charge of enforcement_ ______________ _ Deputy administrators----------------------------------------Pharmacists-------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents--------------------------------------------

SEATTLE, WASH.-DISTRICT NO. 20 Prohibition admJnistrator ____________________________________ _ Assistant administrator in charge of enforcement_ ______________ _ Deputy administrators----------------------------------------InspectorS---------------------------------------------------Prohibition agents--------------------------------------------

SAN FRANCISCO, CALlF.-DISTRICT NO. 21

Prohibition administratOI'----,--------------------------------Inspectors---------------------------------------------------ProbiiJition agents-------------------------------------------Warehouse agents-------------------------------------------Storekeeper-gaugers ------------------------------------------

LOS ANGELES, C.ALIF.-DISTniCT NO. 22

1 1 7 7 1 5

52 7

28

1 1 4 8 2

28 27 41

1 14

3 1

61 14

1 1 5

35 21 13 80

1 40

1 1 3

10 2 2

52

1 2 4 1 1

24

1 4 4 1

37 5

1 1 2 4 4 5

28

1 1 2 1 1

38 2

1 1 2 2

35

1 1 2 4

45

1 12 20

3 20

Prohibition administrator ------------------------------------ 1 .As i tant admini'3trator in charge of enforcement______________ 1 Deputy administrator-------------------.,---------------------- 1 Inspectors--------------------------------------------------- 7 Investigator------------------------------------------------- 1 Pharmacists------------------------------------------------ 2 Prohibition agents-------------------------------------------- 47 ~arehouse agents-------------------------------------------- 4 Storekeeper-gaugers------------------------------------------- 10

HONOLULU, HAWAII-DISTRICT NO. 23 P L"Ohib ition adrninistra tor ___ --------------__________ ---------- 1 Probibition agents ------------------------------------------- 9

SPECIAL INSPECTION FORCE

Special agents----------------------------------------------- 23 FOREIO!'i CONTROL

~~~~T!tg!i~~~:::::::::::::~:~:~::::~===~:::::::::::::::::==== i Special employees-------------------------------------------- 14

Mr. 'V ARREN. Mr. President, I am very sorry that I should be led to object, but I do not think it is proper to have introduced into the REcoRD grievances of private parties. I hope we may not have any more of it, because the matter of making appropriations is purely a matter of business, and should involve the exercise of judgment, rather than all this feeling, and the raking over of such matters.

Mr. BRUCE. I am very orry, but I propose to have something to say about Governor Pinchot before this debate is over.

Mr. EDGE. Mr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

yield to the Senator from New Jersey? Mr. HARRIS. I yield. l\Ir. EDGE. I beg pardon; I thought the Senator had yielded

the floor. l\1r. REED of Pennsylvania. Mr. President, will the Senator

yield to me? l\Ir. HARRIS. I yield. Mr. REED of Pennsylvania. I beg tliat the Senator will not

ask to have this letter stricken out or in any way abridged on account of my feeling , becau e the only feelings I have are of amu ement.

l\Ir. HARRIS. I will a ·k that it be stricken, unle s the Senator prefers not. I will ask that the part of it not read go in the RECORD, and I want to a k to have printed in the RECORD the article I send to the de. k.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. 'Vithout reading? l\lr. HARRIS. This is just a short statement showing a man

was arrested in the Treasury Department the other day with whi ky in his possession. I ask that it be read.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it will be printed in the RECORD.

l\Ir. EDGE obtained the floor. Mr. REED of Missouri. 1\Ir. President--Mr. EDGE. I yield to the Senator from Mis ouri, if he de

sires to speak. I think I was recognized. Mr. REED of Missouri. Very well. I want to say some

things about this letter. Mr. SMOOT. The Senator from Georgia wanted the article

read. The rRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Georgia

ask that this Hticle be read or placed in the RECORD? Mr. HARRIS. I ask that it be read. Mr. REED of Pennsylvania. What has happened to the other

letter that was being read? l\Ir. HARRIS. I asked that the other part of the letter of

Governor Pinchot be printed in the RECORD, except the reference to the able and conscientious Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. REED] and his former colleague, Senator Pepper, and not to take the time of the Senate to read it.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will read. The Chief Clerk read as follows :

[From the Boston Herald, Thursday, October 18, 1928}

NEGRO .ARRESTED L"'f UNITED STATES TREASURY CARRYING LIQUOR iN

HAND BAG

(Special dispatch to the Herald)

WASHINGTON, October 17.-Arrested in the Treasury Department building-the center of prohibition enforcement--while carrying a black hand bag laden with 4 half pints of alleged whisky Matthew Grant Thomas, 38 years old, negro messenger of the department, was arraigned in police court to-day, accused of possessing liquor.

Although suspected of operating a "moving bar" Thomas told Assistant District Attorney R. F. Camalier that he bad the liquor for his own use. The messenger denied that be dispensed drink to other employees of the department, Camalier said. 'l'homas pleaded not guilty

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 1825 before Judge John P. 1\IcMahon, demanded a jury trial, and was released on $500 bail.

The messenger was arrested yesterday. Carrying the band bag, be attempted to enter one of the currency rooms of the department, which is in violation of the rules, and was taken into custody by a guard. When the band bag was opened and discovery of the half pints made, the messenger was haled before Marvin Wesley, chief of the loans and currency division. Prohibition Agents Charles Williams and D. W. Nagle were summoned and piaced Thomas under arrest and took him to the first precinct station, where a search resulted in discovery of another bottle, partially full, and a small whisky glass in his pocket.

l\fr. HARRIS. The Senator from South Carolina [Mr. BI,EASID] was kind enough to hand me the article just read.

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HASTINGS in the chair). The hour of 2 o'clock having arrived, the Chair lays before the Senate the -unfinished business, which is the bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the construction of certain naval vessels, and for other purposes.

Mr. \VARREN. Mr. President, I desire to ask the Senator from Maine [M.r. HALE] whether he will not for the moment lay aside the unfinished business?

Mr. HALE. The Senator wishes to proceed with the deficiency appropriation bill?

Mr. WARREN. I do. Mr. HALE. I shall not make any objection to the request

of the Senator. I realize that supply bills have to be passed if the Gdvernment is to function. I do not want to delay them in any way unnecessarily. At the same time the unfinished business, the cruiser bill, is a bill of paramount importance to the national defense of the country. I believe that a great majority of Senators are in favor of the passage of that bill, and I believe we are entitled to action upon it. I propose, so far as it lies in my power, to see that we get action before the Senate adjourns on the 4th of 1\Iarch. I think we can remain in session for longer hours than we have kept up to the present time, and I shall ask the Senator from Kansas [1\Ir. CURTIS] to-night, when the Senate concludes its business for the day, to move a rece s until 11 o'clock to-morrO\v morning, and I shall further ask that the Senate remain in session until a late hour to-morrow afternoon.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the request of the Senator from Maine?

l\fr. TYDINGS. I object. I would like to ask the chairman of the Committee on Appropriations how much time he thinks will be consumed in the further consideration of his bill?

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I do not think there will be many speeches on this side of the Chamber, and I do not think it will take very long to dispose of this matter.

Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, I wish to say to the Senator from Maryland that I am in the hands of other Senators, particularly so far as concerns the item now before us and in which the Senator from Georgia is especially interested. I would not feel like cutting him off at this time, or any other Senator, for that matter, although I think the time is nearly at hand for us to vote.

There is another matter wherein another Senator seeks to suspend the rules to introuuce something which can not be introduced unless there is a vote of two-thirds in favor of suspending the rules, so that may be a very short transaction or may be a very long one ; no one can foretell .

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Mary-land insist upon his objection?

Mr. TYDINGS. I object, and I ask for the regular order. 1\Ir. EDGE. Mr. President, a parliamentary inquiry. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator will state it. Mr. EDGE. Am I correct in the statement that I was recog

nized by the Chair and then, at the request of the Senator from Missouri [l\1r. REED], yielded to him? I have heard of no other Senator being recognized in the interim.

Mr. REED of Missouri. Mr. President, there is no necessity for a ruling on that matter. I thought I had the floor, but if the Senator from New .Jersey thought he had it and wants it, I will yield it to him.

Mr. EDGE. I am glad to yield to the Senator from Missouri but I simply made the inquiry in order to proceed in order. '

Mr. REED of Missouri. If I may say what I want to say it will take only about three minutes. '

1\lt'. TYDINGS. Mr. President, if the Senator will yield to me a minute, I will try not to interrupt him, but I would like to say that the unfinished business before the Senate is the cruiser bill; that I came here to-day, after preparing a speech on that bill, ready to go ahead with it and discuss it. I do not see why that bill is not just as important legislation as any other pending before this body. I hereby serve notice that if thi<; debate proceeds longer than half OJ; three-quarters -of an

hour I shall demand the regular order, so I shall not be denied an opportunity to speak on the unfinished business this afternoon.

Mr. REED of Missouri. I do not want to deny anybody the opportunity to be heard.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Maryland now insist upon his objection?

Mr. TYDINGS. I shall not insist upon it if at 3 o'clock I may be permitted to proceed with discussion of the cruiser bilL I do not see why we should be asked to prepare information for the Senate and then, when the measure to which it relates comes regularly before the Senate, be asked to give way one day after -another for something else. I am ready to concede a reasonable amount of time, but not the entire afternoon, to the discussion of the amendment which has been the subject of the remarks of the Senator from Georgia [Mr . .HARRIS] and which I think is not by any means as important as the cruiser bill.

Mr. WARREN. I presume it is out of my power to make any agreement as to what shall be done at 3 o'clock.

Mr. FESS. Mr. President, the Senator from Maryland could very easily get the floor and make his speech anyway.

Mr. WARREN. The Senator knows that. I told him that this morning.

Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President1 so far as my colleague is concerned, I am prepared to yield the floor to him under any and all circumstances, I might almost say, but I do propose, after he concludes his speech, to say something with respect to the pending amendment to the appropriation bill, I · care not what unfinished business or other business may be pending. It is perfectly obvious that almost more interest is felt in this amendment than in anything that has been brought to the attention of the Senate during this session. Therefore while I shall be very glad not to claim the floor before my colleague has purged his bosom of the load that weighs upon his heart, I expect just as soon as he is through to claim the floor. There are some observations I would like to add to the debate.

Mr. WARREN. l\lr. President, I do not wish to stand in the pathway of any Senator at all. I understand the junior Senator from Maryland [Mr. TYDINGS] is ready to make his speech. Of course, it is not necessary to lay aside the appropriation bill, according to the custom of the Senate. Whenever I have had charge of an appropriation bill I have discovered that it is considered quite the thing for any Senator who wishes to make a speech on any possible subject on earth, or under the sea, or in the air, to take the time to do so without referring, even incidentally, to any subject matter before the Senate, while I quietly sit by looking on, like the cat that had swallowed the canary. This in no case refers to the junior Senator from Mary laud.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Maryland insist upon his objection?

Mr. TYDINGS. I withdraw my objection. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator from Maryland

withdraws his objection. The unfinished business is temporarily laid aside and the Senate will proceed with the consideration of the deficiency appropriation bill.

1\Ir. EDGE. Mr. President, I assure the Senator from Maryland [l\1r. TYDINGS] that I will not consume more than 10 minutes. I do feel, however, in view of the fact that the Senator from Georgia [1\fr. HARRIS] for almost an hour and a half has discussed his views of the necessity for this appropriation, that it is entirely in order to have a few words from some of us who feel so moved as to oppose the amendment.

I have many times, in the Senate and out of the Senate, expressed my view and conviction that the Volstead Act was an unfortunate and, I might say, unjustified interpretation of the eighteenth amendment ; that it actually prohibited privileges the Constitution itself permitted. I think the wisdom of that conviction has been. demon trated over and over again. Neverthele s, I have no intention at this time to make a prohibition or antiprohibition speech. I desire to address myself alone to the pending amendment.

Notwithstanding the conviction to which I have ah;eady referred I have never failed to vote for any suggested appropriation-and when I say "suggested appropriation" I mean suggested by the department having charge and responsibility of the administration of the law. I would gladly have voted for the appropriation of $25,000,000 and had anticipated voting for it if the department had prepared and transmitted to Congress a workable method through which the funds could be wisely expended to actually help in the enforcement of the law. I r epea t, I believe the Volstead Act was unwise and unwarranted under the terms of the eighteenth amendment, but never have I nnd never will I as a Member of this body oppose proper appropriation in the interest of the enforcement of the law.

1826 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17 It is p1ainly indicated by the letter from the Secretary of

the Treasury that the department is not prepared to spend the $25,000,000 nor a very considerable portion of it. They very wisely, in my judgment, suggest that if appropriations are increased, a considerable portion should go to the Department of Justice where, after all is said and done, all violations of the prohibition act must be tried out. There is no doubt as to lack of enforcement and no doubt in the world as to general violation, nor could any one man in charge greatly alter the situation. With an increased number of inspectors, if they did their duty, there would be hundreds and thousands of additional cases brought to the one tribunal that can settle such cases, the Federal courts, and, through State jurisdiction and State apprehension and State indictment, to the State courts.

So it appeals to me as an effort to force an appropriation on the department whose head clearly indicates that the bureau in charge is not prepared to make a practical or helpful use of it at this time. ·

We are all aware, I think. through recent publicity that a very comprehensive survey of the entire question is in prospect in the near future, a survey which, so far as I can understand it, will go to the very bedrock of disobedience of law-violations of the prohibition law, yes; and of other crimes, because we must admit that in recent years there bas been a general violation and disregard of all law.

Mr. McKELLAR. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. EDGE. I yield. Mr. McKELLAR. Can the Senator state whether or not the

Prohibition Department has the money now to make the survey? As I recall, it is not included in the appropriation of $13,500,000, and I am wondering where they are going to get the money to make the comprehensive survey of which the Senator is speaking.

Mr. EDGE. Of course, I am only speaking in prospect. It is well known, as the Senator from Tennessee very correctly indicates, that there is no appropriation available at the present time for a survey such as I would assume would be necessary to get at the facts and causes leading up to the present situation. But I can not conceive of any Congress, in special session or otherwise, that would refuse an appropriation for a purpose of this nature should it be undertaken.

I merely mention that in passing, because I think no matter what may be a Senator's personal conviction as to the wisdom of this law, all of us want the facts, and we can not remedy tht>. present situation until we shall have the facts. Accordingly, my hope is that in the very near future there will be such a comprehensive survey and that it will be finally transmitted to Congress, with wise recommendations which will assist us at least partially in remedying this intolerable condition. An additional appropriation for unbudgeted or unestimated purposes certainly can not help the situation.

Mr. REED of Missouri. Mr. President, I do not want to take the time of the Senate, but there are two or three things which I think ought now to be said.

First, we have listened to the long and very drastic letter of former Governor Pinchot. According to his doctrine, nearJy everybody who holds public office is dishonest. The district attorneys are either dishonest or incompetent, and other officers whom he has named are to be placed in the same category. So one would almost imagine that he waB in the situation of the Scotchman, who said to his friend, " Everybody is dishonest but you and me, and I sometimes suspect you." [Laughter. j Mr. Pinchot illu trates that ve1·y ancient story very thoroughly.

However, there is one thing that ought not to be forgotten. lie was the Governor of Pennsylvania; be bad his own State constabulary; the State of Pennsylvania has a prohibitory law; and the question arises why this amiable and enthusiastic gentleman did not enforce the law of his own State through his own agencies. There can be two answers: One the impossibility of enforcement and the other the unwillingness of the governor to enforce the law. If it were the latter, then that which the State of Pennsylvania could not do with reference to its local situation very likely the Government of the United States could not do.

I am not prepared to believe that all of the district attorneys of the United States are dishonest; I am not prepared to believe that the disti·ict attorneys of the State of Pennsylvania are dishonest. One thing is perfectly manifest from this letter, and that is that enormous quantities of liquor were being made and vended in the State of Pennsylvania.

One other thing it is important here to say, and that is that the admission is now made upon the floor of the Senate, in the teeth of all the denials that have heretofore been made, that tl1e enforcement of the prohibition law up to this date has been a farce; and in that farce we have expended, as nearly as I~

able to e,stimate roughly while I am on my feet, probably $200,000,000. At the pre ent time we are expending $59,000,000, directly and indirectly, in the enforcement of this law. The direct appropriation is, I think, about $13,000,000 or $14,000,000.

l\Ir. 'V ARREN. It is $13,500,000. Mr. REED of Missouri. The Senator from Wyoming states

that it is $13,500,000; but the other expenses, which involve the employment of the revenue forces, the Coast Guard, and other instrumentalities of Government, according to the estimate which the distinguished chairman of the committee gave me the other day-and I think I am quoting him correctly-make the aggregate approximately ~59,000,000.

Mr. BLAINE. Mr. President, will the Senator from Missouri yield for a question?

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from 1\iis· souri yield to the Senator from Wisconsin?

Mr. REED of Mis ouri. I yield. l\Ir. BLAINE. Before the Senator passes entirely from the

suggestion he has just made, I call his attention to the fact that the eighteenth amendment gives concurrent jurfsdicdon to the several States and the United States. I ask the Senator from Missouri if he believes that the indictment that has been made against the enforcement officials here this morning can justly be lodged against the State and local officers east, west, north, and south, who have practically the same power to enforce the law as have the Federal officers?

Mr. REED of Missouri. Mr. President, I thank the Senator from Wisconsin for his sugge tion. I was about to say that I had a very intere ting colloquy with the junior Senator from Alabama [Mr. BLACK] this morning. He admits that there is a prohibitory law, of stringent character, in his own State, and that it is the duty of all the State officers-the constatulary and the police force--to enforce that law; and while be could· not state the number of such officers in his State it is safe to say that in a large Commonwealth such as Alabama the number runs into the thoUEands. There are all the local constfl bles; there are the local justices of the peace; there are the ordinary trial ~ourts; there are the sheriffs and their deputies; and if in Alabama there are officers who are known by the name of marshals, there are the marshals. Back of those officers is the militia of the State. It is absurd to say that if a force of that kind, composed of honest men, can not enforce the law, the addition of a few Federal prohibition agents will bring about enforcement.

However, the Senator from Alabama said that the prohibition law is as well enforced in Alabama as are the other criminal statutes. If that be true, then Alabama does not need Federal aid in the enforcement of this law any more than it needs Federal aid in the enforcement of every other law. As I believe that State to be a law-abiding State, I would say it needs no aid; but if it be not a law-abiding State, if the other laws are enforced so badly that this law needs aid from the Government, it would seem to follow that the State would be classed as a lawless State, and I certainly would not make that impeachment against Alabama, for I believe it is just as law-abiding a States as there is in the Union. So I do not understand that logic.

However, the important thing I wanted to call the Senate's attention to was this: The Senator from Georgia [Mr. HARRis] stated that the law has been a farce in its enforcement since Mr. Mellon took charge. Then some letters were read to the effect that Mr. Mellon had been in the liquor business him elf, and the inference was drawn that be had no heart for this work. Mr. Mellon has been in charge for a number of years and during all that time the proponents of prohibition have told us that it is a success-not that it is an entire success, but it has been a very good piece of work. What about the conditions before 1\Ir. Mellon took charge? As to that we did not get a very direct answer. I want to answer the question.

Before l\Ir. Mellon took control the Anti-Saloon League was in charge and directly or indirectly was naming nearly all of the prohibition agents. So it appears that we have had three attempts, one by the department when it yielded to the admonitions of the Anti-Saloon League, another when Mr. Mellon made the appointments himself, and the third when the appointments have been made under the civil service. Now, we are told that conditions are so bad that we mu t have the money proposed here to be appropriated, and the Senator from Tennessee [Mr. McKELLAR] asked the question where the money was coming from to make a survey. Mr. President, what is the necessity of a survey. We have hundreds of prohibition officers; they are in every part of the United States; they have been there at every moment since the prohibition law went into effect. They have reported to their superiors every day or every week what they. have been doing, and all that informa-

1929 CONGR.ESSION AL RECORD-SEN ATE 1827 tion is now here and constitutes the most complete survey possible by any human agency, assuming the honesty and integrity of the members of this great force.

Mr. :McKELLAR. l\Ir. President-Mr. REED of Missouri. I yield. 1\lr. McKELLAR. The Senator will recall that I was not

arguing in favor of a survey, but that argument was being made by the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. EDGE] as a reason why the amount for prohibition enforcement reported by the committee should not be appropriated. He went on to explain the kind of a survey that was going to be made and said that it would be a complete survey which would cover especially the Canadian border and would secure all manner of information, as a result of which the money now proposed to be appropriated could be expended hereafter if appropriated. It was then that I asked him where we would get the money to provide for the survey.

Mr. REED of Missouri. I understood that was the Senator's po ition and he has stated it accurately. I am addressing my ·elf more to the general idea of a survey than to the particular remark made by the Senator from Tennessee. What we need, I would say to the Senator from New Jersey, who I am sorry is not here, is to have the information that is already in the possession of the Prohibition Bureau turned inside out so that we can look at the r ecord.

If we can not find the desired information there we will not get it from any commi sion or any investigation that may be made in the future, because we have had the investigation made from day to day and from hour to hour. I should like to see the information thus collected made public.

We obtained a little bit of it from General Andrews when he testified, not in an investigation but at a hearing on some bills, for there never was an investigation in the proper sense. Several bills were pending before a committee, and a subcommittee was appointed to hoJd hearings. When that subcommittee met there were four ardent "drys" on it-they were politically dry, anywa:r, and perhaps personally dr;y; I do not know-and one other Senator and myself who were characterized as "wets." We asked for subprenas to call in officers of cities and of States who could give us the facts, but the four drys on the committee refused the . l1 bpcenas. We were able to secure just one subpcena, and that was for General Andrews. That was their attitude. But it did come out that man after man in the prohibition service had been dismissed for grafting and some men had been dismissed for perjury. It was a perfectly horrible picture in so far as we were permitted to glimp e it. So if we want a surTey about all we need is to have the reports that have already been filed.

Now, with r·cference to the question as to ,,·ho used to appoint the prohibitiou agents and as to the character of enforcement before Mr. Mellon took charge, I want to read a few lines from a work written by Justin Steuart, former publicity secretary to ·wayne B. Wheeler, and I should like to have my friends who are here give attention to this statement.

The chapter is entitled "The Locomotive in Trousers"; Wayne B. Wheeler controlled six Congresses, dictated to two Presi

dents of the United States, directed legislation in most of the States of the Union, picked the candidates for the more important elective State and 1J'ed<)ral offices, held the balance of power in both Republican and Democratic Parties, distributed more patronage than any dozen other men, supervised a Federal bureau from outside without official authority- ·

That is the Prohibition Bureau, of course-and was recognized by friepd and foe alike as the most masterful and powerful single individual in the United States. He achieved this position by sheer force of personality. The story of his rise to power, his use of that power, and his sudden death, just when the foundations seemcrl crumbling under him, is without parallel.

Where Wheeler sat was always the bead of the table. He had an instinct for preeminence. A tireless opportunist, he dramatized himself as the champion of prohibition until the general public pictured him as a mighty St. George fighting single·banded against a swarm of dragons.

1.'here are other comments, but I omit them for the sake of brevity.

He loved the limelight. Attacks pleased him nearly as much r.s praise. He collected the personal newspaper notices, which became voluminous in the last five years of his life. He circulated widely, typed, mimeographed, or printed copies of these collections, with such titles as "Knocks and Boosts." * * * He urged the need of loyalty upon others, but frequently disregarded the orders of superior officers and ignored resolutions passed by the boards of the .Anti-Saloon League, which were responsible for its political or legislative policy. He did not cut the cables like Dewey but waited until boards or coin-

m.ittees had adjourned and their members returned to widely separated parts of the Nation, and then forgot them.

There are some more omissions. He loved power. If power could not be won, he loved tbe semblance

of power. He never attacked the administration. Such attack might be construed as evidence that he lacked influence with the administration. His favorite text was : " The powers that be are. ordained of God." This did not prevent his own insubordination. Because of the influence over the policy of the Prohibition Department that would be his under the Haynes r~gime, be supported Roy A. Haynes for Commissioner of Prohibition under the reorganization bill in the face of the objections of many of the sanest men in the league. By a political maneuver he prevented the election of the ablest man in the league to its national superintendency while be persuaded or dragooned delegates to support his own candidate.

1\fore omissions. He was the exponent of force. From his first days as superintendent

of a district in Ohio, when he assailed the courts for leniency, to the end of his life he preferred threats to persuasion. He made difficult the development of the league's policy of education on prohibition. He desired the most severe penalties, the most aggressive policies, even to calling out the Army and Navy, the most relentless prosecution. A favorite phrase was: "We'll make them believe in punishment after death." This, with "red-blooded" and "intestinal fortitude," crept int<> many a speech, regardless of its theme.

But he was a great man. He would have made his mark upon the Nation regardless of the field in which he exercised his peculiar talents. His indomitable will, his persistency, his tireless labors, his passionate sincerity that bordered unscrupulousness, his consecration, and his audacity would have reared a monument for him had he never been drafted for prohibition by that lovable dreamer, Howard Hyde Ru sell.

Mr. President, if prohibition enforcement fell down and was a farce before 1\Ir. Mellon took charge, this book tells us wllo the responsible party was.

Mr. JONES submitted the following as a proposed substitute for the prohibition paragraph:

For expenses, not to exceed $250,000, for dissemination of information and appeal for law observance and law enforcement, including the necessary printing in connection therewith, and for expenses in connection with travel of officers and employees in attending meetings of sheriffs and chiefs of police and other meetings in the interest of law enforcement, to remain avai.lable until june 30, 1930.

co, STRUCTION OF CRUISERS

The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the consideration of the bill (H. R. 11526) to authorize the construction of certain naval vessels. and for oth~r purposes.

Mr. TYDINGS addressed the Senate. After having spoken for a few minutes-

Mr. HALE. Mr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. FESs in the chair). Does

the Senator from Maryland yield to the Senator from Maine? Mr. TYDINGS. I yield. Mr. HALE. The Senator is making a very important speech,

and there are not many Senators in the Chamber. I suggest the absence of a quorum.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Mary-land yield for that purpose?

Mr. TYDINGS. I do. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will call the roll. The legislative clerk called the roll, and the following Senators

answered to their names : Ashurst Dill McKellar Sheppard Barkley Edge McMaster Shipstead Bingham Edwards McNary Shortridge Black Fess :Mayfield Simmons Blaine Fletcher Metcalf Smith Blease Frazier Neely Steck Borah George Norris Steiwer Bratton Glass Nye Stephens Brookhart Glenn Oddie Swanson Broussard Hale Overman Thomas, Idaho Bruce Harris Phipps Trammell Burton Hastings Pine Tydings Capper Hawes Reed, l'r!o. Vandenberg Caraway Heflin Reed, Pa. Wagner Copeland Johnson Robinson, Ark. Walsh, Mont. Couzens jones Robinson, Ind. Warren Curtis Kendrick Sackett Waterman Deneen Keyes Schall Wheeler

Mr. BLAINE. I desire to announce that my colleague [Mr. LA FOLLETTE] is unavoidably absent on account of illness. I ask that this announcement stand for the day.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Seventy-two Senators having answered to their names, there is a quorum present. The Senator from Maryland will proceed.

1828 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17 Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, there is now pending before

the Senate for consideration and action an act which authorizes the President of the United States to undertake the construction of 15 light cruisers, 5 to be built in each of the fiscal years 1929, 1930, and 1931, and 1 aircraft carrier to be constructed prior to June 30, 1930. It is obvious that an intelligent answer to the question before us demands that we survey the state of the world at this time; the relative naval strength of all nations· the relative military trength of all nations; the posse sions of other nations, and the po essions of the United States beyond its continental area ; the stability, character, and trend of the governments of the world and their relations to the United State ; the condition and proteetion of our foreign trade ; our Pconomic and geographical situation with respect to other nations ; the amount of money owing by foreign governments to the Government or the people of the United States, and similar factors which must or should enter into a correct position on the cruiser bill.

The chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs of the Senate, in his speech of January 3 upon the cruiser bill had placed in the CoNGRESSIONAL RECoRD a chart showing the ~aval base , stations, and so forth, of the three leading naval powers of the world-the United States, the British Empire and Japan; also a table showing the relative tonnage of the ~avies of the three countrie mentioned. I shall not re-cover the ground already so ably traversed by the chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee, except to refer briefly to the relative cruiser strength of the United States, the British Empire, and Japan.

. The United States has now either constructed or in the process of construction 18 first-line cruisers totaling 155,000 tons. England has either built or in the process of building 62 first-line cruisers of 380,540 ton . Japan has either built or building 32 first-line cruisers totaling 203,965 tons, while France has 15-first-line cruisers either built or building totaling 132,883 tons ; and Italy has 18 first-line cruisers either built or building totaling 107,370 tons.

Thus it will be seen that in the number of cruisers either built or building the British Empire, Japan. and Italy excel the United States. In numbers of first-line cruisers the British Empire has more than three times the number possessed by our country. Japan has nearly twice the number we have. France has approximately the same number a we, and Italy has two more than has the United States of this class of fighting ship. In tonnage the British Empire exceeds that of the United .States by more than 2 to 1 for first-line cruisers, while Japan, in tonnage for first-line cruisers, exceeds the United States in this respect by 50 per cent. The navies of France and Italy, in first-line cruisers, are almost equal in tonnage to that of the United State .

As at present con tituted, the British Empire and Japan both excel the United States in first-line cruisers. Shall we be content to rank behind the British Empire and Japan in tonnage and behind the Briti ·h Empire, Japan, and Italy in the numb rs of first-line crui ers? Dealing with only this aspect of the situation, tho e who will vote for the crui er bill will de ire that the United States shall not take second rank to the navies of the British Empire, Japan, and Italy either in the number of ships or in the number of tons those counh·ies now have in fir t-line cruisers.

Those who Yote against the cruiser bill mu. t say in effect that they are content to have the United States outranked by the Briti h Empire, Japan, and Italy either in the number of fir t-line cruiser these counh·ies h_ave or in the tonnage represented by said crui ·er . Are Senators or the Americn.n people sati fled to have our Navy comparably defective to the navies of either the Briti h Empire, J"apan, or Italy in first-line crui ers? If the American people realized this fact, I believe they would desire the construction of the cruisers outlined in the pending bill.

If these cruisers of ours are actually constructed, taking into account those cruisers built, in the process of building, or appropriated for, by the British Empire, J"apan, France, and Italy, and assuming that the other countries do not authorize any further increase in their first-line cruiser strength, the position of the United States in this regard will be as follows: We will then rank nearly with the British Empire and outrank Japan, France, and Italy, and we will not exceed the spirit of the 5-5--3 naval disarmament agreement effected here in Wa bington, limiting the navies of the British Empire, Japan, and the United States. Therefore, from the standpoint of comparative preparedness in first-line crui er strength, if we would maintain the ratio of 5-5-3 naval disarmament pact, these cruisers should be built. If we do not build them, we surrender the position of the United State from its deservedly equal strength with that of any other nation to a position of abOut 40 per cent of the tonnage of the British Empire and approximately 75 per cent to that of the tonnage of Japan. There is no escape froiJ!

the e figu.res, and fo~ my. part I would consider it a danger to our security to permit this decrease in first-line cruiser strength of the American Navy.

ARMIES OF THE WORLD

Let us turn to the military strength-that is the land sh·ength-of the countries of the world, in order th~t our rank there way be noted as well How do we rank with the nations of t~e world in standing armies? The Navy and the Army a:e mterdepe~dent upon each other; and looking at the whole Picture of natwnal defense, we must look at the navie and the armies of all nations in the world. . France ~as a stn.nding army of 727,413 men-that is, :five

!imes the SlZe of our own standing army. Russia has a standmg army ?f 658,000 men, also about five times the size of our own standmg ~.rmy. Italy has a standing army of 380,448 men, nearly three times the size of the standing army of the United States; while Sp~in, with 272,787 men ; Rumania, with 266,500 men; PoJ.:lnd, Witfl 242,373 men, each have standing armies n~arly twice the s1~ of that of the United States. AI o Japan, With 210,000 men m her standing army, is only a little short of having a standing army twice the size of ours. These ob~ervations are worthy of careful thought; for it is notable that rn our country of 118,628,000 people we have a standing army of only 137,698 men, or ~el!S than 1 active soldier for every 800 men, women, and children in America· while in France there is 1 soldier in the standing army to approximately every 55 men, women, and children in that country.

In Rumania there is 1 soldier in the standing army to each 66 men, women, and children. In Spain there is 1' soldier in the standing army to each 80 men, women, and children. In Yugoslavia there is 1 soldier in th-e standing army to each 80 men, women, and children. In Czechoslovakia there is 1 to each 95 men, women, and children. In Belgium there is 1 to each 110 men, women, and children. In Japan there is 1 to each 400 men, women, and children. In Russia there is 1 to ~ach 215 ~en, women. and children. While, to repeat again, rn the Umted States there is only 1 active soldier to each 800 men, women, and children.

Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? Mr. TYDINGS. I yield. Mr. BROOKHART. The Senator has mentioned our mall

standing Army. Does he con.,ider the National Guard as part of the first line of defense?

.Mr. TYDINGS. If the Senator will just let me proceed, I wi? take up the reserve forces of all the countries, as well as this country. I would rather not go into that while I am dealing with the standing .Army.

Mr. BROOKHART. I was asking whether the Senator conidered the National Guard as a part of the fir t line of

defense? Mr. TYDINGS. No; the standing Army is the :first line of

defense, and the National Guard i a re erve force upplementing and auO'menting it

Mr. BROOKHART. Then I want to call attention to the fact that during the World War there were 17 National Guard divi ·ions, and all of them went over in the fir t li..rie of defen e. There were 20 regular divisions, ami only 8 of them ever went acros at all.

1\Ir. TYDINGS. But to be fair the Senator should also ob erve that the National Guard did not go on the firing line first in any considerable number. I was_ with the National Guard myself, and was on the other side engaged in the war and l hope the Senator will let me develop my argument on that point.

Mr. BROOKHART. The Rainbow Division was over there in the fighting as quickly as any other.

Mr. TYDINGS. That is true. Put in another way, the standing Army of the United States

i excelled in sheer numbe~·s by the standing armie of each of the following countries: France, Russia, Italy Spain Brithih Em~ire, Rumania, Poland, Japan, Czechoslov:i.kia, ~d YugoslaVIa.

The British Empire, with a combined population of 391,627,-887 people, has a combined standing army of 403,915 soldiers ; that is one for every thou and men, women, and children in it~ dominion.

I ask permission to in ert in the RECoRD a table showing the population of all the nations in the world, the size of the standing armies of tho e nations, the percentage of tho e standing armies to the total population, the size of the trained ?rganized, and equ~pped re erve of each nation, its unorgan: 1zed reserve, the different percentages, and the military man power of each one of the governments.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. I there objection? There being no objection, the table was ordered to be prlntetl

in the RECORD, as follows :

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .1829 Active army Reserves Active Military man power

Actually enrolled

Country Population

Number Per cent

Number Per cent

Argentina ___________________ ----------- ________ --·---------------_ 10, 087, 118 Armenia _____ --------------- ____________________ ------- ---------- 921, 400 Austria ___ --------------------- _________ ------------------------- 6, 535, 365 Belgium ___ ---------------------------------- ----- - ~ ------------- 7, 874, 600 Bolivia ______________ --------- _______ ----------------------_______ 2, 155, 000 BraziL _________________ --- - ------ ________ ---- - ------------------- 30, 635, 605

Unorganized

army plus

reserves actually enrolled,

in per cent of popula-

tion

Number Per cent

Bavaria _________________________________ -------__________________ 7, 379, 594 Bulgaria _____________ --------------------------- __________ ------- 5, 484, 143 -----33;600- ------:6o- -----<1r ____ ----<1r--- ----oo7:ooo- ------.-6o- ----7oo:ooo- ------iz:7 Chile ____ ___________ ------------ ________________ -----------------_ 3, 937, 678 China ______ _ ---------------------------------------------------__ 400, 000, 000 Colombia ______ ---------------- __________ ------------------______ 6, 617, 833

--i;4so:ooo- ----- -:34.- ============ ========== ============ ========== :::=:::::=== ==========

Costa Rica ___________ -------------- _______________ ---------·------ 507, 193 Cuba __________ -- - ------------ _________________ - -----------______ 3, 418, 033 Czechoslovakia _________________________ ------------______________ 13, 613, 172 Denmark __________________________________________ ------------~_ · 3, 419, 056 Dominican RepubliC--- ------------------------------------------ 897,405 Estonia_------------ _____ ----------- ___ __ ------------------------ 1, 110, 538 Finland _________________ ------------ _______ ---------- _____ ------- 3, 495, 000 France __________________ -------- _______ -------- ______ -------_____ 40, 922, 300 Germany ____ ---------------------------------------------------- 62, 348, 782 1=========:=========1

-----w:7oo- ------:85- ----2so:3oo- -------- -- ------------ ------------ ----------7.16 270,300 8.00 550,300 15.7

727,413 1.80 4, 610, ()()() 11.30 700,000 13.00 6, 037,413 14.6. 100,000 . 16 (1) (1) 8, ooo, ooo 1 .16 8, 700,000 13.9

Australia ____ ----------------------------------------------------- 6, 103, 924 Canada ____ --------- ____ ------------ ____ ------------------------- 9, 504, 700 Great Britain __ ------------------------------------------------__ 45, 226, 300 India ______ --------- ____ -----------------------------____________ 318, 942, 480 Irish Free State-------------------------------------------------- 2, 972,802 New Zealand ______ ---------------------------------------------- 1, 395,815 South Africa_---------------------------------------------------- 7, 481,866

1, 697 .03 49,646 . 81 548,657 .84 600,000 9.8 3,499 .04 61,288 . 65 785,213 . 70 850,000 8. \)

214, 190 .47 309,251 .68 5, 612,899 1.20 6, 136,340 13.6 161,000 . 05 76,481 . 02 2, 700,946 .07 2, 938,427 .9 13,564 . 46 4, 500 . 15 342,290 . 60' 360,354 12.1

515 .04 22,039 1. 59 llO, 048 L 63 132,602 9. 5 9,450 . 13 15,000 .20 690,550 . 33 715,000 9. 5

1----------1---------1 British Empire ___ -----------------------------------------~=3=9=1=, 6=2=7,=88=7=l==4=0=3,=9=1=5l . 10 538, 205 . 14 10, 880, 603 . 24 11, 822,723 3. 0

8~S:tce~a1e.======================================================= ~: ~8; ~ ---- -~~·-~- -----~~ ~- ____ ~~~~~~=- -----~~~~- ____ ::~·- ~~~- -----~~~- ----~~·-~-~-------=~~ Honduras _______________________________________________ -----____ 733, 408 __________ ___ ___________________________________ ______ _ _ HaitL __________________ ------------- __________ _, ___ ----------- ____ 2, 045, 000 Hungary---------- _______ ---------------------------- ------- -____ 7, 980, 143 Italy----- ------------- ___________ ------ - ----·--- -----------_______ 42, 115, 606 Japan __ ---------- ___________ -------- _____________ - -----------____ 86, 000, 000 Latvia __ - ------ ------- --------- --- ------------------------_______ 1, 844, 805

-----47;ooo- ------:60- -----<1Y ____ ----(1) ____ ----7za:ooo- ------:60- ----77o:ooo- -------9~6

380, 448 . 90 2, 990, 454 7. 10 2, 000, 000 8. 00 5, 370, 902 12. 6 210, 000 . 24 2, 038, 000 2. 37 5, 092, 000 2. 60 7, 340, 000 8. 5

Lithuania________________________________________________________ 2, 011,173 ____________ ---------- ----- --- ---- ---------- ---- ---- ---- __________ ------------ ----------Luxemburg__ ____________ ________________________________________ 260,767 ----- - ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------ ----------Mexico----------------------------------------------------------- 14,234,799 ------------ __________ ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ----------Netherlands____ ______ _______ ____ _______ ____ ___ __ _______________ _ 7, 358,365 ------------ __________ ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ---- --- ----- ----------Dutch East Indies ______________________________ ·_________________ 49,534,618 ------------ __________ ---- --- ----- ------ --- - ------ - ----- __________ --------"---- ______ __ _ _ Nicaragua ___________________ ------ __________________ -----________ 638, 119 ---- ____ __________ c _____ --

NorwaY---------------------------------------------------------- 2, 649,775 -3o;ooo- -----1:20- ----315.-ooo- ----ii.-iio- -----60;ooo- ----13.-oo- 405,000 15. 7 Palestine_________________________________________________________ .757,182 ------------ __________ ------------ ---------------------- ----- ----- ------------ ----------Panama---------------------------------------------------------- 442,522 ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ _________ _ Paraguay __ ----------------·-------------------------------------- 853,321 ------------ __________ ------------ ---------- ------------ __________ ------------ ----------Peru __________ --------------------------- __ ---------------------- 5, 500, 000 - _ Poland _______ · _____ ----- _______ __ ______ -----------------------____ 29, 249, 000 - ---242;373- ------:83- -- --500; 000- ---- -i:7i- --2; ooo;ooo- -----2:54- --2;742; 372- ------ -ii. 4 PortugaL--------------------- ----------------------------------- 6, 033,000 26,200 . 43 430,000 7. 13 500,000 7. 60 956,200 15. 8 Rumania __ ------------------------------------------------------ 17, 393,000 • 266, 500 1. 53 750,000 4. 31 583,500 5. 84 1, 600,000 9. 2 Russia----------- - --------------- -------------------------------- 146,300,000 658,000 . 45 5, 425,000 r 3. 71 6, 072,000 4. 16 12, 155,000 8. 0 Saar_ ____________________________________________________________ 750, 000 ________________________________________________ ___ _________________________________ ----

Salvador--------------------------------------------------------- 1., 610,000 -- -Spain____________________________________________________________ 21, 347, ooo ----272;787- -----1:28- --i: 33o;226- -----6:23- ----758;o34- --- --7:5i- --2: 3iii;o47- ------ i1. 2

Sweden---------------------------------------------------------- 6, 005,759 ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ---------- ------------ ----------Switzerland------------------------------------------------------ 3, 917,800 • __ _ Turkey__________________________________________________________ 14,ooo,ooo ----125;006- ------:89- ----2oo;ooo- -----1:43- ----34o:ooo- -----2:32- ----665;ooo- --- ---4.1

UruguaY--------------------------------------------------------- 1, 662,116 -- ---- ------ -------------------------------- -------- ---- ------ ----- ---------------------Venezuela-------------------------------------------------------- 3, 000,000 -- _ _ ----Yugoslavia------------------------------------------------------- 12, ol7, 323 --i42;ooo- -----1:20- --2;o50;ooo- ----17:oo- ============ ----18:20- --2;iii2;ooo-- -- -1s. 2 United States- --------------------------------------------------- 118,628,000 137,698 .12 296,709 . 25 ------------ . 37 ------------ ----------

Indebt-Country

Foreign securities publicly offered in the United States, 1914-1927, inclusive War debt, Total edness

Nov. 15, 1927 indebtedness per Government Corporate Total

Argentina ______________ --- ---- ----------------- ____ ---------- ____ ---------____ $520, 386, 000 $ll2, 723, 000 $633, 109, 000 --------- ______ _ Armenia _________________ ---------------- ___ ------------------ ___ ------------ ___ --- -- -- _____ -- _ ---------------- _____ -------- _ _ _ $16, 627, 154 Austria------------------------------------------------------------------------ 71,611,000 16,676,000 88,287,000 34,159,107

~~}f~~======================================================================= 2~: ~~g: ggg 5~: ~: ggg 3:: ~~: ~ ----~~~~~~~-Brazil ____ ___ ----------------------------------------------------------________ 301, 634, 000 23, 500, 000 325. 134, 000 __ --- -- ----- ___ _ Bavaria_-----------------------------------------------------------------_____ 20, 000, 000 --------- _ ------ 20, 000, 000 ------------ ___ _

~g{fe~r~~======================================================================= 18~; ~~: ggg ----i72;500;ooo- 3s~: g~: ~ ================ China _____ ----------- ______ -------------- ___ ------------- ______ ._______________ 10, 752, 000 ----------- _ ___ _ 10, 752, 000 ____ ---------- __ Colombia---------------------------------------------------------------------- 100.020,000 43,345,000 143,365,000 ----------------Costa Rica ___ ------------- ______ ----------------------·--------------------____ 10, 820, 000 --------- __ _ ___ _ 10, 820, 000 ____ ------------Cuba---- ----- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 79,000,000 465,632,000 544,632,000 ---- --- -------- -Czechoslovakia________________________________________________________________ 53,750,000 5, 500,000 59,250,000 179,071,023 Denmark- -- ---- ----------------------------------------------------- ---------- 152,002,000 9, 134,000 161, 136,000 ----------------

~~t~~f~~~-~~~~~~~--~======================================================== -----~~~~~~- ================ -----~~~~~- -----iK478;642-Finland _____________________ --------------------------- __________ ------------- 41, 000, 000 __ ------------ __ 41, 000, 000 8, 814, 000 France ____ ------------------- _________ --------------------------------------__ 1, 050, 873, 000 112, 300, 000 1, 163, 173, 000 4, 025, 000, 000 GermanY---------------------------------------------------------------------- 382,050,000 502,616,000 884,666,000 ----------------Australia______________________________________________________________________ 97,758,000 3, 750,000 101,508,000 ~----------------Canada________________________________________________________________________ 1, 768,249,000 945,964,000 2, 714,213,000 ----------------Great Britain------------------------------------------------------------------ 1, 456,287,000 65,416,000 1, 521,703,000 4, 505,000,000

t~~~hFl~i~~-t~====================== ========================================== ----- ~~~ ~~~- ------6;i60;iXiO- lg: ~8: ggg I================ British Empire---------------------------------------------------------- ~--3-,-33_7_,_29_4_, 000---l--1-,-02_1_, -290-, 000--~--4-, 3-58--,584--, 000- l 4, 505,000,000

I Limited by treaty. ·

$633, 109, 000 16,627,154

"122, 446, 107 763, 593, 000 54,480,000

325, 134, 000 20,000,000 4, 500,000

353, 063, 000 10,752,000

143, 365, 000 10,820,000

544, 632, 000 238, 321, 023 161, 136, 000 25,000,000 15,478, 64.2 49,814,000

5, 188, 173, 000 884, 666, 000

101. 508. 000 I 2, 714, 213, 000 6, 026, 703, 000

15,000,000 6, 160,000

8, 863, 584, 000 i

capita

$63.00 18.00 1. 70

97.00 25.00 10.00 2. 70 .90

90.00 .02~

21.60 21.00

130.00 17.50 47.10 28.00 14.00 14.00

126.75 14.20 16.60

285.50 133. 25

5.00 .82}1

22.63

1830 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE JANUARY 17

Country

Foreilffi securities publicly offered in the United States, 1914-1927, inclusive Indebt-

War debt, Total edness Nov. 15, 1927 indebtedness per

Government Corporate Total capita

Greece------------------------------------------------------------------------- $16,000,000 $600,000 $16,600,000 $19,500,000 $36, 100,000 $6.00 Guatemala ___________ ______ _____ ______ _________________ _____ __________________ -------- -------- 11,175,000 11,175,000 ---------------- 11,175,000 5. 27 Honduras. ______ -------------------------------------------------------------- 500, 000 11, 443, 000 11, 943, 000 ---------- _____ _ 11, 943, 000 16. 25 HaitL ... ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 16,000,000 9, 000,000 25,000,000 ----- ------- ---- 25,000,000 12.25

~~~~~~~==================================================================== ~g: ~~: 5 ~~: ~: ~ ~: m: 5 --~~~~~~~~- 2

' ~: E~ ~ 6!: ~ Latvia_ ________________________________________________________________________ ----- ------------------ ---- --------------------- 6, 900,564 6, 900,564 3. 75 Lithuania _____________________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------ 6, 162,590 6, 162,590 3. 05

m:~~:~;~===========================================================~======= ----~~f[~:-~- ~ m: ~ 1~& m: 5 ================ 1~ iri: ~ :i ~ ~~rf:t:~~~==~=~:~ ~~=~: ::~ ~=:=~ ~~~~:~~~=~=~~~:::::~=~===: =~=~=~~ =~~::::: ----:~ m~ ~-: ::::~:;t;: ---:~: ~ ~- :::;;;;;~: ~~; ::. ~ ~ ,:: E Panama .... ------------------------------------------------------------------- 15,250,000 ---------------- 15,250,000 ---------------- 15,250,000 34.50

~:;~~~=~===================================================================== -----93;25o;ooo· ~: ~; l: 10i: ~: ~ ================ to~:~:~ 1i: ~g Poland .. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 122,076,000 26,250,000 142,326,000 198,595,528 340,921,528 11.65 PortugaL ________________ ._----------.------ --- --------------------------.-.- __________________ ------ ___________________________________________________________________ _

fi.r;_:~ ~::=:~::~=~~~~::~:~ ~~: ~::~~~:~~~~~~:~~=~~:~~~::~~~~~~==~=:~=~~:~~~:= J ~ m :::::: i~ iii~: J. 5 m ::::~:~ ~: i m: m ~~ ~ !!~i~r~~~:=================================:::::::::::===================== ----~~~:~~:~- -----4~:~:~- ----u~:~:~- =========~====== ----H~:~:~- -- -~r~~--Turkey ________________________________________ ----- ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________ __ __ _

~::;:~~~=================================================================== -----:~:~~::- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ it ~i: 5 ====~~:i~:~= 1~: *~: 5 ~: ~ TotaL.------------------------------------------------------------------ 8, 212,398,000 3, 091,995,000 11,304, 393,000 11,871,848,233 223, 176, 241, 233

3, 195,607,000

Official figures, not including foreign issues privately taken.------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ________ ________ ------~--------- •26, 371, 848, 233 ----------Unoflioiol """'"' includlng ro"ign '""" pdvately tak"'----------------------~---------------- ---------------- I~::::: ---------------- ---------------- ---------·

J Official sources.

Mr. TYDINGS. The reserve strength of these nations is also as astounding as is the number of soldiers in the actiYe or standing army. Let me quote just a few of the figures to give the Senate an idea of the trained, organized, ana equipped reserves which some of the nations of Europe maintain.

To begin with, France has an actually enrolled reserve, trained, equipped, and ready, of 4,610,000 oldiers, compared with the United States reserve force, of National Guard and reserve officers, of 296,000 men. ·

Russia, which has just joined with the United States in signing the peace pact to outlaw all war, and which is going to settle all international disputes, no matter how they arise, by amicable means, besides her standing army of 658,000 men, has a trained, equipped, and organized reserve of 5,425,000 soldiers, besides an unorganized reserve in similar pl'oportions.

I will not quote further from the table I have before me, but Senators who care to look at it can see printed in the RECORD the figures for each country.

I just want to leave thi thought before passing from this phase of the situation. In France, either in the standing army or in the organized, trained, and equipped reserve, 1 out of every 8 men, women, and children is in one or the other of those two bodies.

Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? ·1\fr. TYDINGS. I yield. Mr. BROOKHART. I think the United States has as many

as 4,000,000 reserve , trained soldiers who served in the World War, right now. Every one of them could be called into the service, the :same as any other reserve.

Mr. TYDINGS. I take issue with the Senator from Iowa on that point. During the war I was a machine-gun officer, and, if I may be permitted to refer to myself personally, was graduated with distinction from the best machine-gun school we had on the other side. I know enough about machine guns to make this ob ervation, that before that training, I could no more prepare a barrage, or take apart a gun in the dark and put it together again, or work out a flanking or an overhead barrage with machine guns, than I could operate an airship, because it takes long training to make an efficient soldier.

But to move him so he can be of the greatest usefulness does take time. Even though the 4,000,000 men, of whom the Senator speaks, might in time of war prove more valuable than some one who had no training, many of th~e 4,000,000 men would have to start all over again, particularly if they went

a Unofficial sources.

into the Artillery (which is all mathematics), or machinery gunnery (which is largely mathematics), h·ench mortar-s, bayonet training, preservation of equipment, sources of upplies, how to get orders, and all the other ramifications of Army training. I think we are trained, yet war paraphernalia improves and progresses so rapidly that even in the 10 years since the war we would find that we have new gases with which to deal, we would find that there are new weapons to shoot and new rules for the shooting of them, new aircraft, tanks on a gigantic scale have been invented, and many other things that would not make th€ 4,000,000 ex- ervice men "on the minute" efficient soldiers as the Senator thinks.

But let me proceed, because after all that is beside the point.

It can at once be seen that every great power on the face of thE:! earth, and a great many of the smaller powers, far excel in size the standing Army of the United States. Besides, many of the nations mentioned, having tanding armies greater than our own, have no possession and a very much smaller terlitory to protect. We have possessions in the Atlantic and the Pacific, and are recognized in a commercial and economic way as the world':- leading power, while only one nation has a greater national population than have we.

With only 137,698 soldiers in the standing Army, an Army by comparison in numbers very small indeed, can we afford to let our first line of defense, the Navy,. take second rank and still have that measure of national security, of self-defense, which the chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs says is every nation's inalienable right?

LOANS OF FOREIGN NATIONS FLOATED IN THE UNITED STATES

Now let us turn to still another aspect of the case, the financial relations of the nations of the world with tlie Government and people of the United States. France owes us $4,025,000,000 of war debt ; the British Empire, $4,505,000,000 war debt ; Italy, $2,032,000,000 war debt; Belgium, $413,000,000 war <lebt; Russia, $280,000,000 of war debt ; Poland, $198,000,000 of war debt; Czechoslovakia, $179,000,000 of war debt; while Armenia, Austria, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania. Nicaragua, Rumania, and Yugoslavia also owe us considerable in war debts. Eighteen European countries owe us a combined war debt of nearly $12,000,000,000. In addition to the aboYe, the nations of 45 countries owe to the people of the United St.:'ltes for loans made to said governments $8,212,000,000.

Again, in addition to the war debts and the loans made to governments of foreign countries, in 36 of these ccmntries loans aggregating over $3,000,000,000 have been made to corporate

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE 1831 •

concerns. The total amount of money in war debts, loans to foreign governments, outside of war debts, and loans to corporate enterprises in foreign countries which are owed either to the United States Government or to the people of America total $26,000,000,000. We are to-day financing to a large extent the business of the whole world. Our interests, through these loans, reach into the seven seas and into every corner of every nation on the globe. Thus America has either a direct or an indirect interest in the stability of every government on earth, and to some extent in the commercial enterprises in practically every country on the earth.

Let us examine this debt owing to the people of America in more detail.

J]Jvery man, woman, and child in Canada owes ~merica $285. Every man, woman, and child in Great Britain owes America $133. Every man, woman, and child in Cuba owes America $130; in France, $126; in Belgium, $97; in Chile, $90; Norway, $70; in Argentina, $63; and in Italy, $61, while the following countries have a debt to the people of the United States of $25 per person: Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Luxemburg, Panama, Switzerland, Uruguay; and others owe us still lesser amounts.

It is conceded that many of the foreign countrie to whom loans have been made can not pay in full these loans; yet, in addition to the loans which admittedly can not be paid, we have made loans to all of these countries outside of the war debts. The query naturally arises, If they can not pay the war debts, is not there some probability that we will not have refunded in full the debts made outside of war loans? USES MADE OF FUNDS BORROWED FROM THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES

Before leaving the subject of war debts, let me call to the attention of the Senate the amount of defense expenditures for the year 1927 on the part of these countries which owe us considerable sums of money and which countries are annually borrowing still more. Here are the figures, by country, for the defense expenditure of 1927: Total for-

Gr('at Britain---------------------------------- $567,000, 000 British Empire -------------------------------- 995, 000, 000 Russia----------------------------------------- 347, 000, 000 China----------------------------------------- 297,000,000 France---------------------------------------- 269, 000,000 ItalY------------------------------------------ 218,000,000 Japan----------------------------------------- 208,000,000

In addition to those I have named, I ask permission to insert in the RECORD a statement of the defense expenditures of the countries owing the United States money in the form of loans made to them by our people.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. -Without objection, it is so ordered.

The statement is as follows:

