congressional· record-. senate - GovInfo

1948 CONGRESSIONAL · RECORD-. SENATE . . 7657 alone, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Educat!on -and Labor.

By Mr. SHAFER: H. R. 6858. A bill to amend the sporting

goods section of the Internal Revenue Code to exempt children's sleds from the manufacturers' excise tax of 10 percent; to the Committee on Ways and Means.

By Mr. MACK: H. R. 6859. A bill to authorize the Federal

Works Administrator to coordinate emergency activities of Federal agencies in disaster areas and to provide emergency aid, including aid for the repair, restoration, reconstruction, or replacement of public facilities in such areas, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Public Works.

By Mr. WOLVERTON: H. R. 6860. A bill to amend the Federal Air

port Act; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

By Mr. SIMPSON of Illinois: H. R. 6861. A bill for the acquisition of a

site and the erection of a post office at Roodhouse Ill., and appropriating money therefor; to the Committee on Public Works.

By Mr. STRATTON: H. R. 6862. A bill to provide an appropria

tion for the acquisition of a site and. the erection thereon' of ·a post-office building at Bunker Hill, lll.; to the Committee on Ap- · propria tions.

By Mr. BEALL: . . H. J. Res. 421. Joint resolution to author

ize and direct the Commissioners of the District of Columbia to investigate and study certain matters relating to parking lots in the District of Columbia; to the Committee on tlle District of Columbia. .

By Mr. VORYS: H. Con. Res. 211. Concurrent resolution au

thorizing the printing of an additional 5,000 copies of hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs on the structure of the United Nations and the relations of the United States to the United Nations, for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs; to the Committee on House Administration.

By Mr. WOLVERTON: H. Res. 654. Resolution to provide addi

tional funds for the conduct of the investigation continued by House Resolution 153; to the Committee on House Administration.

PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private bills and resolutions were introduced and severally referred as follows:

By Mr. BEALL: H. R. 6863. A bill for the relief of Lt. Col.

David R. Wolverton, United States Army. retired; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. COUDERT: H. R. 6864. A bill for the relief of Konstan

tinos Yannopoulos; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. JENNINGS: H. R. 6865. A bill for the rel(ef of Lula

Hickey Thomas; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. PETERSON: H. R. 6866. A bill for the relief of the Mc

Cormick Engineering Co. and John E. Price, an individual doing business as the Okeechobee Construction Co ; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

PETITIONS, ETC.

Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows:

2079. By the SPEAKER: Petition of livestock feeders and farmers of the Northwest, petitioning consideration of their resolution with reference to the extension of the farm par ity program for 5 years; to the Committee on Agriculture.

2080. Also, petition of William Buller and others, petitioning consideration of their resolution with refe:rence to defeat of a. peacetime draft; to the Committee on Armed Services ..

2081. Also, petition of James Francis and others, petitioning consideration of · their resolution with reference to enactment of legislation to increase the wages of Government employees; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.

2082. Also, petition of Les McGinnis and others, petitioning consideration of their resolution with reference to the passage of · legislation for the pay-raise bill befq.re Con- · gress; to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.

2083. By Mr. CLASON: Petition of the General Court of Massachusetts, approving the recognition of the state of Israel by the Government of the United States and urging the lifting of the embargo on the shipment of arms to Palestine; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

·SENATE THURSDAY, JUNE 10, 1948 .

<Legislative day of Tuesday, June 1, 1948)

The Senate met at 12 o'clock noon, on the expiration of the recess.

The Chaplain, Rev. Peter Marshall, D. D., o:fiered the following prayer:

Our Father in Heaven, every day we are reminded how · fragile is the thread of our lives and how suddenly we may be summoned away from the things that engross us here.

May the uncertainty of life make us the more anxious to do good while we have opportunity, for the sake of the record that has eternal implications far beyond the next election.

Since we shall be judged for every idle word, let us speak carefully, with a deep respect for the truth that ·cannot be twisted.

Bless each Member of this body, as Thou seest their needs-those who are prevented by duty elsewhere from joining in this prayer and those who appear to be so adequate for their tasks but who need Thy help like the rest of us.

Reveal Thy love to all of u~ and grant us Thy peace. Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

THE JOURNAL

O'n request of Mr. WHERRY, and by unanimous consent, the reading of the Journal of the proceedings of Wednesday, June 9, 1948, was dispensed with, and the Journal was approved.

MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENTAPPROVAL OF BILL

Messages in writing from the President of the United States were communicated to the Seriate by Mr. Miller. one of his secretaries, and he announced that on June 5, 1948, the President had approved and signed the act (S. 2256) relating to the Meat Inspection Service of the Department of Agriculture.

MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE

A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Chaffee, one of its reading clerks, announced that the House had passed without amendment the joint resolution (S. J. Res. 231)_ to amend

section 303 of the act entitled "An act to expedite the provision of housing in connection with national defense, and for other purposes."

The message also announced that the House had agreed to the amendment of the Senate to the bill <H. R. 3433) to amend the act entitled "An act to classify the officers and members of the Fire Department of the District of Columbia, and 'for other purposes," approved June 20; 1906, and for other purposes.

The message further announced that the House had agreed to the report of the committee of conference on the .disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill <H. R. 6500) making appropriations for the legislative branch for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes.

The message also announced that the House had passed the following bills, in which it requested the concurrence of the Senate:

. H. R. 6457. An act to provide for disposition of lands on the Cabazon, Augustine, and Torres-Martinez Indian Reservations;

H. R. ~818. An act to amend title X of the Social Security Act ·(relating to aid to the blind) so as to provide greater encouragement to blind recipients thereunder to become self-supporting; and

H. R. 6829. An act making supplemental appropriations for the Executive Office and sundry independent executive bureaus, . boards, commissions, and offices for the :fiscal year ending June · 30, 1949, and for other purposes.

ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTION SIGNED

The message further announced that the Speaker had affixed his signature to the following enrolled bills and joint resolution, and they were signed by the President pro tempore,:

S. 153. An act authorizing the Secretary of the Army to have prepared a replica of the Dade Monument for presentation to the State of Florida;

S. 263. An act to provide for the carrying of mail on star routes, and for other purposes;

S. 424. An act conferring jurisdiction upon the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska to hear, determine, and render judgment upon the claims of John J. Higgins and others;

S. 554. An act to provide for the collection and publication of statistical information by the Bureau of the Census; .

S. 692. An act to authorize a mileage allowance of 7 cents ·for United States marshals and their deputies for travel on official business;

S. 873. An act for the relief of Warren H. McKenney;

S. 1062. An act for the relief of Mrs. Christine West and Mrs. Jesse West;

S. 1265. An act to amend sections 1301 and 1303 of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia, relating to liability for causing death by wrongful act;

S. 1470. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to make provision for the care and treatment of members of the National Guard, Organized Reserves, Reserve Officers' Training Corps, and Citizens' Military Training Camps who are injured or contract diseases while engaged in military training, and for other purposes," approved June 15, 1936, as amended, and for other purposes;

S. 1493. An act to amend section 19 of the Veterans' Preference Act of June 27, 1944 (58 Stat. 387), and for other purposes;

.7658 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 S. 1504. An act to amend the act entitled

"An act for the confirmation of the title to the saline lands in Jackson County, State of I111nois, to D. H. Brush and others," approved March 2, 1861 (12 Stat. 891), as amended by the act of November 29, 1944 (58 Stat. 1036);

S. 1551. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to sell to Anthony P. Miller, Inc., a parcel of unimproved land adjacent to the Anchorage housing project at Middletown, R.I.;

S. 1573. An act for the relief of Marcella Kosterman;

s. 1703. An act for the relief of Lorraine Burns Mullen;

s. 1783. An act to provide for retention in the service of certain disabled Army and Air Force personnel, and for other purposes;

S. 1790. An act to amend the act of Congress entitled "An act to credit certain service performed by members of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Public Health Service prior to reaching 18 years of age for the purpose of computing longevity pay, or for other pay purposes," approved March 6, 1946;

S. 1791. An act to transfer certain lands at Camp Phillips, Kans., to the Department of the Army;

S. 1795. An act to repeal section 1 of the act of April 20, 1874, prescribing regulations governing inquiries to be made in connection with disbursements made by disbursing officers of the Army (18 Stat. 33; 10 U. S. C. 174); .

· S. 1835. An act for the relief of Harry Daniels;

S. 1861. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to reclassify the salaries of postmasters, officers, and employees of the postal service; to establish uniform procedur_es for computing compensation; and for other p'!.lrpuses," approved July 6, 1945, so as to provide promotions for temporary employees of the custodial service;

S. 1925. An act to convey certain land to the city of Pierre, S. Dak.;

S. 1933. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to convey certain lands in the State of Montana to School District 55, R,oosevelt County, Mont.;

S. 2152. An act to increase the maximum '"travel allowance for railway postal clerks and substitute railway postal clerks;

S. 2288. An act to amend the Lanham Act so as to permit the sale of certain permanent war housing thereunder to veterans at a purchase price not in excess of the cos.t of construction;

S. 2406. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to provide for the recording and releasing of liens by entries on certificates of title for motor vehicles and trailers, and for other purposes," approved July 2, 1940, as amended;

S. 2454. An act to amend the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended, to make further provision for the recording of title to, interests in, and encumbrances upon certain aircraft, and for other purposes;

S. 2455. An act to amend the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as .amended, by limiting the liability of certain persons not in possession of aircraft;

S. 2456. An act to provide safety in aviation and to direct a study of the causes and characteristics of thunderstorms and other atmospheric disturbances;

S. 2479. An act providing for the suspension of annual assessment work on mining claims held by location in the United States;

S. 2496. An act to provide for the conveyance ·to Pinellas County, State of Florida, of certain public lands herein described;

S. 2553. An act to authorize the secretary of the Navy to convey to the Mystic River Bridge Authority, an instrumentality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, an easement for the construction and operation of bridge approaches over and across lands comprising a part of the United States Naval Hospital, Chelsea, ~ass.;

S. 2592. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force to return certain lands situated in Puerto Rico, in accordance with the terms of the conveyances to the United States Government, and final judgments in certain condemnation 'proceedings;

S. 2593. An act to authoriZe the Secretary of the Navy to convey to the Commonwealth of Virginia a right-of-<way for public-highway purposes in certain lands at Pungo, Va.;

S. 2643. An act to amend th& act entitled "An act to establish a lien for moneys due hospitals. for services rendered in cases caused by negligence or fault of others and providing for the recording and enforcing of such liens," approved June 30, 1939; and

s: J. Res. 98. Joint resolution providing for membership and participation by the United States in the World Health OrganiZation and authorizing an appropriation therefor.

INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE UNITED NATIONS

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that at the conclusion of the consideration of the unfinished business and all votes thereon, Senate Resolution 239, reaffirming the policy of the United States to achieve international peace and security through the United Nations and indicating certain objectives to be pursued, be made the unfinished business.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection? The Chair hears none, and the order is made.

ORDER FOR CALL OF THE CALENDAR

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that after Senate Resolution 239 has become the unfinished business, it be temporarily laid

~aside and that the Senate proceed to the consideration of measures on the calendar to wJ;lich there is no objection, commencing at Order No. 1485, H. R. 2245, where the call of the calendar was concluded the last time the calendar was considered.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection? The Chair hears none, and the order is entered.

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, in view of the orders just entered, I wish to announce that there will not be a night session of the Senate tonight. PROMOTION OF NATIONAL DEFENSE-

INCREASE IN PERSONNEL OF ARMED FORCES

The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill <S. 2655) to provide for the common defense by increasing the strength of the armed forces of the United States, including the Reserve components thereof, · and for other purposes.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senate ~s proceeding under a unanimous-consent agreement under which the time from now until 3 o'clock will be in the control of the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. GURNEY] and the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY].

The pending question is on the amendment submitted by the Senator from Texas [Mr. O'DANIEL], as modified.

To whom do the Senators wish to yield?

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I suggest, if it is agreeable to the two Senators in charge of the time, that a quorum

call be had, and that the time required be charged to both sides.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection?

Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, I feel obliged to object to charging the time of a quorwn call to both sides.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The matter is entirely up to the Senator from Kentucky and the Senator from South Dakota.

Mr. BARKLEY. I think the Senator from South Dakota and I can arrange for a proper division of the time. I think there should be a quorum call.

Mr. MAYBANK. Does the Stmator believe we will have enough time with the quorum call? . Mr. BARKLEY. I think we probably will have enough time. I am having the Senator in mind.

Mr. MAYBANK. I shall not object. Mr. GURNEY. I am per:fectly willing

that the time shall be charged to both sides.

Mr. MA YBANK. As I understand, I will have 15 minutes.

Mr. SALTONSTALL. Will the Senator from Nebraska yield?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Nebraska· cannot yield. The time is in charge ~f the Senator from South Dakota and the Senator from Kentucky.

The absence of a quorum has been suggested, the time to be charged equally to both sides. The clerk will call the roll.

The Chief Clerk called the roll, and the following Senators answered to their names: Ailten Baldwin Ball Barkley Brewster Bricker Bridges Brooks Buclt Butler Byrd Cain Capper Chavez Connally Cooper Cordon Donnell Downey Dworshak Eastland Ecton Ellender Feazel Ferguson Flanders Fulbright George Green Gurney

Hatch Hawkes Hayden Hickenlooper Hill Hoey Holland Ives Johnson, Colo. Johnston, S. C. Kern Kilgore Know land Langer Lucas McCa.rran McCarthy McClellan McFarland McGrath McKellar McMahon Malone Martin May bank MiiUkin Moore Morse Murray Myers

O'Conor O'Daniel O'Mahoney Pepper Reed Revercomb Robertson, Va.. Robertson, Wyo. Russell Saltonstall Smith Sparkman Stennis Stewart Taft Taylor Thomas, Okla. Thomas, Utah Thye Tobey Tydings Umstead Vandenberg Wherry White Wiley Williams Wilson Young

Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. BusHFIELD], the Senator from Indiana [Mr. JENNER], and the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LoDGE] are necessarily ab-sent. ·

The Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART] is absent by leave of the Senate.

The Senator from Utah [Mr. WATKINS] is unavoidably detained.

Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUsoN] is absent by leave, of the Senate. · The Senator from~ New York [Mr.

WAGNER] is necessarily ,absent.

1948 CON_GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .7659 The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Eighty.

nine Senators having answered to their names, a quorum is present.

The Chair recognizes the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. GURNEY] and the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY]. To whom do they yield?

Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I yield 15 minutes of the time under my control to the Senator from West Virginia [Mr. REVERCOMB].

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I likewise yield 15 minutes to the Senator from West Virginia.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Thirty minutes of time will be allotted to the Senator from West Virginia. DEATH OF DR. JOSHUA LOTI! LIEBMAN, RABBI, TEMPLE ISRAEL, BOSTON, MASS.

Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, will the Senator from West Virginia yield to me for a brief statement?

M'r. REVERCOMB. I yield to the Senator from Massachusetts.

Mr. SALTONSTALL. Today the Chaplain in the first line of his prayer in 'opening the session of the Senate said:

Every day we are reminded how fragile is the thread of our lives.

On May 19 Dr. Joshua Loth Liebman, of Temple Israel, Boston, Mass., acted as Chaplain of the Senate. He was a great American, a fine churchman, and an inspiring orator.

In this morning's newspaper we read of his untimely death following a sudden heart attack. Like every other citizen of Massachusetts, I regret his sudden passing. He gave constant cheer and comfort to the host of his friends and to hundreds of thousands of others who knew him through his writings. I was proud to count myself one of his friends.

In Massachusetts, during the war, a Committee on Racial and Religious Understanding was formed. As a member of that committee, his advice was always sound, practical, ~nd full of confidence in the fulfillment of better understand-

. ings among us all as citizens. He was always exceedingly helpful to me when I was in the office of Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. I am deeply sorry to hear of his passing, but proud that I knew a great American and a fine churchman. PROMOTION OF NATIONAL DEFENSE- IN

CREASE IN PERSONNEL OF ARMED FORCES

The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill · ( S. 2655) to provide for the common defense by increasing the strength of the armed forces of the United States, including the Reserve components thereof, and for other purposes.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the amendment offered by the Senator from Texas [Mr. O'DANIEL].

Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, we now move into the closing hours of this debate. A limitation of time has been placed upon the discussion. It is my purpose to devote the time a·vailable to me to what I consider to be the clear points at issue in this cause. · At the begi:n.ning of my remarks 1 wish to remove-certainlY. for · myself-certain questions

which have been discussed throughout this extended debate.

In the first place, I want it clearly understood that I advocate, have always advocated, and will continue to advocate, the maintenance of a strong and adequate armed force for this country. Nor should there be dragged into this discus.: sion the subject of peace or war. We shall pray and work for peace. We shall guard against war. But the strength t>f this country must be kept always at a level to meet any exigency which may arise in the event that those who protest for peace may forget their protestations and march to war.

Nor is there any question about the power of this Government to enact legislation to draft men into the armed services and to compel and enforce service under government. B t there is a question of policy. The power exists; but the exercise of that power, as in all subjects of government, determines the wisdom of the course of government.

I have no quarrel with anyone over the numbers which the services want, in particular the Army. I do not attempt to say what number of men are needed. It is the Army which complains and asks for this enforced service of men. The Navy and the Air Corps do not complain. They find that -through voluntary enlistments of the young men of the country they can secure sufficient numbers to meet their needs.

However, I do raise the question of the necessity of the draft. I raise the question of its justification. In discussing this subject, while I differ on this one point with the chairman and the other members of the Armed Services Committee, I want it clearly understood that in the position I take upon this subject I do not for one moment disparage their efforts, or speak in less admiration for the chairman of the Armed Services· Committee, who has so valiantly and ably fought for the bill which his committee has recommended. That is his duty, regardless of his own feelings about the bill. He has met that duty ably.

I served with the chairman, the Senator from South Dakota, on the Military Affairs Committee from January 1943 throughout the war. I know of his interest in the affairs of the armed services. ·I do not doubt for one moment that the committee has recommended what it feels may be needed. However, because of my service with the Military Affairs Committee, and because of the history of the volunteer plan in our services, I have some familiarity with the question.

In the fall of 1945, after the victory over Japan, and after the armed confiict had ended, I served on a subcommittee under the able Senator froM Utah [Mr. THOMAS], now on the :floor and who was then •chairman of the Military Ai.fairs Committee, dealing with the subject· of voluntary enlistments. It will be recalled that at that time there were in the Army millions of men in Europe, in Japan, and in the islands of- the Pacific, as well as in camps in this country. Those men were selected by draft or selective service during a time of war. 'I;'hey went willingly. They served bravely and nobly. They brought victory to this country.

When the war ended a great thought became predominant-the thought that this country should have in its armed services men who voluntarily enlisted there. That has been the history of the United States. Never before in peacetime has Congress been called upon to enact legislation which would compel men to serve in any branch of government, military or civil.

There is a great difference between a time of war and a time of peace with respect to compulsory service. There are many differences, which need not be pointed out because they are too obvious. When we face armed conflict with an enemy, it is essential that every man, regardless of his age or occul'ation, be called upon in an ordered fashion to do his part; and the laws of the land may compel him to do his full part in the prosecution of the war. But it has been the history of this country of freedom, and it has been a part of the traditions of this land, that our Government is founded upon the liberty of the individual. This is a free country. We cleave to certain basic principles as fundamental to the life of America. We must keep them if we are to remain basically strong.

With that thought in mind, in the fall of 1945 the Congress moved t.oward the ending of enforced service and · the beginning of voluntary service, as it has always existed in the peaceful years of this country. I speak to the point of the lack of necessity for the draft because I believe that had the Army done its full part it would have succeeded, and if it will do its full part to meet the problem of filling its ranl{S through the voluntary system it will now succeed. The Navy has done it. The Air Corps has done it. But the Army asks for a draft.

The military authorities have never looked with favor upon a volunteer system. From the very beginning in the autumn of 1945, when the existing voluntary plan was advanced, some of the Members of the Senate who dealt with the subject will recall that the high military authorities at that time opposed the voluntary enlistment bill. When the hearings were then held, we were told by the representatives of the military that if a voluntary enlistment bill were passed, the most that could be hoped for in the way of volunteers would be 300,000 men. .

The bill was passed. / Congress had seen the country emerge from a war. Congress was not forgetful of the basic principles which had made our country great through freedom, and Congress insisted that the ranks be filled with volunteers, and then we would see whether a draft was necessary. So the law was passed.

What occurred? We had had the opinion, not of one, but of several of the high ·authorities of the military, that the greatest number of men who would enlist in the Army would be 300,000. The Army"then was aiming at having 1,070,-000 men by July 1, 1946. What happened to the prediction of the military authorities? As a matter of fact, the bill was passed on October 12, 1945, by the .Senate, and later was passed by the House; and by January 1, more than 600,000

7660 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10

men had enlisted. By February 1, ap. proximately 800,000 had enlisted. The number of volunteers grew and grew, until we had a great army of volunteers. sufficient to enable the young men who

- had been drafted and thus compelled to leave their homes, their work, their schools, and their families, to return to this country. Yes; the volunteer system was working well.

It worked particularly well until the spring of 1947. Then the committee

~ learned that a new rule had been put into effect by the Army. The Army had raised the passing mark in what is known as the classification test from 59 to 70. Some of us had wondered why the en· listmehts suddenly dropped off about that time. The military authorities did not report to the committee, in the first place, the change in the passing mark in the classification test. The members of the committee Jearned of it through other sources. Those representing the military were requested to come before the committee and explain the situation.

Mr. President, let us see what their ex· planation was. I hold in . my · h:and a report of the hearings held m April 1946. I wish to be entirely fair to the repre· sentative of the War Department who came before us at that time. He holds a very high position in that Department; he is- known as G-1, that is to say, the chief of personnel-General Paul. He is still G-1, I am advised, in the Depart· ment. I read now some of the questions asked him, and his replies:

Senator REVERCOMB. General Paul, the classification test has been given throughout the war; hasn't it?

General PAUL. Yes, sir. Senator REVERCOMB. And the passing mark

was 59? General PAUL. That is correct. Senator REVERCOMB. And that was raised

while we were 1n this program of taking in volunteers?

General PAUL. Also correct. Senator REVERCOMB. Will not the raising

of that passing mark definitely prevent a certain numoer of men from volunteering who desire to volunteer to the armed services?

General ·PAUL. We hope it will. Senator REVERCOMB. It was done for that

purpose? General PAUL. Yes, sir. We are getting

more of the lower grade men than we can use in the Army.

That was the reason he gave at that time.

' Mr. President, we have heard a great deal of argument about the necessity of raising the standards. In other words, the Army, when it first testified about this volunteer bill, was not favorable to it. The Army opposed the passage of the bill. I wish to be fair, but the evidence here absolutely convicts the Army of opposition ab initio. From the very beginning, the Army has been against a volunteer system. The Army wanted to make its own selections from the men of the country. This evidence proves that,. and that conclusion is inescapable.

After opposing the bill, and after seeing it passed subsequently, and after months of enlistments, and seeing those enlistments increase and increase, the Army raised the passing mark from 59 to 70-for what purpose? General Paul says and admits that the purpose was so

that the Army would not get so many volunteers. He added, ''Because we wanted men of a higher grade."

The recent war was fought on the basis of a passing grade of 59 in the classification test. Our country's Army prior to the war was smaller than the Army asked for todaY. It was based upon a 59 mark for entrance. I cannot escape the conclusion that the Army has d'eliberately set about· to scuttle the volunteer system so that it may have what it wishes to have-an absolute and unlimited power of selection.

Mr. President, if we were to give to ·any group of persons in this country-for example, the doctors or the lawyers or the engineers associations-or a civil or· ganization, the power to draft the young men they would wish to have enter their profession, I suppose their natural inclination would be to pick and command the cream of America, the top-flight men. But that is not according to the traditions of our country; that is not according to the principles of real freedom. We have permitted the young men of our country to make their own selections. Not until it becomes utterly necessary in time of national defense to compel all men to stand guard and to fight for their country, do we lay aside that principle. What would happen if we gave to some other branch of the Government the power to draft or select on any basis the men it wished to have?

No, Mr. President; if we are to establish in this country a policy of permitting one branch of our Government's organization, -whether it be military or civil, to say, "We are going to denude this country of just those we want," I say we shall have set up a standard that will destroy every vestige of real and natural freedom. Of course there- should be a classification test; but it seems to me that in that test the passing mark which has formed the basis for the selection of our armed forces which fought the war and won the war, and on the basis of which a great Army has been maintained, has been proven well worth while.

What has happened since that time? Did the Army stop after changing the passing grade to ·7o? No; that was not the case. Sqmetime between the spring of 1946 and today the Army again raised the passing grade, this time to 80. That 1s the way it is going. Can the Army expect to get the men it wants by the volunteer system, by a continuous raising of the passing mark? Certainly it cannot. If the volunteer system met the 80 mark, is there any reason to believe that it would not be raised to 90?

I say to you, Mr. President, that the · record in this case convicts the Army of absolutely scuttling and destroying the volunteer system; and then they come to Congress and ask that they be permitted to draft and select the men.

I want an Army, as I have said of the 'proper size. I really think it . requires more technical men today than before,· but certainly there is no need for better

· equipped or more intelligent men ~ith ~higher mental ratio today than there, was, let us say, at the end of the war, since the weapons are the same, in large measure.

That was testified to before the com'mittee of the House. The question was asked of General Dahlquist, who is the second in command of the Personnel Division. · He is assistant or deputy, as I understand, to General Paul. ·The fol~ lowing question was asked:

Well, has the milltary in general changed in any way since World War II; that is, so far as mechanization, electronics, and so forth?

The General answered: I do not believe to any perceptible per

centage. It is about the same. That is, we are getting more gadgets, and so forth, but gadgets do not necessarily require higher intelligence. •

Yet with the assistant to the Chief of Personnel stating that there is no need for a higher degree of intelligence, a raise was made of at least 10 points over the 70 point and 21 points over the passing mark at the end of the war. I bring these matters before the Senate. I have followed this subject and I am convinced in my own judgment that a draft would not be necessary if the Army would go ahead and attempt to get men to volunteer. It would have just as great a success as the Navy; it would have just as great a success as the air arm of our forces.

General Eisenhower made a statement upon this point which I think is quite interesting. I want to read it into the RECORD at this point. It is what General Eisenhower said on April 7 before the Senate Committee on Armed Services.

I quote his words: My memory is sometimes tricky, but I

thought I had directed, before I left the Chief of Sta:fi, to drop, for the ground forces at least, the figure back to 70, and I thought there is where it was, so we could fill up certain places where we could do this.

In other words, General Eisenhower, after he was no longer Chief of Staff, came back and said that from his best recollection he believed the order had been given to drop it back to 70. Mr. President~ do you believe for one moment that General Eisenhower, who is a great military leader, whose thoughts are molded in a life and a career of magnificent military experience, do you think for a -moment he would tell the. Congress that a passing mark of 70 was sufficient if it were not? I say that if the Congress is going to succumb to the insistence of the Army that they have the power of drafting, it will represent a reversal of the very ideas expressed by the Congress in the fall of 1945. I cannot accept it.

I want a strong force; I do not argue against that. As I say, the other branches of the service have been able to get strong forces-the MaFines, the Navy, the Air Force. But the Army never has really wanted voluntary enlistments. They testify they spent much to get enlistments, and have advertised for them. Mr .. President, I have had called to my attention, and' I ·want 'to call to the attention of the Senate two · advertisements, signed "Your Army and 4ir Force serve the Nation and mankind in war and peace. United States Army and United States Aii Force Recruiting Service." The first advertisement shows a picture of some tanks in

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7661 action on a desert land. The large wording on it reads:

Ready, Aim • • • Fry!

The first paragraph is: It's so hot canned goods blow up. Big

guns die young-of the heat. Cigarette lighters go dry as fast as you can fill them. That's the Arizona desert, in summer • • •

Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, I offer the. amendment which I send to the desk and ask to have stated.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will state the amendment for the information of the Senate.

The CHIEF CLERK. At the proper place in the bill it is proposed to insert the following new section:

COMPOSITION OF NATIONAL GUARD UNITS The advertisement then goes on to / pay tribute to the ability of the soldier, yet an advertisement is published asking young men to enlist ·for "Ready, aim • • • fry." I do not know what kind of advertising that is.

·sEc. . No civ111an or military officer or employee in the executive branch of the Government shall issue any order, regulations, instructions, or request, or take any other action, relating to the composition of the National Guard or the Air National Guard of any State, Territory, or the :pistrict of Columbia, which would have the effect of depriving a State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, or influencing its exercise, of the right to reject applicants for appointment or enlistment in its units of the National Guard or the Air National Guard who do not meet the qualifications for appointment or enlistment prescribed by such State, Territory, or

I hold another advertisement published and ·signed by the United States Army and the United States Air Force Recruiting Service. It shows the picture of a soldier in uniform behind a machine gun, in a background of green foliage. • The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The time of the Senator from West Virginia will expire in 1 minute. - the District of Columbia.

Mr. REVERCOMB. I shall read the , first paragraph:

The dripping black was endless nightmare. Malaria stalked on unseen wings. And close-too close-murder, incorporatedwaited in evil silence-waited for the telltale slap of mosquitoes, for the click of rifle bolt.

After saying that in the opening paragraph, to persuade young men to enlist, if you please, the advertisement speaks of the valor of American men. What sort of stuff is that? What inducement to enlistment is in that opening paragraph? It would drive men from the service.

I am sorry my time has ended. This is a fateful bill. It is . the first time such a thing has been done to the American people. It is unnecessary for me to stand here today and say that if it were required for the maintenance of our armed services I perh~ps would violate that tradition and say, "Go apead." But I cannot in my heart subscribe, when I am firmly convinced against it, to a bill which I know is not needed, when I know the requirement can be met by volunteers, whatever figures may be used by the War Department.

Oh, it is the beginning of a new, a fateful and bad cause. It is not only the taking of men into the armed services, into the Army; it is the beginning of a great break-down ·of principle and tradition in this country. If we can se-. lect and give power to a branch of our Government to go forth and select whomever they want and make any test they want, we are going to give the same power and recognize the same right perhaps in someone else to take a man and say where he may work in peacetime, where he may live, and what ·he must do. There is the danger, Mr. President.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator's time has expired.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY] has agreed with me to allocate 15 minutes of his time to the Senator from South Carolina [Mr. MAYBANK].

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from South Carolina is recognized for 15 minutes.

XCIV-483

Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, I should like to ask the distinguished chairman of the Armed Services Committee if he would be willing to accept my amendment.

Mr. GURNEY. I am not authorized by the committee to accept it.

Mr. MAYBANK. Then, Mr. President, I should like to say that the substance of my amendment is to prevent any executive orders being issued against the Na·tional Guard in the States of the Union. Fortunately, on the Armed Services Committee there are seven former governors of States, all of whom are familiar with the National Guard and all of whom have been, at one time or another, the commander in chief of the National Guard in their respective States. The Senators to whom I refer are the Senator from New liampshire [Mr. BRIDGES], the Senator from Iowa [Mr. WILSON], the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. SALTONSTALLJ, the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. BALDWIN], the Senator from Georgia [Mr. RussELL], the Senator from Virginia [Mr. BYRD], and myself.

I should like to ask the distinguished chairman of the Committee on Armed Services this question : Should there be any executive orders issued with respect to the National Guard by any branch of the executive department, or by anyone outside of the War Department itself, would the Senator be willing to call a meeting of the committee?

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. :?resident, certainly, if there should be any request by any member of the committee for a meeting on this problem, or on any other problem, I would do my level best to call such a meeting.

Mr. MA YBANK. I should like to ask the Senator if he anticipates any change in the status of the National Guard through any rules or regulations that might be promulgated by the White House?

Mr. GURNEY. I have been assured repeatedly that the armed forces will operate under the standards set forth in the -Gillem report, which is a part of the record, stating on page 652 of the hearings.

Mr. MAYBANK. l thank the distinguished chairman of the Armed Serv-

ices Committee for those statements. Before asking for a vote on my amendment I should like to say a few words in connection with the bill.

I voted for the reduction in the life ·of the law from 5 io 2 years. l felt that the Army and the Navy would be better off with a 2-year period than With a 5-year period, because the Armed Services Committee could keep watch on what might happen. Should there be any Executive orders issued or anything to disrupt the status quo, the Armed Services Committee would be in better position to be of assistance in the matter. As a member of that committee I shall insist on the present status of the Army which General Eisenhower stated was in the best interest of the country. I repeat, it was for that reason that I voted to reduce the period from 5 to 2 years, and it was for that reason I voted for the Morse amendment.

I am also very happy to say that on yesterday I supported the Kern amendment, known as the military justice amendment, which for the first time, in my judgment, puts democracy into the Army, for the better treatment of enlisted men. I realize we must have an army to preserve peace and stop com .. munism. We cannot do it with money alone.

Mr. President, I have supported the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy, first, as a member of the Military Affairs Com_mittee, as a member of the Appropriations Committee, and then as a member of the Armed Services Committee, since I came to the Senate in 1941. In view of the fact that I voted to put military justice into the Army and· to reduce the term of the law from 5 to 2 years, and in view of the fact that we defeated all the antisegregation amendments offered by the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. LANGER], it will be my purpose to vote for the final passage of the bill.

To keep the record straight, Mr. President, I have offered this amend .. ment. However, in view of what the distinguished chairman of the Armed Services Committee has stated, that he anticipates no difficulty, but that he will call a meeting of the committee if something should occur that required such

· meeting, not only at my request, but at the request of any other member of the committee, and in view of the fact that there are seven former governors on the committee, I shall not ask for a yea-andnay vote. The record here will speak for itself. I ask for the adoption of my amendment.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. There ·is an amendment pending. No amendments will be voted upon until the hour of 3 o'clock has arrived.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I Yield myself 5 minutes. ·

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from South Dakota is recognized for 5 minutes.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I want to speak primarily on the amendment which has just been pre~ented by the Senator from South Carolina [Mr. MAYBANK]. I wish to say, first, that the service rendered by the Senator from South Carolina in connection with this and other problems is deeply appreciated.

7662 ·coNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JuN:E 10 He has at all times done his utmost to assist in necessary legislation to keep our Nation strong. I fear the results that might come from the adoption of his amendment, in tl}.e first place, because it deals to some extent with the race problem. I feel that that is not germane to the bill, and I apply to it the same remarks which I made with respect to the amendment offered a few days ago on the antisegregation question. But, primarily, I am fearful that should the Senator's -amendment be adopted it would, because of its wording, block the standards necessary for Federal recognition of the National Guard, such as the training, equipment, and efficiency in the operation of the National Guard in the States. I feel that the adoption of his amendment might ·have that effect. I lmow that it is not the purpose of the Senator from South Carolina in any way to affect those necessary standards.

Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?

Mr. GURNEY. I yield. Mr. MAYBANK. It was never my in

tention to affect the standards, because I believe. in high standards for the National Guard, as does the distinguished chairman of the Armed Services Committee. I want to thank him for the generous remarks he made about me. He has stated to me that he believes in States' rights and that the governors of the States should be supreme commanders in chief of the National Guard during peace.

Mr. GURNEY. Certainly I believe that as much control of the National Guard as is possible should be left with the governors of the States until the Guard is called upon to perform Federal service in a time of emergency.

Mr. President, I yield 15 minutes to the Senator from Washington [Mr. CAIN].

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Washington is recognized for 15 minutes.

Mr. CAIN. ·Mr. President and Members of the Senate, it . has beep said of Andrew Jackson that he resigned from the Senate in his first term because he was never able to finish a speech. Apparently on every occasion when he was making a speech he became so ind:gnant over his subject that he gave the speech up as a bad job. Mr. President, without thought of resigning fro]Il the Senate, for there is no greater work in the world, I share what I conceive to have been Mr. Jackson's indignation and r.esentment concerning a prevailing public problem.

Not a very long time from now we shall have to cast a vote which will determine whether the bill presented by the committee is to pass and whether the young men drafted into . the service of their country will serve for 1a months or for 2 years.

Mr. President, in the several brief and very precious minutes allotted to me I wish to accomplish, if I can, two purposes, the first of which is to prove, as I hope I can, the present absolute need for 2-year service-within the proposed draft act; and, second-and I am distressed that business keeps him elsewhere at the moment-that the Senator from Oregon [Mr. MoRSE], . whose amendment for· 18 months' draft service will soon be v .Jted

on, used arguments last night and several days ago which, in .my considered opinion, are not deserving of serious consideration by the Senate of the United States.

Mr. President, I hold the person and the brain of the Senator from Oregon in high and affectionate regard. He knows this. He knows, moreover, that both of us as friends and from the same section of America, reserve the right to question on a particular issue the judgment and knowledge of the other. I shall exercise that right at this time.

The Senator from Oregon has spoken on the subject of the length of the draft on two occasions during this week. If he was right on one occasion, he was completely and alarmingly wrong on the other. In changing positions in two short days' time his testimony is subject to serious doubt and . searching inquiry by every Member of the Senate who is deeply concerned about the problem of how best to maintain and · preserve America's security.

The Senator from Oregon told us last night, both feelingly and at length, that it was the will of the American people that a draft period of service be limited to 18 months. He· attempted to prove this. I quote his argument, but only in part. On page 7580 of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of June 9 I find this paragraph, the Senator from Oregon speaking:

I have some evidence in support of that judgment on my part, and that evidence takes a variety of forms: It is based upon many conversations as I have gone about this land. It is based upon audience reactions in open-forum discussions on military manpower legislation; it is based on a great mass of correspondence and telegrams I have received on the _subject.

I have deliberately, in my many public discussions iii this country, raised the question of military manpower legislation. I have sought to pr voke discussion among my audiences in order to learn the attitude of the members of the audiences on the question of military manpower. I have tallced to a very good cross section of the American people in those audiences-labor audiences, businessmen's audiences, general audiences. All I can say to my colleagues in the Senate on that subject is that on the basis of those

. many observations I am satisfied that my proposal for 18 months represents the will of public opinion as of tonight.

There is much more the Senator from Oregon said last night in support of his contention that an 18 months' training period was sufficient. vVe must not forget that that was last night. But, Mr. President, what did the Senator from Oregon have to say on the same subject on Monday of this week? I quote from page 7277 Of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of June 7, the following statement by the Senator from Oregon:

I want the RECORD to emphasize tonight that I believe 12 months' training will provide the basic training necessary for a future Army in case of an international incident which might cause us to mobilize all of our manpowet· at a very rapid rate.

And again: But I am satisfied from the hearings and

from the record made before the Armed Services Committee that 12 months' service under

. the draft law will give . th~se men the basic training theY: n~ed for future service in the

Army. If following the · 12 months' period they go into the various branches of theReserve I think the final bill, with my amendment in it, will then give us the national security we need and will accomplish in the m~in all '?le seek to accomplish by the pending measure on the 24 months' basis.

Mr. President, these contradictions did not confuse me as an American, as one who has served his country in the armed services, or as a Senator, because I heard and read them both word for word, and studied them, too. But other Senators may not have been so fortunate. They might have missed either the explanation that .was given on Monday, that 12 months was sufficiently long, or they might have missed the explanation running more than an hour last night that 18 months was totally sufficient.

The Senator from Oregon last night justified in the most conclusive way, if we may give credence to his testimony, that 24 months-was the very least period of training to. be expected and required of young men to be drafted under the law. The Senator last night said that he knew the draft, unfortunate as the circumstances were, was an imperative necessity. He thought-not I, the present speaker, but the Senator from Oregon thought, as he stated in his own wordsthat a war with Russia was possible in the foreseeable, in the near, .future. He thought, and said so, that Americans were living in a dream world of false security. He said so, and he went on to add, that we· needed, and · had to do it

~soon, the str~ngthening of our security and our defenses if we were to keep America strong.

In these remarks, Mr. President, the Senator from Oregon justified totally, not an 18 months' draft service, but the committee recommendation of 24 months or an even longer period. _

Mr. President, his 18 months' proposal , in my opinion-admittedly I may be very wrong-would fail of achieving its objective for three very strong reasons, which I think anyone who has ever been exposed to service and training conditions in the Army, or to shell fire, will agree are concretely correct.

An 18 months' training period would provide for our armed services a · period too short in which .a man could be properly taught, first, to defend himself, and then to work as part of a unit, and then if necessary-which is the only reason for an Army or Navy or an Air Force-to fight, and to wage war.

The second weakness in the proposal of 18 months as made by the Senator from Oregon, in my opinion, would be that it would be unnecessarily expensive and extravagant and a misuse of the dollars of the American taxpayers. In my considered opinion, the Senator from Oregon was contradictory in that he spoke of the need for conserving tne assets of the Nation, and then recommended that we throw dollars away by misuse, through the application of an 18 months' training period.

The third weakness, in my judgment _is that an 18 months' training period in the f.ace of the uncertainties in the ,mind of the Senator from Oregon about .the future, would have men in all .the branches leaving .their respectiv~ units

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .7663 at just about the. time they would be qualified and prepared to defend the country from any aggressor on any front. In my mind, this would be, in the light of the facts as we think we know them to be, a monstrous misuse of manpower.

As one who has had considerable service in ·the field, first, of trying to keep himself alive, and, secondly in the field of trying to keep other people alive, I think I can make a reasonable contribution in a couple of minutes in justification of a 24 months' period.

The two major statements I wish to make I never heard made by those who propose either a 12 or an 18 months' period. We do not have an army primarily in order to train men and put them back into civilian life. The primary purpose of an army is to have an organization composed of personnel which can fight if it has to fight.

What is the first job in organizing an army? It is to teach a man to take care of himself. How long does that take the ordinary, average American? About 6 months. That is what we call basic training.

Then comes something of which the Senator from Oregon, apparently, is totally unaware. An army does not fight with just trained individuals. An army consisting of prima donnas or undisciplined · individuals is foredoomed · to failure. After a man 1s trained to take care of himself, he is put into a ' fighting unit, and I ask the Senate please to believe me when I say that it takes longer to train a unit how to fight as a unit than it does to train an individual how to protect himself as an individual.

A unit 1s a concert, a synthesis, a coor• dinated group of individuals who eventually learn how to live and to fight and to perspire by instinct in close company with their fellows. There is no mention made of the realities of the situation by the Senator from Oregon. How long does that unit training take? I do not know where he may be now, but one of the very best fighting generals, divisionwise, in the last war said to me yesterday at lunch in answer to my question: "Senator, assuming that the basic training was of the best, I can prepare a division to go into combat and rest assured that our casualties will be held to a minimum in about 8 months' time."

Let us take 6 months' basic training and take 8 months' per unit training on top of that, and where are we? That is 14 months. We have a proposal for 18 months in all; 14 from 18 leaves 4: And then what have we? We have what we have always been trying to get, a man who is qualified to defend his countryfor what length of time? For four short months.

If it goes the other w.aY, and the committee amendment is approved, as I prayerfully hope it will be, the most this country's armed forces can get out of our American youth, the finest manhood in the world, is 10 months of real, or war, potential service.

It seems to me the Senate has assumed -a responsibility in consonance with which it must do something automatically. we· have gotten down ·to brass tacks in this legislation and said to the armed services, "You are entitled .to have so many

thousands of men." Once that has been agreed upon, if it is agreed upon, then we automatically assume the' responsibility for providing the mechanism which will make it possible for the. military services to bring their personnel up to whatever ceilings may have been approved by the Congres:; and the President.

We cannot run away from that responsibility. It would be ironic, it would be futile, it would be senseless. We would be selling out our own peopl~ if we should fail to provide a period of time within the draft law in which a man first could learn how to defend himself; secondly, could learn how to work with other men; and thirdlY, could give a period of hiS precious life to the defense and military needs of his Government, his country, his Nation, which makes everything so totally possible for all of us.

Now we are faced-! wish I could say it better-with this situation: A young man comes into the Army. He volunteers-for what? If he is not a technician or ~ specialist, he volunteers for. 36 months. If he is a specialist it 1s assumed he does not need a certain amount of basic training and the period. for which he volunteers is 2 years. We are going to pass a draft law, I believe and hope; because I think the country requires it at this particular time, and one of the reasons we are going to pass it is that we hope it will increase the :fiow of volunteers. But when the young men volunteer they volunteer for 3 years, or 2 years as a minimum, and then if we cannot, on the basis of the patriotism existing in the hearts of the young men of our country, secure a sufficient number of volunteers so that we may fulfill our obligations due to the commitments we have made on a worlc;l-wide front, we are going to draft them. We are going to say, if the 18- months' proposal prevails, to the young man who thinks it 1s not his particular duty to volunteer for service in the armed forces, "We are going to put you into the Army, the Navy, er the Air Force, but only for 18 months. We are going to put you there only for half the time that we expect a young man who has his head up in the air and who volunteers to serve his country." What kind of intelligent, good sense does this make?

On the basis of minimizing expe~e. on the basis of a proper utilization of manpower, on the basis of trying not to make ourselves look silly in the eyes of foreigners who understand military strategy and preparedness and needs as much, and sometimes more, I think, than we do, I believe there is absolutely no justification for the 18 months' proposal other than as a popularity contest. The American people should be told that, "If we vote for 18 months, or 12 months, we are voting to shoot the heads off some young men who will not be qualified and prepared if the need arises to take care of themselves and their country." I will not be a party, Mr. President, to fooling the uninformed in this country about what will happen to too many of their sons if we authorize a draft period which will not permit a man to be fully prepared for whatever might come.

Mr. President, more as an American, than as a man who sits proudly in the

seat I occupy, do I deny any validity in the position taken on Monday in a feeling sort of way, by the Senator from Oregon for a 12 months' period of service and on Wednesday for an 18 months' period. I reject both suggestions because they are not based on any justification in fact or in reality. . ·I hope the proposal of the committee will prevail by an overwhelming majority.

The PRESIDENT pro tempor_e. The time of the Senator from Washington has expired. -

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I now yield 15 minutes to th.e Senator from Nebraska [Mr. WHERRY].

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. J;lresident, I send to tqe desk three amendments, and I offer amendment No. 1 for immediate consideration.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair will state to the. Senator from Nebraska that there can be no immediate consideration of his amendment, as an amendment is pending.

Mr. WHERRY. I submit all three amendments at this time. If amendment No. 1 should be adopted there will be no need for having a vote on amendments Nos. 2 and 3. If amendment No. 1 fails of adoption, I should like to have a vote on amendments Nos. 2 and 3.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator desire to have the amendments read by-the clerk, or does he waive reading of the amendments and wish to have them printed and lie on the table?

Mr. WHERRY. I waive the reading of the amendments, and ·to save time, I ask that they may be printed and lie on the table.

There being no objection, the amendments were ~ceived and ordered to lie on the table.

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, my first amendment would strike out section 18, which is entitled "Utilization of Industry.'' I shall not read the section, but will say that a reading of the first paragraph of section 18, on page 63, from line 9 to line 21, inclusive, will give Senators a clear understanding of what is involved by my amendment. The remainder of the section provides for carrying out that which is provided in the first paragraph, and the penalties for- failure to do so. The section covers 2 ~ pages of the bill, and ends on page 66. If Senators desire to know the general provisions of the section they can find them set forth on page 63 from line 9 to line 21. The language contained within those lines will show at a glance what is involved.

Mr. President, I ask that the section be stricken because it is my contention that it is absolutely unnecessary at this time. I believe that before I conclude my statement, in the 15 minutes allotted to me, Senators who hear it will ·agree with me. Of course I realize that the position I take will be somewhat unpopular. The theory is that if we draft men we should draft industry, and, academically, that is a sound theory, and I have advocated it many times.

I ask that the section be stricken for another reason. The section is identical with the section which was adopted in the Selective Service Act of 1940. It was the first step. It was not sufficient

7664 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.. SENATE JUNE 10 for the purposes it meant to serve then, because its provisions did not cover what was intended to be covered. It would be. necessary to broaden the provisions, and if the provisions were broadened it would mean-the institution in this country of controls from beginning to the end.

The reason I am interested in this amendment is that it will have. an impact upon the small business of the country. Small business has already arrived at the point where some men· engaged in it are turning the keys in thei:r doors and locking up. They cannot obtain allocations of materials. If the bill goes into effect, without my amendment, it will mean that there will be initiated WPB's and OPA's and all sorts of controls in order to get so-called allocations so that businesses may keep their doors open.

Mr. President, I realize that it is difficult to obtain a favorable vote on an , amendment when the one proposing the amendment is speaking to only 10 or 12 Senators. I suppose all Senators have made up their minds, but as one inter-

- ested in small business I feel a statement of my position at least should be in the RECORD, and I trust Senators will give the utmost consideration to my amendment No. 1 when it comes to a vote.

I must express for the RECORD at this time my strong personal convictions that the type of control set up in section 18 of this bill is the first step down the road toward reimposition of even broader controls over industry.

I think I can make it plain that this feeling is not one which is groundless. It is one which industry itself has expressed as recently as 10 ciays ago in joint hearings held by the fiteel Subcommittee and Oil Subcommittee of the Senate Small Business Committe. At those hearings David F. Austin, vice president of the United States Steel Corp. of Dela~ ware, told the joint subcommittees that as allocation programs cut deeper and deeper into available steel supplies the problems of distributing the remaining steel become even more complex. He went on to state that it will become progressively worse than it is now.

While it is · true that Mr. Austin was talking about voluntary allocation programs, what he had to say applies equally, or with even more force, to mandatory procurement programs, particularly when such programs are to be piled on top of voluntary programs. Here is what Mr. Austin had to say:

Certainly as you drain off the top requirements-

Listen, Senators: Certainly as you drain off the top require

ments for the Marshall-plan countries, and bring in a new defense program, and demand today is already in excess of supply, then it must be true, sir, that the total left for our civilian economy must be becoming smaller.

In backing up this statement, Adam Hazlett, vice president of Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., in answer to what was going to happen to the ultimate consumer and .the small fabri.cator, said:

It is in.evitable that he is going to suffer.

While these men come from big operations, yet they are the steel-producing concerns of the country, and they are the ones upon whom small business, as well as big business, rely. Those statements are undisputed in the testimony. What is true in ste·el, our basic industrial commodity, must inevitably be true in other industrial commodities. Therefore, I wish to call to the attention of the Senate the seriousness of the im- · plications of section 18 of this bill.

It gives authority to the President to force a manufacturer, plant, or mine to accept an order for articles or materials exclusively for the use of the armed forces. Obviously the small businessman will be hurt most when available supplies for civilian manufacture are sharply curtailed due to military pro-curement. Of course, that would have to happen any way.

Even if the cuts to civilian manufacturers are applied proportionately straight across the board, the little fellow who is getting 100 tons of steel per quarter, for example, is in far worse shape if he is cut 50 percent than the big fellow who is getting 100,000 tons a quarter. The difference between the two is that in one case it is the death knell to the small business, and in the other, although his business may be seriously curtailed, he is still operating.

In Blair, Nebr., there is a small manufacturing plant which fabricates disk harrows. Today the operator of that plant cannot get steel, except in the gray market. He is paying the difference between 4 and 11 cents to get the ·steel, and the price of steel is so high that he can- · not fabricate the product and meet the competitive price. He has 121 employees. Eighty ·percent of them are veterans of World War II. The provision of the bill to which I have referred will make things worse for him instead of better.

I am aware that it is a popular argument to state that we are drafting men, and therefore must draft industry. In theory that is correct. However, the reason that we find it necessary to draft men is that the armed services have failed, through voluntary methods, to build up a sufficiently large force, in their opinion, adequately to defend our country. That is the situation with respect to drafting men. Whether we condemn the failure or condone it, that is the problem. That is why we are passing a draft bill. Thus, the draft of men has been called into effect on the theory that voluntary methods of ·enlistment have been a failure. The voluntary system has failed. Therefore, if we are to stop the threat, we must draft men.

On the other hand, there is no testimony from the armed services that their procurement through normal voluntary channels of placing orders with American industry has failed. That is the difference. In the one case there has been a failure. In the other case, there is no evidence that normal military procurement has failed. In other words, the normal methods of procurement of military materials have not broken down. To the contrary., the situation has proved to . be perfectly satisfactory. Thus - I

cannot see that the argument is a proper one that section 18 is necessary, inasmuch as industry has shown that it can fill military procurement needs without legislative compulsion. There is all the difference in the world between the justification presented with respect to men and that presented with respect to materials.

There was contained in sectio: 9 of the Selective Service Act of 1940 language similar to that which is contained in section 18 ·of the bill now being considered. I am informed that the Navy used the provisions of ·section 9 of the Selective Service Act of 1940 only twic.e in the period of 1940 to 1942. This was during the days when we were headed toward war and the early period of our actual entrance into the war. I realize that there were more stringent powers passed which superseded section 9 of the Selective Service Act of 1940. That is what is going to happen again. That fits exactly into the argument which I am making here now-namely, that once we start a system of compulsory acceptance of Government orders, we broaden out into the whole field of priority control, preference ratings-WPB's, OPA's, and all the rest of the problems of a policestate system. bne leads to the other. ·

Furtlier, this section imposes manda• tory requirements for acceptance of Government-placed orders only. It does not allow the man with whom a prime contract is placed to compel his subcontractors to accept subcontracts necessary to fulfill the prime contract, and it does not afford the small-business man any pro-• tection in this mandatory acceptance setup.

I cannot help but feel that there are real dangers in the powers contained in this section of the bill. I know that· it . has been stated that the powers contained herein will be used very sparingly, but we have had experience with such claims before.

Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?

Mr. WHERRY. I cannot yield. I have only 15 minutes. I shall be glad to answer questions in the Senator's time.

In my opinion, if the power is necessary it is necessary only because great difficulty is being experienced, or will be experienced, in purchasing military supplies for the armed services. That is the only justification. There is an anticipation that the program will fall down, and that some time in the future there will be need for such a provision. The need has not been justified up to this time. It has been said that the provision will be used only sparingly. That is what we are told, but we know what that means. If it will be used only spar_ingly, then why is it necessary . at all?

The argument may be made that ' this section can be used as a club or a threat and therefore the powers will not be exercised but will still serve a valuable function as a threat. I cannot agree with this type of thinking. Until it is demonstrated that the powers contained in this section are necessary, I think the dangers inherent· in the exercise of the

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR~-SENATE 7665 powers far outweigh the advantages, if any.

Let us look at an example of what could happen. Suppose the armed .services find it necessary to procure steel drums. It has come to the attention of the Steel Subcommittee of the Senate Small Business Committee that integrated steel drum manufacturersthat is, those who produce the steel with which the drums are made as· well as the drums themselves-are reported to be operatin~ at between 95 and 100 percent of capacity. We have been informed that due to lack of steel the in.; dependent steel drum manufacturers are operating at approximately 60 percent of capacity. It would be natural for a procurement officer looking for steel drums for the armed services to feel that those who had 40 percent idle eapacity would be the persons with whom orders should be placed. However, if the independent manufactilrer were forced to take an order wider the present language of section 18 of this bill for the idle 40 percent of his capacity, and then went to the steel producers and asked for 40 percent additional steel with which to· fill this Government order, th,o~se pro"!' ducers would be under no compulsion to give. him steel and he would thus be comp~l)ed to drop most of " his . civilian business ii he "had entered into a contract. There is a certain percentage of idle capacity. The same thing is true of the independent petroleum refiners. A certain percentage of the refinery capacity is idle. If they took a contract they would have to take it out of their civilian quota if they performed; and without the priority given the prime contractor, the subcontractor could not perform, and his capacity would be idle.

I do not see how anyone who has been close to the steel problem can deny the fact that if we give priority to-the high level, we must extend it io the next level, or there will be an impact upon small business which will be ·a great deal worse than that which was experienced in .World War II, and worse than we are now experiencing in peacetime. This would be ·ruinous to the independent manufacturer.

I do not say that this is the way that this section of the bill would be administered. I do say that it is a possibility ,that · this example and others which we could not even conceive of at this time could happen. I say further that when we give Government controls over a man's business and over what he must make, no matter how limited these controls may be, it is impossible to predict what will happen in the opera· tion of such controls.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Nebraska has one more minute. ·

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the Senator from South Dakota yield five more minutes to me?

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I yield five additional minutes to the ~enator from Nebraska.

Mr . . WHERRY. I say further that some of the most ridiculous and uqforeseen occurrences in this country's eco-

nomic history happened during a manda- . tory allocation and price-control period.

If these powers are more broadly used than is now contemplated, it is quite obvious that persons forced to take orders for military goods will demand from Congress the right to force others to furnish the materials necessary for production of those military goods. Recent his-

. tory demonstrates that. Thus I question seriously whether our economy can long remain part free and part controlledno matter how small that control may seem to be.

Forced acceptance of orders for military procurement, the ERP program, and the ·1oluntary programs for a few key industries will cut so deeply into available supplies of basic industrial commodities

· that other phases of our civilian and domestic economy will be greatly disrupted. Small business will be the first to suffer. I do not think that the time is far off.

No Member of the Senate has· fought harder to keep controls off the backs of the American people than has the junior Senator from Nebraska. I am against them for the reason that the complexities of our economy are too great for a group of so-called. Government experts to be able to solve in an equitable fashion.

Even during -the war, with the compulsions of patrfotism and national selfpreservation, we found c~mtrols almost impossible to administer and to enforce. But if we decide here today that in one phase of our·econ-omY, namely, the milit-3.ry procu:r~tnent program, we must force industry to!take orders, I cannot help but reiterate that we are taking the ·fateful first step ·toward reimposition of even broader controls over all industry.

I should like tO say to the Senate that I have been jnformed by the Department of the Army that this section was not even in the -proposed draft legislation which the Army sent to Congress, and that the Army has never been asked for an opinion on this section of the bill.

Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President will the Senator yi~ld?

Mr. WHERRY. I shall be glad to yield -in the Senator's time.

Mr. RUSSELL. I have no time. Mr. WHERRY. I have only 3 minutes

left out of the 5 which have been yielded to me, and I have more yet to say.

Will the Senator from South Dakota yield me 5 minutes more?

Mr. GURNEY. Yes. Mr. WHERRY. Then I am glad to

yield to the Senator from Georgia. Mr. RUSSELL. I should like to know

who said- that the Army had not been consulted about this section.

Mr. WHERRY. I reluctantly give the name; the name is William Draper, Under Secretary of the Army.

Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, all I can say is that he 1~ talking through his ·hat, because this matter was discussed in detail with Defense Secretary Forres .. tal and Army Secretary Royall. ·

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, Irepeat that this matter has not been dis· cussed with the Army, and no reference to it can be found in the report. I can not find it anywhere in the report. This provision was not in the proposed draft

bill when it was sent here by the armed forces. ·

Mr. RUSSELL. No; this is far from · anything the Army sent here. The com

mittee wrote the bill . Mr. WHERRY. The _proposition js

advanced that we need military procurement because -this bill is a draft bill and the Army has asked for it. The implication is that the Army wants this procurement. But the Army has not asked for it. The Armed Services Committee has written this provision into the bill.

·Just this morning, before the Small Business Committee, we had testimony on this very subject. Let me read some of the colloquy. I read now the testimony of Rear Adm. J. D. Boyle, United States Navy, Office of Material. Mr. Dickey was asking the questions. I read from the questions and answers which were had in the committee just 2 hours ago:

Mr. DICKEY. Do you feel that any broader pr_iorities assistance is needed than that?-

Referring to the present voluntary allocation programs of the Department of Commerce.

Admiral BoYLE. No; I think our feeling 1s at this time tha~ industry has been cooper-_ ating splendidly in giving us our reasonable requirements, whether in steel or in oil ·or in any other thing which is short. The steel industry has voluntarily provided the Navy with very reasonable proportions cf 1ts steel. ·

That testimony was given only 2 pours ago. . .

I quote now from testimony given by Brig. Gen. J. K. Christmas, Chief of the Procu:J;"em,ent Group, Logistics Division, General Staff, United States Army, also given before the Senate Small Business Committe·e this morning, only 2 hours ago:

Mr. DICKEY. When your suppliers have been unable .td get material, you haven't had any di1ficulty, if it_ is important, in getting it, have you?

General ClmtsTMAB. I wouldn't say "difticulty." We eventually got it, sir.

Mr. DICKEY. I mean it hasn't held up your procurement schedules.

General CHRISTMAs. No, sir; it has not . . Mr. DICKEY. Do you anticipate that it

would? General CHRisTMAS. There was a recent

case, as the Colonel says, as to stoves and refrigerators, where we are still having some trouble. But I can't say it is final.

Then we have the reverse of the situation, where a man hoped, perhaps, that his Government contract would be a means of getting some material over and above the material he was normally getting for his commercial business. That is a very human failing, but we don't like to get our leg pulled. So we screen the requests before we go to bat for them.

Mr. DICKEY. I am thinking particularly, General, of vital ordnance materiel. I mean you haven't had any real difDculty in getting materiel, have you?

General CHRISTMAS. We have not. Mr. DICKEY. Would you anticipate that you

would? General CHRISTMAS. No; I don't think so. I

think that American business thinks enough of its National Military ·Establishment to help them out.

Mr. President, here 1s further test1· mony, obtained within the last 2 hours,

7666 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 and showing that this section of the bill is not needed. This is the testimony of Brig. Gen. Aaron Kessler, Director of the Procurement and Industrial Planning Headquarters, United States Army, before the Senate Small Business Committee ·on today, June 10. We all know General Kessler. The questions were asked by Mr. Dickey:

Mr. DICKEY. General Kessler, have you had any difficulty in getting American industry to enter in to Air Force con tracts?

General KEssLER. I think for the most part it has been just the opposite. They have been clamoring for it.

I thin!~ in this respect it must be considered that the Air Force procurement is specialized; that food, clothing, and all those other materials are purchased for the Air Force by the Army. All procurement is specialized, in the aircraft field. As shown by the Finletter and Brewster. reports, there has been a great scarcity of work within the aviation field. So our problem in that respect has been nil.

Mr. DICKEY. As far as the future is concerned, do you anticipate that it will be necessary to force industry to take orders?

General KESSLER. We conceive of no case now where that is going to be necessary.

Mr. President, I do not have before me a verbatim transcript of the testimony of the representative of the Atomic Energy Commission, because that testimony was given too late this morning to be available now. But I have been told by the director of the sta:tf of the Small Business Committee that the report given by the representative of the Atomic

• Energy Commission is _practically the same as the three reports I have just mentioned.

So, Mr. President, there has been no testimony that this procurement section of the bill is necessary. If we strike it out, it will not hurt the draft one iota. If we leave it in, it will be the first step-that cannot be denied-to the establish.:. ment of controls in this country. If this section is left in the bill, it will cause upon subcontractors in small business a serious impact which they simply will not be able to stand. .

Mr. President, I ask that the section be deleted. I am sorry that more Members of the Senate have not heard· the argument. I should like to have them know what the testimony has been within just the past 2 hours.

I suppose my amendment will, not carry; but I should like to have the RECORD show that I have brought this matter to the attention of the Senate.

If ·the amendment fails, then I shall submit amendments 2 and 3.

Amendment No. 2 provides only that if a contractor gets a contract and relays it to subcontractors, it will be necessary to make a showing that the supply of material is scarce before a priority for the material they need will be issued. Certainly, all Senators can go along with that amendment, even if they do not wish to remove the entire section from the bill.

The third amendment declares as a policy that the procurement agencies shall give small business their just share of business, in proportion to what they do. I believe the Senator from Georgia saw that declaration of principle. I believe there will be no objection to writing it into the bill.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?

Mr. WHERRY. I am glad to yield. Mr. GURNEY. I believe the third

amendment is the long one. Mr. WHERRY. That is correct. Mr. GURNEY. I may say that I be

lieve the committee will be definitely opposed to that one, because to my mind it would begin the policy of establishing priorities, and that is not the intention of section 18, as it came from the committee.

Mr. WHERRY. Then I take it that the committee is not in favor of any of these amendments.

Mr. GURNEY. No. I would not say that the committee is in favor of them. The committee voted section 18 into the bill.

If the Senator asks me the question personally--

Mr. WHERRY. I ask the Senator this question: As chairman of the committee, would the Senator say that the- committee would accept ·any one of the three amendments?

Mr. GURNEY. No; they would not. Mr. WHERRY. Then, Mr. President,

the amendments wi~ have to be voted upon.

Mr. RUSSELL and other Senators addressed the Chair.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. To whom does the Senator from South Dakota yield?

Mr. GURNEY. Out of the time to be allotted by the Senator from Kentucky, I am authorized to yield 10 minutes to the S9llator from Georgia.

Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, I am somewhat overcome by the fervor of the argument which has been made by the distinguished Senator from Nebraska, but as he presented his case I thought I noticed several grave confiicts between his contentions.

In the first place, the Senator has denounced this provision, and has said it will ·wreck all industry and all business in the United States; and then the Senator proceeded to say that it was in e:tfect during World War II, but was used only twice, and for that reason ·it is unneces.:. sary to insert this authority in the bill. I submit that is a conflict which is impossible of reconciliation.

Mr. President, I join heartily in what the Senator has said about the problems of small business in this country. I desire to do everything within my power to help .small business. But all of the Sen-

. ator's complaints may be laid to the undoubted fact that there is a great shortage of steel and other essential materials. The elimination of this provision will not in anywise affect or alleviate that condition or increase the supplies going to small business. This shortage is largely caused by the shipments to foreign countries .under the Marshall plan. They will be aggravated by military requirements created by this bill. The Senator's complaint is really directed against the effect o~ the Marshall plan and against increasing our procurement of military supplies. I deeply regret these shortages and the difliculties he has described, but they are a part of the great contribution we are undertaking to make to the stability of the world and

the cause of peace. These provisions of the bill have nothing to do with the shortage of steel and other scarce commodities.

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield to me?

Mr. RUSSELL. I have only 10 minutes.

Mr. WHERRY. I yielded to the Senator from Georgia .when I had only a few minutes.

Mr. RUSSELL. If the Senator from South Dakota will yield more time to me, I shall be glad to yield to the Senator from Nebraska. - Mr. GURNEY. Again I am authorized to yield further time out of the time to be allotted by the Senator from Kentucky, and ~I yield a total of 15 minutes to the Senator from Georgia.

Mr. RUSSELL. Then I yield to the S3nator from Nebraska.

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, this provision of the bill provides for a mandatory distribution. I wish to have the distribution settled on a voluntary basis. But this bill sets up controls; and when that is done small-business men will fade out of the picture.

Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, no controls whatever are provided in section 18 of the bill, except over contracts which are necessary in order to equip the men who will be called to the colors by this

. bill, if it is enacted into law. There is to be absolutely no control over the allocation of materials or over industry in this country, other than to compel industry to fill the orders for equipment needed for the men who will be in the service. I submit again that the Sen-

. ator's argument is more an argument against the shipments being made under the Marshall plan and the increase of the National Defense Establishment provid-ed in the pending bill, than it is against this very mild provision.

Mr. President, the Senator argues that inqustry is opposed to the amendment. I should not question that argument, though nothing to that e:tfect has been called to my attention. I answer· that there are in this Nation tens of thousands of young men who are opposed to the Draft Act, and who do not wish to be called to service for 2 years against their will. Their wishes are not to be recognized if we pass the bill. Why should we accede to the objections of those who are operating the industries of the country, who can be only mildly inconvenienced by the adoption of the proposal submitted bY- the Armed Services Committee?

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for 30 seconds?

Mr. RUSSELL. I yield. Mr. WHERRY. The three military

forces say th~y will make procurements under voluntary allocations, and that they do not need these con trois.

Mr. RUSSELL. The Senator has quoted from some of his witnesses. I sat in the Armed Services Committee and I heard the Secretary for Air testify that in the production of jet planes there was exceedingly great difliculty experienced in obtaining the great tubes Which are necet5sary to propel such planes.

Mr. WHERRY. Will the Senator show me in the record or in the report

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 7667 when the Sedretary for Air· has asked for the inclusion ip t:Qe bill of section 18?

Mr. RUSSELL. No. It was in executive session, unfortunately. He was testifying in closed sessions ·and I do not contend he specifically requested this power. ·

Mr. WHERRY . . Yes, but we do not have the record here.

Mr. RUSSELL. I am telling the Senator about it now. The Senator from South Dakota will confirm the state-ment. ' ·

Mr. WHERRY. But I hear about it now for the first time.

Mr. RUSSELL. I'am enlightening the Senator.

Mr. WHERRY. Yes, the Senator is enlightening me. - When I called the matter to the attention of the military forces, the procurement agencies that ~ake procurements, they all came in and testified it was unnecessary. There is not a place in the record on· which the Senator is submitting his case to the Senate showing that the Secretary of Defense came forward and asked for these allocations.

Mr. RUSSELL. I do not deny that. Mr. WHERRY. The ·answer to the

Senator's argument is that it is possible to obtain everything he is asking for without 1allocations, on a voluntary basis.

Mr. RUSSELL. I am · undertaking to show that that is not a fact, because the Secretary for Air testified that the Ail' Forces were ,n need of engines to propel jet planes, and that when ·they approached those who are capable of manufacturing them, including a great electrical concern manufacturing refrigerators, they were told, "We will sell you all the refrigerators you want, but we will not change our production over from the production of refrigerators in order to produce the tubes which you need in the manufacture of jet planes." ·

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield 30 seconds?· _

Mr. RUSSELL. I yield 30 seconds. Mr. WHERRY. Does the Senator

know Brig. Gen. Aaron 'Kessler, director of procurement and industrial planning, at the headquarters of the United States Army? .

Mr. RUSSELL. I do not now recall meeting the gentleman the Senator names.

Mr. WHERRY. He was appointed by the man ·the Senator is talking about, to handle procurement. Within the past 2 hours, General Kessier has stated the provision in the bill is unnecessary, and that they do not even anticipate it will be needed.

Mr. RUSSELL. That is certainly tn conflict with the statement made by the Secretary of Air. I care not what may be said by the procurement agencies of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force with respect to this proposition. It is a fundamentally fair provision of law. It can hurt no one who is willing· to cooperate. If the spirit of cooperation, which the Senator says is so widespread, wells in the. hearts of all those who can produce materials for the armed services, there will never be a time when the provision will be applied. - ·

The Senator said it was 'in the Draft Act of 1940. It did appear in that bill.

If the Senator wm ·go back to 1917, be will find that the same provision was in the Draft Act of 1917. It was used a number of times in 1917 and 1918. It was tested in any number of cases which were determined ·by the Federal courts. So when 1940 came along the same provision was incorp01;ated in the draft law of that year. It was not used very often, and I predict it will not be, in the future, because, Mr. President, those who are conducting the vast industries of this country know that under the pending bill they must conform to Government orders and produce the materiel which is necessary in order to arm the boys who will be taken by the draft.

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield 30 seconds?

Mr. RUSSELL. My time is very limited, but I yield. I desire to be most generous. ·

Mr. WHERRY. It was in the act, as the Senator has said and as I have said. The point is, this is a broader provision. Under the Second War. Powers Act, although it was in operation 2 years, the provision was used only twice. - It appeared in the Second War Powers Act .. It was the initial step. The War Powers Act broadened it out.

Mr. RUSSELL. It had absolutely no relation whatever to the War Powers Act. It had no connection whatever with it, because the War Powers Act covered the allocation of raw material. The War PowerS' Act had nothing to do with compelling Industri:es to fabricate the finished produCts: r

Mr. WHERRY. ··The Second War Powers Act was the resuit of the• experience of · 2 years of the operation of the Selective Service Act. ·

Mr. RUSSELL. We could not have fought World War n without the War Powers Act. For my part, I think war is a national emergency. I think it imposes responsibility upon the man who owns the plant, upon the man who has the dollar, just as it does on the boy who must shoulder a gun and go forth and risk his life and perhaps shed his blood in the defense of his coui1try.

Mr. WHERRY. · I am ready to take such action when necessary, but it is not necessary now. ·

Mr. RUSSELL. For my part, I shall not even by remote action make it appear that I think a lathe is more important than a boy, that I think an industrial plant is sacred, when we are laying hands on a million young men and taking them into the service· through the enactment of the pending legislation.

Mr. WHERRY. I agree with the Senator 100 percent in that st<..tement.

Mr. RUSSELL. If the Senator believes in it, he will withdraw his amendment.

Mr. WHERRY. That has nothing to do with the enactment of this provision.

Mr. RUSSELL. The Senator will withdraw his amendment if -he agrees with that statement.

Mr. President, a -similar provision in the law has .been most helpful in times past. In World War II, I recall one evening I was talking to Secretary of War Patterson. He said, ''When your amendment was put into the draft act, I did. not pay a great deal of attention to it, but as we ran into our-difficulties in pr<Q-

curing the arms with which to equip the men, when we had American· soldiers dnlling with · broomsticks, when we had two-horse wagons covered. with cardboard to look like a tank, and when we were having great difficulty in procuring the necessary supplies, we had that law on the books, as a shotgun behind the door. When we placed an order with a great industry and told them, 'You will have to .stop making automobiles and begin manufacturing tanks, or change from the production of one commodity to making another which the Army and Navy need,' they unhesitatingly complied, because they knew the shotgun was behind the door."

There is nothing in the provision embodied in section 18 that can possibly in .. jure any industry in the United States. Neither this provision nor any other provision of law Congress might enact will cure the shortage of steel and other vital elements and metals and commodities. That shortage exists: It will continue to exist during the life of the Marshall plan, and during the time this great new enlargement of our Military Establish-

. ment is in progress. Certainly, Mr. President, the Senate

of the United States will not say .to the boys who are to be drafted into the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Corps under the pendjng bill: "We took out of the law the only thing in it indicating that anyone besides the men themselves would be required to make a sacrifice to protect our institutions of government."

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield, to enable me to make one more statement?

Mr. RUSSELL. ·I yield. Mr. WHERRY. Summing up the en

tire argument of the Senator, if the situation is as bad as he says, then he ought to be asking for the powers which were in force during the war itself. It is not that bad. There is no need of taking the first step that will lead to a second step. That is my position in a nutshell. I have a difference of opinion with the Senator from Georgia. I respect his judgment, and if the situation is as bad as he thinks it is, we ought to do exactly what the Senator is asking for. Until that_ time comes, it is my feeling that the provision is unnecessary, in the light of statements made by the procurement officers.

Mr. RUSSELL. I have great respect for the Senator, and I gladly accord him his views, but I may say th~t if his position is correct we are in no danger at all, and we should not even pass the law authorizing the drafting of men.

Mr. WHERRY. Oh, no; I am not saying a word about drafting men. I am talking only about the provision which applies to procurement. I think it has no place in the draft bill, upon the justification shown. I agree that in drafting men the case was made by the Army that they could not get voluntary enlistments. In this matter, the situation is different. Industry has provided all the instrumentalities asked for. There is therefore no need ·of imposing upon them this pro-vision at the present time. ·

Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?

7668 CONGRESSION~L R·ECORD-SENATE . JUNE 10 Mr. RUSSELL. I yield to the Senator

from Massachusetts. Mr. SALTONSTALL. Was it not

brought out in the hearings that Secretary Patterson said that the amendment was never use~ in the last World War, but that it was helpful?

Mr. RUSSELL. That was brought out in the hearings, but I apprehend that it was in . executive session, because the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. WHERRY] said that he had culled through the record and could not find anything of the kind. More than half the testimony was taken in executive session, and it was not printed.

Mr. President, if there is an emergency or a national crisis so grave as to warrant our passing this bill, which is in conflict with what has been heretofore recognized as the American principle that we will take a million human beings through compulsion and refuse to see that the Government of the United States shall have the power to procure guns and equipment with which to furnish the men drafted into the Army. Twice we have seen the United States in time of war--once before the war started-enact selective-service laws. Practically the same provision as this has been in every draft law ever enacted, except the one enacted in 1861 or 1862, in the War Between the States. We should not dampen the morale of the young men who are soon to be drafted into the Army by taking action in the Senate of the United States to strike down the only provision in the bill which indicates that those engaged in industry or other civilian pursuits who are not subject to the draft will be required to make any sacrifice.

. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The · time of the Senator from Georgia has expired.

Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, I offer the amendments which I send to the desk and ask to have stated.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. They cannot be considered until the conclusion of the unanimous-consent agreement.

Mr. CAIN. May I ask that the amend-ments be read? ·

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will read the amendments offered by the Senator from Washington, for the information of the Senate.

The CHIEF CLERK. ·In section 10 (a) (3), to follow the period in line 8, page 44, it is proposed to insert the following: "The Director shall not be a member of the armed- forces of the United States, but shall be a civilian who is a citizen of the United States."

In section 10 (b) (2), on page 45, to follow the word "system'' on line 13, it is proposed to insert the following: "who shall not be a member of the armed forces of the United States, but shall be a civilian who is a citizen of the United States.'' ·

Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, Senate bill 2655 provides, beginning on page 43, for a selective-service system which would process into the armed services the total number of men authorized by the legislation. I note, Mr. President, on page 46 of the bill, that there are to be created and established within the Selective Service System civilian local boards, civilian

appeal boards, and other civilian agerrcies. It is also provided that one or more local boards shall be situated in every county in the United States, and that no member of ariy local or appeal board shall be a member of the armed services.

So far, so good. I think the merit and substance of a selective-service system is found in its civilian qualities. There is considerable contradiction within the proposed legislation, which I, regretfully, have had an opportunity to discuss only briefly with the chairman of the Committee on Armed Services. The bill provides, as the last Selective Service Act did, that the National Selective Service Director may or may not be a member of the armed services. There is no prohibition against any one of the 48 State directors being members of the armed services. · In discussing the matter very quickly this morning the Senator from South Dakota thought there was considerable virtue and reason to consider t;_he advisability of differentiating conclusively and completely between selective service, a civilian organization, on the one hand, and the armed services, a military organization, on the other. They perform two distinctly different tasks. Selective service will determine who from among the populace of America are to serve their country under the terms of the draft. Selective service selects them, processes them, and turns them over to the Army, Navy, or the Air Force. From my point of view, until such time as a man has been selected, processed, and turned over to the armed services, they have Itttle, if any, concern with him.

One last word, Mr. President. I am rightfully concerned about appeals within the Selective Service System. A young man does not want to be drafted and if he thinks he has a good case, he appeals. The appeal goes to an appeal board. An appeal may be taken from the appeal-board decision. Who decides on the appeal? By virtue of the legislation, the President of the United States. Under this legislation, as occurred during the last war, the President, being a very busy man,' knows nothing of any single instance in which an appeal is being taken. He delegates all his authority in the matter, in the most natural way and for the most natural reasons, to the National Director of Selective Service. Who has he been? A very distinguished individual, but having the background of a profession~! soldier. Likewise a number of professional soldiers have been directors of State selective-service agencies.

I feel, Mr. President, that every consideration should be given in the future to making a clear distinction between these two dissimilar services, because, among the things we want to treasure and keep precious is to make certain that an appeal by a civilian should be judged by a civilian. It has been construed that an appeal from an appeal would be judged by the President, but, in fact, that has never happened. I should be extraordinarily pleased, having no pride of authorship of this idea, which is -concurred in by many persons, if the Senator from South Dakota, the distinguished chairman of the Armed Services Com-

mittee, might find it possible to accept this amendment for the purpose of taking it to conference and having further and more serious consideration given to its merits.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The time of the Senator from Washington has expired.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I yield 2 minutes to myself. First, I wish to say that I did talk with the Senator from Washington [Mr. CAIN], I did say that his amendment had considerable merit and we had quite a bit of discussion regarding it in the committee. I think the committee came to the conclusion that Selective Service System which operated under the 1940 act clear through the war was well established and understood bY the people, and although it is now in a board called the Selective S.ervice Record Board, this bill would transfer it back to the system which we knew during the war. Therefore I could not accept the amendment for the committee. Certainly I should have no objection if the Senate should vote to seBd it to conference, as the Senator from Washington suggests.

Mr. President, during the remarks made at the opening of the session this afternoon the Senator from West Virginia [Mr. REVERCOMB] offered portions of advertisements appearing in some of the leading magazines. I do not know the month, but I believe that for the RECORD it would be best that the complete advertising appear; namely, all of the printing on each page offered as exhibits. I therefore ask that the matter be printed in the RECORD at this point in my remarks.

There being no objection, the matter was ordered to be pr~nted in the RECORD, as follows:

READY, AIM-FRY

It's so hot, canned goods blow up. Big guns die young-<>f the heat. Cigarette lighters go dry as fast as you fill them.

That's the Arizona desert, in summer, where the mercury touches 125 o and the sand is overcrisp. And where the Army's Task Force "Furnace" sought new ways to whip an old enemy: Heat.

It tested food rations for desert troop use, feather·-light uniforms, air-conditioned combat boots, guns and rolling stock, even a portable ice-cream making unit.

Task Force "Furnace" studied solar radiation, too. In the sun, for example, metal equipment heats up to 150 degrees-hot enough to sear bare flesh. The answer: Special gloves.

These tests in the desert are typical of the Regular Army's continuing research under all kinds of conditions. They're proving which equipment is good and which isn't and what should be done about it. Above all, they are finding out what the individual soldier needs to stay comfortable and to work efficiently ~nywhere on e'arth, in any climate.

The able young_ men of Task Force "Furnace" are representatives of America's peacetime Regular Army. The finest technical training - is theirs, and full opportunities for advancement. They are paid at the highest rate in the history of America's armed forces.

For the young man who wants to get ahead, the Army offers adventure, huge educational opportunities, and a splendid lifetime career. Isn't that what you're looking for? Get the facts toci.ay at your nearest United States Army and United States Air Force recruiting station.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE 7669 HE SOLD J;>EACE TO. Art UNBELIEVER

The dripping black was endless nightmare~ Malaria stalke~t _on unseen wi~gs; And close-;too close:-murder, incorporateg,

-waited in evil silence-waited for the telltale slap of mosquito, for the click ot rifle bolt.

It took guts to-··stay still in that stillness. It took guts, too, to charge through' hell· fire and grenade a gun nest into oblivion. But the American infantryman has been generously endowed with courage ever since he stood on the bridge . at Concord. .You must admit that, for a man :who hates war, he has done right well.

He does not fight for conquest or for loot. m has had little thought or time for glory. Yes, whenever the need arose, he bested every enemy he ever met. He sold peace to people who believed in war-because he proved that the soldier -who believes in peace is a better man than the soldier who believes in war. ·

_What's the answer, ·then? Let's say it's because the American is free to think and do and believe as he pleases. Freedom is his birthright. Perhaps that's why he's ready to fight for it. Maybe that's the reason he's the world's fightingest soldier.

Today, as always, the American infantr-yman wqrks for peace, It was not enough that he helped win the victory. Now he's out to make it stick.

_There's a great tradition fn the inr'antry and this Service offers much to the 'young man who wants to get ahead~go6d pay, food, clothing, shelter, medical care, travel, and educational oppartunity .. Get all the details frow your n.earest United . States A,rmy and United S~ates Air Forc;e recruiting station. _ t , .

Listen to "Sound Off," "Voice ·of the Army," and "Proudly We Hail'" on your radio. . r .

United States Army and· United States Air Force Recruiting Service.

Your Army and Air Force serve the Nation and mankind in war and peace.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, let me say, in connection with the recruiting program of the Army, that all the information has not yet been given on the floor of the Senate during the consideration of the bill. The ground force of the Army takes care of all the recruiting, not only for itself, but also for the Air Corps. If my memory of the figures is correct, in the last month they recruited 29,000. The Air Force needed 9,000 to bring it up to its necessary strength during that month. The Army itself could keep only 20,000 of this number for the ground forces, making them short in that particular month. An additional 20,000 would cover those who had received their discharge.

Mr. President, I understand the Senator from Montana [Mr. MuRRAY] wishes to offer an amendment. If so, I am authorized to yield from the ''time of the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. BARKLEY] 10 minutes to the Senator from Montana.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Montana is recognized· for 10 minutes.

Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, the amendment I propose is a very simple one. It merely provides that following the word "and" on page 7, line 6, there pe inserted the words, "in case an adequate number of qualified volunteers are

- not on active service/' The section as it stands calls for the

drafting of the medical and dental professions and allied specialist categories. The proposed amendment would provide

merely that in case a sufficient number of qualified volunteers are not on active service it will not be necessary to draft.

In the last war the medical and dental professions volunteered to such a satis- · factory degree that it was not necessary

_ for the.armed forces to·require that they be conscripted·. I am satisfied that in the present situation__ the medical profession, the dental profession, and the other professions which will be involved will be very glad to cooperate with th~ Army in furnishing an adequate number of volunteers.

I therefore ask, Mr. President, that the amendment be accepted.

Mr. GU~NEY. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?

Mr. MURRAY. I yield. Mr. GURNEY. We cannot accept an

amendment now, for there is a unanimous consent agreement, and the Senate must first act on the amendment of the Senator from Texas [Mr. O'DANIEL].

Will the Senator · restate his amendment which is proposed to be added after the word "and'' in line 6; page 7? ·

Mr. MURRAY. The following language is proposed to be inserted, "in case an adequate number of qualified volunteers-are not on active service." I have discussed the proposed amendment with the ·experts, and· they have advised me that this language is sufficient to accomplish the purpose in mind.

Mr. GURNEY. I may say that I have talked with \a number of the members of the committee, and they all agree that the proposed language can be accepted because it · is in accord with the policy of the bill as stated in the bill. · I refer specifically to the section which is now in the bill on page 59,· which provides that no disturbance shall be made in present laws that allow voluntary enlistments of all kinds in all oranches of the armed services.

Our committee believed that that section allowed doctors to volunteer. I am glad to have the provision restated in the section to which the Senator proposes to add the amendment. There is no objection at all, and I hope the amendment will be agreed to.

Mr. MURRAY. I am offering the amendment on behalf of -myself and the Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER].

Mr. GURNEY. I thank the Senator from Montana and the Senator from Florida. I think that by adding the amendment in this particular place and section of the bill which applies to doctors it is brought forcibly to the attention of the country that the members of these professions do have the right to volunteer, and they will be inducted only in case an adequate number is not then 1n the armed forces.

Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, will the Senator from South Dakota yield?

Mr. GURNEY. I yield. ·The PRESIDENT pro tempore. In

whose time is the Senator from Florida to speak? -

Mr. PEPPER. I should like to make an inquiry.

Mr. GURNEY. In the time · of the Senator from Kentucky. The Senator from Florida is yielded 10 minutes.

~r. PEPPER. I hav·e three amendments which I should like to call to the

attention of the able Senator from South . Dakota and of other Members of the

Senate, and which I desire to offer on behalf of the Senator from Montana [Mr. MuRRAY] and myself, but I understand that they· cannot be brought up until after the disposition of the O'Daniel amendment.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. That is correct.

Mr. PEPPER. If it is preferred, I shall present them later.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Florida is recognized for 10 minutes.

Mr. PEPPER. On page 0 of the bill it is provided that-

No doctor of medicine or dental surgery • • • shall hereafter be ordered to active duty for more than 1 month in any calendar year (except for purposes of training), if the local board within the jurisdiction of which he resides has determined that the health of the community in which he resides will be unduly jeopardized as a result of his induction or service on active duty.

That does net prescribe any standard of need, and it is generally recognized that there should be 1 doctor for each 1,500. residents of a community, and 1 dentist for each 3,000 residents. I wonder if the able Senator from South Dakota might find it possible to allow an amendment on page 8, line 15, before the period, in the following language: "or if, m the case of a do~tor of medicine there will be less than one such doctor fo'r each 1,500 residents of that community after his induction or entry upon active duty or if, in the case of a doctor, of dentai surgery, there will be less than one such doctor for each 3,000 residents of that community after his induction or entry upon active duty."

I am sorry I have not had a chance to show the Senator a copy, and he can consider the amendment later if he would like to do so, rather than from just hearing it read.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, will the Senator from Florida yield?

Mr. PEPPE~. I yield. Mr. GURNEY. The committee feels

that it has put a provision in the bill so that the necessary doctors would not be taken away from any civilian community. Specifying by percentages and so on would disrupt the necessity· for keeping certain specialists in the com-munity. ·

The committee further felt that we shoUld not get down to the point of setting forth the number of doctors per thousand of population in each community all over the land.

With that statement, I am sure I could not, for the committee accept, the amendment.

Mr. PEPPER. I thank the Senator. I shall offer the amendment and ask for its consideration at the proper time.

Now, if I may have the attention of the Senator, I wish to propose an amendment on page 23, line 23, after the period to insert the following: '

No person who is engaged in any activity Which is determined by a loca~ board, under rules and regulations pvescribed by the President, to' be (1) directly related to the maintenance of health, (2) an educational activity or (3) scientific research, shall be inducted for training and service under this act, unless

7670 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 the President has determined that the armed forces are unable to obtain by enlistment or voluntary entry upon active duty a suf:t;icient number of persons possessing the same qualifications to meet the requirements of the armed forces for persons possessing such qualifications.

I am merely raising the point of the deferment of these three necessary classes of our citizens, unless the President should find that their call to duty was imperative because others of similar qualifications could not be obtained in the regular way provided by the bill. Would the Senator care to comment upon the principles of deferment, without such an amendment in the bill, of these important classes of people?

Mr. GURNEY. Will the Se11ator yield? . Mr. PEPPER. I yield.

Mr. GURNEY. The committee considered that matter quite carefully, not 1 day, but 3 or 4, and came to the conclusion that it was simply impossible, first, to define exactly what scientists are; second, to define exactly the kind of a scientist who might be needed for the armed services. The committee feels that. it has covered that point clearly, not only in the body of the bill in the section the Senator proposes to amend, but also in the preamble to the bill.

I further call the attention of the Senator from Florida to tne fact that -in the Unification Act there is spelled out the duty of the National Resources Board; a part of the national defense establishment, to recommend the kind of scientists needed and the way they and all other classes of manpower shall be used. There is complete authority there for the President to get the proper recommendations so that proper deferment will be given for scientists of all kinds.

Mr. PEPPER. I am very glad to have that statement. As I have said before, I prefer to have as many of these matters as possible handled administratively, rather than by Congress trying to write the details into law. But I appreciate the statement of the Senator from South Dakota, in charge of the bill, that it is the sense of those in authority in this matter that the question should be handled administratively, to the end that the _health and the educational and research facilities of our country may not be impaired, because they are alf essential to the maintenance of a secure Republic. · The third amendment, Mr. Presklent, if I may call it to the attention of the Senator from South Dakota, is to insert at the proper place the following:

SEc. -. There are hereb:· authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to. enable t_he President to provide through exiSting departments and agencies of the Federal Government and through cooperative arrangements with State and local governmental agencies (1) for the furnishing to registrants who are found, by reason of correctible physical deficiencies or illiteracy, to be unacceptable to the armed forces for training and service of such medical or dental services or educational opportunities as may be necessary to make them acceptable to the armed forces for training and service under this act; (2) for the physical and · mental examination ·of all male persons between the ages of 16 and 19 and for the furnishing to such persons of all medical and dental serv-

ices and ·educational opportunities which may be required to enable them to meet the standards of physical and mental fitness for training and service in the armed forces of the United States; and (3) for the award to high-school graduates having scholastic ability and requiring financial aid of such number of scholarships in colleges, universities, technical schools, and other institutions of higher learning as may be required to provide for the training of a sufficient number of professional, scientific, and technical personnel to meet the requirements for such personnel in time of war or national emergency.

Mr. President, in the last war, as Senators are aware, large numbers of men of eligible selective-service age were rejected because of mental or physical deficiencies. That meant in many instances that men with families had to go to war, and many of them lost their lives and left orphans and widows because some single men were illiterate or physically incapable of performing their duty to their country.

Mr. President, can the Congress declare a policy of selective service without at the same time carrying on a contemporaneous policy of trying to fit men of eligible age groups for mental and physical qualifications to meet the required standards?

I am very earnestly raising ·the question, first: Should not men in the eligible age groups who cannot meet the standards because of physical deficiencies which are correctible have Government aid in the correction of tnose physical defects so they can perform their duty to their country? All the amendment provides is that the Government shall directly or through cooperative programs with the States try to give such men the physical services that may be necessary to ·fit them to perform their duty to their country and to make it possible for them to perform their relative duty to those who are in the same age category. · The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The time of the Senator from Florida has expired.

Mr. PEPPER. Can the Sena.tor from South Dakota allow me some more time? I do not want to trespass upon the time of any other Senator, b.ut_I should like to have three more minutes·.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President I believe the Senator from K~ntucky has time he could yield to the Senator from Florida.

Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President I will yield the Senator 2 minutes. '

Mr. PEPPER. The second proposal in my amendment is to provide for the physical and mental examination of those who are between the ages of 16 and 19; in other words, the group that is just coming into eligibility, and yet who are known, because of mental or physical deficiencies, to be unfit to meet the qualifications of eligibility. .

I say, Mr. President, that the Federal Government, in fairness to the fit as well as in fairness to the country, should aid those boys to qualify themselves to meet their country's call in case of an emergency. ,

The third proposal is for the Government . to aid in. the bestowal of scholarships and fellowships to worthy highschool ·groups to provide the training

which the technical classes might require for adequate service to the country. . Mr. President, I believe the three -amendments I have discussed are worthy of consideration, and I shall propose them as soon as they may be proposed.

May I send the amendments to the desk and offer them? Are they acceptable now?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The amendments will be received and will lie on the table until they are reached.

Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President ..I yield 5 minutes to the Senator f~om Pennsylvania [Mr. MYERS].

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Pennsylvania is recognized for 5 minutes. ·

Mr. MYERS. Mr. President, yesterday the junior Senator from l\[issouri [Mr. KEMJ submitted an amendment which covers some 47 pages. The purpose of that amendment, as was stated by the Senator from Missouri on yesterday is "to correct the Articles ·or War to the end that the Army system of justice mas be improved in certain important particulars." Such a purpose is praiseworthy · and the Senator from Missouri is to be congratulated for the attention which he has devoted to this subject.

Mr. President, I am in full accord with the purpose of the amendment. I supported the amendment yesterday but I

· have given considerable thought to it since that Ume, and after having reflec~ed ~pon it, I believe, as was said by the chairman of the committee yesterday, that an amendment so far-reaching as this should receive greater and more careful conside~ation. I understand that the amendment was not even considered by the committee. The amendment, of course, refers only to the Army. It. does not embrace the Navy or the Air Force. I beileve that what the amendment seeks to effect, the correction of the injustices which now exist should cover all our armed forces. Such correction and such coverage are necessary. So I believe that the amendment should go back to the committee for full and complete coverage of all b:anches of our military, naval, and air forces . '

The chairman of the committee said yesterday:

It seems only logical to me that the problem of the revision of codes for the funda..:

.mental control of the Military Establishment of such consequence that it cannot be lightly considered by the Congress. Further, it certainly must not be hastily tacked onto a bill of such great importance as the manpower hill.

I repeat, the ·amendmen-t covers some 47 pages. I know that the committee has been giving thought to the subject,

. a.lthough they have not given any consideration to this particular amendment. I am confident that the committee it~elf !ecog.nizes the existence of many-inJUstices m O'!lr courts-martial procedures, and I am confident also that at the next session of the Congress the committee will recommend legislation which will · affect all branches of the armed services rather than just one branch and improve our systems of justice for all our fighting meri.

I

1948 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD-SENATE 7671 In view of that, Mr. President, and as

I repeat, in view of the far-reaching effect of the amendment, I now desire to file a motion to reconsider the vote by which the Kern amendment was adopted yesterday afternoon, and having done that I now inquire whether or not that motion may be voted upon at the hour of 3 o'clock with the pending amendments and the vote on final passage of the bill.

The PRESIDENT pro' tempore. The Senator's motion will be filed. There are other matters, amendments, which have priority of action at 3 o'clock, but in due course after 3 o'clock the Senator from Pennsylvania can call up his motion for a vote.

Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I yield to the junior Senator from Texas [Mr. O'DANIEL] 15 minutes.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Texas is recognized for 15 minutes.

Mr. O'DANIEL. On two previous occasions, Mr. President, in the debate on the bill I have made some remarks with reference to my amendment. My amendment would change the effective date of the pending bill by changing section 20. Section 20 in the bill reads as foUows':

This act shall become ef!ective immediately.

Under my amendment section 20 would read as follows: · This act shall become effective on the same day -that a tax bill becomes effective which will tax all corporations and individuals 100 percent of all profits and earnings in excess of average annual profits and earnings of such corporations and individuals for the 3-year period immediately preceding sueh date.

Mr. President, that amendment is intended to put ·into effect a policy of drafting war profits at the same time we draft boys for the armed services. My amendment does not in any way affect or change any of the provisions of the bill as amended and as it will be passed.

I wish it were possible for me to offer an amendment which would completely include a tax measure of the kind I have described, but that is impossible owing to the fact that tax measures must originate in the House of Representatives and not in the Senate.

I presented my case before the Armed Services Committee, and my amendment was not included in the bill there. I was therefore forced, in order to be ·consistent, to bring the matter to the floor of the Senate.

Of course it is clearly evident, and has been admitted by the chairman of the Committee on Armed Services, that my amendment is completely germane to the bill. The only objection offered by the chairman of the Armed Services Committee is that his committee did not feel that the bill should include this amendment, so I bring it before the full membership of the Senate.

I should like to make it perfectly clear that the policy which I should like to have adopted by the Congress and by the Government is not a punitive measure to pur~ish or whip the so-called big, bad corporations about which we hear so much. I hav~ no quarrel with them.

My amendment is broad enough to include large corporations and small corporations, and all individual citizens alike.

It has been stated to me by some that unless the large, greedy corporations could make excess profits out of war operations and the manufacture of material for war, they woulC:. go on a sitdown strike. I do not share that belief in any degree.· I believe that most businessmen are patriotic and inherently honest, and that they cannot remain in business long if they are not strictly honest. Of course, there are some exceptions; but as a rule businessmen are just as patriotic as any other class of citizens. If my amendment is adopted and the Congress of the United States enacts a tax law to tax all excess profits over and above normal profits made by corporations engaged in the manufacture of war material or any other service connected with the war effort, those in control of such corporations will continue to be patriotic, ·and continue to operate and produce to the limit of their ability. Most of them will be perfectly satisfied with the tax bills enacted by ·congress, or at least they will comply with them.

Corporations and individuals do not establish the tax policy of our Nation. That policy is formulated and made effective by the Congress. If we fail to do our duty, if we fail to limit profits during war emergency to those made before the war emergency starts, then the makers of war materia:ls have the lawful right to make all the profit they can. They are not to be ·blamed. The blame must rest solely upon the Congress if the manufacturers make more profit than they should make. · I wish to make that perfectly clear, because I believe in the profit system of private enterprise. That is what has supported our great democratic form of government for more than 160 years, and made it one of the greatest forms of government ever established on the face of the globe.

My amendment would permit corporations and individuals to make as much profit during wartime or war emergency as they make during normal times. They should be satisfied with that. If we come to a serious emergency when our boys must be drafted, as we contemplate doing in the bill before us; if we contemplate an emergency so serious that we must draft the youth of the Nation to go forth to battle and sacrifice their business careers, and perhaps lose their lives, no one should ~xpect to make excess war profits out of such an emergency.

I believe that the citizens of this country are fully sold on the idea that we should have legislation of this nature. But unless a measure of this kind is adopted simultaneously with the enactment of the draft bill, it will never be adopted. We rush -in and draft the boys, get them into the Army and the war gets started; but somehow or other we never get around to drafting the excess dollar made .off the blood of those boys spilled in war. I make this statement as a positive fact, because I have had some experience in the United States Senate, having served here since before the last war started. When it got well under way, about January 8, 194Z, I proposed on the

floor of the Senate that we adopt a tax measure, taxing all excess profits 100 percent. That was not done. When we get into· the fever of war again it will not be done. The only time it will be done, if it is ever done, is when we are not in war and can calmly consider questions of this nature, as we now have the opportunity to do.

As I stated last night, the only excuse that has ever been given to me for not adopting this amendment and establishing an excess war profits tax is that it would delay the drafting of the boys. That is not a reason, Mr. President. That is an excuse. Why have we not the time to enact such a tax bill? Are not Senators and Representatives on the public pay roll? Do we not have theremainder of this year to enact legislation? Is there any reason why we should adjourn and go home, still . drawing our salaries, and leave this legislation unenacted? We are paid for enacting legislation. We have plenty of time to do it, and there is no reason on earth why we shoUld not at the present time draft the war profits at the same time we draft the boys.

Last night about midnight I promised to give some _statistics showing the huge profits made by some corporations durihg the last war. I gave some statistics then,

' but did not have enough time, due to the lateness of_the hour, to give all I had before me at that time. I ask unanimous consent that at the conclusion of my remarks today there be printed an article entitled "Who Made the Money in This War?" by former Representative John M. Coffee, of Washington.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the article may be printed as requested.

<See exhibit A.) Mr. O'DANIEL. Mr. President, I also

wish to have printed at the conclusion of my present speech an article which I received this morning, printed in a monthly letter published by the National City Bank of New York in June of this year. The article is entitled "The 100 Largest Manufacturing Corporations."

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, the article may be printed as requested.

<See exhibit B.) Mr. O'DANIEL. Mr. President, the

article to which I refer, which will be printed at the conclusion of my remarks, gives the record of sales and net income and other information about the 100 largest me.nufacturing corporations. ·It is interesting to note that in 1940, just before the war started, the net worth of those 100 largest manufacturing corporations was $18,701,000,000. After paying taxes, dividends, and all expenses, the net worth of those 100 largest manufacturing corporations increased to $4.2,584,-000,000.

If my amendment had been in effect at that time, approximately $23,883,000,-000 would have accrued to the benefit of reducing our public debt through taxation, and the corporations would still have their facilities. They would still have made normal profits. They still would have paid normal peacetime dividends. In addition, the increase in value of the assets of those corporations

7672 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 was estimated to be $16,500,000,000. Mr. President, these 100 largest corporations represent only a relatively small percentage of the business done in America. My proposal would apply to all corporations and individuals making profits during the emergency which necessitates drafting -boys into the armec.~ forces, in excess of profits made preceding the emergency.

Mr. President, I wish to place no brakes on business. I do not in any way criticize businessmen for making profits. They made those profits legitimately, and they are entitled to them. But if at the beginning of World War II we had adopted a 100-percent excess profits tax, we would not have had runaway prices, because merchants would not have charged exorbitant prices to housewives and others simply to make excess profits which they would have to pass on to the Government. Prices would have remained normal. They would not have advanced as much as they did. Inflation would have been retarded and we would have needed no price controls and in addition, we would not have had the colossal $250,000,000,-000 debt which is on the shoulders of the citizens of this Nation at the present time. No; I do not desire to destroy the profit system, Mr. President, I desire to keep the profit systept. But I say t~at when we enter into an emergency wh1ch requires calling . the youth of this Nation from the schools, to go into the Army, and perhaps to die there, that is a serious emergency, and n.o o!le should expect to make more than the normal profits which otherwise would be. made.

Mr.· President, my proposal is a very conservative one. There is nothing at all radical about it. I would say it is approved by 95 percent of the thinking people of the United States. It is one on which I have heard other Senators and other public officials express their approval and say it should be done. But as Mark Twain said about the weather, everybody talks about it, but nobody does anything about it. Here we have an opportunity in the Senate and in the Congress to do something about this matter.

Mr. President, I have said that I be-. lieve in retaining the profit system. In the monthly news letter of the National City Bank of New York, there is an interesting article entitled "What! The Profit Motive!" I ask unanimous consent that the article be printed in the RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

<See exhibit C.) Mr. O'DANIEL. Mr. President, the

article quotes from the New York Herald Tribune of May 24, in which appeared a dispatch from that new'spaper's Moscow Bureau. I read. the dispatch:

Moscow, May 23.-Following a recent warning against factories operating at a loss, it was reported today that a number of Soviet plants are now earning impressive profits.

or the first 4 months of 1948 the Stalin automobile plant made 11,000,000 rublEs profit. The first state ballbearing plant earned a,ooo,ooo rubles, and the Electrostal plant nearly 4,000,000 rubles.

These profit s were listed in the Agitators Mandbook, which is issued to · Communist agitators and propagandists to guide them in their work. .Communist agitators are now

able to use this material in other factories to strive for profits.

So, Mr. President, our great American system of private enterPrise and profit incentive, vvhich have made this country great, but which have been opposed and criticized by the communistic country of Soviet Russia, are now being embraced, at least in part, by Russia, according to this article. The very philosophy we have practiced in the United States for 160 years is now being followed, at least in part, by Soviet Russia, for Russia is permitting its plants and other indus-· tries t<:> make profits, instead of operating at a loss. Of course the plants in Russia are operated by the Government, which means a system considerably different from ours, nevertheless according to this dispatch we are now told that the profit incentive system·in state-owned factories has now been adopted in Russia.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time of the Senator from Texas has expired. .

Mr. O'DANIEL. Then, Mr. President, I close by saying that ·! hope my amendment will be adopted.

ExHmiT A WHO MADE THE MONEY IN THIS _WAR?

(By Representative John M. Coffee) When the full bill for participation in the

war is presented to the American people, it is expected to total $336,000,000,000. That is almost 11 times the cost of World War I. It is the equivalent of taking $2,551 from the pocket of every man, woman, and child in this country. . •

That, in dollars and cents, is the price we have paid for victory. It does not take into account the cost in human lives--259,637 killed, 35,328 missing, 651,934 wounded. It does not include the suffering, the sacrifice,

. and ultimate waste of war. There is another side to the ledger, the

credit side. For there are those in the United States, as in other countries, who have made an enormous profit from the war.

In the years that preceded World War II a series of congressional investigations uncovered startling evidence of World War I profiteering. Public opinion v/s.s shocked and outraged, even though only a meager tricltle of the sordid details ever reached it. Evidence was produced, for example, that--

British, French, German, and American industrialists made a profit from every soldier killed on either side. '

Four years of war profits created 22,000 new millionaires in this country.

During the 4 war years-1915-18-United States industry made a profit, after taxes, of $28,500,000,000. Net earnings of United St ates corporations in those 4 years were as high as in the preceding 10 years.

By 1926, according to a Federal Trade Commission report·, 59 percent of the Nation's material was in the hands of 1 percent of the population; 31 percent was owned by 12 percent of the people; the vast majority (87 percent) owned less than JO percent of the Nation's wealth.

About 30 percent of the national wealth was owned by corporations. Some 70 percent of all corporate stock was owned by only 1 percent of the stockholders.

Thus, as the Nation increased in wealth, its people as a whole became poorer. More . economic power passed into . the hands of fewer men. War had accelerated this process.

Just after Pearl Harbor the late President Roosevelt pledged that the;-e would be no

·profiteering from this war . . It was precisely · to prevent the excesses of World War ~ that Congress imposed heavy war taxes (in some cases four times the prewar level) and ap-

plied a surplus-profits t ax t o all corporate earnings.

The extent t o which this noble purpose was fulfilled h as just been revealed in separate studies made by Government and private agencies. Here are some of their conclusions:

Net profits (about $56,000,000,000) made by United Sta tes corporations during-World War II, far exceeded those recorded in any .similar period in history.

DUring this :war the number of billiondollar companies in the United States increased by 11, m aking a total of 43.

Despite high war and excess-profits taxes, net profit s after taxes of industry (1940-45) _ averaged 250 percent above prewar levels.

Since Pearl Harbor (1942-45) profits after taxes averaged 300 perc-ent above prewar levels.

But even this picture is not complete, because it is an over-all picture. It includes all corporations, large and small alike, and many of the small ones went out of business during the war years or only just . broke even. This means that if we consider only those corporations and industries which recorded a profit, the size of their earnings will stagger us even more.

Take a look at these percentage increases in 1944 earnings, compiled -by the OPA. Compare with average prewar (1936-39) earnings in the same industries.

Percent ]4otor-vehicle parts__________________ 896 Iron, steel, and byproducts___________ 252 Lumber and timber byproducts ______ 1, 064 Electrical machinerY-----.- -.-----------· 434

Communications equipment----- 521 Industrial electrical equipment__ 399 Ot er electrical products_________ 772

Nonelectrical machinery ------------- 360 :Engines and turbines ____________ 2, 431

Transportation ~ ~quipment_ _ _.________ 658 Aircraft ancf parts _______________ 1, 686 Railroad equipment ------------- 318

Food and kindred products___________ 150 Meat products----------------------- 271 Apparel----------------------------- 280 Textile-mill products-----.,.---------- 522 Petroleum and coal products_________ 159 Rubber products -------------------- 698 Bituminous and other soft coaL ______ 1, 148

And here is how the Special Senate Committee Investigating the National Defense Program summed up the situation:

"The Planning Division of the War Production Board has estimated that net profits, after renegotiation and taxes, of the war industries (metals, chemicals, petroleum, and rubber) for the !our war years will be about $16,000,000,000. Since the proportion of civilian business in these fndustries had been very small, almost all these profits may be regarded as coming from Government business. Such profits are about twice the prewar average of such industries." .

The Senate committee also investigated the relative earnings of the 100 United States corporations which had the largest volume of war business. They discovered that, after all deductions for wartime taxes in 1942, 3 companies made more than 10 times their average prewar net profit; 19 earned more than 3 times prewar profits; 24 others between 1 and 3 times normal profits. Of the remainder, 12 companies which had shown average deficits during the prewar base period, earned in 1942 a . net profit of between one and eighteen million dollars.

Many of us have criticized organized labor for striking in wartime and believe even now that labor demands for increased wages are unreasonable. Unions have been accused of being unpatriotic. But let's look at their side of the ·picture.

The cost of living, as every housewife knows, has gone up tremendously dUring the-war years. A large part of the increase.d wages has gone -simply to pay for that infiation. The unions, according to their own research bureaus and the evidence of Gov-

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7673 ernment agencie~. know that the corporations have been making these fantastic profits.

A ·study, called Five Years of War Profits, published by the Research Bureau of the United Steelworkers of America (CIO), reveals further facts on the earnings of big corporations. It may be assumed that the unions base their decisions to strike or not to strike on these revelations. The study claims that 200 great steel corporations earned more than $2,000,000,000 in open and concealed profits during the war. From 1940 to 1945 the industry averaged a profit, after taxes of e245,000,000 per year. Total reported profits in the steel industry, after taxes, for comparative periods are: 1936-39-------------------- $576,000,000 1940-44 -------------------- $1, 225, 000, 000 Increase (percent)--~------ 113

The United Auto Workers Union has released a study of 26 aircraft companies and their earnings during comparative years. The percentage increase in this industry is even more staggering.

1936-39 ---------------------- $20, 554, 274 1941-44 ______________________ $173,598,422

Increase (percent)------------ 745 If you have ever wondered how to make

ends meet after you've paid your taxes, and how an extra few dollars a week woUld help that household budget, you'll be interested 1n these statistics on some of the ~ircraft industries. All these are profits after taxes and include postwar and contingency reserves.