Defense

Foreign securities publicly offered in the United States, 1927

expenditures, 1------:-1----1927 Per cent or

Amount defense expenditures

Defense

Foreign securities publicly offered in the United States, 1927

expenditures, 1-----~----1927

Amount Per cent of defense expenditures

Japan _____ ---------------------------_ $208, 24.5, 000 $308, 647, 000 150 Latvia__________ _______________________ 8, 927,000 ---------------- ------------ · Lithuania_ ______ ____________________ __ 3, 989,000 --------------.-- ------------Luxemburg_ ___ ________________________ 195,000 ---------- -- - --- ------------Mexico________________________________ 38,476,000 ---------------- ------------Netherlands___________________________ 23,651,000 20,716,000 87 Dutch East Indies_____________________ 44,595,000 156,465,000 351 Nicaragua ______ ---.-------------------_ 219, 000 ___________________ ________ _

~~~!~~============================= -- ---~~~~~:-~---- -----~~~~~·-~- --- ------~~ 1, 500,000 ------------

l~!--~~~-==~m=m~m=_--m~~ M~ ~ m ;;;;;~·~m; ---_;--_;~J Saar • salva!for-_-_-~~======== ================== ------ i;6w:ooo- --- ---3,-iso; iiOO- ------ -- ~ioo Spain__________________________________ 85,194,000 ---------------- ---- --------Sweden________________________________ 37,017,000 Switzerland ____ ----------------------- 16, 374, 000 ----- ----------- ~- ------ -----

Turkey---- -- -------------------------- 29, 910, 000 =_-_- -_- =_ =_1=_0 __ -.=_2=_7=_5---.=_000=_=_-_-=_ =_=_=_=_-_-=_ =_=_=_3=_3=_7=_ Uruguay ___ ------------------- --- ----- 7, 134,000 Venezuela_---------------------------_ 3, 043, 000 Yugoslavia __ -------------------------- 41,346,000 34,035, 000 85 United States_________________________ 679,709,000 --------- --- ---- ------------

TotaL_ __ ________________________ 3, 973,484,000 United States ________ ---------------- _ ________ ___ _

--------------- -! 1\Ir. BRUCE. Mr. President--

1, 939, 982, 000 679, 709, 000

2, 619, 691, 000

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Maryland yield to his colleague?

Mr. TYDINGS. I yield. Mr. BRUCE. May I ask the Sen~tor whether he has any

figures there for Germany? Mr. TYDINGS. Yes; I have. The Senator means defense

expenditures? Mr. BRUCI.<J. Yes. Of course I know they are compara-

tively small, but I am curious to know the amount. Mr. TYDINGS. Does the Senator mean for 1927? l\Ir. BRUCE. Yes. Mr. TYDINGS. Germany expended $127,000,000 in 1927 for

defense expenditures. Now, here is a significant fact. Those who are against the

cruiser bill lend ear to this remark: In the year 1927 the nations · shown in my table expended approximately $4,000,000.000 for so-called national defense. How amusing and paradoxical the whole thing is when we witness the governments of the entire world joining in a peace pact to outlaw war, with the standing armies of the sizes I have stated, and the defense expenditures in these countries totaling in a single year $4,000,000,000 ! Of course, it may be argued, we do not need a Navy now that the peace treaty has been signed ! The countries maintaining these

Argentina ____ ------------------------- $44, 771, 000 Austria________________________________ 11,220,000 Belgium___ ____________________________ 22,729,000 Bolivia- -- ----------------------------- 3, 411,000 BraziL __ ---·--------------------------- 53, 386, 000

$99, 561, ()()(} 33,887,000 14,130, ()()() 12,585,000 56,780,000

222 expensive defense eJ...rpenditures are peaceful nations. Russia, 302 with its 150,000,000 population and standing army of 658,000;

3~~ France, with its standing army of 727,000 men in a population 106 of 40,000,000; Italy, with its standing army of 380,000 men in

a population of 42,000,000; Spain, with its standing army of 272,000 men in a population of 21,000,000; Japan, with its standing army of 210,000 men in a population of 86,000,000; Great Britain, with a British Army in Great Britain of 214,000 men in a population of 45,000,000; Czechoslovakia, with a standing army of 140,000 men in a population of 13,000,000; Turkey, with a standing army of 125,000 in a population of 14,000,000; and others I might name, all maintain these military establish- · ments, so that there would be no misunderstanding about war being outlawed as an instrument of national policy, and so that they might insist, as the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee has pointed out, that all disputes, no matter what their nature or how they may arise, shall be settled by pacific means. What a lovely peace-time picture to behold! Nations with standing armies on a peace-time scale never before witnessed

Ecuador_______________________________ 1, 933,000 Bulgaria------------------------------- 8, 404.000 Chile _____ ---------------------------__ 13, 706, 000 China __ __ ----------------------------- 297, 703, 000 Colombia______________________________ 7, 125,000 Costa Rica ____ ------------------------ 655, 000 Cuba_ ___ ______________________________ 11,515,000 Czechoslovakia________________________ 56,973,000 Denmark______________________________ 15,738,000 Dominican Republic ___ --------------- 1, 473,000

-----22.-883;00ii- ---------i67 10,752,000 . 3 68, 670, 000 964 1, 800, 000 280

61, 750, ()()() 537 1, 500,000 3

28, 046, 000 178 5, 000, 000 341

Estonia __ ___ -------------------------- 4, 994, 000 Finland ___ ---------------------------- 14., 467, 000 ---- _ France ___ ----------------------------- 269,463, ooo -50,-ooo;ooo- ----------is Germany ______________________ ----- ---[==127=, 5=8:::::1,=000=!==222==:::::'=6=92~,=000=l===;;;175

British Empire: (a) Australia ______________________ _

~~? 8~:td~t=i"taill~~================= (d) India _______ --------------------(e) Irish Free State ________________ _ (f) New Zealand __________________ _ (g) South Africa ___________________ _

Greece _____ _ --- __ ----------------------Ouateruala __ ___ -----------------------Honduras ____ -------------------------HaitL ___ _ -- --- _ -- __ -------- -----------IIungary __ _ ------ ___________ ! ________ _ Italy ____ ------------------------------

177, 752,000 13,086,000

567, 427, 000 215, 999, 000 11,669,000 4, 656,000 4, 490,000

101, 508, 000 319, 765, 000

5, 747,000

57 2,444

1

1---------1---------1--------995, 079, 000

25, 646, 000 I

1, 358,000 928,000

1, 299,000 19,835,000

218,816,000

2,000,000 3, 150,000

7 232

by the eye of man, and with annual expenditures for defense running into figures of billions of dollars, have all agreed that all future disputes shall be settled by amicable means!

It is said that we must make a start to remedy this condition. That is sound argument. But if the United States really wants to make a start to end these conditions of unrest and fear, we have it within our means to achieve far more success, I believe, than that which will result from the adoption of the Kellogg peace pact. Why are we spending these huge sums in

.1832 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17 our own country for national defense? Is it not because we feel that the world, being virtually an armed camp, that we can not sit supinely by and rely upon the good, the pure, and the beautiful entirely as a correct way to settle international dif· ferences? If that be true, and we really want to force fear from the breasts of mankind, let us help to get rid of these damnable and tremendous military establishments by saying to the world that the United States, being the creditor nation of the globe, declares, as a matter of national policy, that we are opposed to all loans to any nation which, in time of peace, maintains a standing army in excess of peace requirements. If we do that, you will see, I predict, a real change in the psychology of mankind. You will see a scaling down of the large armaments now encamped on the face of the earth. You will see a lessening of the amounts expended all over the globe for national defense. You will, to some extent, minimize the feeling of fear and insecurity now existent among the peoples of many lands. You will take from the backs of many good people the tremendous burden of taxation, and you will make doubly secure the security of our own land and the repayment of the $26,000,000,000 which the world now owes to the people of the United States. War·s are fought for money and with money. Without money no nation can wage war in this day and time, and if this action is taken it will not be necessary for us to appropriate the millions of dollars to maintain our own Naval and Military Establishments beyond peace-time requirements. But until it is done--that is, until the nations of the world decrease the~· huge military establishments--we can not afford to have our name occupy the third or fourth position in cruiser or any other essential strength.

Mr. President, I send to the desk two resolutions, which I ask the clerk to read, in the hope that they may be adopted in essence at this session of Congress. I ask that when he has read them the resolutions may lie on the table, to be taken up at some other date. I shall then proceed with my remarks.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the clerk will read.

The legislative clerk read the fu·st resolution ( S. Res. 299), as follows:

Resolved, That it is the sense of the American people, expressed through their representatives in the Senate of the United States, that the United States of America is opposed to all loans of every character to any nation which in time of peace maintains an army in excess of reasonable peace-time requirements. That a maximum peace-time army is hereby defim·d to be as follows :

One active soldier out of every 100 inhabitants for the first 2,000,000 of population;

One active soldier out of every 125 inhabitants for the next 2,500,000 of population; J

One active soldier out of every 150 inhabitants for the next 3,000,000 population;

One active soldier out of every 175 inhabitants for the next 4,000,000 of population;

One active soldier out of every 200 inhabitants fox the next 5,000,000 of population;

One active soldier out of every 250 inhabitants for the next 10,000,000 of population ;

One active soldier out of every 300 inhabitants for the next 10,000,000 of population ; and

One active soldier out of every 400 inhabitants for all population remaining, with a reserve force not exceeding in any one year the equivalent of the active standing army.

Provided, however, That in the event any nation now maintains a standing army in excess of that defined herein this resolution shall not apply if after four years from the passage thereof the standing army of said nation does not exceed the number of soldiers outlined above : A.na provided further, That such nation having an army in excess of that defined above shall reduce said army one-quarter of the entire excess now existing each year until said army comes within the definition stated. And be it further

Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate of the United States that the Secretary of State of the United States shall not, directly or indirectly, impliedly or tacitly, or in any manner whatsoever place the imprimatur of the Government of the United States upon any such loan contravening the conditions expressed herein.

Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, I ask that the other resolution be not read but be printed in the RECORD. It deals with navies while the one just read deals with armies.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it will be so ordered.

The resolution (S. Res. 300) was ordered to be printed in the RECoRD and to lie on the table, as follows :

Resolved, That it i.s the sense of the American people, expressed through their representatives in the Senate of the United States, that the United States ot America is opposed to all loans of every character

• to any nation which, in tiine of peace, maintains a navy in any respect superior to that maintained by the United States of America ; and be it further

Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate of the United States that the Secretary of State of the United States shall not, directly or indirectly, impliedly or tacitly, or iu any manner whatsoever place the imprimatur of the Government of the United States upon any such loan contravening the conditions expressed herein.

Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, in order to be fair I think it is important that I offer a brief word of explanation ~f this proposed resolution. America owes its greatness to-day to the fact that in its formative period it was able to borrow from the richer nations of the Old World; in fact our railroads and great industrial enterprises were largely' built up from tile loans which we .secured abroad; so that America, having become great, haVIng reached a superb state of industrial development, now having turned its· face, and from being a debtor having become a creditor Nation, would occupy a very small and mean position if it refused to accord to the Old World the same treatment which it asked when it was not so fortunately situated as now. ~

However, I want to impress upon the minds of Senators the fact that while we were borrowing that money from the Old World we were asking that it be placed in productive enterprise--in railroads, mines, and industrial undertakings-in something to create wealth, something that would make it easier for us to repay the loans.

On the other hand, the governments of Europe to~day are floating loans in our country and the money derived from those loans is not going into productive industry, but it is going int() battleships and armies, the size of which I outlined only a few moments ago. If those nations want to maintain huge standing armies and navies, that is their business; it is not our business to tell them the size of their standing armies and navies; but it is our business to say to them, "You can not maintain these standing armies and navies with our money, because it makes us take money which we would use for internal improvements and spend it on our own Army and Navy in order to bring them up to a parity with yours."

So the proposition outlined in the resolution is that it is declared to be the sense of the American people that we are opposed to loans to all foreign governments which in time of peace maintain more than peace-time standing armies; and the allowance made in the resolution is very liberal. France to-day would be entitled to a standing army of 220,000 men, if shg would scale down immediately, because that would be the maximum number for a country of 45,000,000. The United States would use but 40 per cent of the number authorized by the resolution. The peace pact, signed by practically every nation ou the globe, states that war is to be outlawed, that disputes of every kind, of every nature, no matter how they may arise, shall be settled by pacific means. If we mean what we say, we ought to put some teeth into our alleged policy and adopt the resolution in some form or other to maintain the spirit of the peace pact.

Mr. BROOKHART. Mr. President--Mr. TYDINGS. Just let me go on a moment, for I shall

probably anticipate 90 per cent of what the Senator would ask me if he will just let me proceed.

Understand, Senators, people in this country could still lend their money to foreign governments notwithstanding this resolution-the resolution is only an admonition-if they wanted to do so, but if they did lend it to foreign governments they would lend it at their own risk.

Does the resolution, which has just been read, conform with the spirit of the hour? A few days ago the Senate adopted the Kellogg peace pact. That pact, bearing the signatures of the representatives of all the civilized nations of the world, stated that all nations signatory thereto had outlawed war; that they condemned war as an instrument of national policy ; and that they would settle all disputes-whatever they involved; whatever their origin, no matter how arising or under what conditions--by pacific means. If the spirit rather than the letter of that resolution is to prevail-a condition devoutly to be desired-it would be an anomaly for Russia to keep 658,000 soldiers in its active army; for Prance to continue its army of 727,000; or for Italy to continue its large force of 380,000 men. .And so I might mention other nations and the size of their standing armies. Certainly, if the dove of peace, after being driven out of creation during the World War and being buffeted by the boisterous winds following that great holocaus t, is at last to settle its pure white kindly wings upon the earth, and the principles which it represents are to be emulated by all nations, then these natiQns should at once show the bona fides of their expressed intentions by performing acts to substantiate their words.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE "1833 . Certainly no nation can object to the resolution. If these huge armies and navies are being maintained with our money, we are thereby forced to incur a huge expenditure at home. If conditions were different in Europe, our expenditures would not need to be so great. Every speech for the cruiser bill uttered on this floor has been based upon the comparative size of the Japanese and English navies; . and yet in 192·7 we made a loan to Japan of $100,000,000, more than the total defense expenditures of that nation for that year. Without such loans the other nations of the earth could not support the standing armies and navies on the scale they are now maintaining them.

If we want the feeling of good will to settle on Poland or Austria or Germany or France, we have got to take the bayonets away from their breasts, and the guns pointed at their hearts, because so long as huge military camps are all over those nations, the people will live in a state of fear and international amity can not be maintained.

What nation can object to the expressed feeling of the American people that they oppose loans to foreign governments which violate the spirit and the letter of the treaty which they have just signed? If they do object, them we should label the treaty a series of New Year's resolutions agreed to by all the nations of the world, to be broken some time in the latter part of January. Are we not primarily contemplating the passage of the cruiser bill because other nations have surpassed us in cruiser strength? Are we not justified in saying to these nations that ''"e will not continue a situation which causes us to spend more money in the uselessness of unneeded war preparation? How many of these governments, with which we are competing in naval strength, could support navies and armies on a scale superior to those maintained by the United States, if it were not for the loans which we have made to them, with which they have bolstered up their tottering war-time engines? If such loans were denied to nations which maintain armies, thereby frightening their neighbors, and in some measure causing our own people concern, and which build navies in excess of that maintained by our own country, forcing us thereby to divert money needed for internal improvements to the uselessness of competitive war preparation, it would put a stop to this practice and give to our people the improvements which the cause of competitive armaments and armies deny to them. · Let me make an analysis of our existing debt situation. I

will not read it, but will ask permission to have it inserted in the RECORD for the benefit of Senators 'vho may care to look at it. more closely. I will, however, answer a question or two that may come up in the minds of some Senators as to the pur-110ses to which prearmistice loans were devoted. I refer to the following:

l\Iunitlons, 28.3 per cent. Foodstuffs, cotton, and other supplies, 62.7 per cent. Transportation and shipping, 2.4 per cent. Spent in neutral countries, 1 per cent.

In other words, nearly a third of all of our prearmistice loans went to munitions.

\Vhat happened to our postarmistice loans? The figures are as follows:

Munitions, 12.6 per cent. Foodstuffs, cotton, and other supplies, much of which went to the

maintenance of regular armies, 72.2 per cent. Transportation and shipping, 4.1 per cent. Incidentals, 10 per cent.

So that since the war, 12 per cent directly and a proportion of 70 per cent more went for munitions, armaments, and armies in countries borrowing the money from us.

Now, let me call attention to the situation in two countries. Take for example-, the United Kingdom. The figures are as follows: Total debt--------------------------------------- $41,354,169,000 Total e.xtcrnal debL------------------------------ 5, 367, 750,000 Public loans in the United States----------------- 159, 728, 000 Due to the United States Government______________ 4, 505, 000, 000 Total internal debL------------------------------ 35, 986. 419, 000

Now Jet us consider the case of Italy. The figures as to Italy are as follows : Total debt---------------------------------------- $9.425,322,000 Total external debt------------------------------- 4,965,895,000 Public ]oans in United States---------------------- 96, 895, 000 Due to United States Go•ernment___________________ 2, 032, 000, 000 Total internal debt________________________________ 4, 459, 427, 000

I hn. ,.e had inserted in the REcoRD the defense expenses of various countries of the world for 1927, and the amount of money each of them borrowed f-rom the Un!ted States in that year. I will merely, in passing, call attention at this point to the first nation on the list to show how that table works out:

Argentina spent $44,771,000 for national defense in 1927, and borrowed from the United States $00,561,000;

Austria spent $11,220,000 for national defense, and borrowed $33,887,000 from the United Stutes.

So it is with practically every other country. If any Senator should like now to ask about the figures concerning any particular nation I will be glad to answer, but I have had the entire table printed in the RECORD. I now ask that the statement to which I referred a few moments ago may be printed in the RECORD.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, tpe statement will be printed in the RECORD.

The statement is as follow~: FOREIGN DEBTS

My contribution to the discussion of international debts is to be confined strictly to a statement of facts. I am to answer as accurately as is possible the following questions :

"1. What proportion of the foreign debts owed to the United States Government were contracted before the armistice and what proportion subsequent to the armistice?

" 2. What uses were made of the funds borrowed before the armistice? "3. For what purposes wet·e ·the funds borrowed after the armistice? "4. To what extent have the war debts been canceled by the terms

of the settlements that have been negotiated?" I shall take up each of these questions in turn. "1. What proportion of the foreign debts owed to the United States

Government were contracted before the armistice and what proportion subsequent to the armistice?"

The following table shows the total foreign loan of the United States Government from April 6, 1917, to November 1, Hl20. No interest item is included, the figures representing merely the principal of the obligations incurred by foreign governments. Foreign, loans of the United States Go,;ernment, Ap1·iZ 6, 19n, to Novem

be1' 1, 1920

[Figures in millions] Prearmistice:

War loans----------------------------------------- $7,474.0 Postarmistice : Postwar loans _____________________________ $2,091.8

Bonds received in settlement for surplus war supplies--------------------------------- 574.9

Loans for relief purposes ___ .:._______________ 84. 1 Loans by U. S. Grain Corporation____________ 56. 8

2,807.6

Total-------------------------------------------- 10, 281. 6 Thus, of the total loans, approximately 73 per cent were made before

the armistice and about 27 per cent following the armistice. Of the postarmistice loans about 75 per cent were of the same general character as those made during the war period. About 20 per cent resulted from the sale of our surplus war supplies, with the remaindE>r resulting from relief work and from the furnishing of grain by the United States Grain Corporation.

"2. What uses were made of the funds borrowed before the armistice? "

It is impossible to answer this question with absolute precision. But the figures furnished by the Treasury Departn:tent enable one to make, by broad classes, a substantially accurate statement of the ways in which the European governments expended the funds that were borrowed.

Purposes to which vrearmisUce loans were devoted

.Amount (in millions) Percentage

Munitions __ ----------------------------------------------- $2, 351. 4 Foodstuffs, cotton, other supplies__________________________ 5, 203.5 Transportation and shipping_______________________________ 197.7 Paying off maturing commercial loans ______________ .________ 471.8 Spent in neutral countries__________________________________ 5. 9 Silver_----------------------------------------------------- 68. 6

• 28.3 62.7 2.4 5. 7 .1 .8

1---------!--------TotaL_______________________________________________ 8, 298.91 100.0

This total of loans-$8,299,000,000-represents our_ gross !endings. To arrive at the net indebtedness given in the table preceding, it is necessary to subtract about $825,000,000, which represents the sums paid by us to foreign governments for supplies and services furnished us in connection with our military operations. It will be observed that practically all of the war-time loans were expended in the United States. Whether the prices paid for American munitions, foodstuffs, supplies, etc., were fair and reasonable is a question into which I do not enter.

It should be made clear, however, that all of these borrowings during the war period may properly be regarded as loans procured for war purposes. It has sometimes been -argued that, inasmuch as European countries normally have to import large quantities of foodstuffs and other supplies, it is only the extra amounts required in war -time that are properly chargeable as war expenses. The conclusions to be drawn from

1834 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17-tbls line of reasoning is that the foodstuffs and materials consumed .by the civilian population were not war supplies-that, at the most, one should count as war supplies only that portion of the total that went to the sustenance and equipment· of the armies in the field. Such an argument, howeyer, overlooks one vitally important considerationnamely, that in normal times these countries were able to pay by means of their own -exports and services for all of their imports, but the war <>inmltaneously increased import requirements and reduced their earnings from exports and services. Thus the entire f<lreign tra.de deficiencywhich necessitated the loans-must be attributed to the war.

"3. For what purposes were the funds borrowed after the armistice?" The postarmistice loans were utilized as follows :

PurposeB to which postarn~istice loan-s were devoted

Am~n~nt (in Percentage millions)

Munitions __ ----------~------------------------------ - ---- $347.7 12.6 Foodstuffs, cotton, other supplies __ ------------- ---------- 1, 990.4 72.2 Transportation and shipping__ _____ ________________________ llL 8 4.1 Paying ofi maturing commercial loans_____________________ 176.4 6. 4 Spent in neutral countries___________________ _______________ 12.9 . 5 Silver------------------------------------------------------ 117. 7 4. 2

I---------1--------Total---------------------------------------------- 2, 756.9 100.0

This figure represents the gross loans, and to aiTive at the net indebtedness incurred l)y the foreign countries it is necessary to subtract six hundred and sixty-five millions paid by the United States G<lvernment to European governments for · goods and services furnished to us after the armistice.

In addition to these regular postarmistice loans, obligations were also incurred as the result of the sale of surplus war supplies, the activities of the United States Grain Corporation, and the extension of relief. The obligations thus incurred were as follows:

~~f~~::r~~~:~;~~~~====:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::==== 5

gi:i Total---------------------~------------------------- 71a8

"4. To what extent have the war debts been canceled by the terms of the settlements that have been negotiated?"

Before estimating the extent to which these debts have been canceled it is necessary to indicate the basis upon which cancellation estimates are made. At the time the original loans were granted the interest rate was nominally 51Jer cent, and during the 1Yeriod when no payments on interest account were made tbe Treasury carried the accrued interest on its books at this rate. When the settlements came to be negotiated, however, interest rates had declined below the war level, and it was agreed that it was Qnly fair to change the 5 per eent rate to 4.25 per cent, which was the rate at which the United States Government floated its later Liberty loans. In funding the debts, therefore, interest at 4.25 per cent up to the date of settlement was added to the original principal. In estimating the extent of the cancellations that h ave occurred, the American Treasury does not count this reduction, recognizing that the 5 per cent which the loans originally bore was but a nominal figure and subject to later modification.

The cancellations are figured on the basis of the funded debt; that is, the original debt plus acc1·ned interest at 4..25 per cent up to the date of settlement. The settlements call for a schedule of annual payments extending over a peiiod of 62 years. The approved method of estimating the extent of the cancellation is to figure the present value of the sums to be collected. The present value may be defined as that sum of money which in 62 years at the rate of 4.25 per cent interest would tieid a- total equal to the principal and interest payments called for by the schedules of payments that have been worked <1ut. On this basis the extent of the cancellations is shown by the following table :

Presc'llt values of funtlea debts at ~J?S per cent

[In dollars, 000 emitted]

Country Debt prior to funding

Appro::rimate percentag-e of cancellation

Finland------------------------------------------- 9,190 19. 3 HungarY----------------------------------------- 1, 984 19.6 Poland--------------------------------------------- 182,324 19.5 Estonia______________________________________ 14, 143 19.5 Latvia-------------------------------------------- 5, 893 19.3 Lithuania_________________________________________ 6, 216 20.1 c,.echoslovakia_________________________________ 123,854 25.7 Rumania __ ---------------------------------------- 46,945 25. 1 Relgfum_ ----------------------------------------- _ 483, 426 51,; 5 Francs-------------------------------------------- 4,230, 777 52.!! Yugoslavia._______________________________________ 66,164 69. 7 I~aly --------------------------------------------- 2, 150,150 75.4

1-----------+-~~--------TotaL -------------------------------------- 7, 321, 066 58. o

Great Britain----------------------------------- 4, 715,310 19.7 1-----------+-----------Grand total _________________________ .:,_______ 12,036,376 43. o ·

For the continental debtors combined, the cancellation works out at about 58 per cent, as against 19.7 for -Great Britain.

Some people have felt that a fair basis of debt settlement would be to cancel all loans made before the armistice-requiring payment merely on the debts incurred after the armistice. It may perhaps be of interest therefore to indicate in the case of the more important debtors bow settlements negotiated on such a basis would compare with the actual settlements.

Great Britain's prearmistice debt constituted 92.6 per cent of her total debt. By the terms of the settlement her debt was only 19.7 per ~t~oo~. .

The prearmistice debt of France equaled 60.7 per cent of her total. In the agreement which has been negotiated, but not ratified, the Frenchdebt was re<luced by 52.8 per cent.

The prearmistice debt of Belgium constituted 48.9 per cent or the total. The cancellation in the Belgian agreement works out at 53.5 per cent.

The prearmistice loans to Italy made up 67.5 per cent of the total. The settlement provides for a cancellation of 7·5.4 per cent of the total.

Thus if new agreements were to be made on this basis the British schedule of payments would have to be enormously reduced ; the French payments would have to be decreased . slightly; the Belgian payments would have to be increased somewhat; and the Italian schedule would have to be greatly increased.

Taking into consideration all of the settlements and using combined totals, we find that the prearmistiee loans comprise 73 per cent of the aggregate indebtedness. The aggregate cancellation, however, works out at only 43 per -cent.

. Mr. TYDINGS. Here is a little summary whic-h I hope particularly those interested in this discussion will drink in, because it is the meat of the whole loan and preparedness situation:

The total war expenditures of the world in 1927 were almost $4,000,000,000. The United States advanced sufficient to pay two-thirds of that amount, or $2,619,000,000, in that year. This includes all foreign :flotations in this country. So that of all the money spent in the entire world for nationa.l defense in 1927, $4,000,000,000, two-thirds of it was borrowed right here in our own country by the governments of the world.

Here is another striking fact : The United States--meaning the people of the United States

loaned 20 foreign nations more than enough to meet their national-defense expenditures during 1927. That happens almost every year, Mr. President. These loans have been going on in this procession ever since the World War.

Here is another striking fact : Europe's war budget for 1927 was a little over $2,000,000,000.

That is just about the total of foreign securities :floated in the United States in that year, thereby releasing sufficient in the world's financial markets to finance the defense expenditures of all of Europe. So what they spent for armaments in Europe in 1927 was the exact equivalent of the money borrowed by all those countries in the United States in that year.

Excluding France, Russia--now under the State Department ban-and England, the war bu<lget for the rest of Europe amounted to almost $1,000,000,000---$935,000,000, to be exact. We advanced these countries amounts totaling 62 per cent of that :figure, $580,000,000. Loans were made to five European countries in amounts more than sufficient to finance their entire defense budgets.

The United States loaned in Japan $100,000,000 more than enough to meet her 1927 national-defense expenditures. · Every man in this Chamber concedes that the navy of Japan to-day is superior to that of the United States in its cruiser strength; yet during one year Japan borrowed from this country $100,-000,000 more than was necessary to :finance her whole military establishment.

Are -you going to keep lending these nations money to keep up th-eir armies and their navies all over the world?

Let us take an illustration. Let us go out on the western frontier, in the old border {lays, when every man carried a gun, there were no courts, and he shot on sight. Suppose all the inhabitants joined together l;lnd said, "Let us sign a paper that w·e will not hoot one ano·ther any more, but we will settle our disputes by arbitration in a friendly manner" ; and suppose, after they all left, they all carried their guns again. Do you think the dove of peace would be apt to stay very long in that assembly"? With the first shooting the whole thing would be abandoned. Yet, if you had it in your power to say, "You c-an not carry these guns, because unless I furnish you the money with which to do it you have not sufficient money to maintain them on that scale," you would in a sense bring abou.t disarmament, and you certainly would create a psychology of peace and a desire for peace which the presence of these huge war-time armies never will perm_it to settle upon the face of the ~arth as long as they exist

,.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE 1835 Put 644,000 trained and equipped soldiers on the Canadian

border or in Mexico and see how much you think of your national ecurity in the United States. The United States is fifteen times as large as France, and fifteen times as large as Germany ; yet to the north of Germany there are 644,000 Rus...;ian trained soldiers. and the finest military airplane corps in all the world. To the east is Poland, with two hundred and eighty-. orne thousand soldier . Then th'ere is a French Army on tbe south of Germany with 727,000 trained soldiers and 4,500,000 re. erves; and yet we talk about the Kellogg peace pact to outlaw war where 1 out of every 55 men, women, and children is in the tanding army, and we say that there is a great psychology for peace with those conditions prevailing!

I say that if the United States were Germany, and Germany were the United States, and we were transported into that country, our great idea about straightening out the difficulties of the world would certainly be other than it is here, 3,000 miles from the scene of those huge· armies.

Why have they these military establishments? Because we have not the courage to deny them the funds with which to maintain them. We may affect a few men who perhaps engage in the busine: s of financing these countries, and I do not blame tbem for that, because it is perfectly honorable and legitimate; but I say that the time has come when the United States, being the creditor nation of the world, should insist that the money borrowed from its people shall go into useful and productive enterprises, just a8 a banker would insist that any money borrowed from his bank should go into a useful and productive enterprise, and that the security should be the best.

The combined defen e expenditures for 1927 of seven South American countries-Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela-were $132,000,000 for that year. Loans

floated by those governments in this country were $200,000,000 for the same year.

Three Central American countries and two of the West In- ~ dies-Costa Rica, Guatemala, Salvador, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic-needed $16,000,000 for defense purposes last year. • Our loans to these countries were over four times that amount.

I do not mean to say that these little nations are flagrant violators; but I think I have shown. by a statement of fact that can not be refuted that without these loans from the people of the United States there would not to-day be 720.000 active, trained French soldiers in the standing army, nor 380,000 trained soldiers in Italy, nor 300,000 trained soldiers in llumania, nor 280,000 trained soldiers in Poland, because those of you who do me the honor to read the table will see that year after yeai· we lend to these countries practically the same amount that they expend for their entire national defense.

When they build these huge armies and huge navies on a wartime plane they cause us to feel unsafe, to improve our airplane corps, to enlarge and expand our Navy, to talre money which we would otherwise use to reduce taxation or to make internal improvements.

I will not read, but shall a s-k permission to insert in the llECORD, the amount of all the war debts owing by all the countries of the world, the amount that we scaled down these debts before settlement, the amount of settlement agreed upon, the amount paid in cash, the amount guaranteed l.Jy 62-year bonds, the cash value of these bonds to-day-which will be an astounding figure-and the concessions made by the United States to each country in the settlement of these debts.

Tbe PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

The matter referred to is as follows:

All settlements summarized

Country

Total net debt at time of settlement with

interest at rates of original

notes

Amount thrown off

before settlement by reduction of

interest and for other reasons

Net debt to be settled

IIow settled

Paid in cash By 62-year bonds

Cash or "pres-Concessions made by United

States entvalue"of

1 ___________ _

bonds given in settlement

(5 per cent basis) 1

Difference between face and "present

values"

Total money concessions

made by Unitei State.>

Great Britain _____ . ________________ . __ $4, 715,310,000 $111, 181, 914. 26 $4, 604, 128, 085. 74 $4, 128, 085. 74 $4, 600, 000, ()()() $3, 296, 948, 000 $1, 30::\, 052, 000 £1,414,233,915. 00 France ____ ------- -------------------- 4, 230,777,000 205, 390, 313. 11 4, 025, 386, 686. 89 2 386, 686. 89 I 4, 025, COO, ()()::J 1, 681, 369, 000 2, 343, 6.31, 000 2, 549, 021, 313. 11 Italy ________ . ______ . _________________ 2, 150, 150, 000 107, 950, 533. 66 2, 042, 199, 466. 34 199,466.34 2; 042, 000, 000 426, 287. 000 1, 615, 713, Ol'O 1, 723, 663, 533. 66 Belgium __ . ______ ______ . ______ . ____ . __ 483, 426, 000 65, 628, 765. 34 417, 797,234. 66 17,234.66 417, 780, 000 191, 766, 000 226,014,000 291, 642, 765. 34 Czechoslovakia __ ____ _______ . ________ . 123, 854, 000 8, 854, 000. 00 115,000,000.00 None. 115, 000, ()()() 77,985,000 37,015,000 45, 869, 000. 0) . Estonia __ -------------------·--------- 14, 143,000 311, 558. 12 13, 831, 441. 88 1, 441.88 13,830, ()()() 9, 915,000 3, 915,000 4, 226, 558. 12 Finland __ -- ---------·-- ----- --------_ 9,190, ()()() 180,684.73 9, 009, 315. 27 9, 315.27 9,000, ()()() 6, 452, ()()() 2, 548,000 2, 728, 684. 73 Hungary __ --------------------------- 1, 984,000 44,246.96 1, 939,753.04 753.04 1, 939, ()()() 1, 388,000 551, oco 594,246.96 Latvia ____ ________________ __ __________ 5, 893,000 113,437.24 5, 779, 562. 76 4, 562.16 5, 775, ()()() 4, 137,000 1, 638,000 1, 751, 437. 24 Lithuania __ --·----------------------- 6, 216,000 184,453.03 6, 031, 546. 97 1, 546,97 6, 030,000 4,322, 000 1, 708,000 1, 892, 453. 03 Poland _------- ---------- ------------- 182, 324, 000 3, 758, 974. 01 178, 565,025.99 5,025. 99 178, 560,000 127, 643, oco 50,857,000 54, 615, 974. 01 Rumania_. ____ _____________ . _________ 46,945, ()()() 2, 350, 548. 46 44, 594,451. 54 4,451. 54 44,590,000 29,507,000 15,083, {)()() 17, 433, 548. 46 Yugoslavia __ ------------------------· 66,164, ()()() 3, 306,887.61 -62,857, 112.39 7, 112.39 62-,850, ()()() 15,919,000 46,931,000 50, 237, 887. 61

TotaL _______ --- ____________ .-·_ 12, 036, 376, 000 509, 256, 316. 53 11,527, 119, 683.47 4, 765, 683. 47 11, 522, 354, 000 5, 873, 638, 000 5, 648,656,000 16, 157,912,317.27

1 Since the war, various European governments have borrowed money through American bankers at interest rates running from 7 to 8 per cent, therefore, 5 per cent is a conservative rate. .

2 Although France made the cash payment specified in the settlement, she has not yet ratified the agreement made by her representatives.

Mr. TYDINGS. · President Coolidge, on Armi~tice Day, I think anticipated some of the things I have mentioned here this afternoon, because here is what he had to say. This was on Armistice Day, 1928:

Immediately following the war we went to the rescue of friend and foe alike in Europe on the grounds of humanity. Later our experts joined with their experts in making a temporary adjustment of German reparations and securing the evacuation of the Ruhr. Our people lent $110,000,000 to Germany to put that plan into immediate effect. Since 1924 Germany has paid on reparations about $1,300,000,000, and our people have lent to national, state, municipal governments, and to corporations in Germany a little over $1,100,000,000. It could not be claimed that this money is the entire source from which reparations have been directly paid, but it must have been a large factor in rendering Germany able to pay. We also lent large sums to the governments and corporations in other countries to aid in their financial rehabilitaJion.

Here is the meat of the President's address in this parag1·aph : I have several times stated that such ought to be our policy. But

there is little r eason for sending capital abroad while rates for money in London and Paris are at 4 or 5 per cent, while ours are much higher. England is placing very considerable loans abroad; France has bad large credits abroad, some of which have been called home. Both are making very large outlays for military purposes. Europe, on the whole, bas arrived at a state of financial stability and prosperity

where it can not be said we are called on to help or act much beyond a strict business basis. The needs of our own people require that any further advances by us must have most careful consideration.

Such men as Mr. Owen Young, President-elect Herbert Hoover,_ Mr. Coolidge himself, and Secretary Kellogg have from time to time said, in magazine article .. and in speeches made about the country, that the time will inevitably come when the people of the United States, in making loans abroad, will have to insist that their money go into prOductive enterprises, and that to invest their money in large war-time establishments is not good, sound business or banking.

In this connection it is well to note that Russin, with a population of 146,000,000, has not been recognized by some of the countries of the earth, among them our own, and this because it is claimed the Government of Russia i a virtual dictatorship. Does not this condition also prevail in another form in Italy? And may it not also apply, in a milder way, in some of the other countries which owe us tTemendous sums?

It should be borne in mind that Russia has refused, it is stated, to pay us its war debt because it was contracted, it is said, by a so-called minority of the Russian people; that this borrowing did not represent Rus&ia. Whether this be true or not, I should like to read from the December, 1928, issue of Current History, from an article entitled "Danger of American Loans to Europe," "'-ritten by Frances-co Nitti, former Minister

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17 of the Treasury and former Premier of Italy, in which he makes the following ob ervation :

Gradually as Europe reduces her sources of disorder • • • she will recover self-confidence, and the pt•esent state of things must sooner or later come to an end.

But the present situation should make America prudent and guarded in according loans to Europe. These loans are a danger and an error when they are made in countries which pre ent political instability or a disordered r~gime. A loan to a great German, French, or Belgian industry is almost without danger. But a loan to Russia, Poland, or Italy is not without danger as long as the present dictatorships endure. It may be assumed that the dollars lent will not, for the most part, be destined to the uses of production, but to luxury and military expenditure, and to the upkeep .of a ridiculous monetary system. • • •

There is also a political danger. If an obligation is to be valid, it must be freely contracted. When Parliament, the right of association and meeting, and the freedom of the press have all been suppressed, it is impossible for the obligation to be of a stable nature. Tbe irregular r~gimes of a dictatorship are not binding upon their successors.

In spite of the Kellogg peace pact it must be admitted that the government of Russia, with its 146,000,000 people, is not looked upon with favor by some of the powerful nations of the world; that Hungary and Italy have, in some form or other, a dictatorship; that in China, wi,th its 400,000,000 of people and a standing army of 1,500,000 men, a great civil and military con:tlict has just taken place; that parts of northern Africa have shown themselves restive under -French rule; that France has had difficulties in Arabia, while the British Empire has had t'rious difficulties with which to deal in Egypt and India; that

Germany is bound by a treaty to pay a tremendous burden in the form of war reparations, the amount of which has not as yet been fixed; that the budgets of some of these forejgn countries do not balance; that there is trouble in that part of Italy which -was ceded to it b-y Austria; that Austria, having lost a large part of it territory and having no seaport, is bound to import and export the necessities of life and all its commerce through countries which surround it with a tariff wall; that the people of Hungary are similarly placed as are those of Austria ; that war between Italy and Greece was narrowly averted; and that other serious conflicts in the Balkans seem from time to time about to break out; even in South America a few days ago, there was some difficulty between two countries in which hostilitie were barely avoided; that our own marines are in Nicaragua; that Haiti is under the domination of our armed forces to some extent; that the Panama Canal must always be the only bond between our Atlantic and our Pacific fleets; that we own Ha;waii and the Philippines, long distances from continental United States; and that to-day, besides being

the creditor nation of the worl<.l, we are embarking upon an area of foreign trade never bt'fcre attempted.

There is nodi pute that, despite all these conditions, England and Japan excel the United States in cruiser strength. They both excel ns in the size of their standing armies. If this were not so I would vote against any increase in the cruiser strength of our Navy. But, as it is so, I feel that America, with its small Army, with- all its diverse problems, and the conmtion of the wor2d being as it is, should keep its Navy on a parity with. that of any other single nation in the world.

Mr. President, I shall not detain the Senate longer; but I ask permission to insert some other tables that I have in the RECORD.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is o ordered.

(See Exhibit A.) Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, following the granting of that

permission, I would like to say that as long as any other nation in the world anywhere near our equal has the power-and a vast majority of the nations of Europe which do not begin to approach us in population insist on maintaining armies from twice to five times the size of that maintained in the United States; as long as England, Japan, France, and Italy excel us in cruiser strength; a long as the nations of the world owe us the combined sum of $26,000,000,000; as long as we have thousands of miles-of seacoast, and ships carrying our commerce to every part of the world; as long as we have pos.essions in. the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, the Philippines, Hawaii, and Guam; with the hatreds existing all over this world, hundreds of years old, and virtually armed camp all over Europe; with debts piled on debts which many nations would gladly fight to throw off-as long as the e conditions exist, the United States can not afford to take a position in the matter of her first line of defense, the Navy, with such a small standing Army as we posses , which is inferior to that of any other nation on the globe.

Our interests to-day are greater than those of England. While our territory may not be so widely scattered, our population is greatly in excess of that of Great Britain, and 40 per cent of that of the entire British Empire. I have no de ire to cause any hostility between England and our own country. I feel that if the navies of these two great nations are kept on a parity, it will be conducive to good feeling. But there will be con tant agitation if the navy of one or the other becomes predominant in any one line of equipment.

For these reasons I shall support the crui er bill, because we have a small Army, and with a small Army we must have a good strong first line of defense behind which we can recruit such forces as we may need should danger become imminent.

EXHIBIT A

World economic chart, 1927

-··----------~--------------~--~------.------.-----.-----~--~----.-------.-----~-----~------~--~~----~-----.-------~~------~--------------------------

Country Principal industries Area in square miles

Per cent

arable and

pasture land t

Per cent of

total area cultivated

ra~ro~ ia~fo~ ia~fo~ (OOO per per

omit- square cent ted) mile rural

Estimated

national wealth (000,000

omitted)

Wealth per

capita

National

income per

capita

Total Total national ~~~t e~:~al debt (000 capita (000 omitted) omitted)

Public loans in United States

(000 omit· ted)

United States governmental loans (000 omitted)

Total internal debt (000 omitted)

Government revenues (000 omitted)

Customs

Taxa- Monop-tion olies Total

----------1------------------1------ ---- ------- ---------- ------ -----1- ------1----1---- -----1------- -1------1-----------------NORTH AMERI·

CAN GROUP

United States . ... Agriclhlture, manufacturing, 2 2, 973, 776 etc.

42.0

14.7

18. 8 118, 628 39.3

2. 5

37. 3 $349, 000$2, 941. 90 $775. 00$18,422, 288 $155.2 -------- - -------- 8$11, 871, 848$18,422, 288$605, 500$2, 869,414 ----·---- $4, 129, 394

Canada ••••..•••• Agriculture, forestry, min- 3, 797,123 ing, etc.

5. 8 9, 390 00.. "· 000 ~ 662. 40 .u. 10 2. ,.,. .... 260. , ""· .. r,.· ... . .. .. .. .... . 1 ..... ,. 141. ... 204. ............ , ... 600

LATIN-AMERICAN GROUP

Argentina........ A~i~ulture, pastoraL ••••••• Bolivia .••.•••• :.. Mmmg __ ------------------BraziL___________ Agriculture, pastoral, for-

estry. Chile ___ --------- Agriculture, pastoral, mining. Colombia.------- ____ .do ___ ------- ___ ------- __ Costa Rica__ __ ___ Agriculture. _------------ __ _ Cuba ___ _____ ____ Agriculture, manufacturing. Dominican Re- Agriculture, forestry ••••• •••

public. Ecuador__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Agriculture, manufacturing,

mining. HaitL. .......... Agriculture .• ---- -----··-·-· Mexico........... Mining, agriculture ..••••••• Panama.......... Agriculture._-------- ----·-Paraguay __ ------ Agriculture, pastoraL ••••••• Peru._-- ·--·-··-- Mining, ·agriculture. ------·· Salvador--------- Agriculture. _ ••• ------------Uruguay _________ Agriculture, pastoraL ______ _ Venezuela........ Mining, agriculture, pas-

toral. EUROPEAN GROUP

Austria. ......... Agriculture, mining, manu-facturing.

Belgium .•••••••. Manufacturing, agriculture. Bulgaria.________ Agriculture._--- --- •.••••.•. Czechoslovakia._ Agriculture, manufacturing. Denmark •..•••.. Agriculture, dairying, pas-

toral. Estonia.......... Agriculture, manufacturing. Finla,nd.......... Agriculture, forestry, manu

facturing. France........... Agriculture, mining, manu

facturing. Germany·---·--- Manufacturing, mining, ag-

riculture. Greece .----····-_ Agricultw·e . _ ----·- ---------Hungary----··--- _____ do._ -------------------. Italy ______ ______ _ Manufacturing, mining,

shipping. Latvia ..••.•••••• Agricultw·e, forestry _______ _ Lithuania........ Agriculture, dairying, pas

toral. Netherlands. _____ ••.• do .•••.••• -----------. __ _ Norway--·-·----- Fisheries, mining, manu

facturing. Poland........... Agriculture,forestry,mining_ Rumania......... Agriculture, mining, manu-

facturing. Spain____________ Agriculture, mining ________ _ Sweden.--------- Agriculture, forestry, mining. Switzerland...... A gr i culture, dairying,

manufacturing. Union of Soviet Agriculture, mining, manu-

Republics. facturing. United Kingdom. Manufacturing, mining, ag

riculture. Yugoslavia ..•..•. Agriculture, mining, man

ufacturing. Footnotes at end of table.

1, 153, 119 62. 9 4 514, 595 - -- -----

3,275,520 --------

12.8 10,456 1.2 2,599

9.1 5. 0

11.2

62. 2 15, 000 1, 438, 00 -- ------ 1, 112, 800 106. 4 511, 253 286, 292 None. 601, 547 123, 187 87, 565 __ ----- -- 255,312 80.0 1, 500 577. 10 65, 339 25. 1 51,456 49, 588 None. 13,883 7, 220 3, 417 $265 15,282

20.6 36,871 84.4 16,000 433.90 .•••••.• 1,1~'3,300 30.2 767,887 120,384 None. 345,413 70,173 117,064 31,727 225,075

6 289,890 18.6------ --495, 522 75. 0 10. 0 23,000 ---- ---- 1. 0 44,164-- ------ 50.0 19,332 64.7 --------

120,000 -------- -- --- ---

10, 695 30. 0 15. 0 760, 290 60. 0 7. 0 32,388 ---- ---- 7. 0

4 61,647 ------ -- --------• 533,916 ---- ---- --- -----

13,176 ---- -- -- 80.0 72, 153 87. 2 4. 7

393, 976 45. 0 12. 0

4,002 7,800

469 3, 571 1,000

2,000

2,300 15,500

480 875

6,000 l, 681 1, 722 3, 053

13.8 ------- 3, 572 892.40-- ------15.7 80.0 5, 850 750. 00 ---- ----20.4 77.3-- -- -- ---- ---- ----- --- -----80. 8 73.0 3, 209 898. 70 --------51.7 80.0 ---- -- --- --------

16.6 90.0 --

215. 1 80. 0 150 652. 10 130. 40 20. 3 73. 3 6, 757 435.90 --------15. 1 50.0 ---- ----- -- ------14.2 80.0 ··-------- -- ------- --------11.2 -- ----- -- -------- ----···-- --·-----

127. 5 60.0----- ----- --- ------ --------23.8 70.0 2, 608 1, 514.5 --------

7. 7 80. 0 1, 250 409.4

46. 3 6, 537 201. 9 3, 412 522.0 155. 0

406, 103 80,759 20,459 90,120 15,000

27,877

19, 941 488,574 13,491

7, 845 124,671 23,163

229,708 15,461

330,547 32,368

11,754 39,835 54,206

51.8

65.0 63. 3 61.9 76.9

58. 5 8, 000 680. 6 52. 0 5, 484 137. 6

50.0

20.0 79.3 44.3 43.4

10, 769 1, 346. 1 1, 536, 395

916, 573 43. 2 14, 316 264. 1 76. 9 3, 435 207. 2

2, 211 403. 1 40. 0 302, 168 9, 942 680. 3 124. 4 1, 034, 142 6, 700 1, 950.7 -- -- ·--- 311,684

101. 4 348, 772 141, 218 10. 3 72, 075 60, 195 43. 7 17, 10l:i 7, 393 25. 2 79, 455 79, 455 15. 0 15, 000 15, 000

27.9

8. 7 31.5 28.1 9.0

20. 7 13.7

133. 3 5.1

19, 571

16,068 258,057 10,334 5,449

105,658 19,998

154,316 9,226

19,044

16,068 136, 239

10, 334 None. 86,982 17,055 38,387 None.

50. 5 280, 359 22, 110

192. 0 798, 972 227, 253 55. 1 266, 112 4, 500 73. 0 332, 755 44, 636 90. 7 141, 638 56, 500

18,334 149,914

40.4 11.0

26.0 1,120 61.0 59.0----- ----- ----- -- -- --------6.3 3, 558 23.7 82.9 3, 250 913. 4 -- --- ---

29, 421 26. 2 29, 219 4, 000 94, 248 26. 5 81, 832 51, 421

None. None. None. None. None.

None.

None. None. None. None. None. None. None. None.

34,159

413,580 None.

179,071 None.

15,479 8,814

57,331 6 48,226 0 28,440 --------- 7 113,181 8, 684 -------- ------- --- ------ --- 59,163 3, 351 3, 562 995 2, 297 6, 854

10, 665 44, 556 28, 746 87, 398 None. 4, 600 4, 330 - -------- 11,700

8,306 3, 812

3, 873 6, 732 230, 517 8 48, 881

3, 157 2, 604 2, 396 3, 719

19, 013 14, 758 3, 165 6, 221

75, 392 15, 373 6, 235 20, 033

1, 290 2, 295

831 ---------8 82,218 -- -------

2,557 -------- -1,272 ---------

11, 799 6, 109

13, ~~~ 1, 801

11,953 --·------

50, 188 28, 984 90, 888 54, 891

737,423 -------- ---------- ---------36,056 8, 036 21, 699 ---------

712,385 29,129 130, 146 35,991 170,046 54,926 47,293

202 4, 934 12, 416 28, 065

3,207 15, 191

3,602 2,149

8, 997

7, 772 8 166, 313

7, 323 5,888

37,918 10,000 43,722 34,555

218,268

293,667 44,954

345,267 100,382

22,885 90,418

212,736

10 180,972

49,912 35,875

117, 982

67.0 46. 6 40, 800 191. 7 53. 6 58, 200 1, 426. 4 175. 0 18, 695, 1!i2 458. 2 7, 172, 444 235, 668 4, 025, 000 11, 522, 708 148, 925 1, 267, 217 20, 139 1, 558, 939

25,402 6 21,482

63. 4 59. 0 10 62, 411 344. 8

16. 4 9. 8 6, 800 136. 2 81. 8 65. 0 8, 369 233. 2 73. 5 68. 6 42, 665 361. 6

40.7 -------- 1, 912 79.2 75.0 23.0 2, 279 106.4

35. 6 75, 500 1, 209. 7 210. 0 11 1, 031, 620 16. 5 217, 119 96, 295

65.0 2, 692 395.8 ------ -- 600,493 88.3 485,889 27,770 70.0 4, 896 585.0 -------- 350,722 41.9 312,377 8, 505 ::: ~ --- - ~:~~:~! ____ :~~~~ 123.0 9, 4::: :~: 22:::4,9::: :~: =~::~ 84.0 ---------- --------- -------- 15,912 7. 0 13,474 1, 846

None.

31,667 1, 953

2, 032,000

5, 775 6,163

814, 501 223, 468 1,119, 955

114, 604 26, 612 38,345 17,856

4, 459, 427 93, 968

64,041 27,988

803,820

102 9, 858 7, 760 2, 438 4, 330 2, 993

54, 107 2, 235, 424

4, 400 116,309 15, 538 208, 365

139, 163 1, 002, 022

5, 264 32, 024 3, 880 22, 954

12, 615 125,016

76. !i 3. 2

65. 8 7, 526 596. 5 53. 7 2. 0 2, 790 22. 3 56. 8

8, 260 1, 097.5 ---- - - -- 1, 173,840 155.9 40,000 40,000 2, 523 904. 2 258. 0 420, 337 150. 6 201, 095 93, 000

None. 1, 133,840 23,061 204, 116 ------ --- 245,375

149,933 122, 282

65.5 47.6

195, 061 90. 4 173, 150 --.-----15,944 40.7

8, 189, 374

94,203

96, 134

30.0

80.0

44.7

58. 9 30, 033 200. 3 61. 8 37. 4 17. 800 145.5 80.5

44.5 10.0 31.5

22,712 6,075 3, 991

10. 9 146, 305

31.0 45,226

26.'4 13,000

116. 4.---- --35.1 62.3

2!i0. 3 25.0

17.8

280.0

135.2

83.5

22.5

85.0

None. 219,242 27,611 57,249 1, 871 95,505

14,000 466. 1 50, 000 2, 808. 9

66. 5 473, 966 15. 8 438, 708 99, 987 175,060 66,061 45. 7 1, 056, 455 59. 3 846, 598 None.

42, 000 1, 849. 2 300.0 3, 037, 219 4, 886 804. ~ 213. 0 487, 439

11, 966 2, 998. 2 13 419, 826

31,694 216.6-------- 14 346,654

121, 663 2, 690. 1 451. 0 41, 354, 109

7, 200 554.0 -------- 665,827

133.7 80.2

105. 1

(12) None. 90. 879 55, 000 69, 000 69, 000

None. None. None.

2. 3 --------- -------- ------------

914. 3 5, 367, 750 159, 7281 4, 505, 000

51. 2 507,079 45, 250 62,450

35, 258 31, 539 110, 928 79, 457 246, 984 209, 857 43, 200 72, 196 42, 270 201, 742

(12) 98, 602 396, 560 78,755 350, 826 44, 469

286,816 53,884

6, 762

119,943 24,436

771

524,280 190,580 59,633

346, 654 97, 837 1, 201, 629 840, 358 2, 559, 222

35,986, 419 522, 633 2, 704,761 ·-·------ 3, 916,532

158, 748 ---·---- 94, 315 41, 571 205, 7Zl

EXHIBIT A-Continued World economic chart, 1927-Continued

Per Per PopE-l ::;~d cent cent Popu- Popu- Na.- Total Area in arable of lation lation lation national Wealth tiona! national Country Principal industries square and total (000 per per per income debt (000 miles area omit- square cent wealth capita per pasture (000,000 omitted)

land t culti- ted) mile rural omitted) capita vated

--------------------J'AR EAST GROUP

Australia ...•••.•. Agriculture, pastoral, mining. 2, 974, 581 7. 3 .9 6,178 2.0 37.4 $16,059 $2,599,0 -------- $2,237, 558 China ... ....• •••• Agriculture, manufacturing. 4, 278,000 14.8 -.------- 448,907 104.9 8a.o 2,402, 642 Dutch East In- Mining, agriculture ..•.••.•• 733,648 -------- -------· 51,014 69.5 92.7 ---------- -----·--- -------- 435,246

dies. India .•.. . •.••••• Agriculture, manufacturing. 1, 805, 332 50.1 37.0 326,928 181.0 75.0 ---------· --------- $25.0 3, 532,814 Japan .••..••••••• Manufacturing, shipping, II 149, 792 18.7 15. 6 61, 614 411.3 48.4 53,340 865.7 -------· 2,588,828

agriculture. New Zealand .•••• Livestock, agriculture .. .•••. 103, 285 28.0 -------- 1,442 13.9 51.2 4,862 3, 371.7 -------- 1, 196, 433

Government expenditures (000 Currency omitted) Surplus Note

or deficit circula-Country (000 Average Average tion (000 Capital Defense Debt expend- Total omitted) Unit Parity exchange exchange omitted)

service itures rate for rate for 1926 1927

United States----------------- $679,709 $787,020 $3, 493, 585 +$635, 809 Dollar .••.. .••• $1.0000 $1.0000 $1.0000 $3, 133, 155 --------Canada. •. ------------------··-· 13,086 129,676 $15,830 827,428 +71, 268 •.... do .•.••••. 1. ()()()() .9999 . 9997 213,586 Argentina ..•••• -------------- •• """"3;4i1 56,840 85,471 288,814 -33,002 Peso (gold) .••. 16 . 9648 • 9215 . 9630 574,265 Bolivia ...•.•••••••• ---•••• _ •••• 4, 788 1, 801 17, 150 -1,878 Boliviano ••••• . 3893 • 3409 . 3439 13,552 Brazil _____ --------·--------- ••• 53,386 38,780 -------- 244,650 -19,575 Milrels ••.••••• .3244 .1444 .1184 371, 007 Chile .•... -----·-··------------- 6 13, 706 7 125,439 -12,258 Peso ._--- --- -- .1217 .1208 .1207 41, 677 Colombia .••••• ---.---------- •• --------- 4, 227 18,036 64, 408 -5,245 _____ do ..•.•.•• • 9733 . 9845 • 9749 42,272 Costa Rica .• ·------·-···------- 655 2, 212 ................... 5, 653 +1, 201 Colon _________ .2500 . 2500 • 2500 -----------Cuba._- ------- -···· ·---------- 11,515 11, 279 -- ------ 87,398 Balanced. Peso __________

1. 0000 L 0000 1. 0000 -- ---------Dominican Republic ••••••••••• --------- 11,589 +lll Dollar _________ 1.0000 1. 0000 1. 0000 .... ........ ..........

Ecuador •• ··-·········--------- --------- 1, 078 -------- 7, 801 +1, 196 Sucre ..••••••• . 2000 .2006 .1897 7, 914 He.! tL ••••••• --.---· .••• -- •••••• 1, 299 2, 044 -------- 8, 729 -957 Gourde ..••••• . 2000 .2000 • 2000 1, 7415 Mexico .•.••••••• ---------_.---· 138,476 112, 730 -------- 1144,440 +21, 973 Peso •••••••••• . 4985 . 4831 .4702 17, 590 Panama •.•• -------------------- --------- 1, 227 2, 036 9, 597 -2,274 Balboa .•.. •••• 1. ()()()() 1.0000 1. 0000 ------4.-362 Paraguay __ ------ ••.••• -------- 1, 068 912 820 5,888 Balanced. Peso (gold) •••• . 9648 .9245 .9630 Peru .. __ --------------------- •• --------- --------- -------- 39,179 -1,261 Pound •. ------ 4. 8665 3. 7410 3. 7377 22,196 Salvador. ___ •• _ .••• ---- •• ____ •• 1, 656 2,120 ------ -- 9,996 +4 Colon .... ••••• .5000 . 5000 . 5000 7, 954 Uruguay_ .••••. ---------.---~-. 7,134 14, 101 -------- 43,639 +83

Peso __________ 1.0342 1. 0147 1.0134 68,607 Venezuela ... ---- •••.• ••••••• --- 3, 043 --------- 13,375 38,600 -4,045 Bollvar ••. •••• .1930 .1926 .1898 8, 684 Austria.··········· ··--- ------- 11,220 22,473 46,097 240,372 -22,104 Schilling •.••.• .1407 .1407 .1408 127, 538 Belgium ____ •••• ------·_ ••• __ •• 22,729 33,360 ·------- 258,060 +35,607 ~=~~--~~=====:: .139 18 .0326 .1392 279,649 Bulgaria .• _ ••.•••••••••• -- ••••• 8,404 9, 418 ..................... 49,076 -4,122 .193 .0072 .0072 29,696 Czechoslovakia.._-------------- 56,973 62,219 23,404 347,183 -~~

Crown ___ _____ (IV) .0296 .0296 204,807 Denmark..- ---------------···· 15,788 15,764 8,603 100,094 Krone ..• ..•••• . 2680 .2623 . 2673 86,071 Estonia ..•••.. -------.------·-· 4, 994 531 2, 766 22, 180 +705 Mark.-------- .1930 .0027 .0027 9,475 Finland .••.. ---.--------· •••••• 14,467 12,740 13,502 95,248 -4,800 Markka ...•••. . 0252 .0252 .0252 37,220 France ____ ••• ------------ •••••• 269,463 852,1563 1, 551,606 +7,383 Franc _________ 0.1930 0.0324 o. 0392 2, 301,001 Germany •. -------------------- 127, 581 83,346 -------- 2, 188,021 +47,403 Reichsmark •• _ 0. 2382 o. 2380 0. 2376 1, 005,344 Greece .•. --- •• ---------- -----.- 25,646 35,203 56, 106 116,954 -309 Drachma ••.••• 0.1930 0.0126 0. 0132 63, 559 Hungary .•••.. ----------------. 19,835 15,733 76,670 208,336 +29 Pengo ____ _____ 0. 1749 0.1756 0. 1747 82,933 Italy- -------------------------- 218, 186 290,974 92,782 998,480 +3, 542 Lira ____ _______ 0.1930 0.0389 0. 0516 902,300 Latvia.---_------------ •• - •• --- 6, 973 694 31,977 +47 Lat. ...••.••.• 0.1930 0.1930 0. 1930 12,738 Lithuania .• ----.-------- ••••••• 3,989 1, 197 2,105 22,954 Balanced. Lit •..•.••••••• 0.1000 0.1000 0.1000 8, 679 Netherlands •.•... -· ••••••••••.• 23,651 44,843

""i3,"441 259,448 -14,073 Florin ..•••.••• 0. 4020 0. 4010 0. 4011 325,264

~g{~'d~====== == ======= ::; === = == 11, 129 23,926 95,505 Balanced. Krone .••••••.• 0. 2680 0. 2233 0. 2605 83,353 74,857 17, 738 -------- 240,719 +6, 265 Zloty---------- to 0.1930 0.1118 0.1129 137,830

Rumania ...•• ------------------ 44, 199 35, 983 ""54;4i9 201,742 Balanced. Leu ___________

0.1930 0. 0046 o. 0060 127,052 Spain.······----------------- •• 85, 194 140, 551 535,557 - 11,277 Peso.--------- 0.1!)30 0.1490 0.1706 716,828 Sweden ___ • __ ... ------- ••• • ---- 37, 0171 29,029 190,580 Balanced. Krona •..••.... . 2680 .2676 . 2681 135,039 Switzerland •. _ ... ---- •.•. ---- .. 16, 3741 21, 722

"472,"709 62,368 -2,735 Franc _________ .1930 .1931 .1927 160,948 Union Soviet RepubJ1cs _____ __ _ 347, 580, 102,471 2, 524,206 +35, 016 Chervonetz ••• 5.1460 5. 1500 5. 1493 638,356 United Kingdom _______________ 567, 427 1, 840, 306 4, 094,002 -178, 370 Pound.------- 4. 8665 4. 8582 4. 8610 1, 854, 137 YugoSlavia ___ _________________ 41, 864 10, 595 205, 721 Balanced. Dinar _________ .1930 . 0176 . 0176 99,441

Australia _____ .••• --------.----- 177, 752 112,864 37,369 328,872 -13,741 Pound_------- 4. 8665 4. 8582 4. 8610 235,506 China .. _ .. _______ -----_ •••• ---- 297,703 166,466 48,565 634,362 -172,718 Mexjcan dol- 21 .4811 .4992 4. 4503 229,300

lar. Dutch East Indies _____________ 44,595 35,008 ................... 264, 375 -370 Florin ..••••.••

-~ • 4010 . 4011 140,722

India .... ____ .• ___ --------- --- -- 215, 9991 63, 939 475,875 +193 Rupee ..• ..••• 21.3650 . 3632 . 3631 658,185

~~;nze:ilanrc:================ ~: ~f, ---46,"008 51,072 757, 771 Balanced. Yen __________ _ .4986 .4712 . 4741 692,679

116,728 +1,362 Pound _____ ___ 4. 8665 4. 8582 4. 8610 33,092

Public Government revenues (000 omitted) Total loans in United Total Debt external United States gov- internal per debt States ernmental debt (000 capita (000 (000 loans (000 Cus- Taxa- Monop-omitted) Total omitted) omit- omitted) toms tion olies ted)

--- -------__..l_

$362.2 $879,743 $75,000 None. $1,357,815 $190,761 $52,840 ""$17~348

$315, 131 5.4 1, 859, 631 11,985 None. 543,011 61, 131 316, 191 461,644 8. 5 422,833 150,000 None. 12,413 39, 196 70,696 32,525 264,005

10.8 1, 666,679 None. None. 1, 866, 135 169,360 106, 219 --------- 476,068 42.0 727,929 137, 146 None. 1, 860,899 49,963 381,690 72,166 757,771

829.7 (1:1) None. None. (12) 40, 295 38,372 16,011 118,090

Exports Ilnports Present (000 omitted) (000 omitted) note cir- Bank VIsible

Gold culatlon derr:;ts balance

reserve per cent of trade To From (000 of pre- omitted) Total United Total United omitted) war States States

$4,565,098 28.1 $51, 133, 000 $4,808,660 $4,430,888 ..

+$377, 772 ................. ....... $687,"708 138, 119 183 2, 403, 171 1, 252, 1158 $466,628 1, 030,893 +221, 265

460,114 164 1, 520, 652 729,991 88,137 757,928 143,575 -27,937 8, 542 160 21,332 41,822 3, 958 24, 146 6, 955 +17, 676

230,762 286 547,338 469,436 220,411 886,783 114,626 +72, 653 75,268 187 ------------ 198, 261 96, 189 156, 111 51,006 +4~~g 42, 201 ---------- 49, 118 111,717 90,242 111,441 49,300 1, 947 --------·- ------------ 18,962 7, 642 13,826 7, 706 +5, 136

----------- ------------ 301, 709 242,882 260,826 160,052 +40, 883 ----------· ------·--- ----------·- 24,896 6,876 23,678 15,685 +1, 218

5, 301 ---------- 13, 161 12,763 5, 069 9, 461 4,006 +3,312 17 581 1015 5, 953 15,299 1, 195 16, 761 12,057 -452

......................... ---------- 80,004 3215,304 230,937 179,289 126, 319 +146, 015

------2;123 -------298 ------T97a 2,650 2,395 14,289 9,495 -11,894 14,327 1, 065 11,284 1, 792 +3,043

25, 164 299 ----·-·a;4i4 89, 769 31,032 73,171 33, 063 +16, 598 5, 4Q~ 280 24,636 4, 562 29, 123 20,320 -4,487

56,822 213 133,114 96, 170 11,331 96,657 21,638 -487 10,267 425 ------------ 79,590 19,035 76,312 44,155 +3,278 66, 793 -- -- ------ 139,991 245,512 8, 511 406,156 20,872 -160,644

159,064 1, 001 ............ .............. 542, 126 50,593 639,406 72,614 -97,280 10,435 2,496 41,914 40,841 690 45,036 619 -4,195 99, 263 ---------- 710,928 528, 610 25,028 452,018 22,496 +76, 592 52,641 212 558,657 397,274 5,509 425,112 50,577 -27,838 3, 974 ---------- 7,929 25,695 336 25,517 3,060 +178

39,312 1,380 260,820 142,041 9,202 142,826 20,191 -785 1, 070, 153 1, 026 ------------ 1, 930, 530 126,516 1, 929,884 256,598 +646

439,941 153 2, 921,284 2, 337,002 177,100 2, 514,785 427,476 -177,783 14,282 1,969 ............................ 68,301 16,149 126,953 20,393 -58,652 34,391 ---------- 156,843 151,903 686 166,282 3,880 -14,379

728,130 629 ------------ 726,190 75, 124 1, 006,227 218,351 -280,037 9, 222 ---------- ------------ 36, 381 1, 079 50,241 1, 947 -13,860 3,136 ---------- 3,450 25, 330 208 24,076 1, 066 +1, 254

156,7 0 259 ------------ 701,403 53,722 979, 164 103,441 -277,671 39,458 297 456,963 181, 157 25,076 244,096 24,880 -62,939 78,068 ---------- 53,000 275,990 4,244 292,204 38,986 -16, 214

----------- 4,809 124,360 230,943 -----31,"579 224, 521 1, 398 +6, 422 602,379 217 --·--------- 218, 713 295,631 59,733 -76,918

61,996 214 954,929 379,870 44,000 398,685 40,861 -18,816 89,055 266 ----- --· -- -- 354,682 38,819 466,314 43,907 -111,632

117, 039 83 488,620 390,577 --- "358," 518 361,483 ------- ... +29, 094 735, 42~ 776 11,244,048 3, 777,074 6,038,125 1,115,446 -2,261.051 92,433 123, 186 137,964 887 134,678 5,457 +3, 286

107,380 206 954,182 704,550 90,044 801,877 202,816 -97,327 22 170,263 396 ------------ 656,864 114,086 854,408 142,612 -197,544

74,692 316 ------------ 651,692 100,001 370,612 21,442 +281,080 23 459, 157 280 ------------ 1, 092,742 143,203 838,849 54,657 +253,893

641,071 381 2, 666,555 963,476 405, 647 1, 120, 271 320,504 -156,795 37,959 306 ------------ 215,400 18, 075 242,363 48,582 -26,963

t"' ~

r Country

Foodstuiis u

Exports Imports

Railroad mileage Motor vehicles Ship· ¥~~~ 1----:-----.------1-----:-----.-- -l Tele- :/~i!. nage Per Per Total gffiraph graph regis- 10,000 1.000 Motor Motor per ° CE)'I lines u

tered H Total inhab- square vehicles 21 cycles 24 i~~~g-itants miles itants

Telephone in· struments

Coal in short tons u

Petroleum in barrels 24

Crude Iron Pig steel

p ore pro- iron cfu~~-d 1 er Pro- Con· Pro- Con- duced 24 dJ>~~ 24 (short inh~g. duced sumed duced sumed tons) u !tants

Total u

Pri· mary

Price index prewar base 100

scbools Cost of ~~~~!&living price

~ -------,.-----1----1----1--- ----------------------·-- ------ ------------------------------United States. ______________ $838, 067 $957,269 26,343 249,398 21.0 Canada ...••• _____ ---- ______ 708,175 157,377 1, 255 40,353 42.0 Argentina .. ·-- ___ ---------- 463,163 85, 523 262 23, 741 22.7 Bolivia··---- __ •• __________ • 42 5,246 1, 298 4. 9 Brazil .. ---·. ____ ----------- 369,569 94,887 -----387 19,451 5. 2 Chile •• ---------- __ ------- __ 14,612 20,743 162 5, 522 13.7 Colombia __________ --------_ 50 1,417 1.8 Costa Rica .•• _____ _________

1 423 IJ.O Cuba •• ·· ·---- ____ ---------- 259, 812 101,394 100 2, 415 6. 8 Dominican Republic._----- 21,397 5,099 ----- --- 117 1.2 Ecuador ....•••• _. __ -------- 8,011 1, 569 14 530 2. 6 Haiti--------------------- •• 12,624 5,176 8 166 . 7 Mexico .•.. ----------------- 60 13, 197 8. 5 Panama .•... --------- ~- ____ -·------· ---Tii26 -------- 295 6.1 Par11guay --- ________________

---i5;ii78 517 5. 9 Peru._--------------------- 15, 676 79 2,090 3. 4 Salvador. __ ---------------- 24,134 2, 637 349 2.1

~~~~~a:::::::::::::::::: 45,063 14, 615 ------75 1, 890 10. 9

4,870 43, 1)24 -----25ii 661 2.1 Austria .•... ______________ ._ 8,326 151, 695 4,337 6. 6 Belgium ____________________ 62, 762 163, 652 480 3, 158 3.9 :ewga.ria ..•..••• ____ ----·--- 15,862 1, 154 15 1, 693 3. 1 Czechoslovakia.. ____________ 99,091 101, 301 8, 524 6. 0 Denmark _______ ---------- __ 272, 267 76, 390 ---i;i3i 3, 150 IJ.2 Estonia .•..•. _______________ 7, 927 9,158 66 1, 099 9. 9 Finland .• _________ ----- ____ 13,936 37,220 477 2, 967 8. 3

France .•. ----_-------- ----- 1114,681 375, 401 3, 491 25, 912 6. 4 Germany _________ _ ·-------- 113,381 851,692 3,420 35,870 5. 7 Greece ..•.•• ------ ___ ------- 13,837 43, 649 1, 029 1, 519 2. 2 Hungary_.----------------- 92, 639 10,548 7,328 8. 8 Italy __ .. ~---- _____ --------- 178,633 231, 245 --T2ii 10,251 2.4 Latvia. ___ _____ ____ .-----·--_ 8, 5~9 7, 626 68 1, 741 . 9 Lithuania .. ---------------- 5, 007 4,480 ---2;565 1, 052 4. 6 Netherlands .• ______________

---45;786 ---54;ii5ii 2, 263 3. 0 Norway .. ------ ___ ------- __ 2,842 2, 239 8. 0 Poland.-·- -------------"·-- 69,094 66,585 28 10,549 3. 5 Rumania ____________ ------- 10,115 1,872 185 9,866 5. 5 Spain .••..• _________________

126,839 54,265 1, 165 10,009 4.4 Sweden .•...• --------------- 33, 132 100,315 1, 339 9,985 16.4 Switzerland .•• ______ --·-- __ 8, 381 131,200 3,607 9. 0 Union of Soviet Republics .••

--373;668 2;577;284 439 46, 357 3.1 United Kingdom •.••••...•• 19,893 20,391 4. 5 Yugoslavia.----------·----- 67,059 6, 882 246 6,118 4. 7 Australia . ••• • _____ ---·----- 219,1138 51, 443 810 28,439 46.0 China .....• . ______ --------- 186,003 166, 965 300 9,501 . 02 Dutch East I.ncUes _____ _____

--429;isii --ii9;482 639 4, 422 9 India .•..... _____ ----------- 367 38, 578 1.2 Japan._.· ··--- ___ ---------- 66,816 175,280 3, 968 12,644 2.1 New Zealand _______________ 118,315 16, 125 208 3, 138 21.7

1 Excluding forest land. 2 Continental United States land area.. s Total debt of Corelgn governments to United States Government. • Exclusive of area In dispute. o Including area in dispute. · 6 Estimated. 7 Actual. ! Figures for 1925, latest available. s Denmark proper.

83.8 22,137.0 132.0 187.7 10.6 829.3 7. 5 89.1 20.5 222.6 3. 6 21.6 2. 5 2. 7 .1 1.0 5. 9 110.7 5.0 3.1

19.0 18.0 .2 4. 5 2. 9 7. 9 . 2 1. 0

18.4 1.2 .05 2. 7 54.6 36.9 .2 10.4 6. 0 2. 8 . 04 2.8 4. 4 1.2 . 03 .06 '

15.5 2. 1 .02 . 9 17. 2 50.5 . 7 3. 3

9. 1 5. 1 • 4 11.4 8. 3 . 7 -------- .8 3. 9 9. 3 • 2 1.6

26.4 1.2 .5 1.0 26.1 30.1 . 5 17.7 1.6 10.1 . 3 3. 4

133.9 23.1 25.3 7.4 268.6 122.0 29.5 18.9 42.5 2. 5 .4 . 5

157.2 27.1 18.0 3. 2 190.0 96.9 21.2 34.4 59.9 1.5 . 3 1.6 19.8 24.4 5. 1 8.3

121.8 336. 7 138.0 23.9 193.2 368.7 339.2 11.3 30.4 11.2 . 5 1.7 20.4 12.3 4. 7 2.0 86.8 134.9 64. (j 4. 6 69.6 ---------- ..................... --------48.9 .8 .2 .4

179.3 69.1 .................... 9. 2 17.9 35.4 . 7.1J 15. 5 70.3 18.9 3. 4 • 7 80.6 15.8 .8 .9 51.3 135.0 9. 0 6. 3 57.6 99.2 26.3 20.6

226.4 51.6 21.0 18.1 56.6 17. 2 7. 7 .2

216.4 1, 045. 3 635.4 3'7. 2 63.6 8. 6 2. 7 .9 9. 5 365. 7 70.3 70.5 2. 2 20.3 1. 7 . 05 6. 0 47.0 7. 9 1.1

21.4 88.8 21.8 .3 84.4 42.7 16.1 1, 0 28.9 123.2 32.1 107.6

10 Exclusive of Saar Territory. n Exclusive of reparations, present day value of which is placed at $5,950,000,000, or $95.3 per capita. u Official debt figures are not segregated. u Exclusive of railway debt, which is self-supporting, the amount outstanding is equivalent to $128.4

per capita.

49,260 1, 925.0 17,574. 0 148.1 662,727 551,720 766,504 844, 077 67,623 38,181 48,294 263,280 173.0 4,801 52. 0 1,201. 0 127.9 16,478 33,506 339 ...................... 200 848 864 30,808 152.0 3,943 26.4 189.0 18.7 -------- 2,851 7,400 -------- -------- ------ ·- -------- 10,221 --------322 4. 3 3. 6 1.3 -------- 25 -····--- 157 -------- -------- -------- 637 4,592 51.0 266.0 7. 2 441 2,394 ..................... ---6;iiiii 33 38 -------- 22,484

---i82~ii 1, 056 16.0 35.2 8.8 1, 570 1, 763 925 -------- 3,870 756 19.2 17. 3 2.2 ............ ........ -------- 6, 446 1, 743 ....................... ................... ..................... 6,514 --------150 2.2 2.3 4. 9 ..................... . 9-------- 31l .................... .......... ........ -------- 502 --------332 4. 6 63.8 17.9 ................... 679 9 ------ -- 461 ..................... -------- 3, 688 --------66 . 3 1. 4 1.4 .................. -----"'-- ......... ........... 389 .................. .................... ................... 1,373 ................... 195 4. 4 3. 8 1. 9 .................. ................... 213 256 .. .................... ................... -------- 1, 262 .... ------48 .9 1.4 . 6-- ---- -- .1 -------- 29 ·------· -------- .................. 1, 060

1, 007 40.5 54.5 3. 5 .................... -------- 90,072 -------- .. .................. 54-------- 11, 704 .................. 50 4. 2 7. 7 16.0 .................... .................... .. ........ ........ .. .. ................... -------- -------- ...................... 502

1.8 . 5 . 5 - ------- ~-------................ ................... ...................... ................. \. --------- 687 --------1, 316 7. 9 11.0 1.8 112 154 . 10,782 5,000 .................... -------- -------- 3, 270 177.0

250 2. 6 3. 3 1.9 .................... . 4-------- 311 .................... -------· -------- 849 --------6.4 26.1 15.1 -------- 214 .................... 3, 050 .. ................... -------- ·------- 1, 230 --------6. 9 12.1 4.0 ---3;795 ---5;715 37, 226 ---i;35i ---i;i97 -----367 -------- ---6;309 ---ios:o 3,047 7. 6 158.4 24.2 ---3;708 1, 626 5.8 190.0 23.7 27,910 36, 137 2, 639 218 3, 747 8, 329 -2;698:o 621 4. 6 9. 0 1.6 1, 328 1, 287 329 ---i;322 ---i;488 7, 761 3, 643 12.8 119.0 8.3 u 36,707 ---4;409 560 20,833 735.0

983 9.1 316.0 92.0 -----227 -----372 4, 491 176.0 35 . 3 11.7 10.4 98

------~3 ------i3 ---8;398 24132.0 405 6.2 82.0 23.0 --57;814 624 -----5iio 492 --"9;288 163.0

29,113 221.6 737.2 18.1 71, 150 16, 148 43, 519 10,353 82,260 507.0 47, 163 138.0 2, 668.4 43.1 2~313,536 6257,666 649 2,238 5,224 10, 631 13, 595 54, 738 150. (j 1,412 11.2 5. 5 .8 149 607 358 71 97 8, 231 1, 964.0

724 5. 8 79.0 9.4 6, 419 6, 697 ------48 448 145 207 ---i,:776 6,390 112.0 9, 785 40. 1 200.0 4. 6 1, 653 14,586 551 5 3 131,444 536.0

-------- 5. 9 18.8 9. 8 ------ -- .................. -------- 255 -------- ----·--- -------- 1, 891 ---i3s:o 301 3. 9 5. 7 2. 5 ..................... 182 ................... 10 ------ -- -------- -------- 2, 201 1, 822 28.8 214.0 28.4 9, 535 11, 1811 -------- 3,829 -------- 112 ............. ...... .. ll, 570 167.0 2, 294 10.4 184.2 66.0 321 1, 653 .................... 1, 269 469 4 -------- 5 889 195.0 3, 876 20.5 132.0 4.4 42,439 26,786 5,103 2,394 500 594 .................... 27:555 121.8 6, 751 11. 1 47.7 2. 7 3, 365 3,505 22,711 9, 049 113 69 ____ : ___ 14,346 3, 900.0 3,475 31.9 113.0 4.9 6, 919 7, 988 ...................... 1, 813 4,820 514 .. ----"t-- 38,808 225.0 3,648 27.8 450.6 74.1 423 4, 795 ................. - 1, 074 9, 332 547 516 528 172.0 2, 359 11.7 200.2 60.1 -------- 2, 381 .................... 293-------- -------- ................... 5,100 162.0 3,524 382.7 192.8 1..3 33,620 20,977 74,400 47,914 3,448 2,688 3, 432 107,630 199.0

12,934 110.4 1, 390.2 30.7 141, 432 145,600 2 42,857 4, 586 2, 753 4, 020 29,000 169.0 1,103 12.4 29.9 2.3 4,607 4, 960 ..................... .................... 396 21 -------- 7, 463 ---i57:o 8,904 118.1 403.6 65.3 16,504 15, 416 ............. ..... 993 -------- 504 -------- 11,958 1, 128 56.4 78. G .2 22,046 24,802 .....................

5, "'l·----- ---·---- --- ----- 178,981 338 6. 8 , 'I . 7 1,544 .....................

22, 21l01 7, 000-- ------ 38,370 ---iso~o 3, 720 93.0 43.2 .1 --3i;4io --3ii;5i8 ___ !:~~~ 14, 000 1, 702 ·----755 175,596

6, 742 54.5 63!1. 7 10.3 2,247 344 25,724 205.0 13.1 130.2 90.2 2, 115 2,416 2, 5821 ________ 2,580 ...................

11 Exolusive of Imperial Russian Government debts which have been repudiated. These amount to $114.6 per capita.

a Japan proper.

151.0 152.2

..................

---·-----------· ---------------· ----------------................. .............. __

200.0 --------..................... , ---i27:o

838.0 2, 891.0

975.0 154.0

24112.0 149.0 594.4 140.1

---i33~ ii 466. o·

-----------i5i:o

166.0 120.9

---iiis~o 148.0 150.1 170.0 141.1

---i73·-165'

9

152' 8

147" 0

168' 0

.5 --------

16 Value or paper peso is 44 per cent or gold peso. 11 United Stctes currency. 18 Paper franc. Belgo. was establishtld as a new unit October, 1926, and its value placed a.t 5 paper francs. ID Has no parity: stabilized at around this figure. 20 Stabilized at $0.11218 on Oct. 13, 1927. ' 21 Varies with price of silver. 22 Silver. 2a Gold and silver. 24 000 omitted. 26 Includes lignite. 2e Base used 100, as of 1922.

1840 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-BEN ATE JANUARY 17 FIRST DEFICIENOY APP~OPRIATIONS

Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, I ask that the deficiency appropriation bill be proceeded -with. . The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the consideration of the bill (H. R. 15848) making appropriations to supply urgent deficiencies in certain appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1929, and prior fiscal years, to provide urg~nt supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1929, and for other purposes.

The PRESIDING OF]'ICER (Mr. FEsa in the chair). The clerk will report the substitute offered by the Senator from Washington [Mr. JoNEs].

The CHIEF CLERK. In lieu of the matter proposed to be in· serted by the committee on page 16, after line 15, insert the following:

BUREAU OF PROIDBITION

For expenses not to exceed $250,000 for dissemination o! information and appeal for law observance and law enforcement, including the necessary printing in connection therewith, and for expenses in connection with travel of officers and employees in attending meetings of sheriffs and chiefs of police and other meetings in the interest of law enforcement, to remain available until June 30, 1930.

Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, I suggest the ab~ence of a quorum.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following _&enators

answered to their names : -Ashurst Dill Kendrick Sheppard Barkley Edge Keyes Simmons Bingham Fess McKellar Smith Black Fletcher McNary Smoot Blaine Frazier Mayfield Steck Bratton George Metcalf Steiwer Brookhart Glass Neely Swanson Broussard Gfenn Norris Thomas, Idaho Bruce Hale Nye Thomas, Okla. Burton Harris Oddie Tydings Capper Hastings Overman Vandenberg Caraway Hawes Ransdell Wagner Copeland Hayden Reed, Pa. Walsh, Mass. Couzens Heflin Robinson, Ind. Walsh, Mont. Curtis Johnson Sackett Warren Deneen Jones Schall Waterman

Mr. MoKELLAR. I desire to announce the unavoidable absence of my colleague [Mr:. TYsoN] on account of illness. I ask that this announcement stand for the rest of the day.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Sixty-four Senators having answered to their names, there is a quorum present.