1936-39 1941-44 Percent average average increase

Bell Aircraft__ _________ $32,493 $3,845,404 11,743 Bellanca Aircraft .••••• 6,153 323,336 15,155 Bendix Aviati<>n .•••••• 2,480,661 17,883,326 621

~~~Yit~~~it.ee~== -840,038 7, 294,040 """i;959 823,702 16,957,763 Curtiss-Wright ________ 2, 954,566 125,351, 791 758 Glenn L. Martin . ..••. 2, 083,787 13,569, 'ri6 551 Wright AeronauticaL. 2, 544,172 111,517,484 • 353

1 Average for 3 years.

While making these profits, however, most companies were not generous with their stockholders. Dividend payme)lts have J:>y no means kept pace with the sharp advance in -net profits. If they had, distribution of wealth woUld have been a little wider. The fact is that corporations paid out a much smaller proportion of their profits in dividends during the war than ever before. Prior to 1940, dividend payments were often twothirds of net profits; since then they have averaged less than half. While the net income of incorporated business increased 134 percent between 1939 and 1944, dividends in the same period increased only 18 percent.

Reason? The conservative financial maga· zine Business Week of August 11, 1945, attributes it to the belief that high dividends at a time when war business alone was furnishing most corporate profits would invite public criticism.

Be· that as it may, the fact remains that management had at its disposal a working capital 88 percent greater than in 1938. The figure in dollars had jumped from twentyfive billion in 1939 to forty-seven billion in 1945. One result was that corporations had to raise very little new capital for wartime expansion. At the same time, losses in enemy countries were written off or provided for through reserves. Investment in new plants was kept below depreciation charges, written off against taxes,. charged to current operating expenses, or financed directly by the Federal Government.

And thus corporations have piled up $31,000,000,000 in undistributed profits and reserves during the war. They have also paid off a billion dollars in long-term debts.

- A break-down o.f assets in the 200 great steel companies, as · published by the United Steelworkers of A_plerica, further clar111es the situation.

January 1940 January 1945 In· crease

Per-cent

Total assets.-·-···- $4, 860, 000, 000 $6, 000, 000, 000 22 Dividend pay-ments ____________ 419,000,000 765, 000, 000 82 Working capitaL ___ 1, 200, ()()(), 000 2, 000, 000, 000 68 General reserves ••••. 103, 000, 000 395, 000, 000 288 Undistributed prof-

its .. _._.---- _____ •• 685,000,000 1, 000, 000, 000 81 '.Fotal finiUlci&l re-

sources .• : •••••••• 689, 000, 000 1, 600, 000, 000 131 Funded debt _______ 903, 000, 000 652, 000, 000 -28 Excessworldngcap-

ital over funded debt •••••••••••••• 308! 000, 000 1, 393, 000, 000 363

The above figures give you a picture of the steel industry only. Others, of course, have fared as well. The 11 corporations that graduated into the billionaire class during the war make a total of 43 companies with assets of more than a billion dollars. Forty-third on this list is the Ford Motor Co., with total assets of a mere $1,021,325,159. But Ford 1s exclusively a family holding, while the others are owned by numerous stockholders.

According to a United Press survey, some of the giants and their assets are:

Metropolitan Life, almost $7,000,000,000. Bell Telephone, more than $6,000,000,000. Prudential, more than $5,000,000,000. Chase National Bank, more than $5,000,•

000,000. Pennsylvania Railroad, almost $3,000,000,•

000. Standard 011 of New Jersey, $2,400,000,000. General Motors, $2,100,000,000. American industry enters the postwar

world with .a; greatly expanded plan and with toolli and equipment far surpassing anything it had in the past. According to a. report 1sstied· by the War Production Board, more than $25,000,0001000 worth of new plants and equipment were added to the industrial capacity in this country between 1940 and 1944. The Government contributed directly more than two-thirds of the total investment in~ volved.

At the end of 1939 there were 934,000 machine tools in place in thts country; by 1944 the number had risen to 1,400,000, an increase of nearly 50 percent. General Motors had 75,000 machine tools in 1940; in October 1943 it reported 143,774 machine tools in place.

Even after industry has financed its own transition to a peacetime production, equal at least to the prewar level of 1941, it will have on hand· a fund, estimated by United States Department of Commerce economists in 1944 as between ten and twenty b1llion dollars left over for plant and other expansion.

It w111 also get from the Government a fiat 1'0-percent rebate on wartime payments of excess-profits tax as a sort of severance pay to compensate it for the cessation of war contracts. This sum alone amounts to about · $2,840,000,000, and is equal to more than half the total net corporate earnings in the banner year of 1937 . .

In addition, under the carry-back and carry-forward provisions of the excess-profits tax, United Sta~es corporations have a(lcumulated with the· Government a sort of unemployment insurance. Should the. profits of any company in the next 10 years drop below its so-called ·normal profit level, it is entitled to a cash refund from the United States Treasury to make good these losses. That refund cannot be greater than the total income and excess-profits tax paid during the war. Theoretically, industry has thus a reserve fund of $62,000,000,000 to offset reconversion losses.

The steel companies, for example, face reconversion with savings (net working capital) of $2,000,000,000. Their fiat 10 percent rebate. from the Treasury will amount to . about $200,000,000 more. If they fail to show a cent of profit in 1946, the Treasury must give them a rebate of $149,000,000. This last rebate guarantees them 29 percent more profits than they averaged during the years of peace.

Nowhere in the world, in any period of history, have comparable material gains been registered by industry. The war presumably has wiped out German and Japanese indus· try. Principal industries in Allied countries have suft'ered so heaVily that it will take them a decade or more to regain even prewar production.

American business today is in the position of completely dominating world trade. It has become so strongly entrenched through its war profits that for many years it rieed fear no real competition anywhere on the globe.

Congress has not yet passed a comprehensive full-employment bill for the American people. But the tax-reduction bill has been rushed through in record tiine. Principal

, provision of this bill eliminates the excessprofits tax as of January 1, 1946. The total cut in tax.es fs almost $6,000,000,000, apportioned as follows between individuals and corporations:

Individuals ---------------- $2, 784, 000, 000 Corporations_______________ 3, 136, 000, 000

The reduction · in individual income taxes is overwhelmingly in favor of the larger income groups. The little man gets . $1 a year more to spend; the millionaire gets $44,218 more.

Tl)e 900 largest corporations in tJ;lis country will get a tax reduction averaging $2,000,-000 each in 1946. This amounts to a benefit twice that of the rest of the 18,000 corporations which have admitted excess profit-s. There 1s no gain whatever for the 261,000 smaller corporations that were never able to report excess profits.

At the same time it was revealed that the deficit in the national budget for 1946 is estimated at $30,000,000,000.

All this, then, must go into the balance in which we ·weigh our victory. On one side we have the total cost of war: $336,000,000,000 in cash, plus the dead, the wounded, the missing; on the other the outright profits made by large corporations-some $56,000,000,000 in cash, plus the power to dominate the lives of our people and the peoples of the world.

ExHmtT B THE 100 LARGEST MANuFACTURING

CORPORATIONS With a view to giving some general idea of

the difference between the balance-sheet valuation of fixed assets and present-day replacement costs, an analysis has been made of the statements of the 100 largest manufacturing corporations, measured by the total assets reported at the end of the 1947 calendar or nearest fiscal year, as given in the accompanying list. There are, of course, other ways of measuring size, such as total volume of sales, capital funds, number of employees, etc. 1.00 largest manufacturing corporations, based

on total assets reported at the end. o/1947 [In millions of dollars]

Allied Chemical & Dye Corp__________ 575 Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co____ 202 Aluminum Co. of America____________ 430 American Can CO-------------------- 250 American Cyanamid Co______________ 207 American Radiator & Standard Sani-

tary CorP------------------------- 153 American Smelting & Refining Co____ 256 American Sugar Refining Co__________ 133

7674 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 100 la?·gest.manufacturing corporations, basea

on total assets reported at the end of 1947-Continued

[In millions of dollars] American Tobacco Co________________ 647 American Viscose Corp_______________ 201 American Woolen Co _______________ !"' 118 Anaconda Copper Mining Co__________ 637 Armco Steel CorP-------------------- 249 Armour & CO------------~----------- 421 Atlantic Refining CO----------------- 330 Bendix Aviation Corp________________ 123 Bethlehem Steel Corp________________ 949 Borden Co___________________________ 222 Borg-Warner CorP------------------- 151 Burlington Mills Corp_______________ 125 Caterpillar Tractor· CO---------------- 122 Celanese Corp. of America____________ 212 Chrysler CorP----------------------- 487 Cities Service CO--------------------- 900 Coca-Cola Co________________________ 192 Continental Can CO--------,---------- 207 Continental Oil CO------------------- 209 Corn. Products Refining Co___________ 146 Crane CO---------------------------- 129 Curtiss-Wright Corp_________________ 166 Deere & CO-------------------------- 229 Distillers Corp.-Seagrams_____________ 267

. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co _______ 1, 438 Eastman Kodak Co__________________ 360 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co__________ 324 General American Transportation Corp_ 132 General Electric CO------------------ 1, 027 General Foods Corp __ ·---------------- 207 General Motors CorP----------------- 2, 473 B. F. Goodrich Co____________________ 247 Goodyear Tire & Rubber CO---------- 408 . Gulf Oil Corp________________________ 929 Hearst Consolidated Publications _____ .. 161 Inland Steel Co______________________ 244 International -Business Machines Corp_ 184 International Harvester CO----------- 620 International Paper CO--------------- 279 Johns-Manv1lle Corp_________________ 115 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp__________ 341 Kennecott Copper Corp______________ 541 Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co__________ 366 Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp_______ 116 Monsanto Chemical Co______________ 19!J Nash-Kelvinator Corp________________ 138 National Biscuit Co__________________ 154 National Dairy Products Corp________ 277 National Distillers Products Corp_____ 210 National Lead CO--~----------------- 163 National Steel Corp _______________ --- 292 Ohio Oil co_________________________ 164 Owens-Dlinois Glass Co______________ 162 Phelps Dodge Corp___________________ 251 Phillips Petroleum CO---------------- 439 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co____________ 207 Procter & Gamble CO---------------- 242 Pullman, InC-------------~--------- 197 Pure Oil Co_________________________ 245 Radio Corp. of America______________ 216 Republic Steel Corp__________________ 455 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co___________ 458 Reynolds Metals Co__________________ 112 St. Regis Paper CO------------------- 133 Schenley Distillers Corp______________ 318 Shell Union Oil Corp_________________ 534 Sinclair Oil Corp____________________ 591 Skelly Oil Co------------------------- 129 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co ______________ 1, 262 Standard Brands, Inc________________ 135 Standard Oil Co. of California________ 876 Standard Oil Co. of Indiana __________ 1, 268 Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey ________ 2, 996 Standard Oil Co. of Ohio____________ 189 Sun Oil Co-------------------------- 242 Swift & co ______ ·-------------------- 437 Texas 00---------------------------- 1,115 Tide Water Associated OH Oo_________ 263 Union Carbide & Carbon Corp________ 649 Union Oil Co. of California__________ 272 United Aircraft Corp_________________ 160 United L·uit CO--------------------- 419 United States Gypsum CO------------ 132 United States Rubber Co _____ .:._______ 348 Un~ted States Steel Corp _____________ 2, 163.

100 largest man11.facturing corporations, based on total assets reported at the end of 1947-Continued

[In millions of..dollars] Walker-Gooderham & Worts_________ 134 Western Electric CO------------------ 771 Westinghouse Electric Corp___________ 602 Weyerhaeuser Timber Co_____________ 195 Wheeling Steel Corp_________________ 158 Wilson & Co_________________________ 140 Youngstown Sheet & Tube____________ 260

The above list excludes a number of large companies whose statements are not yet available for the 1947 calendar or nearest fiscal year, or for the years going back to 1940, including American Car & Foundry Co., Crown Zellerbach Corp., Dow Chemical Co., Ford Motor Co., General Mills, Inc., Philip Morris & Co., Ltd., Publicker Industries, Inc., Remington Rand, Inc., Singer Manufacturing Co., and J.P. Steven!f & Co. .

These companies, which include the largest organizations in numerous major industries, had totaL assets aggregating $41,600,000,000 at the end of 1947 and comprise a substantial portion of the total production and employment of all manufacturing corporations. Their total number of employees in 1947, based upon the year-end or annual averages, approximated 4,000,000. This represented an average investment in assets of $10,000 per employee. The capital stock was owned by more than 5,000,000 regiStered shareholders, a considerably larger number than the total of employees. While the total number of shareholders of the group includes duplications to the extent that many individual and institutional shareholders own stock in more than one of these companies, many a registered sh~reholder is a financial institution or nominee holding in trust stock for numerous beneficiaries.

Although no means are available for an accurate estimate of how -present-day costs of plant and equipment of a large group of companies such as this compare with the book values at which they are carried on the balance sheets, an adjustment of the latter figures by changes in the index of industrial building costs compiled by the Engineeri~g News-Record should afford a useful approXl" mation.

This widely used index, based upon labor and material costs, obviously would not measure accurately the change in costs of all the diversified assets used in all types of industries represented. Book valuations of fixed assets vary also with the dates, in some cases running back many years, at which they were originally acquired, as wen as the rates at which they have been amortized. Valuations often are affected by adjustments in connection with ·purchase and sale of plants, disposal of Government war surpl~s, r.eappraisals, recapita~izations, reorgamzat10ns, and mergers. Corresponding reductions in capital and surplus account of many companies have resulted from writing down fiXed assets as well as intangibles.

The Engineering News-Record and similar indexes, however, trace the rising trend of costs, and the effect if all fixed assets should be replaced at prevailing prices. They in~icate the competitive conditions under wh1ch a new company would start in business.

100 largest manufacturing corporations [In millions of doll_ars]

Sales and net income 1940 1945 1947 ------

Total sales and revenues _____ 20,600 39,900 50,600 Net inrome after taxes ________ 1,875 1, 943 3, 730 Dividends (prefer:red and common) paid ______________ 1,197 1, 208 1, 668

Net income per sales dol-9.1 4. 9 7.4 lar _____ ---.,-----.cents __

Dividends paid per sales dollar ___________ cents __ 5.8 3. 0 3.3

---------

100 largest manufacturing corporationsContinued

[In millions of dollars]

Sales and net income 1940 1945 1947 ___________ , ___ ------Plant and equipment, net

worth, and rate of return, based upon repot.ted balance-sheet book values of plant and equipment:

Plf~1 t~~t__e_~~~~~~-t~- 24,448 24,448 24,448 Additions, 1941-45 ____ -------- 3, 748 3, 748 Additions, 1946-47.. •• =..:.== ==..=.:..:. ~

Total to date.------ 24, 448 28, 196 34,421 Less: Reserve for depre·

ciation __________ ..:_______ 1,1, 701 16, 145 17, ?45

Net total to date_______ 12,747 12,051 16,676 Net worth end of year-------- 18, 701 22,227 26,093 Rate of return-net income to

net worth _________ percent__ 10.0 8. 7 14. 3_

Plant and equipment, net worth, and rate of return, adjusted to approximate replacement costs of plant and equipment: 1

PI~~ t~faL_~~~~~~~~-t~- 24, 448 28,440 38,386 Additions, 1941-45 ____ -------- 3, 990 5, 386 Additions, 1946-47 •••. -------- -------- 7, 140'

---------Total to date _______ 24,448 32,430 50,912

Less: Reserve for depre-ciation __ - ------------ 11,701 16,145 17,745

Net total to date _______ 12,747 16,285 33,167 Net worth end of year_____ ___ 18,701 26,461 42,584 Rate of return-net income to

net worth _________ percent._ 10.0 7. 3 8. 8

1 Plant and equipment adjusted by chang~ ~ince 1940 in the Engineering News-Record Index of Bwldmg Cos_ts (1913=100) from 208.2 in December 1940 to 24~.2 m December 1945 and to 326.9 in December 1947, apphed to the total plant and equipment in December 1940, plus the additions during 1941-45 at an assumed average cost of 227.5, plus the additions during 1946-47 at an assumed average cost of 285.0.

Total sales and other revenues of these companies, including estimated or preliminary figures for a few companies on which comprete operating details are not avail-_ able, increased from approximately $20,600,-000,000 in 1940 to $39,000,000,000 in 1945 and $50,600,000,000 in 1947.

Net income after taxes totaled approximatel'Y $1,900,000,000 in both 1940 and 1945, but rose sharply to $3,700,000,000 in 1947. The average margin of profit, which together with return on net worth is the most widely used measure of earnings, declined !rom 9.1 cents per dollar of sales in 1940 to 4.9 cents in 1945, and rose to 7.4 cents in 1947. As pointed out earlier this year when presenting our annual tabulations of corporate earnings, the large dollar total of net income last year was due chiefly to the enormous expansion in volume of business and not to an unusual widening of profit margins, which in most cases (with some important exceptions-) were actually narrower than in former years of active business.

Upon the book net worth totaling $26,100,-000,000 at the end of 1947, the net inco~e represented an average return of 14.3 percent, .compared with 8.7 in 1945 and 10.0 in 1940. In this comparison, however, the kinds of dollars are different--net income is expressed in current dollars, but net worth is based largely on prewar dollars of much greater purchasing power.

If plant and equipment, carried at $34,400,-000,000 (before depreciation) at the end of 1947, had been adjusted to 1947 costs, by applying the' changes since 1940 in the general index of building costs, the valuation would be lifted by $16,500,000,000 to $50,900,000,000 and book net worth would be lifted by an equal amount. Upon this enlarged base, .the reported net income in 1947 represents an average return of 8.8 percent, actually lower than in 1940. The apparent gain arises from the undervaluation of assets.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 7675 EARNING_S AND . NEW' CAPITAL

It should be emphasized that this attempt to adjust for changes in replacement costs should not be taken too literally, but is illus~rative of the upward price trends and the problems they have created. This matter of replacement costs is but one of the many factors to be considered in judging earnings. It is not an argument for companies to write· up the book value of their assets to current costs as a new basis for computing earnings, since no one knows what the trend of prices may be in the future or at what dates the various assets will have to be replaced. By the same token, however, there is an obvious danger in ignoring replacement costs in determining wage rates and pricing policies.

The 1947 earnings of many companies have been criticized, in some quarters, as excessive; yet often the same companies, having made vast expenditures from their own and borrowed money for expansion of plant capacity, have been criticized, in the same quarters, for not spending still more in order to meet the apparently insatiable domestic and foreign demand for their products, and also for not increasing wage rates further. The retained earnings of prior years, though designated on the balance sheet as "surplus" are not in the form of cash but already have been In vested in fixed and working assets·.

For this group of large corporations, the payments of wages · and salaries have in fact increased much more proportionately than· have dividends paid to the shareholders ownIng the business. Total pay rolls in 1940 apPJi'OXinin.ted $5,500,000,000 and were about 4~ tinies tlie dividend .Payments, wh.ile by 1947 total pay rolls had expanded to $12,-600,000,000 and· were 712 times dividends. ·

Average annual compensation ·· per employee rose from $1,800 in 194o'· to '$3,100 in, 1947, an increase of 72 percent, which was more than the rise during the same period In the Bureau of Labor index of consumer prices, a~ounting to 59 percent.

As the dollar total of dividend payments increased only 39 percent from 1940 to 1947, despite an increase of the same percentage in shareholders' equity ;from retained earnings and new stock issues, the sh-areholders as a group lost ground In terms of the purchasing power of their .Income.

If business is to continue its long-term growth trend, t<;> produce more goods at reasonable prices for the American people and to provide more jobs at high wages, then good earnings are essential to build and attract the new capital needed. Business is being called on to raise capital for financing the expansion of facilities for Increased output of steel, greater petroleum production and refining, growth of public utilities, mechanization o.f coal mines, supermarkets to lower food-distribution costs, and so on.

Under present conditions, retained earnings are relied upon as the chief source of new capital. Sale of new preferred or common stock is limited by a generally unre_. ceptive market for new equity securities. Borrowing has the effect of increasing the debt ratio, and if carried too far runs against the credit-control policies of the monetary authorities. Even If funds are raised in part from these alternative sources, the maintenance of good earnings is still required to justify the loan or investment.

·ExHmiT C WHAT! THE PROFIT MOTIVE!

In the New York Herald Tribune of May 24 there appears the following dispatch from that newspaper's Moscow bureau:

"Moscow, May 23.-:ronowing a recep.t warning against factories operating at. a loss, it was reported today that a number of Soviet plants are now earning . impressive profits.

"For the first 4 months of 1948 the Stalin automobile plant made 11,000,000 rubles

profit. The first state ball-bearing plant earned 8,000,000 rubles and the Electrostal plant nearly 4,000,000 rubles.

"These profits were listed in the Agitators Handbook, which is issued to Communist agitators and propagandists to guide them in their work. Communist agitators are now able to use this .material In other factories to strive for profits;"

What heresy is this, in the country that-we are told-has abolished the profit motive. and where production for use and not for profit is supposedly the guiding incentive Yet here an official organ of the Soviet Government annnounces with evident satisfaction that, ·following warnings, certain Soviet plants that previously operated at a loss are now reporting impressive profits. What is more, these examples are to be used to Incite other factories to strive for profits.

This all seems very confusing in view of what we have had dinned into our ears from collectivist sources as to the iniquities of profits. Apparently the profit motive an<l production for profit are not so easily dispensed with as Socialist and Communist literature would have us believe.

To be sure, profits under the collectivist system go to the state, and under the capitalist system to those individuals who'se ente~prise, capacity, and savings have created the industries. But the fact is, as the above quotation only goes to show, that profits there must be, whether the regime be capitalist or Communist, if c&.pital is to be had for progress and development, unless industry is financed by forced labor or ·bY taxes 'Upon the people. While the Soviet Goverment continues 'to exploit both these lati;er ~~:mrces, the di:'ive for profits is recognifton that even state-owned enterprises must make money if they are not to be a dr-ag on the economy. As regards individual incentives, the· Soviets early in the game discovered· the heed for providing the inducem~nt of· personal gain to stimulate effort, as demonstrated by the widespread use of production-bonus systems among the workers and the great disparity in incomes between those in responsible positions and the mass of the people.

Though the Socialists make· great play · of the fact that profits under socialism accrue to the public authorities rather than remain in private hands, the really important thing is not who gets the profits in the first instance, but rather the relative success of the two sy~tems in producing and distributing an abundance and variety of goods and services which the mass of the people can use and which contributes to advancing their material welfare. By this test free-enterprise capitalism wins in a walk over · any other system the world has ever known.

To most Americans there will appear a still more vital consideration-the preservation 'under our system of the freedom and dignity of the individual as guaranteed by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President how much time have I remaining?- '

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. FLANDERS in the chair) . · The senator from Kentucky has 12 minutes.

The Senator from South Dakota has 15 minutes.

Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I yield mYself 10 m:;.nutes at the present time, and I may have to use the other 2 minutes. But for the moment I shall attempt to limit myself to 10 minutes, and I hope I shall be able to stay within that limitation in saying what I have to say.

Mr. President, I do ~ot wish to discuss the pending amendment, other than to s~;~.y I shall vote against it, because I do not believe it is practicable at this stage of our military situation, when we are

required to draw men into the Army in order to bring it up to its requirements. We cannot consider ourselves in a state of war, to the extent that the drafting of industry and profits would be- justified. If we were actually in war, there might be a different approach to the subject, but I do not wish to go into that matter now. I shall content myself with merely stating that I shall vote against the amendment.

I shall vote for the motion entered by the Senator from Pennsylvania to reconsider the vote by which the Kern amendment, so-called, was adopted . yesterday. I recognize that there may be need for a modification and revision of our courtsmartial procedure, but at the same time I think the subject is so complex "..nd important that a committee-the Committee on Armed Services-should give it detailed and careful consideration. I do not believe we are justified in accepting a bill drawn by or sponsored by the American Bar Association, regardless of however much respect I have for that association and for i~s sincerity. I have no doubt that the association itself did not . consider that the Senate would adopt its proposal witt.out giving it more discussion and consideration regarding its effect than could be possible during the hasty consideration of the amendment on the fioor of the Senate. . Therefore I shall vote to reconsider the vote on the amendment; and if the vote on the am~ndment is reconsidered, I shall vote agamst the amendment, as I did yesterday on the fioor of the Senate.

Mr. President, I am supporting the pending legislation. I confess that I am not happy over it, because I am unhappy over the world situation which apparently makes the enactment of this proposed legislation necessary.

All of us are familiar with what has happened in the world during the past 3 years since the end of the war or the end of the fighting in the war which technically has not yet ended, or' course. All of us are familiar with the requirement~-unprecedented, in a way, in time of peace-because of the unsettled conditions in the world and our obiigations in regard to those unsettled conditions. There is always an aftermath of a war There is no way by which the burna~ mind can predict the course of history ~allowing a great upheaval, such as was mvolved in World War II. All of us shouted with joy at the end of hostilities, at the creation of the United Nations, and at all the efforts of the nations, . apparently in good faith, to bring about the settlement of international disputes and controversies by peaceful means, without war or the threat of war. In view of that optimistic and hopeful situation, probably we were too precipitate in demobilizing our own forces. But we, along with all the other tired and weary, war-worn peoples of the world, welcomed any opportunity to bring back our boys from wherever they were, in the solemn belief that never again within our generation would it be necessary to engage in military con-flict. · · But, Mr. President, our hopes have

been dibppointed. Peace has not come

.7676 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.._SEN.ATE JUNE10

to the world, although I hope it will ultimately come; and I believe that with a proper amount of tolerance and understanding and patience on the part ·of all governments and all peoples, we can ultimately iron out our differences, level off the frictions that beset mankind, and .enter upon a period of peace. We have not entered upon it yet.

I am not voting for the pending legislation merely because I believe a war is imminent between us and any other nation. Nobody can ever predict whether war is immediately imminent or not. When nations are tense and there is friction and not only governments but their peoples are to some extent standing on tiptoe or sitting on the edges of their seats, anxious about what may happen in the immediate future, it is always possible that some episode or some incident may, without being heralded, bring on hostilities and war. I should most profoundly regret any such episode or incident that might unexpectedly, because of the tension and friction, bring on overnight conflict. We cannot overlook the possibility of such things; we cannot steel ourselves against the obligation we would incur if such a situation should develop.

I am not voting for the bill merely because I think we may have war in the immediate future. I profoundly hope we shall not have it in the immediate fu.ture or in the distant future. But I am not willing -to avoid it or to seem to avoid it merely because of the fear of it, . or in such a way as to give any indications to any possible enemy of ours that under no circumstances would be willing to assert our rights and our position, and protect and defend them under all conditions.

I am voting for the pending legislation in the main because I believe it is necessary in order to bring our armed services up to the required strength for present

· purposes without regard to the possibility of armed conflict. There are now needed in the Army to bring it up to requirements approximately 350,000 new l;Ilen.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Senator's 10 minuter is up. He has 2 minutes more at his disposal.

Mr. BARKLEY. That is the shortest 10 minutes I ever had, but I realize that time flies.

We need to have for the Army 350,000 men in order to bring it up to the required standards fixed by Congress, and there will be 554,000 men who will be discharged, whose places must be filled in order to keep our armed forces up to the requirement. That makes 903;ooo men that, during the remainder of 1948 and the year of 1949, we must bring into the Army of the United States or into the armed serVices.

We have, I think, been rather generous in our attitude of waiting to see if they could be obtained by voluntary enlistments. They have not been obtained. In my judgment they will not be obtained. Therefore we cannot wait, · we cannot stand back and halt and incur the justified criticism of the American people if we fail to do our duty at this time. We in Washington are in the habit of consulting our fears. But my• contact with the American people from one end

of the land to the ·other has convinced me, as I ·have often said here, · that in the matter of maintaining our institu.tions, maintaining our strength, and being ready for any emergency, .the American people are on the whole and on the average about 6 months ahead ·of the Congress of the United States. I think they are about that far ahead of us now.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The time of the Senator from Kentucky has expired. ·

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I yield 2 minutes to the Senator from Illinois, first; after which I shall yield to the Senator from West Virginia.

Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, I want to reiterate briefly what the Senator from Kentucky has said with respect to his conception of the real import of this bill. It strikes me, Mr. President, there has been too mUch war talk in connection with the debates that have been held upon this measure. It is my understanding that . the primary and basic reason for the enactment of a measure of this character is to bring up our peacetime Army, Navy, and Air Forc.e to a point where we can safely take care of our own national obligations as well as to insure that we do not default in the international commitments we have made.

It is a certainty, Mr. President, that we are not going to bring our troops eut 'of·Germany; it is a certainty we are not going to bring those doing police duty out of Japan, o any other place until we know definitely that those conquered countries are able to' take c'are of themselves without the possibility of an aggressor challenging us again, such ~s that which caused · us to enter the late world war.

That, to me, is the basic reason for this enactment of the pending measure. We have tried with the most favorable legislation to bring into the Army recruits through the volunteer system. That has failed, primarily because 61,-000,000 people are employed at the present time in this country. So long as people are gainfully employed, it will be difficult for us to obtain recruits through the volunteer system into the United States ·Army, even though our Army is the highest paid in all the history of time.

Mr. President, if the volunteers-come in as a result of the enactment of the pending bill, or through any other cause, we may ultimately be able to do away with the clraft' measure, but for the immediate future, our security, safety, and our honor depend upon military manpower. I shall support this bill; however, I repeat what I said before, this is not a war measure, it is a peacetime measure, nothing else.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator•s time has expired.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I yield 2 minutes to the Senator from West Virginia. ·

Mr. REVERCOMB. I thank the Senator from South Dakota.

Mr. President, at this time, on behalf of the Senator from Nebraska · [Mr. WHERRY], the Senator from Ohio [Mr. BRICKER], the Senator from Missouri [Mr. KEMJ, the Senator from Nebraska

[Mr. Bu;rLERJ, the Senator from Delaware [Mr. WrLLlAMS], and myself, I send to the desk an amendment to the pending bill, to be considered- at the proper time and in the proper order, under the rule. I understand it ·may · be offered now and sent to othe desk, and that it will be called up in its proper order when we reach the hour of 3 o'clock and begin the consideration of pending amendments.

I may say that the amendment simply does this, Mr. President: It meets the great objections made about which I spoke earlier today of the Army's rais·ing the classification test, of the Army's destroying utterly the enlistment system through that. I can best explain the amendment by reading it. It is brie~. On page 66, it is proposed to strike out line 15 and ·insert in lieu thereof the following:

SEC. 20. :The foregoing provi~ions , of this act shall not become effective before the expirati,on of - 6 months aft er. the date of enactment thereof during which tiii.le diligent efforts shall be ·made to obtain voluntary enlistments to meet the personnel needs ~f the armed forces, and in determining _the ~ligibility of enlis~e~s in the -1\.rxnY the classification test shall not exceed 59; and the v9ll,mtary enlistm~nt period shal.l be for not less tha:n 2 years. If upon ~he expiration of such 6 months the President determines that ·the :rieectS pave been met by volun~ary enlist~ents this act shall not become effect!v~.

The PRESIDENT · pro tempore. · The time of the Senator from ·west Virginia has expired.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I yield 2-minutes to the Senator from Georgia [Mr. RUSSELL] :

Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. !?resident, I requested time in which to make a brief statement regarding any further extension of this legislation or any ~further compulsory military training program in the event that the President of the United States, or any future President, should seek to impose upon the armed services the views of the miscalled Civil Rights Committee by Executive order. I was unable to obtain the necessary time, and I therefore ask unanimous consent that a brief statement outlining my views on the question be printed in the RECORD at this point.

There being no objection, the statement was ordered 'to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

I have resolved the grave doubts which I !\ave entertained about this bill in favor of supporting it. It is not an altogether satisfactory measure. It would be wiser even now to also adopt a plan for universal military training. I do not believe that the people of this country can or will endure for any considerable time the burden of a military budget of $20,000,000,000 each year. We are to pay a frightful price for our failure to enact a universal military training program 3 years ago.

Not only is this bill very expensive in monetary cost but in the 2-year toll it will take from the lives of many young men. The universal military training program of 6 months' active duty and proper requirements for reserve training would have been 'infinitely cheaper in dollars as well as in interrupted lives. -

This bill is better than nothing. It gives us a large Regular Army, Navy, Air -Force, and

·Marine Corps, but at the staggering cost of nearly $3,600 per year for each man in

1948· CONGRESSIONAL RE.CORD-SENATE .7677 service. Those who· have refused to consider a UMT bill and tb.ose who p_revent it from being included in this measure face _ a fearful responsiblfitY,'

My reluctance to support this bill is due to its lack of ariy safE!guards· for the simple and fundamental rights of the men to . be inducted. It is ·unnecessary. to say again

. that I am unalt~rably opposed to the threatened executive action to abolish any fo.rm of segregation in the armed services. If the .5-year life of this measure had not been reduced to 2 years I would have opposed its passage. I could not take the risk of having either the present Executive or-most of those who seek to succeed him in the Presidency yield to the threats and demands of . the Randolphs and Walter Whites ~nd other representatives of minor~ty groups that he is~ue an order for the abolition of any distinction between the races in the units comprising the armed services.' The fact that this ~ill has only a 2-year life should cause any President to pause before taking such drastic action. This is undoubtedly true 1f whoever occupies the White House is at all sincere in his belief that a ·selective service law is necessary. They may well consider whether an extension of this legislation can be secured 'without the support of Senators who are opposed to the complete intermingling .of the ra'ces in the armed services.

Mr. President, the people of the part of this Nation from which rcome cannot · tolerate the .program for the a,rmed services blueprinted in thE! report of t}le 'President's commission on civil rights. V{~ pf the _So~th have learned through bitter experience to expect nothing but abuse and ridicule from the rest of the country, We know that Southerners · in . public ·life· aJ,"e dubbed "Claghorns." Reformers and polfticians outside the South have unusual .programs for reforming our lives aild social order. ' They wax bitter when we do not welcome their unsought advice. The alleged intellectuals sneeringly refer to the Southern States as the Bible belt. I know insult is intended, but I have always accepted this as a compliment.

But, Mr. ·President; there is one thing of ·which we of the South may well be proud. No critic, however vicious and false his abuse, has ever questioned the courage and fighting power of the southern ·white man in our armed forces. No one has ever questioned our readiness or~ our ability to defend our common country. I am proud of the record of the soldiers of the South in every war in which we have ever been engaged. I am proud of their devotion to duty and their acceptance of discipline. I do not propose meekly to acquiesce in having intolerable conditions thrust upon them which will cause them to mar the record of their patriotic service.

I know that in an unsegregated Army the scapegoat of every racial clash will be a southern white boy. We have seen in the past where cowardly liars have even undertaken to blame the South and southern people for racial clashes or race riots occurring in cities far above the line of Mason-Dixon.

I believe in a strong national defense. I and most southern s ·enators have supported every ·measure to strengthen our defenses· since I have been a Member of the Senate. As for the future, I speak now only for myself. I shall vote for this bill: If in the 2 years of its existence the revolutionary -recommendations of the civil rights commission are put into effect by Executive order and I am permitted by_ the grace of .Providence and the will of the people of Georgia to be in this body at the expiration date, I shall oppose to the limit of my ability any extension of this law. The adoption of the recommendations of that report will destroy this Nation. Rather than be debased from within by the p·olitimil conniving of those in authority we

XCIV--484

wHl take our ·chances of defending ourselves with the National Guard and volunteers serving in military units where the races may live and die with their own kind. It will 'profit us nothing to ·support ways and means of maintaining vast and expensive armies ·overseas if. political termites are to destroy the foundations of the last citadel of individual rights and liberties here at home.

If we must die and be_destroyed, let us die as free men in possession of our rights, with the Constitution still available for use as a shroud. This statement is not a threat; Mr. President. It is made only that those who may contemplate such drastic steps may understand just what their action will entail. If in the future any responsibility for the failure to continue this law or to enact similar legislation should be laid at my door, I am willing to shoulder it.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, -I yield 5 minutes to the Senator from Matyland [Mr. TYDINGS].

. · The PRESIQENT pro tempore. The Senator from Maryland is recognized for 5 minutes.

Mr. TYDINGS. Mr. President, one of our difficulties is that quite . often in debate we are unable to obtain the facts upon which arguments are predicated. The assertion has been ·frequently made that the Army was laggard in get.ting voluntary enlistments and that the Air Force and the Navy were not' laggard. It has been stated that if the Army would show greater diligence it could bring the Army up td full strength without resort t6 the draft.

. I ·have receiv.ed figures with regard to the su}jject. - Let me tell the Senate that tpe reasori the Army has not been as 'successful in getting voluntary enlistments as have the Navy and Air Force is· because the Army is larger than either the Air Force or the Navy. · It has received more voluntary enlistments than . has either the Air Force or the Navy. Indeed, all of the Air Force enlistments were made by the Army Recruiting Service. · The Army Air Force has no enlistment personnel. The Army's persotmel epli~ts for both the Air Corps and . the 4,rmy. · So, therefore, all the filling up· of the Air Corps has been done by the Army. · What are the facts? In the month of

April the Army got 20,923 recruits· and reenlistments. Nine thousand and sixtyseven were for the Air Force. There was a · total of 29,900.

The Navy had only 14,896 enlistments and reenlistments. So we see that the Army is getting twice as many recruits as is the Navy or the Ai.r Force.

We .should be fair about this. Even with those enlistments the Army c~nnot build up its strength to the desired figure. 'rhis bill increases the size of the Army by 350,000 men. It is perfectly plain, on

· the face of the figures I have stated, that the only way in the world we Cl;tn get men is through the medium of the draft, unless we want to condemn the country to a smaller armed service than that which we have authorized in the law.

Finally, let me. say a word for tb,e infantryman, the fellow who carries a gun. He is not in a branch of th~ service which is as glamorous as is the Navy or the Air Corps, but in one decisive battle in Europe, where the foot soldiers made up 2 out of every 8 of the troops engaged,

8 out of every 10 casualties in that great . battle occurred among that small group of infantrymen. That is the group which the Army needs to fill up the ranks, for they are the men who go forth and do the hard work. Unfortunately, and sadly. they largely make up the row after row of white crosses when the fighting is over.

We must have a draft act in order to fulfill the requirements of the armed services. I am hopeful that at this late hour we may give to those who have advised us about this question the consideration which their testimony warrants. They are such men as General Eisenhower, Admiral Nimitz, Admiral Denfeld, General MacArthur, General Clay. Are we going to set ourselves up as witnesses, claiming to know more about the length of time required to train a soldier, about the duties involved, than those men who have · been so eminently successful in their own life work, to wit, the armed services of the country?

I am appealing to Senators that before we go home we put this country in an adequate state of defense.

The duty of a citizen, and particularly a Member of Congress, is twofold: First, to support such measures as are likely to keep the country at peace insofar as that is possible; secondly, if it is impossible to keep the country at peace, to have it adequately prepared for the catastrophe of war.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The time of the Senator from Maryland has expired.

Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I yield 2 minutes to the Senator from Kentucky [Mr. COOPER]. . . Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, I call

attention to certain language in that section of the bill which relates to priority of employment. On page 35 the language is this:

Any person who is restored to a position • • shall not be laid off or discharged

from such position without cause within 1 year after such restoration.

My inquiry is, could the language be interpteted to mean . that one returning from service would be given priority over a veteran of World War II or employee of longer seniority in times of unemployment wheri lay-offs are necessary?

Mr. GURNEY. The answer is "No." lf lay-offs are necessary due to reduction in force, season,al work, and so forth, necessary lay-offs are protected.

Mr. President, there is only a minute remaining. I want to say that I, appreciate very much the attention which has been given the bill during its 5 days of consideration. I sincerely hope that no amendment will be finally adopted that will take the heart out of the bill. ' I yield the remainder of my time to the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. BALDWIN].

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Sen-ator from Connecticut is recognized.

Mr. BALDWIN. Mr. President, what we are about to do is not easy. It is not easy for 4mericans who love peace to enact into law a bill to increase our armed forces and to draft young men from peacetime lives into the military service of the United States. We do it

7678 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JBNE 10 -not because we like to; we do it because we believe sincerely and earnestly that we have to do it. Conditions in the

The legislative clerk called the roll, and the following Senators answered to their names:

world today are such that we must take Aiken Hatch o•conor this unusual step. We do it, not in the Baldwin Hawkes O'Daniel

Ball Hayden O'Mahoney interest of preparing ourselves for a war, Barkley mckenlooper Pepper but in the interest of preparing ourselves Brewster Hill Reed to preserve the peace. ,God has given us Bricker Hoey Revercomb

hi t this t' Bridges Holland Robertson, Va. the opportunity of leaders 'p a 1me Brooks Ives Robertson, Wyo. for the preservation of the peace. We Buck Johnson, Colo. Russell must be realistic enough, we must be Butler Johnston, S.c. Saltonstall

t k th Byrd Kem Smith courageous enough, to a e e m-easures cain Kilgore sparkman necessary for us to exercise tJ:?,at leader~ capper Knowland Stennis ship. This is not a bill for war,; it is a Chavez Langer Stewart

k th Connally Lucas Taft bill to help us to eep e peace. cooper McCarran Taylor . I desire to address myself in these final cordon McCarthy Thomas, Okla.

2 minutes to two proposals in the form Donnell McClellan Thomas, Utah of amendments to the bill. One is a g~':rs~ak ~~~~~~nd i~b~y proposal to reduce the term of service Eastland McKellar Tydings from 24 .months to 18 months. . Ecton McMahon Umstead

Why do we need these additions to the Ellender Malone Vandenberg t ? It Feazel Martin Wherry armed forces of the United Sta es Ferguson Maybank .oowhtte

appeared in the hearings before the Flanders M1111k1n Wiley committee that the mobile striking force , Fulbright Moore Williams

· 1 th George Morse Wilson of the United States today lS ess an Green Murray Young 54 000 troops. All the rest· of our mili~ Gurney Myers ta~y force is on a far-flung line from the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Eighty~ northern climes to the tropic seas, where nine Senators having answered to their we are trying to preserve the peace until • names, a quorum is present. democratic institutions and freemen op~ The question is on agreeing to the erating them can carry on in a peaceful amendment submitted by . the Senator manner. from Texas . (Mr . . O'DANIEL] which has

Mr. President, in the last two world been stated by the clerk. The yeas and wars time was on our side. We antici~ nays have been or.deredf and the clerk pated what actually did happen, namely, will call the roll. . that someone else would be attacked be- · Mr. O'DANIEL. Mr. President-fore we were attacked. If war sho:uld The PRESIDENT pro tempore. No de-come again-and God grant that it may bate is in order. . . not-we shall be the first to be attacked. Mr. O'DANIEL. A parliamentary in-There will be no delay; there will be no quiry. long period of time in which we can pre~ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. 'l'he ' pare ourselves. Therefore we must be Senator will state it. . . ready with a mobile striking force of Mr. O'DANIEL. For the benefit of 250 000 men. We need in that mobile Senators who were not present when the striking force the best manhood America amendment was stated, may the clerk has· we need in it men who can serve the h d t i ? full ' 24 months for they wl'th our other please state t e amen men aga n.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The forces can ward off the attack; and after clerk will state the amendment. the attack, strike back, and give us time The CHIEF CLERK. on page 66, line 15, to mobilize our all-out effort. after the word "effective", it is pro~

I hope the amendments offered by my posed to strike out the word "immedi- ~ distinguished friend from Oregon [Mr. ately" and insert "On the same day that MoRSE] and my distinguished friend from a tax bill becomes effective which will West Virginia [Mr. REVERCOMB] will not tax all corporations and individuals 100 ·prevail. percent of all profits and earnings in

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The excess of average annual profits and time of the Senator from Connecticut has earnings of such corporations and indiexpired. All time for debate has expired. viduals for the 3-year period immediately Under the order of the Senate, the first preceding such date." vote is on the amendment offered by the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Texas [Mr. O'DANIEL], clerk will call the roll. upon which the yeas and nays have been The Chief Clerk called the roll. ordered. Mr. WHERRY. 1 announce that the

The clerk will read the amendment for Senator from South Dakota [Mr. BusH-the information of the Senate. FIELD], the Senator from Indiana [Mr.

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 66, line 15, JENNER], and the Senator from Massa~ it is proposed to insert the following: chusetts [Mr. LoDGE] are necessarily

After the word "effective", eliminate the absent. If present and voting, the Senword "immediately" and substitute .the fol- ator from Massachusetts [Mr. LoDGE] lowing: "On the same day that a tax bill would vote "nay." becomes effective which will tax all corpora- The Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPE-tlons and individuals 100 percent of all profits and earnings in excess of average annual HART] is absent by leave of the Senate. profits and earnings of such corporations and The Senator from Utab [Mr. WAT-individuals for the 3-year period immediately KINS] is unavoidably detained. precedin~ such date." · Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the

Mr. WHERRY. I suggest the absence Senator from Washington [Mr. MAG-. of a quorum. NUSONJ is absent by leave of the Senate.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The The Senator from New York [Mr. clerk will call the roll. WAGNER] is necessarily absent.

The result was announced-yeas 8, nays 81, as follows:

Dworshak Ecton · Kem

Aiken Baldwin Ball Barkley Brewster Bricker Bridges Brooks Buck Butler Byrd Cain Capper Chavez Connally Cooper Cordon Donnell Downey Eastland Ellender Feazel Ferguson Flanders Fulbright George Green

Bushfleld Capehart Jenner

So Mr. rejected.

YEAS-8 Kilgore · O'Daniel Langer Taylor ·

· Murray NAYS-81

Gurney O'Conor Hatch O'Mahoney: Hawkes Pepper Hayden Reed Hickenlooper Revercomb Hill Robertson, Va. Hoey Robertson, Wyo. Holland Russell Ives Saltonstall Johnson, Colo. Smith Johnston, S. C. Sparkman Knowland Stennis Lucas Stewart McCarran Taft McCarthy Thomas, Okla. McClellan Thomas, Utah McFarland Thye McGrath Tobey McKellar Tydings McMahon Umstead Malone Vandenberg Martin Wherry Maybank White Millikin Wiley Moore Williams Morse Wilson Myers Yciung

NOT VOTING-7 Lodge Magnuson -Wagner

· Watkins

O'DANIEL'S amendment was

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Un• der the order of the S'enate the next amendment to be voted upon is the amendment offered by the Senator from . Oregon [Mr. MORSE], which the clerk will report.

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 6, line 22, it is proposed to strike out the word "twenty-four" and insert the word "eighteen."

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The_ yeas and nays have been ordered, and the clerk will call the roll. . .

Mr. BRIDGES. A parliamentary in- . quiry. '

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator will state it.

Mr. BRIDGES. Is this a reconsideration?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The reconsideration has been ordered. This . is a vote upon the amendment.

Mr. BRIDGES. On the amendment . itself?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Yes. Mr. BRIDGES. So a vote ''yea" is ·

for the 18-month period, and a vote "nay" is for the 24-month period?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator is correct.

The clerk will call the roll. . The Chief Clerk called the roll.

Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. BusHFIELD] and the S'enator from Indiana [Mr. JENNER] are necessarily absent.

The Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART] is absent by leave of the Senate.

The Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LoDGE] is necessarily absent, and is paired with the Senator from Utah [Mr. WATKINS], who is unavoidably detained. If present and voting, the Senator from . Massachusetts would vote,"nay ," and the Senator from Utah would vote "year"

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7679 The Senator from Oregon [Mr. CoR·

DON] is unavoidably detained. Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the

Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON] ·is 'absent by leave of the Senate.

The Senator from New York [Mr. WAGNER] is necessarily absent.


Butler Chavez Cooper Dworshak Ecton Ferguson Johnson, Colo. Johnston, S. C.

Aiken Baldwin Ball Barkley Brewster Bricker Bridges Brooks Buck Byrd Cain Capper Cohnally I!>onnell Downey Eastland

· Ellender Feazel Flanders Fulbright George Green

YEA8--22 Langer McCarthy Malone Moore Morse Murray Revercomb Taft

NAY8--66

Taylor Tobey Wherry Wiley Williams Wilson

Gurney Myers Hatch O'Conor Hawkes O'Daniel Hayden O'Mahoney Hickenlooper Pepper Hlll Reed Hoey Robertson, Va. Holland Robertson,Wyo. Ives Russell Kem Saltonstall Kilgore Smith Knowland Sparkman Lucas Stennis McCarran Stewart McClellan Thomas, Okla. McFarland Thomas, Utah McGrath Thye McKellar Tydings McMahon Umstead Martin Vandenberg Maybank White Millikin Young

NOT VOTING-8 Bushfield Capehart Cordon

Jenner Lodge Magnuson

Wagner Watkins

So Mr. jected.

MoRsE's amendment was re-

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill is open to further amendment.

Mr. MYERS. Mr. President, I now call up my motion to reconsider the vote by which the amendment offered by the Senator from Missouri [Mr. KEMJ was agreed to.


Mr. MYERS. I yield. Mr. MAYBANK. Earlier in the day I

submitted an amendment which was read by the clerk, and was to be called up, I believe, following the amendment just 'disposed of. In view of the statements made by the chairman of the committee, I do not intend to ask for the yeas and nays, but I should like to have a voice vote. ·

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator's amendment can be called up after the motion of the Senator from Pennsylvania is disposed of.

The question-is on agreeing to the motion of the Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. MYERSJ to reconsider the vote by which the Senate agreed to the amendment offered by the Senator from Missouri [Mr. KEMJ.

Mr. KEM. I ask for the yeas and nays.

The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Chief Clerk proceeded to call the roll.

Mr. KEM. Mr. President, a parlia· mentary inquiry.


Mr. KEM. A vote of "nay" is a vote in favor of the amendment. A vote of "yea" is a vote against the amendment. Is that correct?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair cannot interpret what is in the minds of Senators when they vote on a motion to reconsider. The net effect probably would be what the Senator indicates.

Mr. KEM. Will the Chair indicate the effect of a "yea" vote?

The .PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair can only say that a "yea" vote is a vote to reconsider. The clerk will continue the call of the roll.

The Chief Clerk resumed and . concluded the call of the roll.

Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. BusHFIELD], the Senator from Indiana [Mr. JENNER], and the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LoDGE] are necessarily absent. If present and voting, the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LoDGE] would vote "yea."

The Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART] ·is absent by leave of the Senate.

The Senator from Utah [Mr. WATKINS] is unavoidably detained.

Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUsoN] is absent by leave of the Senate. . The Senator from New York [Mr. WAGNER] is necessarily absent.


YEA8-39 Baldwin Gurney Murray Barkley Hatch Myers Bridges Hayden O'Conor Byrd Hill O'Mahoney Chavez Kilgore Pepper Connally Knowland Reed Cordon· Lucas Robertson, Va. Downey McCarran Robertson, Wyo. Ellender McClellan Russell Feazel McFarland Saltonstall Fulbright McGrath Thomas, Okla. George McKellar Thomas, Utah Green McMahon Tydings

NAY8--50 Aiken Hickenlooper Smith Ball Hoey Sparkman Brewster Holland Stennis Bricker Ives Stewart Brooks Johnson. Colo. Taft Buck Johnston, S. C. Taylor Butler Kern Thye Cain Langer Tobey Capper McCarthy Umstead Cooper Malone Vandenberg Donnell Martin Wherry Dworshak May bank White Eastland Millikin Wiley Ecton Moore Williams Ferguson Morse Wilson Flanders O'Daniel Young Hawkes Revercomb

NOT VOTING-7 Bushfl.eld Lodge Watkins Capehart Magnuson Jenner Wagner

So Mr. MYERs' motion to reconsider was rejected.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair calls up the amendment submitted by the Senator from South Carolina, which the clerk will state for- the information of the Senate.

The CHIEF CLERK. At the proper place in the · bill it is proposed to insert the follow!ng new section: ·

COMPOSITION OF NATIONAL GUARD UNITS

SEc. . No civilian or military omcer or employee in the executive branch of the

Government shall issue any order, regulations, instructions, or request, or take any other action, relating to the composition of the National Guard or the Air National Guard of any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, which would have the effect of depriving a State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, or influencing its exercise, of the right to reject applicants for appointment or enlistment in its units of the National Guard or the- Air National Guard who do -not meet the qualifications for appointment or enlistment prescribed by such State, Territory, or the District of Columbia.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the amendment of the Senator from South Carolina. [Putting the question.]

The "noes" appear to have it. Mr. EASTLAND. I ask for the yeas

and nays. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

yeas and nays have been requested. Is there a sufficient second?

The yeas and nays were not ordered. Mr. MORSE. I ask for a division. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. A

division is requested. On a division, the amendment was

rejected. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

b111 is open to further amendment. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I call

up my amendment which strikes out section 18, and I request a record vote on the amendment.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Nebraska calls up his amendment striking out section 18 of the bill, which will suffice as a statement of the purpose of the amendment.

On this amendment the yeas and nays have been requested. Is there a suffi-cient second? ·

The yeas and nays were not ordered. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

question is on agreeing to the amendment.

The amendment was rejected. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I call

up my second amendment. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

amendment will be stated for the.information of the Senate.

The CHIEF CLERK. On page .63, line 18, after the period, it is proposed to insert the following:

No order shall be placed pursuant to the provisions of this section unless the head of the Government agency through whom such order is placed has certified to the President that he is unable, by the use of normal procurement methods, to obtain the articles or materials ordered.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the amendment of the Senator from Nebraska.

The amendment was rejected. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I call

up my third amendment, which I have at the desk.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The amendment will be stated.

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 63, at the end of line 21, it is proposed to insert the following:

Under any such program of national procurement, the President shall recognize the valid claim of American small business to participate in such contracts, in such manufactures, and in such distribution of materials, and small business shall be granted

7680 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 a fair share of the orders placed, exclusively for the use of the armed forces or for other Federal a·gencles now or hereafter designated in this section. For the purposes of this section; a business enterprise shall be determined to be "small business" if (1) its position in the trade or industry of which it is a part is not dominant, (2) the number of its employees does not exceed 500, and (3) it is independently owned and operated.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question js on agreeing_ to the amendment.

Mr. LANGER. On this question, I ask for the yeas and nays:

The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Chief Clerk called the roll.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk will state the amendment for the information of the Senate.

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 66, it is proposed to strtke out line 15 and insert in lieu thereof the following new section:

SEC. 20. This act shall not become effective unless, following the expiration of 6 months after the date of its enactment, the President finds and declares that d111gent efforts have been made to fulfill the personnel requirements of the armed forces thr.ough voluntary enlistments, and that such efforts have been unsuccessful. The Secretary of the Army is directed to accept enlistments for 2-year periods. No appllcant for enlistment in the Army shall be required to obtain a score of more than 59 on the classification test in order to meet the 1·equirements for enlistment.

Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. BusHFIELD], the Senator from Indiana [Mr. JENNER], and the Senator from Massa- The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The chusetts [Mr. LoDGE] are necessarily ab- Senator from West Virginia has asked for sent. If present and voting, the Senator the yeas and nays. from Massachusetts [Mr. LoDGE] would The yeas and nays were ordered, and vote "nay." the Chief Clerk called the roll.

The Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPE- Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the HART] is absent by leave of the Senate. Senator from South Dakota [Mr. BusH-

The Senator from Kansas [Mr. REED] FIELD], the Senator from Indiana [Mr. and the Senator from Utah [Mr. WAT- JENNER] and the Senator from MassaKINS] are unavoidably detained. - chusetts [Mr. LoDGE] are necessarily ab

Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the sent. If present and voting the Senator Senator L·om Washington [Mr. MAGNU- from Massachusetts [Mr. LODGE] would soNJ is a}?sent by leave of the Senate. vote ''nay."

The Senator from New York [Mr. The Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPE-WAGNER] is necessarily absent. HART] is absent by leave of the Senate.

The result was announced-yeas 65, The Senator from Utah [Mr. WATKINS] nays 23, as follows: is unavoidably detained.

YEAS-65 Mr. LUCAS. I announce· that the Aiken Blckenlooper O;Daniel Ball H111 O'Ma.honey Bricker Hoey Pepper Bridges Ives Revercomb Brooks Johnson, Colo. Rob~rtson, Wyo. Buck Johnston, S. C. Smith Butler Kern Sparkman Cain KUgore Stennis capper Langer Stewal't Chavez Mccarran Taft Cooper Mccarthy Taylor Cordon McGrath Thomas, Utah Downey McMahon Thye Dworehak Malone Tobey Ecton Martin Umstead Ellender May bank Vandenberg Feazel Millikin Wherry Ferguson Moore Wiley Fulbright Morse Williams George Murray Wilson Green Myers Young Hawkes O'Conor

NAYB-23 Baldwin Gurney McKellar Barkley Hatch Robertson, Va. Brewster Hayden Russell Byrd Bolland Saltonstall Connally Knowland Thomas, Okla. Donnell Lucas Tydings Eastland McClellan White Flanders McFarland

NOT VOTING-8 Bushtleld Lodge Wagner Capehart Magnuson Watkins Jenner Reed

So Mr. WHERRY's amendment on page 63, at the end of line 21, was agreed to.

Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. President, at . this time I desire to call up the amendment I submitted on behalf of the senior · Senator from Nebraska [Mr. BuTLER], the junior Senator from Nebraska [Mr. WHERRY], the Senator from Ohio [Mr. BRICKER], the Senator from Missouri [Mr. KEMJ, the Senator from Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS], and myself. I ask that · it be read. I also ask, after that, for the yeas and nays.

Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON] is absent .by leave of the Senate.

The Senator from New York [Mr. WAGNER] is necessarily absent. ·

The result was announced-yeas · 20, nays 69, as follows:

Bricker Brooks Buck Butler Dworshak Ecton Johnson, Colo.

Aiken Baldwin Ball Barkley Brewster Bridges Byrd Cain Capper Chavez Connally Cooper Cordon Donnell Downey Eastland Ellender Feazel Ferguson Flanders Fulbright George Green

YEAS-20 Kern Langer McCarthy Malone Moore Murray Revercomb

NAYB-69.

Taylor Thomas, Okla. Wherry W1lliams Wilson Young

Gurney Myers Hatch O'Conor Hawkes O'Daniel Hayden O'Ma.honey Hickenlooper Pepper H111 Reed Hoey Robertson, Va. Holland . Robertson,Wyo. Ives Russell Johnston, S.C. Saltonstall Kilgore Smith Knowland Sparlrman Lucas Stennis McCarran Stewart McClellan Taft McFarland Thomas, Utah McGrath Thye McKellar Tobey McMahon Tydings Martin Umstead Maybank Vandenberg Miillkin White Morse Wiley

NOT VOTING-7 Bushfteld Lodge Watkins Capehart Magnuson Jenner Wagner

So the a~endment offere<J by Mr. . REVERCOMB, for himself and other Senators, was rejected.

The PRESIDEN'I- pro tempore. The bill is open to fu~ther amendment.

, Mr: •MURRAY. Mr. President, I call up at this time the amendment which I · offer for myself and the Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER].

The PRESIDENT pro tempore: The clerk will state the amendment for the information of the Senate.

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 7, line 6, after the word . "and" it is proposed to insert the words "in case an adequate number of qualified volunteers are not on active service."

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the amendment offered by the Senator from Montana [Mr~ MURRAY] for himself and the Senator from Florida [Mr. PEPPER.] [Putting the question.)

The amendment was rejected. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bill is open to further amendment. If there are no further amendments. the question is on the third reading of the bill.

The bill was read the third time. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bill having been read the third time, the question. Shall it pass? .

Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. Pre~id~nt, I ask for the yeas and nays.

The yeas ·and nays were ordered. Mr. GURNEY: Mr. President, a par•

liamentary inquiry. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

Senator will state it. Mr. GURNEY. With reference to

making changes in numbers, and so forth, is it necessary to get authority?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It can be done at any time.

Mr. GURNEY. Then, Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that with ·:reference to the Kern amendment the clerk be given permission to make the necessary changes from "Act" to "Title," and to make other necessary changes in numbers, and so forth.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, the order is made.

Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, a parHa- · mentary inquiry.


Mr. CAIN. Is it too late to call up an amendment? Having discussed one which was offered earlier today, I was of the opinion that it would be automatically called up.

The PRESIDENT pro .tempore. The Chair regrets that the bill having been read the third time, it would require unanimous consent to call up the Senator's amendment.

Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to call up the amendments offered by the Senator from Wash-ington. •

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection? The Chair hears none. The clerk will state the amendments offered by the Senator from Washington.

The CHIEF CLERK. In section 10 (a) (3). to follow the period in line 8, page 44, it is proposed to insert "The Director shall not be a member of the armed forces of the United States, but shall be a civilian who is a citizen of the United States."

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7681 In section 10 (b) (2), page 45, to fol

low the word "system" on line 13, it is proposed to insert "who shal.l not be a member of the armed forces of the United States, but shall be a civilian who is a citizen of the United States."

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the amendments which will be considered en bloc. [Putting the question.] The "noes" seem to have it. ·

Mr. MORSE. I ask for a division. On a division, the amendments were

rejected. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

question is on the passage of the bill. The yeas and nays have been ordered, and the clerk will call the roll.

The Chief Clerk proceeded to call the roll.

Mr. REVERCOMB <when his name was called). On this vote I have a pair with the Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART] who has been called away from the city and is absent by leave of the Senate. If the Senator from Indiana were present he would vote "yea." If I were permitted to vote, I would vote "nay."

Mr. WHERRY. I announce that the Senator from South Dakota [Mr. BusHFIELD] is necessarily absent and is paired with the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LODGE] who is also necessarily absent. If present and voting, the Se:p.ator from South Dakota would vote "nay" and the Senator from Massachusetts would vote "yea."

The Senator from Indiana [Mr. JENNER] is necessarily absent.

The Senator from Utah [Mr. WATKINS] is unavoidably detained. If present and voting, the Senator from Utah woulg vote "yea."

Mr. LUCAS. I announce that the Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSON] is absent by leave of the Senate.

The Senator from New York [Mr. WAGNER] is necessarily absent. If present, he would vote "yea."

The result was announced-yeas 78, nays 10, as follows:'

Aiken Baldwin Ball Barkley Brewster Bridges Buck Byrd Cain Capper Connally Cooper Cordon Donnell Downey Dworshak Eastland Ecton

, Ellender Feazel Ferguson Flanders Fulbright

· George Green Gurney

Bricker Brooks Butler Chavez

YEAB-78 Hatch Hawkes Hayden Hickenlooper Hill Hl:>ey Holland Ives Johnson, Colo. Johnston, S. b. Kern Kilgore Know land Lucas McCarran McCarthy

1 McClellan McFarland McGrath McKellar McMahon Malone Martin May bank Millikin Morse

NAYS-10 . Langer Moore Taylor Wherry

Murray · Myers O'Conor O'Daniel O'Mahbney Pepper Reed Robertson, Va. Robertson, Wyo. Russell Saltonstall Smith Sparkman Stennis Stewart Taft Thomas, Okla. Thomas, Utah Thye Tobey Tydings Umstead Vandenberg White Wiley Williams ·

Wilson Young

Bushfteld Capehart Jenner

NOT VOTING-8 Lodge Magnuson Revercomb

Wagner Watkins

So the bill <S. 2655) was passed. Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, I ask

unanimous consent that the bill be printed as it passed the Senate.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so ordered. INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY

THROUGH THE UNITED NA.TIONS

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order of the Senate, the Senate will proceed to the consideration of Senate Resolution 239, which the clerk will state by title.

The CHIEF CLERK. A resolution (S. Res. 239) reaffirming the policy of the United States to achieve international peace and security through the· United Nations and indicating certain objectives to be pursued.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under the previous order of the Senate, the resolution will be temporarily laid aside and the Senate will proceed to the consideration of measures on the calendar to which there is no objection.

Prior to the call of the calendar, certain privileged matters will be given immediate attention. AMENDMENT OF CODE OF LAW FOR THE

DISTRICT

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate the amendment of the House· of Representatives to the Senate <S. 12'66) to amend section 1064 of the act -entitled "An act to establish a code of law for the District of Columbia," approved March 3, 1901, relating to admissibility of testimony by a party to a transaction when the other party is incapable of testifying, which was, on page 1, line 6, to strike out "1964" and insert "1064."

Mr. BUCK. I move that the Senate concur in the amendment of the House.

The motion was agreed to. AMENDMENT OF CODE OF LAW FOR THE

DISTRICT

The PRESIDENT pro tempore la.id before the Senate the amendments of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 1442) to amend sections 235 and 327 of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia, which were, on page 1, line 12, to strike out "and", where it appears the first time, and insert "except for", and on page 2, line 10, strike out "and~'. where it appears the first time, and insert "except for."

Mr. BUCK. I move that the Senate concur in the amendments of the House.

The motion was agreed to. RELIEF OF OWNERS OF CERTAIN PROP

ERTIES ABUTTING EASTERN AVENUE IN THE DISTRICT

· The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate the amendments of the House of Representatives to the }?ill <S. 2040) for the relief of the owners of certain properties abutting ·Eastern Avenue in the District of Columbia, which were, on page 2, in line 1 of the schedule at ~he bottom of ·the page, to strike out "$3,961.00" ailq insert "$5,105.00,"; on

the same page 2, in line 2 of the schedule at the bottom of the page, strike out "3,600.00" and insert "5,064.00"; on the same page 2, in line 3 of the schedule at the bottom of the page, strike out "3,020.00" and insert "4,932.00"; on the same page 2, in line 4 of the schedule at the bottom of the page, strike out "2,620.00" and insert "3,120.00"; and on the same page 2, in line 12 of the schedule at the bottom of the .page, strik·e out "29,527.33" and insert "34,547.33."


The motion was agreed to. REGULATION OF BUSINESS OF LIFE IN

SURANCE . IN THE DISTRICT

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate the amendments of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 612) to amend section 35 of chapter III of the act of June 19, 1934, entitled "An act to regulate the business of life insurance in the District of Columbia," as amended, and to repeal section 36 of said chapter III of said act, as amended, so as to permit certain additional investments, which were, on page 6, line 9, after "or'' insert "equipment"; on the same page 6, line 14, after "or", insert "equipment"; and on page 11, line 1, strike out "may" and insert "shall."


The motion was· agreed to. ELIGIBILITY FOR PROMOTION OF CER

TAIN POSTAL EMPLOYEES

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate the amendment of the House of Representatives to the bill <S. · 1082) to credit certain service performed by employees of the postal service who are transferred from one position to another within the service for purposes of determining eligibility for promotion, which was on page 3, to ·strike out lines 9 to 14, inclusive, and insert:

SEc. 5. The rate of compensation of any employee in the postal service whose services are utilized in a dual capacity shall not be reduced as a result of employment in such capacity: Provided, That this section shall not apply to the rural delivery service.

Mr. LANGER. I move that the Senate concur in the amendment of the House.

The motion was agreed to. · YOUTH ATHLETIC AND SPORTS

PROGRAMS

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate the amendments of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 1302) to aid the associations, groups, organizations, and institutions encouraging participation of the youth of the country in athletic and sports programs by making surplus athletic equipment available to such associations, groups, organizations, and institutions, and for other purposes," which were, on page 1, line 5, after "for", to insert "disassembling" and on page 2, line 13, strike

. out "shall" and insert "may." Mr. GURNEY. I move that the Seri

ate concur in the amendments of the' House.

The motion was agreed to.

I

7682 CONGRESSIONAL RElCORD-. SENATE JUNE 10 AMENDMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be· fore the Senate the amendment of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 295) to further amertd the thirteenth paragraph of section 127a of the Na· tiona! Defense Act, as amended, which was, on page 2, line 9, after "Army", insert "and only with the consent of the individual concerned."

-Mr. GURNEY. I move that the Senate concur in the amendment of the House.

The motion was agreed to. JAMES B. WALSH

Tpe PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate the amendments of the House of Representatives to the bill <S. 1281) for the relief of James B. Walsh, which were, on page 1, line 5, strike out "$21,899.67" and insert "$7,500"; on the same page 1, line 5, strike out "James B." and insert "James R. ", and amend the title so as to read "An act for the relief of James R. Walsh."

Mr. SALTONSTALL. I move that the Senate concur in the amendments of the House.

The motion was agreed to. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF

OCEAN STATIONS BY COAST GUARD

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be· fore the Senate the amendment of the House of Representatives to the bill <S. 2122) to authorize the Coast Guard to operate and maintain ocean stations,

-which was, to strike out all after the enacting clause and insert:

That the Coast Guard is authorized to operate and maintain floating ocean stations for the purpose of providing ·search and rescue, communication, and air-navigation fac111ties, and meteorological services in such ocean areas as are regularly traversed by aircraft of the United States: Provided, That, prior to the establishment of any station the Secretary of National Defe~se shall certify as to the need for such station.

Mr. BREWSTER. I move that the Senate disagree to the amendment of the House, request a conference with the House on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon, and that the Chair appoint the conferees on the part of the Senate.

The motion was agreed to; and the President pro tempore appointed Mr. BREWSTER, Mr. HAWKES, Mr. CAPEHART, Mr. JoHNsoN of Colorado, and Mr. McFARLAND conferees on the part of the Senate. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH APPROPRIATIONS,

1949-CONFERENCE REPORT

Mr. YOUNG. Mr. President, I submit a conference report on House bill 6500, making appropriations for the legislative branch for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes, and I ask unanimous consent for its immediate consideration.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The conference report will be read.

The conference report was read, as follows:

The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R.

6500) making appropriations for the legislative bran~h for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes, having met, after full and free conference, have agreed to recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as follows:

That the Senate recede from its amendments numbered 4 and 5.

That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendments of the Senate numbered 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, and 26, and agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 8: That the House recede !rom its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 8, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the matter inserted by said amendment, insert the following: ": Provided further, That the basic annual rates of compensation for the following positions shall be: Two assistant superintendents of press gallery at $2,400 each, and messenger for service to press correspondents at $1,920 in lieu of assistant superintendent of press gallery $2,400 and two messengers for service to press correspondents at $1,920 each; and two assistant superintendents of radio press gallery at $2,400 each in lieu of assistant superintendent of radio press gallery $2,400''; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 21: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 21, an·d agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed insert "$675,-000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 23: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 23, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed insert "$700,-000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

MILTON R. YOUNG, STYLES BRIDGES, LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, H'ENRY C. DWORSHAK, MILLARD E. TYDINGS, THEODORE FRANCIS GREEN, DENNIS CHAVEZ,

Managers on the Part of the Senate. HARVE TIBBOTT, P. w. GRIFFITHS, CLIFF CLEVENGER, CLARENCE CANNON, MICHAEL J. KIRWAN,

Managers on the Part of the House.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there "Objection to the present considera· tion of the conference report?

There being no objection, the report was considered and agreed to.

TRANSACTION OF ROUTINE BUSINESS

By unanimous ·consent, the following routine business was transacted: • EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate the following letters, which were referred as indicated: DoNATIONS BY NAVY DEPARTMENT TO NoN

PROFIT INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS

A letter from the Acting Secretary of the Navy, reporting, pursuant to law, a list of institutions and organiZations, all nonprofit and eligible, which have requested donations from the Navy Department; to the Committee on Armed Services. LAws ENACTED BY MuNIGIPAL CouNciLs oF ST.

THOMAS AND ST. JOHN AND ST. CROIX, V.I. A letter from the Acting Secretary of the

Interior, transmitting, pursuant to law, copies of laws enacted by the Municipal Council of St. Thomas and St. John"and the Munic\ pal Council of St. Croix, V. I. (with

accompanying papers): to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.

AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL AIRPORT ACT

A letter from the Secretary of · Commerce, transmitting a draft of proposed legislation to amend the Federal Airport Act (with an accompanying paper); to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. AUDIT REPORT OF FEDERAL HoME LoAN BANK

ADMINISTRATION AND FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS

A letter from the Comptroller General of the United States, transmitting, pursuant to law, an audit report of the Federal Home Loan Bank Administration and the Federal home loan banks, for the fiscal years ended June .30, 1945 and 1946 (with an accompanying report); to the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES

The following reports of committees were -submitted:

By Mr. ·cAIN, from the Committee on Public Works:

S. 1955. A bill to amend the act entitled "An act to provide for the construction of certain public buildings1 and for other purposes," approved May 25, 1926, to provide for the acquisition of sites and the preparation of plans for Federal public buildings, and for other purposes; with amendments (Rept. No. 1591); and

H. R. 6188. A bill to confer jurisdiction over the Fort Des Moines Veterans' Village upon the State of Iowa; without amendment (Rept. No. 1585).

By Mr. WILEY: From the Committee on Foreign Relations: H. Con. Res. 201. Concurrent resolution ac

cepting the invitation to attend the meeting of the Empire Parliamentary Association in Bermuda; without amendment, and, under the rule, referred to the Committee on Rules and Administration.

From the Committee on the Judiciary: . H. R. 4566. A b111 for the relief of William

Nally; without amendment (Rept. No. 1587). By Mr. FERGUSON, from the Committee

on the Judiciary: . S. Con. Res. 56. Concurrent resolution wel

coming the Inter-American Bar Association to the United States for its conference in Detroit, Mich., in May 1949; without amend- ' ment. · By Mr. MOORE, !rom the Committee on the Judiciary: .

S. 1988. A bill to confirm and establish the titles of the States to lands and resources in and beneath navigable waters within State boundai'ies and to provide for the use and control of said lands and resources; with amendments (Rept. No. 1592) i and

S. 2217.. A b111 conferring jurisdiction upon the Court of Claims of the United States to hear, determine, and render judgment upon the joint claims of Silas Mason Co., Inc.; Walsh Construction Co.; and Atkinson-Kier Co.: without amendment (Rept. No. 1586) .

By Mr. REVERCOMB, from the Committee on the Judiciary:

S. 2755. A bill to amend the act of June 11, 1946, as ame~ded, with an amendment (Rept. No. 1588).

By Mr. LANGER, from the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service:

S. 2730. A b111 to credit, in certain cases, military service and training preparatory · thereto per.formed by employees of the postal service; with an amendment (Rept. No. 1589).

By Mr. SMITH, _from the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare:

H. R. 3934. A bill to amend the Public Health Service Act with respect to venereal disease rapid-treatment centers, and for other purposes; with amendments (Rept. No. 1590).

•

1948 . CO-NGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7683 EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED

As in executive session. The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be·

fore the Senate messages from the Pres· ident of the United States submitting sundry nominations, whi~h were referred to the appropriate committees.

<For nominations this day received, see the end of Senate proceedings.)

EXECUTIVE REPORT OF A COMJ.\UTTEE

As in executive session, The following favorable report of a

nomination was submitted: By Mr. WILEY, from the Committee on t he

Judiciary: Claude P. Stephens, of Kentucky, to be

United States attorney for the eastern dis· trict of Kentucky.

REPORT OF BOARD OF VISITORS TO UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ACADEMY, 1948

Mr. BALDWIN. I ask unanimous con· sent to submit a report of the Congres· sional Board of Visitors to the United States Coast Guard Academy, 1948, and I request that it may be printed in the RECORD.

There being no objection, the- report was received and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: REPORT OF CONGRESSIONAL BOARD OF VISITORS

TO THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ACADEMY, 1948

The PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE. The SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTA

TIVES. GENTLEMEN: Pursuant to the act of July

15, 1939 (Public, No. 183, 76th Cong., 1st sess.), the following Senators and Members of the House of Representatives were desig· nated to constitute the 1948 Board of Visitors to the United States Coast Guard Academy:

Senators: Hon. WALLACE H. WHITE, exoffi.cio member, chairman of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce; Hon. RAYMOND E. BALDWIN, appointed by Senator ARTHUR H. VANDENBERG, President pro tempore of the Senate; Hon. CHARLES W. ToBEY, appointed by Senator WmTr; Hon; ToM STEWART, appointed by Senator WHITE.

Representatives: Hon. ALVIN F . WEICHEL, ex ofllcio member, chairman of the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee; Hon. ANTONI N. SADLAK, appointed by Representative JosEPH W. MARTIN, Speaker of the House; Hon. AIME J. FoRAND, appointed by Representative JosEPH W. MARTIN, Speaker of the House; Hon. EDWARD T. MILLER, appointed by Representative WEICHEL; Hon. MITCHELL JENKINS, appointed by Representative WEICHEL; Hon. EMORY H. PRICE, appointed by Representative WEICHEL.

On Friday, May 14, 1948, the following Members left Washington, D. C., via the Pennsylvania Railroad, on the Colonial at 10 a. m.-Hon. CHARLES W. TOBEY, Hon. AIME J. FORAND, Hon. EDWARD T. MILLER, and Hon. EMORY H. PRICE. They were accompanied by Rear Admiral Merlin O'Neill, Acting Commandant of the United States Coast Guard, Rear Admiral Ellis Reed-Hill, engineer in chief, United States Coast Guard, Commodore Raymond T. McElligott, and Capt. Alfred C. Richmond. After arrival in New London, Conn., late in the afternoon, the Board was joined by the Honorable RAYMOND E. BALDWIN. The Honorable ANTONI N. SADLAK and Commander Samuel F. Gray, Chief of the Public Information Division, United States Coast Guard, joined the party Saturday morning.

This, the eleventh visit . of the Board,· marked the seventy-second anniversary of-

the Academy · as a national institution. Originally established as a school for prospective officers of the old Revenue Cutter Service in 1876 in New Bedford, Mass., the school was moved in 1900 to Baltimore, Md. It was again moved in 1910 to New London, Conn., and located on the site of old Fort Trumbull. The present physical plant at New London was authorized by congressional appropriation in 1929, and the permanent buildings completed in 1932. The Academy is accredited by the Association of American Universities and awards the degree of bache· lor of science. In 1941 the facilities at the Academy were expanded to meet the increased needs of the service. The temporary, buildings then erected, while not all in use at the present time, are in good repair and available if again required.

The Coast Guard is a military service and constitutes at all times a branch of the armed forces of the United States, operating under the Treasury Department in time of peace and as part of the Navy, subject to the Secretary of the Navy, in time of war, or when the President shall so direct.

Because of the wide variety of services rendered by the Coast Guard, it is most important that the officers get a well-rounded training; the Board is of the opinion that such training is being given to the prospective officers at the Coast ·Guard Academy.

The peacetime duties of the Coast Guard, which are wide in scope and varied in nature, are indicated by some of the recent and outstanding cases of service rendered during the past winter season. On patrol day in and day out, Coast Guard cutters perform the arduous duties of ocean-weather station, assisting the Weather Bureau to gather weather information used by transoceanic aircraft and ships · in both the Atlantic and Pacific. For th~se cutters, rescue is an important auxiliary duty, and the well-known gallant rescue of passengers and· .crew members of the Bermuda Sky Queen by. the cutter Bibb, and the assistance. rendered by the same vessel to the coast of Maine last fall during the forest fire in that area are but typical of them all.

The Northeast section of the United States relied on the Coast G·uard for the continuance of navigation in its icebound harbors; Coast Guard ice breakers along the New England coast, on the Connecticut River, on the Hudson, the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, including the Potomac, opened channels to shipping, thus insuring delivery of oil and other heavy goods. Coast Guard assistance along the Mississippi River, flood-relief plans and rescues on the west coast, shows that the Coast Guard provides daily service to numerous craft.

Ice breaking this spring on the Great Lakes opened the shipping season weeks ahead of the yearly schedule. The value of ships and cargo assisted by the Coast Guard in similar operations on the Great Lakes last year amounted to approximately $700,000,000.

International Ice Patrol, maintenance of over 36,000 aids to navigation, search and rescue, and merchant marine inspection functions all provide a great service by the Coast Guard for the safe operation of our maritime units and are responsible for preventing many accidents.

Most of the peacetime duties of the Coast Guard hi:tve an important military implication in wartime.

The discipline of the Academy is military in n .ature. While the curriculum is based on marine and engineering subjects, it also includes general college subjects, such as languages, literature, history, government, science and law. In view of the increased Coast Guard activities relating to the merchant marine, special emphasis has been given to maritime law and economics. During the war years the prescribed course was reduced to 3 -years. However, ·after the war the full course was resumed, and the present

graduating class is the first to complete the 4-year course.

The program arranged by Rear Adm. Wil· frid N. Derby, Superintendent of the Academy, was carried out. On arrival at the Academy, full military honors were rendered the party. Following this, the Board was entertained at dinner at the Norwich Inn, attended by the senior officers of the Academy. After dinner, service motion pic· tures were shown, illustrating Academy life, general service duties, and those taken during the Cadet cruise aboard the Coast Guard cutters Campbell _and Eagle during the sum· mer of 1947.

The official meeting of the Board was held at 9 a.m. Saturday morning in the Academic Board room. Present at this meeting were Han. CHARLES W. TOBEY, Hon. AIME J. FORAND, Hon. EDWARD T. MILLER, Han. EMORY H. PRICE, Hon. ANTONI N. SADLAK, and Hon. HORACE SEELY-BROWN, JR., who, though not a member of the Board, represented Hon. ALVIN F. WEICHEL, who was unable to attend.

At this meeting Hon. Anvi:E J. FORAND, Rep. resentative from Rhode Island, was unani· mously elected chairman. Commodore Raymond T. McElligott, United States Coast Guard, acted as official secretary and recorder.

The Superintendent of the Academy was invited to appear before the Board and submitted his report, a copy of which is attached hereto. The Superintendent went into considerable detail explaining this report and replying to questions of the Board. It is noted that the Superintendent has reiterated recommendations which have received the approval of previous Boards of Visitors. Owing to current ext remely high costs, others have been omitted or deferred.

The Superintendent and other officers and personnel connect~d with the administration of the Academy and the Coast Guard were excused and the Board met in closed session with the Cadet Battalion Commander Wayne E. Caldwell and his executive officer and president of the graduating class, Robert Walker Durfey. Their comments, reflecting as they did the viewpoint of the cadet corps as to cadet morale, adequacy of instruction, and their concept of a service career, were impressive and of material assistance to the Board.

The cadet officers were excused and upon , the return of the Coast Guard officers to the meeting, the chaplain of the Academy, Capt. Edward B. Harp, Jr., ChC, USN, was invited to appear before the Board, to discuss the morale, social, and religious aspects of cadet life at the Academy. The ' Board was highly impressed by the sincerity of Chaplain Harp and is of the opinion that these phases of cadet life are well rounded at the present time.

In order to have further time for consid· eration of the report of the Superintendent, and the other matters presented at this meet· ing, the Board recessed at 11:45 a. m. to meet in Washington at the call of the chairman.

At 12:15 p.m. the party reviewed the cadet battalion, after which luncheon was served for the Board, each member being seated in the cadet mess hall with cadets from his State or district. After luncheon, the entire physical plant was inspected and the Board visited and inspected the _Coast Guard training ship Eagle.

The Eagle is a three-masted 1,800-ton bark having a steel hull and an auxiliary Diesel motor for propulsion. Originally _named the Horst-Wessel, she was built by Blohm & Voss in Germany for the German Navy as one of three sailing training vessels. Acquired by the United States through reparations from Germany in 1946, she was assigned to the Coast Guard. Her lengt h over all is 295 feet, her masts tower 150 feet above the waterline -and she -carries an immense spread of sail totaling 21,3GO square feet. She is

I

7684 CONGRESSIONAL RECQRJ!-SEN~TE - JUNE 10 square-rigged on the fore and mainmasts. Her mizzenmast, of course, is fore-and-aft rigged. She draws 17 feet of water when loaded. Under full sail she develops about 8 knots; with auxiliary propulsion, she can make 10V2 ·knots. There are two full length steel decks (wood covered) and ·a partial lower deck. In addition there are forecastle and poop decks with a steel deck house aft. Six water-tight bulkheads extend well above the water line to furnish reserve buoyancy. Two hundred cadets can be accommodated comfortably.

The Board's visit found the Eagle being readied for the coming cadet cruise. The shrouds and stays which suppc-.:-t her tall masts, and the maze of running rigging were being overhauled or renewed.

It was pointed out that the Eagle is a modern vessel in many respects, having a modern gyro compass, the latest communications equipment, radio direction finder, radar, loran, a modern economical Diesel and auxiliary plant with which the vess!ll can cruise at a speed of better than 10 knots. Her broad deck spaces and large quarters permit holding classes and enable instructors to work with large groups of cadets in seamanship and navigation activities. Except for the lack of large caliber guns and _ a steam engineering plant, this vessel can supply the necessary paraphernalia, plus sail, that is needed for training in practical professional subjects. Therefore, when cruising in conjunction with a modern steam-powered cutter, a complete course of instruction can be obtained through the use of both ships.

Working together the two ships will engage in simulated convoy and escort problems; practice fueling at sea; transfer personnel and material from ship to ship by means of the breeches buoy; maneuver on zigzag courses, and with the aid of Coast Guard planes carry out search and rescue problems, etc.

Sailing from New London, Conn., on June 7, 1948, the Cadet Practice Squadron will visit Ponta Delgada, Azores; London, England; Santa Cruz, Canary Islands; Hamilton, Ber.i-..iuda; and then return to New London on August 14. This year the Campbell and the Eagle will make the 9,115-mile cruise,

·spending 50 days at sea and 18 days in port. First- and third-class cadets will make this cruise.

This is the first time that the cadet cruise will have Europe in its itinerary since 1937, when the practice squadron visited London, Antwerp, Stockholm, Oslo, and the Madeira Islands.

On July 24, second-class cadets will begin 3 weeks' aviation training at Elizabeth City Air Station, after which they will sail on a short cruise.

The new fourth class will enter the Academy in July. After a preliminary term of 6 weeks, these new cadets will also make a short cruise of 3 weeks duration.

Members of the first, second, and third classes will have 3 weeks annual leave and 1 week on the rifle range before the fall term begins on September 13.

With honors again rendered, the party left the Academy at 5 p. m. and entrained for Washington, arriving at 11:45 p. m. that evening.

At the call of the chairman, the Board resumed its meeting at 11 a. m. Thursday, June 3, 1948, in the office of the chairman, 1120 House Office Building, Washington, D. C. Those present were: Hon. Aime J. Forand, chairman; Hon. Antoni N. Sadlak, Hon. Edward T. Miller, Hon. Emory H. Price, Rear Adm. Raymond T. McElligott, USCG, secretary.

Following a general discussion of the report of the Superintendent and other matters that were brought before he former meeting 9f the Board, the Board adopted the following recommendations submitted in the Superintendent's report:

1. WATER-FRONT rEVELOPMENT (a) That prompt steps be talcen to improve

the water-front area east of the railroad tracks to provide addition!'tl playing fields for baseball, soccer, and football.

(b) That action on completion of construction of the boathouse on Jacob's Rock be deferred until such time as materials are more readily available, and cost of construction be not so high as at the present time.

2. SCIENCE WING, SATTERLEE HALL That steps be taken as soon as practicable

to convert the lecture hall.in McAllister Hall to provide space for a drafting room, and additional facilities for physics and chemistry, in lieu of erection of an additional wing to Satterlee Hall as originally recommended.

3. CHAPEL AND MEMORIAL BUILDING Legislation has been passed authorizing

the chapel and memorial building. Plans for obtaining f-unds and construction sketches and plans should be expedited.

4. ENTRANCE GATE Plans for changihg of location of this en

trance gate should be coordinated with the plans for the construction of the new chapel, but due to the dangerous traffic situation existing, it is recommended that work should be undertaken at an early date.

5. COAST GUARD BAND That 11ecessary legislation be submitted

authorizing the Coast Guard Band as has been done in the case of other service bands.

6. ADDITIONAL LIBRARIAN That early action be taken to provide an

additional fully . qualified civil-service librarian to assist the one civil-service librarian now 1n charge.

It is noted that the 1947 Board of Visitors recommended that the Coast) Guard continue its efforts to publicize the advantages of an education at the Academy and a career in the Coast Guard. Notwithstanding an advanced date, 1,222 young men from all parts of the United States and its possessions applled to take the annual competitive entrance examinations for the Academy this year. Of that number, 840 applicants met the scholastic and preliminary physical st~ndards and were eligible to compete for cadetships in the examinations held- in 54 different cities February -16-17, 1948. Much of the success of this year's cadet appointment competition is due to the' publicity wo;rk of the recruiting staffs, and to the cooperation of a number of Members of Congress who informed the press in their districts of the opportunity for Academy appointments.

The Board is very favorably impressed by the harmony, loyalty, and industry of the staff of the Academy; the morale, serious purpose, and appreciation by the cadet corps of the splendid educational facilities afforded them. Their grasp of their future mission as officers of the United States Coast Guard is most gratifying. There appears to be little need for a change in the curriculum and the Board noted with satisfaction that methods of instruction are subject to const~nt study and progressive improvement.

At the first meeting of the 1948 Board of Visitors to the United States Coast Guard Academy, Commodore Raymond T. McElligott, United States Coast Guard, acted as official secretary and recorder. At this subsequent meeting of the Board, the welcome news was received that Commodore McElligott had been nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate in the rank of rear admiral. In recognition of the splendid services rendered by Admiral McElligott the Board unanimously adQpted the following resolution:

"Whereas Rear Adm. Raymond T. McElligott has rendered valuable services to this Board in his capacity as official secr~tary and

recorder, and has given unstintingly of his time· and of his aetive interest and knowledge · of the Coast Guard Academy durtn·g the deliberations of this Board; and

"Whereas Rear Adm. Raymond T. McElligott, United States Coast 'Guard, has been confirmed as a permanent rear admiral of the ·coast Guard: Therefore be it ,

''Resolved, That the members of the 1948 Board of Visitors to the United States Coast Guard Academy wish to express their high sense of appreciation for the valuable services Rear Admiral McElligott has rendered in -connection with the Board; and be it further

·"Resolved, That this Board extends its appreciation to the Senate of the United States for its action in confirming the nomination of Rear Adm. McElligott; and be it further

"Resolved That the Board extends to Rear Adm. McElitgott most hearty congratulations on his promotion; ·and be it further · "Resolved, That this expression of appre

ciation and congratulation be included as a part of the official report of the Board of Visitors to the United States Coast Guard Academy to the President of the Senate and the Speake_r of the House, and' that a copy of this resolution be transmitted to the commandant of the Coast Guard for inclusion in the. r!lcord of Rear Admir_al. :McElligott.

"WALLACE H. WHITE, Senator; RAYMOND E. BALDWIN, Senator; CHARLES W. TOBEY, Senator; TOM STEWART, Senator (I was not present on trip but am advised report is correct); AIME J. FoRAND, Member of Congress, Chairman; ALVIN F. WEICHEL, Member of Congress; ANTONI N. SADLAK, Member

· of Congress; EMoRY H. PRICE, Member of Congress; EDWARD T. MILLER, Member of Congress; MITCHELL JENKINS, Member of Congress.

MAY 12, 1948.

SUPERINTENDENT'S REPORT TO THE CONGRES• SIONAL BOARD OF VISITORS

HISTORY The cadet system of the United States

Coast Guard was established in 1876 aboard the training ship Dobbin. Later the school was maintained at Baltimore. In 1910 it moved to Fort Trumbull, New London, and in 1932 to its present site. The cadets are organized as a battalion and live under a strict military routine.

FUNCTION The purpose of the Academy is to pre

pare young men for commissions as ensigns in the Coast Guard. The 4-year course, of college level, is designed to provide a sound engineering education, with adequate attention to fundamental mathematical, scientific, and engineering knowledge to enable graduates to continue postgraduate work in advanced studies at leading universities. General studies are included in the curriculum to the extent generally approved by civilian engineering schools. The physical, social, and moral aspects of a well-rounded education are given much ~ttention. In addition to providing a sound engineering education, the Academy gives training courses in professional subjects of particular importance to a Coast Guard officer.

PROCUREMENT OF CADETS Competitive entrance examinations for

cadets are held throughout the country in February, the successful candidates entering the Academy early in July. The entrance examinations are prepared by the Educa-

. tiona! Testing Service (formerly College Entrance Examination Board) and are intended to select the best material from high-school graduates as determined by scholastic _ achievement, academic aptitude, physical soundness, and -personal character. Extensive publicity is given to the examinations

.. .

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7685 in order to attract a sufficient number of candidat es to assure a good final selection. Prewar t he number of applicants was about 2,000, but this number fell to 736 in 1947 and 835 in 1948. Of 750 candidates who completed the 1948 examinations, :the highest 150 who are physically qualified will enter the academy in July.

CURRICULUM

The cadets are under instruction for approximately 11 months a year and in a leave status for 1 month. Upo~ arrival in July the entering class immediately begins studies in mathematics, science, and English with special attention being given to any weaknesses in previous schooling which may handicap a cadet during the first semester which begins the middle of September. The second semester begins in February and ends in May. During the summer term, from June to mid-September, the cadets take cruises on the practice ships and get aviation indoctrination at a Coast Guard aviation station. The regular 3 weeks leave is granted to cadets during the summer term. Upon graduation each cadet is awarded the degree of Bachelor of Science; if physically qualified he is also given a commission as ensign in the Coast Guard. During the academic terms, each cadet spends 3 hours a week in practical work.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

A carefully supervised course of physical training is provided for each cadet. The object of the training is to develop sound and rugged bodies and to give each cadet some practice in the most common competitive sports. Intramural sports include boxing, wrestling, basketball, softball, rowing, and swimming. Intercollegiate competition is generally confined to small New England colleges and includes all the generally popular sports.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

The social development of cadets is fostered mainly by monthly -formal dances and py frequent informal dances. W:ithin the limitations imposed by the mil1tary routine, cadets are encouraged to enjoy normal social contacts with townspeople and students at Connecticut Oollege.

RELIGIOUS TRAINING

All cadets, unless excused by their parents, are required to attend services of their own choosing once a week. A naval chaplain attached to the Academy holds Protestant services at Connecticut College Chapel each Sunday and a naval chaplain from the Coast Guard training station at Groton holds Roman Catholic services at the Academy. Cadets have the option of attending services in New London churches.

SUMMER CRUISE

About 55 cadets of the first class and about 115 cadets of the third class will spend 2 months on the training bark (sail-powered with auxiliary engine) Eagle and on the modern cutter Campbell. The cruise wlll include stops at the Azores, England, Canary · I slands, and Bermuda. Upon the return of these ·vessels to New London in mid-August, the second and fourth classes will go aboard for a 3-week coasting cruise.

NUMBER OF CADETS

As of May 14, 1948, the total number of cadets is 314. In July this number will be increased to about 400 by the entering class of 150 cadets. During the past 2 years, there was an abJlormally large number of voluntary resignations which may be attributed to reaction against military discipline, opportunities for education offered by the GI blll of rights, absence of original real intent to make a career in the Coast Guard, and the lowered relative attractiveness of service pay with the rising industrial pay scales. The

following table shows the extent of attrition of classes by voluntary or required resignations:

Class Entry Volun- Re- rr;otal Re-tary quired m aining

------------1948 _______ ~ 157 73 32 105 52 1949 ________ 145 61• 27 88 57 195() ________ 147 42 19 61' 86 1951_ _______ 149 22 8 30 119

The officers of the Academy seek to lower this rate of attrition; prewar experience indicates that attrition may under favorable circumstances be reduced to about 40 percent of the entering cadets.

MEDICAL AND DENTAL CARE

A 40-bed hospital provides excellent physical faclllties. The personnel of three medical omc.ers, two dental officers, and six nurses has heretofore provided most satisfactory service. The continuation of this personnel on a satisfactory scale by the Public Health Service is now in some doubt. The hospital provides for cadets and other personnel of the Academy, personnel of the Groton Training Station, Coast Guard units near New London, and· dependents,' a total .of perhaps 2,500.

INSTRUCTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

Instructors fall into three groups: about 30 regular Coast Guard line officers, 5 commissioned professors, and 6 civil-service instructors. About 17 officers are on the administrative staff. To a considerable extent the 30 commissioned instructors and the 17 commissioned administrators listed above perform both duties, and the figures are intended only to indicate their principal duty. This staff provides for the operation of the Academy and the training ship Eagle and also for the instruction of cadets during every month of the year. The number of instructors is barely enough and does not provide adequately for leave, sickness, or time for instructors to take courses to improve their own knowledge by outside study.

ENLISTED PERSONNEL

Most of the services required for the administration and operation of the Academy are performed by enlisted men of appropriate ratings. The complement is 200 enlisted men including 29 men in the band and 14 in the hospital. Both these organizations perform many duties for the service generally although their more important duties are concerned with Academy requirements.

Enlisted nien rotate between this assignment and duty at sea. Duty at shore stations including the Academy provides desirable rotation from some of the very arduous assignments. Enlisted men for these duties have many advantages over civil-service labor; they may be employed at any time on any duty which they are quali-• fied to perform without restriction of civilservice regulations as to hours and kind of employment. The extreme shortage in this type o:J; personnel last year has been corrected and now the complement is just adequate.

CIVIL-SERVICE LABOR

Janitor service in the buildings, gardener and labor services in the maintenance of the grounds are performed by civil-service labor. A few civil-service workmen skilled in trades with no comparable service ratin:; are also employed. For most d-qties enlisted personnel are to be preferred because of flexibility of use and availability for night anCl weekend duties and security watches.

FINANCE

The Academy has no separate budget but operates on allotments of funds from various g~neral-service appropriations. For the last full fiscal year ending June 30, 1947, the overall cost of all Coast Guard expenditures for operating costs was $1,364,586.48, as tabula ted belo~:

Pay of personnel: M111tary pay rolls (officers,

cadets, enlisted men, including mustering-out pay, commuted rations, and travel) ------------------Civilian instructors ________ _

Other civil-service employ-

ees----------------------

Materials: Food (enlisted men only)---Fuel, .water, and utilities __ _ Supplies (including new

equipment)--------------

Repairs: Vessels -------------------Buildings and grounds, in-

cluding capital improve-ments ~------------------

Services and contingent items not included above ________ _

Total operating expense chargeable to Coast

$944,492.31 20,843.04

109,689.50

1,075,024.85

33,353.45 81,079.03

87,745.36

202,177.84

28,059.34

51,170.01

79,229.53

8,154.44

Guard appropriations_ 1, 364, 586. 48

Not included: Conversion cost of Eagle

(nonrecurring capital charge) ----------------- 179,852.73

Clothing (completely repaid t>y sales to personnel)---- 31, 038. 66

Pay (Public Health Serv-ice personnel)------------ 56, 575. 66

Pay (Navy chaplain) (esti- -rpated)------ - ----------- 6,500.00

PHYSICAL PLANT

For convenient consideration the physical plant can be grouped in three main groupings:

Permanent buildings, Temporary buHdings, Waterfront plant, including floating equip

ment. The permanent buildings were built in

1931 and 1932 with important additions to several buildings and one major new building in 1941 and 1942. The original planned maximum capacity (2 cadets per room in the barracks) was 208 in 104 rooms. With the additions in 1942 there are now 155 rooms. By assigning 3 cadets to some· rooms, total capacity is now rated at 400 cadets.

The permanent buildings are, in general, well designed and have been well kept up. Cost of maintenance and repairs will probably increase; a failure of the main power line requiring considerable expense for replacement occurred recently; plumbing and other installed equipment is increasingly subject to failure with age.

The temporary buildings were built 'in 1942 for a special war purpose, training of about 5,000 Reserve and women's Reserve officers. The rated capacity is about 1,000 men. The barracks and mess hall buildings ( 5 in all) are not now in use. Three have been recommended "'for removal to reduce fire hazard. Two are recommended for retention for possible future use. Other temporary buildings, field house, reserve administration building, reserve classroom building, and auditorium are being used and fill needs which will require permanent" buildings when these temporary buildings can no longer be economically maintained. Although well designed and more attractive in appearance than temporary buildings usually are, maintenance costs will probably be high, dictating eventual repl1lcement with permanent con_structions when conditions permit.

7686 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE JUNE 10 Floating equipment, in active use during

the war years :for the Reserve officers training program, and not now required has been declared surplus and all sold and removed except :for the Atlantic w~ich is awaiting action on bids recently opened in Washington. Rearrangement o:f schedules permitting greater number of hours of use o:f equipment has permitted instruction in rowing and sailing :for a larger number of cadets with the same number of boats as prewar. Deferred maintenance of this equipment resulting :from shortage of personnel last year_ is being made up now. The Eagle, a Germanbuilt thr,ee-masted bark obtained under reparations will make her second summer training cruise which will be to Europe this year.

No major construction was done last year. (A modern greenhouse purchased the previous year was erected.) A cross-connection between the two steam plants \vas completed. During the past severe winter plant No. 1 carried the entire heating load, with a material saving in operating personnel required. Fencing of the northeast area of the reservation has been contracted and work will be completed early this summer. Improvement of the Engineering building, including particularly installation of 1,650 pounds per square inch test boiler, is complete,.. except for items of wiring and piping. Many smaller items of equipment needed to keep laboratories, armory, and shops up to date have been installed.

Some deferred maintenance has been made up, such as interior and exterior painting, replastering and waterproofing, although many items still remain. Emergency repairs, resulting :from failure of original installations were more frequent and costly than in previous years. This trend will probably continue as buiUUngs grow older. .

Interior rearrangements in several places at relatively minor costs were made in connection with relocation of ·activities in a program of centralization for improved effi-ciency. .

The Academy's urgent needS are being met in this program of utilizing present facilities by better planned use of space in the perxnanent buildings and the temporary buildings now in use.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Repeating the procedure followed last year, the following recommendations, which have · received the approval of previous Boards of Visitors, are renewed as a matter of record although it is realized that under present conditions of uncertainty no immediate action is to be expected.

1. Water-front development (a) That the waterfront area east· of the

railroad tracks be bulkheaded and filled to provide additional playing fields for baseball, soccer, and football.

(b) That the boathouse on Jacob's Rock, on which construction was stopped at the beginning of the war, be completed as planned when materials are available.

2. Satterlee Hall, science wing In lieu of this recommendation, it is now

recommended that the lecture hall in McAllister Hall be converted to meet this requirement. Mter much study a practicable conversion has been planned. Cost will be materially less; the possib111ty of meeting this very necessary requirement at an early date warrants acceptance of a slightly less desirable arrangement.

3. Chapel and memorial building Jn this past year legislation authorizing

the chapel has passed. Plans for obtaining funds and construction sketches and plans are being prepared. Present plans contemplate locating the chapel entirely on present reservation although acquis_ition of addi-

tiona! land about 100 feet deep south of the present reservation might be desirable.

4. Entrance gate Con·ection of dangerous traffic situation· ts

still needed. Plans should be coordinated with the plans for the construction of the new chapel but work ·should be undertaken at an~ early date.

NEW RECOMMENDATIONS

That the size, rating structure, and allowances of the Coast Guard Band established in 1926 and stationed at the Academy since that time be determined by legislation as has been done in the case of other service bands. The present authorized strength of 29 and rating structure is the minimum needed to maintain the standards of performance and the-reputation the band has built up since its establishment. There is no other band authorized for the Coast Guard. Although the band should be designated as the Coast Guard ~and and available as at present for ~ignment to any suitable duty generally in the coast Guard and for appropriate official functions in this vicini.ty, the band should remain stationed at the Academy. ·

That an additional fully qualified civilservice librarian be authorized to assist the one civil-service librarian now in charge. This recommendation has been made for several years by the Academy Advisory Committee, a committee of distinguished educators who have maintained close contact

~with the Academy educational program since 1933.

W.N.D~Y, Rear Admiral, USCG, Superintende11-t.

BILLS INTRODU0ED

Bills were introduced, read the first time, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred as ·follows: ·

By Mr. STEWART: , S. 2844. A bill for the relief of na:vid Town

send; to the Committee on Post Oftlce and Civil Service.

By Mr. BUTLER (for Mr. BUSHFIELD): S. 2845. A bill to authorize and direct the

Secretary o:f the Interior to issue to Raymond Vasseur a patent in fee to certain land; to the Committee on Interior and Insular A1fairs.

By Mr. GURNEY: S. 2846. A bill to authorize the Secretary

of the Navy to grant to Southern Counties Gas Co. of California a perpetual easement for a natural gas line over lands within Camp Joseph H. Pendleton, Oceanside, Calif.; to the Committee on Armed Servic_es.

By Mr. LANGER: S. !>847. A bill for the relief of Miss Teresa

Rosanio; and • S. 2848. A bill for the relief of Kurt Emil Walter Hannemann; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. FULBRIGHT: S. 2849. A bill to authorize the .Administra

tor of VeteraliS' Affairs to convey a certain tract of land in the State of Arkansas to Washington County, Ark.; to the Committee on Finance.

By Mr. CAIN: 8. 2850. A bill to amend the act entitled

"An act to fix and regulate the salaries of .teachers, school officers, and other employees of the Board of Education of the District of· Columbia, and for other purposes," approved July 7, 1947; . and • 8. 2851. A bill to authorize temporary increases in the salary rates of teachers, school omcers, and other employees of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia whose pay is fixed and regulated by the District of Columbia Teachers' Salary Act of 1947; to the . Committee on the District of Columbia.

PRINTING OF · DOCUMENT ENTITLED "FINAL REPORT OF TilE-UNITED STATES DE SOTO EXPEDITION COMMISSION"

Mr. PEPPER submitted the following concurrent resolution. <S. Con. Res. 58), which was referred to the Committee-on Rules and Administration:

Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That there be printed 1,000 copies of the Final Report o! the United States De Soto Expedition Commission (H. Doc.~1. 76th 0ong.) for the use of the Senate document room. ·

INVESTIGATION· OF MATTER OF PANAMA CANAL TOLLS

Mr. BREWSTER submitted the following resolut~_on <S. Res. 258), which was referred to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce:

Whereas 1t 1s the responsibility o! the Congress of the United States to establish the policy to be followed in prescribin-g the tolls that shall be levied for the use of the Panama Canal; and

Whereas there have been substantial changes in economic conditions since CongrE:I)s last established such policy, including the effect of such tolls upon American shipping: Therefore be it ·

Resolved, That the Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce or any duly authorized subcommittee thereof is authorized to make a full and complete study; and investigation of the financial operation of the Panama Canal with particular reference to the proper accounting and allocation o! costs attributable to--

(a) the · transit of the Canal by commercial, governmental, and m111tary vessels ot United States and foreign nations;

(b) military activities of the United States in and connected with ~he Canal Zone;

(c) United States civil government including but not limited to sanitation, public schools, playgrounds, hospitals, etc. and to recommend to the Congress concerning what elements of cost should be properly used in the future as the basis of a policy to be :followed in es-tablishing and levying tolls for the use ,of the Panama Canal for transit purposes.

The committee shall report its findings, together with its recommendations for such legislation as it may deem advisable to the Senate at the earliest practicable date, but not later than March 15, 1949.

The committee or any subcommittee thereof is authorized to sit and act at such times and places within or without the United States whether the Congress is in session, has recessed or is adjourned; to hold such hearings as it deems necessary; to employ such•consultants, specialists, clerks, or other assistants; to travel and authorize its assistants to travel; to utilize such transportation, housing, or other facilities as any governmental agency may make available; torequire by subpena or otherwise the attendance of such witnesses and the pro~uction of such correspondence, books, papers, and documents; to administer such oaths; to take such testimony; and to make such expenditures as it deems advisable. The cost of stenographic services to report such hearings shall not be in excess of 25 cents per 100 words. The expenses of the committee, which shall not exceed $15,000 shall be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate, upon vouchers approved by the chairman; and be it further

Resolved, That tlie President of the United States be, and hereby is, requested to defer until after submission of the committee's report, any change in tolls currently levied for the use _c;>f the Panama Canal.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7687 CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC WORKS ON

RIVERS AND HARBORs-AMENDMENT

Mr. LUCAS (for Mr. MAGNUSON) sub. mitted an amendment intended to be proposed by Mr. MAGNUSON to the bill (H. R. · 6419) authorizing the construe· tiot:l, repair, and preservation of certain public works on rivers and harbors for -navigation, :flood ·control, and for other purposes, which was ordered to lie on the 'table and to be printed. AMENDMENT TO FEDERAL-AID ROAD ACT

Mr. SMITH submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill <H. R. 5888) to amend and supple· me'nt the Federal-Aid Road Act, ap· proved July 11, 1916 (39 Stat. 355), as amended and supplemented, to author· ize appropriations for continuing the construction of highways, and for other purposes, which was referred to the Committee on Publi.c Works, and ordered to be printed.

HOUSING FOR NATIONAL DEFENSEAMENDMENT

Mr. CAIN submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to· the bill <H. R. 7510) to amend the act en· titled "An act to expedite the provision of housing in connection with national defense, and for other purposes," approved October 14, 1940, as amended, and for other purposes, which was ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. ·

ADDITIONAL REVENUE FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA-AMENDMENTS

Mr. CAIN submitted amendments in· tended to be proposed by him to the bill <H. R. 6759) to provide additional reve· nue for the District of Columbia, which was ordered to lie on the table and to be printed.

LONG-RANGE AGRICULTURAL PRO· GRAM-AMENDMENT

Mr. COOPER submitted an amend· merit intended to be proposed by him to the bill <S. 2318) to provide for a coor.di· nated agricultural program, which was ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. ·

HOUSE BILLS REFERRED

The following bills were severally read twice by their titles and referred, as indicated:

H. R. 6457. An act to provide for disposition of lands on the Cabazon, Augustine, and Torres-Martinez Indian Reservations; to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.

H. R. 6818. An act to amend title X of the Social Security Act (relating to aid to -the blind) so as to provide greater encourage· ment to blind recipients thereunder to become self-supporting; to the Committee on Finance.

H. R. 6829. An act making supplemental appropriations for the Executive Office and sundry independent executive bureaus, boards, commissions, and offices, for the fiscal year ending·June 30, 1949, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Appropriations.

THEODORE G. BILBO [Mr. STENNIS, in accordance with the

terms of Senate Resolution 212, agreed to April 1, 1948, submitted a tribute prepared by him to the life, character, and public service of Theodore G. Bilbo, late a Senator from the State of Mississippi, which appears in the Appendix.]

EXCERPTS FROM ARTICLE BY BERNARD BARUCH IN SATURDAY EVENING POST [Mr. O'CONOR asked and obtained leave

to have printed in the RECORD excerpts ;from an ·article written by Bernard Baruch and published in the Saturday Evening Post of June 12, 1948, which appears in the AppendiX.]

BETWEEN TWO WORLD8-ADDRESS BY SENATOR FERGUSON

[Mr. MARTIN asked and obtained leave tci have printed in the RECORD an address entitled "Between Two Worlds," delivered by Senator FERGusoN at the centennial celebration of Muhlenberg College, June 7, 1948, which appears in the Appendix.]

CONDITIONS · IN PALESTINE-LONDON LETTER BY HAROLD J. LASKI

[Mr. PEPPER asked and obtained leave to have printed in the RECORD· the London letter of Harold J. Laski, dated June 1, 1948, regarding British policy in Palestine, which appears in the Appendix.]

MILITARY MAY GET THE ATOMIC BOMBARTICLE BY HANSON W. BALDWIN

[Mr. McMAHON asked and obtained leave to have printed in the RECORD an article entitled "Military May Get the Atomic Bomb," written by Hanson w: Baldwin, and published in the New York Times of June 10, 1948, which appears in the Appendix.]

THE DRAFT AND THE GUARD-EDITORIAL FROM THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE

[Mr. MARTIN asked and obtained leave to have printed in the RECORD an editorial entitled "The Draft and the Guard," published in the Chicago Tribune of June 8, 1948; which appears in the Appendix.]

MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE-ENROLLED JOINT RESOLUTION SIGNED

A message from the House of Repre· sentatives, by Mr. Chaffee, one of its read· ing clerks, aanounced that the Speaker had amxed his signature' to the enrolled joint resolution (S. J. Res. 231) to amend section 303 of the act entitled "An act to expedite the ·provision of housing in connection with national defense, and for other purposes." and it was signed by the President prQ tempore.

ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI

Mr . . STENNIS. Mr. President, the year 1948 marks the one hundredth an· niversary of the founding of one of the Nation's outstanding educational insti· tutions; the University of Mississippi, affectionately known throughout the South as Ole Miss.

Its long record of educational achieve· · ment is one of which the people of Mis· sissippi are exceedingly proud. Ole Miss has contributed a wealth of-trained lead· · ership to our State and our Nation. The contribution that has been made to the cultural development of our State has been 'invaluable.

The superior quality of the faculty of the university has been a source of strength down through the years. There has been a tradition of great leadership that began during the first decade -of the school's operation, when Augustus Bald· wyn Longstreet, the distinguished Georgian, and Frederick A. P. Barnard, the founder of Barnard College, were among the first chancelors.

In its first 100 years the University of Mississippi has achieved a splendid rec· ord of accomplishments, despite the al· most intolerable handicap of the War Between the States and its immediate aftermath, and the economic hardship that has been the lot of our State throughout most of the period since that time. Today Ole Miss is looking forwa:rd to another century of continuing progress; to new contributions toward the betterment of our civilization.

I ask unanimous consent to . insert in the record a brief sketch of the history of the University of Mississippi.

There being no objection, the matter referred to was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY OF M,ISSISSIPPI

The University of Mississippi was located at Oxford in northern Mississippi instead of at Mississippi City on the Gulf coast by the narrow margin of one vote in the Mississippi Legislature at a special meeting on January 26, 1841. Convening in joint-session of both houses of the legislature, the senators and representatives voted 58 to 57 on the sixth ballot to pick the northern town as the un1· ,versity .Jiite.

Eighty students and four faculty members opened the first session in 1848 with George Frederick Holmes as president. During the administration of Chancelor Frederick A. P. Barnard, academic work was interrupted by the enlistment of large numbers of students in the historic University Greys, a gallant military company of 135 men formed on the university campus. At the outbreak of the Civil War the faculty resigned and the doors of the institution were closed until the fall of 1865.

During the Civil War, the buildings were occupied alternately by Confederate and Federal troops. After the Battle of Shiloh, 1,500 Confederate wounded were hospitalized in campus buildings, and more than 700 lie in the university cemetery. The personnel of the student body, wealthy in ante bellum days, changed to a class of students whose parents had lost their entire wealth during the war. They, like . today's veterans of World War II, came with a determination born of necessity. .

The university has advanced steadily dur· ing the century of its existence. Focal point of campus academic pursuits is the porticoed Lyceum Building, the university's first physical plant which was placed in use in 1848. It was followed in 1853 by the chapel, and in 1857 by the old Physics-Astronomy Building, part of which now serves as the chancelor's residence. On October 7, 1947, the old Physics-Astronomy Building was dedicated by Fleet Adm. William F. Halsey as McCain Hall, for training naval ROTC stU· dents, in honor of the late Admiral John Sidney McCain.

Today, the univer~ity has more than a dozen buildings devoted to classroom and technical training, and administrative work as well as 5 co-ed dormitories, and 18 dormitories for men. Auxiliary buildings, including the library, Fulton Chapel, cafeteria, gymnasium, a 26,000-capacity football stadium, field house, and student-union building total 14. Twenty locally owned sorority . and fraternity houses have been built on the campus during the past 12 years. The university owns 40 faculty residences and 4 faculty apartment houses. A veterans' village, built of war-surplus rna· terials from Army camps, houses 400 families.

This year's expansion includes 4 new dormitories for men, renovation of Ricks Hall for women, the addition of 50 classrooms, construction of an aux111ary cafeteria, a n.ew laundry, a recreation center, and permanent quarters for the naval ROTC.

7688 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 Women students, first admitted in 1882,

are represented by 8 national social sororities, and men have 16 national social fraternities.

The university offers instruction in a college of liberal arts, founded in 1848; school of law, 1854; school of engineering, 1900; school of education, 1903; school of medicine, 1903; school of pharmacy, 1908; school of commerce and business administration, 1917; and graduate school, 1927. A senior unit of Infantry ROTC was established in 1936 and a senior Air Force unit in 1946. The navai ROTC program was organized in September 1945 under the wartime V-12 program.

The two-word nickname, "Ole Miss," is better known in many parts of the country than the official title of the University of Mississippi. Origin of the nickname dates back to the fall of 1896 when students sought a proper name for a yearbook for the university. The name suggests the ante bellum slave who knew the wife of his owner by no other title than Ole Miss, and their mistress' daughter as Young Miss. The student yearbook appears today under the same

. title, but the term "Ole Miss" has long since been used to apply to the whole university.

ENROLLED BIT..LS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS PRESENTED

The Secretary of the Senate re~orted that on today, June 10, 1948, he presented to the President of the United States the following enrolled bills and joint resolutions:

S. 153. An act authorizing the Secretary o! the Army to have prepared a replica of the Dade Monument for presentation to the State of Florida;

S. 263. An act to provide for the- carrying of mail on star routes, and for other purposes;

S. 654. An act to provide for the collection and publication of statistical information by the Bureau of the Census;

S. 692. An act to authorize a mileage allowance of 7 cents per mile for United States marshals and their deputies for travel on o!ficial business;

S. 873. An act for the relief ·of Warren H. McKenney;

S. 1062. An act for the relief of Mrs. Christine West and Mrs._ Jesse West;

S. 1265. An act to amend sections 1301 and 1303 of the code of laws of the District of Columbia, relating to liability for causing death by wrongfUl act;

S.1470. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to make provision for the care and treatment of members of the National Guard, · Organized Reserves, Reserve Officers' Training COrps, and Citizens' Military Training Camps who are liljured or contract diseases while engaged in military training, and for pther pUrposes", approved June 15, 1936, as amended, and for other purposes;

S.1493. An act to amend section 19 of the Veterans' Preference Act of June 27, 1944 (58 Stat. 387), and for other purposes;

S. 1504. An act to amend the act entitled "An act for the confirmation of the title to the Saline Lands in Jackson County, State o! Tillnois, to D. H. Brush, and others," approved March 2, 1861 (12 Stat. 891), as amended by the act of November 29, 1944 (58 Stat. 1036); ·

S. 1551. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to sell to Anthony P. Miller, Inc., · a parcel of unimproved land adjacent to the Anchorage Housing project at Middletown, R.I.;

S.1573. An act for the relief of Marcella Kosterman;

8.1703. An act for the relief of Lorraine Burns Mullen;

8.1783. An act to provide for retention in the service of certain disabled Army and Air · Force personnel, and for other purposes;

S. 1790. An act to amend tho act of Congress entitled "An act to credit certain service performed by members of the Army, NavY, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and Geodetic Survey, and Public Health Service prior to reaching 18 years of age for the purpose of computing longevity pay, or for other pay purposes," approved March 6, 1946;

S. 1791. An act to transfer certain lands at Camp Phillips, Kans., to the Department of the Army; · S. 1795. An act to repeal section 1 of the apt of April 20, 1874, prescribing regulations governing inquiries to he made in colinection with disbursements made by disbursing ofii.cers of the Army (18 Stat. 33; 10 u.s. 0.174);

S. 1835. An act for . the relief of Harry Daniels;

S. 1861. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to reclassify the salaries of postmasters, officers, and employees of the postal service; to establish uniform procedures for computing compensation; and for other purposes," approved July 6, 1945, so as · to provide promotions for temporary employees of the custodial service;


S. 1933. An act to authorize the Secretary of the .~.nter'ior to convey certain lands in the State of· Montana to School District 55, Roosevelt COunty, Mont.; .

s. 2152. An aet to increase the maximum travel allowance for railway postal clerks and substitute railway postal clerks;

S. 2288. An act to amend the Lanham Act so as to permit the sale of certain permanent war housing thereunder to veterans at a purchase price not in excess of th~ cost of construction;

S. 2406. An act to ame:;.1d the act entitled "An act to provide for the record~g and re• leasing of liens by entries of title .for motor vehicles and trailers, and for other purposes," approved July 2, 1940, as amended; .

S. 2454. An act to amend the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended, to make further provision for the -recording of title to, interests in, and encumbrances upon certain airera!ts, and for other purposes;

S. 2455. An act to amend the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended, by limiting the liability of certain persons not in posses:. sion of aircraft;

S. 2456. An act to provide safety in aviation and to direct a study of the causes and characteristics of thunderstorms an:l other atmospheric disturbances;


S. 2496. An act to provide for the conveyance to Pinellas County, State of Florida, of certain public lands herein described;

S. 2553. An act to authorize the S~cretary of the Navy to convey to the Mystic River Bridge Authority, an instrumentality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, an · easement for the t-onstruction and operation of bridge approaches over and across lands comprising a part of the United States Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.; •

S. 2592. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force to return certain lands situated in Puerto Rico, in accordance with the terms of the conveyances to the United States Government, · and final judgments in certain condemnation proceedings;

S. 2593. An act to author!U the Secretary of the Navy to convey to the Commonwealth of Virginia a right-of-way for public-highway purposes in certain lands at Pungo, Va.;

S. 2643. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to establish a lien for moneys due hospitals !or services rendered in cases caused by negligence or fa~t of others and providing for the recording and enforcing of such liens," approved June 30, 1939;

S. J. Res. 98. Joint. resolution providing for membership and participation by the United States in the World Health Organization and authorizln:g an appropriation therefor; and

·s. J. Res. 231. Joint resolution to · amend section 303 of the act entitled "An act to expedite the provision of housing in connection with national delense, and for other purposes."

DEATH OF HON. LEWIS B. SCHWELLENBACH, SECRETARY OF LABOR

Mr. BARKLEY. · Mr. President, I feel it my painful duty to call the attention· of the Senate .to the fact that Hon. Lewis B. Schwellenbach, Secretary of Labor, died today.

Secretary Schwellenbach was an honored, able, and respected Member of this body. He was a conscientious and distinguished judge on the Federal bench. For the last 3 years he has been Secretary of Labor in the Cabinet of the President. I am sure that I express the feeling of all Senators when I say that no more conscientious public servant has been in Washington for many years. Whether in the Senate, on the bench, or at the head of a department, Mr. Schwe11enbach was a hard-working, honest, sincere, and capable pub'lic servant. It is a real pity that he has been cut off in the prime of life by his untimely death, because in that fact the public has 'lost a diligent, trustworthy, and outstanding public servant. ·

I am sure I express the feeling of all Senators when I say we deeply regret the untimely passing of Secretary Schwellenbach, and appreciate the services he has rendered in every capacity in public life, and also pay tribute to his sterling qualities as a private citizen.

Mr. President, I send to the desk a resolution pertaining to the death .of Secretary Schwellenbach, and ask for it immediate consideration. I might say that in my remarks and in the resolution the senior Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNUSONT, who is absent·in the State of Washington on account of the presence there of the President of the United States, joins and shares in the sentiment expressed.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The clerk wHl read the resolution.

The resolution <S. Res. 257) was read, considered by unanimous consent, and unanimously agreed to, as follows:

Resolved, That the Senate has heard with profound sorrow the announcement of the death of Hon. Lewis B. Schwellenbach, late Secretary 'of Labor.

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Senate transmit a copy of these resolutions to the family of the deceased.

Resolved, That as a further · mark of respect to the memory of the deceased, the Senate, at the conclusion of its business today, take a recess until 10:30 o'clock a. m. tomorrow.

Mr. BARKLEY. I feel it advisable to announce that the funeral of Secretary Schwellenbach will be at 11 o'clock a.m. tomorrow. Any Senators who feel they can attend I am sure will wish to know the hour of the service.

Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, I have prepared a statement regarding the death of Secretary Schwellenbach which I should like to have appear in the RECORD at this point, as well as a number of statements by others along the same line.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .7689 There being no objection, the state

ments were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: S~ATEMENT BY SENATOR. MURRAY, OF MONTANA,

ON THE DEATH OF SECRETARY SCHWELLENBACH

Judge Schwellenbach was one of the great men in our public life, and one of the quietest and most modest.

He came to prominence and power the hard way, through work and without any golden spoon. He. was born in Wisconsin and moved with his family at an early age to Spokane, Wash.

His father died when he was quite young and at the age of 8 he was selling newspapers to help support his family. He went through school and then worked his way through the Univ:ersity of Washington, where he earned his law degree in 1917. He was a great debater and organized a Woodrow Wilson Club on the campus.

He served in the infantry in the First World War and went into Jaw practice soon thereafter.

For more than a decade he was a practicing lawyer in the Northwest, gaining prestige by his political prowess as well as his great legal ability.

He was elected a United States Senator in 1934 and came to Washington the following year with a bright and aggressive group of liberal Democrats who came to be known as the Young Turks, of whom I was one. This group had strong leanings toward liberal and labor causes and he was one of the most forthright and outspoken of the group, another member of which is now the President of the United States. He supported liberar relief expenditures during the depression, antilynching legislation, the utilities holding company bill, reciprocal trade agreements, the Wage-Hour and the Wagner Labor Acts and expansion of old-age pensions. He was an active member of Senator Hugo L. Black's lobby investigating committee.

We entered the Senate together in 1935 and it was my pleasure to work with him on a very personal basis throughout his service in this body. He was one of the hardest working, conscientious, and sincere Members of the Senate. In 1945, when he returned to Washington as Secretary of Labor, we resumed that warm personal friendship. At that time I was chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Labor and worked very closel'y with him on the common problems of that committee and his Department.

President Roosevelt in May 1940 appointed him Federal district judge of the eastern district of Washington, but despite the fact that some might have regarded this as a reward to the faithful, Schwellenbach stayed in the Senate for a few months and opposed the administration on the issue of peacetime conscription, which he warned could be extended to break down freedom in this country. He · served illustriously -for years on the bench, and he preferred judicial life and labor to any other occupa,tion.

But 6 weeks after Harry S. Truman was sworn in as President, he announced the appointment of Lew Schwellenbach as Secretary of Labor. His first order directed Labor Department employees to execute the laws as they stood, because his experience in the Senate and on the bench convinced him there was a tendency in the executive branch to interpret the law in the way a,n administrative officer thinks it should be instead of following the law as written by Congress.

At the outset he also warned both labor and management that industrial peace and creation of jobs were a joint responsibility.

Secretary Schwellenbach in his 3 years of service had probably more large-size headaches than any other member of the Cabinet.

. He inhetited the inevitable disruptions of labor-management rel·ations that followed the end of the war. He handled the great labor disputes of 1946 with humbleness and dig-

nity. He never sought to coerce or cajole either side. The record of his success is remarkable and the failures-those instances in which strikes did occur-cannot be blamed on any lack of understanding or effort on his part.

His administrative achievements were considerable. He reorganized the formless Conciliation Service. He brought labor and management consultants directly into the operation of this and other bureaus of the Department. He reestablished the tradition of free collective bargaining-a tradition and a practice which had largely been forgotten during the war years when compulsory mediation and arbitration of labor disputes had been accepted by this Nation as a necessary evil.

Secretary Schwellenbach led in the administration's effort to build up our national program of social and labor legislation, so that we as a people may keep up ·with the fast-running tides of economic and soda! change. He was the l~ader in the administration's drive for raising the Federal minimum wage, expanding the coverage of the Social Security Act, promoting legislation to deal with discrimination in the economic field and perhaps most important of all defending the rule of reason in the Government's function with relation to labor-management activities.

He recommended veto of the Taft-Hartley bill to President Truman, and it is reported widely that his advice to the President prevailed over the first advice of other members of the Cabinet.

The Secretary of Labor also established a program to help labor ·make its views heard in international affairs. He stimulated the many activities of the Department which deal with foreign labor problems and has obtained labor representation on many of the international bodies which deal with problems affecting American labor. He took an active part in the affairs of the International Labor Organization and has consulted with America's leaders of labor on the problems developing in -the course of our

-. efforts to further international understanding. For he realized that one of the basic problems of world peace is to bring peoples of various countries closer together. That jo~ is more important probably even than brmging governments more closelY._ together.

STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT

The White House issued this statement by the President:

"I have heard with deepest grief of the death of Lewis Schwellenbach. He was my warm personal friend. He was a great Senator, .a great judge, and a great Secretary of Labor."

STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Secretary of -State Marshall said: "Secretary SchweUenbach's death comes as

a g eat shock and a great sorrow to his friends and ·as a nation-al bereavement to the Government and. the people of the United States." ·

STATEMENT BY WILLIAM GREEN

President William Green of the American Federation of Labor today issued the following statement:

"I learned with deep regret of the sudden death of Secretary of Labor Lewis B. Schwellenbach. Throughout his public career, Secretary Schwellenbach evinced keen sympathy with the cause .of the underprivileged and warm support for the interests of American workers. . ,

"As Secretary of Labor, Mr. Schwellenbach strove courageously to bring about better relations between ma~agement and labor. His efforts to prevent the pa~sage .of antilabor legislation and to advance social-justice legislation were thwarted by a reactionary Congress which retaliated by amputating the

scope and ·authority of the Department of Labor.

"Mr. Schwellenbach fought a good fight, although a losing one. His loss will be mourned by the American workers whose welfare he so stanchly defended."

CIO OFFICERS LAUD CAREER OF LEWIS B. SCHWELLENBACH

President Philip Murray and SecretaryTreasurer James B. Carey of the CIO today voiced grief over the death of Secretary of Labor Lewis Schwellenbach:

Mr. Murray's statement: "The Nation has suffered a severe loss in

the passing of Secretary of Labor Lewis B. Schwellenbach. In the Senate of the United States, on the Federal bench, and in his position as Secretary of Labor, he rendered brilliant, self-sacrificing service to his Nation and to the people.

"His conduct and administration of the affairs of the Department of Labor won for him the respect and admiration of ot:ganized labor. I had the honor to know him personally and I know, as millions of others know, that our country has suffered a great loss. In expressing these sentiments I bespeak the thoughts of millions of organized workers throughout the United States."

Mr. Carey's statement: "Workers throughout the Nation will be

grieved by the death of Lewis Schwellenbach. He was a fine public servant, as a Senator, as a judge, as head of the Department of Labor. Throughout his entire career, Lewis Schwellenbach was always loyal to a deep sense of humanitarianism. He wanted to see our country always better for its people. He cherished our finest democratic ideals; and he toiled unceasingly for the improvement of our people and our institutions.

"As one who knew Lewis Schwellenb.ach and worked with him for many years, I mourn his los&.. The Department of Labor will miss his wise and able leadership. And members of the Congress of Industrial Organizations will feel the lack of his sage advice and friendly spirit."

STA'l'EMENT BY SENATOR J. HOWARD M'GRATH, CHAIRMAN OF THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COM

MITTEE

In the death of Lewis B. Schwellenbach the country has lost a great Secretary of Labor and a stanch fighter for the,. welfare of the workingman. He has served with distinction and uncommon ability as a lawyer, l.egislator, jurist, and a member of the Cabinet. During thes_e troubled postwar years, his leadership, his patience and understanding, and his great ability have ·m&.de immeasurable contributions toward true industrial peace and toward safeguarding the rights of the plain people of America. Those who have served with Secretary Schwellenbach in the fight for a better democracy have lost a leader and companion who will never be replaced.

But the devotion to duty which shortened his life's span will inspire us- with renewed determination to achieve the better America and the better world we sought together.

Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, I wish to add my own testimony of tribute to what has already been said about the departed Secretary of Labor, Hon. Lewis M. Schwellenbach. I do not know of a man whom I have had the privilege of calling my friend, whom I deem a more faithful, ·a more honest and sincere public servant, than "Lew" Schwellenbach. Throughout his whole career he- was a man of humane sentiments and of large human sympathy, Whether as a law professor, ·whether as a Senator, whether as a judge on the bench or as Secretary