Mr. JONES. Mr. President, I desire to amend the substitute which I have heretofo-re offered. I will ask that the substitute· be read with the language added to it which I send to the desk. -

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The substitute as modified will be read.

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 16, after line 15, in lieu of the amendment proposed by the committee, insert:

BUREAU OF PROIDBITION

For expenses not to exceed $250,000 for dissemination of information and appeal for law observance and law enforcement, including the necessary printing in connection therewith, and for expenses in connection with travel of officers and employees in attending meetings of sherilfs and chiefs of police and other meetings in the interest of law enforcement ; for increasing the enforcement force, $1,000,000 ; in all, $1,250,000, to remain available until June 30, 1930.

Mr. JONES. This is offered as a substit-ute for the amendment that is in the bill now relating to prohibition, in lieu of the $25,000,000 provision.

Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, I wish to say on the part of the committee, so far as I can do so, that the amendment will be accepted ; and I hope it will be agreed to.

Mr. GLASS. 1\Ir. President, let us have it read. Some of us have just ente~ the Chamber and would like to know what the proposition is. .

'l'he PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will again read the proposed substitute.

The Chief Clerk again read the proposed substitute as modified.

~ir. WALSH of Massachusetts. Mr. President, are we to understand that the substitute is accepted by the committee?

Mr. SMOOT. Yes; by the committee. Mr. HARRIS. I think the Senator is mistaken about that. Mr. OVERMAN. The committee did not accept it. I am

a member of the committee and never heard of it before. Mr. SMOOT. Perhaps I misunderstood the Senator from

Massachusetts. What did the Senator ask? Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. I asked if the substitute had

been accepted by the chairman of the committee.

Mr. SIMMONS. So far as he is able to do so, but he can not control the committee.

Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. The chairman, so far as he can do so, but not the committee?

Mr. SMOOT. Yes. :Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President, when the Senate remembers

that I have suggested an additional appropriation of as much as $270,000,000 for the enforcement of prohibition, it can well imagine the pain, not to say acute distress, with which I re-ceive the suggestion, first, that only the additional sum of $25,000,000 should be appropriated for this purpose, and then the suggestion that only the additional sum of $1,250,000 should be appropriated for it. If anything ever declined in a paltry diminuendo scale, it certainly did so when even the proposition to appropriate such a small additional sum as $25,000,000 for the enforcement of prohibition dwindled to such a petty sum as $1.250,000. .

One interesting fact has been developed by the debate in relation to pending amendment, and that is the fact that two of the most enthusiastic prohibitionists in the Senate are entirely at odds with each other as to the practical outcome of the "noble " prohibition experiment. Yesterday the Senator from Texas [Mr. SHEPPARD] pictured the present outlook of prohibition enforcement in such roseate and glowing language that I almost felt as "if there was a possibility of my becoming a convert to the good cause myself. And yet here to-day we have the Senator from Georgia [l\It. HARRIS] admitting that there are now 50 bootleggers in the United States for every one of the old saloons. Indeed, the Senator from Georgia did not hesitate to acknowledge--and I think I use his very language--· that prohibition enforcement at the present time is a mere farce.

It does seem to me that the instruments in the prohibition band ought to be taught in some way or other to keep better time with each other. That hopeless discrepancy of view between the two Senators demonstrates how hard it is even for the prohibitionists to form any reliable conclusions about prohibition. Even the sum of $25,000,000, as a proper additional sum for the enforcement of prohibition, appears mean and despicable when contrasted with the amounts that prohibition officials, who have been or are in the best position to express an opinion, have dedared to be necessary.

Only a few days ago I called attention in the Senate to wh.at 1\fr. Doran, the Prohibition Commissioner, had said upon this subject, and I desire to avail myself of this occasion to declare that he has always left upon me the impression of being an able, c-ourteous, and just-minded official. When a healing was held a short time ago by the House Appropriations Committee with respect to pending Treasury and Post Office Department appropriations he was reported as saying:

It is a matter of policy whether Congress wants to embark in the police business in regard to prohibition. If it does, it will take $300,000,000 and a system of United States courts covering the land.

Now, that is not the testimony of some mere prohibition or antiprohibition zealot. Nor is it the testimony of some poorly informed individual in relation to something that has lain entirely outside of the province of his own personal experience. It is the testimony of the man of all others in the United States who ought to be able to form an intelligent judgment as to just how much money will have to be appropriated by Congress if prohibition is to be enforced.

Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Mary

land yield to the Senator from Texas? Mr. BRUCE. I yield. Mr. SHEPPARD. Has the Senator all the language used by

Doctor Doran? Mr. BRUCE. I have just read it word for word. Mr. SHEPPARD. Will the Senator read it again? Mr. BRUCE. While I think that there is no need for placing

it in the RECORD again, yet I gladly read it : It is a matter of policy whether Congress wants to embark in the

police business with regard to prohibition. If it does it will take $300,000,000 and a system of United States courts covering the land.

1\Ir. SHEPPARD. I take it he was re,ferring to one system of enforcing prohibition.

Mr. BRUCE. Yes; but he was referring to the only systemthat is to say, the police system-by which it can be enforced.

Mr. SHEPPARD. I understand it to be his position that if it devoted its efforts mainly to the arrest of illicit alcohol at the source the Federal Government could accomplish more than if it were to try to detect and punish every little offender.

• 1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE 1841

Mr. BRUCE. No; his idea is the idea that has prevailed ln the Prohlbition Department ever since prohibition went into effect, or certainly since Gen. Lincoln C. Andrews became Assistant Secretary of the Treasury ; that is to say, the idea that the effort of the Federal Government should be to suppress the larger sources of supply of liquor ; in other words, to arrest and punish the big offenders; and that the State should police prohibition violations more closely than they have heretofore done.

But the Senator from Texas begs the question. The States have not been willing to make up the difference between the annual F ederal appropriations for the enforcement of prohibition and the total sum necessary for its thorough enforcement.

l\1r. SHEPP A.RD. I was attempting to give my conception of Doctor Doran's view of this subject. I understand it to be his idea that better results could be accomplished if the Federal Government concentrated its efforts on suppressing the supply of indust rial alcohol at the source.

Mr. BRUCE. That is right in part. That was one of the ideas of General Andrews.

Mr. SHEPPARD. Then he went on to say that if we undertook in addition to that to use the resources of the Federal Government in prosecuting and convicting every offender, small or large, it would take $300,000,000.

Mr:· BRUCE. He did not say that. Mr. SHEPPARD. I understood that to be his position. Mr. BRUCE. Doctor Doran ought to make himself a little

clearer next time, and it will probably be well for him to call to his aid the Senator· from Texas who always expresses himself, as I gladly bear testimony, with an unusual degree of clarity. I believe that Doctor Doran was conservative when he expressed those ideas.

A few days ago, speaking without premeditation, as I am too apt to do, I referred to the testimony of Mr. Buckner, recently United States district attorney for one of the districts of the State of New York, before the Senate subcommittee which dealt with the subject of prohibition in the year 1926. In doing so, I did not correctly recall what he had said. · My · memory at the time was that wha't he had said applied only to the southern district of New York, whereas I find on refreshing my recollection that it applied mainly to the entire State of New York. I now gladly make the proper correction. What he said was this: ·

If, however, you do not abolish jury trials, but you stick to the Federal constitutional right of jury trial as it is to-day, and if you take th~ estimate that I have figured out from courts of special sessions in New York City-no better place to go to for information as to the rela-. tive length of trials which are 5 to 1-then it is obvious that instead of 17 courts in my district I should have 85.

To that extent Mr. Buckner was speaking of his own district and not of the entire State of New York.

Continuing he further said: Instead of 3.0 courts for the entire State there should be 150 new

Federal judges for the entire State of New York under the present system.

Think of that I There should be 150 new Federal judges for the entire State of New

York under· the present systein. And although there would be various shiits and changes you would not quite need five timeS as many prohibition agents-perhaps two times would do·-there are other things in which you would need more, and · it is not far wrong to simply take the arbitrary 5 to 1 and say that the annual cost of enforcing prohibition, taking both the Department of Justice and the Prohibition Unit, the whole of machinery that I have outlined to you would be $75,000,000 a year.

That is to say, for the State of New York alone, according to Mr:. Buckne.r, a very able and faithful representative of the Federal Government during his term of · office, the sum of $75,000,000 annually would be necessary for the enforcement of prohibition in the State of New York.

Mr. SIMMONS. Mr. President, how does the Senator from Maryland reconcile that statement with the statement of the Secretary of the Treasury that $13,000,000 is as much as is needed in the whole country?

Mr. BRUCE. I am coming to that in a moment. T}lose figures given us by Mr. Buckner are all the more sig

nificant when it is recalled that there are far fewer arrests for drunkenness in the city of New York in proportion to population than in many of the Southern States which are preposterously t~rmed "dry." New York is a great civilized city. Like all civilized communities, it knows how to practice self-restraint. The existence of prohibition in a community, as I have often said, is not a token of a high order of civilization; it is a token

of a low order of civilization; that is to say, it is indicative of a community in which moral impulses on the whole are so feeble and the power of individual restraint on the whole is so poorly developed, that men can not drink except to excess and without bringing down the penalties of prohibition upon their heads.

I brought out the fact here a year or so ago that while there is only one arrest for drunkenness for a certain number of people in the city of New York-I forget the exact number at this moment-there are 274 for the same number of people in three of the largest cities of one of the Southern States, which, after all, is but a typical Southern State,- so far as drinking is concerned. No wonder that in certain communities like those prohibition should obtain among moral and respectable people a foothold which it is powerless to obtain in communities where men have more self-restraint.

I have no wish, of cours~, to bear hardly on any particular Southern State, if for no other reason because, as I have more than once had occasion to observe, a few years-ago the fact was brought out by one of the reports of the Department of Justice that 70 per cent of all the distilleries seized by Federal prohibition agents in the United States were seized in the 11 old Confederate Southern States.

So if $75,000,000 is necessary for the enforcement of prohibition in one single State of the Union-the State of New Yorkand that a State where there are, in proportion to population, relatively few arrests for drunkenn.ess, pray what total appropriation is requisite for all the 48 States of the Union? In my opinion, Mr. Doran was but expressing himself with extreme moderation when he said that to enforce prohibition through the instrumentality of the proper police agencies throughout the country an expenditure of $300,000,000 would . be necessary, to· say nothing of the courts, which, he also said, would under those circumstances have to cover the face of the land. The only reason why our friends the prohibitionists do not ask for. the $300,000,000 is because they dare not ask for it.

They know that then, if not sooner, the people of the United States would revolt; that then, if not sooner, the people of the United States would realize that if this vile and detestable system of tyranny is ever to be enforced it can only be enforced by calling in the aid of such a colossal and elaborate system of oppression as the world, logically familiar as it has been with oppression, has scarcely ever known. That is the reason why the· Senator from Georgia [Mr. HAR.Rrs] makes his comparatively modest application for $25,000,000; that is the reason why the Senator from Washington [Mr . .ToNES] is not willing to ask for even $25,000,000, but asks for his picayune appropriation of $1,250,000.

Mr. President, under ordinary conditions, I would vote for an additional appropriation of $25,000,000 for prohibition enforce-· ment. I have never voted against any appropriation for ·us enforcement since I have been here, nor have I ever withheld my aid from any effort to increase the number of Federal judges to such an extent as to take care judicially of prohibition enforcement. So long as a criminal law is on the statute book it should be enforced, and those who violate it must take the risks, whatever they may be, of violating it, and that no matter how unnatural and indefensible the statute to be enforced may be. I have secured appointments in the prohibition service for. individuals, and the last word that I have said to each of them is, " Please do not disgrace me or yourself by failing to do your official duty with the utmost measure of fidelity." No other feelings could any man entertain who . really comprehends the basis on which our system of constitutional government rests.

I shall riot vote for the proposed appropriation of $25,000,000, and for these reasons: When the Secretary of the Treasury, the highest fiscal officer of the Government, and Mr. Doran, the Prohibition Commissioner, and Mr. McBride, the general -counsel of the Anti-Saloon League, if he is correctly reported in. the press this morning, all say that at this time it would be inexpedient to place any more money in the hands of the Prohibition Unit for the purposes of enforcement--

Mr. BLACK. Mr. President, will the Senato-r yield at that particular point? · Mr. BRUCE. Yes.

Mr. BLACK. Did I understand the Senator correctly-! thought I did-to say that he was partially influenced in his vote by what the general counsel for the Anti-Saloon League said?

Mr. BRUCE. Yes. Ah, the Senator recollects the old Latin maxim I am sure, "fas est ab hoste doceri "-it is legitjmate to learn a lesson even from an enemy.

Mr. McBride certainly ought to know what is best for his own cause. It is fair to assume that he has it at heart as deeply as anybody in the United States, and if he does not know what is best for his cause, certainly Ml·. Doran, the Prohibition Commissioner, ought to know.

/

1842 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 17 Of course, it is not my special office to enter into any defense

of the Secretary of the Treasury. I am referring to him as I would to any other incumbent of that great office. His splendid reputation as a great Secretary of the Treasury and a great captain of industry and his generally established reputation as an admirable and lovable man in all the personal and social relations of life call for no defense from me; and, least of all, would I attempt to defend him when he is attacked by such a sanctimonious pharisee as ex-Gov. Gifford Pinchot, who is so lost to all sense of decency as to come here and, in that malignant letter which has just been read, pour out the personal and political rancor of his heart not only upon the Secretary of the Treasury but upon our former highly esteemed associate, Senator Pepper, and our equally highly esteemed present associate, Senator REED.

Everyone who knows this man · knows that he is nothing but a chartered libertine, so far as acrid detraction is concerned. In parting with him I will only express the hope that he will take to heart the perils of such virulent calumny as that which once led Dr. Samuel Johnson to say that a man who calls all the world a scoundrel convicts at least one.

As I have said, the Secretary of the Treasury tells us that the additional sum of $25,000,000 for prohibition enforcement can not be used to good purpose at the pr·esent time ; and when he says that he is simply following in the footsteps of l\fr. Doran, who some of you will recollect a short time ago, when it was suggested that he might be given more prohibition agents, said, " I have all the prohibition agents I want. Those that 1 have now are arresting more offenders than the courts can take care of." And even the Anti-Saloon League, I repeat, speaking through Mr. McBride, its general counsel, though responding, of course, only to an impulse of selfish prudence, says, or is reported as saying this morning, that this additional appropriation of $25,000,000 is not desirable at the present time.

No; before you need any such sum of money as my good friE-nd the Senator from Georgia [Mr. HARRIS] suggests, either a vast number of additional Federal judges for handling prohibition cases should be appointed or the Federal commissioners throughout the land should be clothed with the power to hear and to render final decision in pr<Jhibition cases, subject to the right of the citizen, of course, to crave a jury trial if he chooses to crave it. When Congress begins by appropriating additional sums of money at the present time for the enforcement of prohibition it is beginning at the wrong end. Multiply courts and other judicial agencies first; and then additional appropriations of money for enforcement could be far more effectively employed.

As illustrating how ineffectual even such a sum as $300,000,-000 might be to enforce prohibition in this country, I desire to call attention just for a moment to an article which appeared in the Detrpit Free Press of the 13th instant ; and, mind you, the Detroit Free Press is a paper which, by some train of reasoning absolutely inconceivable to me, reached the conclusion that that poor woman sentenced to life imprisonment in the State of Michigan for violation of the Volstead Act was justly sentenced, and not entitled to the clemency of man, or even to that prompt compassion which, to her honor be it said, ever dwells in the heart of woman.

The article to which I refer is headed: TEMPTATIONS GRFlATER THAN AVERAGE MAN C.AN WITHSTAND--EXPLANA

TION GIVEN FOR BREA.KOOWN IN !\!ORALE OB' FEDERAL PROHIBITION UNIT

IN DETROIT

Fifty millions of dollars' worth of contraband wines, whiskies, and beer was smuggled into the United States during 1928 within 25 miles of the Detroit City Hull. The grand total of rum-running operations rose last year to a figure higher than ever before, and serves once again to emphasize the fact that the counties of St. Clair, Macomb, Wayne, and Monroe for the past five years have been the scene of the largest and most profitable law-violation conspiracy existing anywhere in the world.

Mr. SHEPPARD. Mr. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the .Senator from Mary

land yield to the Sen a tor from Texas? Mr. BRUCE. Certainly. Mr. SHEPPARD. From what authority is the Senator

reading? Mr. BRUCE. The Detroit Free Press, a paper, as I said a

moment ago, that defends even life impri&mment, and would, I suppo e, be prepared even to go to the length of defending capital punishment for >iolations of the Volstead Act.

Mr. SHEPPARD. It is a special article, is it not? Mr. BRUCE. It is an article by James Haswell; but I

do not suppose the Detroit Free Press allows anything to be published in its columns that it does not think is deserving, for one reason or another, of a place in them.

The article goes on : Between $45,000,000 and $50,000,000 worth of liquor J\"as smuggled

in the year before ! About $40,000,000 came in during 1926 ! And last year $50,000,000 ! Think of it!

Yes; I say, think of it l And, of course, that is entirely in harmony with what Mrs. Mabel Wille brandt said a few days ago in her report as an assistant in the Department of .Justice. She stated that in the last three years the smuggling of liquor into this country from Canada had increased no less than 75 per cent. And Mr. Whalen, the new head of the New York City police force, has just informed us that there are 20,000 speakeasies in that city.

There is much more, of course, that I could say on this subject, because my heart is full-perhaps too full-;-<>f it. I will content myself, however, with simply saying that I favor the substitute offered by the Senator from Washington (Mr. JoNES] and disapprove the committee amendment for the special reasons that I have mentioned.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, as an amendment to the substitute of the Senator from Washington [Mr. JoNES], I move to strike out all of the matter proposed to be inserted by him down to the words "for increasing the enforcement force" ; to strike out, after the word "force," the figures " $1,000,000" aud insert " $24,000,000 " ; to strike out " in all, $1,250,000 " and insert in lieu thereof "to be made immediately available, and," so that if amended the substitute would read:

In lieu of the matter proposed to be inserted by the committee on page 16, after line 16, insert the following:

"FoL· increasing the enforcement force, $24,000,000, to be made immediately available, and to remain available until June 30, 1930."

l\fr. SHEPPARD. Mr. President, when the question of larger sums for prohibition enforcement was before the Senate a few weeks ago, I took the position that while prohibition had been and continued to be a blessing, I was entirely willing to vote for additional appropriations to make it a greater blessing.

I endeavored to show that prohibition was being well enforced, and gave the figures in relation to enforcement, the number of arrests that had been made during the last fiscal year, the number of automobiles seized, the number of convictions, and other facts, comparing those figures with the figures of the previous fiscal year, and showing distinct progress. I did not deny, however, that prohibition could be better enforced with additional funds. Adhering to the position taken then, I shall support the Harris proposal.

Mr. BROUSSARD. Mr. President, I would like to have the attention of the Senator from Washington [Mr. JoNES]. I have before me the substitute the Senator from Washington has offered. May I inquire what items are to be covered under this $250,000 for dissemination of information and appeal?

1\Ir. JONES. That is covered in the letter of the Secretary of the Treasury, suggesting-and he got the suggestion, probably, from the Prohibition Commissioner-that there should be an educational campaign carried on, that that would be of great assistance in enforcement. What the exact nature of it is to be I am not prepared to say.

Mr. GLASS. Mr. President, I hope this particular matter may go over until to-morrow. If there is anybody in this country who has not become educated in the last 25 years in the discussion of this question, he is simply hopeless, he can not become educated, and I am not willing to expend any large sum of money to educate people in the matter of prohibition.

1\Ir. BROUSSARD. Mr. President, the remarks of the Senator are along the very lines I had intended to cover.

Mr. GLASS. I am sorry to have anticipated the Senator. 1\fr. BROUSSARD. I would like to know why money should

be taken from the Treasury of the United States to be used by a force that is interested i,n giving biased facts to the country.

If it was intended that this money was to be u ed by some neutral agency to obtain information which might be for the good of the people of the United States, I would no doubt subscribe to it; but I shall certainly oppose giving money to a set of people who, we know, are now using poisons, and are now violating the law by disseminating information along the lines which the Senator wishes now to legalize.

It is also provided that these officers shall be sent out to attend conventions all over the country. What does the Senator expect these people to learn from other enforcement officers?

1\fr. JONES. Some of the discussions with police officers, with sheriffs, and men of that kind, I think would do a great deal of good. It might not exactly educate them, or give them information they have not bad, but I know that in my own State we have had meetings of sheriffs and meetings of police officers, and they have Jed to more hearty and earnest cooperation on the @11: of those officials with the enforcement officers.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE 1843 Mr. BROUSSARD. DoeS the Senator expect to limit these

expenditures to the prohibition law? Mr. JONES. That is all this applies to, of course. Mr. BROUSSARD. Why does not the Senator offer an amend

ment providing some $250,000 to suppress murderers and the fellows who commit the crimes of rape and arson, and other crimes, in this country?

Mr. JONES. When we have provision by law--Mr. BROUSSARD. There is the Volstead law. Until just

this moment I was ready to vote for the $25,000,000; I told the . Senator from Georgia I would vote for that. I have always voted for all the funds the department wanted for the purpose of enforcing prohibition. But I have this complaint to make, funds are now being used to entrap people, and some of those funds are being used to purchase liquor.

Only last month I read a statement in the press to the effect that in the trial of a man for a felony, his defense in court was that his duties as an undercover man required him to buy some liquor and drink it so as to find out if it was liquor, which had deranged him, and he pleaded insanity in court.

Last week I heard of a woman who uses in her own way the grace and the virtues that were intended to be used in a proper way. She induced men to bring her into a room, where sh~ was given poisoned liquor, and she became blind overnight. : These are the crimes prohibitionists are c-ommitting und~r these statutes. I am willing to vote $500,000,000 to enforce this law, but I am not willing to have the old Russian methods adopted for the purpo~e of doing it.

Mr. JONES. The Senator certainly does not assume that any of this money would be used for such purposes?

Mr. BROUSSARD. Why are these peopfe to go on jaunts? These fellows will go to some city with United States money in their pockets, and get some-body to sell a drink so that they can arrest him.

Mr. JONES. The Senator can not conclude anything of that kind from this particular amendment.

Mr. BROUSSARD. They would be permitted to go to other cities and receive their traveling expenses. The department ls now giving the agents money to induce people to sell liquor when they have no intention of selling liquor.

I had told the Senator from Georgia I was going to vote for the $25,000,000. I shall certainly not vote for any item lik9 this. I shall vote against the substitute as proposed to b~ amended by the Senator from Georgia unless this $250,000 is eliminated from the amendment.

Mr. BLAINE. Mr. President, there may be some confusion in the minds of some with respect to the purposes designed by the substitute amendment of the Senator from Washington. I am not clear whether that appropriation-! think it is $250,-000--is to be used to disseminate information regarding the use or misuse of liquor, the proper use of it or the improper use of it or is to be used to disseminate political propaganda to keep the Volstead law on the statute books and the eighteenth amendment in our Constitution.

I am perfectly willing to vote for an appropriation that will encourage temperance and for an appropriation that will lead to the dissemination of unbiased information and the truth with respect to that which is evil in itself in the use of liquor, and that which is harmless in itself in the use of liquor, to the end that we may develop what was well on it.-; way before the adoption of the eighteenth amendment-real, genuine, temperance. But if the appropriation is designed for the purpose of disseminating information that will have for its effect political propaganda, either for or against the Volstead Act or the eighteenth amendment, if the money is to be expended out of the Public Treasury to bolster up some law or to defeat some law, then I am opposed to it or to the appropriation of public funds for any political purpos·e.

Mr. BROUSSARD. What other purpose could there be? Does the Senator expect the Prohibition Department to issue unbiased reports, or does he expect it to oppose prohibition? I would not expect it to do so. .

Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, will somebody who has the amendment read the particular language? I apologize for making the request· but a couple of us were called out when the substitute was p~esented, and I do not know the wording of the amendment that is being discussed. .

Mr. GLASS. For that reason, Mr. P~esident, I suggest that the proposed substitute be printed and lie on the table until to-morrow, so that we can see what it provides and try to understand what it means.

Mr. BLAINE. I suggest that if that is the wish, and it is so ordered, I will yield the floor. If the debate is to continue, I prefer to occupy some time in discussing not only the amendment of the Senator from Washington but the amendment prop-osed by _the Senator from Georgia as well. Unless the·

suggestion is made and unanimously agreed to that the matte~ go over until to-morrow, I prefer to continue the discussion now.

Mr. JONES and Mr. BRUCE addressed the Chair. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Wis

consin yield ; and if so, to whom? Mr. BLAINE. I yield first to the Senator from Washington. Mr. JONES. Mr. President, I want to state that in my

judgment it would be wise to let the matter go over until to-morrow. I hardly think there is any chance of our voting to-night. I do want to say, however, in answer to the Senator's suggestion, that I do not think the money is intended to bolster up the eighteenth amendment or to discuss it. I assume that is in the permanent law. I think the educational features should be along the lines suggested by the Senator, and I think that is the way it will be expended.

Mr. BLAINE. Mr. President, in this connection permit me to suggest in all seriousness that a proposal to appropriate public funds for the purpose of disseminating knowledge concerning the Volstead Act and its violations is a gratuitous • assumption and that a legislative body characterizes the people of this country as ignorant of their own law. For one I can not take that position. I do not believe, no matter how holy a· legislative body may be or how holy the membership may be, that the great rank and file of the people of the country are not just as loyal and true to the Constitution and laws of our country as are those who make those laws or administer them. To impute to them a suggestion that we, in a superior attitude, must go out and instruct them as to their duties in the observance of their law is not my conception of a democracy. That might well prevail under the tyranny of a dictator, but it is not my conception of the relationship of the people to the Government in -a democracy such as we have.

Therefore, Mr. President, if the purpose of the amendment is to disseminate propaganda, and that is what it will be, to lecture the people of America, to enable some public official, perchance some one who, on the witness stand under oath, has given a certificate of character to Mr. Daugherty, or some one of that type or character, to go out and lecture the American people on their duties and obligations to the Government, then, sir, we are assuming that our people are incompetent to govern themselves. It is not the Congress that is going to say whether or not the law is going to be enforced. It is the people of the United States who are going to say whether or not the law is going to be enforced. Law has no other sanction than that which abides in the conscience of the people who make up the Government.

So, as I said, I do not want to discuss the amendment to-day or what I believe to be the fundamental issue involved if the matter is going over until another day. I do not oppoS'e the substitute or the amendment offered by the Senator from Georgia upon the grounds upon which others have opposed it. I shall oppose it upon what I believe to be fundamental grounds. I do not care to enter upon a discussion of that kind at this time. Therefore I ask unanimous consent that the matter go over until to-morrow.

Mr. BRUCE. Mr. President, before that request is put will the Senator yield to me?

Mr. BLAINE. I yield to the Senator from Maryland. 1\ir. BRUCE. I simply desire to say that I rather like the ·

educational feature of the proposition of the Senator from Washington. It reminds me of a very curt and very unjust thing said by John Randolph of Roanoke. Some one came to ask whether he would subscribe a sum of money for the education of young Methodists for the ministry. He was a most bigoted member of the Episcopal Church. He said, " Of course I will do so, because if they become educated they will cease to be Methodists." My hope is that if the people of the United States can only be thoroughly educated under the influence of the propaganda suggested by the Senator from Washington they will cease to oo prohibitionists.

Mr. HARRIS. Mr. President, I hope there will be no objection to the request of the Senator from Wisconsin.

Mr. BLAINE. ·Mr. President, I desire to withdraw my request for unanimous conS'ent, and I yield now to the Senator from Wyoming.

Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, it is evident, I am SOI'l"Y to say, that we shall not be able to finish consideration of the appropriation bill' to-night. It will be remembered that I called it up the first thing Monday morning and have taken advant:Jge of every opportunity since to keep it before the Senate . .. It is my purpose to submit a motion for a recess until to-morrow at 12 o'clock. I should like to mnke it 11 o'clock, but I am informed that that would not be possible. .

I want t"o state in this connection that we· stand here in the way of the cruiser bill. The Senator in charge of that bill has

1844 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE J ANU .AR'i 1 'l

been very true to it and has been very patient, and has allowed the Senate to consider the treaty unmolested. The Committee on Appropriations has done the same thing. It comes down to the fact that there are nine more of these large appropriation bills which have to be acted on, or we shall be in disgrace.

I nm as anxious to see the Senator from Maine make progress with his cruiser bill as I am to Eee any other business of the Senate pushed forward, but I ean not annoy him all the time and ceJ:tainly he ought not to and will not, I am sure, annoy me so long as I am in charge of an appropriation bill. But I must have the cooperation of the members of my committee so that when they get notice of a meeting I may have their presence or else an acceptance of what the two or three of us who do attend the meetings may decide upon.

I presume the Senator from Wasllington [Mr. JoNES], who has offered the amendment, wishes to make some observations concerning it that we may consider before morning, but I would like to have all those who desire to discuss the amendment be here when the Senate convenes so that we may get along with the business of the Senate.

l\fr. JONES. l\lr. President, I do not care to speak to-day. Mr. HALE. 1\Ir. President, I stated this afternoon that I

would ask the ·t-nior Senator from Kansa [l\Ir. Cun'.rrs] to move a recess to-night until 11 o'clock to-morrow. I will say now that I haYe talked with the Senator from Kansas. and it has been found impossible to carry out that suggestion on account of certain committee meetings which are to be held in the morning. So I shall be entirely agreeable to the request of the Senator from 'Vyoming.

Ex-ECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair, in accordance with an

order of the Senate heretofore made, refers to the appropriate committees the Executive messages transmitted to the Senate by the President to-day.

To be capta,ins First Lieut. Russell Conwell Akins, Infantry, from January

7, 1929. l!,irst Lieut. Henry Hapgood Fay, Infantry, from January 8,

1929. First IJieut. Rudolph William Propst, Air Corps, from January

9, 1929. First Lieut. Peter LeToney, Infantry, from January 12, 1929. l!"'irst Lieut. Robert Louis Renth, Infantry, from January 15,

1929. First Lieut. Donald Campbell Kemp, Signal Corps, from

January 15, 1929. To be first lieutenants

Second Lieut. Emil John Peterson, Corps of Engineers, from January 7, 1929.

Second Lieut. Gordon Edmund Texter, Corps of Engineers, from Jauuary 8, 1929.

Se<:oncl Lieut. Everett Chalmers Wallace, Coast Artillery Corps, from .January 9, 1929.

Second Lieut. Vernum Charles Stevens, Coast Artillery Corps, from January 11, 1929.

MEDICAL CORPS To be captain

l!'irst Lieut. Fletcher Emory Ammons, 1\Iedical Corps, from January 17, 1929.

CHAPLAIN Chaplain Thomas Louis Kelley to be chaplain, with rank o~

major, from January 16, 1929.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES THURSDAY, January 17, 19~9

The House met at 12 o'clock noon. RECEss The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., offered

1\fr. "\VARREN. I move 12 o'clock to-morrow noon.

that the Senate take a recess until the following prayer:

The motion was agreed to; and the Senate (at 5 o'clock and 10 minute-s p. m.) took a recess until to-morrow, Friday, January 18, 1929, at 12 o'clock meridian.

NOMINATIONS Exec-utive nomi-nati.Q11s received by the l~enaJe Janua!f"1] 17, 1929

CoLLECTOR oF CusToMs Louis M. Hall, of St. Louis, Mo., to be collector of customs for

customs collection district No. 45, with headquarters at St. Louis, 1\Io. (Reappointment.)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE Edward K. Massee, of Hawaii, to be United States district

judge, district of Hawaii, vice William T. Rawlins, deceased. CmcmT CoURT JUDGE

Charles S. Davis, of Hawaii, to be third judge of the circuit court, first circuit, Territory of Hawaii, vice Edward K. 1\Iassee, nominated to be United States district judge.

APPOINTME.!.~TS, BY TRANSFER, IN THE REGULAR ARMY QUARTERMASTER CORPS

Capt. Rene Edward de Russy, Coast Artillery Corps (detailed in Quartermaster Corps), with rank from September 20, 1928.

ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT

First Lieut. James Eugene Bernard Mcinerney, Infantry (de· tailed in Ordnance Department), with rank from May 22, 1928.

INFANTRY

1\Iaj. George Matthew Halloran, Chemical Warfare Service, with rank from July 1, 1920.

PROMOTIONS IN THE REGULAR ARMY To be col@el

r ... ieut. Col. Walter Schuyler Grant, Cavalry, from January 15, 1929.

To be lieutenant colonel Maj. George Cornelius Charlton, Infantry, from January 15,

1929. To be majors

Capt. Robert Ellsworth Phillips, Coast Artillery Corps, from January 7, 1929.

Capt. Allen Frederick Kingman, Infantry, from January 15, 1929.

Our Father which art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil; for Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen.

The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and approved.

MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE

A message from the Senate, by Mr. Craven, its principal clerk, announced that the Senate had passed a bill and concurrent resolution of the following titles, in which the concurrence <Jf the House is requested :

S. 5240. An act to extend the time for completing the CfJnstruction of the bridge across the Mississippi River at Natchez, Miss.

S. Con. Res. 31. Concurrent resolution to print the briefs of counsel and transcript of record filed with the Supreme Court of the United States in the St. Louis & O'Fallon Railway case as a Senate document and for extra copies thereof.

The message also announced that the Senate agrees to the report of the committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 15569) entitled "An act making appropriations for the Departments of State and Justice and for the Judiciary, and for the Departments of Commerce and Labor for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1000, and for other purposes."

The message also announced that. the Senate agrees to the repmt of the committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 15089) entitled "An act making appropriations for the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for other purposes."

COMMITTEE ON THE MERCHANT MARINE AND FISHERIES Mr. WHITE of Maine. Mr. Speaker, by authority of the

Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries of the House, I ask unanimous consent that that committee may sit dudng sessions of the House for the purpose of conducting hearings upon radio legislation and for consideration of such legislation.

Mr. CLARKE. Reserving the right to object, do I understand this includes hearings on the Crowther bill?

Mr. WHITE of Maine. It includes hearings generally on the subject of radio, although the hearings are immediately directed to another bill, but the whole subject matter is under consideration.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. As I understand, the gentleman asks this by direction of the committee?

"1929 ". CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 1845 Mr. WHITE of Maine. By direction of the committee; yes. ·Mr. LAGUARDIA. Reserving the right to object~ Mr.

Speaker, may I ask the gentleman if the committee will give any· consideration to revision "of the shipping laws and to a change in the limited liability provision of the shipping law'?

Mr. WHITE of Maine. I can Iiot answer that question definitely. The committee bas already voted to take up two or three matters of legislation. As soon as these are disposed of, it may be possible to take up the matter to which the gentleman has directed attention.

-The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Maine?

There was no objection. OLEOM.ABGAIUNE

Mr. SNELL. Mr. Speaker, I desire to make an announcement. Several Members have-spoken about their interests in a bill that bas been reported from the Committee on Agriculture familiarly known as the oleomargarine bill. Mr. HAUGEN, the chairman of the committee, is to appear before the Rules Committee to-morrow morning to request a rule for the consideration of that bill. Several Members wanted to know when the hearing was to take place.

Mr. BANKHEAD. At what hour? Mr. SNELL. Ten o'clock in the morning.

STATE, JUSTICE, COMMERCE, AND LABOR DEPARTMENTS .APPROPRIATION BILL

.Mr. SHREVE. 1\Ir. Speaker, I call up the conference report on the bill (H. R. 15569) making appropriations for the Departments of State and Justice and for .the judiciary, and for the Departments of Commerce and Labor, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for other purposes, and I ask unanimous consent that the statement may be read in lieu of the report.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Pennsylvania calls up the conference report on the bill H. R. 15569 and asks unanimous consent that the statement may be read in lieu of the report. Is there objection?

There was no objection. The Clerk read the statement. The conferenee report and statement are as follows:

CONFERENCE REPORT

The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 15569) making appropriations for the Departments of State and Justice and for the judiciary, and for the Departments of Commerce and Labor for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for other purposes, having met, after full and free confer-ence have agreed to recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as follows :

That the Senate recede from its amendments numbered 2 and 3.

That the HouE\e recede from its disagreement to the amendments of the Senate numbered 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 13, and agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 8: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 8, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the ·SUm proposed insert "$958,000"; and the Senate agree to the same. .

Amendment numbered 11: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 11, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu .of the sum proposed insert "$1,712,000"; and the Senate agree ·to the same.

MILTON W. SHREVE, GEORGE HoLDEN TINKHAM, ERNEST R. ACKERMAN, W. B. OLIVER, ANTHONY J. GRIFFIN,

Mwn..agers on the pari of the House. w. L. JONES, F. E. WARREN, REED SMOOT, WM. E. BoRAH, LEE s . . OVERMAN, \VM. J. HARRIS,

Man{lgers on the part of the Senate. STATEMENT

The managers on the part of the House at the conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 15569) making appropriations for the Departments of State and Justice and for the judiciary, and for the Departments of Commerce and Labor, for the fisc-al

year ending .tune 30, 1.930, and for other purposes, submit the following statement in explanation of the effect of the action agreed upon and recommended in the accompanying conference report, as to each of such amendments, namely:

On No. 1: Makes the allowance for clerk hire at United ·states- consulates available, as proposed by the Senate, for the payment of salaries of clerks during the period of transit to and from their homes in the United States.

On Nos. 2 and 3: Strikes out the increase of $10,000, proposed by the Senate, in the appropriation for transportation of Diplomatic, Consula:r, and Foreign Service officers. · On Nos. 4, 5, and 6: Makes technical corrections in the bill

in three items under the Department of Justice. On Nos. 7 and 8, I:elating to the administrative appropriation

for the aeronautics branch of the Department of Commerce: Makes tbe allotment for personnl services in the District of Columbia not to exceed $263,21.0, as proposed by the Senate, instead of not to exceed $229,570, as proposed by the House, and fixes the appropriation under the paragraph at $958,000 instead of $935,000, as proposed by the House, and $968,640, as proposed by the Senate.

On No. 9: Appropriates $938,500 for export industries activities under the Department of Commerce, as proposed by the Senate, instead of $923,500, as proposed by the House.

On Nos. 10 and 11: Corrects totals under the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce to conform to conference action .

On Nos. 12 and 13: Appropliates $370,000, as proposed by the Senate, instead of $360,000, as proposed by the House, for the Alaska general service under the Bureau of Fisheries.

MILTON W. SHREVE, G:EORGE HOLDEN TINKHAM, ERNEST R. AcKERMAN, W. B. OLIVER, ANTHOl\~ J. GRIFFIN,

Mana.gers on the pm·t ot tlw House.

Mr. SHREVE. Mr. Speaker, for the information of the House, I may state that this bill when it passed the House carried $111,832,887.43. When it passed the Senate it carried $111,901,527.43. The amount added by the Senate was $68,640: The Senate has receded from $20,640 and the House has receded from $48,000.

The bill as agreed upon to-day totals $111,880,887.43. The bill as agreed upon slightly exceeds the Budget estimates by $6,540. . The Senate added only 13 amendments to the bill. of which 8 were technical amendments. ·

The Senate receded from an increase of $10,000 for · transportation, Diplomatic, Consular, and Foreign Service officers.

Of the Senate increase for the aeronautics branch, Department of Commerce, the Senate receded from $10,640 and the House accepted $24,000.

The House agreed to the Senate increase of $15,000 for the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce for the citrus fruit industry. ·

The House agreed to the Senate increase of $10,000 for the Alaskan general service under the Bm·eau of Fisheries.

The conference report is a complete agreement, and when adopted by the House concludes final action on the bill.

l\1r. SNELL. Will the gentleman yield for a question? Mr. SHREVE. Yes. Mr. SNELL. The gentleman will -remember my speaking ta

him about the $50,000 added in the House for the immigration inspectors ; was that taken care of all right?

Mr. SHREVE. · There was no change made in the Senate. l\fr. SNELL. It was all right as we put it in the House? Mr. SHREVE. Yes. Mr. SNELL. Some one from the department called me up

and thought there had been an error in the way it was put in the bill-that it was not in the right place. I could not understand that.

Mr. SHREVE. No error could take place unless there was a mistake in the figures.

Mr. SNELL. If the gentleman thinks it is all right, I am satisfied.

Mr. SHREVE. I have been informed by the clerks of the committees that it is all right.

Mr. SNELI1. I am quite sure it is. They were probably misinfcrmed.

Mr. SHREVE. Yes; because we were quite anxious to accomplish the purpose.

Mr. SNELL. ! knew that and that is why1 I spoke to the gentleman in advance.

Mr. SHREVE. Yes. Mr. Speaker, I move the adoption of the conference report.

1846 CONGRESSION AI.J RECORD-HOUSE J ANU .ARY 1 7 The SPEAKER. The question is on the adoption of the

conference report. The conference report was ag1·eed to.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR APPROPRIATION BILL

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I call up the conference report on the bill H. R 15089, the Department of the Interior appropriation bill, and I ask unanimous consent that the statement be read in lieu of the report.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan calls up the conference report on the Department of the Interior appropriation bill and asks unanimous consent that the statement be read in lieu of the report. Is there objection?

q'here was no objection. The Clerk r ead the statement. 'l'he conference report and statement are as follows:

CONFERENCE REPORT

The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 15089) making appropriations for the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for other pw·poses, having met, after full and free conference have agreed to recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as follows :

That the Senate recede from its amendments numbered 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, and 26.

That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendments of the Senate numbered 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 14, 18, 21, 25, 27, 32, 34, and 38, and agree to the same.

.Amendment numbered 5: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 5, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In line 4 of the matter inserted by said amendment after the word " Service," insert the following: " to be equipped and maintained by the State of Arizona"; and the Senate agree to the same.

.Amendment numbered 9: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 9, and agree to the same with an 'amendment as follows: In lieu of the matter inserted by said amendment insert: " for the purchase of

.additional lands, $20,000"; and the Senate agree to the same. Amendment numbered 10: That the House recede from its

disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 10, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the sum proposed insert: "$297,000"; and the Senate agree to the same .

.Amendment numbered 11: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 11, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the sum proposed insert: "$3,889,500"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 12: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 12, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the sum proposed insert: "$2,658,600"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 13: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 13, and agree to the same with amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed insert : " $1,520,100 " ; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 24 : That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 24, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the proposed insert: " $1,437,550" ; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 28 : That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 28, and a~ree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the ~atter inserted by said amendment insert the following: " li,or the purchase of a proportionate interest in the existing storage reservoir of the Warm Springs project, $230,000; in all, $236,000" ; and the Senate agree to the same. .

.Amendment numbered 29: That the House recede from 1ts disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 29, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the matter inserted by said amendment insert the following:

" For operation and maintenance, $20,000; for continuation of construction, $1,112,000: Provided, That the unexpended balance of $138,000 of the appropriation of $1,500,000 contained in ~he act making appropriations for the Department of the Intenor for the fiscal year 1929 ( 45 Stat. 277) shall remain available during the fisc~il year 1930 for such continuation of construction ; in all, $1,132,000."

.And the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 31 : That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 31, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed insert: "$7,978,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

.Amendment numbered 33 : That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 33, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the sum proposed insert: "$157,500"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 35: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 35, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed, insert: " $36,400" ; and the Senate agree to the same.

.Amendment numbered 36: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 36, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum named in said amendment insert : " $5,000 " ; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 37: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 37, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the sum proposed -insert: "$219,400"; and the Senate agree to the same.

The committee of conference have not agreed on amendments numbered 1, 4, 20, 30, 39, 40, and 41.

Lours C. CRAMTON, FRANK MURPHY,

Managers on the part of the House . REED SMOOT, HENRY w. KEYES, WM. J. IlABRis,

Managers on the part of the Senate.

STATEMENT

The managers on the part of the House at the conference on the disagreeing votes of .the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the biJl (H. R. 15089) making appropriations for the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for other purposes, submit the following statement in explanation of the effect of the action agreed upon by the conference committee and embodied in the accompanying conference report, as to each of such amendments, namely:

BUREAU OF INDUN AFFAIRS

On No. 2: l\Iakes the appropriation for industrial use of the Pima Indians immediately available.

On Nos. 3 and 21 : Correct the structure of the bill, by transfelTing the position of an item.

On No. 5: Makes an appropriation of $25,000 for repair, improvement, replacement, or construction of additional publicschool buildings within Indian reservations in Arizona, to be equipped and maintained by the State of Arizona.

On No. 6: Makes an appropriation of $7,000 for a warehouse at the Fort Mojave Indian Boarding School.

On Nos. 7 and 8: .Appropriates for 900 pupils at Haskell Institute as proposed by the Senate instead of 850 as proposed by the House.

On No. 9: Appropriates $20,000 for the purchase of additional lands at the Haskell Institute as propo ·ed by the Senate, but , eliminates the appropriation of $70,000 for construction of new dormitory and -gymnasium for girls, proposed by the Senate.

On Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 23, and 24: Correct totals. On No. 14: .Appropriates $60,000 as proposed by the Senate

instead of $48,000 as proposed by the House for maintenance of Shawnee Sanatorium.

On No. 15: .Appropriates $94,600 as propos:ed by the House instead of $394,600 as propo ·ed by the Senate for the Rapid City Sanatorium School.

On Nos. 16 and 18: 1\fakes no appropriation for construction or repairs and improvements at the Kiowa Hospital in tead of the appropriation of $60,000 from tribal funds as proposed by the House or the appropriation of $60,000 as a gratuity appropriation as propo ed by the Senate.

On Nos. 19 and 22: .Appropriates $60,000 of tribal funds of the Kiowas, Comanches, and .Apaches as proposed by the House instead of $60,000 as a gratuity as proposed by the Senate.

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

On Nos. 25 and 26: Appropriates $500,000 for continuation of construction on the Sun River project as proposed by the Senate instead of $213,000 as proposed by the House, and restores the House language requiring issuance of public notice.

On No. 27: Makes the appropliation for survey and examination of water storage reservoir sites on the headwaters of the :

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE 1847 Truckee and Carson Rivers available for boring of test wells in the Truckee Meadows as proposed by the Senate.

On No. 28: Appropriates $230,000 for the purchase Of a proportionate interest in the existing storage reservoir of the Warm Springs project for the benefit of the Vale project instead of $650,000 for continuation of construction of the Vale project, including $130,000 for purchase or such interest in the storage reservoir, as propo. ed by the Senate, and no appropriation for continuation of construction for the Vale project as proposed by the House.

On N:o. 29: Appropriates $1,112,000 with reappropriatioJ?. of $138,000 for continuation of construction of the Kittitas division of the Yakima project instead of a new appropriation of $1,500,-000 and reappropriation of the unexpended balance as proposed by the Senate, or new appropriation of $862,000 with reappropriation of $138,000 as proposed by the House.

On No. ·31: Corrects total. GEOLOGICAL SURVlllY

On No. 32: Appropriates $45,000 for topographic survey of the boundaries of the proposed Shenandoah National Park as proposed by the Senate.

On No. 33: l\lakes $157,500 of the appropriation for &tream gauging available only for State cooperation, instead of $150,000, as proposed by the Senate, and $165,000, as proposed by the Hon.e.

On No. 34 : Corrects total. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

On Nos. 35 and 37: Corrects totals. On No. 36: Appropriates $5,000 for a residence for the United

States commissioner in Glacier National Park, instead of $6,000, as proposed by the Senate, and no appropriation, as proposed by the House.

On No. 38: 1\fakes available for 1930 the unexpended balance of the appropriation for the construction of water-supply and camp-ground facilities at Glacier Point, Yosemite National Park, as proposed by the Senate. -

DISAGREEMID<T

The committee conferees have not agreed to the following Senate amendments : , On No. 1 : With reference to compensatiol} of matrons, etc.,

in the Indian Service. On No. 4: With reference to contracts for payment of tuition

of Indian children in public and special schools. On No. 20: Placing the position of superintendent of the Five

Civilized Tribes in the competitive classified civil service. On No. 30: With reference to crediting the farmers' irri

gation district, North Platte reclamation project, with the sum of $2,376.45.

On No. 39 : With ref~rence to condemnation of privately owned lands in national parks. _ On No. 40:. With reference to construction of the . trans

mountain road in Glacier National Park. On No. 41: With reference to quarters, etc., for the super

·intendent and other employees who are required to live at St. Elizabeths Hospital.

• LoUIS C. CRAMTON, FRANK MURPHY,

M ana.gers on the part of the House. -

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, the report which is now before the House is a partial agreement on the differences between the House and the Senate with reference to the Interior Department appropriation bill. The report and statement before the House are signed by two of the three conferees on the part of the Hou e-the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. MURPHY] and myself. The third member of the House conferees is the gentleman from Colorado [Mr. TAYLOR]. I think it is only fah· to say that he sat in at nearly all of the conferences had on the consideration of the bill. At the last meeting he was not able

to attend; but he was entirely in harmony with the position taken by the other conferees, and said that we might sign his name to the report if desired. That not being in accordance with the practice of our committee, we did not deem it wise to do so. But the report represents the harmonious views of all three members.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. I will. Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. Is it the purpose of the gen

tleman to ask any action on the amendments in disagreement? Mr. CRAMTON. · Yes; as soon as the report is adopted I pur

pose to take up the ~mendments in disagreement. Some of these amendments are not actually in disagreement but are of a legislative character which had to be brought back. There are three about which a real disagreement existed in the conference and the fourth one that was a matter of some discussion in the House.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. What alxlut amendments 39 and 40?

Mr. CRAMTON. I shall discuss those when reached. I hope the House will instruct the conferees to further adhere in our disagreement as to them.

Now, as to the partial agreement, I will ask upanimous consent for leave to extend my remarks, and in doing so will insert certain tables to which I am about to refer.

The SPEAKER. Without objection, it will be so ordered. There was no objection. . Mr. CRAMTON. Under the permission given me to extend

my remarks I will include a statement as to the effect of the amendments. I will say that all of the amend.J;pents that affect the money in the bill are disposed of in the pending conference report. The amount of the bill as pas ed by the Senate was $2,176,500 higher than the amount as it pa~ed the House. As to that difference, the House receded to the amount of $903,500. The Senate receded on items which amount to $1,273,000, ·and the bill as now recommended by the conferees is $157,882.76 below the Budget estimate. The following statement gives the details: Amount of bill as passed the Senate ________________ $286, 858, 463. 02 Amount of bill as passed the House________________ 284, 681, 963. 02

Net addition ----------------------------- 2,176,500.00 ======

House has receded from-Drainage system, Sac and Fox Indians, Iowa ___ _ Public-school buildings on Indian reservations in -

Arizona-----------------------------------Warehouse, Fort Mojave, Ariz ________________ _ Additional pupils, Haskell Institute ___________ _ Additional land, Haskell Institute _____________ _ Shawnee SanatoLiUID-------------------------Su iver project, :Montana _____ _:_..:. __________ _ V projec~ Oregon ______________ ______ ____ _ Yakima project (Kittitas division)-------------Survey, Shenandoah National Park ___ · _________ _ Residence, Glacier National Park _____________ _

Senate bas receded from-Dormitory and gymnasium, Haskell Institute ___ _ Rapid City Sanatorium SchooL _______________ _ Kiowa Hospital, Lawton, Okla __________ , ___ _ General support and admini tration (for Kiowa,

Comanche, and Apache Indians)-------------Vale project, Oregon ________________________ _ Yakima project (Kittitas division)-------------Residence, Glacier National Park_ ____________ _

10,000.00

25,000.00 7,000.00

12,500.00 20,000.00 12,000.00

287,000. 00 230,000.00 250,000. 00 45,000.00 5,000.00

903,500.00

70,000. 00 300,000.00 60,000.00

60,000.00 414,000.00 368,000.00

1,000.00

1,273,000.00

Amount of Budget estimates__________________ 285, 743, 345. 78 Amount of bill as agreed to by conferees________ 285, 585, 463. 02

~ss than Budget-------------------------- 157,882.76

I ·will also · insert in addition to this a statement, Table A. a statement of the Senate amendments involving the action of the conferees thereon ;

TABLE A.-Statement of &nate amendmems inoolving appropriations, showing ejJed of adion of confereu thereon

Amendment No.

Subject Budget estimate

Appropriated by. House

Appropriated by Senate

Agreed amount

In (+) d ( ) d Increase ( +) or de-crease or ecrease - , agree crease {-), agreed amount compared with Honse amount compared figure with Senate figure

Reclamationfund

Indian tribal funds

General Reclamation fund General

3, 21 Drainage system, Sac and Fox Indians, Iowa ___ ------------ 1$10,000 $10,000 $10,000 ------------ 1-$10,000 +$10 000 5 Pu~f;o~;~~~-~~~~~~-~~-~~~~~~-t!~~~- ------------ ------------ 25,000 25,000 ------------ ------------ ++25

7• •• 000000 ~-~-~----~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~~-~-~-~-~-~-~---- ~---- --- ~-

6 Warehouse, Fort Mojave,_Ariz. _______ 7 ________ ------------ ------------ 7, 000 7, 000 ------------ ------------1 This item was carried as an appropriation. from Indian tribal funds as passed by the House, but was transferred by the Senate and finally agreed to as a direct appro

priation from the Tr~,

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY -17 TABLE A.-Statement of Senate amendments involving appropriations, &howinu effect of action of conferees ·thereon-Continued

Amendment No.

8 9

14 15

16, 17, 18 19, 22,23

Subject Budget estimate

Appropriated by House

Additional pupils, Haskell Institute____________ $212,500 $212, 500 Dormitory and gymnasium, Haskell Institute .• ------------------------Shawnee SanatoriunL__________________________ 48,000 48,000 Rapid City Sanatorium ___ --------------------- 94,600 94,600 Kiowa Hospital, Oklahoma__________ __ _________ 2 60,000 60,000 General support and administration (for Kiowa,

Appropriated by Senate

Agreed amount

Increase ( +) or decrease (-), agreed Increase ( +) or de-amount compared with House crease (-), agreed fl. amount compared

gure with Senate figure

Reclamationfund

Indian tribal funds

General Reclamation fund General

$225,000 $225,000 -- --------- - ------------ +$12, 500 --- --------- ------------70,000 ----- ---- --- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -$70,000 60,000 60,000 ------------ - ------- - --- +12, 000 ------------ ------------

39<!, 600 94,600 ------------ ------ - ----- ------------ - - --- ------- -300,000 60,000 ------------ ------------ -$60,000 ------------ ------- ----- -60,000

25 28 29 32

Comanche and Apache Indians) __ ____________ I 60,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 ------------ ------------ --------- --- ------------ -60,000 Sun River project, Montana____________________ 4 513,000 213,000 500,000 500,000 +$287, 000 ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------Vale project, Oregon_____ ___ ____________________ 644,000 ------------ 644,000 230,000 +230, 000 ----------- ------------ -$414,000 ------------Yakima project (Kittitas division), Washington. 1, 500,000 882,000 1, 500,000 1, 132,000 +250, 000 ------------ ------------ -368,000 ------------

35, 36,37 =~!~c~~G~~?e~a~~~~~~i::~~~~========== ============ ============ 4

~: ~ 4

~: ~ ======== ==== ============ +.t~; ~ ========== == -----=i;ooo I--------~-----L--I---------II---------I--------I---------II---------:--------:---------

+767,000 -70,000 +116,500 1 -782,000 1 -491,000

2 This item was estimated for by the Budget and carried in the bill as passed by the House as an appropriation from Indian tribal funds. The Senate inSerted the item as a gratuity appropriation and final action resulted in the item being eliminated from the bill.

a This item was estimated for by the Budget and carried in the bill as passed by the House as an appropriation from Indian tribal funds. The Senate inserted the item as a gratuity appropriation but final action resulted in the provision being carried as a tribal fund item . .

• The Budget estimate on this item includes a supplemental estimate for $300,000, received after the bill had passed the House.

Then, in accordance with the practice of this subcommittee I deficiencies, for. the years 1916 to 1930, inclusive, which I think heretofore, I will insert Table B, which shows . the annual ap- is of interest to thi& House : propriations uflder the Department of the Interior, including

TABLE B.-Annual appropriations under the Department of the Interior, including deficiencies, fiscal years 1916-19JO

[Exclusive of permanent and inde.finite appropriations]

Indian tribal rng~a~~-1 A~g::r Army a~d funds appropriations appropriations Navy pensiOns

Civil-service retirement

fund Reclamation

All other Interior

Department appropriations

Total

1930.------ ___________________ _ :_ ________ $4, 724, 829. 60 $1, 695, 261. 00 $14,941,342. 02 $221, 000, 000. 00 $20, 500, 000. 00 $8, 078, 000. 00 $19, 3i0, 860. 00 $290, 310, 292. 62 1929.-- --------------------------------- 3, 566, 500. 00 2, 045, 500. 00 12, 234, 009. 00 210, 000, 000. 00 19, 950, 000. 00 12,727,000.00 16,230,030. 00 276, 753, 039. 00 1928.----------------------------------- 2, 535, 555. 00 5, 452, 125. 00 10, 969, 361. 00 1267,000,000.00 ---------------- 11, 903, 800. 00 15, 851, 535. 00 313, 712, 376. 00 1927 ! ______________ _ - ------------------- 2, 414,808. 00 2, 412, 500. 00 10, 523, 660. 00 193, 000, 000. 00 ---------------- 7, 556, 000. 00 14, 121, 258. 00 230, 020, 226. 00 1926 3 _____________ __ -------------------- 2, 135, 010. 00 1, 589, 178. 00 13, 720, 303. 55 197, 000, 000. 00 ------------- ...... - 12, 349, 000. 00 3 20,924, 109. 00 3 247, 717,600.55 1925.----------------------------------- 2, 612, 700. 00 1, 555,600. 00 9, 656, 420. 00 222, 590, 000. 00 ----- ... ---------- 11, 106, 289. 00 19, 215, 518. 00 266,736,527.00 1924.----------------------------------- 2, 406, 600. 00 2, 179, 850. 00 9, 458, 854. 00 253, 003, 000. 00 -- ... ------------- 12, 250, 000. 00 21, 598,534. 00 300, 896, 838. 00 1923------------------------------------ 2, 483, 573. 00 1, 041, 466. 00 9, 383, 720. 00 268,000, 000.00 ---------------- 15, 075, 000. 00 22, 710, 520. 00 318, 694, 279. 00 1922.----------------------------------- 2, 716, 921. 00 1, 249, 005. 00 8, 724, 170. 00 265, 000, 000. 00 ---------------- 20, 266, 000. 00 20, 160,758.00 318, 116, 854. 00 1921.-- - --------- ----------------------- 1, 415, 165. 00 1, 450, 830. 00 9, 2~8. 513. 00 ·279, 000,000.00 ---------------- 8, 463, 000. 00 21, 972, 532. 00 321, 570, 040. 00 1920.----------------------------------- I, 531,817. 00 2, 173, 833. 00 9, 160, 629. 00 215, 000, 000. 00 -------------- .. - 7, 300,000.00 24, 071, 669. 00 259, 237, 948. 00 1919------------------------------------ 1, 750, 000. ()() 2, 133, 583. ~ 8, 982, 753.00 223, 000, 000. ()() ---------------- 9, 497,080.00 20, 365, 644. 00 265, 729, 060. 00

2, 029,500. • 1918.----------------------------------- 1, 291, 117. 00 9, 818, 295. 00 183, 000, 000. 00 ----- ... ---------- 8, 227' 000. 00 28, 398, 245. 00 232, 762, 157. 00 1917------------------------------------ 1, 2(33, 250. 00 1, 921, 986. 00 9, 045, 658. 00 163,000,000. 00 --------------- ... 8, 884, 000. 00 18, 275,465.00 202, 390, 359. 00 1916.----------------------------------- 665,000.00 518,740.00 9, 253, 162. 00 164,000,000.00 -... --- --- ... ------ ... 13, 530, 000. ()() 15, 120,077.00 203, 086, 979. 0()

1 Includes deficiency for 1927 which was paid from 1928 appropriations. _ . . 2 Does not include appropriations for the Patent Office and the Bureau of M_mes, whlCh ha\'e been transferred to the Department of Commerce .

• 3 Includes $4,773,160 appropriated for the Patent Office and the Bureau of Mmes transferred to the Department of Commerce July I, 1925.

1\Ir. Speaker, I ask for a vote on the conference report. The SPEAKER . ... The question is on agreeing to the confer

ence report. The conference report was agreed to. The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the first amendment

in disagreement. The Clerk read as follows: Page 22, line 21, after the word " practicable," insert : " Provided

also, That the amounts paid to matrons, foresters, farmers, physicians, nurses, and other hospital employees, and stockmen provided for in this act shall not be included within the limitations on salaries and compensation of employees contained in the act of August 24, 1912 (U. S. C. p, 692, sec. 58)."

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I move that the HoUBe recede and concur in that amendment. I will simply state that that amendment restores to the bill language that was reported to the House from the committee, which went out in the House on a point of order upon the ground that it is legislation. Of cour e it is legislation. It is a pro.vision that has been carried for a great number of years--1 do not know how long. It is a limitation on the total salaries that can be paid on any one reservation for a certain class of employees, a.nd the Indian Service states that some· of these reservations are of such importance that to leave out this language would seriously handicap the work the Government is carrying on.

The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion of the gentleman from Michigan to recede and concur.

'l'be motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER. The Olerk will report the next amendment

in disagreement.

The Clerk read as follows : Amendment No. 4 : rage 40, in line 3, after the word "prescribed,"

insert a comma and add the following language: "but formal contracts shall not be required, for compliance with section 37 44 of the Revised Statutes (U. S. C. p. 1310, sec. 16), for payment of tuition of Indian childL·en in public schools or of Indian childL'en i.n schools !or the deaf and dumb, blind, or mentally deficient."

Mr. CRAMTON. 1\ir. Speaker, as to that amendment I move that the House recede and concur. That is in the same situation as the amendment just referred to. It is language that has been carried in the bill for some time, which went out jn the House on the point of order and has been restored by the Senate and brought back for a separate vote. The only effect of it is to waive formal contracts, and I think that carries with it thf: necessity for advertising, where these Indian children are· placed in schools for the deaf and dumb, blind, and mentally deficient. TheFe are not many of those children. Not a great deal is involved, but the Indian Service says that they get along better with these State institutions, if this language is carried, and that is where these defective Indian children are I think in all cases.

The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion of the gentleman from Michigan to recede and concur.

The motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the next amendment

in disagreement. The Clerk read as follQws : Amendment No. 20: Page 57, line 6, after the word "tribes," strike

out the following language: "Provided further, That the position of.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE Superintendent of tbe Five Civilized Tribes is hereby included within the competitive classified civil service and shall be subject to civil service laws and rules."

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House further insist upon its disagr eement to tthe Senate amendment. That sentence was in the bill as reported and as it passed the House. It has been stricken out by the action of the Senate. It reads as follows:

That the position of Superintendent of the Five Civilized Tribes is hereby includeu within the competitive classified civil service and shall be subject to civil service laws and rules.

Several years ago, in 1914, on an appropriation bill, a provision was inserted which took out this one superintendent from -the civil service. All other Indian superintendents are under the civil service, but this one, that has charge of probably more Indians than any other superintendent and who administers m ore funds and property, is not under the civil service. The es timated value of tribal lands and other tribal property of the Five Civilized Tribes is $10,566,154, the estimated value of restricted allotted lands and other individual restricted property is $79,463,871, and the balance of individual Indian money on hand June 30 last was $16,926,321, or a total of property and funds under the guardianship of this officer amounting to considerably over $100,000,000. The disbursements of Federal, Indian, and miscellaneous funds for administrative purposes under his' direction the fiscal year 1928 ·was over a half million dollars. The:J;e are opportunities galore for the wrong kind of a man in that office to favor rapacious whites of Oklahoma at the expense of the Indians. There is constant and tremendous local influence exerted on this agent by political and other forces .in Oklahoma, and the political and other forces should not have the right to dictate that appointment. Be it said to the eternal credit of Commissioner Charles H. Burke that he has refused to yield to such dictation, that a year ago, when the post became vacant on the indictment of Wallen, Burke brought in Ellis, a man of long experience in the Indian Service and of high integrity, not the creature of Oklahoma politics, not beholden to Oklahoma influences , and has kept him there under a temporary appointment in spite of all Oklahoma influences.

Since that action was taken in 1914, exempting that position from the civil service, the duties of that c fficial have ~n very greatly extended, through a desire in Oklahoma to have ·the work somewhat decentralized, and have many things passed on by that official instead Of having action in Washington. That law reads as follows :

That hereafter no undisputed claims to be paid from individual moneys of restricted allottees, or their heirs, or uncontested agricultural and mineral leases (excluding oll and gas leases) made by individual restricted Indian allottees, or their heirs, shall be forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior fQr approval, but all such undisputed claims or uncontested leases (except oil and gas leases) heretofore required to be approved under existing law by the Secretary of the Interior shall hereafter be paid, approved, rejected, or disapproved by the Superintendent for the Five Civilized Tn"bes of Oklahoma.

That has added to his responsibilities. In 1·ecent years two of those superintendents -have been under serious question in respect to their probity and integrity. One, Victor Locke, was removed from office for misconduct ; and his successor, Mr. Shade E. Wallen, the last regular appointee, was indicted by the grand jury; but in justice to him I should say that he was not convicted, and that I am advised that the indictment has been quashed.

However, there were serious irregularities ; and those come largely because of the pressure of local influence in Oklahoma to get advantage for individuals out of contracts and other matters affecting these Indians. A former Member of Congress from Oklahoma was indicted there about that time because of attorney contracts with Indians, as I recalL

There is no position in the whole Indian Service that needs to ~e removed from the pressure of local politics more than this one office we are speaking about, and the language of the bill, which the amendment of the Senate seeks to strike out, will .accomplish that purpose. The Board of Indian Commissioners is in favor of such action, and I will quote from their annual report for the fiscal year 1926.

I hold in my hand the annual report of the Board of Indian Commissioners for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1926. That

. board is made up of 10 distinguished citizens of the United States, whose names are as follows :

Warren K. Moorhead, Andover, Mass. ; Samuel A. Eliot, Boston, Mass. ; Frank Knox, Manchester, N. H.; Daniel Smiley, Mohonk Lake; N. Y. ; Malcolm McDowell, Washington, D. C.;

Gen. Hugh L. Scott, Princeton, N. J.; Clement S. Ucker, Savan. nab, Ga.; Flora Warren Seymour, Chicago, Ill.; John J. Sullivan, Philadelphia, Pa. ; M~·y Vaux Walcott, Washington, D. C.

The members of this board serve without pay, and their point of view is entirely disinterested.

They are not under the Indian Bureau. They are a sort of official board of unofficial visitors and the board is composed of men and women of very high standing.

In the report of this board for the year 1926 I find this statement in respect to the Superintendent for the Five Civilized Tribes:

CIVIL-SERVICE STATUS FOR SUPERINTEXDENT

The Superintendent for the Five Civilized Tribes is the only super· intendent in the Indian Service who has not a civil-service status. He is appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, by virtue of_ an act Qf Congress approved in 1914. All other reserva· tion superintendents are appointed by the Secretary of the Interior under civil service laws and regulations. Before 1914 this jurisdiction was ably managed by two officials appointed in conformity with the civil service law, and under them the great task of allotment and organization ~as practically completed.

It is quite evident that the radical change in the status of the super· intending official was effected 12 years ago as a matter of political expediency. There were no ·unusual conditions existent at the - time which required the setting apart of this agency as a unique exception to the long-established and time-tested practice that placed the field management of Indian affairs in the hands of civil-service employees: There then were a number of competent, experienced field officials having the civil-service status-as there are now-any one of whom could have effectively superintended the agency for the Five Civilized Tribes.

This- office is frankly regarded as a rightful perquisite of the political party in power. No other superintendency is so regarded. There is no valid reason _why the Five Civilized Tribes superintendent should be unique in this resped. It certainly is a sad commentary on our vaunted American civilization that the happiness, welfare, and progress of several thousands of human beings, who happen to be the Indian wards of a great Government, should be made secondary to the political fortunes of a few white persons who happen to live in Oklahoma.

For the past 12 years, no matter whicli of the major parties was in power, and irrespective of the personal1ty of the incumbent of this office, there has been a constant atmosphere of suspicion, of charge and countercharge, of factional jockeying, of favoritism and discrimination surrounding the office of the Superintendent for the Five Civilized Tribes. The incumbent not only has been subjected to attacks from the party in Qpposition but also by the faction of his oWn party to which he did not belong and which vehemently wanted to get him out in order to get its man in.

If these political maneuverings did not affect the Indians, this matter perhaps might be passed over as of min(}r consequence. But the injection of practical politics into the administration of the affairs of this group of tribes has been most injurious to the welfare of the Indians and has brought discredit to the Nation and the State of Oklahoma.

The sole cure for this evil sHuation is the 1·epeai of the law which changed the office of superintendent !rom a civil-service status, making it a political appointment.

Such action would make this office similar in all respects to that of other superintendencies in the Indian Service.

At the present time I remind the House that the platforms of both the Republican and Democratic Parties in the last campaign indorsed civil service.

The Democr-atic platform reads: CIVIL SERVICE

Grover Cleveland made the extension of the merit system a tenet of our political faith. We shall preserve and maintain the civil service.

The Republican national platform reads, under the heading Civil Service :

The merit system in Gove1·nment service originated with and has been developed by the Republican Party. The great majority of our public-service employees are now secured through and maintained in the· Government-service rules. Steps have already been taken by the Republican Congress to make the service more attractive as to wages and i·etirement privileges, and we commend what has been done as a step in the right direction.

There is no othe1· -place, in my judgment, where it is needed so much as ill this one particular office.

Mrs. Corinna Lindon Smith, chairman of the division of Indian welfare, of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, a very capable woman, who is very much in contact with these q_uestions in the field, has written me a letter in which she says that nothing is more important for the welfare of the hundred thousand enrolled members of the Indian tribes in eastern Oklahoma than to have a continuous, well-planned

1850 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 constructive policy carried out by the civil-service officials trained in the Indian Service. She.says:

As chairman of the division of Indian welfare of the General Federation of Women•s Clubs I wish to indorse very strongly the Cramton amendment apvearing on page 57, lines 6 to 9, of H. R. 16089.

Senator HAYDEN, on the floor of the Senate, emphasized the fact that there has been more or less scandal connected with the Five Civilized Tribes office ever since the position of superintendent was taken out of civil service and made a political one.