7690 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 of Labor, he not only tried. to do his duty, but he also tried to have due regard for the welfare and the well-being of the men, women, and children of the country.

He was a devoted family man, a loyal and beloved friend, an eminent lawyer, judge, Senator. He was a faithful, able, and selfless public servant.

The Nation is vastly poorer this day since "Lew" Schwellenbach has passed from our midst.

· Mr. THOMAS of Utah. Mr. President, Lewis B. Schwellenbach might have remained on the Federal bench for many · years. There, at least by comparison, the life he lived was serene. Instead, he

. chose to accept perhaps the most difficUlt assignment which faced any official of our domestic executive departments.

No situation existed, when the war suddenly ended, which presented such difficult and complex problems as the relations of management and labor. For 5 years the necessarily directive powers exercised by the War Labor Board had supplanted collective bargaining. Conflict between the economic forces of industry and workers was inevitable. There were many grievances and dissatisfactions which had smouldered throughout the crucial days of the war.

The President looked for a man to do this job. He found him in the man with whom he had entered the United States Senate in 1935. Lew Schwellenbach did not hesitate when asked to assume the vast responsibilities which then--as well as now-faced the Secretary of the United States Department of Labor.

He was the right man for the job, for he possessed those qualities and a varied experience which the job called for. His rise to prominence and distinction was not along a path of roses. As a boy he sold newspapers to help his widowed mother support the family, He worked his way through high school and college. He had barely obtained his degree in law before he temporarily abandoned his profession tO' serve his country as a private in World War I.

In the 25 years that have passed since Lewis Schwellenbach hung out his shingle, as lawyer, judge, and Senator he has fought for the betterment of all the people. As an attorney, he fought for public ownership of public utilities. As advocate of workingmen, he fought for the legal rights of strikers to picket to redress the wrongs to which they had been subjected. As a Member of this body he helped to prepare, and supported throughout, the social legislation which marked the first two terms of the Roosevelt administration. Many of us remember with respect and admiration the courage, resourcefulness, and tenacity with which he initiated and defended some of those measures.

Though assured of renomination, Lew Schwellenbach left the Senate in 1940 to accept an appointment to the Federal bench in his home State of Washington, where he served with distinction for 5 'years. It is but another example of his courage that he forsook the calm of the

court for the arena of battle when his sense of duty called.

As Secretary of Labor, he administered the laws of his Department as they were written, without fanciful interpretations to change their intent. He was just where judicial conduct was appropriate. With equal conviction, he also was an eloquent pleader for labor in those situations which called for the exercise of the duties of his office. As a friend, I mourn him. As a former colleague, I pay homage to his memory.

Mr. HILL. Mr. President, I wish to join in tribute to "Lew" Schwellenbach. When I entered the Senate I soon found myself in happy association with him. He was my friend and always the steadfast and helpful friend.

In this body he was ever. on the side of the plain people :fighting their battles, working indefatigably to advance their welfare and their security, to promote their progress and their happiness. He was always the stalwart champion of their cause. ·

I know, Mr. President, that among his . outstanding characteristics perhaps there .was no greater trait than his absolute and :firm belief in the principles of democracy. He believed not passively, but actively and vigorously, in the rights of all people to govern themselves.

"Lew" Schwellenbach was a true Democrat. I can pay him no greater tribute than to say that wherever freedom was imperiled, wherever the rights and · liberties of free citizens were encroached upon, there was always a · stout and courageous defender in our former colleague, Senator Schwellenbach.

With his devoted wife and all his friends and associates, I join in the expression of sorrow and sadness at his passing, TREASURY AND POST OFFICE DEPART~T APPROPRIATIONS--CONFERENCE REPORT Mr. CORDON presented the following

conference report:

As a lawyer, legislator, jurist, and Cabi- The committee of conference on the dis-net member, "Lew" Schwellenbach served agreeing votes of the two Houses on the our country with · devotion and distinc- amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. tion. As the Senator from Utah [Mr. 5770) making appropriations for the TreasTHOMAS] has suggested his services to ury and Post Office Departments for the fiscal the American people hastened his life to year ending June so, 1949, and for other puran untimely end. So long as men strug- poses, having met, after full and free congle for freedom and a better democracy ference, have agreed to recommend and do his memory will be cherished. Those of ~~fl~~:;-end to their respective House_s as us who were privileged to know him and That the senate recede from its amendwork with him will never cease to miss ment numbered 14. him. There was no finer~ braver,· man- That the House recede from its disagree-Her man. ment to the amendments of the Senate num-

Mr. HATCH . . Mr. President, while the bered 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 19, 25, 29, and 30, call of the calendar is interrupted, I wish and agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 1: That the House· to take this opportunity for just a brief recede from its disagreement to the amend-moment to join with those Senators who ment of the senate numbered 1, and agree have risen to speak of the passing of our to the same with an amendment as follows: former colleague, Secretary of Labor In lieu of the sum proposed by said amend,Schwellenbach. I was impressed by ment insert the following: "$125,000' '; and what was said by the Senator from Utah the Senate agree to the same. concerning Judge Schwellenbach, as he Amendment numbered 3: That the House was then known, giving up his office to In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendreturn to Washington. ment insert the following: "$4,250,000"; and

the Senate agree to the same. It happens, Mr. President, that I know Amendment numbered 4: That the House

from close and intimate association with recede from its disagreement to the amendSenator Schwellenbach, when he was a ment of the Senate numbered 4, and agree Member of this body, that he was in ill to the same with an amendment as follows: health and that that was one of the rea- In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendsons for his retiring to accept a position ment insert the following: "$52,000,000" ; and

th b h i th St t f W hi t the Senate agree to the same. on e enc · n e a e 0 as ng on. Amendment numbered 5: That the House

I visited him in his home subsequently. ·- recede from its disagreement to t.he amend! found him completely restored to ment of the Senate numbered 5, and agree health, living a happy life, doing the to the same with an amendme.nt as follows: work he loved to do, among people whom In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendhe loved so much. · ment of the Senate numbered 5, and agree

When President Truman asked Judge to the same with an amendment as follows: Schwellenbach to become Secretary of In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendLabor, 1 know that his response to the ment insert the following: "$174,000,000" ;

and the Senate agree to the same. call was, as was said by the Senator from · Amendment numbered 7: That the House Utah [Mr. THOMAS]. simply his response recede from its disagreement to the amendto the call of duty. He came back to ment of the Senate numbered 7, and agree Washington to undertake the strenuous to the same with an amendment as follows: dl.lties of the office of Secretary of Lal;>or, In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendknowing full well that his health might ment insert the following: "$19,584,000"; again be impaired as it had been previ- and the Senate agree to the same.

B h t d t ·b·l t Amendment numbered 11: That the House ously. ut e PU U y, responsl 1 i y, recede from its disagreement to the amend-and loyalty above his personal health. ment of the senate numbered 11, and agree Perhaps this day he paid the supreme to the same With an amendment as follows: sacrifice of loyalty to country by his In lieu of the sum proposed by said amenddeath, which so unfortunately occurred ment insert the following: "$193,584,000"; this morning. and the Senate agree to the same,

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7691 Amendment numbered 13: That the House

recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 13, and agree to the same .with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$12,500,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 16: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 16, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the sum named in said amendment insert the following: "$1,500,000"; and the senate agree ~o the same.

Amendment numbered 20: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 20, 'and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In ·lieu of the sum proposed by said amend-ment insert the follt>wing: "$505,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 21: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 21, and agree to t he same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$172,150"; and the Sep.ate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 22: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 22, and agree to the same with an ax;nendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$2,114,000"; and the Senate agree to the same. ·

Amendment numbered 23: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 23, and agree to the same with an amendment as fonows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$12,600,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

·Amendment numbered 24: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 24, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$2,900,000";- and ·the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 26: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 26, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$17,500"; and , the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 27: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 27, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following "23,042,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 28: That the House recede from its disagreemenp to the amendment of the Senate numbered 28, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$23,042,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 31: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 31, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$7,658,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 32: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment 'of the Senate numbered 32, and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed by said amendment insert the following: "$14,750,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 33: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbared 33, and agree to t he same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the sum -proposed by said amend-

ment insert the following: "$42,457,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

The committee of conference report in disagreement amendments numbered 12, 15, and 34.

GUY CORDON, CLYDE M. REED, STYLES BRIDGES, LEVERE'IT SALTONSTALL, KENNETH McKELLAR, CARL HAYDEN,

Managers on the Part of the Senate. GOR,DON CANFIELD, EVERE'IT M. DIRKSEN, P. W. GRIFFITHS, GEO. B. SCHWABE, J. VAUGHAN GARY, JoE B. BATES, HENRY M. JACKSON,

Managers on the Part of the House.

Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent for the present consideration of the conference report.

There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to consider the report.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the conference report.

Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, I should like to ask the Senator from Oregon what has been done on the subject of typewriters? I notice in the conference report the statement:

That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate No. 15 to said bill and concur therein with an amendment-

-counts allowed by the companies are not on the same level? It seems to me, from the way the bill is now drafted that there will be a differentiation between the different typewriter manufacturers. Can the Senator advise me on that point?

Mr. CORDON. The measure does not attempt to set a uniform price on the machines which the manufacturers make. It sets a percentage of the list net price of a manufacturer.

Mr. BALDWIN. What was the reason for the conference singling out this one particular product among all other products procured for the Government? Why should it be picked out of all the other items the Government has to buy and this particular qualification attached to it?

Mr. CORDON. I cannot read the minds of those who considered the matter. The Senator from Oregon is satisfied that this particular method of pricing is sound in view of the vast number of typewriters which must be purchased, and the very small number of manufacturers of typewriters, and the known facts with reference to the discounts in the sales of the various makes of typewriters.

Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, I should like the Senator to know that, so far as I am personally concerned, representing a State in which about 80 percent of the typewriters of the country are made, I intend, and I am sure my

Which is that- colleague will join me in the intention, to see if we cannot eliminate this dis

notwithstanding the foregoing paragraphs, crimination in any future bill providing in the event the Director of the Bureau of Federal Supply is unable to furnish any such for the purchase of typewriters. agency with suitable typewriters out of steele Mr. BALDWIN, I should like to ason hand, he may purchase typewriters for sociate myself with my colleague from the account of such age~y- Connecticut in what he has said. It

And so forth. I should like to know seems to me that here is a discrimination what was done about it. against a particular item of manufacture

Mr. CORDON. The bill provides first which, in my opinion, is highly unjustifor the inventorying of all surplus type- tied. We from Connecticut on not only writers in all the departments of the this occasion but on many others have Government, the allocation of such sur- tried to eliminate the discrimination, plus typewriters by the Director of the and I think it should be eliminated. Bureau of Supply, and in cases where Mr. AIKEN: Mr. President, will the

Senator yield? there are not adequate surplus type- Mr. CORDON. I yield. w;riters, for the purchase, by the Director, Mr. AIKEN. Does the bill carry an of typewriters of such and such a make at a price of,nor to exceed 90 percent appropriation for the purchase of type-

/1. - writers? th.e-l&w.est..list. price. otihe manu!act:w:.e.t- Mr. CORDON. It does. plus the tax, wbich, of course is .si..1n.WY Mr. AIKEN. The Government already anceled. owns practically three typewriters for

r. McMAHON. Once again one every employee qualified to use them. product in the whole range of everything What is the purpose of the item in the the Government buys has been singled bill? out and a selling price set upon it. Is Mr. CORDON. The bill provides for that correct? th f

Mr. CORDON. Well, a ceiling price e inventorying o all typewriters in any department of the Government before

has been set. any purchase is made. Mr. McMAHON. That has not been Mr. AIKEN. Does it require the use of

done with respect to automobiles. It the surplus typewriters? has not been done with respect to any- Mr. CORDON. It does. thing else the Government buys, except Mr. AIKEN. That is a perfectly le-typewriters. gitimate purpose, because today the Gov-

Mr. CORDON. Not by law. ernment has more typewriters than there Mr. BALDWIN. Mr. President, will are employees qualified to use them.

the Senator yield for a question? Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will Mr. CORDON. I yield. the Senator yield? Mr. BALDWIN. In connection with Mr. CORDON. I yield.

the percentage of the list price 'per- Mr. McMAHON. In answer to the ob-mitted, did the committee take into conservation made by the Senator from sideration the fact that some of the dis- Vermont I desire the RECORD to show

.7692 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 that I do not want the Government to purchase one single typewriter it does not need whether made in Connecticut or Vermont or Kalamazoo. But my point is that when it does purchase typewriters it sho:uld purchase them on the same basis that it purchases any other item the ·Government buys.

Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will tlie Senator yield?

Mr. CORDON. I yield. Mr. LANGER. Relative to the ques

tion of surplus typewriters, I should appreciate very much if the Senator, should he know where such typewriters could be obtained, would let me know about it, so we can give the various postmasters in the little towns a typewriter apiece. Some of the typewriters used in small post offices are 30 years old. The postmasters in many of the towns have written to the Post Office Department asking for new typewriters, and were told the Department did not have money with ,which to buy any. So if the Senator will let me know where surplus Government typewriters can be obtained I shall be glad to attempt to locate them.

Mr. CORDON. The inventories taken indicate that there is a vast number of surplus typewriters, and the Senator may locate them through the Director of the Bureau of Supply.

Mr. BALDWIN. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?

Mr. CORDON. I yield. Mr. BALDWIN. I wish to say further

that the typewriter manufacturers and makers in Connecticut do not want the Government to have any more typewriters than it needs. If· the Government does ·not need any, it should not buy them. On the other hand, when it does get around to buying typewriters it ' should buy them on the same 'basis as it buys all other things it needs. Typewriters should not be discriminated against as they are in the bill.

Mr. HAWKES. Mr. President, will the Senator yield.

Mr. CORDON. I yield. Mr. HAWKES. I wish to say to the

Senator from Oregon that there is a great deal of misunderstanding respecting the ·surplUs of typewriters. I want to say for the RECORD that if a young woman or a young man who is being paid three or four thousand dollars a year by the Government has to use a decrepit typewriter, which does n<>t function, it means the loss of a great deal more money than if a new and perfect typewriter were bought for the use of the operator and the old one were turned in as part payment.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the conference report.

The report was agreed to. The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be

fore the Senate a message from the House of Representatives announcing its action on certain amendments of the Senate to House bill 5770, which was read, as follows: IN THE HoUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, U. S.,

June 8, 1948. .Resolved, That the House recede from its

disagreement to the amendment of the Senate No. 12 to the bill (H. R. 5770) making appropriations for the Treasury and Post Office Departments for the fiscal year ending

June 30, 1949, and for other purposes, and concur therein.

That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate No. 15 to said bill and concur therein with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the matter stricken out and inserted by said amendment, insert the following:

"Notwithstanding the foregoing paragraphs, in the event the D_irector of the Btl-

. reau of Federal Supply is unable to furnish any such agency with suitable typewriters out of stock on hand, he may purchase typewriters for the account of such agency: Provided, '!:hat the price paid during any quarter of the fiscal year for such typewriters shall not exceed 90 percent of the lowest net cash price, plus applicable Federal excise taxes, accorded the most-favored customer (other than the Government of the United States, or any agency thereof, and purchasers of typewriters for educ~tional instruction purposes only) of the manufacturer of such machines during the 6-month period immediately preceding such quarter."

That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate No. 34 to said bill and concur therein with an amendment as follows: In line 5 of said amendment, strike out the word "same" and insert "said."

Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, I move that the Senate concur in the amendments of the House to Senate amendments numbered 15 and 34.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on the motion of the Senator from Oregon.

The motion was agreed to. CONSTRUCTION AT NAVAL INSTALLA

TIONs-CONFERENCE REPORT

Mr. SALTONSTALL submitted the following conference report, which was considered by unanimous consent and agreed to : ,•

The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendment of the House to the bill (S. 1675) to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to proceed with the construction of certain public works, and for other purposes, having met, after full and free conference, have a.greed to recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as follows: . That the Senate recede from its disagree

ment to the amendment of the House and agree to the s·ame with amendments as follows:

On page 2 of the House engrofjsed amendment, lines 15 and 16, strike out "one hundred and fifteen duplex houses (two hundred and thirty family units)" and insert in lieu thereof "housing facilities for two hundred and thirty families."

On page 2 of the House engrossed amendment, line 20, strike out "Jersey City" and insert in lieu thereof "Lake Denmark."

.On page 8 of 'the House engrossed amendment, line 23, after the word "unit", insert a colon and the following: "Provided further, That in any case in which the construction at any station of family quarters having a net floor area in excess of one thousand and eighty square feet is prohibited by the provisions of the foregoing proviso, an equal number of family quarters having a net floor area not in excess of one thousand and eighty square feet may be constructed at such station and any funds saved as a result of the construction of such smaller family quarters or as a result of the succeeding proviso may be utilized to construct family quarters having a net floor area not in excess of one thousand and eighty square feet at any Navy station scheduled for retention in the permanent Military Establishment."

· On page 10 of the House engrossed amendment, line 6, strike out "$91,949,950" and insert in lieu thereof "$92,932,600."

On page 10 of the House engrossed amendment, line 8, strike out "$116,532,953" and insert in lieu thereof "$116,756,900."

And the ;House agree to the same. CHAN GURNEY, LEvERETT SALTONSTALL, RAYMOND E. BALDWIN, RICHARD B. RUSSELL, HARRY F. BYRD,

Managers on the Part of the Senate. GEORGE J. BATES, L. c. ARENDS, W. STERLING COLE, LANSDALE G. SASSCER,

Managers on the Part of the Hou_se.

LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, several Senators have asked whether or not there will be a night session. I announced at the beginning of the session that there would be no night session tonight. The unfinished business now is the United Nations resolution, which will be presented tomorrow. It is our intention, if it meets with the approval of Members of the Senate, to begin the session tomorrow at 10:30 a. m. We have a big day ahead of us, and we feel that if we do not have a night session tonight, we can probably gain 30 minutes tomorrow. I may also say that there will be sessions on Friday and Saturday.

It is our intention, when consideration of the United Nations resolution has been concluded, if it meets with the approval of the Senate, to make the reciprocal trade agreements bill the unfinished business.


Mr. WHERRY. I yield. Mr. MAYBANK. Has the Senator

considered the possibility of a Saturday night session?

Mr. WHERRY. There is no intention to have a session on Saturday night.

Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will tha Senator yield?

Mr. WHERRY. I yield. Mr. -AIKEN. Is it the purpose to com

plete the call of the calendar tonight? Mr. WHERRY. Yes. Mr. AIKEN. What about the 35 bills

which have been reported and which are on the-calendar, but not in the folders?

Mr. WHERRY. We shall take care of the bills on the calendar. There are some reports which are not available. We shall have to ask the indulgence of Senators. It is intended to have a call of the calendar next week, to give Senators an opportunity to obtain considera-tion of bills. '

THE CALENDAR

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Pursuant to the order of the Senate, the clerk will state the first business on the calendar.

BILL PASSED OVER

The bill <H. R. 2245) to repeal the tax on oleomargarine was announced as first in order.

SEVERAL SENATORS. Over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bill will be passed over. Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, I want

the RECORD to show that I regret the

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7693 passing over of House bill 2245, Calendar No. 1485. I regret exceedingly that that bill could not have been uonsidered this afternoon. After the overwhelming victory in the House and the overwhelming vote in that body, and the report of the Senate Committee on Finance, we could perhaps pave disposed of the bill this afternoon.

I am particularly interested in that bill because the Representative from my· district originally introduced it in the House. It passed the House by an overwhelming vote. It came to the Senate and was referred to the Committee on Finance, which has reported it. I should like to ask the distinguished Senator from Ohio if he believes that .we shall be able to reach the bill on the must list, ·which I read in the newspapers:

Mr. TAFT. It depends on whether we recess on the 19th or not.

Mr. MA YBANK. In other words, if we do not recess on the 19th--

Mr. TAFT. There is no disposition on the part of our committee to hold up that bill. On the other hand, there are bills of national importance which have been given priority. As soon as we finish what we have planned for consideration, we shall consider that bill among other bills.

Mr. MA YBANK. Certainly the bill of my distinguished friend from California [Mr. KNOWLAND] to provide for the issuance of a special postage stamp in commemoration of the dedication of the Palomar Mountain Observatory is not important. I believe that the oleomargarine bill is important. It is important to every housewife in the United States. It 1s important to the cotton farmers. It is -important to the soybean farmers, and to other industries, as well as to the railroads and the people generally.

I hope some attention will be given the bill before the 19th of this month, so that it may b,e brought up and voted upon on the floor of the Senate.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair reminds Senators that the Senate ·is proceeding· under the 5-minute rule.

Mr. MAYBANK. I quite understand that, Mr. President. STAMP COMMEMORATING DEDICATION

OF PALOMAR MOUNTAIN OBSERVA .. TORY

The bill <S. 2616) to provide for the issuance of a special postage stamp in commemoration of the dedication of the Palomar Mountain Observatory was announced as next in order.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senate bill is similar to House bill 6368, Calendar 1642. Is there objection to substituting the House bill for the Senate bill?

There being no objection, the bill (H. R. 6368) to provide for the issuance of a special postage stamp in commemoration of the dedication of the Palomar Mountain Observatory was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, Senate bill 2616 will be indefinitely postponed.

STATUE OF GEN. JOSE GERVASIO ARTIGAS

The bill <S. 2591) to provide for the acceptance on behalf of the United States

XCIV-485

of a statue of Gen. Jose Gervasio Artigas, and for other purposes, was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to accept on behalf of the Untted State~ the bronze statue of Gen. Jose Gervasio Artigas, as a gift from the people of Uruguay, and erect the same on a suitable site to be selected by the Direc· tor of the National Park· Service, Department of the Interior, with the approval of the Commission of Fine Arts and the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, in a public park or other federally owned property in the District of Columbia. Such statue shall not be erected until the plans and specifications for the pedestal and landscaping have been submitted to and approved by the Commission of Fine • Arts. The preparation of the plans and specifications for the pedestal and landscaping and the erection of the statue shall be under the supervision of the Director of the National Park Service.

SEc. 2. There is authorized to be appropriated such funds as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this act, lnclud· tng the design and construction of a suit· able pedestal for such statue, the landscaping of the adjacent area, and the necessary plans therefor.

INFORMATION CONCERNING THE POTS· DAM AGREEMENT AND VIOLATIONS THEREOF BY SOVIET RUSSIA

The resolution <S. Res. 213) calling on the President for information concerning the Potsdam agreement and violations thereof by Soviet Russia was announced as next in order.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair states to the Senate that the notation on the calendar about an adverse report on the resolution is merely the necessary phraseology under the circumstances. The report is not ,adverse. The report is a complete compliance with the request of the resolution, so that there is no further need for the resolution.

With the consent and agreement of the Senator from Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART] the resolution will be indefinitely postponed.

The clerk ·will state the next measure on the calendar. CREDIT FOR RETIREMENT PURPOSES TO

MEMBERS OF CONGRESS FOR SERVICE IN THE ARMED FORCES

The bill (H. R. 5112) to amend the Civil Service Retirement Act of May 29, 1930, as amended, was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third

·time, and passed. EXTENSION OF MATURITY DATE OF

CERTAIN BRIDGE BONDS

The bill (H. R. 3402) to extend the authorized maturity date of certain bridge revenue bonds to be issued in connection with the refunding of the acquisition cost of the bridge across the Missouri River at Rulo, Nebr., was announced as next in order.

Mr. WILSON. Let the bill go over. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, let me

ask what Senator objected to the present consideration of the bill.

Mr. WILSON. I did. Mr. WHERRY. I wonder whether the

Senato:J;" from Iowa will withhold his ob-

jection until the Senator from Nevada can explain the bill.

Mr. WILSON. I shall be happy to have the Senator from Nevada explain the bill, but after the explanation is made, I shall insist that the bill be passed over.

Mr. WHERRY. Very well. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Ob

jection being made, t}:le bill will be passed over.

Mr. WHERRY subsequently said: Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to revert to Calendar 1490, House bill 3402. It is my understanding now that the objection which was made will not be renewed. I therefore ask for immediate consideration of the bill, if it is agreeable to the Senator who made the objection.

Mr. WILSON. Mr. President, I now withdraw my objection.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Nebraska asks unanimous consent to revert to Calendar 1940, House bill 3402. For the information of the Senate, the clerk will state the bill by title.

The CHIEF CLERK. A bill to extend the authorized maturity date of certain bridge revenue bonds to be issued in connection with the refunding of the acquisition cost of the bridge across the Missouri River at Rulo, Nebr.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the immediate consideration of the bill?

There being no objection, the bill was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

ARKANSAS-MISSISSIPPI BRIDGE COMMISSION

The bill (H. R . . 3915) to increase the size of the Arkansas-Mississippi Bridge Commission, and for other purposes, was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE, FISH, AND

GAME

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill <H. R. 2721> to amend the act of March 10, 1934, entitled "An act to promote the conservation of wildlife, fish, and game, and for other purposes," as amended by the act approved August 14, 1946, which had been reported from the Committee ·on Interstate and Foreign Commerce with amendments, on page 2, in line 1, to strike out "War Department" and insert "Department of the Army"; and in line 5, after the word "Government", to strike out "and shall operate and maintain pool levels" and insert "and, to the maximum extent possible without causing damage to levee and drainage districts, adjacent railroads and ·highways, farm lands, and dam struc-. tures, shall generally operate and maintain pool levels."

The amendments were agreed to. The amendments were ordered to be

engrossed and the bill to be read a third time.·

The bill was read the third time and passed. PROHIBITION OF IMPORTATION OF FOR

EIGN WILD ANIMALS AND BIRDS

The Senate proceeded to consider the 'bill (S. 1447) to prohibit the importation of foreign wild animals and birds

/


under conditions other than humane, and for other purposes, which had been reported from the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce with amendments, on page 1, in line 6, after the word "amended", to strike out "(1) by inserting '(a)' immediately following 'SEc. 241.', (2) by striking out 'section' whenever it appears thereafter and inserting in lieu thereof 'subsection', and (3) by adding at the end thereof the following new subsections" and insert "to read as follows."

On pages 2 and 3, to strike out : (b) Each special permit issued under sub

section (a) shall prescribe such requirements as the Secretary of the Interior shall deem necessary for the transportation of wild animals and birds under humane and healthful conditions. It shall be unlawful for any person, including any importer and any master or person in charge of any vessel or other conveyance, knowingly to cause or permit any wild animal or bird to be transported to the United States, or any Territory or District thereof, under inhumane or unhealthful conditions or in violation of such requirements. When the Secretary shall determine that any wild animal or bird has been imported in violation of this subsection he may suspend the issuance of further permits to the importer thereof for such time as the Secretary shall deem proper. In any criminal prosecution for violation of this subsection and in any administrative proceeding for t;he suspension of the issuance of further permits-- ·

(1) the condition of any vessel or conveyance, or the enclosures in which wild animals or birds are confined therein, upon its arrival in the United States, or any Territory or District thereof, shall constitute relevant evidence in determining whether the provisions of this subsection have been violated; and

(2) the presence in such vessel or conveyance at such time of a substantial ratio of dead, crippled, diseased, or starving wild ·animals or birds shall be deemed prima facie evidence of the violation of the provisions of this subsection.

(c) Upon the arrival in any State, Territory, or District of the United States, of any vessel or other conveyance bearing wild animals or birds, any representative of any humane agency authorized by the law of such State, Territory, or District to investigate humane conditions of animal or bird life therein may (1) enter such vessel or conveyance with the consent of the master or person in charge thereof; (2) assist the customs officers of the United States in determining the health conditions of such wild animals and birds, and whether they have been accorded humane treatment while in ·transit; and (3) treat or procure treatment for sick and injured animals and birds and remove from such vessel or conveyance those which are beyond recovery,

And insert: SEc. 241. (a) The importation into the

United States or any Territory or district thereof, of the mongoose, the so-called flying foxes or fruit bats, the English sparrow, the starling, and such other birds and animals as the Secretary of the Interior may from time to time declare to be injurious to the interests of agriculture or horticulture, is hereby prohibited; and all such birds and animals shall, upon arrival at any port of the United States, be destroyed or returned at the expense of the owner. Nothing in this subsection shall restrict the importation of natural-history specimens for museums or scientific collections, or of certain cage birds, such as domesticated canaries, parrots,· or such other birds as the Secretary of the Interior may designate. The Secretary of

the Treasury is hereby authorized to make regulations for carrying into effect the provisions of this subsection and subsection (b).

(b) The Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe such requirements and issue such permits as he may deem necessary for the transportation of wild animals and birds under humane and healthful conditions, and it shall be unlawful for any person, including any importer, knowingly to cause or permit any wild animal or bird to be transported to the United States, or any Territory or district thereof, under inhumane or unhealthful conditions or in violation of such requirements. In any criminal prosecution for violation of this subsection and in any administrative proceeding for the suspension of the issuance of further permits-

(1) the condition of any vessel or conveyance, or the enclosures in which wild animals or birds are confined therein, upon its arrival in the United States, or any Territory br district thereof, shall constitute relevant evidence in determining whether the provisions of this subsection have been violated; and

(2) the presence in such vessel or conveyance at such time of a substantial ratio of dead, crippled, diseased, or starving wild animals or bkds shall be deemed prima facie evidence of the violation of the provisions of this subsection.

So as to make the bill read: Be it enacted, etc., That section 241 of the

act entitled "An act to codify, revise, and amend the penal laws of the United States," approved March 4, 1909 (U. S. C., title 18, sec. 391), is amended to read as follows:

"SEc. 241. (a) The importation into the United States or any Territory or district thereof, of the mongoose, the so-called flying foxes or fruit bats, the English sparrow, the starling, and such other birds and animals as the Secretary of the Inter-ior may from time to time declare to be injurious to the interests of agriculture or horticulture, is hereby prohibited; and all' such birds and animals shall, up'on arrival at any port of the United States, be destroyed or returned at the expense of the owner. Nothing in this subsection shall restrict the importation of natural-history specimens for museums or scientific collections, or of certain cage birds, such as domesticated canaries, parrots, or such other birds as the Secretary of the Interior may designate. The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby au-thorized to make regulations for carrying into effect the provisions of this subsection and subsection (b).

" (b) The Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe such requirements and issue such permits as he may deem necessary for the transportation of wild animals and birds under hum!'Cne and healthful conditions, and it shall be unlawful for any person, including any importer, knowingly to cause or permit a:r:y wild animal or bird to be transported to the United States, or any Territory or district thereof, under inhumane or unhealthful conditions or in violation of such requirements. In any criminal prosecution for violation of this subsection and in any administrative proceeding for the suspension of the issuance of further permits-

" ( 1) the condition of any vessel or conveyance, or the enclosures in which wild animals or birds. are confined therein, upon its arrival ln the United States, or any Territory or district thereof, shall constitute relevant evidence in determining whether the provi-

-sions of this subsection have been violated; anH ·

"(2) the presence in such vessel' or. conveyance at such time ot: a substantial ratio of dead, crippled, diseased, or starving wild animals or birds shall be deemed prima facie evidence of the violation of the provisions of this subsection."

The amendments were agreed to.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

STOPPAGE OF WORK ON CERTAIN COMBATANT VESSELS

The bill <S. 2400) to authorize the President, in his discretion, to permit the stoppage of work on certain combatant vessels was considered, ordered to be en,grossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That the proviso of title III of the Second Supplemental Surplus Appropriation Rescission Act, 1946, under the heading "Increase and replacement of naval vessels" (60 Stat. 227}, in the discretion of the President shall not apply to the following vessels: Kentucky (BB66), Hawaii (CB3), Wagner (DE539) Vandiver (DE540), Castle (DD720), Woodrow R. Thompson (DD721), Lansdale (DD766), Seymour D. Owens (DD767), Hoel (DD768), Abner Read (DD769), Seaman (DD791), Unicorn (SS436), and Walrus (SS437).

EXTENSION OF FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF FEDERAL PRISON INDUSTRIES, INC., TO MILITARY DISCIPLINARY BARRACKS

The bill (S. 2621) authorizing the ex-tension of the functions and duties of Federal Prison Industries, Inc., to military disciplinary barracks, was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That to the extent and under such terms and conditons as may be agreed upon by the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General, and the Board of Directors of Federal Prison Industries, Inc., the provisions of the act of May 27, 1930 (ch. 340, 46 Stat. 391; 18 U. S. C. 744a-h); the act of June 23, 1934 (ch. 736, 48 Stat. 1211; 18 U. s. C. 744i-n); and Executive prder 6917, dated December 11, 1934, shall apply to the industrial employment and training of pris_<mers convicted b¥ general courts martial and confined in any institution under the jurisdiction of any department or agency comprising the National Military Establishment.

SEC. 2. Transfer by any department or agency comprising the National Military Establishment to Federal Prison Industries, Inc., . without exchange of funds is authorized of any property or equipment suitable for use in carrying out the functions and performing the duties covered by any agreement entered into under section 1 hereof.

SEc. 3. In addition to the members of the Board of Directors of Federal Prison Industries, Inc., authorized by section 2 of the act of June 23, 1934 (ch. · 736, 48 Stat. 1211; 18 U.S. C. 744j), the President shall appoint an additional member of the Board as a representative of tne Secretary of Defense. Such additional member shall serve at the will of the President and without compensation.

SEC. 4. For its own use in the industrial employment and training of prisoners and not for transfer or disposition, transfers of surplus property under the Surplus Property Act of 1944 may be made to Federal Prison Industries, Inc., without reimbursement or transfer of funds.

PREVENTION OF RETROACTIVE CHECKAGE OF RETIRED PAY OF CERTAIN ENLISTED MEN AND WARRANT OF- 1

FICERS

The bill <H. R. 5344) to prevent retroactive checkage of retired pay in the cases of certain enlisted men and warrant officers appointed or advanced to commissioned rank or grade under the act of July 2'4, 1941 (55 Stat. 603), as

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7695 amended, and for other purposes, was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. ·

THE FILES OF THE FBI

Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, on the 20th of May, during the debate on Senate bill 1004, a measure "to amend the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 so as to grant specific authority to the Senate Members of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy to require investigations by the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the character, associations, and loyalty of persons nominated for appointment," I made a statement in discussing the matter with

· the Senator from Iowa [Mr. HICKENLOOPER] and the Senator from Dlinois [Mr. LUCAS] which implied that the FBI office kept files on all important persons in public life.

My statement was called to the attention of Mr. J. Edgar Hoover; and under date of ~ay 22, he wrote me a letter on the subject, which I have asked his permission to publish in the RECORD in order to clarify the position of the FBI with regard to this important question. I have just received, from Mr. Hoover, a letter saying that he will be glad to have his letter published. ·Since the letter is short I shall read it: FED'ERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,

Wqshington, D. C. May 22, 1948. Hon. H. ALEXANDER SMITH,

United States Senate, washington, D. c.

MY DEAR SENATOR: Your remarks on the ........ floor on May 20 in connection with debates

on Senate ' bill 1004 have been called to my attention, particularly that portion wherein you stated you called the FBI office and inquired whether a special investigation was made of the members appointea to the Atomic Energy Commission and you were told: "No, there was not. We keep files on all important persons, • • *"

Following your reference to the maintenance of files on all important persons, several other Senators picked this up and I have no doubt that the old charge will now be revived that the FBI maintains files on prominent persons.

As you stated, you did call the Bureau about noon on April 2, 1947, and inquired of one of my assistants whether the FBI had investigated the members of the Commission. You were correctly advised that we had not and this fact was later developed by both Senator HICKENLOOPER and you. Senator HrcKENLOOPER was advised and I am sure you were, that we had merely checked our files and furnished any information therein to the President upon the President's request. Obviously, information does come into the Bureau in connection with official matters on individuals who are not the specific subjects of investigations and in such instances, this information is maintained in the files. However, it would be most incorrect to state that the FBI keeps files on all important persons.

Later in the debate, innuendoes by others indicated that the FBI maintained files on Congressmen. This is certainly incorrect except insofar as files containing correspondence with various Members of Congress are concerned.

I did want to drop you this · personal note in. order that if the question should come up at any future time on the types of files maintained in the Bureau, you will have the fact s .

With best wishes anq kind regards, Sincerely yours, ,

J . EDGAR HOOVER.

Mr. President, I am happy to publish this letter in order to make clear the position of the FBI on this question . .. HEADSTONES FOR UNMARKED GRAVES OF

MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill <H. R. 4272) to provide for the procurement and supply of Government headstones or markers for unmarked graves of members of the armed forces dying in the service or after honorable discharge therefrom, and other persons, and for other purposes, which had been repprted from the Committee on Armed Services with an amendment, on page 2, after the word "cemeteries", to strike out: "The Secretary of the Army is also authorized and directed to furnish appropriate memorial markers at the request of the next of kin for all members of the armed forces of the United States dying in service on or after September 3, 1939, and whose bodies have not been recovered. These memorial markers may be placed in a national cemetery at appropriate places designated by the Secretary at the request of the next of kin

'or may be delivered to the next of kin to be placed in some cemetery of his choice. In the event same is to be placed in a cemetery other than a national cemetery, no expense will be bo.rne by the Government other than the cost of the memorial marker and the shipping costs" and insert "The Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force are authorized and directed to comPile a list of the names of all members of the armed forces of the United States who died while serving in such forces in the overseas theaters of operations on or after September 3, 1939, and whose bodies have not been recovered or identified or have been buried at sea. Upon the compilation of such list of names and other appropriate data, the Am~rican Battle Monuments Commission and the Secretary of the Army are authorized and directed to provide for the inscribing of each such name and.pertinent data with respect to the individual on the wall of a chapel or other appropriate memorial erected by the American Battle Monuments Commission or by the Department of the Army. In determining the particular chapel or other memorial on the wall of which any particular name shall be inscribed, the Commission and the Secretary shall follow the general rule of having the name inscribed upon the wall of that chapel or other memorial which is appropriate in view of the circumstances under which the deceased died in the service of his c'ountry."

The amendment was agreed to. The amendment was ordered to be en

grossed and the bill to be read a third time. ·

The bill was read the third time and passed. PAYMENTS TO SURVIVING BROTHERS OF

DECEASED MEMBERS AND FORMER MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES

The bill <H. R. 5758) to amend fur-ther the Armed Forces Leave Act of 1946 as amended, to permit certain payment~ to be made to surviving brothers and sisters, and nieces and nephews, of de-

ceased members and former members of the armed forces, was . considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. DELEGATION TO THE SECRETARY OF THE

NAVY OF CERTAIN DISCRETIONARY POWERS

The bill (H. R. 4032) to amend certain provisiqns of law relating to the naval service so as to authorize the delegation to the Secretary of the Navy of certain discretionary powers vested in the President of the United States, was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. CONVEYANCE TO OKALOOSA COUNTY,

FLA., OF SANTA ROSA ISLAND

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill <H. R. 3735) to authorize and direct the Secretary of War to donate and convey to Okaloosa County, State of ~lorida, all the right, title, and interest of the United States in and to a portion of Santa Rosa Island, Fla., and for other purposes, which had been reported from the Committee on Armed Services with amendments.

The first amendment was, on page 1, after line 2, to strike out: "That the Secretary of War is authorized and directed to donate and convey to Okaloosa County, State of Florida, for public recreational purposes, and subject to the further limitations ·and restrictions, hereinafter enumerated, all the right, title, and int'erest of the United States in and to a portion of Santa Rosa Island, Fla., extending 1 rr ... ile east from Brooks Bridge on United States Highway 98 near the town of Fort Walton, Fla., except for a strip of land 600 feet wide (300 feet east and 300 feet west from center line of road leading to radar site "Dick''), extending from Highway 98 to the mean low water level of the Gulf of Mexico, and 2 miles west from said bridge, and to that part of Santa Rosa Island which lies east of the new channel at Es.st Pass <consisting of two small. islands), said property being under the jurisdiction of the War Department'.' and insert "That the Secretary of the Army is authorized to convey, subject to the limitations and conditions hereinafter enumerated and such others as he may prescribe, to Okaloosa County, State of Florida, for recreational purposes, all right, title, and interest of the United States in and to all or any part of that portion of Santa Rosa Island, Fla., extending 1 mile east froni Brooks Bridge on United States Highway 98 near the town of Fort Walton, Fla., except for a strip of land 600 feet wide <300 feet east and 300 feet west from center line of road leading to radar site "Dick"), extending from Highway 98 to the mean low water level of the Gulf of Mexico, and 2 miles west from said bridge, and to all or any part of that portion of said Santa Rosa Island which lies east of the new channel at East Pass (consisting of two small islands), said property being under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Army. Such conveyance shall be made upon payment by said county of a sum which shall be equal to .the fair value of the property conveyed, based upon the highest and best use of the propzrty at the time it is

/


offered for sale without regard to its former character or ust!, as determined by the Secretary, less such portion of the price originally paid by said county for said island, prior to its conveyance to the United States, as the Secretary shall determine to be fair and equitable."

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 3,

line 17, after the word ''Dick", to insert "the fence erected at the westerly limit to. be maintained by Okaloosa County and the fence erected around radar site 'Dick' to be maintained by the Department of the Army."

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 4,

line 4, after the words "Secretary of", to strike out "War" and insert "the Army"; and in line 9, after the words "Secretary of", to strike out "or" and insert "the Army."

The·amendment was agreed to. The amendments were ordered to be

engrossed and the bill to be read a third time. ·

The bill was read the third time and passed.

The title was amended so as to read: "An act to authorize the Secretary of the Army to sell and convey to Okaloosa County, State of Florida, all the right, title, and interest of the United Statel? in and to a portion of Santa Rosa Island, Fla., and for other purposes."

BILL PASSED OVER

The bill <H. R. ·5882) to authorize the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force to donate excess and surplus property for educational purposes, was announced as next in order.

SEVERAL SENATORS. Over. The. PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bill will be passed over. RANK OF ASSISTANT CHIEF OF

ENGINEERS

The bill <S. 2770) to fix the rank of the Assistant to the Chief of Engineers in charge of river and harbor and floodcontrol improvements, was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That the officer of the Corps of Engineers assigned to duty as Assistant to the Chief of Engineers in charge of -civil works, including river and harbor and flood-control improvements, shall, while assigned to such duty, have the rank, pay, and allowances of a brigadier general: Provided, That this position shall not be charged against the authorized strength of general officers of the Regular Army: Provided further, That the pay and allowances, mileage and· travel allowances, of the officer holding such position shall be paid from the appropriations for the work or works upon which

/ he is engaged.

AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL-AID ROAD ACT OF 1916

The bill <H. R. 5888) to amend and supplement the Federal-Aid Road Act approved July 11, 1916, was announced as next in order.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is. there objection to the present consideration of the bill?

Mr. BALL. Mr. President, I think the bill is rather important. I do not like

to object, but I should like an explanation.

Mr. COOPER. Mr. President", at this time I want to thank the distinguished chairman of the Committee on Public Works [Mr. REVERCOMB] and my colleagues on the Subcommittee on Public Lands, the distinguished Senators from New Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ], from Florida [Mr. HoLLAND], from Utah [Mr. WATKINS], and Delaware [Mr. WILLIAMS] for the long and faithful work in developing this bill. Mr. President, the bill, H. R. 5888, as amended by the Committee on Public Works, amends the Federal-Aid Road Act of 1916, as amended, for the purpose of authorizing annual appropriations to the States for the construction of roads for the fiscal years 1950 and 1951. The principal provisions of the bill are as follows:

First, an annual appropriation of $400,ooo;ooo for the fiscal years 1950 _and 1951 is authorized. No change is made in the formula for apportioning the shares of the States, nor in the distribution of the amount allocated to each State for use on the three types of sys-. terns, the Federal-aid primary system, the secondary system, and the urban system. The bill takes note of present-day needs in road building, and chiefly because of the leadership of the chairman of the Committee on Public Works, the distinguished Senator from West Virginia [Mr. REVERCOMB] we ·have provided that if a State chooses to use any part of its allocation for the primary system, or the interstate system, a network of some 38,000 miles which has been designated by the Federal and State road departments as most important to communication and defense needs, the Federal Government may pay 60 percent of the cost against 40 percent paid by the State. It is hoped that this provision may initiate the completion of a network of high-type roads.

It should be rioted, however, that this provision does not require any increase in the appropriation. It is simply a division of the authorization to expedite work upon the interstate system.

A second change is the provision which permits the full application of funds which a State may not be able to match, to the construction of primary roads traversing a national forest area. This provision will assist States with large nontaxable areas, hasten road construction through national-forest areas, and assist in the development and use of their resources.

Again it must be noted that this change requires no increase in the total amount of authorization.

Third, the Commissioner is directed to inform the Congress by April 1, 1949, of the condition of what is known as the strategic network of highways in this country, upon the theory that those roads which are necessary for national defense should have their condition made lmown to the Congress.

The House bill has been amended with respect to other appropriations. The $25,000,000 authorized by the House for the construction of forest highways is reduced to $20,000,000 and the $12,500,-000 for the construction of development trails within the forests, is increased to

$20,000,000- The amount authorized for the construction of forest highways may be obligated by .the Commissioner of Public Roads as funds are now obligated for the Federal highways system by agreement upon specific projects. The sum of $12,500,000 is authorized for parkways and roads between our national parks, and $10,000,000 for roads and trails within national parks representing increases respectively of $2,500,000 and $5,750,000. These amounts cannot be contractually obligated, however, by action of the Commissioner of Public Roads.

The same amount previously authorized for Indian-reservation roads, namely, $6,000,000, is authorized.

. A change in the existing law is made with respect to the allotment of funds for administrative research and investigational expense. Heretofore 2% percent of the funds actually appropriated could be used for administrative expenses. By reason of the fact a long period of time is required to use the funds on specific projects, and because of increases in salaries, and other administrative expenses, we have increased the percentage of funds that may be used for administrative expense from 2% to 3% percent.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, the Senator 'from Kentucky will be permitted to exceed the 5-minute limit.

Mr. COOPER. I call attention to the report of the committee urging the Commission to develop standards which will expedite the building of farm-to-market roads. This was urged by the American Farm Bureau and Farm Grange. In comparing the bill agreed to by Senate Committee on Publie Works with the bill passed by the House, the Senate will note these changes:

The House authorized appropriations for three fiscal years, 1950, 1951, and 1952. The Committee on Public Works makes authorization only for two fiscal years, 1950 and 1951.

Some $300,000,000 of the $1,500,000,-000 authorized in 1944, has not yet been programmed by the States, and actual contracts are far behind. There is an inequality of progress in the P.fograms of the various States. It was believed that it would be wise to review this program again in 2 years rather than 3 years.

Second, the bill reduces the annual authorization from $500,000,000 to $400,000,000. This action was taken because the facts show that the Federal Bureau of Public Roads and the States have not been able to obligate more than $400,000,000 a year of the $1,500,000,000 authorized in 1944 and have not actually ·contracted or spent over $900,000,-000 of the billion and a half dollars. It it believed that in the next 3 years . $400,000,000 will be as much as can be efficiently used.

I should like to point out, so that the Senate will know and that there may be no misunderstanding, that there is no authorization for the fiscal year 1949. There have been some inquiries on this subject. The President asked for authorizations for 1950 and 1951 only . . The Commissioner of Public Roads made rec-

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7697 ommendations only for those·years. The Association of State Highway Officials asked for appropriations only for those years. Following these recommendations, we did not authorize the appropriations for this fiscal year. None is needed, because there is a large volume of funds previously authorized which have not actually been programed by the States, and upon which contracts have not actu-

• ally been let. This carry-over of funds from previous years will be available, and to insure that there will be no lapse in the road program of any State the Commissioner of ·public Roads is authorized immediately to apportion the amount authorized for 1950, so that it may become available to - the States for programing. There will be no hiatus in the program of road construction.

An amendment will be offered which will clarify the situation. This amendment was developed as the result of conferences with the Commissioner, highway officials of New Jersey, the distinguished Senator from New Jersey [Mr. SMITH], and the committee.

Mr. SMITH. Mr. President, will the Senator yield?

Mr. COOPER. I yield. , Mr. SMITH. In the method of allo

cating these funds the appropriation brought a"Qo~t a situatio:t:t in several States, my·owh State of New Jersey, California, Texds, and the District of Columbia. If the amendment which I shall offer is not accepted, it is possible that there will 'be a break in the continuity of construction which those States are carrying on, because up to date they have used their full allocation and, therefore, they have no leeway. ·

I have asked the Senator from· Kentucky if he will accept an amendment to allow the States to continue their construction during the coming year. I should like to ask the clerk to read the amendment, and I shall ask for its inclusion.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Let the Chair inquire whether there is objection to the consideration of the bill.

There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to consider the bill <H. R. 5888) · to amend and supplement the Federal Aid Ro~d Act approved July 11, 1916 <39 Stat. 359), as amended and supplemented, to authorize appropriations for continuing the construction. of highways, and for other purposes, which had been reported from the Committee on Public Works with amendments.

The amendments were o.n page 1, line 6, to strike out "postwar"; on line 10 to strike out ''$500,000,000" and insert "$400,000,000"; on page 2, line 2, after "1951", to strike out "and a like sum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1952;" in line 10, after "<58 Stat. 838)" to strike out "except that f.or the purposes of this act and all subsequent acts continuing the postwar construction and reconstruction of highways in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1944, (1) the term 'secondary and feeder roads' and the term 'principal secondary and feeder roads', wherever used in the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1944, shall include county and township roads; and (2) in selecting county and township roads on which funds are

to be expended, the State highway departments shall cooperate with township trustees and other appropriate local road officials." .

On page 3, beginning in line 3, to strike out:

Any sums apportioned to any State under the provisions of this section shall be available for expenditure in that State for three fiscal- years after the close of the fiscal year for which such sums are authorized, and any amount so apportioned remaining unexpended at the end of such period shall elapse: Provided, That such funds shall be deemed to have been expended if covered by formal agreement with the Commissioner of Public Roads for the improvement of a specific project as provided by this act.

And insert: Any sums apportioned to any State under

- the provisions of this section shall be available for expenditure in that State for one fiScal year after the close of the fiscal year for which such sums are authorized, and any sums apportioned to qny State under section 4 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, approved December 20, 1944, shall be available for expenditure in that State for three fiscal years after the close of the fiscal year for which such sums are authorized and any amount so apportioned remaining unexpended at the end of such period shall lapse: Provided, That such funds for any fiscal year shall be deemed to have been expended if a sum equal to the total of the sums apportioned to tb,e State for such fiscal year is covered by formal agreements with the Commissioner of Public Roads for the improvement of specific projects as ·provided by this act.

On page 4, beginning in line 3, to strike out:

SEc. 2. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of section 23 of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 (42 Stat. 218), as amended and supplemented, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated the sum of $25,000,000 for forest highways for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1950, a like sum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1951, and a like sum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1952; and there is .hereby authorized to be appropriated tne sum of $12,500,000 for forest development roads and trails for the fis.cal year ending June 30, 1950, a like sum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1951, and a like sum for the fiscal -year ending June 30, 1952, subject to the proviso in section 9 of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1944 respecting the apportionment for forest highways in Alaska.

And insert: SEc. 2. (a) Following the approval of this

act, when funds heretofore, herein, or hereafter made available for expenditure In accordance with the provisions of the Federal Highway Act, as amended and supplemented, on the Federal-aid highway system or on the Federal-aid highway system in urban areas are expended for any project on the National System of Interstate Highways, designated in accordance with the provisions of section 7 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, the Federal share payable on account of any such project may be 60 percent of the cost thereof plus a percentage of the remainder of such cost as now authorized by section 5 (a) of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944.

(b) Tlle Commissioner of Public Roads is hereby directed to cooperate with the State highway departments in a study of the status of improvement of the national system of interstate highways, designated in accordance with the provisions of section 7 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944; to invite the cooperation and suggestions of the Secretary qf Defense and the National Security Re-

sources Board as to their indicated or potential needs for improved highways for the national defense; and to supplement, not later than April 1, 1949, the report dated February 1, 1941, entitled "Highways for the National Defense" (77th Cong., 1st sess.), to refiect current conditions and deficiencies.

SEc. 3. (a) For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of section 23 of the Federal Highway Act (42 Stat. 218), as amended and supplemented, there is hereby authorized to be appropi'iated (1) for forest highways the sum of $20,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1950, and a like sum ,for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1951, subject to the provision of section 9 of the Federal-Aid Highway .Act of 1944 respecting the apportionment

· for forest highways in Alaska; and (2) for forest development roads and trails the sum of $20,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1950, and a like sum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1951: Provided, That immediately upon the passage of this act the appropriation herein authorized for forest highways for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1950, shall be apportioned by the Federal Works Administrator for expenditure in the several States, Alaska, and Puerto Rico, according to the area and value of the land owned by the Government within the national forests therein which the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby directed to determine and certify to him from such information, sources, and departments as the Secretary of Agriculture may deem most accurate, and hereafter, on or before January 1 next preceding the commencement of each succeeding fiscal year the Federal Works Administrator shall make like apportionment of the appropriation authorized for such fiscal year: Provided further, . That the Commissioner of Public Roads may incur obligations, approve projects, and enter into contracts under the apportionment of such authorizations, and his a~tion in so doing shall be deemed a contractual obligation of the Federal Government for the payment of the cost thereof: Provided further, That the appropriations made pursuant to authorizations heretofore, herein, and hereafter enacted for forest highways shall be considered available to the Commissioner of Public Roads for the purpose of discharging the obliga~ions created hereunder in any State or Territory: Provided further, That the total expenditures on account of any State or Territory shall at no time exceed its authorized apportionment: Provided further., That appropriations for forest highways shall be administered in conformity with regulations jointly approved by the Federal Works Administrator and the S~cretary of Agriculture: Provided further, That the Commissioner of Public Roads shall transfer to the Chief of the Forest Service from appropriations for forest highways such amounts as • may be needed to cover necessary administrative expenses of the Forest Service in connection with the forest-highway program: And provided further, That if, as to any State wherein such forest highways are located, it is not found feasible to expend all of the funds apportioned under section 1 of this act for the purposes for which such funds were so apportioned, the Commissioner of Public Roads in his discretion, and upon application in writing by the State highway department of such State, may agree with such State to pay, from the funds apportioned under section 1 of this act to such State and within the time such funds are available for expenditure, any or all of the funds which are not covered by formal agreements with the Commissioner of Public Roads for the improvements of specific projects as provided by this act, for payment up to ~he full cost of the construction of such forest highways across national forest lands within such State.

(b) The authorization in section 9 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 for forest highways for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1948, is hereby canceled.-

'

7698 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 (c) Hereafter, construction work on forest

development .roads and trails, pursuant to the provisions of section 23 of the Federal Highway Act of November 9, 1921, as amended and supplemented, estimated to cost $10,000 or more per mile, exclusive of bridges, shall be advertised and let to contract. If su~h estimated cost is less than $10,000 per mile, or if, after proper advertising, no acceptable bid is received, or the bids are deemed excessive, the work may be done by the Secretary of Agriculture on his own account.

On page Q, line 16, to strike out "3" and insert "4"; in line 24, to strike out "$4,-250,000" and insert "$10,000,000"; in line 25, after the figures "1950", insert "and"; . On page 9, lines 1 and 2, strike out "and a like sum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1952"; in line 9, to strike out "$10,-000,000" and insert "$12,500,000"; in line 10, after "1950", to insert "and"; in line 11, after "1951" to strike out "and a like sum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1952"; in line 19, after "1950", insert ''and"·

On Pa,ge 10, line 1, to strike out "4" and insert "5"; -

On the same page, after line 4, to add a new section as follows:

SEc. 6. The first paragraph of section 21 of the Federal Highway Act, approved November 9, 1921 (23 U. S. C. 21), is hereby amended to read as follows:

"That so much, not to exceed 3% percent, of all moneys appropriated or authorized to be appropriated for expenditure under the

. provisions of this act, as -the Federal Works Administrator may deem necessary for administering the provisions of this act and for carrying on necessary highway research and investigational studies independently or in cooperation with the State highway departments and other research agencies, and for publishing the results thereof, shall be deducted therefrom for s~ch purposes when the apportionment is made and the amount so deducted shall be available until expended from appropriations made under the provisions of this act: Provided, That should the apport ionment of the amounts authorized for the third postwar fiscal year be made in accordance with section 4 of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 before the approval of this act, a revised apportionment may be made and the increased amount author-ized by this section deducted for administration, research, and investigatioi.lal studies."

And on page 11, line 1, to strike out "5" and insert "7."

The amendments were agreed to. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

Senator from New Jersey [Mr. SMITH] offers an amendment which the clerk will state: ·

The CHIEF CLERK. On page 3, line 2, after "1944," it is proposed to add a colon and to insert the following proviso: "Provided, That the authorization for the fiscal year 1950 shall be apportioned among the States as soon as practicable after July 1, 1948, but not later .than September 1, 1948."

The amendment was agreed to.

an<l for other purposes, was announced as next in order. ·

Mr. WILLIAMS. I ask that the bill be passed over.

Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, if the Senator fz:om Delaware will withhold his objection for a moment, I should like to explain the bill so that it may be clear. Next to the legislation providing for a . 70-group air force, this is perhaps the most important m~sure recommended by the Joint Congressional Aviation Policy Board, as it is entirely fundamental to the future of our air trans\port and our commercial development. While the bombing raids were the most spectacular . feature of air operations during the last war, it ·is very true that the most significant development was the use of air for transportation both of cargo and personnel. I believe approxi-

. mately 15,000 DC-3's and approximately 5,000 DC-4's served, both of which types were developed by private enterprise. Several of the aircraft companies and air lines, seeking in the good old-fashioned American way to carry on, have undertaken the development of new types and have literally lost their shirts. It cost between $25,000,000 and $40,000,-000 for the development of a prototype, and after investing such sums they lost. practically everything they had.

So it was considered by the Joint Congressional Policy Board and the President's Board, and by all Government agencies concerned, . both military and civilian, that in the future we can no longer rely upon private enterprise for this development. So they recommended this method of meeting this problem.

I may say that in the revolutionary development of jet transport, the British have now developed an eight-engine jet transport which is 2 years along in development. We have no comparable plane, and will be at a very serious disadvantage, both for military and civilian use, in the not distant future.

It is absolutely imperative for the normal development of our air progress, both for military transport of cargo and per

- sonnel and for commercial development, that this authorization be made before

· the end of this session, in order that the matter may be studied, and we may not lose further time in this development. This bill has the support of everyone concerned in the Senate and in the House, in the Government agencies, and in all private agencies.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection-to the present consideration of the bill?

Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, I have already explained to the Senator from Maine that I was going to ask that this bill go over today in order that I might have an opportunity to study it.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be passed over.

The amendments were ordered to be engrossed and the bill to be read the third time.

The bill was read the third time and I passed. f;-

POWERS OF CIVIL AERONAUTICS ADMINISTRATOR .

DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

The bill <S. 2644) to provide for the development of civil transport aircraft adaptable for auxiliary military services,

The bill <S. 2466) to amend the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended, by redefining certain powers of the Admin.: istrator, and for other purposes, was announced as next in order. - Mr. BARKLEY. Over.

Mr. BREWSTER. Mr. President, I should like to say a word regarding this bill also. It merely provides for the evolution of our air waves activity in recognition of radar and· other aids. Formerly there was simply an airport, and we needed little besides, but now we must have air waves, we must have radar facilities, antl it is essential that authority shall exist in the Civil Aeronautics Administration for the development bothin regard to the civil airways and also for our defense against ·overseas approach.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the present consideration of the bill?

Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, at the request of a Senator who-has not had an opportunity to look into the bill; I ask to have it go over in order that he may do so. ·

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The biH will be passed over. · PAY AND ALLOWANCES FOR PENSIONERS