.As brought out in the hearing before your committee, the funds in the bands of the Superintendent of the Five Tribes amount to approximately $17,000,000, with an estimated value of restricted Indian lands of about $80,000,000. It is obvious that a position of such financial resvonsibility should not be by political appointment.

I believe that nothing is more important for the welfare of the hundred thousand enrolled members of Indian tribes in eastern Oklahoma tha.n to have a continuous and well-planned constructive policy carried out by civil-service officials trained in the Indian Service.

I trust that you will see that the amendment placing the position of Superintendent of the Five Civilized Tribes under civil service is retained in the Interior Department bill as finally agreed to by Congress and approved by the President.

A letter from Charles J. Rhoads, president of the Indian Rights Association, says:

In the interest of honest and efficient administration of Indian affairs, we express the earnest hope that when the Indian appropriation act (H. R. 15089) is considered in conference, you will endeavor to secure the restoration of the following clause, which was stricken from the act by the Senate on December 20, 1928:

"Provided furt1&er, That the position of Supelintendent of the Five Civilized Tribes is hereby included within the competitive classified service and shall be subject to civil service laws and rules."

Under the conditions existing since 1914, when the position of Superintendent of the -Five Civilized Tribes was withdrawn from the classified service, there has be~>n much scandal and mismanagement connected with that office, due to the pernicious political interference with tribal affairs. We therefore trust that you will agree with us that this important office should be so protected that the affairs of the Five Civilized Tribes can be administered in the interest of the Indians, regardless of the wishes of those seeking to despoil them.

Miss Amelia E. White, secretary of the Eastern Association on Indian Affairs, wrote me about this matter:

We heartily indorse such legislation. With the right sort of supel'intendent, free from political control, the Five Civilized Tribes would be in an excellent position.

The superintendent has a position of great responsibility, since he is r esponsible for the funds of the Five Tribes, amounting to many million dollars. He must not only be a man interested in the tribe as human beings, he must also be a man who has had financial experience.

H. Eliot Kaplan, secretary of the National Civil Service Reform League, wires me:

Provision absolutely necessary and desirable to remove management of Indian wards from evils resulting through political favoritism, which is inevitable if position of superintendent is placed in unclassified service.

1\Ir. TILSON. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. Yes. Mr. TILSON. The gentleman's motion is to vote down this

amendment? 1\lr. CRAMTON. My motion is to further insist upon the

House disagreement to the Senate amendment. That would send it back to conference for further consideration.

The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion of the gentleman from Michigan that the House further insist upon its disagreement to the Senate amendment.

The question was taken; and on a division (demanded by Mr. CRAMTON) there were-ayes 88, noes 0.

So the motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the next item in

disagreement. The Clerk read as follows: Amendment No. 30 : Page 85, after line 9, insert the following: "That the Secretary of the Interior be, and he hereby is, authorized

and directed to credit the Farmers' Irrigation District with the sum of $2,376.45, as of January 1, 1927, which represents 50 per cent of the expenses incurred by said district in operating and mAintaining the Nine Mile Drain from January 1 to .Tune 30, 1926, under contract with said district dated June 16, 1927, in connection with the North Platte project, Nebraska-Wyoming."

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I move to recede and concur in the Senate amendment.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan moves to recede and concur in the Senate amendment.

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, as to that I will simply say there wa · a contract between this district and the Reclamation Service by which if the district paid up its charges half of the particular expenditure discussed here would be borne by the Federal Government. The district got behind in their payments, and later they paid up, and when they had paid up, then they felt that the Federal Government or the Reclamation Service ought to pay this half the same as if they bad paid up more promptly. That view was sympathized with by the Reclamation Service. It was urged that the penalty for their slowness in payment, the 10 per cent, wa all the penalty intended, but the Comptroller General held otherwi e. This was put in in the Senate, and it is not objectionable to the Reclamation Service and may well be agreed to.

The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion of the gentleman to recede and concur.

The question was taken, and the motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the next item in

disagreement. The Clerk read as follows: Amendment No. 39: On page lOG, line 3, after the word "purchased,"

strike out "or by condemnation under the provisions of the act of August 1, 1888 (U. S. C. p. 1302, sec. 257), whenever in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior acquisition by condemnation proceedings is necessary or advantageous to the Government."

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House further insist on its disagreement to the Senate amendment.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan moves that the House further insist on its disagreement to the Senate amendment.

Mr. CRAMTON. After that, Mr. Speaker--Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, a parliamentary

inquiry. The SPEAKER. The gentleman will state it. Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. I desire to make a pref~r..

ential motion, that the House recede and concur, and I would like to inquire if now is the proper time to make that motion?

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I do not want to lose---Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. I did not intend to try to take

the floor from the gentleman. The SPEAKER. This motion of the gentleman from Ten

nessee will'be considered as pending and preferential. Mr. CRAMTON. Does the gentleman from Tennessee desire

some time? Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. I would like some time. Does

the gentleman from Michigan desire me to proceed or wait? Mr. CRAMTON. I will suit the gentleman's wishes as to that.

I would like to go ahead and explain the situation, and then yield to the gentleman. That probably would be in the interest of the best procedure for the House. Mr. Speaker, when this bill was before the House the House adopted the section on page 106 and the_first half of page 107, reading as follows:

For the acquisition of privately owned lands and/or standing timber within the boundaries of existing national parks and national monuments by purchase, or by condemnation under tbe provisions of the act of August 1, 1888 (U. S. C. p. 1302, sec. 257), whenever in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior acquisition by condemnation proceedings is necessary or advantageous to the Government, $250,000, to be expended only when matched by equal amounts by donation from other sources for the same purpose, to be available until expended: Prot;ided, That in addition to the amount herein appropriated the Secretary of the Interior may incu1· obligations and enter into contracts for additional acquisition of privately owned lands and/or standing timber in the existing national parks and national monuments not exceeding a total of $2,750,000 as matching funds from outside sources are donated for the same purpose, and his action in so doing shall be considered contractual obligations of the Federal Government: Provided furlher, That tlJe sum herein appropriated and the appropriations herein authorized shall be available to reimburse any future donor of privately owned lands and/or standing timber within the boundaries of any existing national park or national monument to the extent of one-half the actual purchase price thereof: Pt·ovided further, That as part consideration for the purchase of lands, the Secretary of tbe Interior may, in his discretion and upon such conditions as be deems proper, lease lands purchased to the grantors for period , however, not to exceed the life of the particular grantor, and the matching of funds under the provisions hereof shall not be governed by any cash value placed upon such leases: Provid-ed further, That appropriations heretofore and herein made and authorized for the purcha c of privately owned lands and/or standing timber in the national parks ancl national monuments shall be available for the payment in full of expenses incident to the purchase of said lands and/or standing timber.

That section makes an appropriation of $250,000 for the acquisition of privately owned land in national parks. It

1929 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE .1851 fUrther authorizes contracts to the extent of $2,750,000. It further provides that in the case of some individuals who haye summer homes in the parks that a life lease may be given so they can continue to use their homes for that same purpose during the life of the present owner. It further provides that these appropriations are only available when matched by an equal amount of funds from private sources. It further provides that if private individuals go in and acquire land, it may be lands that are in danger, where timber is to be cut or something of the kind, but if they go ahead and put in 100 per cent of the cost later when funds are available the Government may pay for half of their expenditure and take over the title.

Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. I would prefer, if I may, to proceed with-

out interruption. But I will yield. _ Mr. CANNON. I will ask the gentleman if this provision is

not improperly included in an appropriation bill? That is, if a point of order had been made in time, would it not have been subject to a point of order as being legislation on an appropria-tion bill? _

Mr. CRAMTON. If a point of order had been made against tb~ language as it stands in the bill, the point of order would have been good, and I so stated on the floor when the item was before the House, and the gentleman who was considering the making of a point of order did not make it. I do not want to get diverted, however. I say it would have been subject to a point of order; that is, certain minor provisions of the language would have been subject to a point of order. For instance, the one with reference to a life lease, and so forth, would have been subject to a point of order. But the main provisions of that paragraph would not have been subject to a point of order. The right of the Government to buy privately owned land in a national park is already clear under the law, so that a point of order as to that would not have stood. And it could have been sustained further as continuing a work in progress. But some of the e minor provisions that were necessary to round out the paragraph would have been subject to a point of order. If the point of order had been made, I would have modified the language.

Mr. CANNON. The main provisions of the paragraph to which the gentleman refers relate to legislation under the jurisdiction of the Committee on the Public Lands and not the Committee on Appropriations. No doubt there is excellent reason why this important provision should be hastily tacked on an appropriation bill instead of being submitted for mature consideration to the legislative committee to which it properly belongs.

Mr. CRAMTON. An emergency existed. But I want to emphasize the fact that the most important provisions were not subject to a point of order. The language could have bee-n trimmed down so that the point of order would not have held.

1\fr. GARRE'lvr of Tennessee. The condemnation feature of the paragraph would not .have been subject to a point of order?

Mr. CRAMTON. It would not, I will say. I will explain that when we get to it. That is my judgment. I admit that the Chair does not always take my view of things. But I am satisfied as to that.

Now, an emergency exists as to these privately owned lands in the national parks, and that section was intended to reach that emergency; and in order to make clear what is before the House now, let me say that in the Senate the item was not stricken out, and no attempt was made to strike out the item in the Senate, but these words were stricken out:

Or by condemnation under the provisions of the act of August 1, 1888 (U. S. C. pp. 1302, 6257), whenever in the opinion .of the Secretary of the Interior acquisition by condemnation proceedings is necessary or advantageous to the Government.

That is to say, the House proposed that that acquisition of land may be either through purchase or by condemnation when in the opinion of the Secretary of the Interior acquisition by condemnation proceedings is necessary or advantageous. The House proposed that the Secretary of the Interior should have that authority to initiate condemnation proceedings.

Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield there? Mr. CRAMTON. No. I am sorry. I want to make a con

tinuous statement. The Senate says you may buy the land, but you can not resort to condemnation proceedings, no matter how extravagant may be the demands that are made. Later I will go into that in a little more detail. But the issue here is when we are entering upon a program to buy land aggregating $6,000,000 and half of it from private funds and the other half from Government funds, we shall say, "You shall not have the right to institute condemnation proceedings when lands that

are invaluable for park purposes are nee.ded and threatened with destruction and held at unreasonable figures."

That is the issue between the House and the Senate, and that is the issue pressed here by the preferential motion offered by the gentleman from Tennessee [Mr. GARnETT] when be moves to concur in the Senate amendment. It means that we are to take away from the Interior Department the right to institute condemnation proceedings.

I contend that that right to condemn land in fact exists now. This language is not required to confer the authority to condemn, but this language is necessary, as it passed the House, to enable this money to be used for the purchase of land acquired by condemnation. We are not seeking here to confer the right to condemn. That exists now. But we are seeking rather to confer the right to use this money in acquiring land by condemnation when the Secretary of the Interior finds it necessary to do so. I have therefore outlined the issue, and will be glad to yield some time to the gentleman from Tennessee.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. Can the gentleman yield 10 minutes?

Mr. CRA:J\fTON. I yield to the gentleman 10 minutes. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Tennessee is recog

nized for 10 minutes. Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. MJ:. Speaker, I was not here

at the time the Interior Department appropriation bill was considered by the House originally, and my attention to the particular feature that is now at issue has but recently been drawn.

I wish if I can to first impress the membership of the Honse with what I conceive to be the grave seriousness of this question and of this issue. I do not concur with the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. CRAMTON] in his opinion that this language which has been stricken from the bill by the Senate could have gotten by a point of order in the House. I am not familiar with any law, any act of Congress, which at present gives general authority to the Secretary of the Interior or to any other governmental functionary to condemn land for park purposes, so that I do not believe this particular language would have stood up against a point of order, and I think the Senate has very wisely stricken it out. It is not because I am particularly interested in any one park, but because I am interested in the great general policy.

I wish to say, Mr. Speaker, that I !:;peak as a friend of the national-park system of the United States in so far as we may go with, propriety and under the Constitution of the United States.

Let me call YOU!" attention to the f~ct-and I am surprised that so careful a legislator as my friend from Michigan bas not envisioned the possibilities that are involved in the adoption of the policy proposed in this bill-that up until quite recently the national parks that have been established in tlu! United States have, in the main, been set apart from the public lands, lands that belonged to the Government and lands about which no question was raised as to the right of the Congress and the executive authority to set them apart for that particular purpose, but in recent years in my own State, in the State of North Carolina, and in the State of Virginia, it is proposed to go into States where there are no public lands to serve as a nucleus in the establishment of a park. But the States have taken action. They have acquired a certain amount of the land and it has been provided that there shall be raised by private subscription millions an<l millions of qollars for the purpose of acquiring the privately owned lands that have not been acquired by the States, and then when these have been acquired, up to a certain point, the Congress has authorized the Secretary of the Interior to take over the projects in Tennessee and North Carolina and, as I remember now, the project in Vil·ginia.

What does it-mean? It means that in the non-public-land States parks are to be established and placed under the national jurisdiction, and there will be unquestionably numbers and numbers of tracts of land that will not have been acquired and passed to the ownership of the Park Commission before the park is taken over by the Secretary of the Interior ; and here, then, you will have set a precedent under which some time you will be authorizing the Secretary o.f the Interior to enter these non-publicland States where parks have been established and expend millions of dollars in taking over the private. lands there by the processes of condemnation.

I have always had a question, Mr. Speaker, as to bow far the power of the Federal Government extended, under the powers given it in the Constitution, to acquire non-public lands by condemnation for the purpose of instituting a park. I think it is a question which should have been studied with care by one of the legislative committees of the Ho~se before this great, broad policy, with its far-reaching possibilities, was ever entered upon. I am sorry I was not here when the Interior Department

1852 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 bill was under consideration before in order then to present the views I entertain in regard to it. I am sorry it came in from a committee which is expressly inhibited by the rules of the Bouse from inserting legislation in their bills. It is a matter of broad portent, and one that may be of profound consequence to the Treasury of the United States in the years that are to come, with the growth of the sentiment throughout the country for the establishment of parks in the non-public-land States.

Mr. Speaker, passing over these broad questions and coming to another phase of the matter: Assuming, for the sake of the argument, that it is all right to clothe the department with the power of condemnation, what sort of a situation are we getting ourselves into when we couple with that a provision that a part of the compensation for the condemned lands must be put up by private parties? That to my mind is an unsound principle to engraft in any bill. If we are going to authorize condemnation for park purposes, assuming you have a right to do it, we ought to put behind it the whole responsibility of the Government itself. I question gravely the legality of mingling the activities of the National Government and private individuals to carry. out the supreme, sovereign process of the condemnation of private property for a public purpose.

Those, briefly, are the objections I entertain. I should be very glad to have the matter properly considered by the proper legislative committee of the House and let all these grave legal questions be analyzed. Let us investigate the question; let us see how far we ought to go; and let us be sure that in fixing a policy like this, and fixing a precedent which will arise to plague the Congresses and the Government years hence as the sentiment, as I have said, grows in regard to the establishment of national parks throughout the various States of the Union, we are doing the right thing.

For that reason, it seems to me, in the parliamentary situation in which we find ourselves, the only wise and sensible thing to do is to concur in the Senate amendment and let this Yery grave question receive consideration at the hands of the proper legislative committee.

Mr. COLTON. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. GA~RETT of Tennessee. I yield to the gentleman from

Utah. Mr. COLTON. I recognize that the question I am about to

ask would not affect the general principle the gentleman is discussing, but if the Congress continued to follow its present policy of requiring that all priYate rights shall be acquired within the exterior boundaries of a proposed park before the park is created and taken over by the Federal Government, will not that meet the situation as to future parks, and that this would only apply to the acquiring of lands that are now within the parks which are necessary for park purposes?

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. Of course, that would be true if that assumption were continued; but here is my fear, I will say to the gentleman from Utah-and it looks to me as though this ought to address itself particularly to members of the majority party with very great force---

The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Tennessee has expired.

1\Ir. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I yield the gentleman five additional minutes.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. As I say, it seems to me this ought to address itself with great force to the majority party that will be responsible-! fear that the policy of acquiring title is soon to be outstanding, and let me say to my friend from Utah that the pressure is going to become very tremendous, I predict, in regard to the future park projects to eventually have the Federal Government step into this activity and devote large sums of public money to the acquirement of lands.

l\lr. COLTON. The pressure is great now, but...I hope we can withstand that pressure.

1\Ir. GARRETT of Tennessee. Well, I very much hope so, but I fear the result. I have seen too much in my long experience here.

1\Ir. HASTINGS. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. I yield to the gentleman. 1\Ir. HASTINGS. Of course, the last objection that the gen

tleman from Tennessee made is not involved here, because the language stricken out by the Senate does not include the question of private donations and therefore that is not a question before the Hou e.

Mr. G'ARRETT of Tennessee. But that private donation clause applies to the lands acquired by condemnation as well as those acquired by purchase.

1\fr. HASTINGS. Yes; but that language is left in the bill. 1\Ir. GARRETT of Tennessee. And if this language goes out,

there will be no condemnation. Therefore, as a practical proposition, the one-half provision will only apply to that land which is purchased. So that part of Jt is all right. I aiD; ~ot com·

plaining about that. I am perfectly willing to give authority to purchase, and I am perfectly willing for it to be a half-andhalf proposition, if you want it so, because I reiterate that I am a friend of the national-park system, but I do not want to go to the extent now of entering upon a policy of condemnation. [Applause.]

I thank the gentleman from Michigan very much for his courtesy.

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, the gentleman from Tennessee, I think, in what he has urged has imagined vain things as to what might happen. The bill before us has nothing to do with the acquisition of any lands to be used in creating a park. It has to do only with "the acquisition of privately owned lands and timber within the boundaries of existing national parks and national monuments."

The policy is becoming well established, and it ought . to become fixed and final, and I hope we will lJave at all times in this session the aid of the gentleman from Tennessee in holding to the policy of creating no new national parks that include private holdings. What is a national park? It is an area set forth for the common use of all the · people of the Nation; and whenever John Jones acquires an acre or 10 acres of land and has the right to put a fence around it and say, "This is mine! Private! Keep out! "-and you will see these signs now on areas in national parks-whenever this happens, John Jones to just this extent defeats the fundamental purpose of the national park. It was created for the common purposes and the common use of all. [Applause.] And whether it is a Senator of the United States, whether it is a Member of this House, whether it is an unknown private individual, it is the same truth that to the extent he fences in a part of this great national park he, to that extent, defeats the purposes of the park.

Mr. COLTON. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. In a moment. And I hope we will not create any more national parks with

private holdings, because out of my experience of eight years in studying park problems I have found that they are destructive of proper development in two ways. These private holdings are destructive of proper development an<l use of the park for public purposes, first, because the man who owns the land can develop it in a way that is contrary to the desirable general use of the park. He can put up in a mo t beautiful scenic spot-and there exist now places where this is threatened-a garish sort of oil station.

Testimony before my committee from a reputable, responsible officer of the Park Service is to the effect that now on these private lands in national parks the owners are not only putting up undesirable structures, not only interfering with beautiful scenery, but these private lands are being used in some cases as bootlegging joints and houses of ill fame. Now, I say this sort of thing is repugnant to me in the national-park system.

I believe national parks are to play a great part in the development of this country, and we ought not to create any more with private holdings. But we have created these national parks in the past and we find now they are encumbered by these private holdings, and we had better get rid of the private holdings as soon as we can and secure the national parks for the people of the Nation.

I now yield to the gentleman from Utah. Mr. COLTON. I agree with the gentleman thoroughly and

the gentleman may be interested in knowing that this particular question bas been thrashed out within tbe last few days by the Public Lands Committee and almost unanimously that committee decided tbat that would be the policy so far as we are concerned in the creation of these· parks.

Mr. CRAMTON. That is fine. And that policy was followed by the Congress when it created two great eastern national parks, the Shenandoah in Virginia and the Great Smoky in Tennessee and North Carolina.

And let me remind the gentleman from Tennes ee that in his own State there is under way the creation of a great national park that will be a great asset to the State of Tennessee and the State of North Carolina and provide pleasure for the people of the Nation, and in the creation of that park the law passed by Congress said it should not become effective until all private lands were acquired.

Now, what have they found? In the last week the right of the State to condemn land in North Carolina for the purpose of this park was sustained. They found they could not get the timber that was necessary. The lumber companies were rushing ahead to cut down the timber and destroy the scenic value of this area dedicated to a public use. So they have had to resort, even in ·the gentleman's own State, to condemnntion proceedings, and in the State of North Carolina the proceerliugs have go~e to the supreme court, and that court last week de-

1929 -·CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE 1853 cided that the proceedings are valid. And then those who sought to destroy the timber came to Washington and held conferences and got no encouragement from the legal powers here.

Mr. ENGLEBRIGHT. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. Yes. Mr. ENGLEBRIGHT. I might add for the gentleman's in

formation that since the provision was put in the Interior Department bill I have received communications from private property owners in national parks placing a valuation on their holdings twice in excess of any common-sense amount that would be placed upon them.

1\Ir. CRAMTON. That is what is inevitable so long as human nature is human nature. I will emphasize that further in a moment. There is a splendid example from Tennessee as to private contributions. How does that Great Smoky National Park come into being? We required in our act that before it should become a national park private holdings should be

. bought and turned over with no private lands left in to interfere with park development. These lands were to cost $10,-000,000. Five million dollars has been raised in a splendid way by the States of North Carolina and Tennessee and $5,000,000 comes from one private individual who desires to take that wonderful method of setting up a memorial that will stand forever for his mother. Five million dollars from a private contributor makes pos ible the splendid national park in Tennessee, and I did not expect from Tennessee would come any word of criticism on the policy of creating the park in part with private contributions.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. I yield. Mr. GARRETT of Tenue see. The gentleman does not desire

to put me in a wrong attitude? Mr. CRAMTON. Not at all. Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. I am discussing the legal ques

tion, and a serious one. I do doubt the policy of the Governmc>nt exercising the power of condemnation and providing that half of the compensation shall be made by private parties.

1Y1r. CRAMTON. .As long as the use is purely public I do no-t see that it matters whether the money all comes from the Trea ury, or one-half of it. What I object to is not sharing the contribution, I think it a splendid way for wealthy men to u e money to buy areas to be perpetually devoted to the use of the pubiic. What I object to is sharing the use of the park. .

Senator W .ALSH of Montana secured this amendment in the Senute. He has a summer home in the park. I know that has

. not actuated the Senator a particle in this but Senator W .ALSH knows that when he is exercising that ownership he has a certain area that is his and the rest of us have what is left.

There have been parks where we wanted to establish automobile camps for John Jones and his flivver and in order to do so we had to buy it. I have thought sometimes that in the Rocky Mountain National Park all we own is the scenery and that all of the land was in private ownership.

Now this is not new. This is the third year that the Interior bill has carried thi kind of a proposition-appropriations for the purchase of private land and providing for Federal appropriations to be matched by private funds.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. Condemnation has not been carried heretofore.

Mr. CRAMTON. It is unnecessary. I will say to the gentleman from Tennessee that if the Senate amendment had stricken out two more words I wouid not have cared a cent about it. But the Senate left in the two words. 'l"'he Senate Committee on Appropriations propo ed that they be stricken out with the rest of it, but objection was made on the floor of the Senate by, I think, Senator W .ALSH. These two words that the Senator insisted upon the Senate retaining while it struck out the provision for condemnation are, "by purchase." If they had stricken out those words it would have read-

For the acquisition of privately owned lands and/ or standing timber withjn the boundaries of existing national parks and national monuments $250,000, to be expended only when matched by equal amounts by donation from other sources for the same purpose, to be available until expended.

Then, with that language the department could have purchased or conuemned as authorized by existing law. We preferred to have the condemnation clause definitely set forth but the authority would have existed anyway. But when the Senate strikes out the reference to condemnation and retains " by purchase," then tlle use of this appropriatio-n is restricted to purchase. The words "by purchase" not being in disagreement the conferees can not now take them out.

Here is the law of 1888 to which the House language refers and which is the basis of condemnation proceedings. I quote

it from the speech of Senator WALSH yesterday at page 1767 of the RECORD :

That in every case 1n which the Secretary of the Treasury or any other officer of the Government has been, or hereafter shan be, authorized to procure real estate for the erection of a public building or for other public uses, be shall be, and hereby is, authorized to acquire the same for the United States by condemnation, under judicial process, whenever in his opinion it is necessary or advantageous to the Government to do so ; and the United States circuit or district courts of the district _wherein such real estate is located shall have jurisdiction of proceedings for such condemnation ; and it shall be the duty of the Attorney General of the United States, upon every application of the Secretary of the Treasury under this act, or such other officer, to cause proceedings to be commenced for the condemnation within 30 days from the receipt of the application at the Department of Justice.

SEc. 2. The practice, pleadings, forms, and modes of proceeding in causes arising under the provisions of tbis act shall conform, as near as may be, to the practice, pleadings, forms, and proceedings ex1sting at the time in like causes in the courts of record of the State within which such circuit or district courts are held, any rule of the court to the contrary notwithstanding.

There is the authority that any officer of the Government authorized to acquire land for public purposes, if it is advantageous to do so, may resort to condemnation proceedings.

If the words "by purchase" had been stricken out with the other language stricken out the Senate amendment would have made no difference at all.

It would have left it for tlle Secretary of the Interior to acquire these lands by purchase or condemnation, but the Senate proposes an exception here. That for any other public purpose you can acquire lands by condemnation when extortionate prices are asked, but as to existing national parks you can only buy them by taking the price that the holder asks.

When we were considering this bill, and this did not come up suddenly, we bad hearings upon it, Senator W .ALSH appeared before our committee and made a very helpful statement, which was referred to in my speech on the floor December 11, when I first presented the bill to the House and at which time I gave notice that we intended to offer the amendment.

Senator W .ALSH said before our committee at our hearings in November:

I am entirely in sympathy with the plan of the 'Committee to acquire the property held in private ownership at the foot of the lake by exchange, purchase, or otherwise-any way it can be acquired .

That is what Senator W .ALSH said to our committee. Mr. LEAVITT. But the Senator was confining that to the

land at the lower end of the lake. Mr. CRAMTON. Yes. But I can not distinguish between the

lower and the upper ends of the lake. He said further :

I sympathize altogether keenly with the views of the committee as expressed by its chairman concerning the advisability of the acquisi- · tion by the Government of the property at the foot of the lake.

He said further :

Now, it is a simple question as to whether, with the work half done, you should stop there in order to coerce those people into selling you their land at a lower price than they think -it is worth or that they are asking for it, while the law gives you the perfect right to determine what it is actually worth, and to take it at that price.

That coercion is with reference to a certain road-building program, and not condemnation. Mr. Chairman, the only way the law gives you the right to determine what it is worth is through condemnation proceedings, and Senator WALSH told our committee that we had the right to do it. Said he:

If t he Government wants those lands, and these people want exorbitant prices for them, the way is open to determine just what is a fair price, and the Government ought to be willing to pay that.

So much for the language; so much for the authority to condemn.

Now, as to the emergency that exists. I do not think I ought to take time to quote the details, but let me say this : For s.everal years our committee has been studying these problems along with other Interior Department problems, and we have been impressed by many specific examples of the danger to the national parks through these private holdings. I started to say a while ago that there were two dangers: First, the undesirable use or development on the part of the private owners, and secondly-and I did not say this at that timethe impossibility of the Government proceeding with its program of development because the lands are owned by individuals. Those are the two things that create numberless

1854 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 difficulties. As I said in the hearings when Senator WALSH was before our committee :

I am sure I speak for the committee when I say that we take a good deal of interest in the national-park situation, largely because we realize what they mean to the country in the future. We are in the beginning of a formulation of a national-park policy. Foundations are now being laid. Our experience has impressed upon us that for the proper administration of national parks, that they may perform their proper functions as national parks, it is imperative that eventually all of the lands in those parks become the property of the Federal Government. That seems to me self-evident, because a national park is intended to be set aside for the common use of the Nation, and for some individual or group of individuals to have some portion

. of it set aside for their exclusive use is a denial of the common use of the Nation.

In addition to that fundamental proposition, there are certain practical considerations that have come to our attention as a matter of experience. The ownership by individuals of portions of a national park mal•es pos~:~ible two undesirable sets of circumstances. First, we frequently find the developments the park authorities themselves, representing the Nation, desire to make in the park, are obstructed by the failure to own the land. We have had that experience. We want to establish an automobile camp, and find that before we can do it we have to make an agreement with the owners or buy those lands.

In Rocky Mountain Park, where the situation was more extreme ' than in Glacier, it seemed that about all we owned was the scenery, and wherever you wanted to go with an automobile and camp there were signs up "Private Property; Keep Off." So the private ownership stood in the way, and does in many cases now stand in the way of development which the Government would like to make.

Secondly, and sometime even more serious than that, has been the possibility as well as the actual experience in some cases of an undesirable development taking place on property in private ownership. In Glacier there is an undesirable development going on. Some church organization is putting up a lot of shacks, etc., that detract from the scenery in the park. In some cases more unsightly anu undesirable structures have resulted.

Now, because of these experiences, I think we have all come to the conclusion that some time those . private holdings must be eliminated, and we have felt that the sooner they are eliminated the better, so we have been very anxious to see a comprehensive program under way.

We pressed the Park Servi,ce to give us a survey of that whole thing. In the 1928 Interior bill our committee recommended and the House approved and Congress approved $50,000 for the purpose of buying · these lands when matched by private sources.

1\Ir. GARRETT of Tennessee. Mr. Speake-r, may I ask the gentleman a question for information?

Mr .. CRAMTON. Surely. Mr. GARRE'l"'T of Tennessee. In the bills authorizing the

Secretary of the Interior to accept the parks to which the gentleman has refen-ed, the one in North Carolina and Tennessee, and the one in Virginia, was it provided that there shall be a certain area definitely described, and that the title to the lands within that area shall be in the Government?

Mr. CRAMTON. My recollection is this : I know how they were created. There was a commission headed by our colleague [Mr. TFn.IPLE] who made a survey of the entire East, and finally recommen<led those two areas. I do not think the definite metes and bounds were specified, but tbey knew that we were proceeding on this report that had to do with certain specific areas and unless those areas in general could be acquired then, of co~rse, the park could not be created, but the act itself did not entirely define the metes and bounds. It did provide that unless a certain minimum area was acquired, then it would not become a national park.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. Yes; and within that minimum area is it pos ible for privately owned land to be retained, not as a part of that area?

Mr. CRAMTON. No; anything within those exterior boundaries will come in, and will be acquired, and they have had to resort to condemnation proceedings to get them.

Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. But they are doing it through the right authority.

Mr. COLTON. I think the gentleman is correct. The bHl provided a minimum acreage should be acquired, but that the land within the exterior boundaries of the area that is required should be conveyed to the Government, that there should be no private rights within the exterior boundaries.

Mr. CRAMTON. As I say, two years ago we appropriated $50,000 to be matched by private funds for this samelpurpose. A year ago a second $50,000 was approved by this House and the Congress, and this year a larger program is proposed, because

the general survey of the situation which our committee desires has been completed, I think, as late as December. An additional aid was given the Park Service a year ago to do that, l\Ir. W. B. Lewis, former superintendent of the Yosemite National Park. He was appointed an a sistant to the director and carried on that work and made his report, and it appears in our hearings. He was for many years the head of one of our greatest national parks, and that report, filed in December, and appearing in our hearings, sets forth that it will cost between five and six million dollars to acquire all the private lands in existing parks and monument .

The most acute situation, challenging the most public attention, is in the Yosemite National Prrrk of California, and I am approaching now the emergency that makes ab olutely necessary this legi'31ation as passed by the House, unless this Congress is to be held up to the condemnation of the country. Here is the emergency: In the Yosemite National Park there are 13 square miles of timbered lands, cai-rying some of the most beautiful sugar pine and yellow pine of California. Certain projecte{l and soon to he co.llstructed scenic highways will travel for a distance of about 4 miles through that wonderful wooded area.

These lands are in private ownership. In the last few weeks they have come all into one ownership, 8,500 acres, that is carrying on Jumber operations in the vicinity of the park, and it is definite if these lands are not acquired the lumbering operations will go into the park this coming summer and the timber will be cut off. Certain private interests who have been trying to pre'.Tent or avert that national calamity have made an investigation, and I happen to know they employed skilled timber cruisers to go in there and measure the timber and make an estimate of the. value of this land for the timber, and they made their report as to what this land is worth, but the owners of this land have been refusing to consider any such price, and it looks as if the fact is they consider the Government has to have t11is land or suffer execration from every nature lover, and are encouraged to ask an unreasonable price.

'Vhen ·that situation developed, thi great tract in the park coming 'into one ownership, we knew that the cutting of timber was a matter of a few months. Then from a ·certain private source 01ere was an offer of $1,000,00() as a gift to be usei:l when matched by an equal amount of public funds to acquire this land in the Yosemite and the balance to be used in other national parks in the snme way. That offer was made in response to the invitation that Congress has made for the last two years when we appropriated certain amounts on the halfand-half basis.

Here, when the emergency is apparent, comes this generous offer from a private source to give a million dollars to take careof the emergency and the balance to go to other parks, and it would be a crime, and certainly it is a crime to which I do not wish to be a party, if we should fail to take advantage of the generous private offer and put up the money to rna tch such a contribution. [Applause.] I say it would be a crime if we fail to match the very generous offier, and I say we would be subject to the severest criticism if we fail to put up nioney to match their money and if we fail to put it up in a way that will protect them as well as the Treasury from the unconscionable prices that may be asked for this land otherwise.

Furthermore, I have had the hope that the same source that gave the million dollars, or some other source, if it is seen that Congress is going ahead to clean up these particular holdings not only in the Yosemite but other national parks-I say I had the hope that if we definitely adopted a program such source would put up the entire half of the five or six million dollars needed. That is the reason th1s language is in the bill. Here is an attempt to match the million dollars that is offered. It outlines a definite program for matching of public and private funds, so that in a few years we can clean up all these handicaps in our park development.

In the Senate yesterday Senator WALSH said this: I want to impress upon the minds of Senators the idea that the na

tional park officials do not desire these lands for any purpose whatever; they simply do not want any of these lands held in private ownership.

I am sure the gentleman from Tennessee, from what he said, does not agree that these lands when turned over and set apart for perpetual public u~c will serve no use whatever. The general public use is the highest use.

In the Lewis report it is stated: As the timberland menace is most pronounced in ' Yosemite, so is the

summter-home-site evil at its worst in Glacier, where at both ends of Lake McDonald neat·Iy 200 individual owners have erected flimsy, unattractive structures presenting a striking example of landscape despoliation; 597.50 acres of land is iD'volved in the two subuivided areas at

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1855 either . end of the la_ke, both areas being traversed by the new transmountain road, the final completion of which has been deferred pending acquisition of control of these holdings by the Government.

Even larger areas and a larger- number of individual owners are involved in similar subdivisions . in Yosemite. While the immediate situation is less serious than in Glacier, it will become more and more aggravated as time goes on, as two of the subdivided tracts are adjacent to the Tioga Road, one astride the Big Rock Road, and the other readily accessible to it. The latter tract comprises 200 acres, subdivided in 1912, and involving 1,230 lots with 336 individual owners. Three other tracts, totaling 433.52 acres; more recently subdivided, are still largely in the bands of the pl·omoters, but already about 50 individual owners are listecJ,.

While In each of the parks private holdings are for the most so located as to obstruct park administration and development, the most serious problems are to be found in Yosemite, Glacier, and Rocky Mountain, where the holdings are mcst extensive and . the ownerships most complex. The imminent danger of an early r esumption of lumbering operations on nearly 9,000 acres of exceptionally fine sugar and yellow pine lands in Yosemite, With the resulting scenic destruction and fire menace, makes it extremely urgent that -ways and means be found•immediately if these stands are to be saved. Second only in importance is the Glacier situation, with its hodgepodge of summer homes obstructing the deveiopment of the transmountain highway. Then com~s Roc!l:y .Mountain, with its extensive private holdings monopolizing the best _available sites for public camp gl'Ounds in the par_k. Foll_owing th~se _in order of. importance and urgency cernes Grand Canyon, with its strategically located prh:ate holdings on the South Rim; Zion, with jts main entrance blocked by private ownership ; General Grant, with a large tract subdivided into summer-home sites in the heart of the General Grant Grove of Sequoias; Lassen, with its southeastern entrance blocked by a privately controlled tourist development; and Mesa _Verde, Sequoia, Mount Rainier, and Crater Lake, with general administrative and protective problems by reason of the existence of lands outside the control of the Goverlllll'ant. - .

The Yosemite situation is attracting widespread attention in the Nation, and if we fail to ~;tct effectively the condemnation will be universal, for Yosemite is dear to the hearts of the Nation.

Mr. Don Tresidde-r, president of the Yosemite Park & Curry Co., writes me: ·

The menace of private holdings in .the parks is growing yearly. In t 'he case of Yosemite, it is placing the very integrity· of the park itself i_n jeopardy.

~ Mr. Francis Farquhar, of San Francisco, a gentleman I know well, a member of the Sierra Club, who is very 'much interested i_n the parks, says: · Mr. McDuffie informs me that he bas just heard from · you that you have strong hopes of reestablishing the condemnation clause in the bill when it is finalJy enacted. I earnestly hope that this will go through, as without it negotiations for purchase might be extremely difficult and long delayed. We have already been double-crossed once by one of these lumber companies, and we need every bit of backing we can get to keep them from the massacre of the forests which they are contemplating,

The preservation of this forest is one of the most urgent things that I know of; not alone on account of fts beauty and its place in the national park but also because of its protection of the watershed. ·. The farmers and agricultural interests seem to have been sound asleep ori this question of lumbering in this portion of the Sierra and have permitted a.n irreparable damage in many places. You can, therefore, feel tha-t you have accomplished a genuine act of conservation in the interests of agriculture as well as in the interests of the park.

Here is a letter from Mrs. Bernice C. Marshall, chairman of the forestry nationaJ. scenery committee of the General Federation of ·women's Clubs, who recently visited this ·area, in which ~he says: · ·

My l;msband and I made a .trip to Yosemite Park last August in order that I might make a special study of the situation there. It seems to me unthinkable that those wonderful sugar pine and other giant trees growing on the privately owned lands within the boundaries of the park should ever be touched by the lumber companies.

Furthermore, Dr. John P. Buwalda, chairman division of geology and paleontology, California Institute of Technology, at Pasade~a, Calif., says in a letter:

All men who have a knowledge of the relation of these holdings to park administration, and the menace they constitute to proper park development, appreciate the importance of taking the steps which you have so wisely urged.

It is moreover clear that the Government should not delay in acquiring these private holdings until irreparable dama~e has been done.

The president of the Sierra Club, San Francisco, Duncan McDuffie, says :

LXX--117

The Sierra Club regards the elimination of private holdings in tile national parl{s as a matter of the utmost importance.

Furthermore, the acting superintendent of the Yosemite National Park, 1\Ir. E. C. Leavitt, who is living with this problem, says:

I do hope that the right to condemn these lands, if necessary, will be kept in the bill, for I am confident that it will place the Government in a much more advantageous position in dealing with the various private owners. While it might not be necessary to use this means the fact that we have the right win go a long .way in inducin~ owne;s to delil fairly with the Government.

The National Park Service is known to the Congress. They have built up their usefulness and their standing because of their reasonableness in their handling of the public. Who is there who has any real fear · that any unfair or drastic action will be taken with reference to this matter? It has been asserted in the- Capitol that it is proposed that the Secretary may enter and take possession · of these properties. we propose only the old Anglo-Saxon method of letting the condemnation -jury go in and fix the prices, and the general experience is that such juries are not unfair to the local owners, but they do protect us from unreasonable extortion. - If we are going to acquire these lands-and it is vital to the park system that we do--it is necessary that we do it now. There are other situations outside of those in the Yosemite Park that are acute. Zion National Park, in Utah, is threatened by privately owned land adjacent to its entrance. '.rhere are acute situations elsewhere. There are people who have

. gone into these lands who are subdividing them and selling summer homes on which -are built shacks that disfigure the landscape. In one of -the-se parks you pass over a road imd pass by miles of outhouses and shacks put up by private owners on their land. · It seems inconceivable that Congress should delay, particularly when such generous offers by private holders are now made to us. It is i;nconceivable that we would not do in the nation~! parks just as we do in the City of Washington, where, when we want land for a national purpose, we condemn it~ When we 'Yant · land in Tennessee for a national purpose and can not ge-t it otherwise at a re-asonable price we condemn. That is all we ask to be- done here-to give them the right of condemnation where it is necessary in order to protect the public interest. I hope you will reject the amendment offered by the Senate.

Mr. LEAVITT. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield there? Mr. CRAMTON. Yes. - · Mr. LEAVITT. As the law now stands, is it that the- -Park

Ser~ice or the Government can determine the improvements on the land? .

Mr. CRAMTON. No. The department has no authority to regulate the matter of improvements on privately owned. land in these parks beyond what might be done under the general nuisance laws. ·

1\Ir . . LEAVITT. I understand by the statement of Senator WALSH that that right does exist.

Mr. CRAM'_fON. He expresses the belief . that the park authorities shall have the same right as cities in zoning.

He said, at page 357 of our hearings: -

So far as the .use of the property is concerned, they seem to think they are impote~t; that they have no control over the character of buildings to be constru<;ted or the particular business to which . they shall be devoted. I totally disagree with that. I think the act gives the Secretary of the Interior _ full power in the premises, just exactly the same power as the State or any municipality would have, and the power is to be measured in a way by the purpose or use to which the property generally is put, and the fact that it is within a national park.

lf the property were within a municipality it would be zoned so that only buildings of a certain type or character could be erected within a certain district. That has been fully justified. The Departmen t of the Inte:t;ior or .the Secretary of the Interior has power to make all necessary rules and regulations having exactly the same force as acts of • the legislature or ordinances of a municipal body. So that, so far as the character of the buildings is concerned, referring to the religious organization that makes that a summer headquarters, there is no difficulty about providing a rule a~ to the character of buildings they may erect, none whatever, even on privately owned land.

I question that authority, especia'lly in the absence of any direct legislation by Congress.

Mr. Speaker, how muc,h time have I left of my hour? The SPEAKER. · Seven minutes.

- Mr. CRAMTON. I yield five minutes to the gentleman from ; Montana [Mr. LEA.VI'IT]. -

1856 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE J ANU .ARY 17-The SPEAKER. The gentleman from :Montana is recognized

for five minutes. Mr. LEAVITT. Mr. Speaker and gentlemen of the House, I

am particularly interested in this matter because the question has been raised with reference to Glacier National Park in Montana. The question has nothing to do with any lands in my own district, as I understand it, but it has to do with the land on the west side of Glacier Park, and many of our people are greatly exercised through the fear that some arbitrary use of the authority of the Government to .condemn and purchase will be exercisetl to the disadvantage or injustice of people who have owned lands in that park for a long time.

I understood from the debate that was had here when this appropriation bill was before the House previously that it was the purpose a11d authorized in the bill itself that when land in national parks is purchased, through agreement with the owners, condemnation or otherwise, the Government would be authorized to enter into and intends to enter into an agreement with the owner for the continued use of that land throughout the lifetime of such owner.

I think that meets the situation in the minds of some of the private owners with whom I have talked, though by no :Rleans all, but it does not meet in any particular one situation that exists in Glacier Park, and that is the matter of ownership of 80 acres of land belonging to the Methodist Church organization in Montana, which is being used as a summer camp for young people. It was acquired by that church organization through the gift of the original homesteaders on that land, who had gained title to it by living on it as pioneers before the natiof!al park was created. ,

I do not see how any provision or agreement that during the lifetime of an individual such an individual might be allowed to continue the use of the land would apply to a situation such as that. That bequest was made by an old couple who lived there as pioneers and who wished to leave something to the young people of Montana, and who did so by granting that land to the church organization to which they belonged. It is used by that church for a summer camp. Even under a provision for continued use during the life of an owner it might be impossible to continue the use of that land for that religious and public purpose if the Government ever decided it wished, through condemnation, to take it away.

Mr. LAGUARDIA. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. LEAVITT. I yield. _ Mr. LAGUARDIA. Are we not doing the same thing in

\Vashington? Through condemnation proceedings in the District you can take property when it is needed in a scheme of building, so that we are doing the same thing right here.

Mr. LEAVITT. That is true, but I am speaking now uf the way in which this particular land might be reached even with that particular form of agreement for the benefit of individuals. I serve notice at this time that I have prepared, and am dropping in the basket now for introduction at the end of my present remarks, the following bill :

That the right of the Government to purchase through condemnation shall not apply to lands within any national park now owned by any religious organization and used exclusively for religious purposes.

I see no other way to meet the situation which exists in that case through the provisions of the law as it now exists or as it is intended to have it clarified by the enactment of this bill.

Mr. WINGO. I suggest that the gentleman should add the word "fraternal" after the word "religious."

Mr. LEAVITT. I do not think that is necessary, because 1 know of no such situation. I h"'lOW of no other situation as exists in the Glacier National Park.

I do not believe any public purpose could be served by requiring a church organization to give up land which has been donated to it by people of that faith for the creation of a memorial, just as fully a memorial as is the case of this $5,000,000 gift on the part of .John D. Rockefeller, jr., for the purposes of public benefit and a memorial to his mother. I do not think that under

. any circumstances through condemnation should it be po sible to dispose of that land unless it is in accordance with the wishes of the Methodists themselves.

Mr. CRAMTON. 1\Ir. Speaker, I will simply take one minute to say this: There is no one who has taken a more active interest in promoting the interests of the park in Montana than the gentleman who has just spoken. Whenever we have gone there he has been there to assist in stUdying the problems, and I trunk he need have no fear about any pro-per religious organization holding their meetings in a proper way in a national park. They are encouraged to come there with their meetings, but when jt comes to the setting aside of a certain area for ·the purpose of developing unsightly shacks which interfere with the public use of the park that is a different proposition. There will be no difficulty about their continuing

to come there and holding their meetings, even if their lands should be acquired by the Go-vernment. Mr. Speaker, I move the previous question.

The previous question was ordered. The SPEAKER. The question is on the motion of the

gentleman from Tennessee to recede and concur in the Senate amendment.

The question was taken ; and on a division (demanded by Mr. GARR.ErrT of Tennessee) there were-ayes 16, noes 72.

So the motion was rejected. The SPEAKER. 'l~he question now recurs on the motion of

the gentleman from l\iichigan that the House further insist on its disagreement to the Senate amendment.

The motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the next amendment

in disagreement. The Clerk read as follows : Amendment No. 40: "and for the continuance of construction of the

transmouni;ain toad in said Glacier National Park."

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House further insist on its disagreement to the Senate amendment.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan moves that the House further insist on its disagreement to the Senate amendment.

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, as to that I simply wish to say this: The Senate amendment proposes in the general lump sum for building roads in national parks to specify a road in the Glacier National Park. The only other roads specified in that lump-sum appropriation are fragments of roads outside of national parks for which the mon-ey could not be used if they were not specified. It has not been the policy to specify roads in the national parks in this lump-sum item because oftentimes weather conditions make it necessary to change the program, and so forth. ·

Now, there are three good reasons for not accepting the Senate amendment. The first one I have stated, that we do not want to establish the precedent of specifying one ~rticular road. If we did give such a preference, it should not necessarily be given to the Glacier National Park, which stands third among the national parks in amount of money . spent already for road building, but stands only thirteenth in number of visitors. Up to the time of our hearings $1,661,022.52 had been allotted for road building in Glacier National Park, an amount greater than any other national park except Yosemite and Mount Rainier, and an amount greater than has been allocated either for Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, or Rocky Mountain National Parks. So Glacier has not been discriminated against and ought not to be given this preference. Secondly, we do not think we will have the money for Glacier this year, anyway. It was expected we would have $5,000,000 for road construction, but we will have only $3,500,000 for new work. Thirdly, we think we ought to give preference to roads where conditions are favorable, and they are not now favorable in Glacier. We think it is foolish to rush the completion of this road and raise the market price of a lot of adjacent land immediately. We think it will be time enough to- build this road after we have cleaned up the private land situation, which is so serious along its route.

Mr. LEAVITT. Will the gentleman yield? 1\Ir. CRAMTON. Yes. .Mr. LEAVITT. Will the gentleman state what the plans are

for the acquirement of this private land within any reasonable time?

Mr. CRAMTON. I will say that I am very hopeful that · if we can get the Senate to recede on this Walsh condemnation amendment, the private funds will be contributed as stated; and we hope that a real program of private-land acquisition in the Glacier Park will follow during this coming fiscal year, and if that does follow, then by another year the road-program situation will have straightened out, the lands will have been acquired, and then we can go ahead.

Mr. LEA VITI'. Is it the expectation to go ahead just as rapidly as the key points are acquired, or is it the intention to wait until all of the land is acquired?

1\Ir. CRAMTON. No. There are a lot of private lands in remote sections which the department and the committee have no idea of acquiring prior to this road development. Money is so badly needed in a variety of places that we expect to go to those places where conditions are right.

It has been urged in the Senate that the State of Montana has spent a lot of money on roads to connect with this road, it being stated by Senator WALSH:

In anticipation of the completion of that road the State of Montana has spent an enormous amount of money for a State as sparsely settled as ours upon the improvement of roads leading to the Glacier National Park, ~ticipating that tourists will travel through that coun-

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 1857 try by the tllousands for the purpose of viewing the beauti.tul scenery and enjoying the advantages it offers.

As a matter of fact the State of Montana has spent not more than a few thousand, dollars on roads directly connecting with Glacier Park roads. The Blackfeet Highway and the approach road from the east through the Blackfeet Indian Reservation were built 100 per cent from Federal funds.

:rhe roads on the west are built with Federal funds. There is another road that will serve the purpose of the transmountain road the Roosevelt Highway, being built 100 per cent of Federai forest highway funds. This road will get the transcontinental traffic oyer the mountains.

1 do not say this in criticism 4>f the State. - I am aware of the difficulties they have had and I have tried to help the gentleman from Montana [Mr. LEAVITT] get his Red Lodge road, or whatever he calls it, but I say this in answer to the criticism that has been made in .the Senate.

Mr. LEAVITT. 'Vill the gentleman yield? 1\Ir. CRAMTON, I yield. Mr. LEAVITT. · That is true unless we go into detail with

regard to it, but when we go into detail we find that the Blackfoot Indian Reservation, for example, is Government land, and that roads in Montana leading up to that reservation and then on through must be considered as roads connecting with the national park. ,

l\Ir. CRAMTON. That is true. Mr. LEAVITT. And the State of Montana has spent a good

many hundreds of thousands and even millions of dollars. 1\.Ir. CRAMTON. The gentleman fi·om Montana is to be

commended for this-it is because of his help and his cooperation and his sympathy and other gentlemen like him in this House that this committee has been able to bring about an increase in the appropriation for building roads in the national parks from about $1,000,000 a year to $5,000,000_, a ~ear. Wit~out this sympathy and this encouragement a:r;td ~~s. help thiS could not have been done. · As a matter of fact, If It had not been for gentlemen like the gentleman from Montana and others who have supported the program of this committee, there wo~d not have been any money for building roads for anybody. m Montana to quarrel about. :ais position is always constructive helpfulness.

l\Ir. Speaker, I move the previous question. The previous question was ordered. The SPEAKER. The question is on the motio~ ~f the gent~e

man from Michigan that the House further msist upon 1ts uisagreement to the Senate amendment.

The motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER. The Clerk will report the next amendment. The Clerk read as follows : Amendment No. 41 : On page 120, line 1, after the word " Interior,"

insert a colon and tile following proviso: "Prov·ided further, That the practice of allowing quarters, beat, light, household equipment, subsistence and laundry service to the superintendent and other em· ployees 'who are required to live at St. Elizabeths. Hospit~l may be continued without deduction from their salary, notw1thstandmg the act of March 5, 1928 (45 Stat. 193)."

l\fr. CRAMTON. Mr. Speaker, I move to recede and concur in the Senate amendment with an amendment to add to the Senate amendment the following:

Pending determination by the Personnel Classification Board in accordance with said .act.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan moves to recede and concur in the Senate amendment with an amendment, which the Clerk will report.

The Clerk read as follows : Mr. CRAMTON moves to recede and concur in Senate amendment No.

41 with an amendment as follows : At the end of the matter inserted by the Senate add the following: "Pending determination by the Personnel Classification Board fn accordance with said act."

l\fr. CRAMTON. l\fr. Speaker, there has been more or less of a tempest in a teapot about this St. Elizabeths proposition. The amendment inserted by the Senate restores language recommended by our committee and stricken out in the House on a point of order. The amendme~t adopted by the Senate reads:

Proviaea (u1·ther, That the practice of allowing quarters, beat, light, household equipment, subsistence, and laundry service to the supel·intendent and other employees who are required to live at St. Elizabeths Hospital may be continued without deduction from their salary, notwithstanding the act of March 5, 1928 ( 45 Stat. p. 193).

Now, what was the act of March 5, 1928? That is all that makes this legislation subject to a point of order. Section 3 of that act provides:

SEC. 3. The head of an executive department or independent establishment, where, in his judgment, conditions of employment require

it, may continue to furnii:Jh civilians employed in the field service with quarters, heat, light, household equipment, subsistence, and laundry service; and appropriations for the fiscal year 1929 and thereafter of the character heretofore used for such purposes are hereby made available therefor: Pro1:ided, That the reasonable value of such allowances shall be determined and considered as part of the compensation in fixing the salary rate of such civilians.

The point of that is this proviso: P1·o·vided,_ That the reasonable value of such allowances shall be

determin!M and considered as part of the com pen sa tion in fixing the salary rate of such civilian.

Now, here is what happened as to St. Elizabeths after this became the law: The Personnel Classification Board, or its representatives, went over to St. Elizabeths, made an examination of the salaries, made their allocations of salaries, and took into consideration these allotments of quarters, and so forth.

They could have fixed the salaries a little higher and then made a deduction for quarters, but instead they fixed the salaries at what the Personnel Classification Board thought they ought to be, the quarters being considered. · They did not show this on the face of things, so the Comptroller Gene1;al rais~d the question th~t they have n9t acted under this law and made · the necessary deductions, and h'e made some talk about deducting $11,000 for quarters from a $9,000 salary. This was not final. This was not definite. He had not any idea of doing a foolish thing like that, although certain l\Iembers on the floor seem to have taken him seriously.

Now, this is the situation. -The amendment I have offered will make it read in this way:

" The practice of allowing quarters, and so forth, to the superintendent and other employees who are required to live at St. Elizabeths Hospital may be continued without ded~ction from their salary, notwithstanding the act of l\farch 5, 1928 until the Personnel Classification Board shall proceed und~r that act,'' or words to that effect.

Mr. BLACK of Texas. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. Yes. Mr. BLACK of Texas. If the Personnel Classification Board

took into consideration the value of these quarters, they evidently made no allowance for them in fixing Doctor White's salary, liecause $9,000 is the highest salary that can be paid under the Welch bill.

Mr. CRAMTON. I make the statement, and it comes from the secretary of the Personnel Classification Board after consultation with the board, that they passed on these salaries and took into consideration not only the quarters but the surrounding conditions.

1\Ir. BLACK of Texas. How could they have taken into consideration these · things in Doctor White's case when they give him the utmost that can be paid under the terms of the Welch bill? .

Mr. CRAM'_rON. They might have done this and not been far wrong. They might have said that the disadvantage of living in quarters where insane people crowd the door and the corridors--that that disadvantage joined with the 24-hour service offset any Yalue that might be deducted.

Mr. SCHAFER. How about the United States Veterans' Bureau ho~;pitals at North Chicago, Ill., and Camp Custer, l\ficll.? ·

Mr. CRAMTON. I frankly say to the gentleman that the only reason I am offering this amendment is in order that the language as it stands in the bill might not be misunderstood as making an exception, but to make it clear that St. Elizabeths is to be handled the same as any other institution governed by that law. We are not making an exception. I am making it clear that it is to be passed on by the Personnel Classification Board.

Now just a word. There has been a good deal of misconception about this. There have been attacks made on Doctor White. He is undoubtedly a great authority in his line. I am not going to discuss the particular attacks made on him. The business of our committee is not to legislate for individuals. We are legislating for the office, and whoever holds the office should be treated the same way. If it should be held that Doctor White was not the one to continue in charge of the office they would have to get some one else. I would like to have the conditions such that you could get a man equally great in attainments in his profession, and that could not be done if you subtracted $11,000 expenses from the $9,000 salary.

What are the facts? It is claimed that there are 19 rooms in this building. There are not that many. In the next place, these rooms are used for the entertainment of official guests from all over the country. These guests are entertained at the table. All the expense of Doctor White's table is not borne by the Government. He spends $75 a month, on an average, from his own funds for food fo:r; the table. Anything on the regular

.1858 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE J ANU .A.RY 17 menu for the institution can go to bis table and his guests, but if he wants something beyond the ordinary menu be pays for it.

Mr. SCHAFER. If be is to have tbis place for the entertainment of guests, why should not the beads of Veterans' Bureau hospitals have the same privilege?

:Mr. ORA.l\fTON. It would not be in order to put that in this bill. That bill is not before the House. This bill does not extend to the veteran's hospital. Under the law the superintendent of St. Elizabetbs Hospital is required to live in the hospital. The quarters furnished the superintendent for his home are in a building which was erected in 1855 and remodeled in 1872. There has been no change since that time, and these same quarters have always been occupied by the superintendent of the hospital. The quarters occupied by him are in the center of the building, housing about 1,000 patients. The entrance is through! hallway used by patients and others as is also the stairway leading to his quarters, which are flanked on either side by wards.

These quarters are situated in such a way that it would be inconvenient, if not impossible, to divide them and use them for other purposes. They do not consist of 19 rooms there being several less than that number. '

Four employees, including a cook and an assistant are employed in the superintendent's quarters but are not required to .give full ~irne to his service. Under the law th~e employees work only eight hours. They have 30 days' vacation and sick leave. These employees are not employed full time by the superintendent but devote their time when not so employed to other hospital duties.

Mr. SCHAFER. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. Yes. Mr. SCHAFER. Has the gentleman any information to indi

cate how much time they give to Doctor White's personal home and how much time they give to the patients?

Mr. CRAMTON. I have not that information. During the past year the superintendent has entertained visitors from foreign countries, including representatives from Austria, England, Scotland, Australia, Denmark, Holland, France, Japan, Siam, Ceylon, and many other foreign countries. It is advantageous to the hospital to have these scientists visit it. They very often give clinics to the medical staff of the hospital for the benefit of the patients. They bring the last word in medical science and through such means the hospital is able to give its patients the most enlightened and curative treatment as required by the organic act. No paid help is furnished to employees with the exception of the superintendent and a maid four hours each day to the first assistant physician. These employees are all in the custodial grade, regular classified service.

For the other employees there is no help furnished, except a maid four hours a day for the first assistant physician.

It is not easy to get medical men of this training for this work. The numbe~ available is quite limited, and we certainly do not want to skimp on salaries for a man who has the responsibility for caring for 4,000 to 5,000 insane people. That is not my idea of the place to start in with economy.

Mr. SCHAFER. But the medical personnel is filled from the civil-service list, and I think if the gentleman will consult the Civil Service Commission he will find that there is no shortage in the number of applicants for these positions.

Mr. CRAMTON. Let me tell the gentleman a little something definite. There are 800,000 beds in hospitals in the United States, and of those 400,000 are in mental institutions in th~ United States. There are 150,000 physicians in the United States. .About 1,500 of them are psychiatrists. Fifty per cent of the beds in the hospitnls are for mental cases. Only 1 per cent of the physicians are at all trained to take care of the mental patients. That gives some idea of the difficulty of getting the right kind of personnel to do this work.

Something has been said about the automobile. The fact is that Superintendent White bought his own automobile without Government funds and pays for its operation when on personal business. When it is on Government business he gets no compensation for the use of his automobile for Government business. He pays for his telephone calls and telegrams, and so forth. I present in support of these statements the following from Mr. Sanger, assistant to the superintendent:

UNITED STATES DEP.ABTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

Hon. LoUIS C. CRAMTON,

ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL, Washington, D. a., Jan'Uary 5, 19!9.

House of Representatives, Washington, D. 0. 1\fy DEAR 1\-ln. CRAr.ITO. : I inclose herewith a statement covering some

of the pertinent facts bearing upon the furnishing of quarters, beat, light, etc., to officers and employees of St. Elizabeths Hospital.

I have underscored the heading of each paragraph giving you pertinent facts. The other information is descriptive, supporting these · statements.

You will note on page 3 information pertaining to the number of rooms in the superintendent's quarters and the number of cooks employed for the superintendent; on page 4 information pertaining to the number of visiting scientists entertained during the last year and information that paid help is furnished to only one other offider or employee; on page 5 there are statements showing that the superintendent owns his own automobile, contributes toward buying groceries for his table, and pays for his personal telegrams and toll telephone messages.

Very sincerely yours, • 1\IONIE SANGER,

Assistant to the Superintendent.

UNITED STATES DEPAR'P{ENT OF THE INTERIOR, ST. ELIZA.BETHS HOSPITAL,

Washington, D. a., January 5, 1.9£9.

SOME PERTINENT FACTS BEARING UPON THE FURNISHI.. G OF QUARTERS, HEAT, LIGHT, ETC., TO OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES OF ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL

Furnishing of quarters, etc., to officers and employees of mental institutions is not a new thing. It has been the practice in institutions throughout the United States, and we believe the civilized world to furnish such quarters to omcers and employees for such a length of time that there are no records to the contrary. This practice has continued without question up to the time that the comptt·oller raiSed the question with regard to the officers and employees of St. Elizabeths Hospital.

Quarters and subsistence, including heating and lighting, etc., are not furnished for the benefit of the officers and employees. The sole reason for giving such service is for the benefit, care, and treatment of the patients, who are wards of the Government, and for the pro-' tection of the public property. .

Officers and employees who are given these quarters are required to be subject to call 24 hours, with the right to call on them for such service 365 days each year.

These additional allowances are incident to the work and not a reward. Officers and employees must incur additional responsibility and hazards of living in the hospital, and, where they have families bring up their children in the environment of a mental institution ; and they must be ready to respond to any emergency such as a surgical operation or a fire at any and all times.

The environment in which the officers and employees live is not a desirable onE'. There are great hazards and employees are frequently attacked, and there are instances on record where they have been killed by patients.

All employees are not permitted to live on the hospital reservation. When the original classification bill became a law more than 500 employees resided on the reservation. This number was reduced to include only those absolutely essential fot' the proper care and treatment of the patients and protection of the property. More than 350 employees moved out of the hospital, and approximately 130 at the present time reside on the hospital reservation.

Under the law the superintendent of St. Elizabetbs Hospital is required to live in the hospital.

The quarters furnished the superintendent for his home are in a building which was erected in 1855 and remodeled in 1872. There has been no change since that time and these same quarters have always been occupied by the superintendent of the hospital.

The quarters occupied by the superintendent are in the center of a building housing about 1,000 patients. The entrance is through a hallway used by patients and others, as Is also the stairway leading to his quarters, which are flanked ou either side by wards.

These quarters are situated in such a way that it would be inconvenient, if not impossible, to divide them and use them for other purposes. They do not consist of 19 rooms, there being several less than that number.

Four employees, includlng a cook and an assistant, are employed in the supeiintendent's quarters, but are not required to give full time to his service. Under the law these employees work only 8 hours have 30 days' vacation, and sick leave. These employees are not employed full time for the superintendent, but devote their time when not so employed to other hospital dnties.

The superintendent must be considered in two capacities. First, in bls official position representing tbe Government; second, in his personal position as an employee. In his official p~sition representing the (}{)vernment he must entertain prominent scienti ts from practically every country in the world and from tbe various States.

During the past year the superintendent bas entertained on an average about one visiting scientist each week. These visitors from foreign countries included representatives from Austria, England, Scotland, Australia, Denmark. Holland, France, Japan, Siam, Ceylon, and many other foreign countries. It is advantageous to the hospital w have

•

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1859 these scientists visit tt. They very often give clinlcs to the medical staff of the hospital for the benefit of the patients. They bring the last word in tnedical science, and through such means the hospital is able to give its patients the most enlightened and curative treatment, as required by the organic act. ·

No paid help is furnished to employees with the exception of the supet·intendent and a maid four hom·s each day to the first assistant physician. These employees are all in the custodial grade, regular classified service.

It is difficult to get sufficient medical officers for the work of the institution. There have been 72 separations from the hospital staff during the past six years. To make reductions from the salary for quarters and other allowances would have a tendency to make it still more difficult to get help.

There .are aiJout 800,000 beds in hospitals throughout the United States, one-half of which, or 400,000, are in mental institutions. There are about 150,000 physicians throughout the United States, about 1,500 of whom are psychiatrists. While 50 per cent of the beds in hospitals are for mental ca es, only 1 per cent of the physicians throughout the country are at all trained to take care of mental patients. This is a fair indication of the degree of difficulty in getting adequate and properly trained personnel for this character of service.

The superintendent bas his own automobile, maintenance, and cost paid for out of his own funds.

The superintendent pays for personal telephone calls and telegrams out of his salary.

Quarters and allowances, including subsistence, furnished the superintendent at this time are the same as have been furnished to all superintendents since the opening of the institution in 1855, and were offered to the present superintendent when he was appointed to the position. The food fumisbed to him is of the same class as is fumished to the patients. Anything additional the superintendent must purchase out of his own funds. This includes anything unusual or special supplies required to assist in entertaining visitors. This has averaged about $75 each month, which he pays out of his salary.

The quarters occupied by the superintendent are occupied by and for the United States Government in his capacity as superintendent ·of St. Ellizabetlls Hospital, not in his personal capacity.

I think that iuformatiou may help to leaven the general discussion that we have had on this question. I was in hopes that my amendment would go far in meeting the objections of the gentleman from Wisconsin [1\fr. ScHAFER], because my amendment does not make an exception of St. Elizabeths, but it makes it clear that the Personnel Classification Board are to act so as to fix the salary schedule and to make any needed deductions therefrom for quarters. In other words, they are to take St. Elizabeths up anew and handle it in a way that will not constitute an unde irable precedent for other in titutions.

I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Wisconsin [l\Ir. SCHAFER].

Mr. SUHAFER. Mr. Speaker, those Members who are particular that the Committee on Appropriation shall not usm-p the functions of the legislative committees, and that the executive branch of the Government does not usurp the functions of the legislative branch, should oppose this amendment. The adoption of this amendment will be a step toward legalizing and validating the appropriation that Doctor White made for personal allowances, amounting to $10,059 per annum, without any authority of law.

Let u look at the facts. The Comptroller General on August 15, 1928, revealed this situation in his decision A 23927: Th9.t in addition to the $7,500 per y~ar salary allotted to the superintendent of St. Elizabeths, which has been increased to $9,000 per year under the Welch bill, he had received per year for laundry service an estimated amount of $300; for food, $2,676; for coal for kitchen, $195; a 19-room apartment, estimated rental value, $2,400; for a housekeeper, $1,020; for a waitress, $960; for a cook, $1,380; for an assistant cook, $1,080; and telephone service, $48.

Comptroller General McCarl recommended to the Secretary of the Interior that a discontinuance of some of the allowances be held in abeyance pending consideration by Congress. The comptroller, however, in<licated that some of the allowances be immediately discontinued.

The comptroller's letter of October 11, 1928, to the Secretary of the Inte1·ior states in part:

This office can not accept the view you advance that the Congress has heretofore expressly or impliedly sanctioned or approved the furnishing of the various allowances referred to in my decision of August 15, 1928, to the extent there set forth and free of charge or without being considered as a part of the compensation of the officers or employees under St. Ellizabeths Hospital. And while this office would be disposed to permit a postponement of the final adjustment of the salaries of the officers and employees involved until the Congress shall

have had an opportunity to give consideration to tbe matter, it is suggested for your consideration whether there are not now being furnished to certain of the personnel allowances which should be immediately discontinued, such as servants, automobiles, laundry service, personal telephone service, etc., leaving for continuance pending presentation of the matter to the Congress only such allowances as may be generally classed as bed and board, that is, rooms and meals. Your views in this connection are requested.

Mr. Speaker, Doctor White testified before the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, of which I am a member, and gave the information which the gentleman from Michigan [1\Ir. CRAMTON] has just given to the House. Doctor White did not admit that he had authority of law to make those expenditures. He called to the attention of the committee that it was a difficult matter to obtain qualified doctors for the institution, notwithstanding the fact that the Government is operating institutions for the care of mentally sick war \eterans, and has no difficulty in obtaining qualified physicians. Do we want to agree with Doctor White and Mr. CRAMTON that this Government is taking care of the inmates at St. Elizabeths, many of whom are jailbirds, in a much better manner than it takes care of the disabled incompetent and mentally sick veterans of the Nation's wars?

Let us look at some of the salaries and allowances in Government hospitals where the mentally sick veterans are cared for. I quote now from the hearings held December 19, 1928, before the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments, this session of Congress.

Mr. McCarl makes this statement at page 21: Although my repot·t submitted May 19, 1928, referred only to a civilian

branch of the Government and to laws relating to officers and employees in the civilian branch of the Government, pursuant to the specific request of the committee there bas been included in the chart or tabulation the salary rates, quarters, etc., of officers in charge of Army and Navy hospitals which are controlled by other statutes in terms other than appearing in the statutes governing the payment of salary and furnishing of quarters to officers and employees in the civilian branch of the Government. Reference to the chart or tabulation will show that under the Veterans' Bureau, which is a civilian branch, the value of quarters and other allowances in kind to the officers in charge of the hospitals has been determined and deducted from the total salary rate as required by law. With respect to the Army and Navy, the hospitals usually are in charge of a colonel (Army) or captain (Navy) ; and under the laws relating to the pay and allowances of such officers, the maximum wllich either may receive in pay and allowances (quarters and subsistence) is $7,200 a year. That is to say, if the officer is not furnished quarters or subsistence in kind, his entire gross compensation may not exe€ed $7,200 a year. If he is furnished quarters in kind (the maximum authorized allowance of which is seven rooms), the maximum amount that he could then receive would be $6,000 as salary, plus a cash subsistence allowance of $438 a year, or an aggregate compensation of $6,438 and a 7-room house. The Army and Navy do not furnish subsistence in kind to officers living in Government quarters; neither are Army and Navy officers entitled to be furnished laundry or servants at Government expense.