The bill <S. 2670) to amend section 10 of the act of August 2, 1946, relating to the receipt of pay, allowances, travel, or other expenses while drawing a pension, disability allowance, disability compensation, or retired pay, and for other purposes, was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a. third reading; read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That se~tion 10 of the act approved August 2, 1946 (60 Stat. 854), is hereby: amended to read as follows:

"No member of the Naval Reserve or Marine Corps Reserve on active duty or on active duty for training shall be entitled to· draw any pension, disability _allowance, disability compensation, retainer pay, or retirement pay from the Government of the United States,

· by virtue of prior military and naval service, while receiving any pay, allowances, travel, or other expenses for periods of active duty or active duty for training: Provided, That nothing contained in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the enlistment or appointment in the Naval Reserve or Marine Corps Reserve of any person who may be drawing such pension, disability allowance, or disability compensation: Provided further, That personnel mentioned in this section who perform active duty or active duty for training shall, for the periods of such duty, be entitled to receive either (1) the compensation for such duty, including any travel or other expenses incident thereto, or (2) the pension, disability allowance, disability compensation, retainer pay or retirement pay, but not both; and unless they specifically request the latter, they shall receive the former for the periods of such duty."

SEC. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, a member of a reserve component of the -¥my of the United States or of the Air Force of the United States, who may be drawing a pension, disability allowance, disability compensation, or retired pay from the Government of the United States, may elect, with reference to periods of active duty or drill, training, ~nstruction, or other duty for which he shall be entitled to receive compensation pursuant to the provisions of the act approved March 25, 1948 (Public Law 460, 80th Cong.), to receive either ( 1) the compensation for such duty and when authorized by law. shall include travel or other expenses incident thereto, and subsistence and quarters, or commutation thereof, or (2) such pension, disability allowance, disability compensation, or retired pay, but not both; and unless he specifically requests the latter

I •

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7699 he shall receive the former for such periods of duty.

SEC. 3. Section 1 of this act shall be effective from July 1, 1947.

APPOINTMENTS TO THE NAVY MEDICAL ·sERVICES CORPS

The bill <S. 2366) to amend section 202 of title II of the ArmY-Navy Medical Services Corps Act of 1947, as amended, to remove the present restrictions on appointments to the Navy Medical Service Corps was announced as next in order.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. This bill is the same as Calendar No. 1612, House bill 5983. Is there objection to the substitution of the House bill and its consideration?

There being no objection, the Senate _proceeded to consider the bill (H. R. 5983) to amend section 202 of title II of the Army-Navy Medical Services Corps Act of 1947, which was ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, Senate bill 2366 will be indefinitely postponed. TRANSFER TO ALASKA OF THE .ARMY

VESSEL "HYGIENE"

The bill (H. R. 3833) to authorize and direct the Sec;:retary of the Army to transfer- to the Territory of Alaska the

J.. title of th€! .(\rmy vessel Hygiene was considered, orQ.~~d to a third reading, read _the third ti~e. and passed. POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS WEAPONS IN

THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

The Senate proceeded to · consider the bill <S. 2028) to amend the law relating to the possession, carrying, and acquisition of pistols and other dangerous weapons in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes; which had been reported from the Committee on the District of Columbia with an amendment to strike out all after the enacting clause and to insert: · -

That the act entitled "An act to contra( the possession, sale, transfer, and use of pistols and other dangerous weapons in the District of Columbia, to provide penalties, to prescribe rules of evidence, and for other purposes," approved July 8, 1932 (D. C. Code, 1940 ed., sees. 22-3201 to 22-3203, 22-3205 to 22-3216; Supp. V, sec. 22-3204) is hereby amended by adding the folloWing sections:

"SEc. 18. (a) As used in this section, the term 'dangerous article' means (1) any weapon such as a pistol, machine gun, sawed-9ff shotgun, blackjack, slung shot, sand club, sandbag, or metal knuckles, or (2) any instrument, attachment, or appliance for causing the firing of any firearms to be silent or intended to lessen or muffie the noise of the firing of any firearms.

"(b) A dangerous article unlawfully owned, possessed, or carried, is hereby declared to be a nui11ance. ' •

" (c) When a police officer, in the course of a lawful arrest or lawful search, discovers a dangerous article which he reasonably believes is a nuisance under subsection (b) he shall take it into his possession and surrender it to the property clerk of the Metropolitan Police Department.

"(d) (1) Within 30 days after the date of such surrender, any person may file in th~ office of the property clerk of the Metropolitan Police Department· .a written claim for possession of such dangerous article. Upon the expiration of such period, the property c~erk shall notify each such claimant, by registered mail addressed to the ad-

dress shown on the claim, of the time and place of a hearing to determine which claimant, if any, is entitled to possession of such

· dangerous article. Such hearing shall be held within 60 days after the date of such surrender. ,

"(2) A~ the hearings the property clerk shall hear and receive evidence with respect to the claims filed under paragraph ( 1) . Thereafter he shall determine .which claimant, if any, is entitled to possession of such dangerous article and shall reduce his decision to writing. The property clerk shall send a true copy of such written decision to each claimant by registered mail addressed to the last known address of such claimant.

"(3~ Any claimant may, within 30 days after the day on which the copy of such decision was mailed to such claimant, file an appeal in the municipal court for the District of Columbia. If the claimant files an appeal, he shall at the same time give written notice thereof to the property clerk. If the decision of th~ property clerk is so appealed, the property clerk shall not dispose of the dangerous article while such appeal is pending and, if a final judgment is entered by such court, he shall dispose of such dangerous article in accordance with the judgment of such court. The municipal court for the District of Columbia is authorized to determine Which claimant, if any, is entitled to possession of the dangerous article and to enter a judgment ordering a public disposition of such dangerous article consistent with subsection (f).

" ( 4 )· If there is no such appeal, or if such appeal is dismissed or withdrawn, the property clerk shall dispose of such dangerous article in accordance with subsection (f).

" ( 5) The property clerk shall make no dis- · position of a dangerous article under this section, whether in accordance with ·his own decision or in accordance with the judgment of the municipal court for the District of Columbia, until the Unite! States attorney for the District of Columbia certifies to him that such dangerous article will not be needed as evidence.

" .(e) A person claiming a dangerous article shall be entitled to its possession only if (1) he shows on satisfactory evidence that he is the owner of the dangerous article or is the accredited representative of the owner, and that the ownership is lawful; and (2) he shows on satisfactory evidence that at the time the. dangerous article was taken into possession by a police officer it was not unlawfully owned and was not unlawfully pos- · sessed or carried with the knowledge or consent of the claimant; and the receipt of possession by him will not cause the article to be a nuisance. A representative is accredited if he has a power of attorney from the owner.

"(f) If a person claiming a dangerous article is entitled to its possession as determined under sul:1section (d), possession of such dangerous article shall l;le given to such person. If no person so claiming is entitled to its possession as determined under subsection (d), or if there be no claimant, such dangerous article shall be destroyed.

"(g) The property clerk shall not be liable in changes for any action performed in good faith under this section."

The amendment was agreed to. The bill was ordered to be engrossed

for a third reading, read the third time and passed. '

The title was amended so as to read: "A bill to require the taking and de- . struction of dangerous weapons in certain cases, and for other purposes." BOARD OF VISITORS TO THE UNITED

STATES NAVAL ACADEMY AND POST· GRADUATE SCHOOL-

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (S'. 239) relating to the Board of

Visitors to the United States Naval Academy and post graduate school, which had been reported from the Committee on Armed Services with an amendment to strike out all after the enacting clause and to insert: · That there shall be appointed on or before

the last day of every year a Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy and a Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy.

SEc. 2. Each Board shall be constituted as follows:

(a) The chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate or his designee;

(b) Three other members of the Senate to be appointed by the Vice President or President pro tempore of the Senate, two of whom shall be members of the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

(c) The chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives or his designee;

(d) Four other Members of the House of Representatives to be appointed by the Speaker o! the House of Representatives, two of whom shall be members of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and

(e) Nine persons to be appointed by the President. The first Board to be appointed pursuant to the provisions of this act shall, with respect to the nine Presidential appointees, consist of three · persons apppinted to serve for a period of 1 year, three persons appointed to . serve !or a period of 2 years, and three persons appointed to serve for a period of 3 years. · Three Presidential appointees shall be appointed to each subsequent Board to serve for a period of 3 • years. ·

SEC. 3. In case of the death or resignation of a member of a Board during th~ term for which stich member was appointed, a successor shall be appointed for the unexpired portion of the term. Such successor shall be appointed by the official, or his successor, who appointed the member who died or resigned.

SEC. 4. Each Board shall visit the respective Academy for which it is appointed once annually in April, and each Board or the individual members thereof may, with the approval of the Secretary of the Navy or the Secretary of the Army, as the case may be, make such other visits on matters pertaining to the duties of the Board, or for purposes of consulting with .~lie respective Superintendents of the Academies, as the Board or its members may determine to be desirable.

SEc. 5. (a) It shall be the duty of each Board to inquire into the state of morale and discipline, curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, academic methods, and other matters relating to the Academy concerned which the Board may decide to consider. · (b) Each Board shall, within 60 days after the meeting designated as the annual visit, submit a written annual report to the President regarding its action as such Board, together with its views and recommendations pertaining to the Academy concernecl. Any report based on a vislt other than the annual visit shall be submitted by the originator or originators thereof to the President within 60 days after approval of said report by at least a majority of the members of the Bo~d. ,

{c) Each Board is authorized to call into consultation upon prior approval of the Secretary of the Navy or the Secretary of the · Army, as the case may be, such advisers as it may deem necessary or advisable to effectuate the duties :;mposed upon it by the provisions of this act.

SEc. 6. (a) Each member of each Board shall receive not more than $5 per day and be

7700 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 reimbursed under Government travel regulations for actual expe.nses of travel while performing duties as a member of either Board.

(b) Advisers called for consultation by either Board in connection with the business of the Board shall be compensated in the same manner as members of the Boards in accordance with the provisions of subsection (a) of this section.

SEc. 7. That part of the act of August 29, 1916, entitled "An act making appropriations for the naval service for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, and for other purposes," which relates to the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy (39 Stat. 608), and reads as follows: "From and after the passage of this act there shall be appointed every year, in the following manner, a Board of Visitors, to visit the academy, the date of the annual visit of the board aforesaid to be fixed by the Secretary of the ·Navy: Seven persons shall be appointed by the President and four Senators and five Members of the House of Representatives shall be designated as visitors by the Vice President or President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of R-epresentatives, respectively, in the month of January of each year. The chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs o! the Senate and chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives shall be ex officio members of said Board. .

"Each member of said board shall receive while >engaged upon duties as a inember of the board not to exceed $5 a day and actual expenses of travel by the shortest mail routes," is hereby repealed.

SEc. 8. (a) So much of the prQvision o! . the act o! August ·9, 1912, entitled "An act

• making appropriations for the support oi the Military Academy for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, and for other purposes," which provides as follows: "Provided, That the act approved May 28, 1908, be amended and reenacted so a.s to read as follows: That hereafter the Board Of Visitors to the Military Academy shall consist of five members of the Committee on Military Affairs of the Senate and seven members of the Committee on Military Affairs of the House of Representa-

. tives,- to be appointed by the ·respective chairmen thereof; the members so appointed shall visit the Military Academy annually at such time as the chairmen of said committees shall appoint, and the members from each of said committees may visit said Academy together or separately as the said committees may elect during the session of Congress; and the superintendent of the Academy and the members o:t the Board of Visitors shall be notified of such date by the chairmen of the said committees. The expenses {)f the members of the Board shall be their actual expenses while engaged upon their duties as members of said Board not to exceed $5 per day and their actual expenses of travel by the shortest mail routes" is hereby repealed.

(b) The act of May 17, 1928, entitled "An act to provide for the membership of the Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy, and for other purposes" (45 Stat. 597), is hereby repealed.


for a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

The title was amended so as to read: ''A bill to provide for a Board of Visitors to the United States Nav-al Academy and for a Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy, and for other purposes." LANDING OF HALIBUT IN ALASKAN PORTS

The bill <H. R. 6110 ) to permit the landing of halibut by Canadian fishing vessels to Alaskan ports, and for other

purposes, was considered, ordered to a · third reading, read the third time, and

passed. BILL PASSED OVER

The bill (S. 843) to .provide additional revenue :~or the District of Columbia was announced as next in order.

Mr. LANGER. Let us have an explanation of the bill.

Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, I ask that Calendar No. 1610, House bill 6759, a companion bill, be substituted for Senate bill 843 and considered.

Mr: JOHNSTON of South Carolina. I ow~~ .

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Objection is heard, and the bill will be passed· over.

FRUIT GROWERS OF DELAWARE

The bill <H. R. 2684) for the relief of sundry fruit growers of the State of Delaware was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

ELSIE L. ROSENOW

The bill <H. R. 1726) for the relief of Elsie L. Rosenow was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. "J

'DORIS E. SNYDER

The bill (S. 165) ·for the relief of Doris S. Snyder was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the

. third time, and passed, as follows: · Be it ertacted, etc., That the Secretary of the

Treasury is authorized and directed to pay, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to Doris E. Snyder, of Dayton, Ohio, the sum of $4,737. The pay-:ment of such sum shall be in full settlement of all claims of the said Doris E. Snyder against the United States for compensation · for the loss of personal property owned by her which was d~stroyed and lost in the burning and sinking of the Argentine ship, steamship Rio de la Plata, on August 17, 1944, aboard which she was accompanying her husband, Capt. Wesley E. Snyder, under War Department orders: Provided, That no part of the amount appropriated in this act in excess of 10 percent thereof shall be paid or delivered to or received by any agent or attorney on account of services rendered in connection with this claim, and the same shall be unlawful, any contract to the contrary notwithstanding. Any person violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not exceeding $1,000.

ANNIE L. TAYLOR AND WILLIAM BENJAMIN TAYLOR

The bill <H. R. 1781> for the relief of Annie L. Taylor and William Benjamin Taylor was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

NATURALIZATION OF RICHARD KIM

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (S. 108) to provide for the naturalization of Richard Kim, which had been reported from the Committee on the Judiciary with an amendment to strike out

·all after the enacting clause and to insert the following:

That in the administration of the immigration and naturalization laws Richard Kim, w.ho served as a member of the armed forces of the United States, shall be considered to have been lawfully admitted for permanent residence as of the date of his last entry into the United States, upon the payment of the

visa fee of $10 and the head tax of $8. The Secretary of State is directed to instruct the proper quota-control officer to deduct one number from the appropriate quota for tbe first year that said quota is available.



AMENDMENT OF CIVIL SERVICE RETffiEMENT ACT

The bill (S. 2517) to amend section 12 (c) of the Civil Service Retirement Act of May 29, 1930, as amended, was announced as next in order.

Mr. WILLIAMS. Over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bill wi1I be passed over. Mr. WILLIAMS subsequently said: Mr.

President, when Calendar No. 1521, Senate bill 2517, was reached on the Calendar, I objected, but I was under a misapprehension and thought it was another bill. · I ask that the bill may be considered at this time.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there ·objection? ·

There' being no objection, the bill was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That section 12 (c) of the Civil Service Retirement Act o! May 29,; 1930, as amended, is amended by adding at the end thereof a new paragraph as follows:

" ( 5) In any case in which an officer or employee to whom this act applies died prlor to March 1, 1948, and had to his credit on the date of his death sufficient accumulated and current accrued annual leave to cover the administrative work ·days during the period between ·the date of death and March 1, 1948, such death shall be deemed for the purposes of this subsection to have occurred subse-quent to February 28, 1948." ·

AIRPORT MAILS

The bill (H. R. 25'88) , an act requiring all mails consigned to an airport from a post office or branch, or from an airport to a post office or branch, within a radius of 35 miles of the city in which there has been established a Government-owned vehicle service, was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third tinie, and passed.

ESTATE OF WILLIAM .R. STIGALL, DECEASED

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill <S. 1717) for the relief of William R. Stigall, deceased, which had been reported from the Committee on the Judiciary with an amendment, on page 1, line 6, after the words "sum of", to strike out "$10,000" and insert "$5,000." ·

The &mendment was agreed to. .The bill was ordered to be engrossed

for a third reading, read the tnird time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to pay, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to the estate of William R. Stigall, deceased, the sum of .$5,000, in full satisfaction of its claim against the United States for the death of said William R. Stigall (Army serial No. 15041820), sustained on S~ptember 5, 1941, between Little Rock and Benton, Ark. , as a result of an accident involving a United States Army vehicle: Provided, That no part of the amount appropriated in this act in excess of 10 .percent thereof shall be paid or delivered to or

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7701 received by any agent or attorney on account of services rendered in connection with this claim, and the same shall be unlawful, any contract to the contrary notwithstanding. Any person violating the provisions of thls act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not exceeding $1,000.

MRS. MYRTLE HOVDE

The bill <H. R. 633) for the relief of Mrs. Myrtle Hovde was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

ARCHIE HAMILTON AND ")ELBERT HAMILTON

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (S. 1715) for the relief of Archie Hamilton and Delbert Hamilton; which had been reported .from the Committee on the Judiciary with amendments, on page , line 5, after the words "sum of'', to strike out "$10,000" and insert "$1,-672"; and on line 6, after the words "sum of", to strike out "$10,000" and insert "$1,696.35", so as to make the bill read:

Be it enacted, etc., That the. Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby authorized and directed to pay, out of any money in the Treasury not otJJ.erwise appropriated, the sum of $1;672 to Archie Hamilton and the sum $1,696.35 to Delbert Hamilton, of Owensboro, Ky., in full satisfaction of their claims against the United States for personal injuries, hospital and medical expenses, and property damage sustained as tbe result of an accident involving a_.United States Army vehicle near Owensboro, Ky., on November 8, ·1944: Provided, That no part of the .amount appropriated -in this act in excefiS of 10 percent thereof shall be paid or delivered to or received by any agent or attorney on account of services re.ndered t.n connection with. this claim, and the same shall }Je' unlawful, any "contract to the contrary notwithstanding. Any person viqlating the provisions of .this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in •any sum not exceeding ~1,000.

The amendments were agreed to. The bill was ordered to be engrossed


BILL PASSED OVER

The bill <H. R. 1490) for the relief of ·the United States Radiator .Corp., of Detroit, Mich., was announced as next in order.

Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Over.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be · passed over.

ELBERT SPIVEY

The bill ·<H. R. 1855) for the relief of Elbert Spivey was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. · ·

EMELINE LARTIGUE

The bill <H. R. 3352) for the relief of Emeline Lartigue was considered. ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

MRS. MAE H. FITZGERALD

The bill <H. R. 3159) for the relief of Mrs. Mae H. Fitzgerald was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time_, and -passed.

HARDY H. BRYANT

The bill <H. R. 2479) for the relief of Hardy H. Bryant was con.sidered, or-

dered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

-CLARENCE S. OSIKA

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill <H. R. 3260) for the relief of Clarence S. Osika, which had been reported from the Committee on the Judiciary with an amendment, on page 1, line 6, after the words "sum of'~ to strike ·out "$7,738.60" and insert "$9,879.85."


grossed, and the bill to be read a third time. ·

The bill was read the third time and passed. OPERATION OF ffiRIGATION AND POWER

SYSTEMS BY THE BUREAU OF RECLA· MATION

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill <H. R. 3218) to authorize an · emergency fund for the Bureau of Reclamation to assure the continuous operation of its irrigation and power systems, which"had been reported from the Committee on Public Lands with an amendment to add a section at the end of the bill, as follows: ·

SEC. 2. The term "unusual or emergency conditions," as used in this act, shall be construed to mean canal bank failures, generator failures, damage to transmission lines; or other physical failures or damage, or acts of God, or of the p"\lblic enemy, fires, ftoods, drought, epidemics, strikes, or freight embargoes, or conditions, causing or threatening to cause interruption in water or power service. ·


grossed and the bill to be read a third time.

The bill was read the third time and passed. NONREIMBURSABLE ALLOCATIONS ON

CARLSBAD RECLAMATION PROJECT

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill <S. 2286) to provide for nonreimbursable allocations on the Carlsbad Federal reclamation project, which had been reported from the ,Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs with an amendment to add a section at the end of the bill to be known as section 2, so as to make the bill read:

Be it enacted, etc., That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to determine and to report to the President and the Congress those portions of the costs of construction heretofore completed or to be undertaken hereafter on the Carlsbad project, New Mexico, which may properly be allocated to (a) 1lood control, (b~ general salinity control, (c) silt control, and (d) recreational purposes. Such determination and report shall cover also rehabilitation of the project, which rehabilitation is hereby authorized, and all costs allocated as aforesaid, together with the annual operation and maintenance costs thereafter attributable to the same purposes shall, after transmittal to the President and the Congress of the report provided for herein, be nonreimbursable and nonreturnable. The Secretary of the Interior shall credit the aggregate of the construction costs so allocated against repayment by the project, applying such credit to amounts ·already returned or to be expended in the future as may be appropriate and the Secretary is authorized to enter into such amendatory contract or contracts as he deems appropriate

and consistent with the provisions of this act.

SEc. 2. This act shall become effective upon the expiration of 90 calendar days from the receipt of the affected States, as that term is defined in section 1 of the act of December 22, 1944 (58 Stat. 887), of the proposed report of the Secretary of the Interior on the Carlsbad project, New Mexico: Provided, That no views or recommendations submitted by an affected State set forth specific objections to the plans or proposals covered by such report. In the event views of recommendations submitted ' by an affected State set forth specific objections to such plans or proposals, then the authorization granted by this act shall not be effective.


for a third reading, read the third time, and passed. PAYMENTS TO SCHOOL DISTRICTS BY

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

The bill <S. 2638) .to authorize appropriations for the Bureau of Reclamation for payments to school districts on certain projects during their construction status was announced as next in order.

Mr. BUTLER. Calendar No. 1616, House bill 6028 covers exactly the same subject. I move that the House bill be considered instead of the Senate bill, and that all after the enacting clause be stricken out, and the Senate bill as reported be substituted.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the present consideration of the House bill? · · Mr. BALL: Mr. President, reserving

the right to object, in marking up the Interior Department appropriation bill, the subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations has found a number of items for the reimbursement of schools. The language as written· .into that bill grants authorization to do this, but there is a provision that tuition shall be collected from the parents involved; That seems to me a sounder principle than is provided in the bill now before the Senate, which charges the whole cost to th.e cost of the project, and the employees contribute nothing,

Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, it was our theory that the children themselves should be put upon an equal basis with the employees of those who were doing construction work for the Government and the people who live in the vicinity. The bill which we have before us is limited entirely to the construction period and requires a report from the Secretary of the Interior every year as to how he is using his authority. We had some fear that there might be excessive expenditures on a construction job which really ought to be upon a temporary basis.

Coming again to the Senator's point, we do not believe that parents who are Government workers and who find themselves on a construction job of that kind, should be treated any differently than the parents who live there locally. They are all enjoying the same school facilities. The reason the local district is in the condition it is arises from the fact that a large project has been undertaken and a great number of people have been dumped into a school district all at once, and the school district is not able to

.7702 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 handle itself taxwise in order to meet the expenses.

Mr. BALL. I may say to the Senator from Colorado that I am familiar with the problem. I think the employees should contribute something in this case. M(lreover, as I read the bill, there is no limitation. The Secretary or the chief of the bureau is there to negotiate one deft! with one school district and a different d~al with another. It seems to me there should be a uniform policy. I suggest the bill go over at this call of the calendar.

Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will the Senator again yield?

Mr. BALL. I yield. Mr. MILLIKIN. As to the uniform pol

icy, the Senator will find the situations very different on different projects. For example, I know of one project in my own State where the coming in of the Federal Government, with all its employees, put a very heavy burden on the school district, but the school district was nevertheless in a position to assume it, and did assume it. In another place we would find a kind of a halfway situation. In another place we would find it impractical for the school district to do anything. So I doubt very much whether we can have a uniform rule.

Mr. BALL. Mr. President, I should like to consider the matter.

·The PRESIDENT pro tempore. On objection, the bill will be passed over.

Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I should like to ask if consideration was given in committee to the question of legislation of this kind in connection with the appropriation bill?

Mr. BALL. I will say that we have more legislation in the appropriation bill than in most of the bills on the calendar, but I am in a way interested in the type of legislation we secure.

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I should like to have the bill passed. It affects only two or three sections in the Republican River "(Talley. I am not sur·e which is the proper way to handle the matter. I do agree with the Senator from Minnesota. We are attempting to have collections of this character made on a State-wide basis. The collections should be made either from the contractor or the bureau. The schools should be given the right to collect the tuition. I agree that there are certain places where it is difficult to make the policy uniform. But the rivers and harbors officials and the Army engineers do the same thing. We must have a general policy. Until such a policy is adopted, I should like very much if the Senator from Minnesota would permit us to have the bill passed. Something might happen to the general over-all bill.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I should like to ask the Senator from Nebraska a question. If Federal money is used for the purpose the Senator has in mind, could not the Federal Government dictate the policies of the schools?

Mr. WHERRY. No, it would not do so at all. If the Senator from Arkansas has any fear respecting the Government dictating the curriculums of the schools, I would say he need have no such fear. What we propose to do is to permit the schools to coliect from the contractors

who are on the jobs the money necessary to educate the boys and the girls who are temporarily dislocated and whose parents follow the contractors on the jobs. It is entirely different from the principle of Federal. aid to education. . Mr. .FULBRIGHT. It is Federal

money that the contractor would use for the purpose.

Mr. WHERRY. It is not the same thing as Federal aid to education.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Then the contractor might dictate the policies.

Mr. WHERRY. He is independent, and would not be dictated to respecting the school policy nor would he dictate the policy.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The · Chair understands objection has been made to the bill.

Mr. GEORGE. I ask for the regular order.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The regular order is demanded, and the regular order is the call of the next bill on the calendar. The Chair would like to suggest that we are operating under the 5-minute rule. Unless it is enforced, and we have the cooperation of Senators, the call of the calendar will require 4 or 5 hours. EXTENSION OF LEASES OF CERTAIN LAND

IN HAWAII

The bill <H. R. 6229) to authorize the extension of leases of certain land in the Territory of Hawaii was considered, or;. dered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. ISSUE OF LAND PATENT IN COUNTY OF

KAUAI, HAWAII

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill <H. R. 6252) to authorize the issuance of a land patent to certain public lands, situated in the county of Kauai, T. H., for school purposes, which had been reported from the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs with an amendment, on page 1, line 7, after the word "Lots" to insert "117."

The amendment was agreed to. The amendment was ordered to be

engrossed and the bill to be read a third time.

The bill was read the third time and passed. EXTENSION OF PUBLIC-LAND LAWS TO

ISLANDS IN RED RIVER, OKLA.

The bill <H. R. 5071) to extend the public-land laws of the United States to certain lands, consisting of islands, situated in the Red River in Oklahoma, was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. ACQUISITION OF LANDS FOR GRAZING

AND RELATED PURPOSES

The bill <H. R. 6073) to provide for the acquisition of lands for grazing and related purposes was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

TRANSFER OF PELICAN ROCK TO DEL NORTE COUNTY, CALIF.

The bill (H. R. 4874) to transfer Pelican Rock in Crescent City Harbor, Del Norte County, Calif., to that county was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

ENLARGEMENT OF GETTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY

The bill <H. R. 4688) to enlarge the Gettysburg National Cemetery was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed . JURISDICTION OF IOWA OVER OFFENSES

BY OR AGAINST INDIANS ON THE SAC AND FOX INDIAN RESERVATION

The bill <S. 1820) ·to confer jurisdiction on the State of Iowa over offenses committed by or against Indians on the Sac and Fox Indian Reservation was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That jurisdiction is hereby conferr!'ld on the State of Iowa over offenses committed by or against Indians on the Sac and Fox Indian Reservation in that State to the same extent as its courts have jurisdiction generally over offenses committed within said State outside of any Indian reseryation: Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall deprive the courts· of the United States of jurisdiction over offenses defined by the laws of the United States committed by or against Indians on Indian reservations ..

JURISDICTION OF NEW YORK STATE COURTS OVER OFFENSES COMMITI'ED ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (S. 1683) to confer jurisdiction on the courts of the State of New York with_ respect to offenses committed on Indian reservations within such State, which had been reported from the Committee on Public Lands with amendments, on page 1, line 3, after the word "That", to strike out "the courts of"; in line 4, after the word "Indians", to strike out "and other persons"; and in line 6, after the word "State", to strike out "shall."


for a third reading, .read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That the State of New York shall have jurisdiction over offenses committed by or against Indians on Indian reservations within the State of New York to the same extent as the courts of the State have jurisdiction over offenses . committed elsewhere wtthin the State as defined by the laws of the State.

The title was amended so as to read: "A bill to confer jurisdiction on the State of New York with respect to . offenses committed on Indian reservations within such State."

BILL PASSED OVER

The bill <S. 543). to confer jurisdiction on the States of North Dakota and South Dakota over offenses committed by or against Indians on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation was announced as next in order.

Mr. LANGER. Over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

_.bill will be passed over. ISSUANCE OF PATENT IN FEE TO

FLORE'NCE A. W. ARENS

The bill <H. R. 5147) authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to issue a patent in fee to Florence A. W. Arens was considered, · ordered to a third reading, read the t~ird time, and passed.

. ...-

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7703 RECOGNITION OF CERTAIN PERSONS property which may be required by some

EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION OF THE other agency of the Government. CerPANAMA CANAL tainly it ought to be handled through a The bill <H. R. 2273) to amend the act single agency. If this is a special case, I

of May 29, 1944, providing for the recog- shall be glad to listen to the explanation. nition of the services of the civilian offi- Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, the propcials and employees, citizens of the erty in questimi is not surplus prqperty. United States, engaged in and about the It is temporary war housing. The law construction of the Panama Canal, was requires that the housing, in the absence considered, ordered to a third reading, of having been disposed of by statute, read the third time, and passed. must be torn down by July 25, 1949.

BILL PASSED OVER There are more than 100,000 individual units of such housing presently situated

The bill (S. 2076) to authorize Defense on educational campuses throughout Homes Corporation to convey to How- America; and if we do not find a means ard University certain land in the Dis- of conveying title to such property to the trict of Columbia, and for other purposes, educational institutions, the Federal was announced as next in order. Government will incur the cost of de-

Mr. CAIN. Over. stroying-them. · The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Mr. AIKEN. Does not the Senator be-

bill Will be passed over. lieve that the Federal Works Adminis-DISPOSITION OF CERTAIN VETERANS' tration, which I assume has been respon-

DISUSED HOUSES sible for providing a good many facilities The bill <S. 2736) to amend the act on college campuses, should be the

agency to dispos~ of them? entitled "An act to expedite the provi- Mr. CAIN. The Federal Works Agency sion of housing in connection with na- has, so far as the Banking and currency tiona! defense, and for other purposes, Committee knows, absolutely nothing to was announced as next in order.

Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, 1 ask unan- do with the veterans' reuse housing pro-gram and facilities.

imous consent for the present considera- Mr. AIKEN. I understand that the tion of House bill5710, Calendar No. 1549• calendar is to be called again, probably which is a companion bill to Senate bill by the middle of next week. I ask to 2736, and I should like to offer an amend- have the bill go over, so that we can asment to ·tbe'>House bill.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is - certain just what the effect of it would be. there objection to the present considera- The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bill will be passed over. tion of the bill? Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, I ask only

Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. one consideration of the Senator from What is the bill?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Tlie Vermont. I feel that his request is rea-Senate is about to consider House bill sonable, but I refer the Senator to the 5710, Calendar No. 1549, a bill identical teport on the subject of this housing. I

think we would be making a mistake if -with Senate bill 2736, Calendar No. 1547. we were to let the Congress recess with-

Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, may we out determining the actual disposition of have an explanation of the bill? such housing.

Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, Senate bill The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The 2736 and House bill 5710 are identical senator's time has expired. bills, the purpose of which is to dispose Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, I have only of temporary veterans' disused houses to one doubt on the question, and that is educational institutions. The present that all the temporary war housing, if it law requires that the buildings in ques- is allowed to . remain in an indefinite tion be demolished, torn down, and re- status, wm turn into the worst kind of moved by July 25, 1949. slums in time. That may not apply to

Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I ask that housing on the campuses of educational the bill go over. institutions, ·such housing consisting of

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Quonset huts and other things. It seems bill will be passed over. to me almost better to extend the date

Mr. AIKEN. I may explain why I for 2 or 3 years, and still retain the proasked that the bill be passed over, as well vision with respect to tearing down the as why I shall ask to have passed over housing sooner or later. another bill which would authorize the Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, I suggest Army, Navy, and Air Force to give away to the Senator from Ohio-because we property for educational and other pub- share the same interest in economylie purposes. I shall ask that both bills that perhaps he does not know what the go over. It is because there is pending present proposal would mean. These legislation on the calendar which has are temporary structures which, if been worked out over a course of weeks allowed to remain under the jurisdicby the Armed Services, the Bureau of the tion of the Federal Government for any Budget, and the Comptroller's Office, and considerable length of time, will involve other interested parties, which provides repairs and maintenance, which must be that the surplus property of Government provided, not by the colleges in quesshall be disposed of through a single tion, but out of Federal funds. agency. If we let each agency dispose Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I of its own surplus within this country demand the regular order. we are going to have educational insti- The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The tutions, public bodies, and others solicit- Senator from Arkansas calls for the reging goods and facilities and equipment ular order. The regular order is the from the different departments, and we next bill, which the clerk will state. are going to have· those departments Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, if the yielding and giving away Government objection may be withheld for a moment,

the Senator from Washington objected to the consideration of Calendar 1546, Senate bill 2076, because it had some relationship to the following bill, which is being passed over. Senate bill 2076, Calendar 1546, is a bill which I introduced, transferring to Howard University certain halls which were built for colored residents and to house colored employees during the war. The bill is endorsed by the Housing Administration and by all the agencies of the Government which have anything to do with the subject. Those two halls were advertised for sale, and all bids received upon them, with one exception, were so low that they could not be considered. One bid was high enough to represent the appraised value, but it turned out that the bidder was unable to complete the contract and purchase the property. Howard University needs these two halls very badly; and i~ they can be transferred to Howard University, it will undoubtedly save the Government considerable expense in the necessity for appropriations hereafter for housing facilities in connection with Howard University. I hope the Senator from .Washington will let that bill go through.

Mr. CAIN. Mr. President, I should like ·to state why I objected to the bill. The Committees on Banking and Currency of both Houses haying agreed with the substance of what the Senator has just said, namely, the desirability of transferring Slowe and Carver Halls to Howard University, Senate bill 2076 was prepared; and after the Senator from Washington conferred with Mr. McGREGOR, the author of the House bill, he agreed to accept as an amendment to that bill the bill to which the Senator from Kentucky refers. We thought that that was the most effective, efficient, and probably the only way in which we could get legislation enacted at this session of Congress.

M-. BARKLEY. · Under those circumstances I shall not insist that the bill be acted upon at this moment; but, regardless of what may happen, I hope that this legislation may be passed.

Mr. CAIN. I will say to the Senator from Kentucky that both committees, the Committee on Banking and Currency of the House as well as the Senate committee, voted unanimously in support of the Senator's present contention.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be passed over. PROPOSED GOVERNMENT CORPORATION

TO OPERATE CAFETERIAS, ETC.-BILL PAS~D OVER

The bill <S. 2779) to create a Government corporation to operate cafeterias and conduct certain other activities in Government buildings and on Government property was announced as next in order. ·

Mr. BALL. Over. Mr. BALDWIN. Mr. President, I won

der if the Senator will withhold his objection ~o that I may make an explanation.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Connecticut is recognized for 5 minutes.

Mr. BALDWIN. A year ago, shortly after the beginning of the first session of this Congress, there was a strike in a

I


good many Government cafeterias. That · and other situations highlighted the desire to make some investigation of how those cafeterias were operated. As a result, a subcommittee of the Civil Service Committee conducted extensive hearings on the question extending over a Period of nearly a year. As a result of those hearings we came to the conclusion that the GSI, the Government Services Incorporated, which was handling this matter, was a District of Columbia corporation which had a sort of tenuous relationship to the Government. It had a contract by virtue of which half the profits were to be paid to the Government, but its relationship, so far Jas its use of public buildings was concerned, so far as the supply and furnishing of equipment and other facilities was concerned, and so far as the deduction of certain items in its accounting for costs was concerned, was an extremely difficult question to determine.

This corporation has been fairly well operated, and I have no criticism of those who have operated it; but the General Accounting Office has been in continuous dispute with the officers of the corporation and its management over certain important items as they relate to Government costs and as they relate to the contract to pay half the profits to the Government.

As a result of those hearings we concluded that the best thing to do was to iorm a Government corporation. I may say that Government Services, Inc., which is a District of Columbia corporation, began to operate outside the District. It extended its activities down to the Tennessee Valley, where it took over Fontana Village and other operations of that kind; and at one time it submitted a bid for the operation of ·concessions in Yosemite National Park in California. Under those circumstances it seemed to the committee that something ought to be done to bring this organization into line and under some kind of control. The management of the corporation has consistently opposed any efforts to work out the problem. ·

If this objection is persisted in I intend to make a motion at the proper time that the bill be considered by the Senate when we can really debate it and thresh it out.

The bill represents an effort to place this operation on an orderly and proper basis, so that the interests of the Government will be protected. I hope that Senators who objected to this measure will withdraw their objections.


Mr. BALL. Over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bil1 will b~ passed over. LESTER L. ELDER AND MRS. ESTHER E.

ELDER

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (H. R. 3500) for the relief of Lester L. Elder and Mrs. Esther E. Elder, which had been reported from the Committee on the Judiciary with an amendment, on page 1, at the . beginning of line 7, to

strike out "$1,183.49" and insert "$808.49.".




W. A. KNOX AND OTHERS

The bill <H. R. 636) for the relief of W. A. Knox, W. L. M. Knox, and Frank C. Morris, operating as Knox Lumber Sales Co., of Thompson, Ga., was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. REPEAL OF FEDERAL CHARTER OF CHOC

TAW, OKLAHOMA & GULF RAILROAD ' co. The bill <H. R. 5891) to repeal an act

approved August 24, 1894, entitled . "An act to authorize the purchasers of the property and franchises of the Choctaw Coal & Railway Co. to organize a corporation, and to confer upon the same all the powers, privileges, and franchises vested in that company," and all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto, was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

The preamble was agreed to. FORT HALL INDIAN IRRIGATION

PROJECT, IDAHO

The bill <S. 2171) to promote the interests of the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project, Idaho, and for other purposes, was announced as next in order.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Calendar 1613, House bill 5416, is a similar bill. Is there objection to the present consideration of the House bill?

There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to consider the bill <H. R. 5416) to promote the interest of the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project, Ida~o. and for other purposes.

Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, I offer an amendment to strike out all after the enacting clause and substitute the text of the Senate bill. -

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The amendment offered by the Senator from · Nebraska will be stated.

The CHIEF CLERK. It is proposed to strike out all after the enacting clause and insert in lieu thereof the following:

Be it enacted, etc., That those provisions of the order of the Secretary of the Interior, dated February 6, 1948, which are based on certain recommendations contained in the "Report on Conditions Found to Exist on the Fort Hall Irrigation Project and the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Idaho," dated February 26, 1941, and which are described in the said order as made pursuant to the authority contained in the act of June 22, 1936 (49 Stat. 1803), are hereby approved pursuant to the provisions of such act.

SEc. 2. When water for the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project is available in excess of the present maximum duty of 3 acre-feet per acre per annum, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized, in his discretion and under regulations to be prescribed by him, to increase the water duty to 3 ¥2 acre-feet without additional charge for those lands wit h respect to which such an increase is recommended in the report referred to in section 1 of this act. however in no case to

/

exceed the actual needs of such lands as set out in said report

SEc. · 3. The Lit tle Indian unit, containing one thousand one hundred and eighty-six and thirty-three one-hundredths acres of irrigable land in townships 2 and 3 south, ranges 36 and 37 east, Boise meridian, within the boundaries of the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, is hereby made a part of the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project; and the lands therein shall have the benefit of, and be subject to, all existing legislation applicable to said project to the same extent as other lands of lil{e ownership and character within the project. The Indian-owned irrigable land in the unit shall be charged with its proper proportionate share of the project rehabilitation and improvement costs of $15.10 and not to exceed $7.50 per acre, respectively, as these costs are defined in the report referred to in section 1 of this act. The non-Indian-owned irrigable land of t!le unit shall be entitled to receive only I\aturalfiow water until a full project water right is acquired for said land through the execution by the owner of a contract, or contracts, providing for the repayment to the United States of like per-acre costs as are charged against the Indian-owned land in the unit. Sa-id chargeS, as to Indian and non-Indian lands, shall be a first lien against the lands, under the act of March 7, 1928 (45 Stat. 200, 210) .

SEc. 4. The net irri:gable area of the Fort Hall India:p. irrigation project is hereby established as forty-seven thousand forty-four and sixty-three one-hundredths acres of land, more or less. This area includes the forty-six thousand eight hundred and three and seventy-two one-hundredths acres of land, more or less, shown as the irrigable area of the project by the maps and plats in the report referred to in section 1 of this act, and the two hundred and forty and ninetyone one-hundredths acres, more or less, in-

. eluded in eight additional tracts of land described as follows: (a) An irregular shaped area in the northeast corner of the east half sout~west quarter southeast quarter of section 36, township 5 south, range 33 east, Boise meridian, containing one and seventy onehundredths acres; (b) an irregular shaped area lying along the east side of the Fort Hall Main Canal in the west half of section 35, township 5 south, range 34 east, Boise met'idian, containing twenty-eight and seventeen one-hundredths acres; (c) an irregular shaped area lying · along the east side of the F'ort Hall Main Canal in the south half of section 14, township 6 south, range 34 east, Boise meridian, containing forty

· acres; (d) a portion of the northwest quarter northeast quarter of section 23, township 6 south, rang~ 34 east, Boise meridian, cont aining thirty-three and forty-two one-hundredths acres; (e) Fairview Park in the east half southwest quarter southwest quarter northeast quarter and west half southeast quarter southwest quarter northeast quarter of section 23, township 6 south, range 34 east, Boise meridian, containing ten acres; (f) the east half northeast quarter northwest quarter of section 23, township 6 south, range 34 east, Boise meridian, containing twenty acres; (g) an irregular shaped area lying along the east side of the Pocatello Lateral in section 23, township 6 south, range 34 east, Boise meridian, containing ninetyseven and sixty-two one-hundredths acres; and (h) the southwest quarter southwest· quarter southwest quarter of section 24, township 6 south, range 34 east, Boise meridian, containing ten acres. The above-described tracts of land, together with such lands in the portion of the village of Alameda lying between the Pocatello Lateral and the Oregon Short Line Railroad right-of-way in sect ion 23, township 6 south, range 34 east, Boise meridian, as (notwithstanding their

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7705 inclusion in the irrigable acreage shown by the maps and plats hereinabove mentioned) have no water right at present, shall be entitled to receive, or to continue to recf')ive, water through pumping operations or by gravity fiow, provided the respective owners thereof, within five . years from the date of the enactment of this act, enter into contracts whereby they, agree (1) to pay their proper proportionate share of the project construction costs of $18.12 per acre, as these costs are defined in the report referred to in section 1 of this act, for such of their lands as do not now have a project water right; (2) to pay their proper proportionate share of the project rehabilitation and improvement costs of $15.10 and I}.Ot to exceed $7.50 per acre, respectively, for such of their lands as are not now covered by contracts for the repayment of such costs; and (3) to install, maintain, and operate, at their own expense, pumping machinery to lift the water from the project eanals or laterals for the irrigation of such of their lands as cannot be supplied by gravity fiow. The noninclusion of the Fort Hall town site within the net irrigable area of the project as hereby established shall not prevent the obtaining of water rights therefor in accordance wit h the act of March 1, 1907 (34 Stat. 1015, 1025).

SEc. 5. There is excluded from the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project by the designation of the project area in section 4 of this act the nine thousand six hundred and seventy acres of tribal, allotted, and nonIndian-owned lands located between Fort

· Hall and · Gibson, Idaho, heretofore author~ ized to be . .fn:cluded in the project by the

"" act of March ' 3, 1927 (ch. 371, 44 Stat. 1398). The construction costs apportioned to the tribal lands so excluded are hereby canceled and the water rights are made available for project use. The water rights for the lands of the several allottees and non-Indian owners within the area so excluded shall not be impaired or affected by reason of such exclusion, but water shall be delivered only at the head of the laterals serving these lands. The respective owners of such lands may make their water rights available for project use, whereupon the construction costs assessed or assessable against their lands with respect to the water rights thus made available shall be canceled by the Secretary of the Interior. Allottees of lands within the excluded area, or their heirs or devisees, may donate or sell their lands to the tribe or may exchange their lands for assignments of tril;>al lands within the project area. There is authorized to be appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, $8,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, for the purchase by the Secretary of the Interior, in the name of the United States of Amei'ica in trust for the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation, of one hundred and eighty acres of non-Indian-owned land, with water rights and improvements appurtenant thereto, described as the north half southeast quarter southwest quarter section 13, township 4 south, range 34 east, Boise meridian, and south half northeast quarter and north half southeast quarter section 7, township 4 south, range 35 east, Boise meridian, located within the area excluded from the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project by section 4 of this act. ·

SEC. 6. There is authorized to be appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $3,995 to compensate the following-named ~andowners, or their heirs, t.or work accomplished or for future ~ork necessary in fil11ng, leveling, and otherwise preparing for irrigation the abandoned portion of the old Fort Hall Main Canal within their holdings, in not to exceed the following

amounts: Frank E. DeKay, $401; Henry Jensen, $633; Theodore H. Gathe, $654; A. E. Albert, $106; Ezra D. Wilson, $127; J. M. Bistline, $378; Ambrose H. McGuire, $424; Ellen Griftith, $412; C. M. Allen, $116; Olive A. Granden, $184; William Webster, $28; Hiram Faulkner, $114; Williamette Blakeslee, $298; Frank Parker, $99; and Henrietta C. Blakeslee, $21.

SEC. 7. Pending the construction of a siphon to provide gravity,..fiow water to ninety-six and six-tenths acres of irrigable lands in the southwest quarter section 27 and east half section 28, township 5 south, range 34 east, Boise meridian, Idaho, which lands have been irrigated by pumping operations over a period of years, the Secretary of the Interior may accept the conveyance by the landowners of the pumping equipment for use of the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project and may operate such equipment as a part of said project in order to provide water for the irrigation of such lands; the acceptance of such conveyance being subject to th~ owners of the lands executing releases to the United States of any and all claims whatsoever due to the pumping operations carried on by such landowners.

SEc. 8. The Secretary of the Interior is authorized, in his discretion, to revise and reform, upon such terms and conditions as he may determine to be fair and equitable in all the circumstances affecting the interests of the United States and the contractors, existing contracts between the United States and the Idaho Irrigation District, the Progressive Irrigation District, and the Snake River Valley Irrigation District in Idaho, which contracts provide for certain payments by the districts to the United States for the benefit of works of the Fort Hall Indian irrigation

· project. SEC. 9. There is authorized to be appropri

ated, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, for refunds to Indians, or their heirs, the sum of $1,419.55, representing irrigation assessments of the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project erroneously made and collected, as follows: Andrew F .. Cutler, $153.80; Alice Sorrell Johns, $168.95; Nettie Stinson LaVatta, $146.62; Earl Edmund Cutler, $159.20; Charles Faulkner, $145.25; Josephine LaVatta Rumas, $155.20; May Phyllis LaVatta Brower, $29.90; Leonard I. Cutler, $135.85; Effl.e Oiggie Houtz, $122.75; Lucy Yandell Spencer, $25; Charles Gerard Cutler, $121.53; and Hattie Sorrell Siler Tillotson, $55.50.

SEc. 10. There is authorized to be appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated, such sums as may be necessary for the relocating, rehabilitating, cleaning, and extending of irrigation systems serving the lands irrigated from Ross Fork, Bannock, and Lincoln Creeks, which lands are outside of the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project, including the construction of a storage reservoir on Bannock Creek. The costs of any work benefiting Indian lands performed pursuant to this authorization shall be apportioned on a per acre basis and collected under laws applicable to Indian irrigable lands on the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project. Operation and maintenance charges against such lands shall likewise be subject to the same laws, rules, and regulations, as apply to Indian lands on the Fort Hall project. Any unpaid charges against such lands shall be subject to a first lien as provided 1n the act of March 7, 1928 (45 Stat. 200, 210). · No expenditure shall be made under this ·authorization which will benefit lands in nonIndian ownership unless the owners thereof execute contracts providing for the repayment of their proportionate per acre share of the costs of the work assessable against _ their lands.

SEc. 11. In order to prevent the acccumulation of deli~quent project assessments or other charges against the non-Indian-owned lands of the Fort Hall Indian irrigation project, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to cause liquidation of all delinquent assessments or charges by taking such action as may be necessary, including the foreclosure of the Government's lien covering any such delinquent charges or by initiating such other procedure as may be legally available, which action may be taken by him at any time when in his judgment the best interests of the project would be served thereby.

SEc. 12. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on agreeing to the amendment offered by the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. BUTLER].




The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, Senate bill 2171 will be indefinitely postponed.

BILL PASS ED OVER

The bill <S. 1844) to authorize an appropriation for the construction, extension, equipment, and improvement of public-school buildings and facilities at Winnebago, Nebr., was announced as next in order. ·

Mr. FiJLBRIGHT. Let the bill go over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bill will be passed over. Mr. BUTLER subsequently said: Mr.

President, I ask unanimous consent to return to Calendar 1554, Senate bill 1844, for just a moment. That is a bill to which the Senator from Arkansas objected. I have explained to the Senator, and I am perfectly willing to explain to the Senate, that the money involved is not a Federal subsidy, but every cent of the money is recouped by the Federal Government from the local school district.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the present consideration of Calendar 1554, Senate bill 1844?

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I objected, not on the ground that I object to Federal assistance to education, but I had thought this was piecemeal Fed-

. eral aid, that special districts were picked out and given Federal money as before, under the Federal aid bill which the Senate passed some time ago, but which apparently is· to be killed in the House. I understand the money supplied is to be repaid by the districts, in which there are Indians. With that understanding I do not object.


There being no objection, the bill <S. 1844) to authorize an appropriation for the construction, extension, eqUipment, and improvement of public-school buildings and facilities at Winnebago, Nebr., was considered, ordered to be engrossed

7706 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That there is hereby authorized to be appropriated, out of any funds in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, $215,000 for the purpose of cooperating with the school board of school district No. 17, Thurston County, at Winnebago, Nebr., for the construction, extension, equipment, and improvement of public-school buildings and facilities at Winnebago, Nebr.: Provided, That the expenditure of any money so authorized shall be subject to the express conditions that the school maintained by the said district in the said buildings and ·facilities shall be available to all Indian children of the district on the same terms, except as -to payment of tuition, as other children of said. school district: And p1·ovided further, That any amount expended hereunder shall be recouped by the United States within a

~ period of 30 years, commencing with the date of occupancy of the building or buildings, through reducing the annual Federal payments for the educ:ration of Indian pupils enrolled in public or high school of the district involved and in computing the amount of recoupment, interest at 3 percent per annum shall be included on any unrecouped balances. ·

CONVEYANCES OF OREGON SHORT LINE RAILROAD AND UNION PACIFIC RAIL-ROAD .

The bill <S. 2371) validating certain conveyances of the Oregon Short Line Railroad Co. and the Union Pacific Railroad Co. and waiving, relinquishing, and disclaiming all title and all right of reverter and forfeiture of the United States of America to the lands de'scribed in said conveyances; was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That that certain conveyance made by Oregon Short Line· Railroad Company, a corporation of Utah, to the Colorado Milling and Elevator Company, a corporation of Colorado, dated September 30, 1927, and recorded April 25, 1932, at 9:02 antemeridian in book 68 of deeds at page 42, records of Bannock County, Idaho, and covering the following-described land located in Bannock County, Idaho, to wit: A tract of land one hundred feet wide and one hundred and forty feet long in northeast quarter of southwest quarter of section 26, township 6 south, range 34 east, of Boise meridian, and more particularly described as follows: Be. ginning at the present northeasterly corner of right-of-way of Oregon Short Line Railroad Company opposite and west of block 329 of townsite of Pocatello, said corner bearing south thirty-three degrees forty-two minutes twenty seconds east three thousand four hundred and sixty-one and three-tenths feet from northwest corner of said section 26; thence south eight degrees forty-one minutes east along present easterly right-of-way boundary of said railroad company, one hundred and forty feet; thence south eightyone degrees nineteen minutes west one hundred feet; t~ence north eight degrees fortyone minutes west one hundred and forty feet to point in the present northerly right-ofway boundary of said railroad company; thence north eighty-one degrees nineteen minutes east along said northerly right-ofway boundary one hundred feet to point of beginning, and containing in all thirty-two one-hundredths of an acre, more or less; and that certain conveyance made by the Union Pacific Railroad Company, a corporation of Utah, to the- Colorado Milling and Elevator Company, a corporation of Colorado, dated April 28, 1941, and recorded May 29, 1941, at 2:14 postmeridian in book 84 of deeds at page

183, records of Bannock County, Idaho, and covering the following·-described land located in Bannock County, Idaho, to wit: A trace of land one hundred feet wide and one hundred and forty feet long in northeast quarter of southwest quarter of section 26, township 6 south, range 34 east, of Boise meridian and more particularly described as follows: Beginning at the present northeasterly corner of right-of-way of Oregon Short Line Railroad Company opposite and west of block 329 of townsite of Pocatello, said corner being southeasterly corner of that certain tract of land conveyed by Oregon Short Line Railroad Company to the Colorado Milling and Elevator Company by quit-claim deed dated September 30, 1927, and recorded April 25, 1932, in book 68 at page 42 of deeds, records of Bannock County; thence south eight degrees forty-one minutes east along said rightof-way boundary one hundred and forty feet; thence south eighty-one degrees nineteen minutes west one hundred feet; thence north eight degrees forty-one minutes west one hundred and forty feet; thence north eightyone degrees nineteen minutes east one hundred feet to point of beginning, and containing thirty-two one-hundredths of an acre, more or less; which said lands heretofore formed part of the right-of-way, station grounds, and yarcis of the Oregon Short Line Railroad Company and the Union Pacific Railroad Company granted by the United ·. States of America to the Utah and Northern Railway Company, predecessor of the Oregon Short Line Railroad Company and the Union Pacific Railroad Company, by act of Congress dated September 1; 1888, or by any other act of Congress are hereby legalized, validated, and confirmed and all title and all rights · of reverter or forfeiture of the United States of America in or to the lands desc-· ~ lJed in said conveyances, as provided in the Act of September 1, 1888 (25 Statutes 452), or otherwise, is hereby waived, relinquished, and disclaimed.

NURSERIES AND NURSERY SCHOOLS FOR _DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CHILDREN

The bill <H. R. 5808) to continue a system of nurseries and nursery schools for the day care of school-age and un-. der-school-age children of the District of Columbia was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

BILL PASSED OVER

The bill <H. R. 6096) to provide for making available the Government-owned alcohol plants at Muscatine, Iowa, Kansas City, Mo., and Omaha, Nebr., for production of products from agricultural commodities was announced as next in -order.

Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, at the request of several Senators, I have been asked to request that this bill be passed over, in order that an amendment agreeable to all parties may be worked out.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Under objection, the bill will be passed ov~r. INCREASE OF INTEREST RATE ON TITLE

I FARM TENANT ACT LOANS

The bill <H. R. 6114) to amend title I of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, as amended, so as to .increase the interest rate on title I loans, to provide for the redemption of nondelinquent insured mortgages, to authorize advances for the preservation and protection of the insured loan security, and for other purposes, was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed.

TRANSFER OF · LAND . IN LANGLADE COUNTY, WIS., TO UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE

The bill <H. R. 6113) to transfer certain land in Langlade County, Wis., to the United States Forest Service was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. ADJUSTMENT OF TITLES TO LANDS BY.

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE

The bill (S. 2418) to amend the act of July 8, 1943 (57 Stat. 388), entitled "An act to authorize the Secretary of Agri-

.. culture to adjust titles to lands acqui}\ed by the United ·states which are subject to his administration, custody, or control" was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That the act approved July 8, 1943 (57 Stat. 388), is hereby amended · by striking out the words "within 10 years."

LIQUIDATION OF CERTAIN MINERAL INTERESTS RESERVED TO UNITED STATES

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (H. R. 4856) to delay the liquidation of mineral interests reserved to the United States as required by the Farmers Home Administration Act of 1946, and for other purposes; which had been reported from the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry with an amendment, at the end of the bill, to insert "Nothing contained in this act shall be construed to supersede or modify in any way the provisions of section 9 of the Farmers · Home Administration Act of 1946."

The amendment was agreed to. Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, may

we have an explanation? Mr. AIKEN .. Mr. President, I believe

that under existing law the United States is required to dispose of certain mineral rights which it had withheld in the sale of land which had been acquired through the Resettlement Administration and by other means. Under present law, the Government is required to dispose of the mineral rights before a certain date. I think that date has already passed. This bill will provide an extension of the time, so that the Government may hold on to those rights.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If there be no further amendment to be proposed, the question· is on the engrossment of the amendment and third read-ing of the bill. ·

The amendment was ordered to be engrossed and the bill to be read a third time.


MRS. HELEN E. SCOFIELD

The bill <H. R. 3641) for the relief of Mrs. Helen E. Scofield was considered, ordered' to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. PAYMENT OF FEES, EXPENSES, AND COSTS

OF JURORS

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (S. 19) relating to the payment of fees, expenses, and costs of jurors, which had been reported from the Committee on the Judiciary with amendments, on page 1, in line 12, after the words "courts

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7707 of", to strike out "Hawaii, Puerto Rico"; on page 2, in line 3, after the word "Columbia", to insert "the United States District Court for the Territory of Hawaii, and the District Court of the Uni~ed States for Puerto Rico"; and in line 11, after the word "same", to strike out "$4" and insert "$5", so as to make the bill read:

Be it en.._acted, etc., That section 2 of the act entitled "An act fixing the· fees of jurors and witnesses in the United States courts,

, including the District Court of Hawaii, the District Court of Porto Rico (now 'Puerto Rico'), and the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now 'District Court · of the United States for the District of Columbia')", approved April 26, 1926 (44 . Stat. 323) , as amended (U. S. C .. , title 28, sec. 600) , is hereby amended to read as follows: ·

"SEC. 2. Jurors in the United States courts, except in the United States district courts of Alaska, and the Canal Zone, and except in the District Court of the Virgin Islands, and ·including the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, the United States District Court for the Territory of Hawaii, and the District Court of the United States for Puerto Rico, shall receive the following and no other compensation, except in cases otherwise expressly provided by law: For. actual attendance at- the place of trial or hearing of any court or courts, and for the time necessarily. occupied in

. going to and returning from such place of ~ . j;rial or he.l\:t;~JtZ· either at th~ beginn~ng and . end of sei'Vid~ or at any tlme durmg the

-! same, $5 per '·ctay during such attendance: Provided, That whenever a juror is required to attend court thirty or more days in hearing a single case, he may be paid,· in the discretion and upon the certification of the

. trial judge, a per diem of up to and not exceeding $10 for each and every day in. excess of 30 days he is required to hear such case.

"For the distance necessarily traveled by the shortest practicable route from their

. place of residence in ·going to and returning from the place of trial or hearing at the

. beginning and at the end of the term of service, 5 cents per mile: Provided,. That

. for additional necessary daily transportation expenses, the cost of travel by common carrier shall be allowed not to exceed $2 per day, or if it is not practicable to travel by common carrier a rate of 5 cents per mile shall be allowed but not to exceed $2 per day, or if daily travel appears impracticable subsistence of $2 per. day shall be allowed: Provided further, That whenever in any case the jury is ordered to be kept together and not to separate, the cost of subsistence during such period shall be paid by the marshal upon the ·order of the court in lieu of the

. foregoing allowance for subsistence, and such ' _sum may, in the discretion of the court, be

taxed as costs." •


for a third reading, read the third time, and passed. REFERENCE TO COURT OF CLAIMS OF

BILL FOR RELIEF OF AMERICAN ELEVATOR & MACHINE CO.

The resolution (S. Res. 251) was considered and agreed to, as follows:

Resolved, That the bill, S. 2208, for the relief of the American Elevator & Machine Co., with the accompanying papers, Is hereby referred to the Court of Claims in pursuance of section 151 of the Judicial Code (28 U. s . C., sec. 257), for such action as the court may take in accordance therewith.

M~S. CARRIE M. LEE

The. bill · <H. R. 2062) for the relief of Mrs. Carrie M. Lee was considered, or-

dered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. CARE AND CUSTODY OF CERTAIN INSANE