A table appears in the hearing on pages 22 and 23, which shows that the medical superintendent at North Chicago, Ill., receives a total annual salary of $6,500, allowance for quarters $750, and no other allowances such as Doctor White has granted himself. The table further shows that the medical superintendent at Camp Custer, l\Iich., receives a total salary of $6,500 per year, $690 for quarters, and no other allowances. The quarters' allowance is deducted f ·om the salary in both cases. And remember that United States Veterans' Bureau hospitals at Camp Custer, 1\Iich., and North Chicago, Ill., are Federal Government hospitals in which are cared for mentally sick, shell-shocked, and insane war veterans. Is there any reason which would warrant the Congress of the United States taking one step leading toward the 1egalizing of the illegal expenditures of the Superintendent of St. Elizabeths?

There is not. Action should be taken by the proper law enforcement offi

cials of this Government to make the Superintendent of St. Elizabeths Hospital return to the people's Treasury every dollar which he has expended for personal allowances without legal authority.

The pending amendment should be defeated. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The time of the gentleman has

expired. The question is ou the motion to recede and concur with an amendment.

The House diYided (on demand of Mr. ScHAFER); and there were--ayes 47, noes 8.

Mr. SCHAlt'ER. Mr. Speaker, I object to the vote on the ground that there is no quorum present.

1860 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE J .AJ.~U ARY 17 Mr. CRAMTON. 1\Ir. Speaker, before the Speaker passes on

the point of order I ask unanimous consent if it is possible to do this-! do not object to the roll call-but the gentleman from Kentucky [l\Ir. VINSON] is called away by serious illness in his family, leaving at 3 o'clock. He has been promised time in general debate on the next bill. I wish it were possible for the gentleman from Kentucky to have some time now, say, 10 minutes--

Mr. SCHAFER. Mr. Speaker, in view of the statement of the gentleman I witlldraw the point of no quorum. The matter can be threshed out later before a legislative committee. [Applause.]

So the motion w~s agreed to. Mr. CRA.."\I'l"ON. It is very kind of the gentleman. Does the

message state the Senate asks for a conference? The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Senate has not asked for

a conference. Mr. CHAl\.lTON. I move that we ask for a conference and

that the conferees be appointed. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The question is on the motion

of the gentleman from Michigan to ask for a further conference on the disagreement between the two Hou es.

Tlle question was taken, and the motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER pro tempore. · The Clerk will report the con

ferees. The Clerk read as follows : Mr. CRAMTON, Mr. MURPHY, and Mr. TAYLOR.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

Mr. CHINDBLOM. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to proceed for one minute.

The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Illinois? [After a pause.] The Chair hears none.

Mr. CIIINDBLOM. Mr. Speaker, this day, the 17th day of January, is the anniver ary of the birth of one of the greatest of American citizens, one of the founders of the Republic, Dr. Benjamin Franklin, statesman, philosopher, scientist, author, patriot, and, withal, an ideal American gentleman. He was born on January 17, 1706, and died on April17, 1790.

Benjamin Franklin had a most distinguished career in the early history of our country. His signature appears on four of the most important documents in our annals: On the Declaration of Independence, on the treaty of alliance with France, on the treaty of peace with England, and on the Constitution of the United States.

In Chicago and elsewhere there are organizations of men who bear the Christian or given name of this distinguished American. They are known as the "Benjamin Franldins," their initials being in every instance "B. F." The Chicago organization annually celebrates this day, and I have here a symposium of the great virtues of this illustrious American, prepared by the " Benjamin Franklins " of Chicago. I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks by including therein a brief statement of the life and work of this distinguished fellow citizen.

The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentleman from illinois asks unanimous consent to extend his remarks by including in the same certain tributes to Benjamin Franklin. Is there objection?

There was no objection. Following is the statement referred to:

[From the Benjamin Frankllns of Chicago]

TO ENCOURAGE DISCUSSION OF AND INCREASE INTEREST IN THE GREAT

CONTRIBUTION ERA...."'<KLIN MADE TO HIS GENERATION AND POSTEltiTY

On J"anuary 17 we celebrate the two hundred and twenty-third birthday of that great American, the many-sided Benjamin Franklin. The life work of this plodding and resourceful genius stands out as one of the great gifts to mankind and it would seem worth while to encoura.ge the discussion of and intensify interest in the great contribution that he made to his generation and posterity, thereby inducing emulation of his thrift, industry, public spirit, and other fine qualities.

So general were his activities, so versatile his achievements, so genuine his public spirit, that his useful life appeals to the interest and incentive of people in every field of endeavor.

His thrift, his sterling honesty, his natural simplicity, his keen sense of justice, his patience and endeavor in overcoming obstacles all serve as examp-les and inspiration to worth-while service.

The literature devoted to his ca.reer is voluminous. It is doubtful if any other eminent man has left so complete a record of his own life as Benjamin Franklin. '!.'here is scarcely an important incident in his life which is not described by himself in his remarkable autobiography or in his correspondence to be found in biographies by Bigelow, Sparks, Morse, and others.

Of no other man can it be said that he distinguished himself as a business man, inventor, printer, editor, publicist, author, statesman,

diplomat, harmonizer, public servant, educator, philosopher, philanthropist, benefactor, and exemplar.

As an inventor and scientist he greatly improved the m~thods of printing by devising an improved printing press; be invented the Franklin stove. He taught much rega1·ding electricity through his writings. By flying his kite and other experiments in electricity he began the great work which Edison still carries on.

As a publisher be edited the Pennsylvania Gazette and later Poor Richard's Almanac, in which he displayed hls incomparable faculty of translating great principles into terms of simple anecdote. Its reputation was established by its first issue, and it was the first American literary production to find favor in foreign lands. Franklin has never ceased to be Poor Richard teaching the basic facts which are essential to normal living and true progress. Here follows a few sayings from Poor Richard's Almanac :

" The noblest question in the world is, What good may I do in it?" " Reading makes a full mru1 ; meditation a profound man ; discourse a

clear man." "Cresar did not merit the triumphal car more than he that conquers

himself." "Good sense is a thing all need, few have, and none think they want." " Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears, while the used

key is always bright." "Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that's the

stuff life is made of." "Laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes him." " Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and

wise:: " Little strokes fell great oaks." "It's the easiest thing in the world for a man to deceive himself." " Lost time is never found again, and what we call time enough

always proves little enough." "If you would be wealthy, think of saving as well as of getting.'' " Plough deep, while sluggards sleep, and you shall have corn to

sell and to keep." " Leisure is time for doing something useful." "A wise man will desire no more than what he may get justly, use

soberly, distribute cheerfully, and leave contentedly.'' " If you would reap praise you must sow the seeds ; gentle words

and useful deeds.'' He organized the J"nnto Club for the study and discussion of morals,

politics, and natural philosophy, which led to the establishment of the Philadelphia Public Library. It became the parent of all public libraries in America and paved the way for the great philanthropy of Andi·ew Carnegie.

He helped to establish the American Philosophical Society and was one of the founders of the Academy of the Province of Pennsylvania, which finally became the University of Pennsylvania. With little school training he so educated himself that he was recognized as a great philosopher and received the degree of doctor of laws from the University of St. Andt·ews, at Edinburgh. He also received honors from many other universities and societies in the United States and Europe.

He carried on correspondence with neady every important man in this country and many of the leading characters of other countries. His correspondence covers quite fully the <:arly history of this country and its foreign relations.

It has been said of him that he never said a word too soon, never said a word too late, and never said a word too much. While he never seemed to attempt eloquence, be never spoke without attaining it. He was sparing with words but lavish with ideas.

He organized the police and fire departments and did much toward impL"oving the streets of Philadelphia and starting the good-roads movement.

As showing what many of our present generation think of Franklin, the profes ors of the University of Washington included Franklin as the only American in a list of men whom they considered had made tbe greatest contribution to learning in the history of the world-the list including 3 Greeks, 3 Germans, 3 Italians, a Scotchman, a Roman, a Frenchman, a Hebrew, and a Dutchman.

As early as 1754 he wrote a treatise showing that the Colonies must be united, and this first public propos 1 grew and crystallized and resulted in the United States of America.

He organized and was president of the first society ever formed Iu America to advocate the abolition o! slavery, and sent the first protest on this subject ever addressed to the Congress of the United States.

As a public official he seL"ved as clerk of the General Assembly ot Pennsylvania, postmaster of Philadelphia, ·Postmaster General of the Colonies, was a delegate to the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania, and served three terms as president of Pennsylvania.

He was elected a delegate to the provincial congress, which appointed him a member of a committee of five to frame the Declara· tion of Independence. While the makers of the Declaration of Independence were signing, J"ohn Hancock said to Franklin : "We must all hang together." "Yes," replied Franklin with his brilliant wit, "We must all bang together or most assuredly we will all hang separately."

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--HOUSE 186l He worked energetically in war times, but he was a constant advo

cate of peace. More than once be said, "There never was a good war ~r a bad peace. What repeated follies are these repeated wars." Thus he was u pioneer in the great work for world peace.

He was our first colonial messenger to England, and was successful iu securing the repeal of the unjust stamp act and adjusting other de!icate problems of diplomacy. He was our minister to France, and through remarkable feats of tactful diplomacy he secured financial antl military support and established friendly relations which have been beneficial and enduring to the present time.

During his life he stood in the presence ~f five different kings and. many of the most cunning diplomats of his time under embarrassing and complicated situations, but always his influence tended to supplant chaos with order, discord with harmony, enmity with friendship, anJ indiscretion with wisdom.

He was 81 years of age when he was chosen a delegate to the convention which framed the Constitution of the ' united States in 1787. The convention had been in session for five weeks without writing a word or sentence, and on the last morning of the fifth week during a very heated discussion the delegates threatened to _adjourn ~nd aband~n the great purpose for which they bad met. Washmgton, his face w~ite with anxiety, looked at Franklin, hoping that he could do somethmg or say something that would hold the delegates together for another effort. Franklin made a very eloquent appeal that they open their sessions with prayer, and· from that moment they began to make progress in the framing and adoption ~f that ~ld fame-crowned document.

In the realm of statecraft his name among all the great sons of America is to be found in signature upon the four great documents which make us a free people; namely, the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with Englanfl, and last, but not least, the Constitution of the United States. He is one of the few men in our history whom it is difficult to overpraise.

When his death was announced il!. the National Assembly of France that body, on motion of Mi.rabeau, seconded by Lafayette, adjourned in his honor. In delivering the eulogium the great orator of the Revolution said:

" Franklin is dead. The genius that freed America and poured a flood of light over Europe has returned to the bosom of Divinity. .'£be sage whom two worlds claim as their own, the man for whom the history of science and the history of empires contend with each other, held without doubt a high rank in the human race. Antiquity would have raised altars to this mighty genius, who, to the advantage of mankind, compassing in his mind the heavens and the earth, was able to restrain alike thunderbolts and tyrants. Europe, enlightened and free: owes at least a token of remembrance and regret .to one of the greatest men who have ever been engaged in the service of philosophy and of liberty." .

Franklin in the unequaled sweep of his genius, is one of the greatest ~f Americ~n intellects. He was the first American to attract the attention of the world, and he typifies as none other that product of our institutions, the self-made man.

No brief statement can do justice to the generous contributions and fruitful service of Benjamin Franklin to civilization. To understand and appreciate Franklin one must read his autobiography and some of his correspondence. Few things in all literature are so illuminating, informative, and inspiring. In this age of reckless extravagance and loose thinking, copious selections from hL<> writings could well and profitably be made a part of the curriculum of educational institutions here and in other countries.

The two Americans who seem to typify the average American charactet· are Franklin and Lincoln, and both unite in their personalities the qualities of good humor, genial fellowship, generous patriotism, originality of thought, simplicity of ideas, unwearying industry, all of which are, or at least were, peculiar characteristics of our people.

No nation has ever gone down while it produced and revered great men. No nation has long survived when it ceased to produce and revere great men.

If Franklin could return to earth to-day, he would stand in wonder and rapt admiration at the wonders of steam and electricity and especially of the wireless and radio. Franklin, the philosopher always, with that common sense which with all his learning was his greatest characteristic, would say that the true question was not whether one could talk a thousand miles but whether when one did thus talk over the radio be had anything to say that was truly worth ·saying.

By revering the memory of Franklin, by rendering honor unto him to whom honor is due, by studying his life and emulating his example, we shall gain new inspiration with which to carry on the unfinished work.

INDEPENDENT OFFICES APPROPRIATION BILL, 1930

l\Ir. WASON. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole Rouse on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill (H. R. 16301) making appropriations for the Executive Office and sundry independent executive bureaus, bo-ards, commissions, and offices for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for other purposes.

The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is any an·angement made as to time?

Mr. CULLEN. May I suggest to the gentleman from New Hampshire that we run along for a while indefinitely, without fixing the time for general debate?

Mr. WASON. And we shall divide the time equally between ourselves?

Mr. CULLEN. Yes. I have several requests for time. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentleman from New

Hampshire asks unanimous consent to proceed with the general debate without fixing the time; the time to be equally divided between the gentleman from New York [Mr. CuLLEN] and himself. Is there objection?

There was no objection. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentleman from New

Hampshire moves that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill H. R. 16301. The question is on agreeing to that motion.

The motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentleman from Iowa [Mr.

DowELL] will please take the chair. Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee of

the Whole House on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill H. R. 16301, with l\fr. DoWELL in the chair.

The CHAIRMAN. The House is in Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill H. R. 16301, which the Clerk will report by title.

The Clerk read as follows :

A bill (H. R. 16301) making appropriations for the Executive Office and sundry independent executive bureaus, boards, commissions, and offices, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for o~her purposes.

Mr. CULLEN. l\fr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to my colleague from Kentucky [Mr. Vmso ] .

Mr. WASON. l\fr. Chairman, I ask unanimous co-nsent that the first reading of the bill be dispensed with.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from New Hampshire asks unanimous consent that the first reading of the bill be dispensed with. Is there objection?

There was no objection. The CHAIRMAN. . The gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. VIN

soN] is recognized. Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. Mr. Chairman and members of

the committee, I desire to express my appreciation of the courtesy extended to me by the distinguished gentleman from New Hampshire, chairman of our subcommittee [Mr. 'VASON], in charge of the bill in permitting me to address the House at this time. I thank the gentleman from Wisconsin [Mr. ScHAFER] for withdrawing the point of no quorum, thereby avoiding a roll call.

The bill as reported to the House carries an appropriation of $541,314,144. The amount of the appropriation for the 26 independeili: agencies in our bill was practically $13,000,000 less than the sum total herein. The committee recommend an increase for the Veteran '. Bureau of almost $14,500,000, which more than coYers the increased total of the bill.

The agencies for which we appropriate are set forth as follows:

Alaskan Relief. American Battle Monumtents Commission. Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission. Board of Mediation. Board of Tax Appeals. Bureau of Efficiency. Civil Service Commission. ·commission of Fine Arts. Employees' Compensation Commission. Executive. • Federal Board for Vocational Education. Federal Power Commission. Federal Radio Commission. Federal Reserve Board. Federal Trade Commission. General Accounting Office. Housing Corporation. Interstate Comlffierce Commission. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Public Buildings and Public Parks. Smithsonian Institution. Tariff Commission. U'nited States Geographic Board. United States Shipping Board. United States Veterans' Bureau. White House.

.·

1862 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 EXECUTIVE OFFICE

In this item is included the salary of the President and Vice President and the expenses connected with their activities, including the maintenance of the Executive Mansion and grounds and the cost incident to the White House police. The total of this item is $458,120, which is a Budget increase of $20,940. It has an increase in salaries of $14,570 and an increase of $6,470 for the painting of the exterior of the White House.

AMilRICAN BATTLE MONUMENTS COMMISSION

This commi sion, of which Gen. John J. Pershing is chairman, is charged with-

(a) The erection of a memorial chapel in each of the eight American cemeteries in Europe and the construction of masonry walls at the cemeteries where needed. The names of these cemeteries and their locations are as follows:

Meuse-.Argonne American Cemetery, near Romagne, France. St. Mihiel American Cemetery, near Thiacourt, France. Oise-Aisne American Cemetery, near Fere-en-Tardenois, France. Aisne-Marne American Cemetery, near Belleau, France. Somme American Cemetery, near Bony, France. Flanders Field American Cemetery, near Waereghem, Belgium. Suresnes American Cemetery, at S'uresnes (near Paris), France. Brookwood American Cemetery, at Brookwood, England.

(b) The erection of 15 memorials at the following places c.ut-side of the cemeteries :

Montfaucon, France. Mon tsec, France. Near Chateau-Thierry, France. Brest, France. London, England. Tours, France. Rome, Italy. Near Bellicourt, France. On Blanc Mont Ridge, in the Champagne Region, France. Audenarde, Belgium. Near Ypres, Belgium. Cantigny, France. Gibraltar. Corfu, Greece. Ponta Delgada, Azores Islands.

(c) The placing of two bronze memoria1 tablets, one at Chaumont, France, and the other at Souilly, France, to mark, respectively, the headquarters of the American Expeditionary Forces and the American First Army during the World War.

It was originally contemplated that $3,000,000 could well be the limit of costs, but General Pershing showed that prices for materials and construction in Europe have increased approximately 40 per cent and that it was necessary to increase the authorization to $4,500,000. With this sum the additional costs of material and construction can be cared for and necessary landscape gardening and other beautification features in the cemeteries can be provided. This increase has the Budget approval.

The status of work on the projects at this time is as follows: The site for each of our memorials has been selected and all sites but 6 have been obtained; designs for 19 of the memorials, including all 8 of the chapels, have been approved; working drawings for 14 of these have been completed by the architects; bids for the construction of 11 have been received; 7 of the memorials are under actual construction; and it is expected that 6 others will be under construction by late winter.

The memorials now under construction are as follows: Monument nenr Chateau-Thierry, France. Chapel in the Oise-Aisne Cemetery, near Fere-en-Tardenois, France. Chapel in the Aisne-Marne Cemetery, near Belleau, France. Chapel in the Brookwood Cemetery, near BrookWood, ·England. Chapel in the Flanders Field Cemetery, near Waereghem, Belgium. Monument near Kemmel, Belgium. Monument near Audenarde, Belgium.

The bill carries $600,000 for this item as against $700,000 for 1929.

ARLINGTON MEMORIAL BRIDGE COMMISSION

The Budget estimate of $2,000,000 for this item. has been included in the bill. This sum is $300,000 less than the amount carried for 1929. Colonel Grant, who is in charge of this program, reports that the work is progressing within the scheduled peliod and that the bridge will be completed in 1930; .and by the providing of temporary approaches at the ends of the bridge it can be made available for traffic during the calendar year 1931. This use, practicable in 1931, is contingent upon the State of Virginia providing a suitable highway approach.

Colonel Grant also informs us that the construction thus far is within the estimates submitted to Congress except the so-

called wate-r gate and the Washington side connection with the Lincoln Memorial. It is contemplated to add a water pass at the Washington end of the bridge at an estimated cost of $160,000. Colonel Grant states that certain nonessentials may easily be dispensed with to provide this essential without any increase in cost.

PROPOSED OPERATIONS FOR FISCAL YEA.R 1930

During this fiscal year it is expected that all contracts pre4

viously entered into will be completed. New contracts will be made for surfacing the sidewalks and roadways of the two bridges and the roadway across Columbia Island and from the Virginia shore to the Georgetown-Alexandria road, so as to make the bridge usable by the end of the fiscal year.

The necessary fenders for the protection of the draw span will be installed.

A contract will be ·let for carving the eagle stones over the piers and abutments of the bridge, and for the large statue at the entrance to the bridge and the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway.

Further purchases of land for the B Street extension will be made as favorable opportunities offer.

Before the end of the fiscal year a contract will be let for constructing the nvst1·eam bridge over the Boundary Channel, connecting with the Lee Boulevard and Virginia road system.

BOARD OF MEDIATION

The amount carried in this bill is $302,270, together with a reappropliation of $46,000 unexpended balance of the appropriation for this purpose for the fiscal year 1928, which brings the total of the item to a little more than the appropriation for the current year.

Up to June 30, 1fr28, 363 cases had been submitted to the board, 256 of which had been disposed of-145 of these being settled during the fi cal year 1928. Of these 145 cases, 84 were settled through mediation, 14 were submitted to arbitration, 37 were withdrawn through mediation, .8 were withdrawn without mediation consideration, and 2 were clo ed by action of the board.

BOARD OF TAX APPEALS

The appropriation for this activity is practically the same as for the cun-ent year. The sum of $62,000 of the unexpended balance of the appropriation for this pu.rpo e for the fiscal year 1928 was reappropriated, together with $663,863, making a total of $725,863 for the fiscal year 1930. - There is a reduction of six persons in the number of employee .

From the creation of the board, July 1, 1924, to October 31, 1928, there had been case~ docketed to the number of 41,275, of which 20,734 had been disposed of on the latter date. So on that date there were pending 20,541 ca es ; 12,000 of these cases were for trial and 6,000 were on the reserve calendar, with the remainder not at issue.

Between 300 and 450 cas{l.Q <;tre filed each month. - The work of the board has been sped up considerably within the past year and now they are disposing of between 650 and 975 ca es per month. Thus far, 342 appeals have been taken from its dedsions--37 cases affirmed, 27 cases reversed or modified, with 278 awaiting decision. The work of the board has been sped up through the employment of assistants to as ist in writing up findings of fact and opinions, together with the right to prepare memorandum opinions.

In the last bill I called attention to the rent item for this activity and ·shortly thereafter a reduction in r~nt of some $5,000 was secured for the same quarters for the present fiscal year, with the same rate for the next fiscal year.

BUREAU OF EFFICIENCY

The sum of $224,330 is appropriated for this activity-an increa~ of $17,780 (!Ver the current appropriation.

The report of the Budget estimate calls for an incr~ase of one employee in the position of chief investigator, with a salary of $3,800. Mr. Herbert E. Brown, chief of the bureau, is very certain that he did not ask for this additional employee. In short, Mr. Brown states that the schedule of salaries and expenses was arranged as it is to suit the Budget Bure-au. In 1929 a reserve of $5,000 was set up at the request of the Budget. Mr. Brown s-ays it will be utilized. The reserve was set up, but, according to Mr. Brown, it is just a paper reserve. I do not feel that an estimate should be submitted for certain employees unless it is expected to be used for that purpose. Otherwise there is no need for such an estimate. From the h~aring~ which I insert herein, it is apparent that there was no additional employee on a salary of $3,800 requested by the Bureau of Efficiency; but was added by the Budget Bureau to enable the Bw·ean of Efficiency to set up a reserve of at least $3,800. In short, this sum was added in order that they might

l929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1863 ha>e a so-called reserve. I inclose herewith the hearings which bear out this conclusion:

SALARIES AND EXPENSES

Mt-. WAsoN. Now, the first item is-" For chief of bureau and other personal services in the District of

Columbia; contract stenographic reporting services; contingent expenses, including traveling expense ; supplies, stationery; purchase and exchange of equipment; not to exceed $100 for law books, books of referance, and periodicals; and. not to exceed $150 fi)r street-car fare; in all $:!27,780, of which amount not to exceed $221,580 n1ay be expended fot· personal services in the District of Columbia."

'l'hat is an increase of $17,780 over your present appropriation. 1\fr. BROWN. That is to take care of the increases required by the

Welch Act. ·n~r. VINSON. Thet·e is one extra employee, too, is there not, Mr.

Bl'O\Vll? Mr. BROWN. No, sir; it is not one additional employee. The details

of the E'stimates here set up for ataries and expenses create the erroneous impression that we are asking for an increase in 1930 over 1929 of one employee at $3,800 per annum. It will be observed, however, that the total appropriation is the same for both years. This apparent increase is due to the fact that the Director of the Budget required us to set up a reserve of $5,000 for the fiscal year 1929, as was done in the previous year. The amount of the reserve had to be taken f-rom tlle various subitems appearing in the detailed estimate; $3,800 was taken from the item for salaries and $1,200 from the various items for expenses. While we will put forth our best endeavors to keep this re erve intact, we do not believe we will be able to accomplish it without detriment to the work.

Mr. YINSON. 'l'bat is for 1929? Mr. BROWN. For 1929. l\lr. VINSON. Now, the estimate submitted to us from the Budget calls

for a chief investigator at $3,800 per year. Is it satisfactory to you to strike out that amount from the appropriation?

Mr. BROWN. We should not like to have you strike anything from the appropriation.

Mr. YINSO!'i. If you are not going to have an extra man, why should we carry that item of $3,800?

Mr. KERLIN. We have a stair at the present time that will absorb our entire appropriation, and it was only at the request of the Budget Bureau that we set up this reserve of $5,000. We had the S!lme personnel requirements last year and set up a reserve of $5,000, but we turned back out of the total appropriations only about $350. In other words, we adjusted the 1929 items in these estimates in such a way as to show a reserve of $5,000.

Mr. "VINSON. You have two cllief investigators, as a matter of fact, tllat are being appropriated for for 1929?

Mr. KERLIN. That is the classification title. Mr. VINSON. Well, you have two men under the heading "Chief

investigator" who draw salaries of $3,800 per annum for 1929? Mr. KERLIN. That is right. Mr. VINSON. Now, for 1930, the estimate calls for three men at that

salary. Is it planned to cut off that extra man, or do you need that extra man?

Mr. KERLIN. We need th.at full amount for salaries. Mr. VINSON. Then, as a matter of fact, you do have an extra man

e timated for, do you not? Mr. BROWN. No. l\Ir. VINSON. Let us let tlle ·record show wherein his statement that he

has filed as part of the hearings, that ther.e has been no increase of one employee, is not inaccurate.

l\Ir. WASON. Th.at should be modified. Mr. BROWN. We spent last year all the money that was given us, and

very profitably, I may say in passing, we think, and we are asking for no mue money for 1930 than we had for 1929.

Mr. VINSON. That statement is accurate. Mr. BROWN. Yes. Mr. VINSON. But in that same amount, according to the estimates

submitted by the Budget, which evidently were made up in cooperation with your bureau, they call for one additional employee at a salary o! $3,800 per annum.

Mr. KERLIN. That is partly offset by the reserve of $5,000 which the Budget Bureau specifically directed us to set up. We have set that up in years past, and we have subsequently used the reserve which we have set up.

Mr. VINSON. The~ this 5,000 is the reserve which you have been requested to set up for the fiscal year 1929?

Mr. KERLIN. And we expect to use it; yes, sir. l\lr. VINSON. In fact, you are going to use practically all of it? Mr. KERLIN. Yes, sir. Mr. VINSON. Now, then, is it your intention to set up a reserve of

$5,000 for the fiscal year of 1930? l\ir. KERLI '· That all depends upon the requirements of the Budget

Bm·eau.

Mr. VINSON. If that happens, that does not mean anything except on paper?

Mr. BROWN. That is right. Mr. VINSON. That is all? Mr. BROWN. Absolutely. Mr. VINSON. And this reserve of $5,000 for 1929, in dollars and cents,

has not meant a thing? l\Ir. BROWN. Not a thing. Mr. VINSON. But that does not meet the question that, under the

estimate submitted for 1930, you call for 66 employees. Now, if you were to call for 65 employees and a reserve of $3,800, your total would be identically the same and you would have no additional employees.

Mr. BROWN. That is rigllt. Mr. VINSON. And if you call for 66 employees, as against 65 the

pi·esent fiscal year and do not set up the reserve, why, you are simply covering up.

Mr. BROWN. We are not covering up. Mr. VINSON. I am interested in knowing, .and I think Congress would

be interested in knowing, how you got the Budget to 0. K. and approve tllree chief investigators, when last year you used only 2 and when you only expect to use 2 this year.

Mr. KERLIN. Well, I would not like to.say specifically we used three investigators last year, but we certainly used investigators which consumed tlle salary equal to those three.

Mr. SUMMERS. Do you mean different people you employed at different times?

Mr. KERLIN. Yes. Mr. SuMMERS. Not listed here .as regular employees and, consequently,

do not enter immediately into the 65; is that it? l\Ir. BROWN. That is it. ?tir. SuMMERS. I understand they had piece men here, here, and here.

[Indicating.] Mr. VINSON. I understand that, but here we have a set-up that is put

in here in order to make the books balance. That is about the bras.s tacks of it, is it not?

Mr. BnowN. What we are trying to do as best we can is to give you a picture of what we will probably spend during the year, but the Lord knows whether it will be that way or some other way.

Mr. VINSON. The thing that attracted my attention, Mr. Brown, was your statement that the Budget estimate created an erroneous impres· sion that you were asking for an increase of one employee for 1930.

Mr. BROWN. That is true; that is correct. It does give an erroneous impression.

Mt·. VINSON. I can not follow that, when you evidently made out your case before the Budget, calling for an increase of one employee.

Mr. KERLIN. Tne Budget Bureau appreciates just what we are doing; they understood this situation exactly.

Mr. WASON. It means this, Mr. Brown, if I understand it: That they allowed you $3,800, which is equivalent to an additional salary for the two men that you had in 1929. And you propose to use this $3,800 that we are talking about for special men at different times during the year.

Mr. BROWN. Yes, sir. Mr. WASON. Which will not be paid, the whole amount, to any one

man? Mr. BROWN. That is correct. Mr. VINSON. And men doing other work than as chief inveStigators? Mr. BROWN. That is correct. l\fr. VINSON. That is what I got from your statement a moment ago. Mr. BnowN. Now let me explain this, if you will, please. Your

committees up here frequently call on us for information, and we feel that we must be in a position to go out and hire a punch clerk for a week or some other shot·t period. Now we can not say in advance that we shall need a punch clerk ; we may need some other kind of a clerk.

-' Mr. VINSON. I think you could have a miscellaneous item there.

Supposing you were called upon to investigate a bureau and you found a condition of tbis kind, Mr. Brown. Would not you think they were not particularly efficient in handling their pay roll?

Mr. BROWN. Well, I do not know that I should say that anybody would be efficient or inefficient in setting up that schedule or some other one. It is the best guess we can make.

Mr. KERLIN. Let me say this, if you will, please: We set up $5,000 two years ago and, if we had kept that reserve intact two years ago, our appropriation the follovring year would have been reduced by $5,000. Then one year ago we set up another reserve of $5,000 and i.f we had kept that intact the appropriation would have been reduced. That is the effect of the $5,000 reserve that the Budget Bureau requires our bureau to set up.

Mr. VINSON. But this reserve has not a thing on earth to do with your painting the picture to the Budget that you were going to have three chief investigators instead of two. Now there is no use confusing the matter; the reserve fot· the fiscal yPar 1929 bas not a thing to do with the actual set-up here, showing an increase of one employee.

1864 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE J ANU.A.RY 17 Mr. KERLIN. I might say this, so far as that is concerned, sir, that

when we come to expend the money, if in setting up our staff we find we have to use that $5,000 reserve, we proceed and use it without any more ceremony about it.

Mr. VINSON. But you have not any reserve for 1930. Mr. KERLIN. No. Mr. VINSON. So that your reserve item and the estimates for 1930 are

just as far apart as the poles. Mr. WASON. At the foot of the list here, for last year, you have

"reserve, $5,000." Mr. VINSON. Yes; that is for the 1929 fiscal year. Mr. WASON. Now, then, when this set-up was made, why should it

not be $5,000, and then when we asked you what that was for-it was to employ special men or persons for an emergency.

Mr. BROWN. I have no objection to that. Mr. VINSON. In other words, the books could balance if you had 65

employees with $3,800 down there in an item called "reserve." Mr. BROWN. We have no objection to its being shown that way. Mr. KERLIN. The Budget Bureau requires it to be shown as a reserve. Mr. WASON. If you will explain it to us, we will determine how it

shall be presented to the Congress. Mr. KERLIN. Yes. Mr. WASON. The Budget Bwean is helpful, but they have trouble in

explaining everything, the same as committees of the House. I think it is fairer to you men and fairer to Congress to have it appear as a reser·ve, and let you .explain later how you use that $5,000.

Mr. VINSON. Of course. Then there won't be any covering up about it.

Mr. BROWN. You all know that I never cover up anything coming to the committee. That schedule of salaries and expenses was arranged as it is to suit the Budget Bureau.

Mr. SUMMERS. Either a.s a reserve or for miscellaneous employment. Either one would be understandable, it seems to me.

Mr. WAsON. Reserve would ·be the shorter way. Mr. KERLIN. These reserves are set up by practically all of the bureaus

and independent offices. Mr. VINSON. But certainly they do not call the reserve an extra man,

Mr. Kerlin. Mr. KERLIN, But they do absorb it in the items of the Budget just

the same. Mr. VINSON. Of course, you have that $3,800 in the total, but you

have it in the guise of a man called "chief investigator," drawing $3,80Q.

~Ir. KERLIN. We have such a small amount of money available for miscellaneous items that we could not begin to set up a reserve of $5,000 out Qf the miscellaneous-item appropriation.

Mr. VINSON. I do not see why you could not add $3,800 to any item, if you got the money.

Mr. KERLIN. It is a question of taking away from these items in order to set up a reserve.

Mr. WASON. It is immaterial how you keep the books of the expenses, but the picture is liable to affect anybody the way it affected me. When I looked at that I should have said, without your explanation, that you found it necessary to have a third investigator, the same as my colleague here.

Mr. VINSON. Why, of course. Mr. W ASmr. Now, then, if we carry it as a reserve, if a)lybody wants

to know what that means it means that from time to time you would need special help for a special purpose.

Mr. BROWN. Yes. Mr. WASON. And that is the way it is carded, as an emergency fund. Mr. BROW"". Yes. Mr. SuMMERS. And it does not mean that you are going to put on a

third man at $3,800? Mr. BROWN. Not at all. Mr. SOMMERS. But you are going to use that money~ for miscellaneous

help in different ways, as you find it necessary dUl'ing the year. Mr. BROWN. Yes. Mr. WASON. Some of the investigations you made last year were at

the request of the Bureau of the Budget? Mr. BnowN. They were; yes, sir. Mr. WASON. For which you expended this $5,000? Mr. BROWN. Part of the money we expended last year was to pay for

investigations made for the Bureau of the Budget. :Mr. WAsox . .And you made investigations and submitted reports to

them'! Mr. nrrowN. We did. Mr. WasoN. And the $5,000 is an emergency appropriation which you

expect to use by employing different people for a short time? 1\fr. BROWN. Yes. Mr. W .A SON. For specific investigations and repo1·ts? 1\Ir. BROWN. Yes. That is correct, is it not, Mr. Kerlin? Mr. KERLIN. I do not know how we can express it to make it much

plainer than that; but that is not a true picture of it. Mr. VINSON. Just suggest what the true picture is. Mr. WASON. As far as I am concerned, I think the appropriation set

up last year shows the true picture. Then, if anybody asks :what that

$5;ooo is for, we can say it is a fund which authorizes them to employ A, B, and C, as occasion may arise, to make investigations and reports.

Mr. BROWN. Yes. Mr. WASON. And that keeps your permanent personnel the same as

last year? Mr. BROWN. Yes. Mr. WASON. That is your purpose? Mr. BnowN. Yes. That is the way I wish that you would put it.

Mr. Brown filed a statement of total estimated savings accom-plished by his budget, $415,650, which was about equally divided between Federal establishments and the District government. One hundred and fifty thcmsand dollars of that amount repr~ sents the defeat of certain legislation in Congress relative to the employment of certain persons in the Bureau of Internal Revenue; $25,000 of this amount was caused by certain legislation which Congress passed last May, relative to the requirement of certain activities to make annual report; $79,000 is in recommendations made that in painting school buildings in the Disti·ict, and in repairing motor vehicles in the District that it should be done in their repair shop. We do not know just the part which the Bureau of Efficiency played in the e activities.

However, we thought that it was proper to take appraisal of the work of this bureau, so we felt that they should report to the Budget the amount of savings effected, and thereupon the Budget could indicate to Congress the savings effected as a result of the survey of the Bureau of Efficiency.

For this purpose we added this language in the bill: Hereafter the Chief of the Bureau of Efficiency shall certify annually

to the Bureau of the 'Budget, for inclusion in the annual Budget, along with his estimates of appropriations for the eru;uing year, a statement of the amount of the savings which be estimates have been effected in the various bureaus and offices of the Government, including the District of Columbia, as a result of the surveys and recommendations made by the Bureau of Efficiency during the previous year ; and the Budget shall include a statement, following the estimate for the Bureau of Efficiency, of the reductions or adjustments of appropriations effecte.d or proposed to be made in the appropriations for the respective bUl'eaus or offices as a result of such surveys by the Bureau of Efficiency.

CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION We have recommended an increase of $93,450 over the appro-

priation for the current year. The amount carried herein is $1,251,562. There are 12 additional employees in the Washington office and 16 employees in the field service. The total additional salary item is $53,185. In the main, the examination growing out of prohibition work occasioned the increased personnel.

A most unusual occurrence to me was developed in the hearings relative to the manner in which reserves are set up. The commission requested an increase in personnel in the 'Vashington office as follows:

Mr. DEMI"XG. The Bureau of the Budget bas approved increase in this item amounting to $25,950, distributed as follows: 1 assistant medical officer---------------------------------- $2, 600 1 associate research assi taut ------------------------------ 3, 200 3 service-record clerks, at $1,440---------------------------- 4, 3~0 2 fingerprint classifiers, at $1 ,800-------------------------- 3, 600 2 junior clerks or typists, at $1,440------------------------- 2, 880 3 field examiners, at $3,000-------------------------------- 9, 000

Total---------------------------------------------- 25,600 In presenting the estimate to Congress, the Budget recom

mended an increase in personnel of 13. When attention was called to this fact it is disclosed that the additional employees wtre included in the Budg-et estimates in order that the commission might et up a reserve of $3,000 for -1930, and, if unexpended, it would appear to be an actual saving. To back up this conclusion, I insert a portion of the hearings:

Ur. VINSON. I notice that the Budget estimates call for 13 additional employees and the figures you submit call for 12. Where is the other one?

Mr. VIPO!Io"D. Our estimate is the Budget estimate. Mr. VINSO'N. That may be, but these figures call for 12 additional

employees, while the Budget estimates show an average increase of Ie. Mr. VIPOND. I know why that is. They put in the reserve as a re

duction of force. We have objected to this method of fixing those columns, but our objections have been overruled. They use the reserYe as showing a reduction in the force ; and in order to keep the 1930 column in line with the estimates, and the 1029 appropriations, we havP to make that difference of one or two employees, depending on the size of the reserve.

1\fr. VINSON. The reserve here is $3,000. 1\Ir. VIPOND. That is shown as one employee.

THE 00.!\L\fiSSIO)l OF Fl)lE ARTS

During the fiscal year 1928 the Commission of Fine Arts gave particular attention to the public buildings program, which is under way in Washington, also to progress plans for the Arlington Memorial Bridge and plans ~or World War memorials

1929 CONGRESSION-AL RECORD-HOUSE 1865 in Europe, submitte-d by the American Battle Monuments Commission. 'rhese consist primarily of chapels and monuments. and designs for them have practically all been prepared and approved by the Commission of Fine Arts.

PRO.TECTS COMING BEFORE THE COMMISSION

Other of the more important plans and projects which came before the commission during the fiscal year 1928 were-

Plans for enlargement of the Capitol Grounds and development of Union Station Plaza.

Water Street railroad bridge (to be built by the Pennsylvania Rail-road Co.).

1\1 StL·eet Bridge plans. Freer Gallery of Art planting plan. General Butler tablet. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Civic center plans, submitted by the District Commissioners. Houdon bust for the Pan American Building.

·President Lincoln memorial tablet for Arlington. Corinthian column from Temple of Jupiter, Athens (proposed gift of

the Greek Republic; submitted through Department of State). General 1\files flagstaff, Soldiers' Home. Plans for bathing pool, McKinley High School Grounds. Plans for Aisne Marne (Belleau Wood) plan for plaJiting and

approaches. World War monuments at Brest, Cantigny, and Somme Py, France. World War monuments at Tours and at Bony, France. World War monuments at ~ontfaucon, Montsec, and Chateau

Thierry, France. Plans for bird house, Zoological Park. Plan for center parking, Massachusetts Avenue. Plan for community center and park, Brightwood. Plan for bathing pool, Twenty-fifth and N Streets NW. Plans for new Department of Commerce Building. Plans for Internal Revenue Building. Plans for development of Fort Humphreys. Paul Junior High School plan. Plan for grade school, Nineteenth and Columbia Road. Plan for Potomac Park Heights School. Plan for fire engine house No. 30, Piney Branch. Farmers' Market site. Sault Ste. Marie Reservation landscape plan. Coast Guard Memorial, Arlington. Monument to Gen. Artemas Ward. Plan for United Cigar Stores Building, Fourteenth and Pennsylvania

Avenue. Design for Hawaii sesquicentennial coin. Plans for development of Wakefield. Parl( projects: Fort Stanton Park, Soapstone Creek Valley Pai"kway,

Shepherd Parkway, Foundry Run tract, Fort Dupont Parkway, Recreation Center at Brookland, Great Falls Park, Potomac Avenue tract.

Red Cross Building-Memorial to the Women of the World War. Agricultural Department World War MemoriaL Continental Office Building plan, Fourteenth and K Streets NW. Hospice for Montfaucon plan. Robert Lincoln Memorial, Arlington. Plan for new boathouse, Tidal Basin. Fort Sumter Memorial flagpole. Memorial to Samuel Gompers, American Federation of Labor. ~eridian Hill P a rk plans ; completion of lower garden. Project for Negro World War Memorial. Howard Univer ity Dormitory (plan). National Arboretum project. Buchanan Memorial. Nurses' Home, Freedmen's Hospital (plan}. Washington Monument Grounds, project of development. United States Supreme Court Building. Great Falls Bridge (plan}. • Wright Memorial. Lindbergh Medal. Lindbergh Statue, Paris, proposed by Repre entative KFX.LY. Fort Lincoln development. Painting of President Harding. District of Columbia Armory, project for new building. l\Iount Vernon Boulevard. National Museum of Engineering and Industry. Jane A. Delano MemoriaL Henry Clay Statue. District of Columbia World War Memorial. Thomas Edison Medal. Urn {gift to the President by Cuba). Seville International Exposition Building (plan for consulate). Agriculture Department buildings; completion of central portion and

extensible building. George Rogers Clark Memorial, preliminary consideration.

The Government departments consult the commission informally as well as by formal reference of projects. The best re-

suits are obtained when preliminary consultations are held. During the past fiscal year the commission was frequently consulted by Senators and Members of Congress individually in regard to projects in which they were interested. In some 17 reported bills in the first session of the Seventieth Congress, and in about 65 other bills which are pending, the Commission of Fine Arts is specifically required to give advice, this in ·addition to the regular duties prescribed by the organic act.

MEMBERSHIP OF COMMISSIOX

The membership of the Commission of Fine Arts consists of Charles Moore, chairman ; Lorado Taft, sculptor ; Abram Garfield, architect ; Benjamin W. l\lorris, architect; Ferruccio Vitale, landscape architect; Ezra Winter, painter; John W. Cross, architect.

The members are appointed by the President. They serve without compensation, and from the creation of the commission by Congress in 1910 the artist member have been drawn: from the representative men of their several professions-all men of high training, broad experience, and successful achie-,ement, and all devoted to the progressive development of the National Capital along the fim~st lines.

The total appropriation for this activity is $9,080. Elo1PL01."EES' COM:PENSATION COJIL'\IISSION

The amount carried herein is $4,073,326, together with a small unexpended balance. It would look like a decrease. The increase over the present fiscal year, $318,000 plus, is more than accounted for by the increase in the employees compensation fund of $400,000. There is an increase in salary of $9,000. A rent item of $22,250 formerly carried in this item has been transferred to Public Buildings and Public Parks. Then, there is an item of $60,000 carried in the District of Columbia bill.

New language. relating to _ Private Acts Nos. 120 and 290. Seventieth Congress, - repealed the permanent appropriations made therein, and said appropriations are henceforth to be paid from the employees' compensation fund.

FEDERAL AID FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

The vocational education work of the board is provided for by permanent appropriations, totaling $7,367,000, of which $200,000 is for salaries and expenses in connection with the administration of the vocational education law. The committee has supplemented the latter sum by a direct appropriation in this bill of $13,4()0, as estimated by the Budget, for increases called for under the W lch Act. The bill also carries a direct appropriation of $30,000 for extending the benefits of the original act to the Tenitory of Ha waiL

The vocational rehabilitation work of the board is cared for out of annual appropriations. The Budget estimate of $700,000 for this purpose, which has been allowed by the committee, is $50,000 less than the current year's appropriation. The board itself does not engage in rehabilitation work. It only allots to the various States which have complied with the provisions of the act the proportion of the total sum due them on a basis of population. · The States of Vermont, Connecticut, Delaware, Texa<;!, Kansas, Washington, and Maryland are the only ones which have not as yet availed themselves of the benefits of the act. The reduction in the amount of the appropriation will not affect the amounts received by any State, fOl.' the reason that in the past the States have not met the total amount of the appropriation. The language of the appropriation provides that allotments to the States shall be on a b-asis of $1,034,000, and in the event the States in any given year should exceed , under the allotment, the amount actually appropriated the situation would be met through a deficiency appropriation.

Following is a table of the allotments to the States : Table of allotments

Alabama--------------------------------------------Arizona---------------------------------------------Arkansas---------------------------------------------California ___________________________________________ _ Colorado ________________ ___________ _________________ _ Connecticut __________ _______________________________ _ Delaware--------------------------------------------F1orida-----------------------------------------------Georgia _____________________________________________ _ Idaho _______________________________________________ _

lllinois----------------------------------------------Indiana _____________________________________________ _

Iowa-----------------------------------------------Kansas-----------------------------------------------

~~~f~~~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~================ ~aine----------------------------------------------Afaryland--------------------------------------------Massachuse-tts-----------------------------------------~iichigan _______________________ ___ __________________ _

~finnesota--------------------------------------------1\fississippi ___________________________ ________________ _ J\.1issouri _______ :_ _____________________ ________________ _

1\fontana------------------------------~-------------Nebraska--------------------------------------------Nevada-----------------------------------------------

$22,305.56 5, 000.00

16,644.37 32,552.12

8, 925.64 13, 114. 76

5,000.00 9,199.60

27,507.82 5,000.00

61,604.37 27,836.09 22,836.05 16, 806.36 22,955.83 17,084.23

7, 295.45 13,770.49 36,593.94 34,846.64 22,675.56 17,009.27 32,335.48 5,213. 96

12,314.38 5,000.00

1866 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE J .ANU.ARY 17 NewHampshrre--------------------------------------NewJerseY------------------------------------------New MexicO------------------------------------------New York ____________________________ . _______________ _ North Carolina _______________________________________ _

North Dakota-----------------------------------------OhiO-------------------------------------------------Oklahoma ___________________________________________ _

OregQn-----------------------------------------------Pennsylvania _________________________ ·----------------Rhode Island ________________________________________ _

South Carolina---------------------------------------South Dakota-----------------------------------------Tennessee-------------------------------------------Texag-----------------------------------------------Utah __ ~------------------~-------------------------Vermont-----------------------------·---------------Virginia---------------------------------------------VVasbington-------------------------------------------

~r:;o!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~==~~~================ ~~~~~;or-sa~ali~~~=~~~===~~~==~~~~~===============

FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION

$5,000.00 29,978.23

5,000.00 98,650.39 24,309.38

6,144.71 54,709.10 19,266.88 7,441.50

82,832.38 5,741.23

15,993.88 6,046.63

22,207.82 44,296.50 5,000.00 5,000.00

21,935.22 12, 886.69 13,903.85 25,002.29 5,000.00 5,000.00

There is an increase of $57,610 over the current appropriation. There is an increase of 11 employees at a cost of some

$37,400. In the personnel requested there is a chief counsel at $6,500 a year and a valuation attorney at $5,600.

The secretary of the commission states that it is highly necessary for the valuation of the properties to be made now, else the public, if the recapture clause is exercised, may pay excess prices for the properties. The actual investment of the licensees must be known to determine accurately the net investment at the time of recapture. It is shown that this work is very largely in arrears.

There are total pending cases involving 87 projects, claims of $297,000,000. About 7 per cent, or $22,000,000, of claims have been settled by mutual agreement; 14 per cent, or $42,000,000, audited. There remain some $255,000,000 of claims not yet audited and $275,000,000 not yet settled. The total of claims eventually involved in connection with the projects already under license, if the projects are completed, will aggregate approximately $1,000,000.

According to the water power act, under which this commission operates, the receipts have a certain manner of distribution. The total receipts from licensees and distribution thereof is shown in the following :

Receipts from licensee~

Accumulated totals-

For use of Indian lands

June 30, 1926 ------------------------------------June 30, 1927 -------------------------------------------June 30, 1928 ----------------------------------------------

$5,497. CJ1 7, 036.59 9, 454. 77

12,916.56 16,284.74

Estimated, June 1!0, 1929 ------------------------------Estimated, June 30, 1930-----------------------------

100%

Distribution and credit--------------·--- $16, 284.74 To various

Indian trust funds

The total expenditures as compared with receipts. first 10 years' operations, are set forth herein:

Eg:penditures compared with receipts, first 10 years' ope1·ations NoTE.-Fees from licenses accrue and are payable according to the

calendar year. They are deposited and accounted for according to the fiscal year.

The commission's first fiscal year expenditures covered the period between June 10, 1920 (the date of passage of the Federal water power act), and June 30, 1921-the fiscal year 1921-but the first fees from licenses did not become payable until December 31, 1921, being accounted for under the fiscal year 1922.

Hence, for the purpo es of this statement, expenditures for the fiscal year 1921 are offset by receipts for the fiscal year 1922, and so on during succeeding years.

Fiscal year

1921_----------------1922_ ----------------1923 ____ -------------1924_- ---------------1925_----------------1926-----------------1927--------------- --1928 __ - --------------

Estimated total ex

penditures

$110, 260. 37 155,213.45 136,915.06 149, 7Zl. 86 153,035.61 183,621.82

I 177, 136.93 188.070.43

1 Subtotal, $1,065,911.10.

Fiscal year

1922_--------------1923_ --------------1924__- ------------1925 ____ -----------1926_--------------1927---------------1928_----- ---------1929 __ _ ------------

Offsets

Total receipts

$8,963.57 29,519.23 53,713.42

129,475.52 244,985.11 286,718.82

I 307, 040. 30 1438,700.00

Portion of total receipts collected for the purpose of reimbursing costs of administra-

tion

$8,741.65 24,279.32 46,349.94

110,876.78 127,184. 98 154,574.14 179,407.99

a 211, 000. 00

1 Subtotal, $1,060,41.".97. 3 Estimated.

-Purposes for which collected

For use of public Jands and national forests

50%

$36,312.21 62,884. 77 84,065.40

108,750.58 143,322.08

3731!% 1231!%

For use of Government

dams

$107, 414. 00 211,447.50 315,481.00 514,789.50 718,663. ()()

For reimbursin~ cost of

admmistration

$317,432.67 472,006.81 651,414.80 862,226.63

1, 103,539.37

$1, 822, 202. 37 ..

50% 50%

$71,661.05 To reclama

tion fund

$53, 745. 78 To various public-land

~----$17. 915.25 1

911, 101. 18-$911,101.19

To the indefinite ap·

Fiscal year

States

Estimated total eY.

penditures

$929, 016. 44

To the general fund

of the Treasury

Fiscal year

propriation ''Maintenance and operation of dams, etc." (War Depart-

Total receipts

ment)

Offsets

Portion of total receipts collected for the purpose of reimbursing costs of administra-

tion

1929 ________________ _ 3 $188,840. ()() 1930 ____ ___________ 8 $483,126.00 s $241, 3l!i. 00 1930- ---------------- 3 265,000.00 1931_______________ 3 525,000.00 3 275,000. ()()

Total _________ 1,707,821.53 TotaL ______ 2, 507,241.97 Deduct estimated

payments to 'States, 19~1931 51,000.00

2, 456, 241. 97 1, 707, 821. 53

1, 378, 727. 80

1, 707, 821. 53 Total receipts ----

are estima-ted to exceed total expen-ditures by ___ -------------- -------------------- 748,420.44 --------------

Total expen-ditures are estimated to exceed total receipts collected for the purpose of reimbursing costs of administra-tion by ____ __ ------------------------------------------------ 329,093. 73

a Estimated.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1867 ltECAPITULATION

Total receipts, fiscal years 1921-19'30, both inclusive (estimated)-----------------------------

Distribution :

In the discussion of the legislation which they may endeavor to secure this colloquy occurred between Commissioner Eastman

$1, 981, 809. 20 and myself:

To Indian funds-------------------- $16,284.74 To the reclamation fund_____________ 71, 661. 05 To payments to States (special funds)- 53, 745. 78 To the general fund of the Treasury __ 929,016. 44 To the indefinite appropriation : Main-

tenace and operation of dams, etc. (War Department)---------------- 911, 101. 19

1,981,809.20 FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION,

Washington.

CONCLUSIONS

By this statement are shown : 1. That as offsetting the fiscal year 1925 receipts exceeded expendi

tures, direct or indit·ect, incurred in administering the Federal water power act by nearly $92,000.

2. That the commission arrived at a self-supporting basis following the end of the fiscal year 1927, when total receipts practically offset total expenditures.

3. That receipts now in course of collection as following the fiscal year 1928 will total $438,700, or two and one-third times last year's expenditures, direct or indirect.

4. That estimated collections following the present fiscal year (1929) will be $483,126, or two and one-half times the present year's expenditures, direct or indirect.

5. For the fiscal year 1930, estimates for which are now being considered, expenditures, direct and indirect, are estimated at $265,000. Practically twice that amount, $525,000, will be collected from licensees immediately after the end of the year.

HOUSING CORPORATION

The appropriation carried in this bill is $243,450, together with the unexpended balance of $144,000, making a total of $387,450. The appropriation for the fiscal year 1929, $475,750, with the reserve of $53,250 set up. It is stated that before the end of the present fiscal year all the field offices involving any administration expenditures will w closed with the exception of Bremerton, Wash., Vallejo, Calif., and Erie and Philadelphia, Pa. There is a reduction of nine employees.

There are 1,880 mortgages, totaling $3,508,796.51, outstanding as of October 1, 1928, together with 250 parcels of real estate with the appraised valuation of $115,409.39.

The Government hotels showed an excess of receipts over disbursements for 1928, $21,481.45; and up to June 30, 1928, had covered into the Treasury of the United States $292,149.26 in excess of all appropriation disbursements incident to their operation. This does not take into consideration interest and amortization charges.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION

This bill carries the sum of $7.496,289, together with reappropriation of unexpended balances of $665,000, making a total of $8,161,289 actually available, an increase of $507,844 over the appropriation for the current fiscal year.

There is only one item in which the committee has not met the Budget estimate, and that is in the general expense item. The Budget estimated for 25 additional associate examiners, and we recommend the appropriation for 13 at an average of $3,378 per annum, together with travel expense for that number.

There is no doubt but that there is a congestion of the docket of formal cases. A normal docket of such cases is between 1,800 and 2,000. At present there are some 2,800 cases on the docket, but the decision of the cases has sped up considerably. This year the commission decided 1,900 cases-375 more than they did the year previous. In 1922, the commission decided 1,013 ca es, so there has been an increase of almost 100 per cent since this latter date. The commission bad 68 examiners in 1923; now they have 117. Thls increase is about 85 per cent.

It was stated wfore the committee that the commission was working overtime and could not stand up under the present strain. Commissioner Eastman feared that the increased work of taking testimony in the field by the 25 additional examiners sought might bring about a most serious congestion in the "neck of the bottle," in the commission itself.

It was suggested that they were going to make an effort to secure legislation which would give them authority to delegate certain powers theretofore nondelegable ; and it was suggested that there might be a redistribution of the work in the commission. Your committee is anxious for the prompt disposition of the formal cases, but if there is to be a delay in trials, there is no difference where the delay is occasioned. It may as well be "in the field" as "in the commission." It was the thought of the committee that with the addition of 13 men, at this time, the congestion might be relieved.

PROBABILITY OF COXGESTION IN WORK OF COMMISSIONERS IF ADDITIONAL EXAMINERS ARE PROVIDED

'Mr. VINSON. Without such authority, how many additional associate examiners would bring about this condition at the neck of the bottle to which you refer?

Mr. EASTMAN. I think myself we are pretty near up to that point of congestion now. I know that I have handled pretty nearly all the cases during the last year that it is physically possible for me to handle without neglecting some of them.

Mr. VINSON. Would it be a practicable thing to do to add these 25 additional associate examiners?

Mr. EASTMAN. Yes. I ought to say this: I happen to be a member of division 4 of the commission and also of division 6. I think that the work is now a little improperly distributed between the divisions. We have in mind a new distribution of the work. I think that division 4 gets too heavy a load at the present time in view of all the finance cases that it has· to handle.

So that I think we can handle more work at the neck of the bottle by a little better distribution of the load than we have at the present time, even more work than we have now got. But only through overtime work can that be done, and I think this authority that we are seeking here would not only tend to prevent congestion, but it would ease the situation considerably.

Mr. VINSON. But, Mr. Commissioner, if the commission is now overburdened in its work the addition of these associate examiners, 25 in number, would certainly pile up your work tremendously.

Mr. EAsTMAN. It will, and we have got to face that.

In this item, $20,000 is made immediately available for the purpose of starting off the additional associate examiners in their work. Thi was done at the instance of Commissioner Lewis, now chairman of the commission.

VALUATION OF CARRIERS

. A very unusual thing occurred pertaining to the manner in which the estimates were submitted by the commission and approved by the Budget. It was while the item of salary for employees of the field ervice was under discussion that I called attention to Commissioner Lewis that while there were 197 employees appropriated for in the present fiscal year, and 199 for the next fiscal year, there appeared to be 78 new positions created with a deletion of 76 positions, with an increased appropriation of almost $100,000. Mr. Lewis immediately indicated to the committee that be knew that these estimates submitted to our committee by the Budget were erroneous and asked that ~ he might be given an opportunity to look into the matter when he could then explain this condition. We insert herein the estimates for the present fi cal year and for the next fiscal year, as they came to us from the Budget; and the revised estimates submitted by Mr. Lewis:

Estimated expenditures, 1930 appropriation

Field service: Salaries and wages

Salary range, $4,600 to $5,200; aver age, $4,900- No.

Accountant__________ 6 Engineer_____________ 5 Land appraiser_.____ 20

Salary range, $3,800 to $4,400; average, $4,1()()-

Average

Salarv $4,900 4,900 4,900


No.

1 3

Average

Salarv

$5, ()()() 5,000

Senior engineer _______ ------------------ 2 Senior land appraiser.------------------ 21

Salary range, $3,200 to $3,700; average, $3,450-

Accountant__________ 16 Engineer_____________ 13 Land appraiser_______ 15

Salary range, $2,900 to $3,400; average, . $3,15o-

3,450 3,450 3,450

Associate accountant_ 7 3, 150 Associate engineer __________ ------------Associate land ap-

9 10 12

10 4

3,467 .,330 3,283

3,090 2,950

praiser_-------------- ______ ------------ ______ ------------Salary range, $2,600 to

$3,100; average, $2,850-

Assistant accountant_ 36 Assistant engineer____ 30 Assistant land ap-

praiser_------------ 25

2,850 2,850

2,850

34 38

11

2,615 2,639

2,600

Expended and obligated, 1928

No.

8.4 10. 1 11.2

8. 7 8.5

1.3

25.6 15.5

8.1

Average

Salary

$4,400 4,800

3,236 3, 201 3,148

2,946 2, 753

2,800

2,408 2,428

2,439

1868 CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17

Field service-Continued. Salaries and wages-Con.

Salary range-, $2,300 to $2,800; aver age, $2,550-

Principal accounting


Average

and auditing assist· No. ant.__________ ______ 18

Salary $2,550

Salary range, $2,000 to $2,500; a v e r a g e , $2,25o--

Senior accounting as-


Average

No. Salary

Expended and obligated, 1928

Average

No. &ilary

sistant._-·-- ------ - ____ __ ------------ 16 $2,305 14.8 $2, 107 Senior engineering as-

sistant __ - ------ -· -------------------- 3 2,000 2.6

2.6

1,860

1,008 Senior land appraisu.l .

assistant _____ __ ___ _ Salary range, $1,800 to

$2,100; average ; $1,950-

Cierk . . - ------------Salary range, $1,440 to

$1,740; aver age, $1,590--

7 2,250 3 2,000

1,950 1, 800 1, 740

Clerk . . - ------------- ------ ------------ ------ ------------ 0.1 1,500 Salary range, $1,200 to

$1,500; average, $1,350-

Rodman ·and chain-man _______ ________ ------------------ 19 1, 200 2. 3 I, 200

Total average num-ber of employees___ 199 ----------- 197 ------------ 143.7

Total salaries and wages, field serviceT ____ _ 648,700 ------ 548,179 ------ 400,314

Interstate Commerce Commiss-ion, Bm·eau of Valuation, comparative statement t·ett.ect-ing addi tions to force contemplated by revised fi,e~a force estimated tot• year 1929-30

Actual field force as of

Dec. 22, 1928

Revised field force estimate

Proposed additions to present

force

Em- S 1 Em- Em-ployees a ary ployees Salary ployees Salary

------------1---l·---------------Salary range, $4,600 to $5,200;

average, $4,900: $5,000 3 $5,000 Land appraisers _____________ 3 -------- --------Land appraisers ______________ 2 4,800 2 4,800 -------- --------

Engineers .. __ ..... . --.---- ... Salary range, $3,800 to $4,400;

1 5,000 1 5,000 -------- --------average, $4,100:

7 Land appraisers ______________ 7 4,200 4,200 -------- --------Land appraisers ______________ 6 4,000 6 4,000 -------- --------Land appraisers ..••.•••••.••• 4 3,800 4 3,800 -------- --------Engineers. ______ . ___ . _____ ..• 2 3,800 2 3,800 -------- --------Salary range, $3,200 to $3,700; average, $3,450:

3,600 1 3,600 Accountant ... __ --------·---- 1 -------- --------Land appraiser ______________ 1 3,600 1 3,600 -------- --------Accountants._-----·---------- 4 3,400 4 3,400 -------- --------Engineers. ________ ------ ____ . 6 3,400 6 3,400 -------- --------Land appraisers ______________ 4 3,400 4 3,400 -------- --------Accountants .. --------------- 3 3,300 3 3,300 -------- --------Engineer . . ____ ... --.--- .. ---. 1 3,300 1 3,300 ______ ... _

--------Land investigator------------ 1 3,300 1 3,300 -------- --------Accountants .. --------------- 6 3,200 8 3,200 2 $3,200 Engineers . . ....... ____ . __ . ___ 7 3,200 9 3,200 2 3,200 Land appraisers ______________ 6 3,200 11 3,200 5 3, 200

Salary range, $2,900 to $3,400; average, $3,150:

2 3,100 2 3,100 Accountants .. --------------- ------i-Accountant. ____ ------------- -------- -------- 1 3,000 3,000 Accountants. ______________ :_ 2 2,900 2 2,900 ------- --------Engineers .. __ __ . __ ----------- 2 2,900 Salary range, $2,600 to $3,100;

average, $2,850:

2 2,900 -------- --------Engineers. __ ••••• _____ ----- .• 10 2,800 10 2,800 -------- --------Accountants _________________ 5 2, 700 5 2, 700 -------- --------Engineers ___ ------- __________ 3 2, 700 3 2, 700 ---·-ia· ---2~600 Accountants .. --------------- 30 2,600 40 2, 600 Engineers . . ____ . ____ . __ . ___ •. 24 2,600 28 2,600 4 2,600 Land appraisers ___ t8 _________ 11 2,600 18 2,600 7 2,600

Salary range, $2,300 $2,800; average, $2,550:

1 2,4.00 Accountant.._--------------- 1 2,400 ------6- ---2:300 Accountants . . . __ ___ --------_ 16 2,300 22 2,300 Salary range, $2,000 to $2,500;

average, $2,250: Accountant. __ --------------- 1 2,000 1 2,000 ------- --------Land appraisers __ ____________ 2

Salary range, $1,800 to $2,100; average, $1,950:

2,000 3 2,000 2,000

Clerk. __________ . ___ ... --- - -- 1,800 1,800 -------- --------Salary range, $1,200 to $1,500; average, $1,350:

21 Rodman and chainmen ______ 21 1,200 1,200 -------- --------TotaL----------------····· 196 546,500 234 64.8, 790 38 102,200

Whereas there were six accountants at a salary of $4,900 added under the Budget estimate, there is not a single accountant drawing such salary in the revised estimate, and only one with a salary of $3,600.

Whereas at present and under the revised estimate they will need 21 rodmen, under the estimate submitt ed by the Budget the rodmen were dispensed with. I mention these two instances as illustrative of the differences involved. Unde1· the revised estimate 36 additional employees may be hired within the same limits of cost as recommended by the Budget.

It is very apparent to me what was done. No need to criticize the Budget for the creation of the estimate, as it was initiated in the commission, but it is rather strange that such difference in the salary increases and the nature of the ervices to be rendered would escape the Budget officers. It is fair to state that immediately upon being shown these estimates, Mr. Le\vis was convinced that something was wrong and, after lle had opportunity to look into it, be submitted this statement which contained the revised estimate.

Mr. LEWIS. That statement of estimated expenditures, 1930 fi eld forces, is wrong. I here offer the correction. I must say that one of the most difficult undertakings I have in this valuation work is to estimate more than a year in advance the number of staff and salary requirements, particularly when, as in this work, there are constant changes in the character of the work taking place which have an effect on personnel and its distribution in and out of hea<lquarters. Our original estimates made way last May for the year beginning July 1 next, called for something over 800 members of stall'. When the present set-up was made, I happened to be in Arizona on commission business, and I did not see this estimate of field staff and salaries until it was laid before me in the independent offices appropriation bill. It provides an increase in OUI' field staff of only two persons and more than

· $100,000 of salary. I am not surprised that that would attract your eye-it certainly does mine. I ask you gentlemen to substitute this revision of the 1930 estimate for field staff.

This corrected statement carries the same increase in total field work but adds 36 people. It is built up after consultation with our department heads on the basis of the number of field employees that we now have in our service at their present salaries and the addition of 36 at minimum salaries of the grades at which they would enter, ranging from $2,000 to $3,200 per annum. This covers the range of salaries generally in this type of our service.

Mr. Wason directs my attention to the fact that under the set-up to which you refer, the average salary for field employees for 1929 is $2,782, whereas the 1930 estimate would raise it to $3,257. The revised estimate which I am now submitting shows an average of $2,772, which is less rather than above the averages. It is inevitable that there will have to be certain readjustments in salaries made, but what we need most is the 36 additional people for this field work in the 1930 period. We can probably take care of salary readjustments in our turnover. We hope, under the appropriation which is recommended, to build up for the purposes that I have previously set forth, a st~ of 736 people.

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR Al!IRONAUTICS

The amount carried for this item is $1,285,000, which is an increase of mo1·e than $600,000 over the current appropriation. Of this increase, $525,000 goes toward the con ideration of a full-scale wind tunnel to be erected at a limit of cost of $900,000.

There is no doubt in our mind that the work of this committee has proved of wonderful service in the development of airplanes. To illustrate their work, we will insert a portion of the hearings dealing with the cooling of the air-cooled radial engine so as to diminish the head resistance. This has been heralded as one of the greatest advance movements in aviation. Here is Doctor Ames's statement on the subject: REDUCING HEAD RESISTANCE RESULTING FROM USE OF Affi-COOLED MOTOR

When it comes to the problems of commercial aeronautics I have spoken about construction, but the most important example of advance made this last year by our committee was in answering a question which has been asked by every designer dUI·ing the past year. It was one question on which every ma·nufacturer at Langley Field last summer was unanimous in saying was the most important problem so far as commercial aeronautics is concerned,

You all know the type ot engine now most used-used by Lindbergh and by Chamberlain and many others-is an air-cooled radial engine, of the type made by the Wright Aeronautical Corporation or by the Pratt & Whitney Co. These air-cooled engines offer great advantages over water-cooled engines for many purposes, but the trouble with them is that they stick out so much that they have very great hcao resistance. When they go through the air you have to use a lot of energy in horsepower just to get them through the air. They have a tremendous frontal area which has to be driven thxough the air. A lot of horsepower is used in ove.rcoming what is called the drag, and all the manufacturers said that their most important problem was to know how to hood such an engine properl,r:::-put a cowling over it in some way so as to

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE diminish the head resistance; make the air flow very s~oothly rather than in a disturbed condition.

That problem is not as simple as it sounds; because if you put n hood over an air-cooled engine, then, of course, you keep the air from getting to the engine, and the engine no longer cools ; so the problem was to find a compromise between those two things-to have as small a head re."!istance as you could and, at the same time, to have the proper amount of air come through, properly directed, so that the engine could be cooled. The interesting thing is that we have solved the problem, and I will show you some photographs of the application. It has been heralded all over the country and all over the world as the most important advance made in aviation since--well, any date yQu want to make.

What has happened bas been this: That the number of horsepower which is required to maintain a given speed bas been decreased by 20 or 30 per cent. In other words, if it required 200 horsepower to drive an airplane at a certain speed,- you can do that now at about 160 horsepower. You are saving, in other words, about 20 per cent of your fuel. We have solved that problem satisfactorily, and not only have we done it in our laboratory-this was done in the propellerresearch tunnel I spoke about-but after this was worked out experimentally in the laboratory it looked so good-almost too good-that we thought we would try it out on an airplane. We bad a cowling made and put on an actual airplane and flew the actual airplane, and it came out within about 2 per cent of what we calculated.

There i s another feature in connection with this problem that I would like to call attention to, that when this new cowling and cooling system is used on the airplanes now in service the savings in one year will pay for the cost of the new tunnel. In order to get the same speed they can use engines of less horsepower, less weight, at a less cost, less material eve1·ywbere,. so that the actual saving to the industry will be large.

At the present time we lead the world in the work of the wind tunnel, and with this full-scale wind tunnel we will retain our place in the van.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS Al'n> PUBLIC PARKS

This activity is under the supervision of Colonel Grant and there is carried an increase of $235,081 for the activities thereunder. The current appropriation is $2,888,061.

The regular maintenance item is $775,000; the extra work item-leveling of floors in the Navy and Munitions Buildings, $30,000; the installation of boilers, State, War and Navy, $40.000 ; emergency repairs temporary buildings, $10,000 ; repairs to ·war Department buildings, $4,000-total $84,000-stands off against $108,000 for extra work during the present fiscal year. In this regular maintenance item, rents total $196,545, the Barr Building and the employees' compensation space in the Investment Building having been transferred to this activity. If you will recall, in this bill last year attention of the Bouse was called to the manner in which space w.as being rented for offices in the District, together with the idea that there might be a saving in· the rent. It occurred to me that a considerable annual saving might be effectuated. Whether my efforts occasioned it or not, after the matter was brought to the light, in the second deficiency appropriation bill last session the office of Colonel Grant was authorized to rent the space needed for the different departments, including an authorization for the transf er of the rental money for the departments to this activity.

Colonel Grant said : By pooling all of the r equirements we are able to work out leases

and assignments of quarters which were very much less expensive than they would have been the other way, and the method proved so valuable that it was deemed a lmost essential that the possibility be continued. By the amount appropriated you put a limit, of course, on what can be done; but if these arrangements can be continued as an authorization we can take care of emergency needs with any remainder we are able to save.

Mr. VINSON. What did you do in regard to that work? I would just like to get the picture.

Colonel GRANT. In the first place, the Public Buildings .Commission picked out the rented space for which they felt too high a rent was being paid and notified the departments occupying those spaces that a renewal of their leases at those rates would not be approved. The commission then made a very thorough investigation of all the available space that could be found in Washington and the rates that would have to be paid therefor, and after this survey and consulting with the department beads concerned as to the satisfactory character of the space the Office of Public Buildings and Parks entered into leases for the space. Then the various departments that were being taken care of and bad previous appropriations for their space were requested to transfer the funds corresponding to the amount of room rented.

Now, in renting that space, we consiaered the cost to the Government of maintaining the buildings and we made whichever bargain was cheapest. Either the owners would rent the buildjng or the space we needed at a very low figure, provided they would not have any duties of maintenance and heating and care; or, in other cases, where they already had an organization for taking care of the building, we got more favorable prices by allowing them to furnish the janitor service, the heat, light, etc. So that this wording gave us the elasticity by which we could enter into whichever was the best bargain.

Mr. VINSON. You got a reduction in the rent of the quart(>rS for the Board of Tax Appeals, did you not, in the Earle Building?

Colonel GRANT. Yes, sir. Mr. VINSON. Did you secure a similar reduction for the Board of

Mediation in the same building? Colonel GRANT. Yes, sir. Mr. VINSON. Then you got a reduction in the rent for the Emery

Building? Colonel GRANT. No, sir; the Emery Building rent was the same as we

bad been having. The decreases :ii:t the rent were in the Earle Building, in the Investment Building, and in the Otis Building. Those were the reductions in rent for space already occupied. Then we obtained additional space in the Lemon Building, in the Barr Building, and some additional spa~e in the Earle Building and in the Investment Building at new low rates.

Mr. VINSON. Would you just insert a table showing the floor-space price per square foot, and the savings made?

Colonel GRANT. Yes, sir. Mr. VINSON. And, Colonel Grant, I would like to have this study made,

and a statement inserted in the record, showing the entire rental moneys paid by the Government in the District of Columbia for the independent agencies, as well as the departments.

Colonel GRANT. Yes, sir. We put that in the public-buildings report every year, sir.

Mr. VINSON. But that does not have the floor space, does it? I want · to know what the rents are and where they are, and then what savings

have been made. · Colonel GRANT. Yes, sir. Mr. VINSON. I had overlooked it. Colonel G,HANT. Of course, that report for this year bas not come out

yet, because that is a calendar-year report and we .are getting the information together for the present calendar year now.

Mr. WASON. And will the last report you issu'ed cover what you have just testified to ?

Colonel GRANT. It does not quite; no, sir; _because that is up to the last of December. In order to answer this question, I will have to bring it ~P to a fiscal-year basis from the calendar year, but I can insert that statement.

In this connection Colonel Grant testifies that the average cost of the entire space cared for by his office for janitor service light, heat, and so forth, is $0.3148 per square foot per annum: Elach item is figured out to exactitude, and if it is cheaper to rent with the services furnished the lease is made in that wise. Last year inquiry was made as to the total rents paid in the District. We submit it to you in these figures:

Statement of rentals before and after Julu 1, 1928

Net square feet

Buildings

..

Purpose for which building is used Before

Barr ___ -------------------------------------- _____ _________ :_________ Office. _____________ _ Investment '------ --------------------------------------------------- ... do_______ 19, 238 Earle _____ ------- .. -.-- .--.---.--- _____ __ _____ ___ ______________________ .. do_______ 36, 055 National Press·------------------------------------------------------ ... do._____ 97,639 Lemon...--------._---- __ ---------- ____ --- _______________________________ do.______ 20, 992 Otis ___ -------------- ___ ------- _____ --- ____ ______________________________ do_______ 10, 500 Civil Service _______ -------------------------------------------------- ... do_______ 39, 486

After

19,270 43,950 37,229 97,639 20,992 10,500 39,486

Total rental

Before After

------------ $28,500. ()() $35,762.35 70,()().1.87 68,964.70 65,341.50

167,750.00 167,750.00 ------------ 8, 400.00

17,500. ()() 16,000.00 24,592.00 24,592.00

Rental per square foot

Before After

----$1~86" $1.48

1. 59 1. 91 1. 75 1. 72 1. 72

.32 1. 67 1. 52 .63 .63

Savings affected

Total rental

------------$11,866.50 5, 956.64

------------------------

1,500.00 ------------

Per square

root rental

----------$0.'Zl

.16 --------------------

.15 -----------

1 Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks pays $1.50 per :square foot for 22,601 square feet. Mix.ed Claims Commissions and General and Special Claims Commission pay $1.75 per square foot for 21,349 square feet. The average of these two is $1.59 per square foot.

1870 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 Statement of r-entals before and after Julut, 19.98---<Jontinued

Buildings

Purpose for which building is used

Commerce_---------------------------------------------------------- Office_----Denrike _________ ____________________ --- _______ ----- _________ -------- - __ do ______ _

fnf~~ti!r6~~ffi&"C8coiilillissio11_-~~~==::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ===~~======= Justice _________ ____ ______ __________________________ --- ____ ------_---- --_do _____ --Labor ___________ ___ _______ _ --- ____ ------ ____________ --- __ --_-- _---_-- --_do ______ -

~;~~~~i~;e~u~~~-s~~== ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: =::::.:::: ::::: :::~~=:::::: Walker-Johnson ______________ ------------- ______ ---------------·---- ___ do ____ --Winder Building .Annex ____ _______ -------- ________________ ---- __ ----- - __ do ______ _

Net square feet

Before

149,629 9,405

70,048 162,621 94,050 72,938 9,242

39,427 80,456 10,240

After

149,629 9,405

70,048 162,621 94,050 72,938 9, 242

39,427 80,456 10,240

Total rental

Before After

$65,500.00 $65,500.00 17,869.50 17,869.50 75,000.00 75,000. ()()

139,000.00 139,000.00 100,000.00 100,000.00 68,000.00 68,000.00 10,000.00 10.000.00 11,500.00 11,500.00 40,000.00 40,000.00

2, 500.00 2, 500.00

Rental per square foot

Before After

$0.43 $0.43 1.90 1. 90 1.07 1.07 .86 . 86

1.06 1.06 .93 .93

1.08 1.08 . 29 .29 .50 .50 .24 .24

Savings affected

Total rental

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Per square

foot rental

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of .Agriculture buildings: 220 Lin worth Place ______ ___ ___ ---------------------------------- ___ do ______ - 12, 865 12,865 4, 800.00 4, 800.00 .37 . 37 ..... __________ ----------215 Thirteenth Street SW ----------------------- ----------- --- --- ___ do._______ 14,300 14,300 4, 000.00 4,000. 00 .28 .28 ------------ ----------221 Linworth Place--------------------------------------------- ___ do_______ 19,756 19, 756 5, 400.00 5, 400.00 . 27 .27 ------------ ---------513-515 Fourteenth Street NW -------------- --------------------- ___ do ______ -_ 28,482 28,482 14,000.00 14,000.00 .49 .49 ------------ ----------~~~n~~~~:, ~::i~ universitY.::::~::::::::::=:::::::::::: ===~~==~==== :: :S~ Chemistry, 216 Thirteenth Street SW ---- ------------------------ ___ do_______ 47,889

38,337 35,000.00 35,000.00 . 91 • 91 ------------ ----------39,654 10,000.00 10,000.00 • 25 .25 ------------ ----------47,889 . 33 .33 ------------ ----------

220 Fourteenth Street SW --------------------·------------------- ___ do_______ 45,599 16,000.00 16,000.00

45,599 24,000.00 24,000.00 . 53 .53 ____ .. _______ ----------1358 B Street S W ____ -------------------------------------------- ___ do_______ 75, 373 75,373" 55,000. ()() 55,000. ()() .73 .73 ------------ --------·-~~l Jt8:!ef:J~~~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ===~~:::::: ~: i'~ 1,230 600.00 600.00 .-49. .49 ------------ ----------

2,200 1,000. 80 1, 000.80 .46 .46 ------------ ----------217 Twelfth Street SW (rear>----------------~-------------------- ___ do_______ 1, 294 1,294 360.00 360.00 .28 .28 ------------ ----------210 Eleventh Street SW----------------------------·-·----------- ___ do_______ 2,490 2,490 900. ()() 900.00 .36 .36 __ ... _________ -------- ...... 220 Thirteenth Street SW --------------------------------------- ___ do_______ 8, 215 8,215 4, 000.00 4, 000.00 . 49 .49 ------------ ----------1350 B Street SW---------------------------------·---------------- ___ do_______ 5, 482 1363 C Street SW ___ -------------------------------------------- ___ do_______ 8, 685

5,482 1,580. 00 1, 580.00 .29 .29 ------------ ----------8,685 1.04 I. 04 ------------ ----------

212--214 Thirteenth Street SW ------------------------------------ ___ do_______ 8, 748 9,000.00 9, 000.00

8, 748 960.00 960.00 .11 .11 ------------ ----------1316 B Street SW _______ --------------------------~-~----------- ___ do __ ---- 9, 036 9,036 3, 000.00 3,000.00 . 33 . 33 ----------·- ----------1304-1306 B Street SW-------------------------------------------- ___ do______ 10,329 10,329 3, 000.00 3, 000.00 .29 .29 ------------ ----------200--202 Fourteenth Street SW----------------------------------- ___ do______ 11,955 11,955 3, 750.00 3, 750.00 . 31 . 31 ------------ ----------

~~fl?a:~~;;:::;~~=~;;;~=~=============::::::::::::::::==== ~~~i~~~~=~== ~ ~~ Merchants Transfer & Storage Building ________________________________ do_______ 30,937

3, 368 1, 080.00 1, 080.00 .32 . 32 ------------ ----------92,307 20,000.00 20,000.00 .22 .22 ------------ -------- --29,501 12,000.00 12,000.00 .44 .44 ------------ ---·------30,937 12,500.00 12,500.00 .40 .40 ------------ ----------

fl~i!~~i~= ~~~~i~========================================·=== ~~~:~~==== ~: ~ 8,250 3, 600.00 3, 600.00 .44 .44 ------------ ----------

35, ()()() 13,000.00 13,000. ()() . 37 . 37 ------------ ----------29, 101 9, 000.00 9, 000.00 . 30 . 30 ------------ ----------

1810 E Street NW --------------------- ------------------------------ - __ :.do_______ 3, 600 3,600 1,800.00 1, 800.00 .50 .50 ------------ ----------~~~f:~~~~:s~r~ef~;~-~~:::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -s~~ie::::: M: !~ 14, 127 4, 500.00 4, 500.00 .32 .32 ------------ -------- --

20,494 5, 400.00 5, 400.00 . 25 .25 ------------ ----------i~~~~~-~~~t-~~==================~=========~=================== -~~:-=~== = ------~~~- 631 480.00 480.00 . 76 . 76 ________ .,. ___ ----------

5, 160 ------------ 7, 740.00 1.50 -- ------·---- ----------

There is no doubt in my mind but that the continued activity of this agency, looking toward the reduction in rents in the District, can saYe many thousands of dollars annually.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTE

Appropriation for this item is $1,046,183, an increase of $102,021 compared with the cm·rent appropriation. The hearing upon this item was most interesting. A Very interesting dissertation upon the astrophysical studies, including radiation of the sun and stars, was delivered. Then we traveled through the National Museum in a most interesting hearing. Doctor Sterling told us about his exploration of New Guinea and his sojourn among the most primitive type of human. By the time

·Doctor Wetmore, Doctor Abbott, and Doctor Sterling concluded their testimony, it was simply a question of what they wanted. The institution is one of which we can wen be·. proud.

TARIFF COMMISSION

The amount of $778,000 is carried in this bill, an increase of $34.,000 over the current appropriation.

Unless the work of this commission is of real benefit to the Committee on Ways and Means in drafting a new tariff bill, under the present set-up, it is not worth the money.

UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHIC BOARD

Members of this board are appointed from the various departments and serve without additional pay. Total appropriation for this item is $9,200. It is an interdepartmental body created by Exeeutive order for the purpose of bringing about uniformity in usage of geographical designations am·:mg the various departments of the Governmt-nt.

SHIPPI~G BOARD

The total of this appropriation is $1.1,494.,000. It is $2,194,-750 less than the amount. carried for the present fiscal year.

COAL BOATS

In this bill there is carried for the fiscal year of 1930, $1,500,-000, together with the reappropriation of the moneys unexpended for this item, at the end of the. current fiscal year, which has been suggested by the Shipping Board ·to be $400,000: These sums are to be used for a continuation of reconditioning and operating of vessels engaged in transporting American coal to foreign markets. ·

In order to preserve the record .it will be my purpose to describe what has been done, and some things not done, by tbe Snipping Board, to effectuate the purpose of Congres in this regard.

The last session of Congres when this bill was being considered by the House, an amendment was adopted from the floor, adding $1,000,000 to the bill, to recondition and operate Shipping Board vessels in the coal trade.

For no good reason shown, the Shipping Board did not authorize the Fleet Corporation to have any vessels in readiness to enter upon .this service until October 9, 1928, when three vessels were ordered for Mediterranean trade, and on November 23 three additional boats were authorized to be reconditioned.. The fact is, that the :first boat reconditioned, the Naamhoolc, was sold prior to its being loaded. It was sold November 8, 1928; it was completed on November 10, 1928; and was delivered to the purchaser on November 14. So there was not a boat loaded under the provisions of the act until December, and at this time only two vessels have left American ports with coal, and none returned. There has not been a single round trip made.

Yet some astonishing statements are contained in the hearings upon the question of co ts, and losses that will be entailed in the transportation of coaL At one point it is intimated that there will be a loss of $6 per ton, but when this tatement is scrutinized it must be admitted it is inclusive of the co ts of reconditioning the vessels, which has never been so computed in arriving at the loss sustained in the handling of other cargo. It would be ridiculous to charge the costs of reconditioning these vessels to coal receipts of one year. As slow as they have been, it is perfectly reasonable that some of these ves els may only have the opportunity of making one voyage. But costs of putting vessels in shape to carry cargo has not been charged against a single ton of any other commodity.

It is stated in the hearings that they hoped to make 14 voyages carrying 97,000 tons of eoal, and it is allocating the complete cost of reconditioning these boats to this tonnage that causes such a statement to be made. I presume that the mathematical · computation in division may be correct, but the pl'emises are wrong, not only wrong in fairness and common sense, but wrong so far as the practice in the Shipping Board itself is concerned.

1929 ~CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .1871 As a matter ·of fact, · representatives of the Shfpping Board

indicate that there will probably be a loss per ton of $2.25. They make such statement in the hearings. They do not attempt to show in the bearings how this loss would be reached. I was ill at the time of the hearings, with influenza, and had no opportunity to ·cross-examine the witnesses when they appeared before the committee: I felt that -this estimate of loss was inaccurate, and immediately upon my recovery I called for and secured a detailed statement of the cost of each voyage that these six boats will make, which statement came to me from the Shipping Board. I hold these itemized statements of cost in my hand, and with your permission will make them a part of the record. . Voyage C(I-lc"laHon on full cargo of coaZ, Baltimore, to Genoa, and return

in b<llkUtt

Vessel, Naamhok; type, Wacosta; dead-weight tonnage merchants' oilturbine-water tube, 8727.

Draft, loaded, 25 feet 2 inches; miles, 9,000; number of crew, 37 ; turnaround-port, 18 ; sea, 36 ; total, 54.

Dispatch, Baltimore, 1,500 tons daily; dispatch, Genoa, 800 tons daily.

Ve sel operation : iY:e'f:~-=.-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_·:::.-=.-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-:_-:_-:_-=_============ Stores and water---------------------------------Subsistence _______________________________________ _ Administration-------------------------------------Insut·ance-----------------------------·------------ldaintenance---------------------------------------

Cargo expense : Baltimore--

Loading-------------------- ------------------Afiscellaneous _________________________________ _

Genoa, discharging---------------------------------

Porti:fti~~~~---------~-------------------~-----------Genoa--------------------------------------------Baltimore-----------------------------·------------

Fees and commissions : . Compensation _____________________________________ _

Foreign agency feeS--------------------------------Other expense : ·

Ballast--------------------------------------------Miscellaneous--------------------------------------

$6, 292.62 7,749.00 2, 160.00 1,198.80 2,403.42 1,872.12 2,790.00

1,333.61 50.00

1,403.80

300.00 839.00 410.00

658. 03 150.00

1, 200. 00 100.00

Total expense----------------------------------- 30, 910.40 Total revenue--------------------------'---'----- 17,547. 50

Loss-------------------------------------------Maximum cargo, tons----------------------------------

NOTES

1. Revenue based on $2.50 per ton. 2. Compensation based on 3l}4, per cent of revenue. 3. All vessels calculated to retu1·n with dry ballast.

13,362.90 7,019

Voyage calculation on full cargo of coal, Baltimore to Alea:andria and return in baZla.st

Vessel, Naamhok; type, Wa~sta; dead-weight tonnage, merchants (oil turbine-water tube), 8,727.

Draft, loaded, 25 feet 2 inches; miles, 11,000; number of crew, 37; turnaround-port, 18 ; sea, 46 ; total, 64.

Dispatch, Baltimore, 1,500 tons daily; dispatch, Alexandria, 800 tons daily.

Vessel operation : VVages--------------~----------------------------Fnel-------------------------------------~-------Stores and water---------------------------------Subsistence---------------------------------------Administration------------------------------------Insurance----------------------------~------------Maintenance -------------------------------------

Cargo expense: Baltimore--

Loading -------------------------------------Miscellaneous ---------------------------------

Alexandria,di~harging ____________________________ _ Port expense : Baltimore ________________________________________ _

Alexandria---------------------------------------~ Baltimore ________ ------________________ ---------__ Fees ~d com~ssions : _

Compensation ------------------------------------Foreign agency fees-------------------------------

Other expense : Ballast--- -----------------------------------------Misccllaneous--------------------------------------

$7,457.92 9,744.00 2,560.00 1,420. 80 2, 848. 49 2,218.81 3,410.00

1,292.95 50.00

1, 701. 25

800.00 775.00 410.00

701.77 150.00

1,200.00 100.00

Total expense----------------------------------- 36, 340. 99 Totali~venue------------------------------------ 18,713.75

Aiaxim~~s~;g:o~tons=================================== · 17• 6~:s~~ NOTES

1. Revenue based on $2.75 per ton. 2. Compensation based on 3%, per cent of revenue. 3. All vessels calculated to return with dry ballast.

LXX-118

Voyage calculation on full 001rgo of coal, Norfolk to Rio, ana t•et1lrn- tn ltal!ast

Vessel, Naamlwk; type, Wacosta; dead-weight tonnage, merchants, oil-turbine-water- tube, 8, 727. - -

Draft, loaded, 25 feet 2 inches; miles, 9,600; number of crew, 37; turn around, port, 19; turn around, sea, 38; turn around, total, 57.

Dispatch Norfolk-1,500 tons, daily; dispatch Rio-750 tons, uaily. Vessel expense-:

Wages--------------------------------------------FUel __________________________________ __________ _ Stores and water _________________________________ _ Subsistence --------------------------------------Administration~------------------------------------

tr:~~:i~c_~~~~~~~------~---:~~----'--:_--:_-_-_-_-_-=_-_-_-=_-_-=_-=_--_-:_-=_-=.-=.-=. Cargo expense :

· Norfolk_:__ Loading _____________________________________ _

Rio, r~~~~~~~~~~~----_-_-::_-_-:_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-._-_-_-_-:_-_-_-_-_-:_ . Port expense :

Norfolk----------------'------------------------Rio---------------------------------------------

. Norfolk------------------------------------------Fees and commissions :

j~~r;~s!~~cy-!ees-=.-=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=-~-=--=--=.--_-=_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_--_======== Other· expense, miscellaneoUS----------------------------

$6,642.21 8, 179.50 2, 280.00 1,265.40 2, 536. 50 1,976.19 2,976. 00

1, 361. 73 50.00

5,375.25

231.50 425.00 401. 50 -

940.67 100. 00 200. 00

Totalexpense--------------------- - -------------- 34,941.45 Total r evenue----------------------------------- 25,084.50

Loss---------------~----------------~----------- 9,856. 95 ldaximum cargo, tons---------------- ------------------ 7, 167

NOTES

1. Revenue based on $3.50 per t on. 2. Compesnation based on 3 l}4, per cent of revenue. 3. All vessels calculated to return light."

Voyage calculation on -tun- cargo of coal, Norfolk to Santos, and return in ballast

Vessel, Naamhok; type, Wacosta; dead-weight tonnage, 8,727 ;- merchant's oil-turbine-water tube.

Draft, loaded, 25 feet 2 inches; miles, 10,000; number of crew, 37; turn around-port, 19; sea, 40; total, 59.

Dispatcb, Norfolk, 1,500 tons, daily ; dispatch, Santos, 750 tons, daily_ Vessel expense: -·

VVages-------------------------------------------Fuel---------------------------------------------Stores and water------------ ----------------------Subsistence---------------------------------------Administration------------------------------------Insurance ___________ ~-----------------------------Maintenance --------------------------------------Cargo expense : Norfolk-

Loading~---~---------------------------------Miscellaneous -------------------------------

Santos, discharging--------------------------------Port expense :

Norfolk------------------------------------------Santos-------------------------------------------Norfolk---------~---------------------------------

Fees and commissions: Compensation -------------------------------------

0 h Foreign-agenc;v fees-------------------------------t er expense, mtscellaneous----------------------------

$6,875.27 8,578.50 2,360. 00 1, 309. 80 2,625.50 2,045. 53 3,100.00

1, 351. 28 50.00

5,334.00

23L 50 350.00 401. 50

1,000.12 100.00 200.00

Total expense ----------------------------------- 36, 093. 00 Total revenue------~--------------------------- 26,670.00

Loss--------------------·------------------------ 9, 423. 00 Maximum cargo _________________________________ tons__ 7, 112

NOTES 1. Revenue based on $3.75 per ton. 2. Compensation based on 3l}4, per cent of revenue. 3. All vessels calculated to return light.

Statement of revenue and e$pettses of proposed coal V()ffage8, Norfolk to Buenos ·A i,·es and r eturn

Vessel, Yalza; type, merchant; dead-weight tonnage, 8,727; oil-turbine-water tube.

Draft, loaded, 25 feet 2 inches; miles, 11,900; number of crew, 37 ; turnaround-port, 23; sea, 47 ; total, 70.

Dispatch, Norfolk, 1,500 tons, daily; dispatch, Buenos Aires, 500 tons, daily. Vessel o.peration:

VVages-------------------------------------------Fuel---------------------------------------------Stores and water----------------------------------Subsistence- - -------------------- -----------------Administration------------------------------------Insurance--------------------------~-------------~faintenance--------------------------------------

Cargo expense : Norfolk-Loading ____________________________________ _

Miscellaneous--------------------------------Buenos Aires, discharging _________________________ _

$8,157.10 10, 101.00

2, 800.00 1,554.00 3,115, 00 2, 426.00 3,689.00

1,299.03 50.00

5,127.75 Port expense : .

Not~olk _____________________ : ____________________ 231.50

BuenosAJres------------------------------------- 3,000.00 Norfolk------------------------------------------ 368.50

~ , .

1872 CONGREHSIONAL R-ECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 Fees and commissions :

Compensation ------------------------------------ $935. 81 Foreign-agency fees-------------------------------- 100. 00

Other expense: · ·. - -ldiscellaneous------------------------------------- 200.00

Total expense---------------------------------- 43,155.59 Total revenue ____________________________ .:_______ 24, 955. 05

LOSS-------------------------~----------------- 18,200.54 Maximum cargO------------------------------tons____ 6, 837

NOTES

1. Revenue based on $3:65 per ton. 2. Compensation based on 3%, per cent of revenue. 3. Vessels calculated to return light.

Voyage calculation oti. full cal'fJO of coal, Norfork to Rosario and return in ballast

Vessel, Nawmhok; type, Wacosta; .dead-weight tonnage, merchants oil-turpine-water tube, 8,727.

Draft, loaded, 25 feet 2 inches; miles, 12,320; number of crew, 37; turn around, port, 23 ; tm'll around, sea, 49 ; turn around, total, 72.

Dispatch Norfolk, 1,500 tons, daily. Diepatch Rosario, 500 tons, daily.

Vessel expense: Wages-------------------------------------------- $8,390.16 Fuel---------------------------------------------- 10, 500. 00 Stores and water---------------------------------- 2, 880. 00 Subsistence --------------------------------------- 1, 598. 40 Administration_____________________________________ 3, 204. 00 Insurance _________________________________________ 2,496.24 ~faintenance--------------------------------------- 3, 819.20

Cargo expP.nse : Norfolk-

Loading ___________ ~---------------------------Miscellaneous ---------------------------------Rosario, discharging ______________________________ _

Port expense : Norfolk-------------------------------------------Rosario __________________________________________ _

Norfolk-------------------------------------------Fees and commissions :

Compensation ------------------------------------Foreign agency fees-------------------------------

Other expense : Miscellaneous--------------------------------------

1,2~~:~3 5,030. 25

"231. 50 1,550.00

401.50

968.32 100.00

200.00

Total expense----------------------------------- 42,693.90 Total revenue----------------------------------- 25,821.95

LOSS---------------~---------------------------- 16,871.95 Maximum cargo, tons---------------------------------- 6, 707

NOTES

1. Revenue based on $3.85 per ton. 2. Compensation based on 3%. per cent of revenue. 3. All vessels calculated to return light.

With these statements it is an easy matter to ascertain the net loss per ton. It should be noted that in each instance the estimates are based upon the return trip without cargo. Of course, with any income-producing cargo for the return trip, the revenues would be increased and the loss necessarily decreased. Then, in arriving at the total expense, we find an administration charge runs from $2,400 to $3,200 for each voyage, the maximum shown in voyage to Rosario. This charge amounts to almost 50 cents per ton. It is suggested that the administration charge is extremeiy excessive. There could not be any considerable additional cost in the management of the Fleet Corporation for this activity. It is rather a vivid picture, however, of the administration cost of the Fleet Corporation allocated against the tonnage carried.

It was not hoped that all this coal could be transported at a profit. A loss was admitted on the :floor before this policy was initiated. For that matter every ton of cargo carried by the Shipping Board evidences a loss. In 1926 tlie average net loss upon all cargo was $2.06 per ton. In 1927 it was $1.48 per ton, and in 1928 the average net loss per ton was $1.67. It is with these facts in mind that we would compare the losses upon the coal shipments.

The trip to Genoa-according to a detail statement hereinshows a loss of $1.90 per ton. The Alexandria voyage, $2.57 per ton. The Rio voyage, $1.37 per· ton. The Santos voyage was $1.32; Buenos Aires, $2.66 ; and Rosario, $2.50. This is based upon the return trip being made without cargo and is inclusive of the excessive administration charge.

As a matter of fact, the first boat loaded with coal hereunder shipped to Genoa is returning with a 5,000-ton cargo of ore-with a freight charge of $2.06 per ton, making gross additional re"\"'enue of $10,300 for this trip. The Shipping Board is unable to tell me the added cost for transporting this return cargo. Not computing this added cost, this first voyage shows a net loss of only 43 cents per ton. In other words, $1.24 below the average net loss per ton in 1928. The figures submitted for

the voyage to Rio, Without return cargo, shows a · loss of $1.37 per ton, inclusive of this excessiYe administration charge. This is based upon a revenue of $3.50 per ton. As a matter of fact, the contract finally entered into calls for $3.75 per ton. So this trip to Rio without return cargo will show a loss of only $1.12 per ton. With any sort of cargo this loss will be wiped out and a profit will be shown. Without the return cargo and with the excessive administration charge, this route is 55 cents per ton less than the average loss per ton in 1928.

The voyage to Santos without return cargo and with the excessive administration cost can be made 35 cents per ton under the net average loss for 1928.

With the return cargo and with a fair administrative charge it can easily be made profitable.

The estimate for · Buenos Aires, Alexandria, and Rosario are all based upon the idea that there will be no return cargo, and each has included in the cost an administration charge ranging between 40 and 50 cents per ton. It might be well to note that the boats upon which the estimates were based for these voyages, even though the mileage is greater and the revenue greater, are the smallest vessels reconditioned in point of tonnage.

It _should be understood that, in arriving at the figures of $1.67 as the average net loss per ton for 1928, all revenues are considered in the estimates submitted by the Fleet Corporation. In 1928 the total cargo carried in Shipping Board freighters aggregated 8,852,219 tons, the total loss suffered in carrying this freight amounted to $14,770,140.48. This is where an average loss per ton of $1.67 is found. Of this total tonnage, only 5,438,859 tons were of export character. If there had been no return cargo the loss per ton upon the export cargo would have been $2.71 per ton. .

In 1928 there was exported 1,467,093 tons of grain. The actual loss on transporting this commodity was $2,450,045. If th~ had been no return cargo on any Shipping Board vessels this loss would have reached $3,975,822.

In 1928 there was 1,107,191 tons of lumber exported. The actual loss on this commodity was $1,849,900. If there had been no return cargo on Shipping Board vessels the loss would have exceeded $3,000,000. All figures in this statement are Shipping Board figures.

Mr. HUDSON. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. Yes. Mr. HUDSON. Did the gentleman find in his consideration

of this subject that the loss was because we could not secure sufficient freight?

Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. No, sir. They have never made a start toward carrying coal. The first boat that was conditioned to carry coal was · not loaded until the early part of December; on December 24 -a second vessel was loaded, and there has not been a single round trip made as yet. There will be a vessel loaded in the later part of this month. The1·e has been no coal cargo carried to South America. There is an unlimited amount of American coal anxious to get into these foreign markets.

Mr. MURPHY. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. I yield to the gentleman from

Ohio. Mr. MURPHY. The facts are that the loss on all merchandise

shipped is greater than the loss on coal. Mr. VINSON .of Kentucky. The coal transported to Rio

and Santos can be carried greatly below the average net loss on all cargo, without taking into consideration that there is no return freight. .With return freight from any of these markets, the loss on coal will be less than the average net loss on all cargo, even with the excessive administration charges.

Mr. LAGUARDIA. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. Yes. · Mr. LAGUARDIA. Last year, when we had this appropria

tion under consideration, the gentleman will recall that additional appropriations were allowed for the purpose of trying the experiment of carrying coal, and at that time it was stated a study would be made as to the markets for return freight. What has developed along those lines, if anything?

Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Will the gentleman yield to me? Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. Yes. 1\Ir. ROBSION of Kentucky. Just one coal .·hip bas reached a

foreign port-the Mediterranean. Just one ship has reached a foreign port, and that is due to the lack of action on the part of the Shipping Boa,rd. That single ship will return loaded with ore; so that there is just one coal ship that has ever reached any foreign port, and, as I say, it is returning loaded witl1 ore.

Mr. LAGUARDIA. So that there will not be such a great loss per ton on that ship?

1\fr. ROBSION of Kentucky. About 90 cents on the ton.

r

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1873 Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. If you take your South Amelican

trade with ·a loss of $1.12 and $1.32 to Rio and Santos, respectively, with return cargo, there will be no loss.

For the information of the committee, there was a boat reconditioned by the name of Naam1wk, which was to go into this coal trade. It was ordered September 25, 1928, and they reconditioned it at a cost of $42,000. When they got it reconditioned they immediately sold it, before it had carried a ton of coal in this ti·ade. Of course, time had to go on to permit the reconditioning of the next boat.

Mr. SHREVE. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. VIN·SON of Kentucky. I yield to the gentleman from

Pennsylvania .. Mr. SHREVE. Can the gentleman state what amount of

money was received for the boat when it was l'econditioned? Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. The reconditioning cost was

$42,000 and the price received was $65,452.50. In other words, there was a profit of $23,450 over the reconditioning cost, but the coal end of it got no credit.

Mr. LAGUARDIA. But that repre ·ents a big loss considering the initial cost of the ship.

M:r. VINSON of Kentucky. Of course, that is true; but as the gentleman knows, the policy of the Government i that when these boats are reconditioned for any activity, to sell them upon a restricted contract basis in which that trade line will continue for at least five years in the transportation of freight in American bottoms. ·

Mr. LAGUARDIA . . True; but if the Government would ~b-: sorb that loss in the transportation of coal they could make a great many trips.

Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. That is correct, but the Shipping Board did not give coal that advantage.

Mr. McDUFFIE. Will the gentleman permit an interruption~ Mr. VINSON (}f Kentucky. Yes. Mr. McDUFFIE. Did the hearings develop any facts with

respect to what efforts are being made by the Shipping Board and our agents abroad to develop a market for this coal?

Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. So far as the Shipping Board is concerned, I do not know of any effort they have put forth. To be perfectly frank, they have not been in a particularly cooperative mood.

Mr. McDUFFIE. They are not in sympathy with this move-ment? . .

Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. I think that is a correct . statement of it. There bas been formed, however, an Export Cargo Association that bas been giving their attention to this phase of the problem.

Mr. McDUFFIE. I can not understand why it is we can not sell a g1·eat deal of coal to the Latin-American countries, and it has occurred to me that if our commercial attaches in those countries, cooperating with the Shipping Board with a view to developing more tonnage, would become active along this line, we could find a market and sell and deliver a great deal of coal.

Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. In my judgment, it should be done.

Mr. McDUFFIE. And, of course, some of it should go out through the Gulf ports that are nearer the Latin-American countries.

1\lr. VINSON of Kentucky. The market is there for 20,000,000 or 25,000,000 tons of coal that they buy. With regard to South America, the costs are such that there is a good opportunity for this industry having a considerable outlet through southern ports.

Mr. LINTHICUM. Does not what you get for what they are bringing back make up for the loss?

Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. That reduces the loss. Mr. LINTHICUl\1. It does not eliminate it? Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. I can not say, because I do not

know just what the net increased revenue will be, because there bas been no round trip made up to this time.

Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. If the gentleman will permit an i-nterruption, it is my information that this ship is loaded with

· 5,000 tons of ore which will pay $2 a ton. The Shipping Board estimates the loss on coal for this particular trip at thirteen thousand and some dollars, and if we get 5,000 tons at $2 per ton, that would go as a credit against this loss of $13,000.

Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. Without considering increased expenses incident to return cargo, the loss on that shipment would be approximately 40 cents a ton, a s against a net average loss of $1.67 for 1928.

Mr. LINTHICUM. The reason I asked the question was that I understand that copper coming up from Chile pays around $4.25 and $4.50 a ton as freight.

Mr. VINSON of Kentucky. Lumber pays about $11.50 and grain pays $3.81, if my memory se~es me correctly.

I do not think it is necessary for me to go :i,nto detail as to the condition of the coal industry at this time, except to state that any()ne cognizant ()f its condition is fully aware that the cool industry is prostrate and unless something can be done for it much misery in the human family connected with its production will continue, as well as monetary losses ::.uffered throughout the country as a whole. I am greatly interested in the rehabilitation of the industry and think that this is a step in the right direction. I should state, however, that I do not represent a coalproducing district. There is no appreciable amount of coal mined in my district. I live close to coal-producing country and know the conditions which obtain in the industry, but there will probably be not one ton of coal from my district which will enter into this foreign trade.

Last year the appropriation for this activity was secured when ·the distinguished gentleman from Indiana [:Mr. W oon J was chairman of 'the subcommittee. There was no protest or objection m1;1-de to the inclusion of $1,000,000 for such activity. I can not thmk that ·Congress, having initiated this service would abandon it without a bona fide, honest-to-God tl'ial. su'ch u·ial has not been given.

Referenee has been made relative to private discussion relative to the tonnage which these boats will carry during the present fiscal year. It is suggested that 97,000 tons is a very inconsiderable amotmt in comparison with the market hoped to be created. In the first place, more than six months elapsed before a round-trip voyage was made. After the lapse of seven months from the time the money was available---only three boats have been loaded, consequently this small tonnage estimated-is n()t a fair figtue to be considered. As a matter of f.act Ame-rican coal i pro<luced. from $1.50 per ton less than British coal, but England cooperates with the coal producers and preferential rail rates are obtained on coal to be exported. The big idea. is to open up this foreign market so that the rail coal carriers may be in position to urge a preferential rail rate for export coal. In this ~ay we would be in a better position t() meet competition. • ·

In the bearings it was stated by General Dalton ana Admiral Cone that the British ports were closer to South America than Amelican ports. But, of course, this is an error; and under date ?f January 21 Admiral Cone, .of the Shipping Board, corrects thrs error and states that Hampton Roads has an advantage over English coal ports in respect to South American ports on the east coast of about 300 miles.

I want to extend my sincere appreciation for the forwardlooking vision which my colleagues on the subcommittee have exercised in incorporating this item in the bill. It should be given an honest test, always keeping in mind that if the market be obtained, preferential rail rates may follow. And while the Shipping Board and the Fleet Corporation to my mind bas not shown· any pa rticular spirit of enthusiasm connected with this venture, they must keep in mind that to have a real merchant marine in this country it is essential that n() industry and no section shall be discriminated against at their hands. It seems to me that they shoul<l be not only willing but glad to effectuate the purpose ()f Congress and thus handle any American product within the limit of their resources. It is needless for the Shipping Board to make speeches and write articles on what they want to do for American industry and products unless they show some spirit of practicing what they preach. Un<loubtedly if this item is continued, as I hope it will be, they can not fail to understand that we have embarked upon this effort and that their future efforts will be the subject of close scrutiny. ·

UNITED STATES VETERANS' BUREAU

This bill carries $499,975,000 for this activity, an increase of $14,415,000 over the current appropriation. The subcommittee and the fuH committee have given the Veterans' Bureau every dollar that they requested, for which the Budget Bureau estimated. So far as we are advised in extensive hearings, they will secure every dollar that they have desired.

In. the last session there was authoriz~d an appropriation of $15,000,000 tQ provide for additional hospital facilities. Seven million dollars was appropriated in the second· deficiency bill and $6,000,000 is carried in this bill. In the list of hospitals there is one to be located in Kentucky, and on the 16th of this month the President located the Kentucky hospital in the radius of 5 miles of Lex:ingtont Ky. This hospital is to be one to care for neuropsychiatric patients. It will have 350 beds · and will cost $1,100,000. Ge.neral Hines informed our subcommittee that work would begin on this hospital around the middle of the year, and it will be completed some time subsequent to June 30, 1930. The location of this hospital is the end of a .chapter of a battle waged by the entire Kentucky delegation, _ _with unbroken lines, to secure this much-needed hospital for the ~ea. of which Kentucky is the center. Much

1874 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE JANUARY 17 credit is due the American Legion, who, in national convention assembled, upon three different occasions, I believe, went on record favoring such a hospital in this region. In the first place, a separate bill of authorization was reported fr?m the Legislative Committee and tbereaft!?r, upon two occasiOns, the need of this area was recognized by the World War Veterans' Committee and its consideration recommended. Not having been included in the original program of the bureau, and not having the sanction of the Budget, it was necessary for the fight to be made before the committee. There was never a more righteous cause. The committee responded to the merit of the case, and after stormy sessions it was incorporated in the bill and reported to the House by that splendid, estimable friend of American soldiery, the gentlewoman from Massachusetts [Mrs. RoGERS]. So it is with real pleas~r~ th~t I am able to ~e:p~rt to the House that in this bill provisiOn 1s made for the Imbation of its construction.

WORLD WAR EMERGENCY OFFICERS' ACT

There have been filed to date applications to the number of 7 790 · 2 016 of that number have been adjudicated. It is e~tim~ted that there will be at least 3,250 officers retired at a net increase in moneys received by them of ·$2,330,442. The total moneys received will be $5,204,850. These veterans are now being paid $2,874,408, which makes a net increase in cost the sum above mentioned, namely, $2,330,442.

ARRESTED TUBERCULOSIS CASES

On November 30, 1928, there were 44,034 veterans upon this roll. General Hines states that the experience of the bureau indicates that there are very few of these di abled veterans slipping back into the active tubercular list. The theo1·y of th~s particular compensation is to pr~vent the. arrest;ed. tuberculosis of a veteran from becoming active. It IS gratifymg to know that thus far it appears to be accomplishing its pm:pose. There has been some agitation to repeal this particular legislation. General Hines does not look with particular favor upon the legislation; but certainly, if the theory upon which it is predicated~ is justified by the experience of the years, I would not think that Congress would take a backward step along this line. CIVIL WAR, SPANISH-Ali!ERICAN WAR, AND WORLD WAR ALLOWANCES 10

YEARS AFTER EACH WAR

The hearings disclose that in the tenth year following the Civil War there were 121,628 pensioners. In that period after the Spanish-American War there were 21,967 pensioners of that war. In the tenth year following the World 'Var there were 243,611 veterans receiving compensation for active disability. In that period, 82,839 World War veterans had suffered a service-connected death. I do not have at my finger tips the exact number of Union soldiers nor the total Spanish-American War veterans but when you compare the number of 'Vorld War veterans :rr{ore than 4 500,000, with the number of Civil War veterans' it is easily se~n, in proportion there were more Civil War veterans receiving pension in the tenth year following that war than there are World 'Var veterans receiving compensation in the respective year. It could be said by one who would oppose compensation for World War veterans that the amount received by such veterans greatly exceeded the amount paid the Civil War veterans. But it is a different world in which the World War veteran lives, and I dare say that the moriey which the Civil War veteran received was worth as much to him in the procurement of necessities as that which the World :Var veteran secures from his Government to-day for serVIces well rendered.

I insert herewith table which analyzes the active claims, showing disability ratings as of December 1, 1928: Ad,fttdication service--Compensation claims--Active claims-AnalysiS of - active disability claims showing di8ability ratings, as of December 1,

1928

Degree of disability As of

Dec.l, 1928

Per cent

~?rJ}l!if E~t:i=======================================~===== 1~: Ei rl:i Permanent totaL_--------------------------------------------- 33, 906 12. 5 Double permanent total---------------------------------------- ___ 60 ____ ._4

TotaL--------------------------·------------------------- 261,620 100.0

INSURANCE

On June 30, 1926, there were 423,557 veterans holding .Government insurance and this increas,ed to 654,625 as of September 30, 1928. While this. is .a cpnsiderable number, . yet approximately 3,876,000 veterans have .dropped thei.r insurance.

PERSONNEL

The total personnel of the Veterans' Bureau in all its activities numbers 24,320 persons, of which more than 50 per cent, to wit, 13,835, are hospital employees. The personnel in the central office in Washington is 4,359; in the areas outside of Washington, 7 persons, representing the director in the various areas. There are 71 in the central board of appeals; 151 at the supply depots ; and 5,897 in the regional offices. There is a decrease of 113 in the central office for the next fiscal year.

I reiterate my appreciation of the courtesies extended me. [Applause.]

Mr. WASON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the gentleman from Penns~rlvania [Mr. WATSON].

Mr. WATSON. Mr. Chairman, I quote from the President's message read to the House of Representatives on December 4, 1928:

I desire to repeat my recommendation of an earlier message, that Congress enact the legislation necessary to make permanent the parcelpost convention with Cuba, both as a facility to American commerce and as a measure of equity to Cuba in the one class of goods which that country can send here by parcel - post without detriment to our own trade.

This excerpt is my text. On February 24, 1902, Palma was elrcted President of Cuba, at which time the United States formally transferred control of the island to the National Government. As the result of a postal convention held on June 16, 1903, the United States and Cuba entered into a parcel-post agreement limiting the weight of each package of merchandise to 4 pounds 6 ounces. Sections 2804 and 3402 of the Revised Statutes of the United States of America, under elate of June 28, 1866, provided :

No cigars shall be imported unless the same are packed in boxes of not more than 500 cigars in each box and no entry of any imported cigars shall be allowed of less quantity than 3,000 in a single package, and all cigars on importation shall be placed in a public store or bonded warehouse and shall not be removed therefrom until the same shall have been inspected and a stamp affixed to each box indicating such inspection, with the date thereof; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized to provide the requisite stamp and to make all necessary regulations for carrying the above provisions of law into effect.

This section prevented Cuba exporting cigars to the United States by parcel post, as the 3,000 package of cigars exceeded the weight of the limitation. In order to allow Cuba to export cigars in small quantities a parcel-post convention between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba was held and by virtue thereof an agreement was entered into, duly signed by the Postmaster General of the United States and the director of post of the Republic of Cuba on the 31st of October, 1925, increasing the weight of parcel to 11 pounds. It was further agreed that sections 2804 and 3402 be modified or amended to permit the importation into the United States from Cuba of manufactured tobacco, such as cigars and ciga~ rettes, without limit of number that may be contained in a single package, such modification or amendment to become effective within 18 months from January 1, 1926, and the Republic of Cuba reserved the right to abrogate this convention should it not be ratified by the United States. As it was not ratified at the expiration of the 18 months, the Republic of Cuba extended the time to l\farch 1, 1928. Our Government failed in an affirmative action, which nullified the parcel-post agreement between the two countries.

At the in tarice of the Post Office Department, I introduced a bill to repeal sections 2804 and 3402, which was reported out of the committee. The bill not having a privileged status, a rule was the alternative for its consideration. The Committee on Rules graciously granted a bearing, but no further action has yet been taken.

The parcel-post convention of 1925 met the wishes of those in trade with Cuba. In 1926, 218,000 packages were sent to Cuba; 19,000 from Cuba to the United States. The revenue therefrom totaled $230,000, $50,000 of which was paid to Cuba in form of terminal charges, leaving net receipts of $180,000. Two hundred different varieties of articles were sent to Cuba from the United States; the average weight of each parcel did not exceed 7¥..! pounds, although the limit was 11.

Records for 1927 show impo1ts from Cuba to the United States were valued at $160,487,680--our exports to Cuba, $250,-569,693. · ·when we take into consideration that sugar and tobacco are the principal products of Cuba and that $1,200,000,000 American mo1:1ey is invested there, and that the island bas only an

1929 :CONGRESSIONAL RECOR,D-HOUSE 1875 area of 44,164 square miles, with a population not exceeding 3,500,000, and that our Republic is the wealthi~st i~ the .world, with resources no nation shows a parallel, With an estimated wealth of $400,000,000,000, it seems very narrow on the part of Congress not to enter into a parcel-post agreement with Cuba, ! thereby permitting that Republic to export cigars in ~mall pack- · ages to the United States. By the action of our Government we : allow 1 per cent of our industries to control the 99 per ce~t. of ; those in the land.

A few days ago the appropriation bill for State, Justice, Co~- . merce, and Labor provided $490,000 to promote commer~e m Latin Amedca. In light Qf this it is a commercial af>surd1ty to force Cuba to abrogate the parcel-post convention, which was of such importance for the industries of the two countrie~. Do we want trade only on one side of the ledger? Cuba be1ng closely , located to the United States naturally seeks our market rendering the more important that a parcel-post relation should exist, in order that small parcels can be sent to Cuba other than by express or freight.

We have a parcel-post convention with nearly ~ver~ cour;ttrY of the world, accepting parcel-post package~ varymg m we1ght from 11 to 50 pounds, but not with Cuba, fearing the importation of a few cigars. Cuba has an agreement with nearly every country except the United States, we object because Cuba desires to send her most important commodity in small quantities to our ports. Even under the present law any person or group could very readily import 3,000 cigars and divide them, but this is not done because of annoyances. Sears, Roebuck & Co., of Chicago, attempted this, but it proved unprofitable.

A statement is made that many thouoo.nd cigar makers are unemployed. May I bring your attention to the fact that in 1927 there were fewer factories than in 1926, caused by the abandonment of hand-made cigars to machine-made. We can not blame Cuban parcel post for this. The manufacture of l.arge cigars js noticeably on the decrease, while small ones and cigarettes are on the increase. In 1927 we exported to Chin~ 4,400,-000,000 cigarettes of our total exports of 7,093,000,000 from our production of 100,126,021,619. The average total importation of cigars by the United States is valued at $8,933,000. If we .deduct the value of cigars from the Philippines and Porto R1co, upon which there is no duty, approximately 90 per cent of all dutiable imports of cigars, cheroots, and cigarettes come from Cuba. Parcel post would not increase importation nor diverge it from the importers nor lessen American production. The total number of cigars manufactured in 1927 was 6,94!},961,965. One-third valued at 5 cents each and ()nly 5,186,970 retailed at 20 cents and over. Cheap cigars would not be imported in small quantities and there would not be a large demand for the expensive ones.

The President of the United States approves the bill, the Post Office Department indorses it, and 99 per cent of the industries in our lund have asked for parcel-post relations with Cuba, as provided in the bill. I trust the day is not . far distant when Congress will favorably consider the measure. [Applause.]

Mr. CONNALLY of Texas. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield at this point?

Mr. WATSON. Yes. 1\Ir. CONNALLY of Texas. I know that the gentleman is

very much interested in American producers and in American labor. What effect would his proposal have upon the tobacco and cigar factories of the country?

Mr. WATSON. I do not think it W()Uld have one-quarter of 1 per cent effect.

Mr. CONNALLY of Texas. I know h()w diligent the gentleman is in looking after the interests of . his own district. Has he any cigar or tobacco manufacturers in his district.

Mr. WATSON. I have a great many cigar manufacturers in my district, but they are all broad-minded men, and not O'lle has asked me not to support this bill.

Mr. CONNALLY of Texas. I am wondering whether the laborers and others engaged in making cigars and the producers of the raw product would suffer in any degree?

Mr. WATSON. I can not see how they would suffer at all, because I believe that ha1·dly any cigars would come through the parcel post.

Mr. CONNALLY ()f Texas. I am interested, of course, because most of my constituents smoke imported cigars, and I am wondering whether the gentleman has any domestic cigar factories in his district.

Mr. WATSON. If I get a 5--cent cigar I am veri well satisfied.

Mr. LINTHICUM. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. WATSON. Yes. Mr. LINTHICUM. Is it because there is objection to this

bill that it is not passed, or is it because of some neglect upon the part of the Congress~

Mr. W ATSO:N. It is because the Congress objected to it, and the Committee on Rules does not want to report the rule; it is afraid the bill will be defeated. However, since it bas been indorsed by the industries of the whole country it seems to me that it is a very narrow position for a great country like the United Stat~s to say to little Cuba, "We will not let you send a cigar here by parcel post," when we are collecting $10,000,000 of duty on cigars from Cuba every year.

Mr. LINTHICUM. And next to Canada, Cuba is our best customer, is it not? ·

Mr. WATSON. Yes. Cuba purchased in 1927, $260,000,000 of our goods.

Mr. LINTHICUM. And I understand that sugar constitutes 90 per cent of all of the exports of Cuba.

Mr. WATSON. Yes. Nearly all sugar comes from Cuba. We who ha-ve a guardian hand over Cuba say to her that we are afraid to open a parcel-post agreement because she might .send a half dozen cigars to this country by parcel post. It is a very narrow position that we are taking.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman fr()m Pennsylvania has expired.

:Mr. tlULLEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the gentleman froQl Kentucky [Mr. MOORMAN] •.

SACRED UNITED STATES CONTRACT UNFULFILLED

1\fr. MOORMAN. ·Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen of the committee, the United States has usually been very generous in recognizing and rewarding her illustrious and worthy subjects, during their lives, and in adequately memoralizing them after death. It keeps faith with its citizens but is sometimes a little slow. It is only fitting that our national conduct in this matter should be such as becomes our present great wealth and leading position among the peoples of the earth. Likewise, Kentucky has always delighted in honoring ber favorite sons, and of none is she prouder than of Abraham Lincoln. The Great Emancipator was born in the fourth district of Kentucky, which I now have the honor to represent. Through the untiring efforts and laudable persistence of many individuals and agencies, the old Lincoln homestead was finally acquired, the log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born was returned and housed in a $225,000 impressive marble memorial building on the spot where he was born, and an endowment fund of $50,000 was collected and an held in the name ()f the Lincoln Farm Association. The United States made a sacred contract with this association and it is to-day unfulfilled.

ACCEPTED AS A GIFT BY THE UNITED STATES

On April 12, 1916, a bill was passed by the Congress, H. R. 8351, an act to accept a deed of gift or conveyance from the Lincoln Farm Association, a corporation, to the United States of America, of land near the town of Hodgenville, county of Larue, State of Kentucky, embracing the homestead of Abraham Lincoln and the log cabin: in which he was born, together wUh the memorial hall inclosing the same; and further, to accept an assignment or transfer of an endowment fund of $50,000 in relation thereto. Committee Report No. 221, accompanying the bill, said:

The committee most earnestly recommends the passage of this bill. In fact, it hopes that it may be unanimously adopted.

Most interesting, instructive, and eulogistic speeches were made on this bill by Representatives McKinley, Fess, Clark, Eagle, Rainey, Crisp, Foster, Cannon, Sherwood, Smith, Hicks, Russell, Sloan, Switzer, Dale, Barkley, and J\lladden. There was not a vote against the measure and the speaker said :

The Chair announces that the bill was passed unanimously.

GOVERNMENT ASSUMES SACRED OBLIGATION

As provided in this act the Lincoln Farm Association conveyed, assigned, and transferred to the United States of America the Abraham Lincoln homestead, with all appurtenances a.IJd the $50,000 endowment fund, up()n the conditions specified in said H. R. 8351, viz : ·

The title to such lands, buildings, and appurtenances is accepted upon the terms and conditions stated in said deed or conveyance, namely, that the land therein described, together with the buildings and appurtenances thereon, shall be forever dedicated to the purpose of national park or. reservation, the United States of America agreeing to protect and preserve the said lands, buildings, and appurtenances, and especially the log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born and the memorial ball inclosJng the same. from spoliation, destruction, and further . disintegration, to the end that they may be preserved for all time, so far as may be ; and further agreeing that there shall nevet .. be any eharge or fee made to or. asked from the public for admission to the said park or reservation.

1876 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 And, as to the endowment fund, said bill provided: The title to said endowment fund is accepted upon the terms and

conditions stated in said assignment and transfer, namely, that the United States of America shall forever keep the said tract of land described in said deed, together with the buildings and appurtenances thereunto belonging, dedicated to the purpose of a national park or reservation, and that there shall never be any charge or fee made to or asked from the public for admission to the said park or reservation; and, further, shall forever protect, preserve, and maintain said land, buildings, and appurtenances, and especially the log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born and the memorial hall inclosing the same, from spoliation, destruction, and further disintegration, to the end that they may be preserved for all time, as far as may be, as a national park or reservation.

It was contemplated by the act in the minds of the contracting parties that there would be all necessary repairs and future development. Section 3 specifically provides :

That the President of the United States of America and the Secretary of War are hereby authorized to execute, in the name of the United States of America, such instrument or instruments as may be or may become necessary to comply with or carry out the terms and conditions of such gift or gifts and to secure the full benefit therefrom:

The Lincoln Farm Association had collected together the essentials to create this national shrine. Congress accepted it and agreed to do such things as necessary" to secure full benefit therefrom." Otherwise the association would have continued to function by collecting more money by popular subscription, thereby maintaining and improving the place to meet present conditions.

THillTEEN YEARS WITHOUT DEVELOPMENT

Thus it was provided nea~ly 13 years ago, by our Government's written obligation, that it would protect and preserve the buildings and premises conveyed from disintegration and would properly maintain the homestead and surroundings as a national park, so as to secure the full benefits therefrom. Private citizens and organizations saved the homestead and cabin of Lincoln from the owne~ship of those who might have expl9ited them for commercial purposes and placed them under the protecting arm of a grateful nation to preserve as an inspiration to all future generations. The trust fund, $50,000, the cost of the memo1ial building, $225,000, the c"'st of collection and other improvements and expenditures before the Government acquired the property amount to about $300,000, several time~ that now asked for the project. I went with my predecessor, Hon. Ben Johnson, author of H. R. 8351, accepting the shrine, to the chairman of the Appropriations Committee, Hon. Martin B. Madden, and he promised a small sum for the road emergency then existing. I saw him later and be did include an appropriation in H. R. 5800, as follows :

Lincoln Birthplace Memorial : For improvement of the road providing access to the memorial hall and the log cabin in which Abraham Lincoln was born, and for repairs and minor improvements in connection with such buildings and reservations, fiscal years 1928 and 1929, $5,000, to be expended under the direction of the Quartermaster General.

The bill that is pending-S. 4173-to place this park and other$ under the Interior Department, thus getting coordinated national park administration, will receive careful consideration. It would, I was advised by the Secretary of War, probably meet his approval. Further, people of Kentucky and all others hereafter, I think, should refer to this place only as "Abraham Lincoln National Park," which is the name the proposed law gives it We will thm~ help advertise it to the world as a national shrine.

PLANS FOR PERMANENT IMPROVEMENT

quate roads, fences, toilets and other water arrangements, and many other ordinary conveniences. The best has been done that could be, however, by the War Department with only the $2,000 income from the endowment to spend. From the first time I visited Lincoln's birthplace I felt that his country had neglected it. When I came to Congress I was determined to make every possible effort to induce the United States to make the Kentucky Lincoln shrine what it should be. If we fail this time, I fully expect to try to come back in two years and will continue my sincere efforts.

Of course, the first thing to be done was to get an intelligent, autlfentic survey and estimate of the improvements desired. On January 28, 1928, I requested Hon·. Charles Williams, chairman of the Hodgenville committee, to furnish me all the data be bad. I personally presented this and my arguments for action to the proper authorities. On March 8, 1928, I received a letter from Maj. Gen. B. F. Cheatham saying:

Reference is made to your personal call at this office on March 7, when you presented a communication from Mr. Charles Williams, Hodgenville, Ky., inclosing resolutions from the Hodgenville Chamber of Commerce concerning needed improvements at the Lincoln farm and memorial.

A copy of the resolution has been referred to the officer in immediate charge of the farm with instructions to make an investigation of the needs outlined and submit an estimate of the cost thereof. When his report is received it will be given consideration with a view to placing the farm and memol'ial in first-{!lass condition.

On Aplil 26 I received a communication from the chairman of the local Kentucky committee stating that Captain Maslin, the Army officer in charge of Lincoln farm, bad no expense money allowed him and that the effort to get the necessary report and topographical map was thus handicapped. They also advised me that the Speed Scientific School, University of Louisville, would cause the work to be done by advanced students and teachers by payment of only necessary expenses. I took this up with Col. W. R. Gibson, of the Quru.'termaster Corp , and on May 5, 1928, I received a copy of a letter written by Colonel Gibson to the commanding officer Jeffersonville Quru.·termaster Depot, written by order of the Quartermaster General, as follows:

Hon. HENRY D. MooRMAN, Congressman of Kentucky, called at this office and explained the details of the arrangement which has been made with Dean B. M. Brigman, Speed Scientific School, University of Louisville, Ky., to survey Lincoln farm. Dean Brigman has offered to have the students of his school do this work under the supervision of an instructor, but will require transportation for the students for one round trip to and from the farm and their board and lodging while there. It may also be necessary to provide transportation from Hodgenville to the farm daily while they are engaged in this work. An accurate survey of the farm is highly desirable and the cost connected therewith can be defrayed from the funds appropriated in the first deficiency act for 1928-29 which have been allotted to you. It is requested that you get in touch with Dean Brigman and, if possible, that you make the necessary arrangements for carrying out the survey.