PERSONS _

The Senate proceeded to consider the bill (S. 850} to provide for the care and custody of insane persons charged with

.·or convicted of offenses against the United Stat~s. and for other purposes, which had been reported from the Committee on the Judiciary with amendments, on page 1, in line 7, after the word ••whenever", to insert "after arrest and"; on page 2, in line 18, after the word· "upon", to insert "due"; on page 3, ih line 2, after the word "'proceeding" and the period, to insert "A finding by the judge that the accused is mentally competent to stand trial shall in no way prejudice the accused in a plea of insanity as a defense to the crime charged; such finding shall not be introduced in evidence on that issue nor otherwise be brought to the notice of the jury"; and on page 6, beginning in line 23, to strike out ''SEc. 2. Sections 4851, 4852, and 4855 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended <24 U. S. C. 211, 21la, and 211b), and sections 1, 2, and 3 of the act of June 23, 1874 (18 Stat. 251), as amended (24 U: . . s. C. 212, 213, and 214), are hereby repealed insofar as they are in con:fiiet herewith", so as to make the bill read:

Be it enacted, etc., That the act entitled "An act to establish a hospital for defective delinquents,'' approved May 13, 1930 (46 Stat. 270, 18 U. S. C. 871-880), be, and the same is hereby, amended by adding at the end . thereof the following sections:

"SEc. 12. Whenever after arrest and prior to the imposition of sentence or prior to the expiration of any period of probation the United States Attorney has reasonable cause to believe that a person charged with an offense against the United States may be presently 'insane or otherwise so mentally incompetent as to be unable to understand the proceedings against him or properly 1io assist in his own defense, he shall file a motion for a judicial determination of such mental competency of the accused, setting forth the grounds for such belief with the trial court in which proceedings are pending. Upon such a motion or upon a similar motion in behalf of the accused, or upon its own motion, the court sha 1 cause the accused, whether or not previously admitted to bail, to be examined as to his mental condition by at least one qualified psychiatrist, who shall report to the court. For the purpose of the examination the court may order the accused committed for such reasonable period as the court may determine to a suitable hospital or other facility to be designated by the court. If the report of the psychiatrist indicates a state of present insanity or such mental incompetency in the accused, the court shall hold a hearing, upon due notice, at which evidence as to the men. tal condition of the accused may be submitted, including that of the reporting psychiatrist, and make a finding with respect thereto. No statement made by the accused in the course of any examination into his sanity or mental competency provided for by this section, whether the examination shall be with or without the consent of the accused, shall be admitted in evidence against the accused on the issue of guilt in any crim-

. inal proceeding. A finding by the judge that the accused is mentally competent to stand trial shall in no way prejudice the accused in a plea of insanity as a defense to the crime charged; such finding shall not be introduced in evidence on that issue nor otherwise be brought to the notice of the jury.

"SEC. 13. Whenever the Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall certify that a person convicted of an offense against the United States has been examined by the board of examiners established pursuant to the act of May 13, 1930 (18 U. S. C. 876-879), and that there is probable cause to believe that such person was mentally incompetent at the time of his trial, provided the issue of mental competency was not raised and determined before or during said trial, the Attorney General shall transmit the report of the board of examiners and the certificate of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons to the clerk of the district court wherein the conviction was had. Whereupon the court shall hold a hearing to determine the mental competency of the accused in accordance with the provisions of section 12 above, and with all the powers therein granted. In such hearing the certificate of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall be prima facie evidence of the facts and conclusions certified therein. If the court shall find that the accused was mentally incompetent at the time of his trial, the court sh.all vacate the

. judgment of conviction and grant a new trial. .

"SEc. 14. Whenever the trial court shall determine in accordance with sections 12 and 13 of this act that an accused is or was mentally incompetent, the court may commit the accused to the custody of the Attorney General or his authorized representative, until the accused shall be mentally competent to stand trial or until the pending charges against him are disposed of according to law. And if the court after hearing as provided in the preceding sections 12 and 13, shal! determ_ine that the conditions specified in the following section 15 exist, the commitment· shall be governed by section 16 as herein provided.

"SEc. 15. Whenever the Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall certify that a prisoner whose sentence is about to expire has been examined by the board of examiners established pursuant to the act of Ma,y 13, 1930 (18 U. S. C. 876-879), and that in the judgment of the Director and the board of examlners the prisoner is insane or mentally incompetent, and that if released he will probably endanger the safety of the officers, the property, or other ~nterests of the United States, and that suitable arrangements for the custody and care of the prisoner are not otherwise available, the Attorney General shall transmit the certificate to the clerk of the court for the district in which the prisoner is confined. Whereupon the court may iri its discretion cause the prisoner to be examined by a qualified psychiatrist designated by the court and one selected by the prisoner, and shall, after notice, hold a hear- ' ing to determine whether the ·- conditions specified above exist. At such hearing the designated psychiatrist or psychiatrists may submit his or their reports, and the report of the board of examiners and other institutional records relating to the pri,c;;oner's mental condition shall be admissible in evidence. All of the psychiatrists and members of the board who have examined the prisoner may be called as witnesses, and be available for further questioning by the court and cross-

. examination by the prisoner or on behalf of the Government. If upon such hearing the court shall determine that the conditions specified above exist, the court may commit the prisoner to the custody of the Attorney General or his authorized representative.

"SEc. 16. Whenever a person shall be committed pursuant to section 15 of this act, his commitment shall run until the sanity or mental competency of the person shall be restored, or until the mental condition of the person is so improved that 1f he be released he will not endanger the safety of the officers, the property, or other interest of the United States, or until suitable arrangements have been made for the custody and care of the

.prisoner. by the State of his residence, whichever event shall first occur. Whereupon the

7708 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 Attorney General or his authorized representative shall file with the court which made said commitment a certificate stating the termination of the commitment and the ground therefor: Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall preclude a prisoner committed under the authority of section 15 hereof from establishing his eligibility for release under the provisions of this section by a writ of habeas corpus. The Attorney General or his authorized · representative shall have authority at any time to transfer a prisoner committed to his custody under the authority of section 14 or section 15 hereof to the proper authorities of the State of his residence.

"SEc. 17. The Attorney General may authorize the use of any unexpended balance of the appropriation for 'support of United States prisoners,' for carrying out the purposes of this act or in payment of any expenses- incidental thereto and not provided for by other specific appropriations.

"SEC. 18. If any provision of this act or the application thereof to any llerson or Circumstance shall be held invalid, the remainder of the act and the application of such provision to persons or circumstances other than those as to which it is held invalid shall not be affected thereby."


for a third reading, read the third time, and passed. · REFERENCE TO COURT OF CLAIMS OF

BILL FOR RELIEF OF MR. AND MRS; LEM MOTLOW

The resolution <S. Res. 252) was cons~dered and agreed to, as follows: .

Resolved, That the bill, S. 890, for ~he relief of Mr. and Mrs. Lem Motlow, with .thifaccompanying papers, is hereby referred to the Court of Claims in pursuance of section 151 of the Judicial Code (28 U. S, C., sec. 257), for such action as the court may take in accordance therewith.

ADJUSTMENT .PAYMENTS TO CERTAIN PRODUCERS OF . RAW CANE SUGAR IN PUERTO RICO AND HAWAII

The bil((H. R .. 5174) to al,lthorize Com~ .modity Credit Corporation to make adjustment payments to certain producers of raw cane sugar in · Puerto Rico and Hawaii was announced ·as next in order.

Mr. BUCK. Mr. President, may we have an explanation? - ·

Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President, this bill relates to the practice by which the Commodity Ctedit Corporation paid uniform prices for sugar to producers in Puerto Rico and Hawaii, based· on _ the Cuban sugar prices, with allowances for freight charges. The practice was, at the end of the· Cuban sugar crop pUrchases, to average the price, and apply that price to the purchases which had been made in Puerto Rico and Hawaii, making the adjustments on the crop of the next crop year. In so doing, it happened that there were four companiesthree in Puerto Rico and one in Hawaiiwhich ceased to exist as companies in the next crop year. Therefore, it was impossible to pay them the adjustment on their crop, because they no longer produced and no longer sold. In the case of the Hawaiian company, it was sold to another firm. In the case of the Puerto Rican companies, they went out of business.

This measure simply permits the Commodity Credit Corporation to pay over to the assigns and successors of those four

companies the amounts which are lawfully due to them.

Mr. WILLIAMS. How much is involved?

Mr. FLANDERS. Approximately $200,000.


There being no objection, the bill was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. ·

The preamble was agreed to. . AMENDMENT OF UNIFORM SYSTEM OF

BANKRUPTCY ACT

The bill (S. 826) to amend section 60 of an act entitled "An act to establish a uniform system of bankruptcy throughout the United States," approve'tiJuly 1, 1898, as amended was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., 'l'hat section 60 of an act, entitled "An act to establish a uniform system 0~ bankruptcy throughout the United States," as amended by the act of June 22, 1938 (52 1=)tat. 840, 869), is hereby amended by striking out all of subdivision (a)' of said section and substituting in lieu thereof the following: · -

"(a) (1) A preference. is a transfer, as defined in this act, of any of the pro_perty of a debtor to or for the benefit of a creditor f0r or on account of an antecedent ·debt, made or suffered. by such debtor whlle insolvent and within four months before the filing by or against him of the original petition init(ating a proceeding under this act, the effect of which transfer wlll be to enable such creditor to obtain a greater per.centage of his debt than some other creditor of the same 'Class: Provided, however, That th_is s·ection sqall have no application to proceedings under chapter IX of this act.

"(2) For the purposes of s.ubdivisions (a) and (b) of this section, and subject to the provisions of paragraph (3), a transfer shall

- be deemed ·to have been made or suffered 'at the time when it became so far perfected that no creditor obtaining under applicable law by legal or equitable proceedings on a simple contract a lien on such property, without a special priority (whether or not such a creditor exists), could acquire, after such perfection, any rights in' the property so transferred superior to the rights of the transferee therein, and if such transfer is not so perfected prior to. the flUng of the original petition initiating a proceeding under this act, it shall be deemed to have been

· made immediately before the filing of such original petition: Provided, however, That where real property is transferred for or on account of an antecedent debt, the transfer shall be deemed to have been made at the time when it became so far perfected that no bona fide purahaser from the debtor could acquire, after such perfection, any rights in the property so transferred superior to the rights of the transferee therein.

"(3) A transfer, wholly or in part, for or on · account of a new and contemporaneous con

sideration shall, to the extent of such consideration and interest thereon and the other obligations of the transferor connected therewith, be deemed to be made or suffered at the time of the transfer, unless the applicable law t·equires the transfer to be perfected by recording, delivery, or otherwise, in order that no creditor described in paragraph (2) could acquire, after such perfection, any rights in the property so transferred superior to the rights of the transferee therein. A transfer to secure a future loan, 1f such loan is actually made, or a transfer which becomes security for a future loan, shall have the same effect as a transfer for or on account

of a new and contem~raneous consideratiQn. If any requirement specified in this paragraph (3) exists, the time of the transfer shall be determined by the following rules:

"I. Where (A) the applicable law specifies a stated period of time of not more than 30 days after the transfer within which record· ing, dellv~ry, or some other act is required, and compliance therewith is had within such stated period of time; or where (B) the applicable law specifies no such stated period of time or where such stated period of time is more than 30 days, and compliance therewith is had within 30 days after the transfer, the transfer shall be deemed to be made or suffered at the time of the transfer.

"II. Where compliance with ·the law applicable to the transfer is not had in accordance with the provisions of subparagraph I, the transfer shall be deemed to be made or suffered at the time of ·compliance therewith, and 1f such compliance is not had prior to the filing of the original petition initiating a proceeding under this- act, such transfer shall be deemed to have been made or suffered immetliately before the filing of such original petition." LEASES FOR OFFICE SPACE BY ADMIN

ISTRATOR OF VETERANS' AFFAIRS

The bill <S. 2774) to extend for 1 year certain provisions of section 100 of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1S44, as . amended, relating to ·the authority of the Administrator. of Veterans' Affairs to enter into leases for periods not exceeding 5 years was announced as next in order. .

Mr. MILLIKIN. ·- Mr. President, we have in the Finance Commit~ee House bill 6730. I ask unanimous consent that the Committee on Finance be discharged from the further consideration of that bill, and that the Senate proceed ta its consideration.

.The PRESIDENT pro.tempore. Without object)on, it is so ordered, and without objection, the House bill will be considered. - . , There being no objection, the bill <H. R. 6730) to extend for 1 year certain provisions of ·section 100 of ·the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, as amended, relating to .the authority of the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to enter into leases for periods not exceeding 5 years was considered, ordered to a third reading, _read the third time, and passed.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. . Without objection, the Senate bill 2774 ·wm be indefinitely postponed. ALLOWANCES OF CERTAIN EXPENSES IN·

CURRED BY VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION BENEFICIARIES

· The · bill <S. 2806) to amend -Public · Law No. 432, Seventy-sixth Congress, to

include an allowance of expenses incurred by Veterans' :Administration beneficiaries and their attendants in authorized travel for vocational-rehabilitation purposes was announced as next in order.

Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, we have · in the Finance·committee House bill5134. I ask unanimous ' consent that the committee be discharged from the further

· consideration of that bill, and that the Senate proceed to its consideration.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, it is so ordered, and, without objection, the House bill will be considered.

There being no objection, the bill (H. R. 5134) to amend Public Law No. 432,

-1948 CON·GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7709 Seventy-sixth Congress, to include an allowance of expenses incurred by Veterans' Administration beneficiaries arid

-their attendants in authorized. travel for vocational-rehabilitation purposes was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed:

The PRESIDENT pto tempore. Without objection, Senate bill 2806 will be indefinitely postponea.

TEMPORARY FREE IMPORTATION OF LEAD

The bill <H. R. 6489) to provide for the temporary free importation of lead was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. · RATES , OF COMPENSATION FOR CERTAIN

DISABILITIES

The Senate proceeded to consider the _bill (S. 595) to provide that the.rates of compensation for disabilities incurrea in active military or naval service other than in a period of war service shall be equal to 90 percent of the :.;:ates payable for similar disabilities incurred during active service in time of war which had been reported from the Committee on Finance, with an amendment, on page 2, in line 1, after the words "equal to," to strike out ''90"· and insert "80.''

The amendment was agreed t·o. Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, this

bill was introduced for the purpose of increasing the rates of compensation for disabilities incurred by veterans in active servi'ce during peacetime to 90 percent of the rates of compensation for disabilities incurred by veterans in active service during wartime. I regret very much that the Finance Committee reported the bill with an amendment providing for unly 80 percent, which is the effect of the amendment which·-has just been agreed to. As a matter of fact, Congress itself, in 1946, as I recall, passed a bill raising the rates of compensation for disabilities incurred in peacetime to 90 percent of those received for dis-

. abilities incurred in wartime; but unfortunately that increase was stated in terms of dollars and cents. Thereafter, in the same Congress a bill was passed increasing the rates of compensation to be received for wartime-incurred 'disabilities, and that wiped out the increase which had been given for peacetime-incurred disabilities, so that veterans suffering from peacetime-incurred disabilities thereafter drew only 75 percent of the rates of compensation received by veterans for wartime-incurred disabilities.

It seems to me indeed regrettable that the .committee did not allow the rate to go to the full .90 percent. That would have cost only about $3,000,000 additional. There are some 12,587 persons as I recall in that category.

I do not know .whether the boys who are to be drafted under the · bill passed today will be considered peacetime veterans when they come out of the service or wartime veterans. If peacetime veterans, we . are taking them . in on the proposition they will be given only 75 percent of the wartime disability rates for any disabilitY· they may incur, even though the disa'Bility may be exactly the same and may· have been incurred under

·-----------XCIV-486 I

exactly the same circumstances as a disability incurred during active duty in wartime.

I wish very much the committee had not proposed the amendment. I do not want to jeopardize the passage of the bill.

I certainly should like to see the amendment defeated and the bill allowed to pass so as to give veterans with disabilities incurred during peacetime service 90 percent of the disability rates that are awarded to wartime veterans.

Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, I should like to say, first, that the committee believes a distinction should be preserved between wartime-connected disabilities and peacetime .. connected disabilities. The House had a bill calling for the 90-percent rate, which is reduped to 80 percent. I refer to House bi111335, which is on the House Calendar. We are hopeful the House may act on it.

Therefore, the Senate Finance Committee considered that it was preserving a proper differential, and at the same time was doing something that had a chance or' being enacted at this session, if it reported the bill with an amendment providing for 80 percent, so as to conform to the percentage provided in the House bill.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The amendment having been agreed to, if there' be no further amendment to be proposed, the question is on the engrossment and third reading of the bill.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading,·read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That, effective the first day of the first month following the passage of this act, paragraph n of part II of Veterans Regulation No. I (a), as amended, is amended to read as follows:

''II. For the purposes of part II, paragraph I (a) hereof·, if the disab111ty .results

_ from injury or disease, the compensation shall be equal to 80 percent of the compensation now or hereafter payable· for the disability, had it been incurred in or aggravated by active mmtary or naval service during . a period of war service as provided in part I of this regulation."

The title was -amended so as to ·read: "A bill to provide that the r~tes of compensation for disabilities incurred in active military or naval service other than in a period of war service shall be equal to 80 percent of the rates payable for similar disabilities incurred during active service in time of war." COOPERATIVE FOR AMERICAN REMIT

TANCES TO EUROPE, INC.

The bill (H. R. 4830) for the relief of Cooperative for ·American Remittances to Europe, Inc., was announced as next in order.

Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Over.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, . if the Senator making the objection will withhold it, I desire to offer an explanation of the bill.

Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. Very well.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The objection is withheld.

Mr. FULBRIGHT. I desire to explain that the purpose of the bill is to au-

thorize repayment of import duties on chocolate paid by the corporation. The Cooperative · for American Remittances to Europe, Inc., is a complely nonprofit relief organization, commonly known as CARE, a relief organization that I know many Members ·of the Senate have used in sending packages to people in Europe. It began by the use of surplus property.

All that is involved in the bill is the duty of 5 c~nts a pound on imported chocolate, which is not required under the present law, but which at the time, through a misunderstanding, they paid. They are entitled to the refund, but under the law technically they could not get it. The Treasury refused to make a recommendation disallowing it, on that ground. That is, the Treasury cannot do that, but it did not say the refund should not be made. As I say, CARE is entirely a relief organization. Payment of the duties in question simply lessen their ability to send packages, and persons sending the packages-and I know, having seen a good many of them-simply have to make up the difference. I hope with this . explanation the Senator may withdraw his objection.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the present consideration· of the bill?

Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. I withdraw the objection.

There being · no objection the bill <H. R. 4830) for the relief of Cooperative for American Remittance to Europe, Ine., was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. TAMPA CHAPTER, NO. 113, UNITED DAUGH-

TERS OF THE CONFEDERACY

The bill <H. R. 2634) for the relief of the T~mpa .Chapter No. 113, United Daughters of the Confederacy, was considered, ordered to a third reading. read

. the third time, and passed. CHARLES B. FEATHERSTONE

. The biU <H. R. 2922) for the relief of Charies B. Featherstone was considered, ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. REVIEW OF JUDGMENTS OF CONVICTIONS

IN CRIMINAL CASES

The bill <S. 20) to regulate the review of judgments of convictions in certain criminal cases was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read

-the third time, and passed,' as follows: Be it enacted, etc., That no circuit or dis

trict judge of the United, States shall have jurisdiction to issue a writ of habeas corpu11 to inquire into the validity of imprisonment of a prisoner held in custody pursuant to a conviction of a court of any State, or to re· lease such prisoner in any habeas corpus proceeding, unless it shall appear that the petitioner has no adequate remedy by habeas corpus, writ of error coram nobis, or otherwise in the courts of the State. Where a prisoner in custody pursuant to a conviction of a court of any State, claiming the right to be released on the ground that the judgment has been obtained in violation of the Constitution or l~ws of the United States, who has no adequate remedy in · a State court by habeas corpus, writ of erro.r coram nobis, or otherwise files a petition for writ. of habeas corpus · before any circuit or district judge of the United States, such

7710 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 judge shall determine whether there is reasonable ground for the issuance of the writ, and, if so, shall issue the writ and shall cause a court of three judges to be constituted as provided by section 266 of the Judicial Code, as amended (28 U. S. C. 380a), who shall constitute a special court for the hearing of such petition. The decision of such court shall be reviewable by the Supreme Court of the United States on writ of certiorari. If the judge to whom application for writ is made shall determine that there is no reasonable ground fo~ issuing it, he shall dismiss the petition from which action an appeal shall lie to the circuit court of appeals for the circuit, upon the filing of the certificate required by the act of March 10, 1908 (ch. 76), entitled "An act restricting in certain cases the right of appeal to the Supreme Court in habeas corpus proceedings, as am'tlnded" (35 Stat. 40, 28 U. S. C. 466). The phrase "no adequate remedy" as used in this section means absence of State corrective process or existence of exceptional circumstances rendering such process unavailable to protect the rights of .the prisoner.

SEC. 2. Any prisoner in custody pursuant to a judgment of conviction of a court of the United States, claiming the right to be released on the ground that the judgment has been obtained in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, or that the court W/18 without jurisdiction, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum prescribed by law or otherwise open to collateral attack, may apply by motion, formally or informally, to the court in which the judgment was rendered to vacate or set aside the judgment, notwithstanding . the expiration of the term at which such judgment was entered. Such court shall thereupon cause notice of the motion to be served -upon the United States attorney and grant a prompt hearing thereon and find the facts with respect to the issues raised thereon. If the court finds that the judgment was rendered without jurisdiction, or that the sentence imposed was in excess of the maximum prescribed by law or otherwise open to collateral attack, or that there were errors in the sentence which should be corrected,. or that there has been such a denial or infringement of the constitutional rights of the prisoner as to render the judgment vulnerable to collateral attack, the court shall vacate and set the judgment aside and shall discharge the prisoner or resentence him or grant a new trial or correct the sen~ence as may appear appropriate. An appeal from an order granting or denying the motion shalL lie to the circuit court of appeals. No circuit or district judge of the United States shall entertain an application for writ of habeas corpus in behalf of any prisoner who is authorized to apply for relief by motion pursuant to the provisions of this section, unless it appears that it has not been or will not be practicable to determine his rights to discharge from custody on such a motion because of his inability to be pr~sent at the hearing on such motion, or for other reasons. Where the prisoner has sought relief on such . a motion, if the circuit or district judge concludes that it has not been practicable to determined the prisoner's rights on such motion, the findings, order, or judgment on the motion shall not be asserted as a defense to \he prisoner's application for relief on habeas corpus. The term "circuit judge" as used herein shall be deemed to include the judges of the United States Court of Ap-

' peals for· the District of Columbia.

HABEAS CORPUS PROCEEDINGS IN FEDERAL COURTS

The bill <S. 21) to regulate habeas corpus proceedings in the courts of the United States was announced as next in order.

Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, may we have an explanation?

Mr. WILEY. I ask that the bill go over temporarily.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Tl;le bill will go over.

Mr. HATCH subsequently said·: M;r. President, I requested an explanation of Calendar No. 1578, Senate bill 21, regulating habeas corpus proceedings in the courts of the United States. I did not think it should pass without being · explained. After a conference, I may say I have no desire for an explanation.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the present consideration of Calendar No. 1578, Senate bill21?

There being no objection, the bill was considered, ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and passed, as follows:

Be it enacted, etc., That no circuit or dist rict judge shall entertain any application for a writ of habeas corpus to inquire into the detention of any person pursuant to a judgment of any court of the United States or of any State, if it appears that the legality of such detention has been determin~d by. a judge or court of the United States· on a prior application for a writ of habeas corpus and the petition presents no new ground not theretofore presented and determined. A new ground within the meaning of this section includes a subsequent decision of an appellate court or the enactment or repeal of a statute. The . judge who determines an application for writ of habeas corpus may, however, grant a rehearing at any time, and, if the judge dies, goes out of office, or becomes disabled, a rehearing may be granted by his successor, or by the judge designated to hear the matter in the event of his disability. The term "circuit judge" as used herein shall be deemed to include the judges of the United States Court of Appeals -for the District .of Columbia.

SEC. 2. On a hearing of an application for a writ of habeas corpus to inquire into the legality of the detention of a person pursuant to a judgment of any court of the United States or of any State, the certificate of the judge who presided at the trial resulting in the judgment of conviction, setting forth the facts occurring at the trial, shall be admissible in evidence. Copies of the certificate shall be filed with the court in which the application is pending and in the court in which the trial took place.

SEc. 3. On an application for a writ of habeas corpus, evidence may be taken orally or by deposit ion, and, in the discretion of the judge, by affidavit. If the evidence is pre-

. sented in whole or in part by affidavit, any party shall have the right to propound written interrogatories to the affiants, or to file answering affidavits.

SEc. 4. On an application for a writ of habeas corpus documentary evidence and the transcript, if any, .of the oral testimony introduced on any previous similar application by or in behalf of the same petitioner, shall be admissible in evidence.

SEc. 5. The allegations of a return to the writ of habeas corpus or of an answer to an order to show cause in a habeas corpus proceeding, if not traversed, shall be accepted as true except to the extent that the judge shall find from the evidence that they are not true.

SEc. 6. On an application for a writ of habeas corpus to inquire into the detention of any person pursuant to a judgment of a court of the United States, the respondent shall promptly file with the court certified copies of the indictment, plea or petitioner and the judgment, or such of them as may be material to the questions raised, if the petitioner fails to · attach them to his petit ion, and same shall be attach~d to the return to t he writ, or to the answer to the order to show cause.

SEc. 7. If on any application for a writ of habeas corpus an order has been made permitting the petitioner to prosecute-the application in forma pauperis, the clerk of any court of the United States shall furnish to the petitioner without cost certified copies of such documents or parts of the record on file in his office as may be required by order of the judge before whom the application is pending.

BILLS PASSED OVER

The bill <S. 784) to provide maternity leave for Government employees· was announced as next in order.

Mr. WILLIAMS and other Senators. Over.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. On objection, the bill will be passed over.

The bill <H. R. 6116) to amend the Trading With the Enemy Act was announced as next in order.

Mr. LANGER. Over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Ob

jection is heard. The bill <S. 29) to authorize payment

of claims, based on loss of or damage to property deposited by alien enemies, was announced as next in order.

Mr. LANGER. Over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. On

objection, tne bill is passed over. The bill <S. 2772) to provide that all

employees of the Veterans Canteen Serv·ice shall be paid from funds of the Service, and for other purposes, was announced as next in order.


objection, the bill is passed over. The bill <S. 2807) to authorize the Ad

ministrator of Veterans' Affairs to contract for certain investigation reports in connection with insurance claims was announced as next in order.


objection, the bill is passed over. The bill <S. 2773) to authorize the Ad

ministrator of Veterans' Affairs to trans-. fer a _portion of the Veterans' Administration center at Los Angeles, Calif., to the State of California for the use of the University of California was announced as next in order.


objection, the bill is passed over. 'Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, could

I make an explanation? Mr. LANGER. It does not make any

difference whether the Senator offers an explanation or not. I am against it, anyway.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The bill will be passed over.

The bill <H. R. 3889) to amend Veterans Regulation No. 1 (a), parts I and II, as amended, to establish a presumption of service connection for chronic and tropical diseases was announced as next in order.

Mr. LANGER. Over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Objec

tion is heard. The bill will be passed over.

The bill <S. 2279) to extend the benefits of section 1 (c) of the Civil Service Retirement Act of May 29, 1930; was announced as next in order.

Mr . LANGER. Over.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-, SENATE 7711 The PRESIDENT pro tempore. On

objection, the bill is passed over. The bill <S. 2192) to amend the Inter,.

state Commerce Act so as to permit the issuance of free passes to agents of car- · riers subject to part I of such act, was announced as next in order.


objection, the bill is passed over. The bill (S. 2829) to amend the Canal

Zone Code and for other purposes was announced as next in order.


objection, the bill is passed over. The bill (S. 2401) to provide for the

administration cf military justice within the United States Air Force and for other purposes was apnounced as next in order.


objection, the bill is passed over. The bill (S. 2830) to extend for 5 years

the authority to provide for the maintenance of a domestic tin-smelting industry was announced as next in order.

Mr. -LANGER. Over. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The

bill will be passed over on objection. ELIMINATION AND RETIREM~T OF

REGULAR ARMY AND REGULAR AIR FORCE OFFICERS .

The bill <H.~. 2744) to provide for the elimination of Regular Army and-Regular Air Force officers and for the retirement of officers, warrant officers, and enlisted men of the Regular Army and the Regular Air Force, an 1 to provide retirement benefits for members of the Reserve components of the Army of the United States, the .Air Force of the United States, United States Navy and Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, was announced as next in order.


objection, the bill is pa-ssed over. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, if I

may inquire, does the Senator wish to object to all the bills en bloc?

Mr. LANGER. I may say that after we had worked for 2 years on the bill to provide maternity leave for Government employees, a member of my own committee objected to it. So long as we cannot take care of poor, defenseless women, I shall object to every bill.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If the Senator objects en bloc to all subsequent bills, there is no sense in calling the calendar, the Chair would think.

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, if I may, I ask the distinguished Senator to withhold his objection long enough to inquire whether it would be possible to take up but one bill, Calendar 1591, House bill 2744.

Mr. LANGER. No objection. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I ask

unanimous consent to return to Calendar 1591, House bill 2744, and that it be immediately considered.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the immediate consideration of the bill?

There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to consider tile bill <H. R. 2744) to provide for the elimination of

Regular Army and Regular Air. Force offi-cers and for the retirement of officers, warrant officers, and enlisted men of the Regular Ariny and the Regular Air Force, and to provide retirement benefits for members of the Reserve components of the Army of the United States, the Air Force of the United States, United States Navy and Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, which had been reported from the Committee on· Armed Services with amendments.

Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the amendments be agreed to en bloc.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the request·? The Chair hears none, an::l the amendments are agreed to en bloc.

The amendments agreed to en bloc are as follows:

In section 105, on page 4, line 13, after the word "list", insert "shall be furnished written notice of the pendency or · any proceedings for his removal, shall be afforded reasonable time for the prepa-ration of his defense,"; .

In section 107 (b), on page 6, line 20, after the word "be', to strike out "in the grade and with the seniority which he would have attained by operation of law if he had not been removed therefrom" and insert "in a grade determined by the ·following schedule: Officers with less than 3 years of service for promotion purposes shall be appointed in the grade of second lieutenant; those with. 3 or more, but less than 7 years of such service, shall be appointed in the grade of first lieutenant; those with 7 or more, but less than 14 years of such service, shall be .appointed in the grade of captain; those with 14 or more, but less than 21 years of such service, shall be appointed ·in the grade of major; those with 21 or more, but less than 28 years of such s~rvice, shall be appointed in the grade of lieutenant colonel: Provided, That (a) those with more than 28 years of service for promotion purposes who are under 60 years of age shall be appointed to the l?,ctiv~ list in the permanent grade of lieutenant colonel and-

" <A> shall until June 30, 1953, be eligible- for selection to the permanent grade of colonel; and

"(B') if not selected and, promoted to the grade of colonel or retireq under any other provision of law on or before June 30, 1953, shall on such date be retired in the highest grade to which he is entitled under any provision of law; or

·'(C) if promoted to the grade of colonel on the active list prior to such date, shall be retired under the laws applicable to the elimination and retirement of permanent colonels; and

"(b) Those with more than 28 years of service for promotion purposes who are 60 years of age or over shall be advanced on the retired list to the grade of colonel, and shall be entitled to receive the retired pay to wl:}.ich they would have been entitled if they had not been removed from the active list under the provisions of section 2 of the joint resolution of July 29, 1941 (55 Stat. 606), but had been retired while serving in the permanent grade of colonel at the completion of 28 years of service for promotion purposes. Each officer restored to

the active list, and appointed in a grade as prescribed in this section, shall have his name placed on the appropriate promotion list among the officers of his grade in the same seniority standing as would have existed had such officer been continued on the active list. For promotion purposes and initial grade determination each officer so restored to the active list shall, upon appointment, have credited to him all service which he would have had if he had not been removed from the active list pursuant to the provisions of section 2 of the joint resolution of July 29, 1941 (55 Stat. 606) ";

On page 9, following line 15, to insert: (d) Each otflcer of the Regular Army here

tofore removed from the active list pursuant to the provisions of section 2 of the joint resolution of July 29, 1941 (55 Stat. 606), who on the date of such removal was (a) eligible for voluntary retirement under any provision of law then in effect, or (b) shall be determined by retiring board action to have been eligible for retirement for disabi11ty on such date, shall upon application therefpr be placed upon the retired list in the grade and with the retired "pay and other benefits to which he would have been entitled if he had been so retired: Provided, That no officer restored to the active list pursuant to the provisions of this section shall be retired pursuant to the provisions of this subsection.

In section 109 on page 10, line 15, after the word "repealed", insert "Provided, · That all rights and benefits accrued under .such laws· prior to the date of enactment of this title shall hereafter remain in full force and effect."

On page 12, line 9, afte.r the word "year", insert, "Provided further, That for the purpoose of determining years of service credited for longevity pay in the case of ·a general officer, such service shall be that which would be credited to such general officer if he were on the promotion list and serving in the grade of colonel."

In section 203 (a), on page 12, line 15, after the word "Army", strike out "or" and insert "or of any Reserve component of the Army of the United States, and each commissioned officer of";

In line 17, after the word "Force", insert "or of any Reserve component of the Air Force of the United States";

In line 18, after the word "retired" insert "or granted retirement pay."

In line 21, ·after the word "grade", insert "in which he served", and after the word "satisfactorily", strike out "held by him" and insert "for not less than 6 months while serving on active duty."

On page 13, in line 2, after the word "grade", insert the proviso, "Provided, That retired pay of such highest grade shall be without credit for service on the retired list." ·

On page 14, in line 6, after the word "him", insert ''while serving on active duty"; in line 11, after the word "grade", insert "at the time of retirement: And provided further,"; in line 16, after the word "pay", strike out "immediately upon his retirement" and insert "effective upon the enactment of this title or upon his retirement, whichever is later"; in line 21, after the word "amended", insert "each female dietitian or physical therapist appointed pursuant to the act of December 22, 1942 (56 Stat. 1072'), each

7712 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE JUNE 10 female officer appointed pursuant to the act of June 22, 1944 <58 Stat. 324), and each member of the Army Nurse Corps or Women's Medical Specialist Corps appointed pursuant to Public Law 36, Eightieth Congress <61 Stat. 41) ."

On page 15, in line 6, after the word "the", strike out "Nurse Corps"; in line 9, after the word "satisfactorily", insert "on active duty."

In line 22, after the word ''him", insert ''while serving on active dl.ltY ."

On page 16, in line 3, after the word "law", insert "for his length of service at the time of retirement";

In line 9, after the word "pay", strike out "immediately upon his retirement" and insert: "effective upon the · enactment of this act or upon his retirement, whichever is later.

"(f) Each .commissioned officer of the Regular Army or of any Reserve component of the Army of the United States, and each commissioned officer of the Regular Air Force or of any Reserve component of the Air Force of the United States, retired or granted retirement pay under any provision of law on or after August 7, 1947, but not later than January 1, 1957, while serving on active duty in a temporary grade not higher than that of major general shall be advanced on the applicable officers' retired list to such grade, and shall receive retired or retirement pay at the rate prescribed by law, computed on the basis of the base and longevity pay which he y.rould receive if serving on active duty in such higher grade: Provided, That computation on the basis of pay of such highest grade shall be made without benefit of longevity credit for retired-list service. No officer shall be ordered to active duty or promoted to any higher temporary grade solely for the purpose ·of entitling him to retirement in advanced grade pursuant to this subsection"; .

On page 17, after line 4, strike out: SEC. 204. (a) Members of the Regular Army

or the Regular Air Force heretofore retired who were called to active duty during World War II and who are entitled under subsections (a), (c), (d), and (e) of section 203 of this title, to advancement on the retired list by reason of having held a higher temporary rank or grade shall have their retired rank or grade and retired pay status changed to grant any increase benefits provided by that section.

(b) Members · of the Regular Army or the Regular Air Force retired during World War II but not recalled to active duty and who are entitled under subsections (a), (c), (d), and (e) of section 203 of this title, to advancement on the retired list by reason of having held a higher temporary rank or grade shall have their retired rank or grade and retired pay status changed to grant any increased benefits provided by that section,

(c) No person recalled to active duty after retirement shall be entitled, by the enactment of this title, to be recalled in any rank or grade higher than that to which he or she would otherwise be entitled;

And insert: SEc. 204. Enlisted men and warrant of-

' ficers of the Regular Army or Regular Air Force hereafter advanced to commissioned rank or grade on the retired list pursuant to section 203 (c) or 203 (e) of this title, shall, if application therefor is made to the Secretary of the Army or Secretary of the Air Force within 3 months from the date of

approval of this title or within 3 months after the date of the advancement to commissioned rank or grade on the retired list, whichever is the later, and subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Army or Secretary of the Air Force, be restored to their former retired enlisted, or warrant officer status, as the case may be, and shall thereafter be deemed to b;e enlisted or warrant officer personnel, as appropriate, for all purposes;

On page 18, line 21, after the word "law'', insert "No back pay or allowances prior to the date of enactment of this title shall accrue to any person by reason of the enactment thereof"·;

In title 3, section 302 <a), on page 20, in line 18, strike out "satisfact-orily"; in line 19, after the word "performed", insert satisfactory", and after the word "service", insert "as defined in this section";

On pag~ 21, in line 2, strike out "or"; in line 3, after the word "thereof", insert "or the United States Coast Guard, including the Reserve components thereof"; in line 7, after the word "pay", stdke out:

If he fulfills any of the requirements enumerated below:

( 1) If he has completed no satisfactory Federal service . in any of said services prior to the date of enactment of this title, he must have completed not l.ess than 3 years of active Federal service subsequent to that date.

(2) If he has completed some service, but less than 5 years of satisfactory Federal service in any or all of said services prior to the date of enactment of this titre, he must have completed not less than 3 years of active Federal service, at least 2 years of which must have been served subsequent to the date of enactment of this title.

(3) If he has completed a years, but less than 10 years of satlsfactory Federal service in any or all of said services prior to the date of enactment of this title, he must have completed not less than 4 years of active Federal service, at least 18 months of which must have been served subsequent to the date of enactment of this title.

( 4) If he has completed 10 years but less than 15 years of satisfactory Federal' service in any or all of said services prior to the date of enactment of this title, he must have completed not less than 4 years of active Federal service, at least 1 year of which must have been served subsequent to the date of enactment of this title.

( 5) If he has completed 15 years, but less than 20 years of satisfactory Federal service in any or all of said services prior to the date of enactment of this title, he must have completed not less than 4 years of active Federal service, at least 6 months of which must have been served subsequent to the date of enactment of this title.

( 6 )"' If he has com preted 20 or more years of satisfactory Federal service in any or all of said services prior to the date of enactment of this title, he must have completed not less than 4 years of active Federal service;

On page 22, line 23, after the word "this", strike out "subsection" and insert "section";

On page 23, in line 1, strike out ''of the service to which application is made for retirement"; in line 10, after the word "component", insert the proviso:

Provided further, That no person who was a member of a Reserve component on or before August 15, 1945, shall be eligible for retirement benefits under this title unless he performed active Federal service during any portion o! either of the two periods begin-

ning April 6, 1917, and ending November 11, 1918, and beginning September 9, 1940, and ending December 31, 1946.

(b) Subsequent to the enactment of this act, a year of satisfactory Federal service, for the purposes of this section only, shall consist of any year in which a person is credited with a minimum of 50 points, which points shall be credited on the following basis:

(1) One point for each day of active Federal service; , ,

(2) One point for each drill or period of equivalent instruction, such drills and periods of equivalent instruction to be restricted to those prescribed and authorized by the Secretary of the respective service for the year conc~rned, and to conform to the requirements prescribed by other provisions of law;

(3) Fifteen points for membership in a Reserve component for each year of Federal service other than active Federal service.

(c) Each year of service as a member of a Reserve component prior to the enactment of this act shall be deemed to be a year o! satisfactory Federal service for the purposes of this section, subject to the provisions of subsection (e) of section 306 of this act.

On page 24, in line 12, strike out "(b),, and insert "(!i) "; in line 16, strike out "(c)" ahd insert "(e)"; in line 24, after the word "equal", strike out "to"; in line 25 strike out· •• (i) "·

On page 25, in ltn·e 5, after the word "the", strike out "sum of the number of years of his active Federal service; plus", and insert "number of years and any fraction thereof (on the basis of 360 days per year) whtch shall consist of the sum of the following:

"<D All periods of active Federal service;

"(ii) One day for each point credited pursuant to subparagraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (b) of section 302 of this act, but no more than 60 days shall be credited on this basis-in any 1 year for the purposes of this section:"; following line 13, strike out "(iD one-half of 1 percent of such active duty annual base and longevity pay multiplied by a number equal to the sum of the number of years of his Federal service· other than active Federal service:";

In line 20, after the word "further", strike out "That in computing the number of years of Federal service for the purposes of computing retirement pay under provisions of this title, a fractional part of a year amounting to 6 months or less shall be disregarded and a fraction of more than 6 months counted as 1 year"; in ' line 25, insert "That for ear.h year of Federal service, other than active Federal service, performed as a member of a Reserve component prior to the date of enactment of this act and credited in accordance with subsection (c) of section 302 of this title, such member shall be credited with 50 days for each of such years. for the purposes of this section";

On page 26, section 304, line 7, strike out "SEc. 304 .. After the effective date of this title, any member of a Reserve com-

. ponent of the Army of the United States, the Air Force of the United States, or the United States Navy, or Marine Corps who, when it has been so determined by the Secretary of the Army with respect to personnel of the Army, tiy the Secretary O'f the Navy with respect to personnel of the Navy arid Marine Corps, and by the Secretary , of the Air Force

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7713 with respect to personnel of the Air Force, fails to conform to such stand:ards and qualifications as may be prescribed by law or regulations, may at any time, by order of the cognizant Secretary, be placed in an inactive status for the purpose of this title: Provided, That such inactive status'' and insert: "As soon as may be practicable after the effective date of this title, the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Air Force, and the Secretary of the Navy shall, by regulations not inconsistent with this or any other act, prescribe (a) appropriate standards and qualifications for the retention or promotion of members of Reserve components of the Army of the United States, the Air Force of the United States, and the United States Navy and the Marine Corps, respectively, and (b) appropriate and equitable procedures under which the compliance by each member of each such Reserve component with such standards and qualifications shall be determined periodically. Whenever any member of any such Reserve component thereafter shall fail to conform to the standards and qualifications so prescribed he shall be transferred to an inactive Reserve status if qualified for such status, retired without pay if qualified for such retirement, or

·his appointment or enlistment shall be terminated. Such action'';

On page 27, line 12, after the word "not", strike out "effect" and insert "affect"; in line 14, before the word "such", insert "such action shall have been taken with respect to''; in line 15; before the word "Provided" strike out "was placed in an inactive status"; ~

On page 28, in line 3, after the · word "Reserve", insert "No period of _service otherwise creditable in determining the eligibility of any person to receive, <lr the amount of, any annuity, pension, or old-age benefit payable l,lnder any provision of law on account of civilian employment, in the Federal Government or otherwise, shall be excluded in such determination because such period of service may be included, in whole or in part, in determining the eligibility of such person to receive, or the amount of, any retired pay payable under this title";

In line 24, after the word "title", strike out the word "includes" and insert "shall consist of";

On page 29, in line 10, after the word "Corps", insert "and the Enlisted Reserve Corps prior to the enactment of Public Law 460, Eightieth Congress, approved March 25, 1948";

In line 13, strike out the words "the Enlisted Reserve Corps" and insert "the Organized Reserve Corps";

On page 30, in line 11, after the word "component", change the period to a semicolon and insert "and"; in line 12, insert "(16) the Coast Guard Reserve"; in line 24, after the word ' 'in", strike out word "the" and insert "an"; in line 25, after the word "or", strike out "the" and insert "an"; on page 31, in line 4, after the word "Naval", insert "and"; in line 5, after the word "Corps", strike out "Reser~e" and insert "Marine Corps Reserves"; after line 6, strike out ''Sec. 307. On and after the effective date of this title, any member of a Reserve component of the Army of the United States or the

Air Force of the United States, or any member of the Naval or Marine Corps Reserve, who satisfactorily performs not less than a designated minimum percentage of all drills or other inactive duty training, or both, during any year, as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the cognizant service, shall, for the purpose of determining his eligibility for retirement only~ be credited with active Federal service at the rate of 30 days for each year o-f such satisfactory performance of such drills or other inactive duty training: Provided, That said credit of 30 days' active Federal service shall be in addition to any annual active duty or field training: Provided further, That right to perform such drills or other inactive duty training and accrue credit therefor shall not be contingent upon the performance of any active Federal service"; in line 24, after the word "Sec.", strike 01,1t "308" and insert "307";

On page 32, in line 6, after the word "Sec.", strike out "309" and insert "308";

In line 9, after the word "and", strike out "in the discretion" and insert "by the direction";

On page 33, line 1, strike out "SEc. 309. (a) The Secretary of the Army with respect to personnel of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy with respect to personnel of the Navy and Marine Corps, and the Secretary of the Air Force with respect to personnel of the Air Force shall certify and submit to the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs for payment, the names of all persons entitled to receive retired pay under the provisions of this title, along with a statement as to the amount of such pay to which said persons are entitled. The Administrator of Veterans' Affairs shall, thereafter, disburse such pay to said persons from appropriations made to the Veterans'

· Administration for that purpose"; in line 13, after the word "S'ec.", strike out "310" and insert: "SEC. 309. Service as a member of a Reserve component shall be subject to the requirements of the military .services and appropriations available therefor from time to time. No person shall be ordered to active Federal Service for the sole purpose of qualifying for retirement benefits under this title"; in line 19, after the word "Sec.'', strike out "311" and insert "310"; in line 22, after the word "Sec.", strike out "312" and insert ''311"; on page 34, line 8, after the word "Sec.", strike out "313", and insert "312. The provisions of this title shall become effective for each of the services concerned when directed . by the cognizant Secretary, but not later than the first day of the seventh month following the date of enactment.

"S'Ec. 313. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such funds as may be necessary to carry out the pur-poses of this act." ·

The amendments were ordered to be engrossed and the bill to be read a third time.


The PRESIDENT pro tempore. That concludes the calendar.

Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, the Senator from North Dakota is objecting to all remaining bills on the calendar because several Senators, including one of

the members of his committee, objected to the present consideration of S. 784. I am the member of the committee referred to. .I have served on that committee for 2 years with the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. LANGER] during which time this bill has been considered. The bill is now upon the calendar, yet there is still no report from the Budget Bureau as to the costs, which, as every Senator is aware, is the customary procedure. What I should like to ask the Senator from North Dakota is, if he is half as interested in getting the bill passed as he appears to be, why he has not, within the past 2 years, obtained for the members of the committee the views of the Bureau of the Budget concerning the bill? ·

Instead of following this customary procedure the chairman of the committee [Mr. LANGER] relied upon the views of the committee staff for a cost estimate.

To confirm this I shall read from the committee report:

The committee took recourse to information supplied by its own actuary and advisers appointed by the chairman of the committee.

Mr. President, past experience has shown me as a member of the committee that their estimates are unreliable. One officer, referred to the chief of staff, is a former registered lobbyist of the American Federation of Labor. He is now drawing a salary as a member of the committee staff of $10,000 a year. At the time he was hired he was registered as a lobbyist with the Secretary of the Senate under the Lobbying Act.

The actuary mentioned in the report as assisting in making the estimates has had 10 years' previous experience with the Government as an astrono111er in the Naval Observatory, following which he was employed by the Government as an actuary.

In my opinion, the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service should have access to the best actuarial experience in the country. A man needs to have more than a knowledge of the stars.

Since the proper procedure was not followed, I asked the Senator from North Dakota [Mr. LANGER] to hold this bill over until I could procure some further pertinent facts. Until these facts are obtained, I shall continue to object to this bill being considered under the calendar rule.

There is nothing unusual in the procedure I followed in asking for the bill to go over.

My objection to the present consideration of this bill is not based ·upon its merits, but merely represents my policy to follow correct procedure. TRffiUTE 'l'O THE LATE SENATOR JOHN H.

OVERTON-RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY COMMISSION COUNCIL OF BATON ROUGE, LA.

Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the body of the RECORD a certified copy of a resolution adopted by the Commission Council of the City of Baton Rouge, La., expressing its sincere and deep sorrow on the death of the late Senator John H. Overton.

7714 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-._ SENATE JUNE 10

There being no objection, the resolution was ordered to be printed in the REcORD, as follows:

Whereas the Honorable John H. Overton, senior Senator from Louisiana, died in office on the 13th day of May, 1948; and

Whereas senator Overton served his State honorably and well for the past 16 years in the Senate of the United States, in which distinguished body he held the position of . chairman of the Flood Control Committee for the past 12 years and was · also an outstanding member of the Appropriations Committee and of other committees of the Senate of the United States; and

Whereas Senator Overton devoted the greater part of his brilliant Senate service to flood control and river and harbor im-

, provement, and was acknowledged to be the outstanding authority on flood-control matters in the Senate of the United States; and as a result of his outstanding leadership in that field, flood-control projects in Louisiana and throughout the entire Nation stand as living monuments to his memory; and

Whereas the entire lower Mississippi Valley, including the State of Louisiana, has prospered greatly as a result of the legislation written and sponsored by Senator Overton, particularly the Overton flood-control bill; and

Whereas the city of Baton Rouge, the capital city c;>f Louisiana, located on the great Mississippi River, is especially aware of the tremendous loss to Louisiana and the Nation in tlle passing of Senator John H. Overton: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved by the Commission Council of the City of Baton Rouge, That the city of· Baton Rouge hereby expresses its sincere and deep sorrow on the death of a truly great and faithful public .servant, and extends . to his family its profound sympathy upon their great personal loss, which 1s shared so fully by the State and Nation which he served.

CERTIFICATE OF SECRETARY

A true and correct copy of a resolution adopted by the Commission Council of the City of Baton Rouge, La., on the 26th day of May, 1948. All members present and voting "Aye."

[SEAL] GEO. F. BROGDON, Secretary.,

PROPOSED REDUCTION IN APPROPRIA· · TION FOR ATOMIC ENERGY COMMIS-

SION .

Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, at this time of the day I regret to have to address the Senate upon a subject which I think is ·fully as important as the one which impelled the President pro tempore of the Senate to make an address before the Appropriations Committee yesterday for the purpose of protesting what he properly described as a most reckless cut in the appropriations for ERP. I feel fully as strongly regarding the reduction which has been proposed in the budget of the Atomic Energy Commission.

The Senate Appropriations Committee will soon consider the appropriation for the Atomic Energy Commission for the coming fiscal year.

On the recommendation of the House Appropriations Committee, the House has passed a supply bill slashing $48,000,-000 from the Commission's proposed budget.

In recommending this cut, the House Appropriations Committee suggested that it could be accomplished by an adjustment in certain phases of the research and development program. This suggestion fQr an adjustment simply

means cutting down expenditures for research and development.

With all due respect to the House Appropriations Committee, I believe that the proposed budget slash may be nothing less than calamitous for the entire atomic energy project, which is one of the four main pillars of our national defense.

The fact is that the research a:nd development program is a bedrock of the atomic energy project, both for militarY purposes and for peacetime purposes. It is impossible to separate the two phases of atomic energ..y research into separate compartments. They are inseparable. The same research project which advances the peacetime uses of atomic energy may also be invaluable from. the military standpoint.

In my judgment, a pinch-penny policy on atomic energy at this time may cost us several times the amount saved at some later date in terms of military expenditures.

The budget recommendations submitted by the Commission represented its best judgments checked by the scientists, technicians, industrialists, and mining experts who have had experience in this field. The history of this whole undertaking clearly shows the impossibility of drawing up a priority list of items and stating categorically just how far each one shall be pursued.·

This is a field in which we are endeavoring to advance into the unknown. Indeed, the safety of the · country lies in the length of the steps taken into the unknown. The Commission very rightly refuses to pretend to be clairvoyant, because in the field of research, it is impossible to be clairvoyant.

Take, for example, the aspect · which necessarily concerns us most-that of the military applications of atomic energy, The military aspects of national security are not capable of being stated in narrow or categorical terms. They are completely involved in the over-all security of the country. The military interest in the atomic energy program goes far beyond specific types of atomic bombs. It is indeed impossible to point to any segment of the atomic energy program and say, for instance, that an experiment is of no interest to the Military Establishment. In fact, it might be said that the basic military interest in the atomic energy program is that it be the broadest and healthiest possible program.

In considering the atomic energy appropriation, it is important to bear in mind the differences between the wartime program and the present program. The mission of the Manhattan project was essentially to produce in wartime a weapon which would have a decisive effect in a war already · under way. The mission of the Atomic Energy Commission, as regards military applications; is to contribute to the maximum possible extent to the military strength of this Nation. The job of the Manhattan project was to gather together the accumulated science and technology of a number of years and out of this untried knowledge to produce a bomb. It is a tribute to the efficiency' of the project

that it actually used up about all the nuclear science of this country then available.

The job of the Atomic Energy Commission is to create new science and technology to add to the accompl~shment of the Manhattan project and to prepare the country for a number of eventualities, not all of which are necessarily known today, at the same time that it carries on and expands shortrange production of military items. The Commission must be simultaneously visionary and hard-headed. It must build new plants, as was done during the war, with a clear realization-even the hope-that those plants will be made obsolete-by us-before they have lasted out their full lives.

To cite a specific example: Presumably, one of the areas of research and development in which it is believed a cut-back is possible is that of reactor de· velopment. It is unnecessary to go into details of restricted data to realize the enormous advantage which will accrue to the military security of this country when we are able to propel ships, and submarines, and aircraft with nuclear, engines. No one can now say when these engines will be ready. We know only that they are not impossible to develop,' and certainly we want every effort made to develop them as soon as possible. It is all very well to say, "Keep specific projects on nuclear propulsion on ships and aircraft," but it must be remem· bered that many reactor problems are common to the entire reactor field and that a solution found in one place is likely to solve problems in other places---from aircraft engines to stationary power plants.

To use a mundane analogy advanced by Commissioner Strauss at the House hearings, asking the Commission to advance a list of priorities is like asking a. family with a half-dozen children to determine in .advance on which children the family's savings for education should be spent.

Listen to the warning of the Chairman of the Commission at the hearings:

In this particular program cutting out any one section of research and development might prove to be a very tragic and catastrophic mistake. . We do not know whether our advice is all-wise, but we do say that it represents the best judgment we were able to secure. And the sort of thing could happen-we do not say it will-but the sort of thing could happen that almost happened before; and Dr. Bacher, a distinguished physicist and a member of this Commission, can give you an illustration from the experi• ence in the atomic energy development in· volving a section of research which was al .. most thrown out. It is the thing which gives us concern about the various segments of this program. At one juncture of the atomic energy development, it was essential that this research and development was completed, otherwise the whole investment could have been wasted as a result of what would have taken place.

It may sound reassuring to be told that the propose<i reductions are to be absorbed without affecting the military phases of our atomic energy program. But, · Mr. President, let ·us not pretend that the cut suggest~dcrwill not affect the

: I

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7715 rate of speed at which the atomic energy program moves forward. Are we prepared to accept responsibility which may some day return to haunt us, responsibility for putting on the brakes at a time when all the signals call for full speed ahead? No. Mr. President, the United States cannot a:fiord the luxury of trifling with one of the Nation's most precious assets and the bedrock of its security.

Mr. President. I close by reading this one line from the House committee report:

The committee also believes that an adjustment can be made in the item for research in the nonweapon, nonbiology, and non medical phases of the research and development program.

In other words, they proposed to slash $48,000,000 from the budget for the purpose of depriving the Commission of money for the development of peacetime- power. · We can all draw our own conclusions from that statement in the report.

MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE

A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Cha:fiee, one of its reading clerks, communicated to the Senate the resolutions of the House adopted as a tribute to the memory of Hon. Lewis B. Schwellenbach, the late Secretary of Labor.

The message announced that the House had disagreed to the amendments of the Senate to the bill <H. R. 6628) to provide for a program in the field of lighterthan-air aeronautics under the direction of the United States Maritime Commission, and for other purposes; agreed to the conference asked by the Senate on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon, and that Mr. WEICHEL, Mr. HAND, Mr. LATHAM, Mr. BLAND, and Mr. HART were appointed managers on the part of the House at the conference.

The message also announced that the House had insisted upon its amendment to the bill <S. 2237) to increase certain benefits payable under the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, disagreed to by the Senate; agreed to the conference asked by the Senate on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon; and that Mr. LANDIS, Mr. SCHWABE of Missouri, and Mr. KELLEY were appointed managers on the part of the House at the conference.

ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED

The message further announced that the Speaker had affixed his signature to the following enrolled bills, and they were signed by the President pro tempore:

S. 1037. An act to authorize the revision of the boundaries of the Caribou National Forest in the State of Idaho;

S. 1214. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to provide for the training of officers

· for the naval service and for other purposes," approved August 13, 1946, as amended;

S. 1249. An act authorizing additional research and investigation into problems and met hods relating to the eradication of cattle grubs, and for other purposes;

S. 1520. An act to amend sect ion 3 of the act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 554). as amended, so as to provide reimbursement to the Post Office D~partment by the Navy Department for shottages in post al accounts

occurring while commfssioned officers of the Navy and Marine Corps are designated cus-

. todians of postal effects; . S. 1871. An act to restore certain lands to

the town site of Wadsworth, Nev.; S. 1987. An act to authorize the Secretary

of the Interior to const ruct the Preston Bench project, Idaho, iii accordance with the Federal reclamation laws;

S. 2137. An act to provide for the protection of potato and tomato production from the golden nematode, and for other purposes;

S. 2215. An act to amend the Public Health Service Act to support research and training in diseases of the heart and circulation, and to aid the States in the development of community programs for the control of these diseases, and for other purposes; and

H. R. 3433. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to classify the officers and members of the Fire Department of the District of Columbia, and for other purposes," approved June 20, 1906, and for other pur-poses. ·

THE MILITARY STRENGTH OF THE UNITED STATES


Mr. WHERRY. I yield to the Senator from South Carolina.

Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, I ask to have printed in the RECORD the speech which I intended to make on House bill

· 2744, which was passed by the Senate this afternoon.

There being no objection, the speech was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: REMARKS OF SENATOR MAYBANK IN RE H. R. 2744

We. have before us today in H. R. 2744 a bill which could Wtlll mark the turning point in our military strength. The1·e has. been much discussion in the Armed Services Committee, on the floor of the Senate, and throughout the Nation generally, that the real military strength of our country lies in a well-trained and well-organized National Guard and Reserve. While this bill is divided into three titles, each of which differs in its purpose, title III is a most important step in implementing the various statements of opinion concerning our need to improve our Reserve structure.

Before discussing this important title, I would Hke to dwell briefly on the provisions of title I. This title establishes a per-

, manent and workable method of eliminating substandard officers from the Regular Army and the Regular Air Force. At the present time the services are operating under temporary wartime legislation which expires on June 30 of this year. Failure to enact title I of this bill would mean that the services would revert to an archaic and cumbersome method of getting rid of their inefficient and undesirable officer personnel. There will be no increased, cost to the Government as a result of enactment of this title, and it ts believed that it is a very worthy and necessary part of the bill.

The prime purpose of title II is to place the Army and the Air Force on a par with the Navy insofar as certain retirement benefi~s are concerned. Under existing law the Navy is permitted to retire their personnel, both Regular and Reserve alike, in the highest temporary ran~ in which they served satisfactorily during wartime. This prin- · ciple was approved by the Congress on the theory that an officer who sm;ved satisfactorily in a position of higher responsibility and rank during wartime should, when retired, be rewarded for such service by being retired in the higher rank. The Army and Air Force do not have authority similar to that enjoyed by naval personnel and this title places them on a basis of exact equality with the Navy.

The additional costs to the Government; occasioned by this title are cumulative over a period of years, starting with an initial cost of $1,000,000 in 1949 and rising to a m aximum cost of approximately $17,500,000 in 1968. It is expected that by 1988 the costs of this title will have disappeared completely.