The survey and a very comprehensive and thorough report was thus obtained and was addressed to th'e Quartermaster General on July 19, 1928, by Lieut. Col. Norris Slayton, Quartermaster Corps. The report is illustrated by photographs, sketches, tables, and every other character of information possibly desired. The report submits detailed estimates of the work recommended as necessary to be done.

HISTORY OF LINCOLN CABIN

The history of Lincoln cabin, as recorded in the report, may be of som-e general interest, and is as follows :

At some unknown date in the early sixties, shortly after Lincoln's On June 24, 1927, the Chamber of Commerce of Hodgenville election, the cabin in which he was born was bought by George Rod

passed a resolution reciting the deplorable conditions existing man from Richard Creal, and moved from its original site to his at the Lincoln homestead and enumerating the repairs and im- property, about 1¥.a miles from the ·Lincoln farm, where it remained provements necessary to accommodate the ever-increasing num- until 1894. During this period it was first used as a shelter for ber of visitors to this most interesting United States reserva- negroes and later as a tenant house. Two terms of school were tion. Recently, in one party alone, 17 large busses, carrying taught in the cabin in 1872 and 1873. John Davenport married the an average of 40 passengers each, visited the place. With the school-teacher who taught in it and they lived in the cabin from different Federal highways now completed, ahd considering the 1875 to 1894, when it was purchased by Mr. A. W. Bennett and moved wonderful motor trips featured by the bus lines connecting back to its original site on the Lincoln farm. The cabin rested on the Camp Knox, Elizabethtown, Mammoth Cave, Lincoln Park, old foundation but a short time when it was taken down and the Bardstown and Old Kentucky Home, the demand for accom- 143 logs were shipped to the Nashville Centennial in 1894. It was modations at the memorial have increased a hundredfold in moved to Central Park, New York, and again exhibited at the Buffalo recent years. I recently visited the place, and realize what it Exposition in 1901, alter which it was purchased by David Creer and is, and also what every .patriotic American citizen would have stored in the old Potienhausen mansion on Long Island. In 1906 the it, and that a reasonable appropriation, applied as recommended, Lincoln Farm Association purchased the cabin and shipped it to Louiswill work a miraculous change. Conservatively stated, it is ville, where it was one of the features of the Louisville Home Coming not what a proud people _would have a Government-owned and Celebration. It was stored in Louisville until the laying of the corner nationally maintained memorial be. The War Department re- stone of the Memorial Building by President Roosevelt on February port recites urgent need of repairs and la~ of drainage, ade- . 12, 1909, when it was brought to Hod~caville for the occasion, but

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 1877 immeuiately returned to storage and remained there until tbe building which houses it was dedicated by President Taft on November 9, 1911. Meanwhile, the Lincoln Farm Association had been formed and had obtained title to the property from Robert J. CQllier and his wife, Sarah Steward Collier, by deed dated November 9, 1907, and recorded in the commissiQner's deed book No. 34, page 377, Larue County court, and by bill of sale from Robert J. Collier to the Lincoln Farm Association executed June 19, 1906.

· The report further says : The Lincoln farm and memorial comprises a tract of land of ap

proximately llOlh acres about 2lh miles south of the town of Hodgenville, Ky., and is divided into two nearly equal tracts by Federal-aid project No. 107, from Hodgenville to Buft'alo, which comprises a part of the Jackson Highway.

AMEBICA'S PLACE OF INSPIBATION

Rather than endeavor to add anything to the thousands of written and spoken eulogies on this great Kentuckian and great American, I shall quote a few paragraphs from Congressmen who spoke on the bill assuming the obligation to maintaiil the Kentucky Lincoln shrine in 1916. The excerpts show the spirit prevailing then in the minds of the contracting parties. General Sherwood, veteran Congressman of Ohio, said :

Now, as to this log-cabin tribute, we have built many monuments to Lincoln. But monuments and temp1es and statues have no emotion, no human sympatby, no voice. But here is Lincoln's old Kentucky home. Here is the log cabin where he was born. Here is a silent monitor teaching a vital lesson in patriotism. Here is a symbol of hope and cheer to every poor boy struggling against poverty for an honorable career. Here is a mecca where all the children of the Nation can gather and take courage in the story of a man, born in a rude log cabin, who learned to read books at night in the silent woods by the light of a pine-knot fire, and who became the guiding band-the leading sph·it-in one of the greatest epochs of all history.

Mr. DALE, of Vem1ont, said: Nothing indicates so well the life that was itself a contrast, a

paradox, the meager compensation that came to him and his rich be~ stowment to the Nation as the log cabin and the marble hall b3· which it is inclosed.

Ah, Mr. Chairman, let us preserve this old log cabin that generations may learn from it the qualities that there had birth and are changeless and deathless forever.

Ml·. Sloan, of Nebraska, said : Davis moved southwardly to Mississippi, the then great cotton State,

where slavery thrived. Lincoln found his way through Indiana to the prairies of Illinois, where labor was free. Each presided during four years of tragedy over a republic. The one republic struggled for an existence, the other battled to maintain its integrity undiminished. There was citizenship sufficient for the two greatest republics on earth, but I rejoice to bear from either side of this Hall the satisfaction that but one remains.

The cabin home this afternoon being considered was in the State which prouuced these two great characters. In that great struggle it seemed, as it were, that that State could not decide between the fortunes of her two matchless sons. It presented a divided allegian~.

This measure furnishes to-day a fitting text for fraternal, patriotic sentiment fl·om every part of this expanded Union.

Mr. Switzer, of Ohio, said : In dedicating to the Nation the birthplace of this illustrous American

Kentucky gives renewed luster and added fame to her already immortal name. The Nation, through its Congress, ac<!epts this token of high respect to the memory of our martyred President as the most ma~nanimous of the many generous and noble deeds for which the peopb of the great State of Kentucky are so famed .!I'he dark and bloody ground, the home of Daniel Boone and other noted pioneers, by this patriotic act, is consecrated anew to that Jeffersonian idea of liberty, t~e equality of all men before the law, which was ever so near and dear to the heart of Abraham Lincoln.

Mr. Hicks, of New York, said: To you gentlemen of the Southland. in whose veins flow the blood

of the soldiers in gray, who in your magnanimity claim that Lincoln is yours as well as ours, let me answer as one from the North : "Yes; Lincohi is yours as well as ours, and Lee is ours as well as yours." But in revivifying the memories of the past I would rather forget that tbe ... ·e are any yours. I prefer to remember only that it is all ours; that American greatness and American heroism knows no section and belongs to no generation; that in our nationalism we are all Americans unite•] in a common cause, possessed of a common love for country and fo1· flag.

Mr. BARKLEY, of Kentucky, said: The State of Kentucky is glad to give to the Nation this humble yet

sacred little farm, whose one great product i,s to-day the admiration

of the world ; and when future generations shall view this· little lrQuse, t~s log cabin in the hills of Kentucky, may they be inspired with the hope that the flag which hangs above your head_, for which Lincoln, as ~ell as countless others before and after him, gave all that they hadtheir lives-and th~ Union for which it stands may always mean what he thought it ought to mean, the equality of man before the law and the equality to pursue the legitimate objects of happiness and ot service without regard to clime or creed or section.

As the Nation will this day accept the gift of the Lincoln farm, may we not hope that as a day not long postponed a similar acceptance may be registered of the Davis home; and that these two spots, not far from each other in the soil of Kentucky, may be enshrined in the love and imagination of patriots everywhere, typifying the reunion of heart and hope and band through which our common country shall more and more become the land of opportunity and the beacon light of liberty for us and all who shall follow us, which shall become brighter and brighter unto the perfect day.

KENTUCKY PAST AND PRESENT

When I speak of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis and reflect on the foregoing forceful expressions of many great Congressmen linking their names I am reminded of one description of the place of their birth, as follows:

Old Kentucky : Not the oldest nor yet the youngest ; not the richest nor yet the poorest ; not the largest nor yet the least ; but take it all in all, for men and women, for flocks and herds, for fields and skies, for happy homes and loving hearts, the best place outside of Heaven the good Lord ever made.

Again when I couple the memories of those two great Kentuckians, who really had convictions and stood for principles, with the foregoing beautiful and true description of the place where they were born, I can not refrain from uttering a protest against certain materialistic and unwholesome tendencies in Kentucky, especially in the last half decade. My complaint is directed at no person, organization, nor party; but at bipartisanism, a growing curs€ which will surely destroy any party and impede the general progress of any people in time. Neither Lincoln nor Davis, in my opinion, would approve the bipartisan system that defiantly has its ug1y hands on the throat of our fair Commonwealth.

Reaffirming my' convictions on the subject, and as an indictment against the prevailing system, addressing my remarks to Republicans and Democrats alike, I desire to quote from my speech in Congress on May 1, 1928, as follows :

I do not believe in bipartisan government, either in the State or in the Nation. I recognize and make the distinction between administration by efficient nonpartisan boards and commissions and the admln· ish'ation a·nd conduct of a city, State, or government by a coalition ot interests or combinations of politicians, without party responsibility or political loyalty. Boards and commissions composed of members of different political convictions have, in many ways and places, functioned most efficiently. On the contrary, the dissection of bipartisan rule usually reveals unholy alliances and sordtd personal and business intrigues. Often it leaves its slimy trail as a reminder of misused confidence and power. It destroys political loyalty, invites treachery, and decreases respect for those who administer government. The party in power should have all the responsibility, and it deserves whatever honor and credit is due its administration. Where bipartisan government reigns, as a rule, whatever good that is done is claimed by both parties. The mistakes and wrongs are denied by each party and laid on the other.

The taxpayers-the public-lose, and no member of either pa!·ty knows definitely where anybody stands or what will happen. Public servants removed from direct accountability, as a rule, are less efficient generally. Under the despicable bipartisan system that holds some States in its clutches millions of dollars of the taxpayers' m{)ney has been manipulated to influence and intimidate individuals and communities in efforts to confer political favors at public expense or to destroy honest men who have declined to stultify their consciences by contrib· uting to schemes of wholesale political perfidy. Thousands of dollars of taxpayers' money bas gone for salaries and traveling expenses of supposed public servants and their underlings, who sometimes operate from their offices, but more often parade the State to consummate undercover political trades and trickery instead of per forming their real duties. Thus spending taxpayers' own money against them, often fighting members of their own party, means stabbing men in the back \vithout notice with their own dirks; it mMns crucifying faithful public servants because of doing their duty; it means shamefully misusing positions of public trust and official power to crush individuals with whom the political boss differs; it means the triumph oJ' political tyranny, . intolerance, and personal venom; and, finally, it means that true democracy and true republicapism must choke off these politically irr~>.sponsible despotic " fixers " of the existing bipartisan supergovernment.

THE PENDING BILL

When _it was finally determined that a bill was necessary, as my colleague Bon. M. H. THATCHER and I had been working

1878 CONGRESSIONA:U RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 together, we contemplated introducing a joint measure. Fearing that the bill might not be gotten through this short session, he being an influential member of the majority party, and as I was going out in March and knowing that he was to remain in CongTess I wrote to Mr. THATCHER as follows:

Like yourself, I was very much disappointed when we discovered the rule pr(}hibiting you and me jointly introducing the Lincoln memorial bill. As you are aware, I have done a great deal of work in connection with the matter. My interest is the accomplishment of that which is desired. I appreciate your offer to let me introduce the bill in my name; but I feel that you can come nearer getting it through, under existing conditions, than I can, and I gladly yield you the privilege for this reason. I trust that the matter may be started at once.

I will appear before the committee, as suggested by you, and will continue to render any and every assistance possible that I can, just the same as if I bad introduced the bill. Any time that I can be of service, outside of what we have discussed, command me.

Following .this Governor THATCHER introduced H. R. 15657, a bill to provide for the improvement and preservation of the land and buildings of "Abraham Lincoln National J;'ark or Reservation," among other things providing:

There is authorized to be appropriated the sum of $100,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to carry out the provisions of this act.

A similar bill, S. 5228, was later introduced in the Senate by Senator SACKETT.

The War Department submitted a report and estimate of $80,000 to General Lord, Director of the Bureau of the Budget, on December 21, 1928. My idea is that the execution of the plans and recommendations for these necessary improvements is fully authorized under the present law, but we will push the bill anyway. Due to the. amount involved and the uncertainty of the situation the bill was introduced. A hearing was had on January 9, 1929, before a Military Affairs subcommittee, Governor THATCHER, Col. W. R. Gibson, and myself testifying. The whole committee heard us to-day and approved a favorable subcommittee report. I am making this speech to present the existing situation to all interested in my district, here, and over the Nation.

CONCLUSION

To my mind, forgetting the thousands of other wise and noble things said and done by Abraham Lincoln, the following single statement of his proves his worthiness of all that has been said and done by the whole world to honor his memory, viz:

I want the people of the South to come back to the old borne, to sit down at the old fireside, to sleep under the old roof, and to labor and rest and worship under the same flag. For four years I have seen the flag of our Nation riddled with bullets and torn with shell and trailed in the dust before the eyes of all the nations, and now I am hoping that it will please God to let me live until I shall see tbat same flag unsullied and untorn waving over the greatest and most powerful Nation on the earth-over a nation of freemen-over no mastt>r and over no slave.

Coupling the contractual obligations of the United States to suitably maintain this shrine with the merit and sentiment that the proposal should command without it, I can not see why this bill should not be passed with the same unanimity that characterized the action of Congress w-hen it accepted the gift. The Kentucky delegation is very much interested in the matter an.d approved a resolution offered by me m•ging the prompt passage of the bill. Anyway, I will be grateful for the bill's consideration and support by my colleagues, to each of whom I am sending a copy hereof, as well as to the Senators. [Applause.]

l\fr. CULLEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the gentleman from South Carolina [l\lr. STEVENSON].

COTTO~ TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Mr. STEVENSON. Mr. Chairman, ladies, and gentlemen of the committee, I want to talk ju. t a little while upon the subject of the cotton textile industry and some of its troubles at the present date; also some of the troubles propo~d to be injected into it. I represent a district, probably the second in South Carolina in number of spindles, millions of dollars in· vested in the cotton-manufacturing business, thousands of peo~ ple making their living operating those mills, and other thou· sands of farmers who rely on the market which these mill populations furnish to enable them to so div(>rsify their agriculture that they may solve the problem which Congress has in a very futile way endeavored to solve for a great many :rears for the farmers.

But for the last year or two there has been a great depression in that business. The mills all last summer were running short time. Many operatives stayed there because they had good homes. Mills in that country have provided the best of

ho~es with light, water, and sewerage and everything conducive for the comfort and the health of the operatives· and consequently they do not like to quit that and hunt othe~· employment. They have had a hard time. They are industrious and an exceedingly high-class lot of folks. Many people talk of cotton-mill operatives, but there is not a more loyal or more patriotic set of people in the Piedmont section of the Carolinas than the people who actually handle the machines in the mills. Now, I have noticed .and read with a great deal of intere t that our friends in New England are also having a great deal of trouble.

I~ seems they held a discussion a very short time ago in which they proposed a goOd many things but !'leem not to have reached a positive agreement on anythi~g except on the highclass goods that they make they wanted a higher tariff. Here is one thing, ~owever, they seem to have agreed upon; it is taken hold of m a resolution which has been introduced in this Congress by the distinguished gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. DALLINGER] to amend the Constitution of the United States to the following effect :

That the Congress shall have power to adopt uniform hours and conditions of labor throughout the United States.

That proposition is now before this Congress, and I take it it will be until some action is taken on -it. Now, if you will consider for a minute the conditions out of which all of this has grown you will sea that our friends in New England for a long time made their industry prosperous by levying a tariff on imports so that it gave them a control of the American market and enabled the manufacturer to charge a profitable price, and frequently we down South, who bought a lot of stuff in those days, paid exorbitant prices for their goods. That promoted prosperity in the industry as long as it worked. The people down South, after working to the advantage of the manufacturer, concluded we would quit paying New England, · and so we established manufacturing down there. In other words, our folks took Massachusetts' dog and made him bite the " Bay State," and that is what he is biting now, and so we are having this proposition to interfere with labor. They want conditions: in the mills in the South changed.

Now, the proposition is to make a higher labor cost againS'>: goods that are made at least expense and therefore more profi- . ably in the South than in the New England part of th~s country. They can not impose a tariff against one section of the country in favor of another. But they want now to increase the cost of our products by endeavoring to increase the cost of our labor, and, incidentally, to deny to a man who works in the mills in South Carolina the right to work the number of hours they have been accustomed and against which they have never made complaint; but it is the purpose to cut down the number of hours they may work, deny them that privilege in order, forsooth, that the gentlemen up here who have let the State legislatures get away with them and put on a 48-hour schedule in the manufacture of cotton goods can compete with us. I submit that they can not take away from us that which we have developed as the result of legislation fostered by them to our disadvantage.

1\Ir. 1\IURPHY. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield ? Mr. STEVENSON. Certainly. Mr. MURPHY. How many hours a week do your mill people

work? 1\Ir. STEVENSON. About 55 hours a week. They can work

60 hours, but as a rule they work 10 hours a day for 5 days and 5 hours on Saturday. That is the rule now. There are only two States that have a 48-hour law. Those are .Massachusetts and New York.

Mr. HUDSON. 1\lr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? 1\lr. STEVENSON. Yes. 1\Ir. HUDSON. Does the gentleman find that in the States

where 48 hours are fixed there are worse conditions in the homes and worse economic standards of life for the employees?

Mr. STEVENSON. I have not investigated the 48-hour States, but I can tell the gentleman that in the Carolinas we have the best conditions affecting labor of any States I know of anywhere. Of course, my distinguished friends from Massachusetts should not now undertake to invade South Carolina with that kind of a proposition. It is all right for them to get after North Carolina, because that State went back on Massachusetts in the last election, but the State of South Carolina stood nobly by Massachusetts and voted for Al Smith, and I think it is unreasonable for Massachusetts to come down to South Carolina and try to interfere with our affairs in order to get after North Carolina. [Laughter.]

i\lr. WASON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield 1 . Mr. STEVENSON. Certainly.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·· HOUSE 1879 Mr. WASON. Does South Carolina feel lonesome · at this

moment? [Laughter.] Mr. STEVENSON. Oh, she thinks she is in good company

when she has Massachusetts with her, and we are standing nobly by her.

There were two things advocated principally at this meeting in New Bedford, Mass. One was the 48-hour law. Only two States have a 48-hour law and 46 States have other laws. -Now, the 48-hour States want to undertake to say to the other States that Congress shall either enact a 48-hour law applying to the other States or else enable them otherwise to compete with other States having · the 48-hour law or raise their hours to 54 a week. Our· States regulate the hom·s of labor within our

- own borders, and we do not need congressional help in the matter. ·

Mr. BOWLES. Mr. Chairman, will tbe gentleman yield there?

Mr. STEVENSON. Yes. Mr. BOWLES. The 48-hour law applies only to women and

children. Mr. STEVENSON. I did not get that information from this

splendid symposium of the conditions that were brought out at this Ma~achusetts meeting. I have a copy of it, and I filed it, and I find a great deal of useful information in it. But nothing was sa~d in it about the Massachusetts 48:-hour law applying only to women and children. My State has a pretty rigid law about women working in mills more than a certain number of hours, and another law prohibiting · the work of children under 14 years in factories at all.

They had one Mr. Binn before them, speaking as to the condition of labor in refer~nce to the tariff. Mr. Binn said it had been dinned into his ears--and he is a leader of that element in Massachusetts-that the tariff was passed for the benefit of the American laborer; that was what it was for. The tariff was designed, we are told, chiefly to protect the workers; and that being the case, it ought at least to give American workers conditions equal to those in competing foreign countries. That is what the present act was deSigned for, he contends. We were told here when we were passing the Fordney-McCumber Act that it was in the interest of labor. Mr. Binn, I tmderstand, was for it, and he was down here lobbying for it. He says the tariff does not give them better conditions than those under which the pauper labor 9-f Europe is living. It was stated by the committee that that was what it was for.

Mr. Binn says some other things. He speaks of " the benighted States in the Smith," and refers to the fact that in some of the other New England States the employees run sometiines from 54 hours to 60 hours a week. He says these mills are a greater menace to the American standard of living than any competition from foreign countries where pauper labor is employed-. That is the statement we get fi·om the standpoint of the labor of Massachusetts.

They say this competition, if continued indefinitely, can end only in disaster to any industry. They say that American goods are produced under worse conditions than those prevailing in any other country. I understood we did not want our labor to sink to the level of the pauper nations of Europe. This man says we are producing goods now under worse conditions than those prevailing in Europe. · ·

I am concerned about labor conditions just as much as the gentleman from Massachusetts is, because it is a live question in my country, and ·it is the salvation of that agricultural country down there that its industTies be diversified with these textile manufactures which have been la~o-uishing for a year very seriously. But that does not drive me to the point of agreeing to this increase of ta1iff as proposed. Why? Because it is brought out here that the :finest grades of goods are principally concerned.

One of the several questions debated here is the question of taxation of the textile manufacturing establishments. That is a serious question. It is one, however, in which we have an advantage over the people of New England, and that is one of the things that bas enabled our manufacturers to succeed in addition to the superior amount of output that one operative will get out as compared with the amount that one operative will get out in New England. That is one of the things that give us an advantage. Some of the handicaps we encountered we bad to cure by legislation.

Prior to 1900 the cotton-mill stocks were largely held in New England, even in the factories of my State. What were they paying? We were taxing the property of the cotton mills, while in New England they were taxing the stock held by gentlemen up there, and they were not_ doing that in any oth~r place. Well, we worked out a plan-7-aild I was one of the coauthors of it-in which we declared by statute iliat ·an sto.cksfu cotton mills located in South Carolina under corporations organized in South Carolina, should be: considered real estate

for purposes of taxation. We made that the law, and· what happened? ·

The -CHAIRMAN: -The time of the gentleman from South Carolina has expired.

Mr. CULLEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman :five additional minutes.

1\Ir. STEVENSON. The gentlemen up in Massachusetts who owned those stocks immediately got out from under ; because the stock was the creature of South Carolina and the property located in South Carolina the stock was taxable as real estate. Therefore we went along and taxed the property and left the stock off, because it was taxes on the property it represented. We have never taxed that, and that is one of the ways we solved some of their troubles.

Now you want to go ahead and legislate on the question of the hours of labor. I say it comes with poor grace for the gentlemen from Massachusetts to undertake to do that when they have bad that protection for all this time; when we have grown up in the industry right along with them and have now reached a point wpere we can compete with them. · I say it is poor grace for them to come along now and attempt to increa~e the cost of our production by another method of Federal legislation.

I want to direct the attention of this House to the fact that we are to have tariff legislation next year, and it was stated by the chairman of that great meeting that they hoped to in~ sert into that tariff bill a provision which will protect only those that are limited to ·a. .48-bour week ; that they are only going to protect the products of those factories where lapor is limited to 48 hours a week. I do not think they wilf get away with that. The gentleman who introduced this constitutional amendment decided that was the only way it could be done, but I will say to that gentleman that I do not think he will get anywhere with this amendment, but it is just as well to call attention to the fact that the war has been started and that the gentlemen up there are persistent, insistent, and ingenious. Nobody has ever accused any Massachusetts delegation of not having sens·e enough to know what they wanted and to keep on after it until they got it if they could. That is what they are starting to do; that is their proposition, and we need to consider this mighty carefully before we allow that door to be opened.

But I find there is some doubt about whether or not Massachusetts would be in favor of this. As you know, some years ago we pasSed the child-labor amendment, which was to be inserted in the Constitution fo;r the purp_ose of enabling this Congress to deal with the child-labor conditions in every corner of this great country. I think three States have ratified it, but up in Massachusetts, where they want to regulate all these things, they submitted it to a referendum of the people and it was defeated by a 200,000 majority, and New Bedford, the very. place where this agitation is COIJ!ing from, went overwhelmingly against it in the referendum. So I apprehend we will have some trouble before we get that in the Constitution ; but the fight is on, it is well recognized, and, as I said a whil.e ago, I think it comes with very poor grace for Massachusetts to now attempt to interfere with South Carolina, when South Carolina stands right with her nationally. Sh~ wants to do this just because she wants to get back at North Carolina, which has gone back on her and gone Republican.

Mr. LINT:aiCUM. ])o all of you Republican States stand together?

Mr. STEVENSON. I do not know. I want to see what North Carolina, Texas, Florida, and Virginia have to say about that as well as the gentleman's State, .Maryland.

Mr. MURPHY. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. STEVENSON.. Yes. . Mr. MURPHY. The gentleman might be interested in know

ing that one of the committees of "congress will have a hearing to-morrow at which repre~entatives of the employees of the Government Printing Office will ask for a. 44-hour week instead of a 48-hour week. ·

Mr. STEVENSON. · I happen to be a inember of the committee before which that bearing is to be held. There is no law against anybody coming up and· asking for anything they want, but I am from Missouri when it comes to giving it to them if it is. not the right thing to .do ; but the ·Government Printing Office · is not a competitive ·business and not in a class with mamifacturing plants selliiig their "products to tJ_le public.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from South Carolina has again expired.

Mr. WASON. · ?¥Ir.' Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the gentleman f!pm M~cliigan Ufr. HUDSON] . . · .

:FABM RELIEF •

Mr. HUDSON. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, I asked the chairman Qf the committee who now bas r

1880 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 charge of the bill before us for ·time to bring before you some observations on farm relief that have been made by the former president of our Michigan State College, Dr. Kenyon L. Butterfield, who is to sail in February under the Carnegie Corporation, for survey work "in the rural B1itish colonies of Africa ; and in bringing before you some of these observations in this paper which he has presented I shall ask permission, as a revision of ruy remarks, to extend the manuscript in full in the RECORD.

The report of thE> Business Men's Commission on Agriculture, made in 1927, said that the agricultural question " constitutes a challenge to modern tatesmanship."

Now that the tumult and the shouting of the political campaign are over and the captain·, if not the kings, of the fray have ieft the stage; public opinion should, if pos ·ible, be keyed to those fundamental issues that led the commission to use the word " cha;lenge" and " statesmanship" ; and to the constructive task of mapping and applying the basic remedy suggested by the commi siGn : " The adoption of a comprehensive agriculfurul policy."

The ta k is both supremely important and immensely difficult. We are yet in the dawn o.f a just coosideration of this complicated rural question. There ~s available no unity of even current thinking on the subject as a great whole. History gives u · meager aid. The practical jobs of making a policy and of making it work are nothing le s thB;n stupendous. It is probable indeed that a policy can -not be "made" in the sense of formulating a plan that will at once satisfy the full need of American agriculture and country life, secure the approval of the major elements of our population, and serve as a guide to legislation and the action of \oluntary associations. A realistic policy will have to grow out of much discussion and expe-rience a well as out of scientific research and constructive planning. The e difficulties should by no means deter us from seeking and adopting a comprehensive policy.

I have felt that in this hort session of COngress we would not have time t<> consider in its important details the policy of farm relief that must be the essential policy, and so I have stood as one of those who has advocated the calling of a special seS'Sion in order that this question might find adequate and immediate solution.

But the agricultural situation will not admit of delaying action until a complete permanent policy is worked out. In a ·ense it is unfair to the farmers to use the word "relief" in discussing the needs of American farming; our farmers are not begging a gift from the rest of their fellow citizens. Their experiences for the past eight years, however, have impressed upon tht>m the almost desperate need of finding a way out from under an acutely real burden. " Farm relief " bas therefore come to stand even among farm leaders for measures that should be taken as speedily as possible for the purpose of bringing agriculture nearer "to an economic equality with other industries." It is to be hoped that all measures that may be passed will be in harmony with the principles that should underlie that c<>mprehensive rural policy which all agree is imperative. But early action there must be.

That there will be early action is assured. It is idle to speculate as to the program of farm relief which would have issued from the group which Governor Smith promised to assemble, if be were elected, to consider the farm problem, or as to the effect upon that program of his adherence to the principles of the McNary-Haugen bill. It is equally futile to wonder what would have happened if Mr. Coolidge had not vetoed the McNary-Haugen bill and if it were now operating.

So there is no criticism implied in the statement that for the time being we should scrap all the proposals for farm relief that have been discussed in the sense that we now have before us a set of proposals that for all practical purposes constitute the program that should have the right of way. This is not to say that no suggestions as to the details or even the fundamental implications of this program should be made. On the contrary, it i~ highly important that Congress shall have' the benefit of every available point of view both as to the principles and the details of proposed legislation. But there is only one practical course, and that is to follow the leadership of the President elect, who has promised the earliest possible action on thi ubject-at least " before the next harvest."

The reas<>n for such a procedure is obvious. We have at hand the formula for action-the leader, his program, and the mandate placed upon him.

Mr. Hoover has repeatedly signified his belief that the need of farm relief is our most pressing economic question. He has reiterated his promises that it shall have- immediate attention. All the sincerity of his convictions, the integrity of his thinking, the prestige of his method of attaining his ends, even his continued leadership, are at stake. He can not fail to use all his

powers and all his power to secure from Congress and from voluntary organizations the enactment of his program and the backing -of his farm constituency. · And Mr. Hoover has a program. He bas set fo1·tb a very definite and comprehensive program of farm progress. To say this is not to as ume that Mr. Hoover's announced program is sufficient for all agricultural ills nor even a certain cure for the particular difficulties it seeks to meet. Many will disagree with hin1 as to its adequacy; but it is a specific, reasoned program, an engineer's blue print for a project of economic rehabilitation of a great indu try still in a period of stress and train.

1\fr. LINTHICUM. Is the gentleman going to outline what that program is?

Mr. HUDSON. If the gentleman will just give me time. Moreovm·, Mr. Hoover has a mandate to "make good " his

proposals. We ma;y think whatsoever we choose about the extent to W'hich the so-called " drys " and relicious " bigots " made themselves felt in the election over great areas of our country, but it is plain beyond controversy that the farmer of America have evidenced by the majorities for Mr. Hoover in great agricultural States and the rural vote in great indu trial States their willingness to let Mr. Hoover develop his program. It is more than possible that the attitude of hosts of farmers on the farm aspect of 1\Ir. Hoover's pooition taken during the campaign constitutes quite as much a vote of challenge to him as a vote of confidence in him. The resnlt of the elections becomes not merely an indorsement of Mr. Hoover's progt·am but eyen more a significant, compelling call to him and to all the political leaders to clear the way for a trial of Mr. Hoover's pre cription for maladjustments ~n our rural economy.

Now as to 1\ir. Ho<>Yer's program, about which my c<>lleague fr<>m Maryland bas asked :

Mr. Hoover's pmgram is set forth both in its main pdnciples and in some of its details in his St. Louis peecb of November 2, 1928. He proposes to-

First. Secme cheaper transportation of goods t<> market. Second. Provide a tariff sufficient to reserve to the American

farmer the American market. Third. Maintain the purchasing power of consnmers. Fourth. Eliminate wastes in distributi<>n. Fifth. Stabilize farm prices. Sixth. Study each farm commodity as a problem and plan

aid to meet its particular difficulties. He expects to attain these objectives by thr e laws or groups

of laws: First. He would complete as soon as practicable a sy tern of

inland waterways some 12,000 miles in length, which would traverse the Mississippi Valley north and south, east and west, as well as give the upper valley and the Northwest ship-canal access to the Atlantic. He believes that this great system would sub5tantially reduce freight rates <>n farm products, as well us encourage the building of new industries in the valley and thus aid in absorbing locally a large farm production in that region.

Second. H e would place marked increa es of tariff upon those imports of soil-grown products which we can grow in America, and which now come in, he says, to the extent of some ~800,000,000 a year. Thus the farmer would diversify hi production, secure for himself the American market, and relieve existing exportable surpluses. The tariff on manufactured products, Mr. Hoover contends, makes it possible for our industries to pay such wages as provide a standard of living for workers "which permits them to purchase all the food they ·can eat." America is the only country in the world, be says, where tbis is true.

Third. Mr. Hoover's third and his moot far-reaching method of farm relief is to create a Federal farm board with wide powers of investigation into all farm questions, and in addition broad authority to act, power to a sist, and funds necessary to support all its activities and powers, with reference to the development of cooperative marketing, clearing houses for agricultural products, and adequate warehousing facilities.

In particular the board is to build up with initial advances of capital f1·om the Government, farmer-owned and farmer-controlled stabilization corporations which will protect the farmer from depressions and the demoralization of summer and periodic surpluses.

In this way he w<>uld expect to gain the other three objectives in his program; that is, to stabilize farm prices, eliminate waste in distribution, and meet the particular needs of different products.

This entire program of Mr. Hoover's should be enacted as &peedily as possible and adopted in all its aspects. It is both a pledge and an experiment--a pledge to give due attention to what l\Ir. Hoover himself says is" the most uifficult of economic prob!ems presented _ to our people," and an experiillf'Ilt in the sense that only by trial can we be sure of the adequacy of

1929 CONGRESS! ON .A·L RECORD-HOUSE ·1881. even a well-reasoned and "economically sound" program of ftU'm relief.

Comments upon the program are, however, in order, first, because some of its implications should not be overlooked, and, secondly, because there are other important phases of a farmrelief program than those mentioned by 1\:lr. Hoover that should be fully considered while this legislation is being hammered into form. Moreover, there are exceedingly significant steps in farm relief lying outside the province of government that should be taken as soon as practicable. I wish, therefore, to make a few comments and suggestions on :Mr. Hoover's program.

Whatever beneficial results may accrue from the completion of the great inland-waterways project outlined by Mr. Hoover, the question of rail rates on agricultural products still remains.

It is universally acknowledged that railway-traffic rates present a stubborn, complex, some think an unsolvable, problem. It is almost impossible to apply the scientific method to rate making, and if the task were left to the interested farmers alone, it would still be difficult to resolve the conflicting claims of farmers in Qifferent regions.

Nevertheless the question is a basic one, and there should be an adequate study of existing trangportation rates as affecting American soil-grown products, both for domestic and overseas txansportation, and the possible revision of these rates, on the principle of granting lowest possible rates between growing and marketing points, having in mind, however, both the normal market for and the most promising regions for the production of various commodities.

It would be worth while to investigate also the auto-truck problem as it affects the production and marketing of those products that can economically be grown within the trading areas surrounding such cities as may afford an important market to locally grown products.

In this connection may I call to your mind the fact that probably the fruit region of western Michigan to-day is in its pre'ent state of prosperity because it can transport its soilgrown products direct to the markets of the great cities adjacent to it without the intervening delay of time and the expense of refrigeration that it formerly had in steam-moved transportation.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Michigan has expired.

1\fr. WASON. l\Ir. Chairman, I yield the gentleman,.. from Michigan five additional minutes.

Mr. HUDSON. The current studies of the Interstate Commerce Commission in the field of traffic rates on farm products hould be concluded as soon as practicable, and it should be

made certain that they are inclusive of the main elements of the rate question as it affects American far-m._ers.

Mr. Hoover in his speech of acceptance put the tariff first in his list of remedies f~r the farm depression, and in his St. Louis speech he says :

Adequate tariff is essential if we would assure relief to the farm. The first and most complete necessity is that the American farmer bas the American market. That can be assured to him solely through the protective tariff.

So it seems to me we have wisely made provision whereby the Ways and Means Committee is in session working constantly on the development of a tariff revision.

Mr. LINTHICUM. Would the gentleman object to a question at this point?

Mr. HUDSON. No. Mr. LINTHICUM. I do not hear anything about the equali

zation fee. That is not in the program as I understand it? Mr. HUDSON. That is touched on a little later, if the gen

tleman please, and if I have the time I will cover that. Mr. Hoover's recommendations should be adopted as soon

as proper schedules can be formulated. We should have a fair trial of a full farm tariff. It is imperative to apply to agriculture, and to the full, the accepted tariff protection given to industry. Whether there will be retaliatory tariffs in foreign countries either on our manufactured or agTicultnral products must be left to the future. Whether encouraging our farmers by means of the tariff to transfer some of their energies to growing products thus to be protected will reduce the present exportable surplus of staples can be determined only by experience.

These recommendations for increasing the tariff on agricultm·al products are made in the light of the evident tariff psychology of the American people at :the present time, and in harmony with the old slogan of the farmers of " a tariff for all or a tariff for none." If America desires to participate fully

· in the world trade of the future, she may be obliged to make radical reductions in her tariff, and perhaps even concede an entirely new principle in tariff legislation. But before that is

done it is clear that we must first follow the present type of tariff to its full conclusion. We must have more tariff before we can have less tariff.

The phrase, " Government encouragement of agricultural cooperation," is hardly' expressive- of the full scope of the group of proposals by which the Federal farm board would have authority to stimulate and guide the development of organizations and facilities for marketing farm products, secure proper credit for handling temporary surpluses, reduce distribution costs, and, in fact, authority to try to meet the whole range of knotty problems that ensue in the process of getting the products of the farms to the consumers on fair term.s to both. To attempt detailed comment on these proposals would be to write a book. But once more emphasis is placed upon the desirability of the earliest possible legislation by which the plans suggested by Mr. Hoover may get under' way.

It is, however, important to point out some considerations that should. have ample discussion during the process of framing the- measures and putting them on the statute book.

Then there is the matter of exportable surplus. In the discussions of farm relief, the crux of the economic difficulty, it has been argued by the proponents of Federal legislation, lies in the fact that we produce more than we need of certain great staples, and that the price of this exportable surplus in the world market tends to fix a lower price for the entire product in the American market than would otherwise be the case, and a price too low for profitable production. l\1r. Hoover is obviously opposed to such proposals as were embodied in the McNary-Haugen bill for taking this surplus off the domestic market by direct means, and particularly by means involving the Government itself. He evidently relies upon the stimulus tbat higher tariffs will give to the production of commodities not now receiving adequate protection, upon the processes of orderly marketing, the handling of temporary sur: pluses, the provision of warehousing facilities, the savings of costs of distribution of food products, and upon other similar gains from his general program, to reduce this exportable surplus to manageable proportions, at least to eliminate it as a serious factor in the farm problem.

The problem of farm prices is, of course, fundamental not only as it concerns the in.dustry itself but in the business relations of the farm group to other groups. We need to know the relation of prices to cost of production ; the relation between prices received by the farmers and the prices for the same products in the wholesale market; the relation between farm prices and wholesale prices to retail prices of soil-grown products, whether raw or processed; the relation between prices and both quantity and quality production ; farm prices as affected by foreign trade; and then, finally and in general, the relation between farm prices and the value of gold.

Moreover, the Federal Reserve Board bas large powers. Its operations should be widely known, especially as they may affect farmers, who are suspicious of bankers. Enlightenment on this question is not a political but an economic matter.

It is possible that the proposed Federal farm board is the appropriate body to make such studies. The question, ho'wever, is more inclusive than farm interests alone, and recommendations based on these studies would affect several departments of Government and all aspects of business. Might it not be well, therefore, to authorize an existing commission or department of the Government-or, if necessary, to appoint a new commission-to make an immediate but thorough study of the forces that govern· the relation between farm prices and general prices, the relation of both to systems of banking and credit, and how these forces and agencies may be controlled in the interest of stabilizing general prices, and particularly in the interest of equivalent prices to farmers?

Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to revise and extend my remarks and to include as an extension by printing in the REcoRD the complete manuscript of President Butterfield.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Michigan?

There was no objection. The complete article by Doctor Butterfield is as follows:

FARM RELIEF

By Kenyon L. Butterfield

. The .report o! the Business Men's Commission on Agriculture, made in 1927, said that the agricultural question '' constitutes a challenge to modern- statesmanship."

Now that the tumult and the shouting of the political campaign are over and the .captains, if not the kings, · of the fray have left tile stage, public QPinion should, if possibl~, be keyed to those fundamental issues that led the commission to use the words " challenge '' and " statesmanship " ; and to the constructive task of mapping and applying the basic

1882 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE J A.."N"U ARY 1 7 remedy suggested by the commission: "The adoption of a comprehensive agricultural policy." . _

The task is both supremely important and immensely difficult. We are yet in the dawn of a just consideration of this complicated rural question. There is available no unity of even current thinking on the subject as a great whole. History giv.es us meager aid. The practical jobs of making a policy and of making it work are nothing less than stupendous. It is probable indeed that a policy can not be "made" in the sense of formulating a plan that will at once satisfy the full need of American agriculture and country life, secure the approval of the major elements of our population, and serve as guide to legislation and the action of voluntary associations. A realistic policy will have to grow out of much discussion and experience as well as out of scientific research and constructive planning. These difficulties should by no means deter us from seeking and adopting a comprehensive policy.

ASSURANCE OF EARLY RELIEF

But the agricultural situation will not admit of delayin~ action until a complete permanent policy is worked out. In a sense it is unfair to the farmers to use the word " relief " in discussing the needs of American farming ; our farmers are not begging a gift from the rest of their fellow citizens. Their expel'iences for the past eight years, however, have impressed upon them the almost desperate need of finding a way out from under an acutely real burden. "Farm relief" has therefore come to stand even among farm leaders for measures that should be taken as speedily as possible for the purpose of bringing agriculture nearer " to an economic equality with other industries." It is to be hoped that all measures that may be passed will be in harmony with the principles that should unde~lie that compre_!lensive rural policy which all agree is imperative. But early action there must be.

EARLY ACTION ASSURED

That there will be early action is assured. It is idle to speculate as to the program of farm relief which would have issued from the group which Governor Smith promised to assemble, if he were elected, to consider the farm problem, or as to the et!ect upon that program of his adherence to the principles of the McNary-Haugen bill. It is equally futile to wonder what would have happened i! Mr. Coolidge bad not vetoed the McNary-Haugen bill and if it were now operating.

So there is no criticism implied in the statement that for the time being we should scrap all the proposals for farm relief that have been discussed in the sense that we now have before us a set of proposals that for all practical purposes constitute the program that should have the right of way. This is not to say that no suggestions as to the details or even the fundamental implications of this program should be made. On the contrary it is highly important that Congress shall have the benefit of every available point of view, both as to the principles and the details of proposed legislation. But there is onl! one practical course, and that is to follow the leadership of the President elect, who has promised the earliest possible action on this subject-at least "before the next harvest."

THE MAN, THE PROGR.A.l\1, THE MANDATE

The rea.son for such a procedure is obvious. We have at band the formula !or action-the leader, his program, and the mandate placed upon him.

Mr. Hoover bas repeatedly signified his belief that the need of farm relief is our most pressing economic question. He has reiterated his promises that it shall have immediate attention. All the sincerity of his convictions, the integrity of his thinking, the prestige of his method of attaining his ends, even his continued leadership, are at stake. He can not fail to use all his powers and all his power to secure from Congress and from voluntary organizations the enactment of his program and the backing of his farm constituency.

And Mr. Hoover has a program. He has set forth a very definite and comprehensive program of farm progress. To say this is not to ; .ssume that Mr. Hoover's announced program is sufficient for all agricultural ills nor even a certain cure for the particular difliculties it seel<s to meet. Many will disagree with him as to its adequancy ; but it Is a specific, reasoned program, an engineer's blue print for a project of economic rehabilitation of a great industry still in a period of ~tress and strain.

Moreover, Mr. Hoover bas a mandate to " make good " his proposals. We may think whatsoever we choose about the extent to which the so-called "drys ·• and religious "bigots" made themselves felt in the election over great areas of our country, but it is plaiu beyond controversy that the farmers of America have evidenced by the majorities for Mr. Hoover in great agricultural States and the rural vote in great industrial States their willingness to let Mr. Hoover develop his program. It is more than pos ible that the attitude of hosts of farmers on the farm aspect of Mr. Hoover's positions taken during the campaign constitutes quite as much a vote of challenge to him as a vote of confidence in him. The result of the elections becomes not merely an indorsement of Mr. Hoover's program but even more a significant, compelling can to him and to all the political leaders to clear the way for a trial of Mr. Hoover's prescription for mahi.djustments iil our rural economy.

MR. HOOVER'S PROGRAM

Mr. Hoover's program is set forth both in its main principles and in some of its details in his St. Louis speech of November 2, 1928. He proposes to-

First. Secure cheaper transportation of goods to market. Second. Provide a tariff sufficient to reserve to the American farmer

the American market. Third. Maintain the purchasing power of consumers. Fourth. Eliminate wastes in distribution. Fifth. Stabilize farm prices. Sixth. Study each farm commodity as a problem and plan aid to meet

its particular difficulties. H~ expects to attain these objectives by three laws or groups of

laws: First. He would complete as soon as practicable a system of inland

waterways some 12,000 miles in length, which would traverse the · Mississippi Valley north and south, east and west, as well as give the upper valley and the Northwest ship-canal access to the Atlantic. He believes that this great system would substantially reduce freight rates on farm products, as well as encourage the building o! new industries in the valley and thus aid in absorbing locally a large farm production in that region.

Second. He would place marked increases of tariff upon those imports of soil-grown prod.ucts which we can grow in America, and which now come in, he says, to the extent o! some $800,000,000 a year. Thus the farmer would diversify his production, secure for himself the American market, and relieve existing exportable SUI"Pluses. The tariff on manufactured products, Mr. Hoover contends, makes it possible for our industries to pay such wages as provide a standard of living for workers "which permits them to purchase all the food they can eat." America is the only country in the world, he says, where tbls is true.

Third. Mr. Hoover's third and most faL·-reaching method of farm relief is to create a Federal farm board with wide powers of investigation into all farm questions, and in addition broad authoL·ity to act, power to assist, and funds necessary to support all lts activities and powers, with reference to the development of cooperative marketing. ~ clearing houses for agricultural products, and adequate warehousing facilities.

" In particular the board is to build up with initial advances of capital from the Government, farmer-owned and farmer-controlled stabiliza- · tion corporations which will protect the farmer from depressions and the demoralization of summer and periodic surpluses."

In tQ_is way he would expect to gain the other three objectives in his program ; that is, to stabilize farm prices, eliminate waste in distribution, and meet the particular needs of different products.

This entire program of Mr. Hoover's should be enacted as speedily as possible and adopted in all its aspects. It is both a pledge and an experiment-a pledge to give due attention to what Mr. Hoover himself says is "the most difficult of economic problems presented to our people," and an experiment in the sense that only by trial can we be sure of the adequacy of even a well-reasoned and " economically sound" program of farm relief.

COMMENTS UPON THE PROGRA:\f

Comments upon the program are, however, in order, first, because some of its implications should not be overlooked, and, secondly, becau e there are other important phases of a farm-relief program than those mentioned by Mr. Hoover that should ~ be fully considered while this legislation is being hammered into form. Moreover, there are excee-dingly significant steps in farm relief lying outside the province of govemment that should be taken as soon as practicable. I wish, therefore, to make a few co'mments and suggestions on Mr. Iloover's program.

Whatever beneficial results may accrue from the completion of the great inland-waterways project outlined by Mr. Hoover, the question of rail rates on agricultural products still remains.

It is universally acknowledged that railway-traffi.c rates present a stubborn, complex, some think an unsolvable, problem. It is almost impossible to apply the scientific method to rate making, and if the task were left to the interested farmers alone it would still be difficult to. resolve the confiicting claims of farmers in different regions.

Nevertheless the question is a basic one, and there should be an adequate study of existing transportation rates as alfectlug American soil-grown products, both for domestic and overseas transportation, and the possible revision of these rates, on the principle of granting lowest possible rates between growing and marketing points, having in mind, however, both the normal market for and the most promising regions for the production of various commodities.

It would be worth while to investigate also the auto-truck problem as it affects the production and marketing of those products that can economically be · grown within the trading areas surrounding such cities as may alford an important market to locally grown products.

Mr. Hoover's recommendations should be adopted as soon as proper · schedules can be formulated. We should have a fair trial of a full farm tariff. It is imperative to apply to agriculture, and to the full, the accepted tariff protection given to industry. Whethet there will · be

, ..

1929 -... CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-HOUSE retaliatory tariffs Jn foreign countries either on our manufactured or agricultural products must be left to the future. Whether encouraging our farmers by means of the tariff to transfer some of their energies to growing products thus to be protected, will reduce the present exportable surplus of staples can be determined only by experience.

These recommendations for increasing the tariff on agricultural products are made in the light of the evident tariff psychology of the American people at the present time, and in harmony with the old slogan of the farmers of " a tariff for all or a tariff for none." If America desires to participate fully in the world trade of the future, she may be obliged to make radical reductions in her tariff, and perhaps even concede an entirely new principle in tariff legislation. But before that is done it is clear that we must first follow the present type of tariff to its full conclusion. We must have more tariff before we can have less tariff.

The phrase, " Government encouragement of agricultural cooperation," is hardly expressive ot the full scope of the group of proposals by which the Federal Farm Board would have authority to stimulate and guide the development of organizations and facilities for marketing farm products, secure proper credit for handling temporary surpluses, reduce distribution costs, and, in fact, authority to try to meet the whole range of knotty problems that ensue in the process of getting the products of the farms to the consumers on fair terms to both. To attempt detailed comment on these proposals would be to write a book. But once more emphasis is placed upon the desirability of the earliest possible legislation by which the plans suggested by Mr. Hoover may get under way.

It is, however, important to point out some considerations that should have ample discussion during the process of framing the measures and putting them on the statute book. .

There is the matter of exportable surplus. In the discussions of farm relief, the crux of the economic difficulty, it has been argued by the proponents of Federal legislation, lies in the fact that we produce more than we need of certain great staples, and that the price of this exportable surplus in the world market tends to fix a lower price for the entire product in the American market than would otherwise be the case, and a price too low for profitable production. Mr. Hoover is obviously opposed to such proposals as were embodied in the McNary-Haugen bill for taking this surplus off the domestic market by direct means, and particularly by means involving the Government itself. He evidently relies upon the stimulus that higher tariffs will give to the production of commodities not now receiving adequate protection, upon the processes of orderly marketing, the handling of temporary surpluses, the provision of warehousing facilities, the savings of costs of distribution of food products, and upon other similar gains from his general program, to reduce this exportable surplus to manageable proportions, at least to eliminate it as a serious factor in the farm problem.

There are apparently those who are not so sanguine as Mr. Hoover that this solution of the surplus problem will eventuate. The newspapers report that Senator MCNARY will reintroduce the McNary-Haugen bill minus the equalization fee ; while Mr. Taber, the master of the National Grange, is reported as declaring that the McNary-Haugen bill has no chance to become a law, but that as a part of needed tariff legi~lation the export debenture plan of the grange is still the most workable and logical form of readjusting tariff inequalities. There may be in these pronouncements a gesture of vindication of a position taken ; but there is probably a dominant measure of conviction as to issues. However, these doubts on the surplus question hardly afford an argument against Mr. Hoover's far-flung plan of handling our domestic farm production. Time only will reveal the extent to which his constructive measures will eliminate that aspect of farm relief which has thus far controlled the thinking of our farmers and impressed the majority of Congress. We may find after all that the "surplus problem" will not down.

The problem of farm prices is, of course, fundamental not only as it concerns the industry itself but in the business relations of the farm group to other groups. We need to know the relation of prices to cost of production ; the r elation between prices received by the farmers and the prices for the same products in the wholesale market; the relation between farm prices and wholesale prices to retail prices of soil-grown products, whether raw or processed; the relation between prices and both quantity and quality production ; farm prices as affected by foreign trade; and then, finally and in general, the relation between farm prices · and the value of gold.

Moreover, the Federal Reserve Board has large powers. Its operations should be widely known, especially as they may affect farmers, who . are suspicious of bankers. Enlightenment on this question is not a political but an economic matter.

It is possible that the proposed Federal farm board is the appropriate body to make such studies. The question, however, is more inclusive than farm interests alone, and recommendations· based on these studies would affect several departments of Government and all aspects of business. Might it not be well, therefore, to authorize an existing commission or department of the Government-or, it necessary, to ·appoint a new commission-to make an immediate but thorough study of the

forces that govern the relation between farm prices and general prices, the relation of both to systems of banking and credit, and bow these forces and agencies may be controlled in the interest of stabilizing general prices, and particularly in the interest of equivalent prices to farmers?

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF FARM TAXES

Taxation as it affects the farm is a function of the State rather than of the Federal Government. The cost of schools and of highways is the biggest charge on the farmer's direct tax bill. It is desirable, however, to have more nearly uniform State laws on this subject. The item of taxes is now so prominent a factor in farm expense as not only to constitute an important problem in itself, but to call for the fullest possible measure of uniformity in the different States.

It is also highly important to consider. the relation of Federal and State taxation as affecting the farmer, epecially as this relationship is exhibited in the Federal income tax and in the Federal inheritance tax.

Here again arises the query whether the Federal Farm Board should, in addition to its other duties, be charged with this important investigation. Perhaps it may be wiser to have a special commission on this subject. Or again, inasmuch as the United States Department of Agriculture has already carried investigations in this general field, it might be well to empower that department to extend its study of farm taxation. From the wt·iter's pqlnt of view it is desirable at an early date to assemble sufficient data on which to formulate recommendations for uniform State tax laws which recognize the necessity of minimizing the general property tax and substituting forms of taxation based upon the principle that taxes should be assessed not only upon individuals, corporations, and other business groups, but also upon municipallties and local communities, in accordance with ability to pay.

As a special phase of this study, consideration should be given to the desirability and feasibility of increasing the Federal income tax but returning a part of this tax to the States.

LAND UTILIZATION

The business men's commission wisely stressed the significance of trying to readjust the utilization of the land by putting each acre to its best use, recognizing that vast a~eas of land are now cropped that should have some other use. The commission suggested the organization of a "National Agricultural . Foundation," privately endowed, which should, among other functions, secure an expert classification of the land resources of the Nation, including an eeonomic survey of land, and then try to get this land put. to its best uses. There would be information service to landholders, experiments in transplanting scattel'ed farmers from poor lands to colonies on better lands, and perhaps some guidance of population movements.

It may be doubtful wisdom to assign this work of mapping the best utilization of farm land to a body that bas other functions. It is in itself a task of tremendous proportions. It involves not merely the allocation of Federal lands or of large tracts of State or privately owned lands within the State but in most parts of the country it involves also discrimination in use of land in local communities and even on individual farms. I~ is also pertinent to inquire whether much of this work is not clearly a governmental function. Howevel·, the main observation to be made is that the program of farm relief should include machinery for securing a wiser utilization of our land. It is not a minor but a very important element in the farm problem.

CONTINUJiiD RESEARCH

The importance of continuous and thoroughgoing research into every part of the rural problem becomes more obvious with every discussion of farm problems and every proposal for their solution. Fortunately, Mr. Hoover's bent of mind is that of one who wants bottom facts as the background for action, and be clearly sees the special need for this procedure in the case of rural questions. For he proposes that the Federal farm board shall be a fact-finding agency, and ' hall also set itself to discover both causes and remedies.

In planning for research of this character it is however highly important to remember that the United States Department of Agriculture, together with the agricultural experiment stations in all the States, form the most extensive and effective agency of rural research in the world. A recent act of Congress adds substantially to the r esearch facilities of the State experiment stations, particularly in the field of economic and social studies. Is there not an advantage in providing still larger funds by which the United States Department of Agriculture can greatly expand its studies of this rural problem-? It would seem wise to provide immediately for substantially increased appropriations for investigations by the United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the State experiment stations, of a wide range of problems which American agriculture as a whole has to face, particularly in the fields or world demand and supply of soilgrown products, and the more · obvious economic difficulties that have already been revealed, as well as the social implications of these economic· tendencies. ·· The department should be required particularly to expand· its studies in the social aspects of farming, a field it has barely touched thus far.

Moreover, there is need of getting the results of these investigations directly to the farmers as well as to Congress. Here again the United

1884 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 States Department of .Agriculture, cooperating with the agricultural colleges, one in each State, provides the largest and most effective machinery for rural adult education in the world. The need for continued education in the field of cooperative endeavor is especially needed. It would be the part of wisdom, therefore, to develop still more fully the educational activities of the United States Department of Agriculture and the various agricultural colleges, by increased Federal appropriations in order to further rural popular education, especially in the field of cooperative buying and selling, and in other forms of collective business activity of the farming interests.

THE FEDERAL FARM BOABD

In outlining the functions of the proposed Federal farm board Mr. Hoover well says that it will be "an institution which will be one of the most important institutions in our Government." For he would give this board " power to determine the facts, the causes, the remedies which should be applied to each and every one of the multitude of problems which we mass under the general term, ' the agricultural problem.'" This board would also have a wide range of executive tasks of great importance and difficulty, not to mention the pioneering character and the financial significance of the machinery the board would be expected to install. Would a group designed to guide the destinies of this new and intricate business mechanism be the best group to administer the details of scientific research?

Thet·e is the further question of policy making. The business men's commission wisely said:

".A sound national agricultural policy conceived 1n this way can not rest upon governmental action alone, but requires the active participation and cooperation of farmers and their organizations, of the otiler great economic groups, and of the local, State, and Federal Governments as the guardians of the interests of the community. The form ubtion of such a policy and the building up of agencies and methods by which it may be expressed in concrete terms will require a long period of time, for it must be the product of gradual accumulation of experience and knowledge and can not be expected to spring complete and perfect from the brain of any individual or group."

A national chamber of agriculture and country life might be, therefore , of decided advantage. Many suggestions h~. :e been made for an organization of such a chamber ever since it was first proposed for the United States by Mr. David Lubin, 15 years ago. Mr. Lubin borrowed the idea from Germany, but it is doubtful if any European plan for this sort of thing could be transplanted. The idea, however, is entirely sound. We do need some kind of thoroughly representative bOdy with ramifications into the smaller units of rural society and with interests inclu ive of every aspect of the farm question in order to provide a fot·um for discussing and formulating a rural policy and program.

Still another matter of real importance is that the Federal farm board shall have at least one member whose particular interest lies in the area of rural welfare of human relations. Mr. Hoover well said at St. Louis :

"And the problem is not wholly an economic problem. It is partly a social problem, because the farm is more than a place of businessit is a place of living and a home. So that in addition to finding the particular difficulty in that particular branch of the business we must have regard for important social problems involved.''

A PROPOSED DIVISION Oil' LABOR

In view of the considerations just discussed, it is suggested that the Federal farm board have as its primary executive duty the great task of directing the organizations of all those agencies which Mr. Hoover lists in his category of essential machinery for farm relief on its economic side.

Then let the board be linked with the United States Department of .Agriculture in such fashion that the department and the cooperating State agricultural colleges and experiment stations shall carry on the main features at least of the research necessary to a full understanding of our farm problems, and also greatly enlarge their educational activities known officially as the "cooperative extension work in agriculture and home economics.'' Nothing should be done to limit the independence or the initiative of the Department of Agriculture. On the contrary, its work should be greatly expanded, especially in research.

It might be well for the Federal farm board to call into being a body with some such title as "The National Council of Agriculture and Country Life," which will be representative of all rural organizations and interests of every type, but to an extent also representative of industry, business, labor; in fact, while dominantly agricultural in its make-up, a group which will attempt to secure the cooperation of all parts of our population in developing a wise and sane and permanent agricultural policy. At any rate, steps should be taken to insure continued considerations of such a policy.

The I<~ederal fa rm board would thus part with none of the power or prestige with which Mr. Hoover would clothe it, and would in addition ally with itself. and deeply influence all the agencies and forces in the United States which, through research and education, discussion and cooperation, could contribute to the solution of the rural problem.

.All the above measures require Federal legislation. The following suggestions embody plans that may well be stimulated by Government, but must depend chiefly upon voluntary organization and support.

A RURAL FOUNDATION

Twenty years ago, when the Roosevelt Country Life Commission was at work, it became evident to some of its members that there ought to be some sort of rural foundation, privately endowed, which could study and interpret independently both of Government and of organizations the trends and needs of American agriculture and country life.

From time to time various suggestions have been made for such a foundation, and with the rise of many research agencies during the past 20 years have come on the part of many of them special types of research in this field, and notable and statesmanlike contributions have thereby been made.

It bas remained for Columbia University to propose a plan for an "institute of rural affairs," the aim of which would be "to make original researches in the field of rural affairs and to interpret and give publicity to the best available knowledge concerning the fundamental probems oi agriculture and country life, the most promising methods of their solution, the relationships of the urban and rural groups, and the international aspects of the farm question."

The need for this sort of thing has been well set forth by President Butler, of Columbia, in these words :

"Some solution for the problE>ms of the land and its relationship to human life should and must be found. • • • The modern democratic state must find a way to keep the need.ful proportion of the population upon the land, to maintain the quality of the rural population in comparison with the other groups, and to provide that population with the resources and satisfactions of modern civilization. • • • What is needed is an institute to integrate, to correlate, and to guide this vast undertaking, with a view to establishing and interpreting the facts for the information of public opinion and for the guidance of governments."

The committee which President Butler invited to report on a plan for such an institute closes its report by saying that this institute of rural affairs should have essentially a clearing-house function, quite in addition to any otiginal pieces of research which it may undertake. Its greatE'st value and real genius will lie in the possibilities for correlating 'knowledge and opinion in terms of the statesmanship of rural affairs and stating these so clearly that their opinions may become valid for action on the part of all groups interested.

.An institute of this sort should be liberally endowed. It has vast possibilities. If it had been in operation during the last decade it could have contributed immeasurably to the solution of the agricultural situation which has developed since the war.

Government agencies have their limitations in dealing with problE-ms that involve social and political issues. A privately endowed institute of rural affairs would admirably supplement a Federal farm board. It would be particularly helpful in informing and influencing uruan interests and points of view and in helping to indicate and c()rre1ntP those international aspects of the farm question that must inevitably command the attention of statesmen and other leaaers.

AN AGGRESSIVE COUNTRY·LTFE PROGRAM

It is .a truism that agriculture is a mode of life as well as a means of making a living. To repeat Mr. Hoover's phrase, "We must have regard for important social problems involved."

While Government should recognize these problems and foster both research and action in the field of rural social problems, just as is the case with the business and economic problems of the farmers the working out of these social problems must in practice be left .almost wholly to associations of farmers, to their schools, and to the other social agencies that function in the countryside. The local govern· ment, especially country government, can do more than is now done .

This whole field of "country life," embodying as it does questions of health, recreation, local government, social welfare, education, character building, and community organization, must receive far Iarget" attention. These questions are significant, whether we have economic prosperity or depression. They deal with people in terms of their deepest welfare and their personal development.

As .a concrete suggestion I know of nothing which would help this country-life program more than tlnding a way by which the American Country Life .Association could assume more aggressive leadership in this field. For over 10 years the association bas served as clearing house and conference center for a group of not less than 30 prtvatD and public ~encies having a direct interest in the social problems of agriculture. It is capable of becoming a tower of strength in th~ operation of a wise, incln3ive, American farm policy.

A COMPLETE REHABILITATION OF THE COUNTRY CHURCH

Probably the country church has suffered more than any other rural agency. This fact is due to a number of reasons, such as the agricultural depression itself, a vast amount of overchurcbing chargeable in part to denominational riva:Iry, the advent of automobiles and good roads, the lack of aggressive church programs, and a general letting up of church attendance in both city and countcy.

1929 Such st eps as the following are suggested = (1) Organize a national commission on the country church large

enough a nd representative enough to stand for the entire rural church problem.

(2) Organize a layman's country church association which will bring togetl:.er r epresentative farmer s from all parts of the country who have a keen and an a biding interest in a revival of the country church.

(3) Provide for a continuation of surveys which will determine both .overchurched and underchurched rural communities.

( 4) Encourage the larger parish plan. 'l'hese a re merely a few of the items in a plan that involves perhaps

the most vital of all the needs in a program of farm relief-the spiritual element. For as Mr. Hoover himself said at St. Louis, "You can not divide those things that are seen from those that are unseen. The things that we call material are the foundation stones upon which we build the temple of those things we call spiritual."

1\Ir. CULLEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. LoziER] such time as he desires.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Missouri is recognized for one hour.

Mr. LOZIER. Mr. Chairman, since the November ·election much has been said concerning the future of the Democratic Party. Some shallow-brained, shortsighted, and emotional editors, superficial students of public affairs, and poorly informed partisan politicians have boldly proclaimed the imminent and inevitable eclipse, dissolution, and destruction of

. the party of Jefferson, Madison, Jackson, Cleveland, Bryan, and Wilson, and a host of other masters of statecraft. Not a few of its traditional enemies have sung melancholy dirges over its untimely fate, pronounced mock-heroic eulogies over what they considered its mangled and mutilated remains, and unceremoniously consigned it to the somber and echoless charnelhouse of oblivion. [Laughter.] Others have assumed the task of formulating the platform, principles, and policies of the new political party which, they say, will rise from the shattered ruins and emberless ashes of Democracy. [Laughter.]

I am neither alarmed, annoyed, nor embanassed by the anvil chorus of these amateur makers of political medicine, these self-constituted political grave diggers, these gruesome political morticians, these croaking birds -of evil omen, these partisah professional mourners who habitually go about the streets and up and down the political highways and byways of the Nation, gleeful1y spreading the dismal tidings to the effect that the Democratic Party, if not already in a state of rigor mortis, is dying and no longer a potential factor in the political affairs of the American people.

Despite tbe exuberant exultation of our Republican friends, I assert that the Democratic Party is not dead and will not die. [Applause.] While I do not envy these lugubrious political prognosticators the supreme satisfaction they seem to be getting out of the recent political upheaval, I modestly venture the suggestion that rejoicing based on election returns is obviously fleeting and exceedingly transitory ; and, judging the future by the past, it is not unreasonable to assume, borrowing an expression from St. James, that their laughter will soon be turned to mourning and their joy to heaviness. To them I commend the proverb-

Pride goeth before destruction and a haughty spirit before a fall.

Those who are ordering flowers for the funeral of the Democratic Party are living in a fool's paradise and feasting on apples of Sodom, which, though attractive to the eye and seemingly luscious, are nevertheless filled with the bitter ashes of disappointment.

Real Democrats look not of course with satisfaction but with equanimity on the result of the recent elections and' with indifference on the vain and extravagant boasting of their political adversaries. Just as surely as night follows day, just as surely as the seasons come and go, just as surely as the restless tides alternately flow and ebb, just as certainly will the principles and policies of the Democratic Party ultimately triumph and win the approval of the Ametican electorate. [Applause.] In the past, times without number, even under e·xceedingly adverse conditions, the fortunes of politics brought success to the Democratic hosts; and if we are loyal to its t1·aditional principles, policies, and ideals, victory will again take up her habitation in our tents, fight around our party standard, and crown our cause with success. [Applause.]

The true .test of a ~an's character is his ability and · willingness to restst temptation and hold fast to his integrity when overtaken by adversity [applause], and the true test of the right of a political party to live is its ability and determinat~on in adv~rsity to -hold tenaciously to the principles and polietes on which it was founded and to meet discouraging conditions and defeat with courage and fortitude.

1885" Those who flippantly ·pronounce the Democratic Pa1·ty dead

and who are busy formulating plans for its · burial have not been richly endowed by Providence with an oversupply of farseeing comprehension, and are evidently ignorant of Ameri.,:;an political history, unable to accurately appraise political events Hlld incapable of correctly measuring the ebb and flow of public . opinion. Our Republican friends have difficulty in under$tand~ ing how a great political party can survive successive defeats and continue as a militant fighting force without political "pap," patronage, and the spoils of office. These things mean much to the average Republican, and tl;ley mean everything to many Republican politicians. Political patronage and the spoils of office appeal but lightly to the rank and file of the Democratic Party and are not the things that control the average Democrat, influence his party alignment, and inspire him with party zeal and loyalty.

l\ir. SCHAFER rose. Mr. LOZIER. l\Ir. Chairman, I decline to yield until I finish

my statement. The gentleman probably heard my statement at the beginning.

Mr. SCHAFER. I did not. Mr. LOZIER I decline to yield until I finish my statement. The normal Republican machine politician, from his mate-

rialistic standpoint, can not understand or appreciate the eternal verities that underlie, permeate, and vitalize the Democratic Party. They see only the shifting shadow, not the underlying principles and vital forces that influenc-e Democrats and give life and virility to their party. Republicans have signally failed to comprehend the fealty and unselfish devotion of the individual Democrat to the fundamental principles of his party. They have overlooked the public problems and national needs that called the Democratic Party into existence and which give it such a tremendous power over the minds and conscience of men.

I, therefore, pity t~e benighted Democrat and Republican partisans whose prejudice impairs their vision, distorts their judgment, and incapacitates them from seeing in their proper perspective existing conditions and important events that are not only rapidly approaching but inevitable. I look with extreme tolerance on the utterances and activities of those short-sighted Democrats and Republicans whose chief duty seems to be to hang crepe on the doors of the temple of democracy, and who after each election insist on ordering the hearse and writing an epitaph for the Democratic Party. Sooner or later these unhappy victims of political astigmatism will amble out of their delirium and experience a rude awakening.

From my knowledge of present conditions and from a diligent and lifelong study of the political history of the United States I have reached the obvious and inescapable conclusion that the Democratic Party is not dead, dying; disintegrating, or hopelessly disorganized. Notwithstanding its defeat in the recent elections it is still a going concern with 15,000,000 active and loyal stockholders which justifies the conclusion that it will continue to be an important factor in the political affairs of the American people. ·

There is a need and a place in our national life for the Democratic Party and though severely chastened it will survive and be an effective instrument by which great multitudes of our people may speak and work their sovereign will. [Applause on the Democratic side.] Instead of consigning the Democratic Party to a political Carian cave to join Endymion in his agelong slumber, millions of upstanding, forward-looking citizens will rally around its standard, millions of tongues will eloquently acclaim its virtues, and millions of vibrant lips will break forth in preans of triumphant exultation over its outstanding accomplishments in constructive statesmanship. [Applause on the Democratic side.]

In the future, as in the past, it will stand for certain definite national policies, the enactment and efficient administration of which will promote the public welfare and ultimately establish social and economic justice for all vocational groups.

These piinciples are older than our Republic, but there is a constant need for their application to our ever-changing conditio~s. The~e principles inspired our forefathers when they courageously severed their relations with Great Britain fought the Revolutionary War, and at the point of crude anvil: forged bayonets compelled that opulent, arrogant, proud, and power~l nation to .recognize our independence.

It is significant that a large m,ajority, yes, an overwhelming majority, of those who won om· war for independence and founded our Republic actively cooperated in founding the Democratic Party which in turn perfected our scheme of government and nurture~ our fr~e institutions. It first demonstrated to a skeptical world the capacity of Jhe American people for selfgovernment~ It developed our latent ·and almost limitless natural resources. By wise statesmanship it. transfo~ed 13 rival

11886. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE' JANUARY 17 -colonies, envious_ of _ each other's power and influence, into -a compact, cohesive, and progre sive nation. - It fostered - our social, agricultural, industrial, and commercial life. It encouraged culture and learning by establishing systems of free schools unsurpa sed and unexampled in either ancient or modern times. It stimulated liberal and fine arts. It raised our standards of living to unprecedented levels. It ~reated a national spirit and largely eradicated provincialism. By wholesome policies and liberal laws it sent first into the trans-Appalachian area and then into the trans-Mississippi region a mighty-race of pioneers who felled the forests, subdued the desert, stirred the soil into generous productivity, laid out highways, tunneled mighty

. mountains, bridged torrential streams, reared homes and churches, established schools, built cities, and transformed the uninviting wilderness into a delightful and amazingly productive l1abitation which has made a wonderful contribution to our national life and tremendously augmented our stock of national .wealth. [Applause on the Democratic side.] , During the first 75 or 80 years of our national existence the 1Democratic Party, practically alone and unaided, guided and guarded the destinies of our Republic, and protected it from internal strife and shielded it from the envi(}US, avaricious, and greedy grasp of older and more powerful nations that looked contemptuously on our form of government and coveted (}Ur rich possessions. By wise and far-seeing .statesmanship it extended our territorial boundaries to the Pacific Ocean, adding to our public domain a far-flung empire with diversified resources, the extent and value of which surpass the dreams of avarice and -stagger human comprehension. In every decade of its long and eventful history, the Democratic Party has made an exceedingly valuable contribution to the forces that promote the public weal. Its history is the record of our Nation's birth, development, and

:greatness. In constructive statesmanship it has not been sur-passed or even approached by any political party that has appeared in our national life. Appreciating the wisdom embo-died in Lord Chatham~s maxim, "Where law ends tyranny begins," the Democratic Party has always been a party of law and order and has stood for the sanctity and inviolability of our Federal Constitution and for the supremacy of our laws. "'Xo no one

'will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay right and justice." , This rule of national conduct was first embodied in the Magna Charta wrestled from John Plantagenet by the English barons

·at Runnymede in 1215. It announces a principle and policy of government the Democratic Party has always sought to apply in the administration of public affairs.

Great political parties founded on age-lasting principles and with records for useful service and constructive statesmanship do not die or disintegrate as a result of severe defeats or longcontinued denial of public' favor . . Some short-sighted Democrats and Republicans looked upon the election results in 1912 as a death blow to the Republican Party. Seemingly ~t was hopelessly _ divided with no reasonable probability of the party schism ever being tranquilized.

But contrary to expectations, the breach was soon healed, the blowy chasm between the discordant elements quickly bridged, angry passions _ soon subsided, and factional hatreds disappeared almost as quickly as a fog lifts from a valley after the radiant beams of a summer sunrise dip over the mountain summits and bathe the landscape with warmth and beauty. Though stro.ngly intrenched in P<>'Wer as a result of the unhappy events that precipitated and followed the Civil War, the Republican Party went down in defeat before the disorganized and seemingly impotent Democracy in the presidential elections in 1876, 1884, 1892, _1912, and 1916. Some of these reverses were sufficiently acute to seriously threaten its existence, or at least its influence as an effective political (}rganization, and in 1912 the rout was so decisive that many of its most loyal members foresaw its pr(}bable overthrow and destruction.

As the Republican Party survived these crushing reverses, so the Democratic Party will weather the storm, ride out of the tempest, survive the severe d111bbing it received in 1928, and continue to serve the American people. Its decimated ranks will be filled and closed, its morale restored, its confidence renewed, its courage quickened, and its organization perfected so as to function efficiently. The tides of popular favor that ebbed in 1928 will flow with irresistible force toward Democracy in 1930 and 1932. The pendulum of public opinion will inevitably swing back toward the Democratic Party and crown its policies with public approval. Those who expected and hoped for its early dissolution will be quickly and · completely disillusioned and in future elections will stand face to face with a united, militant, and rehabilitated Democratic Party.

I am reluctant to believe that the American people have abandoned or will aband(}n the principles, policies, and funda- . mental concepts of government that called the Democratic Party

into existence, and which for nearly a century and a half that party has aggressively champi(}ned and succe sfully applied in the administration of our National and State affairs.

There is the same great need for the Democratic Party now · as when Jefferson vigorously opposed the monarchial tendencies and centralizing influence sponsored by Hamilton and his associates in the Federalist Party; as much need now for the Democratic Party as when Jefferson advocated a Government that would insure equal rights to all, special privileges to none ; as much need for the Democratic Party now as when Jeffer ·on forced a recognition of the principle that "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people"; as much need now for the Democratic Party as when it formulated and successfully applied .our wise foreign policy, including the so-called .Monroe doctrine, first advanced by Jefferson while Secretary of State under Washington, and which was afterwards elaborated and announced as a national policy by President Monroe, another Democrat ; as much need now for the Democratic Party as when it blazed the old paths and ·established the old landmarks for the future guidance of the American people ; as much need now for a militant democracy as when· Andrew Jackson, with cloudle s vision and unexampled courage, strangled the United States Bank and ended the autocratic power it exerted over the Government and the unconscionable monopoly it enjoyed over the financial affairs of the Nation; as much need now for the · Democratic Party as when our Democratic Presidents and Democratic Congresses were adding to our public domain, extending our national boundaries and carrying our flag from the Father of Waters to the placid, sun-kissed Pacific and from the far-flung Canadian frontier to the sluggish Rio Grande; as much need now for the Democratic Party as when it was developing our rich natural resources and amazing wealth of farm, fie.ld, forest, factory, mountain, mine, and plain; as much need now for the Democratic Party as when Cleveland established the principle that "a public office is a public trust," ruthlessly stamped out corruption and extravagance and restored honesty, efficiency, and economy in the administration of Federal affairs [applause]; as much need now for the Democratic Party as when Woodrow Wilson inaugurated far-reaching governmental reforms, secured the enactment of laws to establish social justice, and in eight years placed on our statute books more beneficent and outstanding constructive legislation than had been enacted by the Republican Party in the previous 50 years [applause] ; as much need now for the Democratic Party as when President Wilson carried to a suc~essful con, summation our stupendous military operations in the World War, the most sanguinary, appalling, and destructive conflict that has ever ravaged the earth, scourged humanity, or chastised nations since the morning stars sang together and the curtain went up on human history.

Gentlemen, it is not probable that either the Democratic or Republican Parties will die for generations. Though differing widely, each is founded oo principles that vitally affect our social, political, industrial, and economic life, and which will probably be the subject of honest disagreement and uppermost in the minds of the American people for several decades. Each represents a definite and distinct theory as to the functions of government, but they differ radically in the application of the fundamental principles on which our -free institutions are founded. It is ridiculous to assert that either party has a monopoly on wisdom, statecraft, and patriotism, or to assume that one party will live forever and the other quickly perish. In both of the great political parties much may be found to commend and much to condemn. Obviously each party bad and has a mission. Each has contributed to our national prestige, progress, peace, and prosperity. Each has often been mismanaged and suffered from selfish and unwise leadership. Each has occasionally worshiped false political gods and now and then sold its birthright for a short lease of power or for a mess of political pottage. Each has made many mistakes and at times embezzled power, misused official positions, and sacrificed the interests of the people. In platform declarations and in the enactment of legislation each political party has frequently abandoned fi~ed principles for expediency in an effort to win election and secure temporary advantages.

But by reason of tbe principles on wbicb it is f(}unded and because of its more than a century-long battle for the rights of the masses or so-called common people, the Democratic Party has seldom departed far from its traditional policies, turned aside from its well-marked path of duty or surrendered to the ~lfish and sordid interests that infest our national Capitol and greedily demand special privileges, undeserved favors, and unearned bounties.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-·· HOUSE 1887 As great political parties do not spring up overnight neither

do they perish suddenly. They are called· into being. in answer to a nation-wide public demand. They are organized and maintained to reflect and emphasize the will and demands of large groups of people. They are endowed with life, virility, and influence because they represent and advocate the opinions, convictions, and fundamental conceptions of large bodies of citizens in relation to governmental matters.

Political parties are the agencies and instrumentalities by which the American voters work their will and express their approval or disapproval of legislative and economic policies. A political party is , composed of millions of men and women who are in complete or substantial agreement as to governmental policies and methods by which social - and economic justice may be promoted. And political parties are organized and maintained to curb, restrain, and rebuke individuals and parties who make merchandise of patriotism and use the agencies and instrumentalities of the Government to promote their sel1i.sb and sordid ends. ·

Parties are created to safeguard our institutions, promote the general welfare, expose corruption and graft, rebuke prodigality and extravagance in the eJ..."J)enditure of public funds, define the subjects, objects, and limits of taxation, and to prevent an unreasonable exercise or an abuse of the taxing power. In short, political parties will exist as long as we cherish our free institutions. Without great _ political parties a Republic such as ours can not function efficiently, work the will of its . citizens, obtain the maximum benefits and blessings incident to our unique form of government, attain the highest ends and ideals of statecraft, insure the reign of social justice, and equitably balance the scales of opportunity between conflicting interests and riv!l-1 vo_cational groups.

A political party stands for certain well-defined theories of governm~nt; champions principles and policies that in the opinion of the rank and file of the party will best promote· the public good. A _political party ·is the voice of millions of men and women in the expression of their views on public problems. The ave~age citizen aligns himself with the party that stands for the things he stands for ; that advocates principles in harmony -with his convictions ; that champions the policies he believes will best promote the welfare of the Nation; and in choosing his partY, he is not materially influenced by the success or failure of this or that party at the polls ; and ordinarily the American people do not abandon their honest opinions and we~-considered political convictio-ns because the party that champions these policies is defeated at the ballot box.

As a rule men hold firmly to their political convictions, although a majority of people may entertain different views and advocate different policies . . When a man aligns himself with a certain political party it is reasonable to assume that he believes in the principles and policies advocated by that party and that he will not abandon his party simply because it has lost the election. If a voter before the election honestly be· lieves his party's policies are right, his faith in the justice of these policies will continue after the election. No election ever changed r,ight to wrong or wrong to right. No election ever made a sound policy unsound or an unsound policy sound. Whatever is right before the election is right•after the election, although a majority may be on the other side. Majorities do not determine what party principles are right and what party policies are wrong. Principles never change; they are eternal.

A political party may be in a hopeless minority, yet its principles and policies may be sound, wholesome, and such as will best promote the welfare of the Nation. A conception of government that is fundamentally right does not lose its virtue because a majority of the people reject that policy at the ballot box.

These observations lead me to the conclusion that the foundation of. a gr~t political party is laid too deep in the mind, heart, conscience, affection, and judgment of men to be undermined or destroyed by the defeat or a succession of defeats of that party. Political parties may be defined as self-created corporations or joint-stock companies organized by voters to speak for them, advocate their principles, champion their policies, and work their will. In union and cooperation there is strength, and voters realize that what they can not do as individuals they may be able to accomplish collectively by uniting and cooperating as a party. As long as a voter holds fast to. his political convictions he will not abandon the party that champions his theories .of government. Why should any man withdraw from the association of those with whom he is in fnll or substantial accord and join those whose views are in striking conflict with his own convictions? ·

For the reasons to which I have referred major political :pilrties seldom die or disintegrate. They may change their

LXX--119

names ·and pass under new leadership, but the instances are exceedingly rare when · a great political party dies or crumbles to pieces. - ·

Even superficial students of our political history kno-w that ever since we have had a Government we have had a Demo~ cratic Party, although it was originally known _ as the AntiFederalist or Democratic-Republican Party, and since the time of President Jackson it has been· known as the Democratic Party. During the first administration of President Washington, although classed as a Federalist, the executive department was not conducted on a partisan basis; there were no political parties .as we now understand that term, although conflicting views were held by rival groups or blocs that developed into the Federalist Party and the Democratic Party. The Demo, cratic Party has an unbroken line of succession from the firs_t Washington administration. The Federalist PaTty after a brief career was merged in the Whig Party, and from the loins of the Whig Party the Republican Party sprung.

Crediting the administrations of. Presidents Wa&hington and John Adam::; to the Federalist Party, though the former was not essentially partisan, the executive department of our Government since 1789 has been controlled by political parties as follows:

Federalist Party, 12 years. -Whig Party, 4 years 1 month. Republican Party, 52 years. Democratic Party; 71 years 11 mo-nths. It is a noteworthy fact that for more than one-half of the·

hundred and forty . years of our national existence the Democratic Party has been in complete co-ntrol of the executive branch of our Government . . And in the period during which· the Democratic Party dominated this Nation our institutions were nurtured and established on a stable and enduring basis, our resources developed, our territorial boundaries tremendously enlarged, our national wealth enormously augmented, and our Republic elevated to a preeminent position among the self-governing States of the world.

And to the end that the American people might not become too self-centered and materialistic, through the warp of our national fabric the Democratic Party has shot · the woof of exalted_ ideals, ethical aspirations, and transcendant humanitarianism. When we consider its long and eventful career, its outstanding accomplishments in constructive statesmanship, its wholesome influence, its unselfish service to the American · people, its success when encompassed by seemingly insurmountable obstacles, its resourcefulness and fortitude in adversity, and its sublime courage when beset by appalling vicissitudes; the Democratic Party stands preeminent among the political parties in the United States and may well be acclaimed the Colossus of political organizations of modern times, and Hs feet are not of clay or stubble.

Every intelligent Republican knows the Democratic Party · will live because it desenes to live. Only those Democrats and Republicans who are fit subjects for a psychopathic hospital prattle about the Democratic Party dying or disintegrating.

Though decisively routed in the recent election, the Demo-· cratic Party, 15,000,000 strong, still carries on. It is rapidly recovering from the shock: of disappointed hopes and shattered ambitions. Phrenixlike it emerges from the ashes of defeat. It renews its strength like the young eagles in their ·upward flight. Its gaping wounds bear mute but eloquent testimony of its valor and-fortitude. While its livery is somewhat tattered, its spirit is undaunted, its arm strong, its shield still capable.: of turning aside every javelin thrust; .its armor unshattered and unpierced though red with rust from sanguinary encounters. Its sw<l'rd is still unbroken and unbent, sharp as a Toh~do blade, and with the temper of a rapier forged in the ·hot furnaces of Damascus. Though its banner is disheveled, it has not dipped to the enemy or· trailed in the ·dust.

Out of the quicksands of defeat, out of the deep pit of disaster, out of the wilderness of indecis~on, out of the crosscurrents and riptides of dissension, and out from the vortex of , fractricidal conflict and intestine strife, the Democratic Party comes forth, stands ·erect, moves forward, · glimy with the smoke of innumerable battles, bearing the scars of countless combats, and with confidence and unflinching courage faces the future, its head bloody but unbowed, its soul unafraid and uncon-querable. .

Where is the man of intelligence who has the temerity to pronounce sentence of death on the Democratic -Party? [Applause.] .

Mr. CRAMTON. Will the gentleman yield for a question? Mr. LOZIER. Certainly. Mr. CRAMTON. The Democratic Party having been in power

·for 71· years and the Republican ·Party for only 50 years, I

1888 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 presume the gentleman is reconciled to our having the -power for tile next 20 years so as to even up the score?

Mr. LOZIER. The Republican Party has had a longer lease of power than it deserved in view of its record as the aggressive and outspoken champion of special privilege and class legislation. IIowever, if the American people, in the exercise of their judgment-which frequently is hasty, biased, and poorly considered-determine that they want the Republican Party to continue in power, then we will, of course, abide their decision. But I modestly uggest to the gentleman from :Michigan that his party lea.Uers have too often misused, embezzled, and abused the powers committed to them to justify the conclusion that his party will long be anchored in the confidence of the people.

There will come a time when the beneficiaries of special privilege will not be able to fool the American people any longer or to put over their vicious and discriminatory legislative Pl'Ogram. The day will come when the American people will realize that the present leaders of the Republican Party have betrayed the rank and file of their own party and have made it the agent, attorney in fact, and the supine servant of the special-privilege classes of this Nation, an<l when that time comes an awakened and outraged constituency will hurl his party from power, drive the corrupt money changers out of the temple of government, and remove from places of responsibility those who use the agencies of government to " feather their own nests" and accomplish their selfish and sinister purposes.

The Democratic Party has suffered severe defeats in the past, but it has always quickly recovered an<l fought its way to victory in coming elections. Even now it is recovering from its recent defeat, its forces are being united, and all indications point to it complete rehabilitation. At this good time the tide of public opinion is flowing toward the Democratic Party, and well-informed Republicans realize that they are facing a stubborn battle in the 1930 and 1932 elections. [Applause.]

Mr. WASON. Mr. Chairman, I yield three minutes to my colleague from Wisconsin [Mr. ScHAFER.]. [Applause.]

Mr. SCHAFER. Mr. Chairman, I notice that the gentleman who bas just addressed the committee is still with us, and I desire to take these few minutes to ask him a question. I listened with a great deal of interest to his remarks on the merits of the Democratic Party and its return to power in the future, although I do not agree with most of them.

In his Milwaukee speech during the last campaign the Democratic standard bearer, Gov. Alfred E. Smith, of New York, practically confined his entire address to a discussion of his views in favor of modifying the eighteenth amendment and the Volstead Act. He told the people of Milwaukee, ''vho were overwhelmingly in favor of changing the existing prohibition law, that if they desired to have the eighteenth amendment and the Volstead Act modified, they should by their votes in the November election return the Democratic Party to power. Now, can the gentleman advise me and the people of ~Iilwaukee, if the day ever comes when the Democratic Party is r eturned to power, whether in his judgment we will have a modification of the Volstead Act and the eighteenth amendment, as promised by Governor Smith in his Milwaukee speech. I now yield for any member of the Democratic Party who is present to advise me and the people of Milwaukee whether or not they believe that when the day comes that the Democratic Party is returned to power we will have a modification of the Volstead Act and the eighteenth amendment, as Governor Smith stated in his Milwaukee speech prior to the November election. I hear no response, and I am now more fully convinced that Governor Smith was wrong, as I indicated during the course of the campaign, in stating that if the Democratic Party were returned to power we would have a modification of U1e eighteenth amendment and the Volstead Act. [Applause.]

Mr. WASON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. D.ALLINGER].

CRUISER CONSTRUCTION

Mr. DALLINGER. Mr. Chairman, as I was listening to the eloquent words of the gentleman from Missouri I thought for a moment that I was not in the House of RepresentatiYes but in the Democratic National Convention at Houston. [Applause.] I am perfectly willing to admit that like death and taxes the Democratic Party is always with us. [Applause.] But I do not intend to indulge in any political controversy, nor shall I attempt to reply to my dear friend and colleague from South Carolina [Mr. STEVENSON], who had something to say about ~n amendment which bears my name. He spoke so beautifully about the friendship of Massachusetts and South Carolina that I have not the heart to reply to his remarks at this time.

However, I do want to speak very briefly about another amendment that bears my name, which has seemed to create a

great deal of disturbance throughout the country, the so-called Dallinger amendment to the cruiser bill, which was adopted by the House.

I wish to say, in the first place, for the benefit of those friends on both sides of the Chamber who supported me in that fight, and in which we were successful, that the fruits of that victory have been stolen, and that we Will probably never have a chance by direct vote to regain them under our rules. The Naval Committee of the Senate in reporting the cruiser bill to the Senate modified my amendment by adding an amendment to it, which means that that part of the bill will go to conference where the conferees will have authority to rew1ite the amendment, and as all the conferees will be hostile to the purpose of the a,mendment, they will take all the teeth out of it by leaving the matter to the discretion of the Secretary of the Navy, and we know what that mean . For in spite of the fact that Congress in its wisdom has seen fit to put into permanent statute law a provision that the arsenals and navy yards of the country, in which the people of this country have an enormous capital investment, shall be utilized for the manufacture of articles needed for the national defense " when time and facilities permit," as a rule, time and facilities do not permit.

Now, we have a vast amount of the taxpayers' money invested in these plants all over the country and they are not being used to the extent to which they should be used. I have made the statement of the facts repeatedly befo1·e bodies of business men and have never yet failed to g·et their approval of the contention that this policy is wrong-that this great Gov-. ernment of ours either ooght to sell the plants, in which the people of the country have invested more than two thousand millions of dollars, and put the money in the Treasury for the relief of the taxpayers, or else they ought to use them for the purpose for which they were intended.

Now, the Secretary of the Navy has recently written a letter to a member of the United States ~nate in which, to my mind, as one to whom has been intrusted one of the great departments of our national defense, he has made a most pitiful admission. He makes the statement that most, if not all, of our navy yards are not equipped to build one of these cruisers without the expenditure of a considerable sum of money. Mr. Chairman, this is a most pitiful admission, because in 1916, just before we entered the war, this Congre s appropriated vast sums of money for the purpose of enabling the Navy Department to put these establi hments in first-class condition, and if they have not been kept in condition, then it seems to me the Navy Department is subject to severe criticism.

Now, what is the practice of the other great powers? It was the practice of all the nations of the earth until rompru·atively recent times to manufacture all their munitions of war in time of peace in government establishments, because it was recognized that this was a government function. Of recent years, however, it has been the policy of our administrative officials to use the navy yards less and less and to rely more and more upon private establishments. Moreover, there bas been a lot of false propaganda that has gone forth to the country from the private shipbuilding interests to the effect that most of the vessels built by the Governments of the other great powers are being built in private yards.

Now, what are the facts? I have ·made some inquiries of the British Government and I find that of the last 13 cruisersthese modern, up-to-date cruisers-7 have been built in the three navy yards that Great Britain maintains. The British Isles are small. They have not much more coast line than some of our States. There are 3 navy yards and 10 large private yards. Great Britain bas built 7 of the e last 13 cruisers in the government navy yards and only 6 in the 10 private yards. In other words, the Blitish Government constructed all the cruisers it could in the government-owned yards.

The Republic of France has built all of its cruisers in government navy yards, the smaller vessels being built in the private yards, which is just the reverse of the policy of the United States. The policy of this country is to build most of the large vessels, the vessels upon which so much depends, in private yards under private contract.

Mr. HUDSON. Will the gentleman yield for a question? Mr. DALLINGER. Certainly. Mr. HUDSON. How mueh would we have to increase the

personnel of our navy yards if we enlarged their scope for building these \essels in them?

Mr. DALLINGER. Comparatively little. Mr. HUDSON. Are we not now using all we can? Mr. DALLINGER. No. Most of the navy yards are prac

tically not being used, except for repair work and for the con· struction of some of the smaller vessels.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 1889 Mr. HUDSON. I suppose that is true so far as equipment is

concerned, but I am talking about the men to do the work. Would we not have to increase the number of them?

Mr. DALLINGER. No; we have been discharging skilled mechanics right along because there was no work for them to do.

1\Ir. McDUFFIE. Will the gentleman yield for one question? Mr. DALLINGER. Certainly. Mr. McDUFFIE. Is it the gentleman's position that the

private shipyards, where we also have hundreds of millions of dollars invested as a result of individual initiative, should not be permitted to bid upon this work at all?

Mr. DALLINGER. Certainly not. Private shipyards ought to be used where necessary, and my amendment was a perfectly fair amendment. I recognize the importance of both the private shipyards and the Government yards, and my amendment, which has been grossly misrepresented throughout the country, provided that every alternate cruiser should be built in a Government yard, which is exactly what Great Britain has done.

Mr. BANKHEAD. Will the gentleman yield for one question purely for information?

Mr. DALLINGER. Certainly. Mr. BANKHEAD. The gentleman stated that the Secretary

had a& eJ;ted that these government navy yards were not adequate for the construction of 10,000-ton cruisers. As a matter of fact, are they capable of that character of construction, either the one in the gentleman's district or any other of the navy-yard establishments?

1\Ir. DALLINGER. My point, Mr. Chairman, was that the navy yards ought to be capable of constructing these cruisers. If they are not in a condition to do the work for which they were established, then we are in a sad way so far as our national defense is concerned, especially when we consider that our navy yards were brought up to the highest point of efficiency at the time of the war. Inasmuch as the other great powers of the world are keeping their navy yards up to the highest point of efficiency we should have kept ours up and should have seen to it that they were capable of building these large vessels.

Mr. BANKHEAD. But is it true we would have to spend lb.rge sums of money to make the navy yards capable for this character of construction?

Mr. DALLINGER. I believe, Mr. Chairman, that the amount necessary to make these navy yards capable of building these cruisers, and even the largest battleships, is very much exaggerated, and I want to say here that I have talked with some of the officers at some of these yards and they had told me in confidence that the amount required to put these navy yards in condition to build these cruisers is not large, and in some cases no larger than the amount that will have to be spent by some of the private yards to do the same thing.

Mr. ALLEN. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. DALLINGER. I yield. Mr. ALLEN. I want to call the gentleman's attention to

the fact that the conditions complained of in the navy yards apply to the arsenal in my district. I have an arsenal in my district that contains stock, machinery, and equipment, totaling over $400,000,000, and they are begging and pleading for work to hold together the organization in that great plant, and they only get a gesture now and then.

Mr. DALLINGER. When I was interrupted by numerous questions I was about to give the figm·es with relation to Japan. In Japan 60 per cent of the war vessels of that great empire are manufactured in government navy yards. My point is this: We have 12 navy yards, but we have not as many in proportion to our coast line and size as the other great powers.

What I desire to emphasize is that in spite of the figures given out by the private shipbuilding interests, the three great nations with whom we are compared in the matter of national defense use their navy yards to the fullest possible extent. They keep their navy yards and arsenals up to the greatest posSible efficiency. We are neglecting to do that, and some day we may have cause to regret it.

Now, I want to ask a question and answer it. Why do the other great powers except the United States prefer to build their war vessels in their own navy yards when they can? There are two reasons that occur to me and will occur to you. In the first place, the safety of the men on those vessels is most important. The best piece of work ought to be done, the best possible steel · ought to be used, and the greatest accuracy ought to be had, so as to protect the men on the vessels against accident. I do not care how good your private shipyards are, the fact is that wherr a vessel is let out to a private corporation, organized primarily for profit, you will not get as good a job as you will in a Government shipyard. There is not a man in this House who, if he wanted to build a home, would not prefer, if he could afford it, to build it himself and see the materia!

and labor that went into it. Those of us who can not afford to build a home in that .way are obliged to buy a house from a contractor, and the chances are that we do not get such a wellbuilt house.

In the second place, in the navy yards the work is done by citizens of the country and is planned and supervised by officers of the Navy, capable, qualified men upon whose education the Government has spent large sums of money. Vessels constructed in the Government navy yards are built on honor by officers and men whose sole desire is to turn out the best possible work, and they are not actuated by any selfish motives. On the other hand, in private yards some at least of the workmen may not be citizens of this country ; and not only that, but some may be communists or even anarchists and some of these· fanatical men, if they had the opportunity, might do something to impair the safety of the vessel.

I make the statement without fear of contradiction that in spite of the best Government inspection it is not reasonable to expect that the work done on a Government vessel in a private yard will be as good and as satisfactory as that done by the Government itself in a Government yard. · The other day the distinguished gentleman from Tennesse,

the majority leader, called my attention to the fact that he had been reading the diary and correspondence of that great Democratic President, James K. Polk; and back in those days when it was proposed that one of our Government frigates should be built in a private shipyard, President Polk wrote a very strong letter protesting against such a policy.

Those are the two reasons why the Government for threequarters of a century and why the other great powers, excepting the Unita.d States, to-day build all the vessels they can in Government shipyards. Those in charge of the navies of these great powers feel that in their own Government yards the work will be done by their own citizens and their own officers, and they know that it will be the best possible work that can be obtained.

I want now to call the attention of the House to an interesting situation. When I offered my amendment here in the House the Committee on Naval Affairs was lined up solidly against us, and also the Committee on Appropriations. The late lamented Congressman Butler from PennsylYani.a, chairman of the Naval Committee, stated to the House on information furnished him by naval officials, that these cruisers would cost a million dollars a piece more if built in Government yards; and the same statement was made by the gentleman from Indiana [.Mr. WooD].

I have been fighting this question for 14 years and I never yet ha>e been able to get the figures from the Navy Department showing the extra cost to the Treasury of the United States of having one of these vessels built in a Government yard over and above the cost cif these items carried in the regular naval appropriation bill if the vessel was not so constructed. The trouble is that when the officials of the Navy Department receive a bid from a navy yard as against a private shipyard the instructions are given to the officials in the navy yard to include in the bid of the Government yard certain items of its overhead, and the result is that it is impossible to tell what the extra cost of building one of these vessels in a Goyernment yard is. In other words, the cost, when it is finally arrived at by charging up everything to that vessel which goes into it, disregards the fact that a lot of this material may have been bought years ago by the Government, and that the salaries of all of the officers and a large proportion of the machinists are carried in the regular naval appropriation act, and gives an entirely false impression. I have always believed and am convinced that, taking into account the capital investment of the Government in plant, equipment, materials, and the salaries and wages already carried in the regular appropriation acts, these vessels could be built in the Government navy yards for a million dollars, or possibly two million dollars, less than they can be built for in private yards. It is interesting, in view of the statements made on the floor of this House, that when this matter was before the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs and I was sent for, when I reached the committee room a representative of one of the private shipbuilding plants was arguing to that committee that it was not fair to subject the private plants to competition with the naYy yards, because they had to figure interest on the capital invested in their land, buildings, machinery, and · equipment, and their overhead, while in the case of the na Yy yards all of these things were carried in the regular Navy appropriation bill.

They said that it was not a square deal for them ; that it was not fair competition. In other words, they were using just the opposite argument from what was used on the floor of the House. The guardians of the Treasury here were telling you that it was going to cost more to build them· in a Govern-

1890 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 17 ment yard, but over there the private shipyard interests were arguing to the committee that they could not compete with the' Government navy yards and that it was not fair competition.

My colleagues, as a believer in national defense, it has grieved me to hear some of the things that were ~aid when my amendment \vas adopted. Among other things, it was said that the bill was ruined, showing that on the part of the people who made such a statement that the real motive, the real reason why they were interested in this cruiser bill, was because of the private profits which would accrue to some of these great manufacturing establishments. I do not believe that our War Department or our Navy Department are maintained in order that great corporations may reap profits at the expense of the taxpayers of the country. I believe that the War Department and the Navy Department, which have constructed these great manufacturing establishments in which the taxpayers of the country have invested over $2,000,000,000, should be compelled to use them, or else, in justice to the taxpayers, we ought to sell them and put the money back into the Treasury. If we were wrong for three-quarters of a century-if all of these other great nations of the earth are wrong now in believing that the manufacture of munitions of war is a government functionthen we ought to sell all of our navy yards and arsenals and purchase all our vessels and all our munitions of war from private corporations. Many of these great Government establishments to-day are almost idle, and these trained machinists who have been taught to do this accurate work have been thrown out of employment. We ought, in justice to the taxpayers, to sell these plants and have all of our work done by private establishments if we do not intend to use them.

However, Mr. Chairman, when the people of J;his country come to understand the real truth of this whole matter, I believe that they will say that that amendment which I offered and which this House adopted was right, and that I was right in offering it, 3:nd that the membership of this House that sup-. ported me in this amendment were right in voting for it.

Mr. KETCHAM. Mx:. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. DALLINGER. Certainly. Mr. KETCHAM. The gentleman has not made it quite clear

to me why we should not have another opportunity to vote upon this proposition. In what form is the legislation now so that we will be prevented from having an opportunity to vote upon it, if they have changed fundamentally a proposition that the House put into the bill?

Mr. DALLINGER. Because, ordinarily, the only chance we have to vote on a Senate amendment is where an amendment is put on in the Senate that would be out of order under the rules of the House, and then the conferees have to bring that matter before the House for a vote. This is not that case. This is a case where the House adopted an amendment and the Senate makes a little alteration in it. That amendment later will go to conference, and ·it has been repeatedly held that the conferees, inasmuch as there is a disagreement between the two Houses as to a particular paragraph, can rewrite that paragraph, and we have either got to vote to accept or to reject the conference report as a whole.

Mr. BANKHEAD. Well, I am like the gentleman from Michigan. I think under the statement of the parliamentary situation suggested by the gentlem~n from Massachusetts the House will have an opportunity under appropriate motion to consider that question.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has again expired.

Mr. WASON. Mr. Chairman, I yield five minutes to the gen-tleman from Iowa [M!'. LETTs]. ·

OFII'ICIAL PAPERS OB' THE TERRITORIES

Mr. LETTS. Mr. Chairman, I wish to call attention to a situation which developed on Monday 9f this week when the House had under consideration bills on the ~onsent Calendar. The bill to which I refer is S. 1168, to amend an act entitled "An act to authorize the collection and editing of official papers of the Territories of the United States now in the national archives." When this bill came before the House objection was raised and finally the bill was passed over, I think, without prejudice. I am ve:ry much interested in tbis matter, because I have had communic-ations from the State historical societies of Iowa and from various men at the university of my State explaining this as a very important matter and ~:me of much interest to historians and librarians and to others who are making a collection of old papers and of histo1ical records.

M:r. STEVENSON. If the gentleman will permit, is that the bill which was pending before the Printing Committee? We did report out that bill. There was a bill of that kind before the Printing Committee, an exceedingly important bilL

Mr. LETTS. This bill was referred to the Committee on Printing; yes.

Mr. STEVENSON. And reported out? Mr. LETTS. I think so. I will say the bill passed the

S_ena~ on Feb.rnary 6, 1928, and my particular interes t in the Situation at this time is that if it now goes over it will be necessa~y ~o star~ anew in the next Congress. Upon noting the ObJections raised by the gentleman from Michigan [1\lr. CRAMTON],_ I under~k to call upon the Department of State for certam data With respect to this bill and I now have that. · It is convincing as to the merits of the bill and persuasive als<_> as to the form in which the bill was drawn as being more satisfactory than the form in which the gentleman from Michig.an would leave it. I feel, since a great many historical , ociet~es h.ave expr~ssed interest in this matter and many librariru1s likewise, that It would be of interest to a great many Members to have the data and the information which came to me from the State Department, and therefore I ask unanimou. consent to include in my remarks the infprmation which I have so obtained. -

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection? [After a pause.] The Chair hears none. - ·

The matter referred to is as follows: Memorandum in regard to Mr. CRAMTON's objPction to the Territorial

Papers bill, S. 1168 {see CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, January 7, p. 1348, second column)

Tbe pending bill ts in fact an authorization for fur ther appropriations for the completing of the editing and the publication through the Government Printing Office of the official correspondence in the archives in Washington which passed between .the Federal and the Territorial Governments. Forty thousand dollars has already been spent on this project and the copying of the papers has been nearly completed. Some further authorization is required before further appropriations can be made.

Section 4 of S. 1168 enal)!es the department to make its r egular editorial office a kind of " pool," following the system which has been found so economical in the handling of stenographic help.

Help for Territorial Papers is regarded as temporary by the Civll Service Commission. When the appropriation stops the work cease!". The uncert ainty of the work makes it difficult and even impossible to secure the best grade of editors aud proof readers. No expe1ienced proof reader, for example, would care to give up a steady job in another Government office and come to the department for work on the Territorial Papers, knowing that after a limited period the work would cease and the editor would be without a position. The work already done on the Territorial Papers clearly shows that first-grade help ls not assured or, where obtainable, demands a premium price because of the uncertainty of the continuation of the project.

In any large project of editing like this there are at least tour different grades of proof readers and editors employed, the highest being classified in CAF-9 at a minimum salary of $3,200.

The work in various stages has to pass over the desks of all of these people and can not be finally approved for the printer until it has been finally examined by a very competent and responsible editor.

Section 4 will permit the department to enlarge its regular editol'ial staff in the lower grades and then for the higher grades of work to transfer from time to time other parts of the regular staff aud then to charge their services for the time they are detailed to Territorial Paper~ against the appropriation for the editing of Territorial Papers. Some economy and much :fiex.ibility of administration will be accomplished, because otherwise it will be necessary to maintain a complete quota of editors for the 'l'erritorlal Papers, notwithstanding the fact that, due to irregularities in the receipt of proof from the Government Print ing Office, there may be periods of days or even weeks during which this staff will be insufficiently employed.

It is far simpler and considerably less expensive to treat t he editing of Territorial Papers very much as the service station treats the repair of a car. A mechanic is assigned who is competent to do the part of the work required at the moment. :When the job gets beyond the lower mechanie the higher mechanic is detailed to finish it up. The service station charges only for the amount of time spent by each mechan ic on the job.

Possibly the size of the task is not realized. It involves the publication of about 15 volumes of the size of Foreign Relations. It means, in fact, more than doubling the output per year of the department. It is quite impossible for the department to do this additional work with its regular staff.

It will be observed that the effect of j::ection 4 has no relation whatever to the rates of salaries pa!d to the editorial staff of the department. Those salaries are fixed by the classification act and are not changed. What is contemplated is merely a system of bookkeeping by which there shall be charged against the Territorial Papers appropriation the editorial copy reading, proof reading, and index making which is done on the papers.

lf)29 CONGRESSIO:N AL RECORD-HOUSE 1891 s. 1168, together with the additions to the etlitorial staff a~t~orized

under the current appropriation bill, represent such large add1hons to the staff that the . work can be managed economic~lly in no oth~r way than as prov'ided in section 4. If that section is stric~en out a separ~te cditol'ial office will have to be created. This office Will be staffed With people relatively inferior to the standards maintained by the d.epartment for its regular staff. The responsibility for the copy readmg, proof reading, and index making, etc., will be so divided that it will be diffi~ult if not impossible to maintain a uniform style for departmental pubh.cations. The cost to the Government due to the necessity of employing higher grade help than would otherwise be furnished is likely to amount to as much as $10,000. _

If section 4 were to be struck out it is strongly recommended that the authorization be increased (p. 2, line 24, of the bill) to $1?5,000.

As for the provisions in section 3 for the distribution of publications it should be understood that under the printing act of 1895 the . Superintendent of Documents will distribute copies to all depository libraries.

As for the demand for these publications, information. can be obtained by reference to the chairman of the House Committee on Printing or by reference to the Senate Committee on Printing. It is understood that action with :reference to this bill has been taken not only by a large number of historical societies but also by some one or more conferences of public libraries. Th& department, of course, has no interest ':hatever in how many copies are distributed to Senators and Representatives. . It believes that there will be a considerable demand upon the Superintendent of Documents who will have the publication for sale and that this demand, while never large in any one year, will continue indefinitely.

1\Ir. LETTS. I trust this memorandum will come to the attention of the gentleman from Michigan and also the. gentl.eman from Texas [1\Ir. BLACK], so that when the matter IS again reached upon the calendar it may be better understood and may receive the favorable action of this Ho-use.

Mr. WASON. Mr. Chairman, P yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Nebraska [Mr. SIMMONS].

M STREET BRIDGE Mr. Sll\Il\IONS. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to

revi e and extend my remark ·. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection? [After a pause.] The

Chair hears none. Mr. SIMMONS. Gentlemen, in the hearing on. this bill on

page 73 is a report of the testimony of Mr. Charles ?t~oore, chairman of the Fine Arts Commission. The statement IS an unfair and unwarranted critici m of the Commissioners of t~e District of Columbia and the highway department .of the District. I desire to read into the R ECORD the statement there made by 1\Ir. Moore so that the entire matter will appear in the RECORD.

This statement is made in answer to a question by Mr. W .ASO "', the chairman of the committee:

I there anything else you want to tell us?

Mr. Moore proceeded to say: Mr. MOORE. There is one matter. On two or three occasions, notaJ>ly

the 1 Street Bridge and the Kitty Hawk Memorial to the Wrights, and some other things of that kind, it has been the endea,vor of the commission to carry out the expressed purpose of Congress ; and we have bad to reject some submissions because we thought they were not in accordance with what Congress had intended. For instance, it was propo ed to recondition or to build a life-saving station at Kitty Hawk and call it a monument, and that_ was not what Congress intended. And Congress intended (and it was specific so far as the hearings were concerned as to the M StL·eet Bridge) a park bridge ; but the District engineer of bridges does not know what a park bridge is . The architect of the District does; we have a very good District architect.

Then follow some other questions, and this statement by Mr. Moore:

Mr. MoORE. • • • It is not a park bridge; it is an ugly service bridge of a type unfitted for park purposes.

Mr. SUMMERS. Where is that bridge? Mr. MOORE. On M Street, the bridge they are rebuilding. And they

are doing the same thing in Rock Creek Park right along. Where the District gets a chance to cross Rock Creek Park, where their roads go through, they a1·e putting in ugly bridges which are o.ut of all keeping with the other park bridges.

Mr. VINSON. What sort of bridge is actually under constl"Uction on M Street?

Mr. MOORE. It is a steel-girder bridge. Mr. VINSON. Is that in accordance with the views of the commission? Mr. MOORE. It is not in accordance with the views of the commis-

sion ; it is not in accordance with the views of Congress.

Then he states in another place: I wish to make it clea r that the commission is not responsible,

in these cases, when the will of Congress is not carried out.

The facts of the case, gentlemen, are that that bridge is being constructed in strict accordance with an act of Congress. If 1\f"r. Moore had read the act he would have known it. The highway depar-tment produced plans for a steel-girder bridge; a bill was introduced in Congress providing for the erection of a steel-girder btidge, it was reported to the House of Representatives by the legislative committee of the District Qf Columbia, and considered and passed in this body; the bill was. sent to the Senate, there studied, and there reported and there passed, providing for a steel-girder bridge. At a later time the District Commissioners came before the Appropriations Committees of the House and Senate and asked for money to build that bridge. The authorization limited the committee to $250,000 for that purpose. The House Committee on Appropriations carried the appropliation of $250,000 and the Senate concurred in that appropriation. So there were four distinct times in the proceedings attending the passage of the_ bill and the appropriation of the money by Congress-twice in the House and twice in the Senate-where Mr. Moore had an opportunity to protest the building -of the type of bridge that is now being built-·at that point. He -either did not protest-and· so far as I ean discover the records do not show that he did-

-or else Congress ignored his advice. In any event, the record -is clear that the commi ioners are

building exactly the type of bridge at 1\I Street that Congress ordered there to be built.

The type of bridge that Mr. 1\loore wants built is an arch-type. bridge. The commissioners had no authority to build it. The Committee on Appropriations had no authority to appropriate for such a bridge. When 1\Ir. 1\Ioore went over the heads of the commissioners and asked the municipal architect to prepare plans for an arch bridge instead of a steel-girder bridge he was asking for plans tQ be drawn which could not be installed there under the ~ct of Congress. Had he read the law he would have known that that was trne. When he comes before the Committee on Appropriations and attempts to make it appear that the commissioners and the highway department of the District are not carrying out the will of Congress, and t)lat he is the only man who wants to carry out the will of Congre s, I think the facts should be known.

His attitude is not only unjust and unfair but it is based upon an easily ascertainable false premise. Mr. Moore has no light to claim that there is lack of cooperation on the part of the commissioners in thi matter. To my personal knowledge they gave him e\ery consideration and cooperated just so far as the law permitted. What he complains about is that he has been unable to dictate to the commissioners and unable to compel them to proceed at his request in violatjon of a clear provision of law. The positio-n taken by the commissioners is correct. If. there is any blame attaching to anyone, it attaches to Mr. Moore for neglecting to . make his views known prior to and not after Congress had acted. I ask unanimous consent to extend in the RECORD a a part of my remarks a statement . that has been prepared at my request by the Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia, dated .January 17, 1929, pointing out that the bridge which Mr. Moore asked for could not have been built under the act of Congress; that it would have cost $160,000 more to build his type of bridge than the · type of bridge now being built there; that Congress had not authorized that expense; and that it would have created considerable disturbance in the water system of the District if his wishes had been carried out.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Nebraska asks unanimous consent to extend his remarks as indicated. Is there objection?

There was no objection. The statement referred to follows:

ENGINEER COMl'IILSSIONER OF THill DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ~ Washington, January rt, 1fJZ9.

IIIEMORANDUM FOR MR. SIMMONS

In compliance with your request, I give you below a brief history of the M Street Bridge case.

In the spring of 1925 the old bridge crossing Rock Creek on the line ot M Street NW. was found to have deteriorated with time to such a point a s to imperil the safety of the structure, and it became necessary to close the bridge to vehicular traffic. Consideration was first given to the proposition of repairing the bridge, the cost of the necessary work being estimated at about $15,000. It was found, however, that the old bridge if repaired along the lines of the existing structure would interfere with the plans of the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway Commission, which contemplate carrying a park boulevard along the banks of Rock Creek underneath the bridge. In o1·der to make room for such a parkway it was found that it would be necessary to move the old west; abutment and make other changes in the structure. For this reason it was decided that it would be better to replace the

1892 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE JANUARY 17 old bridge with a new struct~re adequate for modern traffic needs and adapted to the requirements of the parkway plan.

Plans for the new bridge were prepared in the office of the engineer of bridges during the fall and winter of 1925-26. Consideration was given to various types of construction. The old bridge _ carried a 48-inch trunk water main, which is an essential part of the water supply and distribution system, and also a 30-inch cast-iron sewer, both of which had to be cared for in the plans for the new structure.

Two types of bridge were considered-the arch type and the steel: girder type. It was found that the foundation conditions were such that the cost of a concrete arch bridge would be greatly in excess of a steel-girder bridge, and that the headroom required for the park ro.adway coulll not be provided in the arch type without increasing the length of the span, which again would operate to increase the cost. For these reasons the steel-girder type was selected, with the provision that the steel girders should be incased in concrete, thus giving the etl'ect of a concrete girder construction. Either type of bridge required the removal of the sewer to another location under Rock Creek, but provision for the carrying of the water main was made in the plan~ for the steel-girder bridge, it being found that this could be done without diminishing the headroom below that required ~or the park driveway.

For these reasons the steel-girder type with the girders incased in concrete was adopted, the estimated cost being as follows :

Bridge-------------------------- ----------- ------------

ffe~:rg~~:~n!i~~c~~na!~~-~~~~============:=::::=:=:=:::::: Engineering, conting"E'ncies, etc __ ·--- -----------------------

$170,000 15,000 33,500 31,500

TotaL-----------------~------------------------- 250, 000 A bill authorizing the construction of a steel-girder bridge was pre

pared by the commissioners, approved by the Director of the Budget, and submitted to Congress with request for its enactment. While the bill was under consideration the engineer of bridges appeared before the committees in Congress and displayed the plans prepared in his office and adopted by the commissioners. Thereafter the bill was passed by Congress and approved by the President on July 3, 1926. The language of the bill is as follows :

"Be it enacted, etc., That in ol"der to provide sufficient clearance for the proposed park drive in the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, anQ to enable traffic to use M Street NW., between Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Sh·eets, the CommisSioners of the District of Columbia be, and they are hereby, authorized and directed to construct a new steel-girder bridge to replace the bridge in the line of M Street over Rock Creek, which bridge shall have a roadway 40 feet wide and two footways each nine feet wide, and shall include proper facilities for can-ying and suppm·ting water main and other underground construction : Provided, That the Commission of Fine Arts shall be consulted as to the architectural design of the proposed bridge and its approaches.

" SEC. 2. That there is hereby authorized to be appropriated, payable in like manner as other appropriations for the expenses of the District of Columbia, the sum of $250,000, and the said commissioners are authorized to expend therefrom such sum or sums as may be necessary for personal services, engineering, and incidental expenses.

"Approved July 3, 1926." It will be noted that by this act Congress definitely approved and

adopted the steel-girder type of bridge, with the provision that the Commission of Fine Arts shall be consulted as to the architectural desiga of the proposed bridge and its approaches.

The District of Columbia appropriation act for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1928, approved March 2, 1927, carried an item as follows:

" For construction of a bridge to replace the M Street Bridge over Rock Creek, including necessary changes in sewer and water mains and including also such sum or sums as may be necessary for personal services, engineering, and incidental expenses, $250,000."

When this item was under consideration by the Appropriations Committee of the House the question of the design of the bridge was raised. The following extract from the hearings shows what was said at that time: [From the House hearings, District of Columbia appropriation bill, 1928,

pp. 276-278] CONSTRUCTIO~ TO REPLACE M STREET BRIDGE

"Mr. SIMMONS. The second item on page 101 is for construction of a bridge to replace the M Street Bridge over Rock Creek, including necessary changes in sewer and water mains and including, also, such sum or sums as may be necessary for personal services, engineering, and incidental expenses, $250,000.

"Mr. HUNT. This bridge was constructed in 1872. An examination made in May, 1925, disclosed defects of such serious character that it was necessary to clo-se the bridge to traffic. The plans for the Rock Creek Parkway reqttiTe the removal of the existing bridge and the proposed girder bridge is designated to conform with the roadways of the Rock Creek Parkway. The bridge is a part of an important run of the fire department as well as a part of an important highway.

" Mr. CoLLINS. "\Vhat is this going to cost? · '"l4r. RoBER'rSON: It is esti_mated at $250,00(). _

"Mr. COLLINs. Do you not estimate tbe contract cost at $177,000? "Mr. HowsER. Yes, sir; but $250,000 includes all the work necessary

!or the construction of the bridge, water mains, sewer mains, and approaches. We have to shift one 48-incb water main across the old bridge. We also have to shift the se-wer.

"Mr. CoLLnrs. Are you going to put two driveways on the lower part of the bridge ?

" Mr. HoWSER. No, sir; there will be one driveway on one side. I have a sketch here showing the type of structure.

''Mr. CoLLINS. Has it been approved by the Fine Arts Commission? "Mr. HowSER. It has not as yet reached that stage. "Mr. SIMMoNs. Your proposal is to build a bridge there in keeping

with the other bridges of the District? "Mr. HOWSER. Yes, sir. ''Mr. CoLLINS. How are you going to have the driveways? " Mr. HowsER. One driveway here [indicating on sketch] at an ele-

vation of 15 feet. "Mr. COLLINS. How wide is that? " Mr. HowsER. Fifty-foot driveway. " Mr. CoLLINs. There is one on the other side? "Mr. HowsER. On this side [indicating). The driveway is elevated.

'!'his connects up with the upper level of the bridge [indicating]. There will be a bridle path here.

"Mr. COLLINS. How much is the bridle path going to cost? "Mr. HowsER. That will not come under our jurisdiction. All we do

is to make provision !or the roadway ; see that the surface is graded properly.

" Mr. CoLLINS. I thought that you bad a driveway on either side of Rock Creek.

" Mr. HOWSER. At this point [indicating] there will be one driveway underneath and one on top on the other side, to give a high-level road.

"Mr. HUNT. On the east side is the high-level road and on the west side the low-level road at that particular point. That is in accordance with the park development plan. It fits in with that.

"Mr. CoLLINS. They have not made any progress, in other words. That is just a tentative plan.

"Mr. HUKT. It is an approved plan, but not an executed plan. This plan fits their plan.

"Colonel BELL. Changes are still made in that plan. "Mr. CoLLINS. That was my understanding. Personally, it seems to

me that this bridge could very well wait until their plans are formulated, because, as I understand, they have done nothing except make tentative plans.

" Colonel BELL. TheJ:·e will be a driveway under this bridge. It will be an important driveway.

" Mr. CoLLI~s. The last time I discussed this with anyone it was the understanding that there was to be a driveway on either side of Rock Creek and underneath that bridge.

" Mr. HUNT. They could still do that, with this plan. "Mr. CoLLINS. I am very well acquainted with that territory and I

do not see how you could manage the driveway in any other way. "Mr. RoBERTSON. I think that the bridge was designed so that you

could have the same width roadway on the west as on the east. "Mr. COLLINS. You may have to adopt another plan. You may bave

to Jtave another plan for this kind of bridge. It seems to me that we can very well have this wait.

" Colonel BELL. The bill specifies its construction, a new steel girder bridge. You would have to change the act of Congress to construct any other type of bridge.

"Mr. CoLL~S. At any rat!.', they have done nothing toward connecting that roadway as yet.

· " Colonel BELL. Practically nothing, but I believe you gentlemen should bear in mind that the existing bridge has been closed for a year or two because of its condition and that the new bridge should be erected soon in order to give direct access to and from Virginia by way of M Street. This is an important traffic artery and also an important fire run."

Under the provisions of this appropriation the preliminary plans for the new bridge were submitted to the Fine Arts Commission. The Fine Arts Commission objected to the design and requested the municipal architect to prepare a preliminary design for an arch bridge to meet the situation. The municipal architect prepared such a design, consisting of three arches resting on concrete piers, and submitted it to the Fine Arts CommLsion as requested by that body.

In order to give the necessary clearance and to meet architectural considerations the crown of the arch had to be made too thin t() permit of carrying the 48-inch water main on the structure, and the design therefore contemplated the relocation of the water main under Rock Creek. As already stated, all designs contemplated the removal of the sewer from the bridge structure and its relocation elsewhere, so that the arch type and the stcel-gii:der type did not differ in this respect. The Fine ,Arts Commission indicated their strong preference for the arch type of design , and requested the Commissioners of the District of Columbia to prepare and submit plans for this type of structure. At the same time they made certain suggestions as to treatmpnt of the at:Jpro~ches and other architectural details.

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECO]lD-HOUSE 1893 The commissioners gave very careful and prolonged consideration to

the recommendations of the Fine Arts Commission. It was recognized that solely from an . architectural point· of view, other things being equal, the arch type is perhaps preferable. In this case, however, there are other practical considerations to be balanced against the architectural advantages. A careful estimate of the cost of the arch type of structure showed that a bt·idge of this type, with the necessary relocation of the 48-inch water main under Rock Creek, would require an additional appropriation of approximately $160,000, as well as an amendment to the authorization a ct of July 3, 1926, changing the designation of the type of bridge to be built and increasing the authorization by the amount stated.

Af;ter full consideration of these matters the commissioners decided to proceed with the girder type of structure in the hope that the Fine Arts Commission would approve the _design in its final form. Detailed plans were prepared, with due r egard to the suggestions as to approaches and other architectural det ails that had been made by the Fine Arts Commission, and the e detailed plans were submitted to the commission for final approval on March 9, 1928. On March 10, 1928, the Fine Arts Commission returned the plans with their definite and . final disapproval for the reasons stated in their letter, which is as follows:

"MY DEAR 1\lR. DOUGHERTY: The Commission of Fine Arts, having considered the plans submitted by the District engineer of bridges for a bridge over Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway at M Street, are r eturning the same with t heir disapproval of the plans as submitted. In the opinion of the commiss ion the bridge, if constructed according to these plans, would be a perpetual eyesore, conspicuous not only from the Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge but especially so from the driveway extending from the Lincoln Memorial to Rock Creek Park, a driveway which forms an essential portion of the par·k system of the Distt·ict of Columbia.

" 'L'he District of Columbia has set a pace in the construction of the Q Street Bridge, which should be maintained in the construction of all bridges across the Rock Creek Parkway. If the proposed design were simply inconspicuous, the commission might approve it reluctantly; but inasmuch as the de ign is conspicuously bad the commission can not give their approval.

"The bearings show conclusively that Congress intended this bridge to be so designed as to secure the approval of the Commission of Fine Arts, and it is with great r eluctance that we have to report our disapproval.

" For the Commission of Fine Arts. "Very respectfully yours,

" CHARLES MOORE, Chait-tnan: "Ron. PROCTOR L. DOUGHERTY,

u President Board of Commisisoners ot the Distr-ict • of Oolumbia, Washingwn, D. C."

The commissioners then gave careful consideration to the question of the advisability of reque ting Congress to enact the necessary legislation authorizing the construction of an arch bridge and providing the additional funds required, and decided that in their judgment the

· advantages of the arch, type were not sufficient to justify the increased cost to the District of Columbia. The bridge is essentially a service structure carrying an important street and water main over the parkway, and the commissioners felt and still feel that a utilitarian design, propet·ly adjusted to give the necessary widths and clearances for t he park roads tha.t are to pass underneath is entirely appropriate to the situation.

Accordingly the plan of requesting legislation was dropped and bids for the construction of the bt·idge were invited on the plans of the bridge department; changed, however, in the architectural details to conform as closely as possible with the suggestions made by the Fine Arts Commission in its consideration of the various plans before it. These bids were opened on September 20, 1928, and a satisfactory bid being received, contract was entered into by the commissioners with the Farris Engineering Co. under date of December 4, 1928, to construct a bridge in accordance with the plans for the sum of $167,314.31. Work under this contract has already been commenced.

While this ma.tter was under discussion in the fall of 1927 and the spring of 1928, the necessary change in the relocation of the sewer was carried out by the sewet• department at a total cost of $31,314.04. The bridge contract includes the adjustment of the 48-inch water main to the new structure.

W. B. LADUE, Ool&nel, Oorps of Engineers, United States Army,

Bnginee~· Commissioner, District of Colflmbia.

Mr. CULLE~. 1\Ir. Chairman, I yield five minutes to my colleague from Georgia [1\Ir. LA KFORD].

Mr. LA.J.~KFORD. Mr. Chairman, it is now settled that there will be an extra ~e ion of Congress, meeting some time in April of this year, for the consideration of farm relief and tariff legislation. It is my purpose to enter fully into the debates as to both these subjects when they come up at the extra session, For the present I ball make only a very few observations.

As to the tariff que ·tion, let me say that I have always urged and voted for a high tariff on eve1·y farm product that can be

helped by a protective tariff. The only- way that the tariff on manufactured articles can be offset, in so far as the farmer is concerned, is by putting a tariff on peanuts, cotton!?eed meal, cottonseed oil, vegetable oils, cowhides, naval-s.tore products, and, in fact, on all products which come into our country in competition with what is produced by om· own farm people and other citizens. Generally I am opposed to a high tariff, but when there is a high tariff on practically all my people buy, I then want a high tariff on what they sell to enable them to get a better price for their products.

I know that many many thousands of dollars have been realized by the people of my district from the tariff on peanuts alone during the last few years. I do not wish to say more now except to suggest that the great fight in the extra session will be to help the farmer not only get more for his products but also to enable him to keep what he gets.

Tariff and s.o-called farm relief legislation which puts money into one pocket of the farmer an~ provides a method for it to be · stolen out of another pocket is not only a deception but an outrageous crime. This is the kind of legislation the farmer has been getting the e many years.

l\fy prayer is for a square deal now and forever for those who live on the farm by their own toil. May the extra session of Congress soon to be called by President-elect Hoover be the beginning of a much better era for the farmers of our Nation. [Applause.]

Mr. WASON. 1\Ir. Chairman, I move that the committee do now rise.

The motion was agreed to. Accordingly the committee rose; and the Speaker having re

sumed the chair, l\1r. DowELL, Chairman of the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, reported that that committee had had under consideration the bill (H. R. 16301) making appropriations for the Executive Office and sundry independent executive bureaus, boards, commissions, and offices for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1930, and for other purposes , and had come to no resolution thereon.

RESIGNATION The SPEAKER. The Chair lays before the House the fol-

lowing communication : JANUARY 16, 1929.

Ron. NICHOLAS LoNGWORTH, Speaker Hou-se of Represe-ntativ es, Washington, D. 0.

DEAR MR. SPEAKER: I hereby resign from the Committee on Claims of the House of Representatives.

Very respectfully yours, WILLIS G. SEARS.

The SPEAKER. The Chair announces the following members of the Board of Visitors to the Naval Academy for this year.: Messrs. GUY U. HARDY, of Colorado; A. PLATT ANDREW, of Massachusetts; ROBERT L. BACON, of New York; MORGAN G. SANDERS, of Texas, and SoL BLOOM, of New York.

LEAVE OF AB ENCE By unanimous consent, leave of absence was granted to Mr.

BERGER, indefinitely, on account of illness in family. FISCAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND THE

UNITED STATES 1\Ir. SIMMONS. Mr. Speaker, on the 11th of .January I sub

mitted a report on the fiscal relations between the District of Columbia and the United States and asked unanimous consent that it be printed as a House document, which consent was granted. At the suggestion of the clerk of the Joint Committee on Printing I have introouced a resolution authorizing that printing in the r~o-ular way, and I now ask unanimous conserft that the other procee!lings be vacated and that the manuscript be referred to the Committee on Printing.

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Nebraska asks unanimous co-nsent that the first proceedings be vacated in the matter to which he refers. Is there objection?

There was no objection. MISSOURI MILITIA

1\Ir. W. T . FITZGERALD, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, by direction of that committee, presented a privileged report on House Joint Resolution 379, extending the benefits of the provisions of the act of Congress approved 1\Iay 1, 1920, the act of Congress approved July 3, 1926, and the act of Congress approved 1\Iay 23, 1928, to the l\1issouri Militia who served during the Civil War, which was referred to the Union Calendar and ordered printed.

1\lr. GARRETT of Tenne<::see. 1\Ir. Speaker, do I understand that the resolution was reported as privileged?

The SPEAKER. The Chair thinks . the Oommittee- on Tn: valid Pensions has that privilege under the rule.

1894 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR-D-HOUSE . JANUARY 17 Mr. GARRETT of Tennessee. lt may have as to general

pension bills, but I doubt the privilEiged character of this resolution. However, I reserve all points of order.

The SPEAKER. The Chair observes this rule, section 724: The term " general pension bills " is construed to mean bills or legis

lation general in character, such as extending the provisions of the pension laws to an additional class, as distinguished from bills of a private character.

'rhe Committee on Invalid Pensions has that power in general.

SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION REFERB.EJ)

A concurrent resolution of the Senate of the following title was taken from the Speaker's table and, under the rule, referred as follows:

S. Con. Res. 31. Concurrent resolution to print the briefs of counsel and transcript of record :filed with the Supreme Court of the United States in the St. Louis & O'Fallon Railway case as a Senate document, and for extra copies thereof ; to the Committee on Printing.

BILLS PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT

Mr. CAMPBELL, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, reported that that committee did on January 16, 1929, present to the President, for his approval, bills of the House of the following titles :

H. R. 4280. An act to correct the military record of John W. Olea vanger, deceased ;

H. R. 5528. An act to enable electricians, radio-electricians, chief electricians,.,. and chief radioelectricians to be appointed to the grade of ensign ;

H. R. 5617. An act to limit the date of filing claims for retainer pay ;

H. R. 5944. An act for the relief of Walter D. Lovell; H. R. 7209. An act to provide for the care and treatment of

naval patients, on the active or retired-list, in other Government hospitals when naval hospital facilities are not available;

H. R. 8327. An act for the relief of certain members of the Navy and Marine Corps who were discharged because of misrepresentation of age;

H. R. 8859. An act for the relief of Edna E. Snably; H. R. 10157. An act making an additional grant of lands for

the support and maintenance of the .Agricultural College and School Mines of the Territory of Alaska, and for other purposes ;

H. R. 10550. An act to provide for the acquisition by Meyer Shield Post, No. 92, American Legion, Alva, Okla., of lot 19, block 41, the original town site of Alva, Okla. ;

H. R. 10908. An act for the relief of L. Pickert Fish Co. (Inc.);

H. R. 11719. An act to revise the boundaries of the Lassen Volcanic National Park, in the State of California, and for other purposes;

H. R.12775. An act providing for a grant of land to the county of San Juan, in the State of W~shington, for recreational and public-park purposes ; .

H. R.13249. An act to authorize an increase in the limit of cost of alterations and repairs to certain naval vessels;

H. R. 13498. An act for the relief of Clarence P. Smith; H. R.13744. An act to provide for the acquisition by Parker

1-See-0 Post, No.12, .All-Amei'iean Indian Legion, Lawton, Okla., of the east half northeast quarter northeast quarter northwest quarter of section 20, township 2 north, range 11 west, Indian meridian, in Comanche County, Okla. ; _ .

H. R.14660. An act to authorize alterations and repairs to the U. S. S. Oalf.forrt.ia;

H. R.14922. An act to authorize. an increase in the limit of cost of two fleet submarines ;

H. R. 15067. An act authorizing the State of Louisiana and the State of Texas to construct, maintain, and operate a free highway bridge across the Sabine River where Louisiana Highway No. 21 meets Texas Highway No. 45; and

l!l. R. 1508~. An act to provide for the extension of the boundary limits of the Lafayette National Park in the State of Maine.

ADJOURNMENT

Mr. WASON. .Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now adjourn.

The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 4 o'clock and 57 minutes p. m.) the House adjourned until to-morrow, Fliday, January 18, 1929, at 12 o'clock noon.

COMMITTEE HEARINGS Mr. TILSON submitted the following tentative Jist of com

mittee hearings S<.'heduled for Friday, January 18, 1929, as reported to the floor leader by clerks of the several committees:

COMMITTEE ON .APPROPRIATIONS

(10.30 a. m.)

Navy DE.'partment appropriation bill.

COMMITTEE ON THE MEROH.ANT MARINE .AND FISHERIES

(10 a. m.)

Continuing the powers and authority Of the Federal Radio Commission under the radio act of 1927 (H. R. 15430).

COMMITTEE ON WAYS .AND ME.ANB

(10 a. m. and 2 p. m.) Tariff hearings as follows :

SCHEDULES

Wood and manufactures of, January 17, 18. Sugar, molasses, and manufactures of, January 21, 22. Tobacco and manufactures of, January 23. Agricultural prooucts and provisions, January 24 25 28. Spirits, wines, and other beverages, January 29. ' ' Cotton manufactures, January 30, 31, February 1. Flax, hemp, jute, and manufactures of, February 4, 5. Wool and manufactures of, February 6. Silk and silk goods, February 11, 12. Papers and books, February 13, 14. Sundries, February 15, 18, 19. Free list, February 20, 21, 22. Administrative and miscellaneous, February 25.

COMMI'ITEE ON AGRICULTURE

(10 a.m.) To amend the United States grain standards act by inserting

a new section providing for licensing and establishing laboratories for making determinations of protein in wheat and oil in flax (H. R. 106).

COMMITTEE ON THE CIVIL SERVICE

(10.30 a. m.) To amend the salary rates contained in the compensation

schedules of the act of March 4, 1923, entitled "An act to provide for the classification of civilian positions within the Dis.: trict of Columbia and in the field services," and the Welch Act approved May 28, 1928, in amendment thereof (H. R. 15389, 15474).

To fix the minimum compensation of certain employees of the United States (H. R. 15467).

To amend section 13 of the act of March 4 1923•entitled "An act to provide for the classification of civili~n p~itions within the District of Columbia and in the field services," as amended by the act of May 28, 1928 (H. R. 15853, 16029).

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN .AFF4-!RS

(10.30 a. m.) Requesting the President to propose the calling of an inter

national conference for the simplification of the calendar, or to accept on behalf of the United States an invitation to participate in such a conference (H. J. Res. 334). COMMITTEE ON WORLD W .AR VETERANS' LEGISL.ATION-SUBCOMMITTEI!l

ON HOSPITALS

(10.30 a. m.) To authorize an appropriation to provide additional hospital,

domiciliary, and out-patent dispensary facilities for persons entitled to hospitalization under the World War veterans' act, 1924, as amended (H. R. 15921).

EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.

Under clause 2 of Rule XXIV, executive communications were taken from the Speaker's table and referred as follows :

746. A communication from the President of the United States, transmitting supplemental estimates of appropriations for the Civil Service Commission for the :fiscal year 1929, to remain available until June 30, 1930, amounting to $50,000 (H. Doc. No. 512); to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. ·

747. A communication from the President of the United States, transmitting supplemental estimate of appropriation for the United States Employees' Compensation Commission for the fiscal yea1· ending June 30, 1929, in the sum of $350,000 (H. Doc. No. 513) ; to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed.

748. A communication from the President of the United States, transmitting deficiency estimate of appropriation for the Smith· sonian Institution for the fiscal yoor ending June 30, 1926,

1929 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_-HOUSE .1895 in the sum of $658.75 (H. Doc. No. 514); to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed. . . 749. A communication from the President of the Umted States,

n·ansmitting supplemental estimates of appropriatiobs for the District of Columbia for the fiscal year ending June 3~, 1930, amounting to $1,674,000 (H. Doc. No. 515) ; to the Commtttee on Appropriations and ordered to be printed.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, Mr. EVANS of Montana : Committee on the Public Lands.

H. R. 14148. A bill to amend the act of 1\Iay 17, 1928, entitled "An act to add certain lands to the Missoula National Forest, Mont."; with amendment (Rept. No. 2117). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. REID of Illinois: Committee on Flood Control. H. R. 14893. A bill to authorize a preliminary survey of Rough Ri>er in Kentucky, with a view to the control of its floods; without amendment (Rept. No. 2122). Referred to the Committee of the Whole H ouse on the state of the Union.

l\Ir. REID of Illinois : Committee on Flood Control. H. R. 15809. A bill to authorize a preliminary sm·vey of Mud Creek in Kentucky with a view to the control of its floods; without amendment

1

(Rept. No. 2123). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. LEAVITT : Committee on Indian Affairs. H. R. 13455. A bill to authorize the collection of penalUes and fees for stock trespassing on Indian lands ; with amendment (Rept. No. 2124). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. ZlHLMAN: Committee on the District of Columbia. H. J. Res. 363. A joint resolution autholizing the granting of permits to the Committee on Inaugm·al Ceremonies on the occasion of the inauguration of the President elect in March, 1929, and for other purposes; with amendment (Rept. No. 2125). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. ZIHLMAN : Committee on the District of Cohimbia. S. 1624. An · act to authorize the payment of additional compensation to the assistants to the engineer commissioner of the District of Columbia; without amendment (Rept. No. 2126). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union. .

l\Ir. LEAVITT: Committee on Indian Affairs. H. R. 13977. A bill authorizing die Secretary of the Interior through the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to settle claims by agreement arising under operation of Indian irrigation projects; with amendment (Rept. No. 2130). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. ENGLEBRIGHT: Committee ori Indian Affairs. H. R. 15092. A bill to authorize an appropriation to pay half the cost of a bridge on the Soboba Indian Reservation, Calif. ; with amendment (Rept. No. 2131). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

l\lr. REECE: ·committee on Military Affairs. H. R. 16169. A bill to authorize the Secretary of War to accept title to u certain tract of land adjacent to the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal at East Chicago, Ind.; without amendment (Rept. No. 2132). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. LEA VI1."'T : Committee on Indian Affairs. H. R. 16248. A bill for the relief of the Osage Tribe of Indians, and for other purposes; without amendment (Rept. No. 2133). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

Mr. STALKER: Committee on the District of Columbia. S. 3771. An act vacating the alley between lots 16 and 17, square 1083, District of Columbia; without anien!)ment (Rept. No. 2134). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union.

l\fr. LEAVITT : Committee on Indian Affairs. H. R. 15523. A bill authorizing representatives of the several States to make certain inspections and to investigate State sanitary and health regulations and school attendance on Indian reservations, Indian tribal lands, and Indian allotments; with amendment (Rept. No. 2135). Referred to the House Calendar.

Mr. W. T. FITZGERALD: Committee on Invalid Pensions. H. J. Res. 31"9. A joint resolution extending the benefits of the provisions of the act of Congress approved May l, 1920, the act of Congress approved .July 3, 1926, and the act of Congress approved May 23, 1928, to the Missouri Mi,litia, who served duling the Civil War; without amendment (Rept. No. 2136). Referred to the Committee of the Whole HouSQ Qn the state of the Union.

REPORTS OF COMl\llTTEES ON PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, Mr. HOUSTON of Hawaii: Committee on Naval Affairs.

H. R. 13721. A bill for the relief of Edwin I. Chatcuff; with amendment (Rept. No. 2118). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House.

Mr. QUAYLE: Committee on Naval Affairs. H. R. 13812. A bill for the relief of Lieut. Robert O'Hagan, Supply Corps, United States Navy; without amendment (Rept. No. 2119). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House.

1\Ir. MILLER: Committee on Naval Affairs. S. 1530. An act for the relief of Gilpin Construction Co. ; with amendment (Rept. No. 2120). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House.

Mr. McSWAIN: Committee on Military Affairs. H. R. 14818. · A bill to authorize the Secretary of War to grant a right of way to the Southern Pacific Railroad Co. across the Benicia Arsenal Military Reservation, Calif.; without amendment (Rept. No. · 2121). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House.

l\Ir. McSWAIN: Committee on Military Affairs. S. 4712. An act to authorize the Secretary of War to grant a right of way to the Southern Pacific Railroad Co. across the Benicia Arsenal Military Re~ervation, Calif.; without amendment (Rept. No. 2127 ) . Referred to the Committee of the Whole House.

Mrs. KAHN : Committee on l\Iilitary Affairs. S. 2439. An act to amend the military record of Arthur Waldenmeyer; with amendment (Rept. No. 2128). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House.

Mr. WURZHACH : Committee on Military Affairs. H. R. 12707. A bill for the relief of Julius Victor Keller; without amendment (Rept. No. 2129). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House. ·

PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, public bills and resolutions were

introduced and severally referred as follows: By l\lr. SNELL: A bill (H. R. 16345) authorizing Frank A.

Augsbury, his heirs, legal representatives, and assigns, to con-. struct, maintain, and operate a bridge across the St. Lawrence River near Morristown, N. Y.; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

By l\lr. GARBER: A bill (H. R. 16346) to amend the tariff act of 1922; to the Committee on Ways and Means.

By Mr. CELLER: A bill (H. R. 16347) to amend the bankruptcy law; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. KINCHELOE: A bill (H. R. 16348) to extend the times for commencing and completing the construction of a bridge across the Ohio River approximately midway between the city of Owensboro, Ky., and Rockport, Ind.; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

By Mr. GOLDSBOROUGH: A bill (H. R. 16349) authorizing V. Calvin Trice, his heirs, legal representatives, and assigns, to construct, maintain, and operate a bridge across the Choptank River at or near Cambridge, 1\:ld.; to the Committee on Interstate and F'Oreign Commerce.

By Mr. CRAIL: A bill (H. R. 16350) .to amend paragraph 10 of section 202 of the World War veterans' act of 1924, as amended; to the Committee on World War Veterans' Legislation.

By l\Ir. JAl\IES: A bill (H. R. 16351) to make available for expenditure at Camp Devens, l\Iass., certain funds appropriated by the act of December 22, 1927 ; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

By Mr. LEAVITT : A bill (H. R. 16352) providing that no lands owned by any religious organization within any national park can be purchased by condemnation or otherwise by the Government, and for other purposes; to the Committee on the Public Lands.

By Mr. TAYLOR of Colorado: A bill (H. R. 16353) authoriz_. ing the appointment of cadets to the United States Military Academy and midshipmen to 'the United States Naval Academy from the Canal Zone; to the Committee on l\filitary Affairs.

By Mr. MANLOVE: A bill (H. R. 16354) to provide for the hospitalization and treatment of certain employees of the United States; to t~e Committee on the Civil Service.

By Mr. JAMES: A bill (H. R. 16355) to authorize appropriations for construction at military posts, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

By Mr. WURZBACH: A bill (H. R. 16356) to authorize the appointment of clerks, the Army War College, as warrant officers; to the Committee on Military Affairs.

By Mr. ROY G. FITZGERALD: Joint resolution (H. J. Res. 387) to authorize participation by the Up.ited States in -the Interparliamentary Union; to . the Co~~ttee on Foreign Affair~.

.1896 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE JANUARY 18 By 1\fr. SIMMONS: Resolution (H. Res. 289) to print the

report of the Efficiency Bureau on the fiscal relations between the United States and the District of Columbia as a document; to the Committee on Printing.

By Mr~ TAYLOR of Colorado: Resolution (H. Res .. 290) to create a Commit tee on Pana~a Canal; to the Committee on Rules.

By Mr. WARREN: Resolution (H. Res. 291) to print as a House document the proceedings at Kitty Hawk, N. C., on December 17 1928 commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the first afrplaZ:e flight made by Wilbur and Orville Wright; to the Committee on Printing.

By Mr. LAGUARDIA: Resolution (H. Res. 292) providing for the appointment of a select committee of nine Members for the Seventieth Congress for the purpose of investigating the administration of the bankruptcy laws of the United States, and for other purposes ; to the Committee on Rules.

By Mr. REID of Illinois: Resolution (H. Res. 293) providing for the appointment of a select committee of 11 Members for the Seventieth Congress for the purpose of investigating the administration of the bankruptcy laws of the United States, and for other purposes ; to the Committee on Rules.

MEMORIALS Under clause 3 of Rule XXII, memorials were presented and

refeiTed as follows : Memorial of the General Assembly of the State of South

Carolina relating to the situation -in South Carolina created by the hurricane; to the Committ ee on Agriculture.

PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, · private bills and resolutions

were introduced and severally referred as follows: By Mr. ANDRESEN: A bill (H. R. 16357) granting a pen

sion to Edith Thompson ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. BARBOUR: A bill (H. R. 16358) for the relief of

Edward E. Harris ; to the Committee on Claims. By Mr. BEERS: A bill (H. R. 16359) granting a pension to

Jonathan A. Seidel; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. BROWNE: A bill (H. R. 16360) granting a pension

to Edith Curran; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. CLANCY : A bill (H. R. 16361) for the relief of Carl

Raymond M. Larson; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. By Mr. CULLEN: A bill (H. R. 16362) granting a pension to

Margaret Olsen ; to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. DOUGLAS of Arizona: A bill (H. R. 16363) for the

relief of Raymond W. Still; to the Committee on Claims. By Mr. EDWARDS: A bill (H. R. 16364) for the relief of

Marmaduke H. Floyd ; to the Committee on Military Affairs. By Mr. ROY G. FITZGERALD: A bill (H. R. 16365) grant

ing a pension to Carrie L. Warner; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. \V. T. FITZGERALD: A bill (H. R. 16366) granting a pension to Mabel Jackson; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. GASQUE: A bill (H. R. 16367) granting a pension to William J. Bodiford; to the Committee on P-ensions.

By Mr. HOCH: A bill (H. R. 16368) granting an increase of pension to Mary F. Plummer; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. HOWARD of Nebraska: A bill (H. R. 16369) granting an increase of pension to Alice M. Henderson ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr . .JENKINS: A bill (H. R. 16370) granting an increase of pension to Rebecca Morrow ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. JOHNSON of Washington: A bill (H. R. 16371) granting a pension to Susie H. Wright; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. KEARNS : A bill (H. R. 16372) granting an increase of pension to Louisa Miller ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. LEHLBACH: A bill (H. R. 16373) granting an increase of pension to Josephine E. Starkey; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. MEAD: A bill (H. R. 16374) granting an increase of pension to Catherine J". Cooper; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr . .1\lOREHEAD: A bill (H. R. 16375) granting a pension to Lydia M. Walton; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

Also, a bill (H. R. 16376) granting a pension to Pearl Rounds; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. ROMJ"UEJ: A bill (H. R. 16377) granting a pension to Sarah M. Wheeler ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. THOMPSON: A bill (H. R. 16378) granting a pension to Elizabeth Carter ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. UNDERHILL: A bill (H. R. 16379) granting an increase of pension to Anna M. Buell; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

By Mr. WURZBACH: A bUl (H. R. 16380) for the relief of Miles A. Henry, deceased; to the Committee on Naval Affairs.

By Mr. ZIIILMAN: A bil1 (H. R. 16381) granting an increase of pension to Rachel E. Laughlin ; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

PETITIONS, ETC. Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid

on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows : 8283. By Mr. Al.~DREW : Petition of William S. Tolman

Camp, No. 50, United Spanish War Veterans, and others, urging favorable action on House bill 14676, a bill to increase pensions of Spanish War veterans; to the Committee on Pensions.

8284. By Mr. CULLEN: Petition of the New York Commandery of the Naval Orde:r: of the United States, favoring construction of the 15 cruisery; to the Committee on Naval Affairs.

8285. By Mr. GARBER: Petition of the. In<lian Rights Assoeiation (Inc.), Philadelphia, Pa., urging support of H_ouse Jo~nt Resolution 374, to authorize an investigation of Indtan affrurs by a joint commission to be appointed by the Senate and House of Representatives; to the Committee on Indian Affairs.

8286. By l\lr. JOHNSON of Washington: Petition urging enactment of Representative K NUTSON's bill (H. R. 14676) ; to the Committee on Pensions.

8287. By Mr. McCORMACK: P etition of Dixie Post, N?. 64, Veterans of Foreign Wars, l\1. P. Malloy, commander, National Sanatorium Tenn., urging early and favorable consideration of the Rathbo~e bill (H. R. 9138) ; to the Committee on P ensions.

8288. By Mr. O'CONNELL: Petition of William Bianchi, New York City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judge for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

82 9. Also, petition of Martins, Brooklyn, N. Y., favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 1465-9 and Senate bill 1?76, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8290. Also, petition of Houpert Machine Co. (Inc.), Long I land City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York· to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8291. Also, petition of E. W. Fieldler Co., New York City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8292. Also, petition of the Dykes Lumber Co., New York City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8293. Also, petition of White-Stokes Co., New York City, favoring the pa sage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for Ne.w York; to t11e Committee on the Judiciary.

8294. Also, petition of the Harriman National Bank, New York City, favoring the passage of House bill. 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8295. Also, petition of the Miller Falls Co., New York City, favoring the passage of House bills 9200 and 14659 and Senate bill 1976, for additional Federal judges for New York; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

8296. By Mr. ROBINSON of Iowa : Resolution signed by Fred Ewald, secretary of the Chicago Great Western Railroad Shops Crafts, of Clarion, Iowa; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

SENATE FRIDAY, January 18, 19~9

(Legisla.tive day of Thursday, Jaouw:ry 17, 1929)

The Senate reassembled at 12 o'clock meridian, on the expiration of the recess.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senate will rec~ive a message from .the House of Representatives.


A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Haltigan, one of its clerks, announced that the House had .agreed. to the report of the committee of conference on the dtsagreerng votes of the two Houses on the aDJendments of the Senate to

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