Title III of the bill establishes a new principle for the members of the Reserves and the National Guard, in that it creates a longevity retirement system for members of the Reserve based on service rendered during both periods of war and peace. In the past, members of the Reserves have served conscientiously and faithfully over various extended periods of years and have never received retirement benefits for such service. It is a fact that there are within our Reserves today individuals who have been called to active duty for the Mexican border troubles, who served during World War I and for many years during World War II. The reason they served was because they remained active in the Reserves during the periods of peace and were thus immediately available to augment the Regular military forces when we were confronted with periods of national emergency.

It is recognized throughout our country that the Reserves have always had to bear the brunt of combat service, but thifii title is not aimed solely at rewarding these men for past service. On the contrary, its primary purpose is to establish a long-range program which will induce personnel to stay in and render progressive and valuable service to the various Reserve components over long periods of time. ·

Standards have been written into this bill which are very high and exacting. In order to qualify, a reservist must apply himself throughout the years by faithful attendance at drills, completion of correspondence courses, attendance at camps and by periods of active Federal service. · Further, the bill contains a directive to the Secretaries or the various branches of the armed services to establish standards and procedures for the promotion and elimination of members of the Reserves, and specifies that failure to meet these standards will result in their separation from the Reserve and disqualify them for any benefits under this title. These standards must of necessity include physical fitness and, of course, professional qualifications.

It is believed that the inducements held out under this title will result in a great many reservists competitively trying to qualify for the benefits of the title. However, the normal attrition that will take place in the Reserves wm; in the opinion of the services and actuaries who considered this b1ll, result in only approximately 8 percent of the officers and 1 percent of the enlisted personnel qualifying. It should be clearly pointed out that insofar as benefits and procedures are cohcerned, officers and enlisted men are treated exactly on the s.ame basis. Briefly stated, any officer or enlisted man who acquires to his credit 20 years of active Federal service will be qualified to receive a pension starting when he reaches 60 years of age. A year of active service is defined as a year in which hs has attained .a maximum of 50 points as defined in the bill. Such points are earned as discussed earlier, that is, by attendance at drills, camps, completion of correspondence courses, etc. If the man accumulates 20 years of sat isfactory service his points are then converted into days and those days divided by 360, which gives his total number of years of active Federal service. He will then be entitled to receive 2¥2 percent of the pay of the highest rank which he held during this period of service, starting when he becomes 60 years of age. ·

It will be noted that these provisions clearly reward those who serve the most, and

7716 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JUNE 10 eliminate completely those who render no service. In this respect it differs markedly from the bill as it passed the House. Unintentionally perhaps, but legally, under the House version of the b111, it would have been possible for a large number Of persons to hav~ qualified for retirement without giving service to these Reserves. When the Senate Armed Services committee considered this bill, outside actuaries were utilized to calculate the costs of title III in the form that it passed the House of Representatives. It was estimated by these actuaries that the ultimate maximum costs would be reached about the year 2000 and would be in the neighborhoood of $400,000,000 annually. After study, the· services and the Reserve associations concurred in these figures. It was deemed that these costs were prohibitive, and further, that irrespective of the amount of money involved, the bill did not insure the development of the type of Reserve needed as an integral part of our military structure. Therefore, over a period of several months many different plans were considered and eventually the plan presently before the Senate was agreed upon by the

Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, if that is the situation, I withdraw my request.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair has no option in the matter.

Mr. WHERRY. I shall be glad to suggest the absence of a quorum.

Mr.. MILLIKIN. If any Senator has gone home with that understanding of the situation, I would be the last man in the Senate to upset it. Therefore, I shall not press my request. THETEACHERSHORTAGE-LETTERFROM

DELIA W. KUHN

. Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the body of the RECORD, as part of my remarks, a letter which I have ·received from Mrs. Delia W. Kuhn, chairman of the education committee of the Alice Deal Home and School Association. ll There being no objection, the letter was

ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows:

services, the Reserves, and the committee. WASHINGTON, D. c., June 8, 1948. The same actuaries who made the original Hon. WAYNE C. MoRsE,

estimates were making further studfes of the United States Senate, alternate plans as they were developed, and Washington, D. C. it is pertinent to note that the highest maxi- DEAR SENATOR MoRSE: Some of the members mum cost of title III in the form in which of the education committee of Alice Deal -are it is presented today will be reached in ap- very much concerned about S. 1537, the Fedproximately the year 1963 and will be in eral Employees Pay Act of 1948, which reaches the vicinity of $18,000,000 per year. There- the floor of the Senate this week. They have after, that figure should be the annual cost asked me to pass on the following' informaof the title. This is in marked contrast to tion to you, in case you should be planning the former figure of $400,000,000. But here to speak about the act or offer an amendagain, it is felt that the most important ment. change in the House version was that which As you know, all Federal and District emrequired a high degree of service in order ployees, except District teachers, are now covfor a man to qualify. · ered by pending legislation providi:n,g cost-

I could explain the bill in considerably of-living increases. more detail, but I suspect that it WOUld per- • SALARY SCALE OF DISTRICT TEACHERS haps be best to conclude my remarks and 1. District teachers' ·average salary of $3,298 make myself available to questions from any ranks twenty-fifth in the scale of teachers' of my . interested c.olleagues. However, in salaries in cities over 100,000 population in closing, I would like to reiterate: First, that the United States. Detroit is highest with the objective of title III is to assist in the $4,133. development and maintenance of a strong 2. In maximum salary possible for teachers and trained Reserve. Second, that the cost with a masters degree, District teachers rank of the title is very small when compared to fourteenth. ' the benefits received through the increased '3. In maximum salary possible for teachers strength of our military f!tructure. Par- with a bachelor degree, District teachers rank ticularly is this true as it should result in tw:enty-seventh. permitting the reduction of the size and 4. In percentage of increase granted last cost of our Regular Establishment. Third, year, District teachers rank sixty-sixth, acthe bill has the "Q.nanimous endorsement o'f cording to a survey of ·90 large cities made by the military services, the various Reserve the National Education Association. · associations, and the National Guard asso- 5. In 44 cities teachers receive annual in-elations. · crements of over $100 and as high as $375.

ORDER OF BUSINESS

. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I am about to move--

Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will the Senator y·ield?

Mr. WHERRY. I yield to the Senator from Colorado.

Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, would it be in order to ask unanimous consent that the Senate resume the call of the calendar from the point at which objection was made?

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Not until the Senator from North Dakota withdraws his objection.

Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, several Senators have left the Chamber since the announcement was made that the call of the calendar had been concluded. That would require that there be a quorum, call, because I would want all the Senators to be present in case any Senator should want to object to the unanimous-consent request of the Senator from Colorado.

The annual increment of District teachers is $100.

6. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington's cost-of-living index is the highest in the Nation.

SICK LEAVE 1. District teachers are granted no paid

sick leave. Ten days' leave was recommended by Superintendent Corning, and this proposal sent to the Commissioners early in May. There it remains.

THE TEACHER SHORTAGE 1. There are 529 temporary (student)

teachers in the District. Only 18 of these in divisions 1-9 (white schools) took the qualifying examination this spring to teach in District Junior and senior high schools. Only 43 in divisions 10-13 (colored schools) took the examination.

2. With. 249 temporary elementary school teachers, only 21 are graduating this spring in this field from Wilson Teachers' College, and 46 from Miner.

3. At least six teachers have left the District to teach in Montgomery County, where increments and maximum salaries are higher-$4,800 with an A. B. and $5,300 with anM.A. ·

4. In the pas.t there· were normally 20o-300 applicants for .teaching positions in tlle white schools alone.

CONCLUSIONS 1. The effect of s. 1537, if District teachers

are excluded from it, will be to make the Falaries of some school janitors higher than those of some District teachers.

2. If teachers are excluded from S. 1537 and a sales tax is enacted for the District, teachers will, in effect, take a salary cut.

3. I understand that, while teachers are not included in the Classification Act of 1923 (which 1537 amends}, they have been brought under it in the past and can again be brought under it by an amendment to s. 1537. . '

As chairman of the Alice Deal education committee, I have taken the liberty of biiu.ging these facts to your attention, in the belief that they will interest you in your double role of president of the Home and School Association and of United States Senator.

With best wishes, I am, Cordially yours,

DELIA W. KUHN, Chairman, Education Committee,

A.Zice Deal Home and School Associa.tion.

HOUSING UNLIMITED-EDITORIAL FROM THE OREGON DAILY JOURNAL

Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the body of the RECORD, as part of my remarkS', an excellent editorial entitled "Housing Unlimited," from the June 4 issue of the Oregon Daily Journal.

There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as. follows:

HOUSING UNLIMITED Representatives of the Portland. housing

authority, city, county, and State governments, and disaster agencies have agreed to inform the Federal Government that 5,000 stopgap housing units are needed immed • ately to care for Vanport flood victims.

That's fine. So are plans for remodeling dormitories, bringing in trailers and Army tents to take care of the emergency.

There is no agreement, however, between varic:ms housing . committees on plans for permanent housing fqr these displaced persons, victims of the worst flood disaster in the Oregon country. And unless Portland wants to foster a long-range trailer camp and slum housing problem, doing itself as well as the flood victims a very bad turn indeed, an effort should be made to reach immediate agreement on a permanent housing program, then place all the facilities of the community behind the project.

It· is obvious that flood victims cannot live in makeshift quarters for long, or double up forever with big-hearted townspeople who have thown open their homes to them. Thus emergency housing is imperative. But it is equally obvious that emergency housing, unless backstopped by permanent housing is equally meaningless when it comes to meeting the long-range housing needs of the area.

Remember, 6,600 public housing units were wiped out at Vanport.

Remember, too, that the other 6,000 units of public housing are filled, or are so nearly filled that they offer no relief. Likewise, the 5,800 units of public housing at Vancouver. Thus the long-range housing needs of the area, acute before the fioods came, are doubly acute now. This is another war housing emergency all over again.

Remember also that the people left homeless in the Vanport disaster must have lowrental housing. The Gis attending Vanport College couldn't buy a new house at today's prices if the area were full of them. Neither could many other stranded persons.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .7717 The discussion, already begun, of letting

private industry do Portland's housing jobdesirable as that is in theory-therefore becomes purely academic. In sober truth, Portland must have literally thousands of subsidized low-rental housing units. It must have them as quickly as ,suitable sites can be found, and as quickly as they can be built. In the next 6 to 10 months, if possible; an d the only agency that can provide that kind of housing that quickly is the Federal Government.

Let's get all housing groups together and go after the stopgap housing. And right now. We must have it. But let's recognize it as stopgap and get going right now on a permanent housing program-not another Vanport, but something better and with more local control. Meanwhile, let's not become involved in time-wasting, lofty argument s about who's going to build what- and where, lest slums grow up in our midst.

SUPERSONIC FLIGHT

Mr. REVERCOMB. Mr. Pres~dent, . according to a press account which I hold in my hand, Air Secretary Symington disclosed today that the Air Force has succeeded in developing and flying an airplane faster than the speed of sound.

This is a remarkable achievement, and one which I think deserves to be brought to the attention of the Senate, particularly on this day, wheri all of us have had our attention directed so forcibly toward thoughts of national defense.

It is also fitting, I think, -that L call attention to the fact that a West V:irginian was the first pilot to fly in this supersonic airplane at a speed faster than sound. He is Capt. Charles E. Yeager, of Hamlin, Lincoln County, W. Va, Captain Yeager's wife, Elise, and two chi'ldren, and his parents; Mr. and Mrs. Hal Yeager, reside in Hamlin. This young man compiled a great war record, and bas gone on to become one of_ the truly brave and fearless fliers of our time.

At this time I also want to pay tribute to another fine West Virginia boy, who also was engaged in the hazardous flying which led to supersonic flight faster than sound. That young man was Howard C. Lilly, whose parents reside near the city of Beckley, w. Va. . ' Just a few weeks ago, Mr. Howard Lilly

gave his life at the Muroc Air Base in testing one of the experimental jet planes of the Navy. Lilly was 30 years old, a civilian, and was rated one of the best test pilots of the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.

I pay tribute to Captain Yeager and to the memory of Howard Lilly, both great fliers, great Americans, and both from my home State of West Virginia.

I ask, Mr. President, that this press account be printed in the RECORD as a part of my remarks at this point.

There being no objection, the article was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: ·

FLIES FASTER THAN SOUND The Air Force's XS-1 rocket plane has flown

"much faster than the speed of sound many times," Air Secretary Symington announced today.' The speed · of sound is about 760 miles an hour at sea level. Air experts called the supersonic flight the greatest aviation achievement since the Wright brothers' flight.

The original s~ersonic flight was made . last October at the-Muroc (Calif.) Air Force base. Subsequent..test flights all have been made there.

Capt. C~arles E. Yeager, 25-year-old pilot, became the first · human in history to fly faster than sound.

Undoubtedly th~ plane was flying at a high altituda. The speed of sound decreases with increased height. For example, the speed of sound at 40,000 feet ~s 660 miles per hour.

Mr. Symington said he could · not reveal details because they might give other nationsthe benefit of our Air Force research. He did not claim any records, but the plane obviously shattered unofficially all existing world speed records.

The XS-1 is a small, straight-winged plane with a needle nose and a stubby, fat body. ·It is powered by four rocket motors, and is the Air Force's first rocket fighter.

Mr. Symington was asked if other planes had gone faster than the speed of sound. "Not in lev·el flight, but possibly in a dive," he said.

The plane that pierced the hitherto impenetrable supersonic wall was conceived 1945. A year later, it was ' ,ready to _fly. Under full power, the XS-1 will stay aloft only about 2'12 minutes and probably will fly little more than 100 miles from take-off to landing.

. It is the most rugged plane ever built, designed to withstand the -tremendous forces · that exert· themselves in the supersonic realm. . .·

From· the XS-1 and its contemporaries, science is getting the knowledge to build

. supersonic aircraft that will wage future wars far out of sight and hearing of earth-bound folk. While the XS-1 is designed for 80,000· foot altitude, one of its successors is being designed reportedly for 200,000 feet. The present power plant of the XS-1is supposed to · push .it a "mere" 1,000 miles an hour at 60,000 feet-more than 1'12 times the speed of sound at that altitude.

The fuel is alcohol and liquid oxygen, forced into burners by gaseous nitrogen. If the nitrogen system is replaced by a turbine pump, as planned, the Air Force believes the XS-1 may reach its design speed and stay aloft 4.2 minutes.

Should anything go wrong in the cockpit, the pilot can push a button and. be thrown free of the ship, to _parachute to safety.

Capt. Yeager enlisted in the Air Corps in 1941 as soon as he was graduated from high school at Hamlin, W. Va. He shot down 13 German planes during 15 months with the Eighth Air Force in Europe. Since the war, he has served almost 2 years as a test pilot at Wright-Patterson Air Base, Dayton, Ohio, and at Muroc.

During his European service, Capt. Yeager flew P-51 Mustangs on 64 combat missions totaling 270 combat hours. He won the Distinguished Flying ·cross, the Silver Star with one oak leaf cluster, the Purple Heart, the Bronze Star, and the Air M.edal with six clusters.

LUXURY TAX ON BABY CREAM

Mr. BALDWIN. Mr. President, irritation seems to be the common lot of mankind, and at th,is time I should like to read into the REcORD a letter I have received from one of my constituents, in all seriousness. The letter follows:

NEW HAVEN, CoNN., June 1, 1948. The Honorable RAYMOND E. BALDWIN,

Senator from Connecticut, Washington, D. C.

DEAR SIR: The other day I went to the drug store to buy some baby cream for Louis, our year-old son, whose little bottom had gotten all red and irritated. I was charged 47 cents for a jar which holds about 2 ounces. That price is high enough to pay for this product but when I have to give 10 additional cents for a luxury tax for a baby item, that is when I get my dander up. ·

Since when has it been considered a luxury for the baby to have a sore bottom? It is hard enough trying to raise -a family and give America the healthy future sons, daughters, and voters she needs without these additional burdens such as luxury taxes on essential baby items.

I realize that the Government is sustained through taxes and I am willing to give my share, but luxury tax on the essentials of a baby's well-being is going too far. I'm slire

, there must be many other sources from which this additional money can be obtained and which would feel the pinch much less than the already overburdened budget of today's young parents:. What do you think?

Respectfully yours, . (Mrs.) LOUIS W. MINGIONE.

Mr. President, I replied that I thought my correspondent was · exactly right. I respectfully call the letter to the attention of t~e Finance Committee. PURCHASES FOR THE ARMED SERVIC'ES

UNDER UNIFICATION LAW

Mr. GURNEY. Mr . . President, during the consideration of Senate bill 2655, which was passed this afternoon, some comments were made as to the fact that unification ot the armed services was not workin~ as it should. I agree. , Yet some prbgress has been made. Fpr instance, in May of · last year common items purchased amounted to 18 percent. The volume is now 64 percent.

For );he REOORD I offer a letter I have received from the Secretary .of Defense~ setting forth certain data, and I ask that the letter be printed in full at this point in the body of the RECORD.

There being no objection, the letter was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: -

THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, washington, June 4, 1948.

Hon. CHAN GURNEY, Chairman, Armed. Services Committee,·

United. States Senate. · DEAR SENATOR GURNEY: Last Week you

asked me for information concerning the volume of purchases by the National Military Establishment which have been brought under coordinated control. You expressed particular interest in a comparison of what the current volume will be, on the basis of purchase assignments presently in effect, as compared with the situation 1 year ago, before passage by_ Congress of the National Security Act.

As you know, the Munitions Board has been extremely active in assigning procurement responsibility for given items to a single service. Specifically, under purchase assignments in effect on May 1, 1948, more than 64 percent of the total dollar value of purchases by the National Military Establishment will be carried out under single service assignments of this sort. This figure of 64 percent compares with a figure of 18 percent on May 1, 1947.

Similarly, under present assignments, joint purchases account fer 12.3 percent today, as compared with 1.1 percent a year ago.

Other types of collaborative purchase assignments presently in effect account for a total of 5.9 percent of total purchases·.

In other words, total coordinated purchases, under assignments on May 1, 1948, will account for approximately 84 percent of total purchases. This figure compares with a figure of 38 percent as of May 1, 1947.

A more detailed statement on this sub· ject, which my office requested the Munitions Board to prepare, is· attached for your information.

Sincerely, JAMES FORRESTAL,

7718 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 MAY 25, 1948.

COMPARISON OF PROCUREMENT BEFORE AND AFTER UNIFICATION

1. In response to your memorandum of May 15, 1948, regarding military procurement, the following tabulation is presented fo:t your information. Comparison of purchase volum~ on the basis

of purchase assignments in eff~ct on May 1, 1947, and. on May 1, 1948

Before unifi· After unifica-cation purchase tion purchase assignments in assignments in effect May 1, effect May 1, Change 1947 1948 in

per· Dollar Dollar cent value Per- value Per-(mil-lions)

cent (mil-lions)

cent _

-------'

Single service • . 558 18.3 1, 971 • 64. 6 +46. 3 Joint __ ____ _____ 32 1..1 408 13.4 + 12. 3 Collaborative .. 558 18.2 182 5. 9 -12.3 Uncoordinated. 1, 903 62.4 490 16. 1 -46.3

----------TotaL ••. 3,051 100.0 3,051 100 .. 0 -------

2. The following factors should _be considered in analyzing the above 1iabulation:

(a) Fiscal year 1948 appropriation data were utilized as the basis of projecting the probable distribution of procurement data for purchase assignments in effect on May 1, 1948, and on May 1, 1947.

(b) In view of the above it is to be noted that the column for May 1 1 1947, represents the percentages and dollar values had the purchase assignments in effect -on May 1, 1947, been in effect for the entire fiscal year 1948. The column for May 1, 1948, represents the percentages and dollar values had the purchase assignments in effeqt ·on May 1, 1948, been in effect for the entire fiscal .year 1948. - -

(c) No allowance was·· made for · lag between the date of purchase assignment and the actual implementation of purchase asignment. ,

(d) Projections for future expenditures will not ordinarily follow the same relative distribution because of shifting of requirements; so that interpretation of future trends must be made. on a tentative basis.

3. It is to be noted that. the trend has been toward increased single service and joint procurement and decreased collaborative and uncoordinated procurement.

PATRICK W. TIMBERLAKE,

Ma1or ~eneral, USAF.

PROPOSED REPEAL OF INDIAN LIQUOR LAWS

Mr. THYE. Mr.-President, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate proceed to the consideration of the motion of the Senator from Texas [Mr. O'DANIEL] of January 26, 1948, to reconsider the vote by which House bill 1049, to repeal certain acts of Congress known as Indian liquor laws in certain parts of Minnesota, was passed.

Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I do not like to interpose an objection, but the Senator .fro~ Texas has been compelled to leave the Chamber, and I shall have to object to unanimous consent at this time. I should not object under other circumstances.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore·. Ob-jection is made. , ·

INTERNATIONAL LATEX CORP.

Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, it · has come to my attention from certain sources that criticism has· been hurled at the International Latex Corp. forcer-

tain of the advertisements they have · carried in the public press, and particu

larly some dealing witb British policy in Palestine.

I wish to say for myself that I think the International Latex Corp. has set a good example in carrying as advertisements of a commercial character material that is in the public interest. This is a liberal and progressive private enterprise, performing a very valuable public service by using its commercial advertisements to convey messages to the public which contribute to a better understanding by the public of important issues.

Mr. President, when there are so many reactionary newspapers which are strangling rather than progressing . matters of liberal character, and when there are o many private corporations which use

their commercial ·power for a selfish rather than a public interest, it seems to me that International Latex Corp. is to be commended instead of being condemned for using its advertising space to give some vital message to the public for its consideration. The public does not have to believe what is said in that space. The corporation makes no effort to force its views upon the public. But instead of putting something of purely commercial character in their advertising space I think they have set a good example by using the space to give a message with some meat in it to the public at large. Would that many other corporation executives would exhibit the keen public interest and the progressive and humanitarian point of view which Mr. A. N. Spanel, president of International Latex Corp., has so long shown in his public service.

RECESS

Mr. WHERRY. I should like the RECORD to show that the call of the calendar is concluded and that the pending business is Senate Resolution 239 respecting the United Nations.

I now move that the Senate recess lJ,ntil tomorrow at 10:30 o'clock a. m.

The motion was agreed to; and (at 6 o'clock and 11 minutes p.m.) the Senate took a recess until tomorrow, June 11, 1948, at 10:30 o'clock a.m.

NOMINATIONS

Executive nominations received by the Senate June 10 <legislative day of June 1). 1948:

DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE

The following-named persons, now Foreign · Se.rvice officers of class 3 and secretaries in

the diplomatic service, to be also consuls general of the United States of America:

Leo J. Callanan, of Massachusetts. Carlos J. Warner, of Ohio. Ray L. Thurston, of Wisconsin, now a For

eign Servi~e officer of class 4 and a secretary 1n the diplomatic service, to be also a consul of the United States of America.

George T. Colm·an, of Wisconsin, a Foreign Service staff officer, to be a consul of the United States of America.

Julius C. Holmes, of Kansas, for appointment as a Foreign Service officer of class 1, a consul general, and a ·secretary in the diplomatic service of the United States of America.

The following-named persons for appointment as Foreign Service officers of class 3,

consuls, and secretaries in the diplomatic service of the United States of America:.

Ellis M. Goodwin, of New Jersey. Howard P. Jones, of New York. S. Shepard Jones, of Maryland. Edwin M. J. Kretzmann, of Rhode Island. GeorgeS. Roper, of Virginia. Harold R. Spiegel,. of Michigan. The following-named persons for ap

pointment t as Foreign Service officers of class 4, con;suls, and secretaries in the diplomatic service of the United States of America:

Charles H. Abbott, of Virginia. Elmer H.· Harrelson, of Oklahoma. Henry L. T. Koren, of New Jersey. Eugene I. Padberg, Jr;, of Missouri. The following-named persons for appoint

ment as Foreign Service officers of class 5, vice consuls of career, and secretaries in the diplomatic service of the United States of America:

Edward T. Barnard, of New York. Jules E. Bernard, of New York . William T , Carpenter, Jr., of the District of

Columbia. Miss ·Eileen R. Donovan, of Massachusetts. George Hubert Maness, of Oklahoma.

·· uoUSE Of REPRESENTATIVES THURSDAY, JUNE 10, 1948

The House met at 11 o'clock a. m. The· Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Mont

gomery, D. D., offered the following . prayer:

0 God, invisible and everlasting, come to us in the common ways of life. Forgive our faltering faith and preserve us from discord and . confusion .and from every fo.olish way.

As we have tested the burdens of life, help us, our · Father, to throw out the challenge and build upon big things with

. big hope and big decisions. Bound together with cords of understanding, make us strong in bearing our responsibilities; unite the hearts and minds of our citizens for the good and the perpetuity of free government with honor and respect of the rights of one another; thus life becomes a joyous benefaction. In the name of our Master. Amen.

The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and approved.

MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE

A message from the Senate, by Mr. Frazier, its legislative clerk, announced that the Senate had passed a joint resolution of the following title, in which the concurrence of the House is requested:

S. J. Res. 231. Joint resolution to amend section 303 of the act entitled "An act to expedi¥e the provision of housing in connection with p.ational defense, and for other purposes."

. The message also announced that the Senate agrees to the amendments of the House to bills of the Senate of the fol-lowing titles: ·


S. 1090. An act to safeguard and consolidate certain areas of exceptional pUblic value within the Superior National Forest, State of Minnesota, and for other purposes;

S .. 1871. An act to restore certain lands to :the town site of Wadswor-th, Nev.;

S. 1987. An act to authorize the Secretary of the ~n terio1· to construct the Preston

·,

1948 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD-.-HOUSE 7719 Bench project, Idaho, in accordance w1t:P, the Federal reclamation laws;

S. 2201. An act supplementing the act en· titled "An act authorizing .the State of Mary· land, by and through its State roads commission or the successors of said corilmis~ion, to construct, maintain, and operate certain bridges across streams, rivers, and navigable waters which are wholly or partly within the State," approved April 7, 1938; and

S. 2215. An act to amend the Public Health Service Act to support research and training in diseases of the heart and circulation, and tb aid the States in the development of <:ommunlty programs for the control of these diseases, and for other purposes.

The message also announced that the Senate insists upon its amendment to the bill <H. R. 2798) entitled "An act to amend section 5, Home Owners' Loan Act of 1933, and for other purposes," dis· agreed to by the House; agrees to the conference asked by the House on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon, and appoints Mr. CAIN; Mr. BRICKER, and Mr. SPARKMAN to be the conferees on the part of the Senate.

The message also announced hat the Senate had passed, with amendments in which the concurrence of the House is requested, a bill of the House of the fol· lowing title:

H. R. 6628. An act to provide for a pro· gram in the field of 11ghter,.than-air aerQnautics under the directi<m of the United States Maritime · Commission, and for other purposes. ·

The message- also announced that the Senate insists upon its amendments to the foregoing bill, requests a conference with the House on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses thereon, and appoints Mr. BREWSTER, Mr. HAWKES, Mr. CAPE• HART: Mr. JoHNSON of Colorado, and Mr. McFARLAND to be the conferees on the part of the Senate. · ·

The message also announced that the Senate agrees to the report of the com· mittee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amend· ments of the Senate to the bill <H. R. 6355) entitled "An act making supple· mental appropriations for the Federal ,.Security· Agency for the fiscal year end· ing June 30, 1949, and for other pur· poses."

The message also announced that the Senate agrees to the amendment of the House to Senate amendment No. 11 to the above-entitled bill.

The message also ·announced that the Senate agrees to the report of the com· mittee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amend· ments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 5728) entitled "An act making appropri· ations for the Department of Labor, the Federal Security Agency, and·related in· dependent agencies, for t]le fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other pur--poses." ·

The message also announced that the Senate agrees to the amendment of the House.to Senate amendment No.9 to the above-entitled bill.

OUR EXPORT-CONTROL POLICY

Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House far 1 minute.

. The -SPEAKER. Is there abjection to the request of the gentleman from New Jersey?

There was no objection. Mr. WOLVERTON . . Mr. Speaker, my

attention has been called to an article in yesterday's Washington newspapers -regarding the iriterest of some ·of the Members of tne Housein our present export· policies, especialiy with respect to Russia.

I think that !should inform the !-louse tliat this is a subject which· already has been ·under careful consideration by the

·Committee on Interstate· and Foreign Commerce. · Extensive . hearings have been held over the course of the past few months. A fUrther hearing already had · been scheduled· for next Tuesday, June 15. At this time ofiicials of .the Departme-nt of Commerce had promised us they would supply the figures on current ship· ments and the reasons underlying the continued granting. of licenses for . ex-ports to eastern Europe. ·

We should be very happy to have any information or questions which the Members of the House may have. I hope that all Members of the House who are vitally interested in this matter will feel free to come before our committee next Tuesday ·and bring to. our attention the specific items they-may have in mind.

For 3' days last March the commit· tee in public hearings · reviewed the ex· port-control policies initiated at the be-

. ginning of that month. We were asked by . Assistant Secretary of Commerce David K. Bruce for a month's delay · on any action, during which time he stated the situation would ·be cleared up. We were assured by him on April 6 that this

- had been done. We reported to the House on April14 that the situation under the conditions and changes proposed by him seemed acceptable.

Subsequently, following information received by the committee concerning delay in instituting these revised policies,

. we again, on May 18, conducted public he~rings to determine why the proposals had not been put into effect.

In an ali-day hearing on May 27, the committee Was unsuccessful in developing - from Acting Assistant Secretary Thomas C. Blaisdell just .what standards or tests were being used by his Depart· ment in determining what should be eX· ported or held here at home. Specific attention was given to exports to Russia.

The specific question was asked Mr. Blaisdell, in connection with a sentence in the Secretary's Third Quarterly Re· port on Export Control and Allocation Power$, whether this meant "that if the U. S. S. R. furnishes some kind of infor· mation, or if countries under the present domination of the U. S. S. R. furnish cer. tain kinds of information, this country is golng to issue export licenses of steel to those countries."

Mr. Blaisdell answered: You interpret the statement correctly.

If the information were supplied, we would apply the principles which have been operative right along~that if this information were adequate and the justification regarded as sufficient, we would issue licenses, the presumption being-that We are receiving !rom. the Soviet Union and from the other coun-

·tries involved an adequate return for what we were sending them; in other wards, that; it was a real two-sided trade between the countries, where the United States was benefiting to the extent that the Soviet Union was benefiting from what we were · sending them. ·

The committee requested-Mr. Blaisdell to _furnish it with what is be{ng. shipped, to what countries, and the reasons for permitting this. He agreed to do so and is schedUled ta appear next Tuesday ·to supply such information.

This inquiry by the Committee on In. terstate and Foreign Commerce will be . thorough and searching. CLASSIFICATION OF OFFICERS AND MEM·

BERS OF THE FIRE : DEPARTMENT OF TH~ DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Mr .. BEALL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to take from the Speaker's desk the bill ·(H. R. 3433) to amend an act entitled." An act to classify the ofiicers an(i the members of the Fire Department of the District ·of Columbia, and for other purposes," with a Senate· amendmen_t thereto, and concur in the Senate amendment.

The Clerk read the title of the bill: The Clerk read the Senate amendment.

as follows: ,. . Page 4, strike out line 2· and 1n;;ert: "SEc: 3. This act shall t~ke effect; 180 days

after funds have been appropriated and made available for the additional personnel necessary . to carry out the purposes of. this act.'•

The SPEAKER: Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Maryland? ·

There was no objection. The Senate amendment was concurred

. in. ' A motion. to reconsider was laid on the

table. EXTENSION OF REMARKS

Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my re· marks in the RECORD and include a newspaper article, and that in the remarks I will make on the displaced-persons bill I may include a letter and a memorandum from the State Department.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Nebraska?

There was no objection. Mr. JAVITS asked and was given per

mission to extend his remarks in the ·RECORD in three ins_t:;mces.

CONGRESS COMES THROUGH

Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak· er. I ask unanimous consent· to address the House for 1 minute, to revise and extend my remarks, and include an ar· ticle.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Wis-. consin?

There was no objection. Mr .. SMITH of Wisconsin. Mr. Speak·

er, on yesterday the President addresssed some very unkind remarks regarding the Congress. I do not think that we ought to sink to his level in this matter. But. I believe we have an answer to the charge that this has been the worst Congress in the history of the country. There has come to my desk an article that will

.7720 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-liOUSE JUNE 10

be published in the June issue of Fortune magazine entitled "Congress Comes Through-Although Divided From the White House by the Gulf of Party Politics, the Eightieth Congress Has Set a Record Hard To Beat."

That is the answer to the President's charge. Mr. Speaker, the President is hot under the collar. He should return to Washington and cool off on that porch he recently added to the White House. The President has sunk to a new low.

The article referred to is as follows:. CoNGRESS CoMES THROUGH-ALTHOUGH DI·

VIDED FROM THE WHITE HousE BY THE GULF OF PARTY POLITICS, THE EIGHTIET-H CONGRESS HAS SET A RECORD HARD To BEAT The Eightieth Congress of the United

St ates never did more useful work than after midnight, Saturday, March 13. In the Senate Chamber the galleries were crowded; at the foot of every aisle the guards stood with their backs to the floor itself and facing the intent

1 spectators; in the press section the correspondents bent over the tally sheets, which look so much like laundry lists. The clerk was calling the roll on Senate bill No. 2202-the European recovery program. When the last "yea" was recorded the bill had passed, 69 to 17.

At that moment HENRY CABOT LODGE, JR., of Massachusetts, addressed the Chair. "Mr. President,"· he said, "we have passed a bill

· of unprecedented scope and complexity. We have done so at a time. of political change in America-which added special difficulties. We

. have passed the bill in a democratic manner, giving everyone a chance to be heard, and embodying • • • many worth-while ideas prepared by Senators and by other citizens."

The Senate had just enacted into legisla· tive form the most important United States policy since James Monroe promulgated the Monroe Doctrine. The speed, the thought· fulness , and the care with which the Eight· ieth Congress moved to approve this farsighted, generous legislation was not the first proof, but it was the decisive proof that rep· resentative governplent was functioning ef· fectively in the United States. Not since the First Congress, which implemented the Con· stitution, has any Congress dispatched more important public business with more thorough thought and care, and, on its own unbossed judgment, more rightly than the Eightieth Con~ess. In its two sessions and its first 209 legislative workdays the Eight· ieth Congress passed 508 public laws, 262 private bills, and appropriated $31,789,648,· 075. .

The record of the Eightieth Congress has major historical importance. At a time of grave crisis, and- political division between executive and legislative branches, the Eight· ieth Congress has acted with intelligent de· cision. It has restor~d faith in government by discussion at a t ime when that has seemed to many to be a losing proposition. The proof of this record rests not. only in the enlightened action that Congress took in re· spect to foreign policy but in its very real accomplishments in domestic policy. The American community, acting through its Congress, not only made progress in meeting the thorriiest issue in Ainerican life-the balance of power between capital and laborbut it refused steadfastly to be driven into extreme measures by hysteria or panic. The Congress, like the people who elected it, has acted in the last 2 years with great good sense.

The record of the Eightieth Congress also -has major political importance. The -Re· publican Party, after 16 years in opposition as the minority, could claim that as a congressional majority it had served the Nation with responsibility and had demonstrated capacity for leadership. In so doing it had performed a useful service in giving new

impetus to the American system of party government and party responsibility.

WHEN THE DEMOCRATS DESPAIRED The country had not always been so confi

dent in the wisdom of the representative ·system at a time when executive and legis· lature represented different parties. TheRe._ publican victory of 1946 left many, who were not necessarily partisan, apprehensive about the next 2 years. The division between White House and Congress, they said, foretold disaster. It was a Democrat, Senator JAMES WILLIAM FULBRIGHT, of . Arkansas, who proposed an ingenious if unpreceden"ted method of avoiding the expected paralysis of government. He suggested that his own party leader, the President, appoint a Republican Secretary of State and then resign so that both branches of the Govern· ment might pass into Republican hands.

This proposal was not seriously entertained but it was widely debated by the newspaper columnists. They shared the Senator's mis· givings about the future. On November 7, 2 days after the election, the erudite Walter Lippmann wrote: "It takes a long time under our system of government to change over. • • "' The decay of the Democratic administration, which began at least 18 months ago, is far advanced. But the Re-publican Party is far from being ·ready to take over." A seasoned Washington reporter, Marquis · Childs, some days later wrote, "While the Republicans are rejoicing over their extraordinary victory, congressional leaders here in Washington know that it poses a problem for them. The GOP majority in the House wlll b'e top-heavy with newcomers. • • · • Bossing this majority will be no easy taslt."

The job was not to boss the new majority, but to organize it. The Republican Party had been in. the minority so long that no member of the new majority had ever served as a committee chairman; none had ever been -a majority leader. The Longworths and the Cannons of slightly tarnished memory were dead; political charts drawn in the era of normalcy were of little or no use in the atomic era when the issues that the Eightieth Congress had to face transcended party politics.

CONGRESS HAD CONFIDENCE IN CONGRESS Yet the new Congress assembled with every

show of confidence. The leaders, even if inexperienced in the mechanics of leadership, fully appreciated their responsibilities. They knew that the emphasis in the American Government, as a result of the election, had passed froin 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue to that narrow area known in Washington as the Hill. ' There, in December, a full 2 weelrs before the new Congress was to assemble, twin centers of power began to operate. One was the rococo, red-plush, and crystal-hung office of the new Speaker, JoSEPH W. MARTIN, JR., of Massachusetts; the other was located in the bare, business· like room 335, in the Senate office building, formerly the minority headquarters. There Senator TAFT and other Republican leaders of the Senate laid their plans.

I t was in room 335 that the Senate majority determined to initiate the coming session with decisive action. The decision was to enforce political morality on the Senate it· self; this was to be done by refusing to seat Theodore Bilbo, Senator-elect of Mississippi, who, as a Senate investigation had clearly proved, h ad been guilty of accepting bribes. The ineffable, intolerant, wizened little man, . who in his long Senate service had taken pride in his racial prejudices, finally heard the news in a 'Senate lobby, crept away with· out farewells to turn the lock in his office door for the last time, to go_home to Mississippi-a lonely, forgotten figure who was already dying_ of cancer of the mouth.

The initial issue settled, the Senate went to work. The first session was not one of uninterrupted harmony; even .the Republi·

cans complained, at times, of ''confusion" and delay. A Democrat, Senator McGRATH of Rhode Island, sneered: "The Senate must be a very great body. It moves so slowly!' Some 13 months later Senator HENRY CABOT LODGE, JR., was to boast: "We did these things, let. us well remember, in spite of the dire fore· bodings that our Government would be paralyzed because the President was a Democrat and the Congress ·was Republican." Political division had not paralyzed the national will; by the middle of 1948 the Nation found itself, in the face of a grave overseas crisis, confident and sure.

THE CRITICAL TEST IN FOREIGN POLICY In facing the most difficult and recurring

problem of foreign policy, the Eightieth Congress accurately reflected the attitude of the electors. 'fhe ordinary Congressman came to Washington in 1947 hoping, like most Americans, that the issues left unsettled by war would settle themselves; that somehow the United St ates might enjoy a period of peace and rela-xation. The measure of the Eight· 1eth Congress is the way it met the challenge of aggressive communism. The Congress not only granted every request made by the administration :t!r dollars to implement our foreign policy, but both through criticism and by taking .the initiative made important corrections and additions to that policy.

The first test came early. Only 66 days after both Houses assembled, the leaders received an urgent summons to the White House. There the President and his new Secretary of State, General Marshall, broke the bad news: Britain, already bankrupted by war and commitments far beyond her ability, had to abandon support of Greece and Turkey. Congress would have to provide -money to sustain both countries.

The reaction to this demand was typical: of an attitude that Congress was to maintain. The lead-ership accepted the necessity for action but not necessarily the terms or time limits laid down; moreover, it reserved its right to question the methods by which policy was implemented. This constant crit· icism by Congress prodded the administration into more imaginative action. At the time of the Truman-doctrine speech the watchwords were "containment" and "relief"; at the time of the European recovery program the administrators of policy were talking of "reconstruction" and "restoration." In a year and a half the United States moved from the defensive to the offensive in foreign policy. The contribution of Congress to this shift in emphasis was substantial.

On the first issue, in fact, Senator VANDEN• BERG undertook a necessary correction in United States policy. The President, in urging aid to Greece and Turkey, had overlooked any reference to the United Nations. The omission ran counter to all previous official stat ements of United States .policy, which made reference to the UN a prerequisite of action. It not only provided a new opening for Mr. Wallace and his fellow travelers but aroused misgivings abroad. At VANDENBERG'S insistence, a clause was added to the bill providing that aid should be terminated whenever the Security Council or the General Assembly should decide that its continuation was "unnecessary or undesirable."

TO SEE IS TO BE CONVINCED When Congress adjourned in the summer

of 1947 the United States had already extended aid abr·oad to the extent of $13,000,· 000,000 and no end seemed in sight. The rank and file in both Houses were questioning the wisdom of further spending. Members of Congress were eager to u n dertake their own invest igation of conditions abroad; that summer over 200 Members went overseas. Although some of the trips were oldfashioned junkets, most -were not, and sel· dom has the taxpayer's , money been better spent. The education 'Of the individual Congressman was highly original but effective. Few of the travelers were satisfied with

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7721 official briefings; one committee even forbade its members to take dinner jackets lest they be diverted by too much official entertainment. The South Dakota ex-schoolteacher, KARL MuNDT, penetrated behind the iron curtain-into Bulgaria and Rumania. He came home determined that the Voice of America, almost stnled by the Seventy-ninth Congress, must be heard again in those countries. An ex-marine, Congressman JACKSON of California, went so far forward in Greece that he found himself under mortar fire of the Greek guerrillas. A dozen or more Congressmen talked across the table with the French and Italian Communist leaders, Thorez and Togliatti, and thus had an opportunity personally to measure their ability.

These journeys took place during a formative period in the evolution of United States foreign policy; and what the Congressmen saw and heard helped in its development. The European nations, in response to Secretary Marshall's Harvard speech of June 5, 1947, were meeting in Paris to see what they could do collectively to rebuild their economies. At home the administration had initiated a series of studies to see to what extent the United States could aid without depleting its own resources. In Europe, traveling Congressmen were to make their own appraisals. At the instance of Speaker MARTIN, one committee under CHRISTIAN HER• TER, of Massachusetts, was charged with making a special study of foreign aid. In November, even before the administration had detailed its blueprint of the European recovery program, the Herter committee had come to the independent conclusion that the United States must take Europe off relief and put it back to work. ·

A BREACH IS AVERTED By Christmas there was general agree

ment in the administration, in Congress, and in the country at large that a European recovery program was necessary. The differences to be worked out concerned how much Congress should appropriate and how the plan should be administered. A breach threatened over the mechanics of aid. The Secretary of State saw ERP as an extension of State Department operations and announced his adamant opposition to the idea of "two Secretaries of State." In neither House could this position be sustained since Congress had no confidence in the State Department as an operating body or in its per-

• sonnel as managers. A stubborn refusal to arbitrate could have wrecked the program. On his own initiative, Senator VANDENBERG called in the Brookings Institution to make an independent report on the management of foreign aid. The formula that the Institution suggested was accepted and written into the law as the Economic Cooperation Administration. The European recovery program -became law on April 3, 1948, 15 days before the critical Italian election. It was an e,ct of prudent, generous, internation dealing without precedent in history, passed without major dissension and with unparalleled speed.

The Congress tool{ the initiative in another phase of foreign poltcy: China. The problem was complicated by 'the personal attitude of Gene:ral Marshall. His own failure to fulfill an impossible assignment in China, a coalition between the Communists and the Kuomintang, inhibited him from taking a rational or objective view of the struggle for power there. A Congress that had provided aid to fight Communists in Greece and Turkey became increasingly critical of our China policy. It could not see the difference between Communists in Greece and Communists in China. Largely at the urgent insistence of Speaker MARTIN, aid to the Nationalist Government of China became part of United States policy and was included as a part of the European recovery program. Certainly in meeting the challenge of foreign policy the Eightieth Con-

gress had proved its ability to work without partisanship in ·the national interest.

THE REVISION OF LABOR POLICY The major postwar domestic issue before

Congress was labor. In the depression, when the balance between labor and management had been weighted against labor, Congress had redressed it by the Wagner Act. By 1946 the balance had swung overwhelmingly in favor of labor. A series of paralyzing postwar · strikes had delivered dangerous shocks to the economy. The 113-day strike at General Motors, the steel impasse, and the coal tie-ups had proved that the existing machinery was inadequate. Even the President, friendly as he was to labor, had

• been exasperated by union tactics, and in the brief railway strike of 1946 had proposed the desperate remedy of drafting strikers into the Army: This Draconian measure was blocked in the Senate by a Republican, Senator TAFT. But later TAFT and the ~epublican leaders were to make reform of the labor laws a camp.aign issue in the 1946 elections.

When the Eightieth · Congress assembled, the Republicans appeared to have little chance to redeem this election promise. Nearly everyone wanted a new labor law; most people were sure that no satisfactory measure could be drawn and passed. -The difficulties were formidable because the Republicans did not have the necessary twothirds majority. Since the administrationand the unions-wanted no real reform, support of some Democrats was necessary if the anticipated Presidential veto was to be overridden. There were also important differences within the Republican Party itself to be overcome, stHl further differences in approach and concept between the House and Senate. The House was for much more drastic action; it put its views into a bill that forbade ·industry-wide bargaining and abolished the NLRB. It was in the Senate that statesmanship asserted itself.

There the de facto leader of the majority, TAFT, had put himself into an exposed and politically dangerous post as chairman of the Labor Committee in order to force through a new labor policy. Undoubtedly his own inclinations were to write a more stringent bill than that which emerged from the committee. But within the committee there were Senators like MoRSE of Oregon and P-EPPER of Florida who were opposed to fundamental reforms. The balance was finally achieved through the astute and skillful negotiation of a freshman Senator from New York, IRVING M. IVES. As chairman of the New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Industrial and Labor Condiditiou.s he had as much practical experience in the arbitration of labor disputes as anyone in the country. The end result was the Taft-Hartley Act, the bill that critics said could not be written.

The President vetoed the bill, using in his message extreme terms that echoed the most extreme criticism of the left wing of the CIO. He was overridden and the bill he so bitterly assail.ed as "dangerous" and "unworkable" was to be invoked by him less than a year later to bring John L. Lewis to heel. The unions continue to make an issue of the Taft-Hartley Act by calling it a "slave-labor bill" but the truth was that it rescinded few of the basic rights granted by the earlier Wagner Act and curtailed only those privileges that many felt had degenerated into abuses.

Perhaps the most enduring contribution to good government that the Eightieth Congress made was the Lodge-Brown bill. This established a commission, under the chairmanship of former President Hoover, to study the reorganization of the executive branch of the Government. Congress itself had tried without success over a humber of years to reorganize the Government. The Govern~ ment branches proliferated, growing like some tropical plant until the pattern o:!

administration became more and more tangled. The new commission was authorized to draft disinterested authorities in administration and business practice to study government operations. The commission was also instructed to make its report not to the Eightieth but the Eighty-first Congress. This wise provision put the commission's findings above and beyond current political debate. It meant that the commission's recommendations would be receiveq by the

· next Congress and the next President and could become a true charter for businesslike management of the Nation's affairs.

The controversies of the Eightieth Congress turned largely on the coming st ruggle for the Presidency. Although the White House and the Hill worked together on foreign policy the divisions on domestic policy were bitter. In the last 2 yea.rs Mr. Truman halil vetoed 125 bills. 'l'h~ longest and bitterest of the quarrels between President and Congress resulted from Republican determination to reduce taxes and incidentally to fulfill a politically profitable promise. In the 1947 session Mr. Truman twice vetoed Republican tax bills and had his veto sustained.

Mr. Truman's opposition to tax reduction was anchored in his repeated assertion that tax reduction was in itself inflationary. As the po~itical storm rose, his anchor chain slipped and the politician in Mr. Truman overcame the economist. He himself proposed tax reduction-of a kind. Every taxpay~r was to receive for himself and each dependent a fiat $40 credit to be paid for by an increased tax on corporation profits. Mr; Truman knew in advance, of course, his proposal had no chance for acceptance. His political gesture provoked a political' reaction. Old HAROLD KNUTSON, Whose bllls the President had twice vetoed, exclaimed: "My God! I didn't know inflation had gone that far. Tom Pendergast paid only $2 a vote , and now Truman proposes to pay $40." In the end, 82 Democrats in the House and 27 in the Senate vote_d with .the Republicans to override Mr. Truman's third veto of a Republican tax bill.

THERE WERE DEBITS ON THE LEDGER The record of the Eightieth Congress lias

some entries on the debit side. One of its major failures, in a moral sense, was the refusal to grapple with the problem of displaced persons. The Stratton bill, which would have admitted 400,000 refugees above the current immigration quotas, was kept on ice even though the bill was endorsed by all sections of the American community. At the time of the Geneva conference on world trade a m111tant group within the majority forced the wool bill through both Houses. This would have imposed a special tariff on imported wool in favor of the domestic product at a time when the United States was fighting for a more liberal world-trade policy. On the question of trade policy there had been no bipartisan agreement, it 1s true, but the ill-timed performance reflected ·on the United States ability to deliver on the broad general principles for which it was fighting. The veto rectified a congressional error.

The one field in which Congress failed to live up to past standards of performance was in the useful exercise of its particular power of investigation. An investigation into the activities of Hughes Aircraft, initiated by Senator BREWSTER, provided spectacular headlines but failed to justify the original accusation that Hughes Aircraft had misused governmental funds. It was redeemed in part by the fact that the committee later un~ covered a wartime scoundrel in the person of Maj. Gen. Benny Meyers of the Ail" Force, who had betrayed his uniform and his country. 01i the House side the Committee on Un-American Activities, which cou~d have been of distinguished service, undermined the usefulness of much of its work by its questionable tactics. It persisted in trying

7722 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE ·JUNE 10 to establish guilt by association and consistently failed to distinguish between trial and accusation. _

In the final trial balance it seemed likely, however, that these debits would be outweighed by the credits achieved in the areas of foreign and domestic policy.

NOT ONE LEADER BUT A COALITION The credit balance in the Eightieth Con

gress was achieved in spite of some peculiar · and difiicult problems of leadership. These problems were an embarrassing consequence of the sweeping Republican victory in 1946, Which increased the prospects for a presidential victory and therefore intensified intraparty rivalries. At one point a Republican Senator was to say of himself and his colleagues, "We are all candidates here • • *." The Republican majority was led not by one parliamentary leader but by a loose and cooperative coalition of leaders.

In the field of foreign relations, Senator VANDENBERG's influence was paramount, but his Chief Senate aide was HENRY CABOT LODGE, Jr., whose prestige and power in the important Committee on Foreign Relations were rising rapidly. O_n the House side, the hardworking JoHN M. VoRYS, o! Ohio,, and the conscientious CHRISTIAN HERTER were largely responsible for the skillful piloting of ERP in its :final stages. '

In domestic policy the most v-igorous partisan of the Republican position in the Senate was RoBERT A. TAFT, who through his command o! the policy committee was the actual leader in the upper House. ~ut the most sklllful Republican legislator was probably the wise and witty MILLIKIN, of Colorado, a man of shrewd judgment and long vision. He was a man better understood and appreciated on the :fioor and in the cloakroom than in the galleries. Behind the scenes he was most freq'uently the moderator of party disputes, the author o! many skillful compromises that preserved party responsibility.

The Speaker o! the House, JoE MARTIN, enjoyed a very special position. He was the unchallenged leader of the · Republican majority in the lowel'- House but he was no boss in the Longworth-Cannan tradition. In Congress no other Republican in recent years has enjoyed so much real affection and respect, on both sides of the aisle, as little JoE MARTIN. He ruled his majority by reason of his great powers of persuasion, his popularity, and his shrewd sense of political timing.

In the sense that this coalition of leaders had acted with general unanimity on the major issues, the Republicans could claim that the majority record h. the Eightieth Congress was truly a collective achievement. They took full party responsibility for what Congress had done. They .could claim that by every constitutional test Congress lived up to the high definition of its purposes as "representative government • • • which means leadership as well as responsiveness an(i accountabilitll."

BRITISH POLICY TOWARD ISRAEL

Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend my remarks.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New York?

There was no objection. . Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, yesterday

. Mr. Bevin told the House of Commons, according to a report in the New York Herald Tribune today, .that the attack on Jerusalem by the Arab Legion does not "oblige the British Government to -review their obligations to the Transjordan Government." ~he obligations referred to are contained in a treaty of alliance made as recently as March 15,·

1948. Reports which I consider to be reliable, show that as recently as February 1948 the British were recruiting men from their own troops lor the Arab Legion and, second, that as recently as the middle of May 19~8 the British were shipping to the Arab Legion war materials to a port bordering Palestine; those facts certainly are the best interpretation of Mr. Bevin's statement.

After all the talk of war on the Jews by the Arab states it turns out that the only force capable of waging such a war effectively is ·the Arab ljegion, officered, trained, financed, and -operated by the British; and that the first objective of · this force was the city of Jerusalem containing the holiest shrines of Christians, Jews, and Moslems. ..

It will be of interest to the Members to consider the facts in order to see h0\7 destructive and misguided has been this British policy in Palestine. Walter Lippmann, in a re.cent syndicated column, truly called Transjordan's Arab Legion "a British satellite army."

BRITAIN AND TRANSJ'ORDAN'S ARAB LEGIONTHEIR CLOSE RELATIONSHIP

. The Arab Legion has been, since its inception, a purely British creation. It originated with a desert patrol of 100 men formed by British officers in 1920, before Transjordan came into existence as a separate entity. It has always been under British command. Its strength in 1939 was approximately 1,600, and during the war years, it was ~apidly expanded by the British until, by the end of 1947, it had reached its present strength of approximately 10,000. Even its Arab composition is not that of a . purely Transjordian national force. Large numbers of mercenaries from all over the Middle East have been recruited into it, including Bedouins from various tribes, Circassians, Palestine Arabs, Druses, Armenians, and so forth.

By the act of the mandatory power, Great Britain, a unilateral act the propriety of which has been much questioned, Transjordan was declared independent in January 1946. In March 1946 a treaty was signed, the military clauses of which retained British control of the Arab Legion and ~ritish training, ectuipment, and finance for the Legion. The new treaty of alliance signed between Britain and Transjordan on March 15, 1948, essentially l'etains this position. A military alliance is set out in the annex to the treaty, which provides for mutual assistance in case of hostilities, British bases in Transjordan, an Anglo-Transjordan Joint Defense Board, the provisi~n of British ·"arms, ammunition, equipment, a:p.d air-craft and other war material," finapcial assistance, and the provision by the British Government of "any British service personnel whose services are required to insure the efficiency of the military units" of the Transjordan forces.

The financial subsidy for the upkeep of the Arab Legion has been continued at the rate of approximately £2,500,000 per annum. The provision of certain auxiliary services, training, facilities and equpiment, either "on loan" or at nominal cost, is a further form of indirect financial subsidy. The Kingdom of Transjordan is totally incapable of

supporting a force such as the Arab Legion from its own resources. It has a population of some 400,000-most of whom are nomads and seminomadsand the total annual budget is -less than $6,000,000. The Transjordan contribution to the defense budget in 1947-48 was estimated at £289,852.

Before the end of the mandate, British personnel serving with the Arab Legion are calculated at about 225, consisting of about 40 officers in key positions of command, and the rest of British noncoms mainly in the technical services, such as signal and repair, and most of these officers and noncoms were members of the regular British forces, seconded to the Arab Legion. A British army circular, according to my reports isued in February 1948, to British Middle East forces calls for further personnel in the British forces in Palestine to volun~ teer for service with the Arab Legion. Both officers and enlisted men are called for and specialists in ordnance, radio communication, range-finding instruments, and armoring are requested. So-me of those serving in the Arab Legion may have been taken on as private individuals, and the legal position of certain others appears to be unclear.

The commander in ·chief of the Arab Legion, Brigadier Glubp Pasha, is a captain on the British Army reserve list. In 1930 he was British political officer in the tribal areas of Iraq and was ap- ~ pointed as deputy commander in chief to the then commander in chief, Peake Pasha, another British officer. He remained listed, however, right till the end of the mandate, on the staff list of the Palestine Government as assistant i~spector general of police, seconded to the Transjordan Government. What his official position is since May 15, the end of Britain's Palestine mandate, is unclear. The second senior British officer of the legion is Col. R. J. C. Broadhurst, who was also listed in the sta1I list of the Palestine Government as superintendent of police. Broadhurst has the further· title of military counsel to King Abdullah. ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT OF ARAB LEGION

The Arab Legion is organized as follows:

· (a) A mechanized brigade consisting of 3 battalions.

(b) About 15 infantry garrison companies and 2 security companies.

(c) A training center near Amman, the recruits in which form about 20 to 25 percent of the total strength. A dispatch from Eric Gibbs, Time and Life correspondent in Jerusalem, dated May 2, speaks of "additional reserves now called up and being trained at Amman by British officers recently arrived from the army in Palestine."

The mechanized brigade is reported to be equipped with heavy staghound armored cars, bren carriers, 25-pounder and 6-pounder artillery, 3.7-inch pack howitzers, piat antitank guns, and 3-inch mortars. The whole of their equipment is standard British Army equipment-Enfield rifles, machine guns and submachine guns, and-'2-inch mortars. -

During the last 3 mdnths of the British mandate in Palestine, special efforts were

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7723 · made by the British Army to build up the arms, equipment, and military supplies of the Arab Legion. During March, it is reported, a quantity of mines, artillery stores, antitank rifles and mortars were specially brought over for the Arab Legion from the Suez Canal Zone in Egypt. The following supplies were reported as amongst those whose transfer from the British forces in Palestine to the Arab Legion had been approved: 60 armored cars; 3,500 mortar bombs, HB; 4,500 mortar bombs, smoke; 100,000 rounds .300 ammunition; 900,000 gallons of military-type 7{) petrol.

It is reported that a general directive issued by British GHQ Jerusalem ordered the building up of Arab Legion military supplies sufficient for a minimum period . of 8 months.

Certain shipments of supplies for ' the Arab Legion by the British are reported to have been made in May shortly before the British ended their Palestine mandate from Suez to Aqaba, a port bordering Palestine, including petrol, Oerlikon guns and ammunition.

ARAB LEGION OPERATIONS IN PALESTINE

Assurances given by both Mr. Bevin in the House of Commons and Sir Alexander Cadogan at the United Nations to the effect that the Arab Legion would

· be entirely withdrawn from Palestine before the end of the mandate were not complied with. On the contrary, in the last few weeks of the mandate, it became obvious that the Arab Legion was carrying out certain preliminary moves, particularly in the Ramallah-JerichoJerusalem-Hebron area, as a prelude to more full-scale invasion. These moves were accompanied by visits paid by Brigadier Glubb Pasha to the mayor-s and Arab not~ble of Hebron, Beersheba, and Gaza, which were generally interpreted at the time as laying the ground for the establishment by the Arab Legion of a corridor to the Mediterranean

·through Hebron, Beersheba, ·and Gaza. · Qn May 19, a dispatch· in the New York Herald Tribune reported the presence of Brigadier Glubb Pasha on the Jerusalem front.

Britain's action the other day in pulling out 21 officers in Palestine in service with the Arab Legion, when American protests grew loud only reflects the fact that they were in Palestine and actually serving with the Arab Legion, while it was attacking Jerusalem.

SUMMARY

It is quite clear that British personnel made the Arab Legion such an effective fighting force which has been so destructive in Jerusalem. The close relationship between Great Britain and the Arab Legion is tragic indeed. A truoe now arranged between Arabs and Jews will give the British Government an opportunity to atone for its part in the Palestine conflict so far. It seems by now clear that just as the British supported the Arab Legion when it moved into Jerusalem, so they can call it off and bring peace to the Holy Land.

THE LATE LEWIS B. SCHWELLENBACH

Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Mr. Speaker, I ask un animous consent to ad-

dress the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend my remarks.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Washington?

There was no objection. Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Mr.

Speaker, it is with a heavy heart that I announce the death' of the Secretary of Labor, Hon. Lewis B. Schwellenbach. He passed away this morning at 4:40 at Walter Reed Hospital.

Secretary Schwellenbach was born in Superior, Wis. He grew up in the State of Washington. He came up the hard way. His early years were spent in Spokane, receiving his education in the local public schools ther e. As a young boy, he sold newspapers on the streets of that city. He subsequently worked his way through the University of Washington Law School, being admitted to the bar in 1919. During World War I he served as a private· in the Twelfth Infantry. After his admission to the bar, he was engaged in the private practice of law in the city of Seattle until1934. In that year he was elected to the United States Senate. He served with honor and distinction. He was appointed, by President Roosevelt in 1940, Federal district judge for the eastern district of Washington. He remained on the bench until his appointment as Secretary of Labor July 1945. •

Judge Schwellenbach, as he was ·affec. tionately known to his many friends, was one of the outstanding trial lawyers in the State of Washington. His distinguished service· on the Federal bench drew the commendation of members of the bar throughout the Pacific Northwest. He was a man possessed of the highest judicial qualities. He became Secretary of Labor during ·one of the most critical periods of our Nation•s history. ·Few men in public life have had to undertake a more difficult task. He was a conscientious man, devoting all of his strength and energy to the job assigned to him. Unquestionably, the arduous duties of this Cabinet position shortened his life and brought about his untimely passing. ~

Lewis Schwellenbach was a distinguished public servant, a man of sterling integrity and principle. He served his Nation well. The people of · my State mourn his loss as do the people of our country as a whole. I personally have lost :?. good and staunch friend. We join in extending our deepest sympathy to his beloved wife an.d family.


Mr. HORAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Washington? . There w'as no objection.

Mr. HORAN. Mr. Speaker, while we were not of the same political persuasion, Judge Schwellenbach was raised in my district and at the time of his death was regi!>tered in Spokane, Wash. I happen to know that he liked his position there as a judge. I know that he was happy. I have talked to members of the legal profession, and they all loved Judge

Schwellenbach. He was a remarkably fine judge. Many reports of his courage and his administration of justice as it should be administered have come out of his short term there as a judge. His loyalty to his own party anci to President Truman forced him to accept the position of Secretary of Labor. Whether we agree with what he did there or not, he carried out that job laboriously, so much so that it undermined his health. I cannot help but say that in the passing of Judge and Secretary Schwellenbach we have lost a fine friend and brother and American.

THE EIGHTIETH CONGRESS

Mr. CLEVENGER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to adress the House for 1 minute.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Ohio?

There was no objection. Mr. CLEVENGER. Mr. Speaker, the

Eightieth Congress has not done badly. It has given the country 2 years of balanced budget; it has passed a tax-cut bill over the veto, as it did a labor bill giving the President the only control he has over John L. Lewis.

Now "High Tax Harry" like a nasty little gamin has dipped his hands into mud and dirt and plastered it all over our new buggy-and danced out of reach of the whip. Might well be there will be some Congress-tanned Missouri jackass hide on the Christmas market-come November. '

REPRE~ENTATIVE CLEVENGER

Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute. ·

The SPEAKER. Is the~ objection to the request of the gentleman from Texas?

There was no objection. Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, I have

had much amazement in this House in the years I have served here, but the most amazing performance I have ever witnessed has come from the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. CLEVENGER] just now. He is a gentle type, a fine type of citizen usually, but when he allows his partisanship, and it must be his hate, to take him to the point that he uses the language that he just did, applying it to any President or any man in public life, I express my deep regret and my real sorrow. ·

AMATEUR STANDING

Mr. BREHM. Mr. Speake:r, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 10 seconds and to revise and extend my remarks. ·


There was no objection. Mr. BREHM. Mr. Speaker, according

to newspaper headlines, the President is still trying to mimic his New Deal predecessor by trying to purge Members of Congress. It is such a pathetic spectacle to watch an amateur trying to imitate the champ.

EXTENSION OF REMARKS

Mr. ELLIS asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the

7724 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 RECORD in two instances and include ·newspaper articles. REPRESENTATIVE CARROLL D. KEARNS

Mr. SIMPSON of Pennsylvania. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute ·and to include a letter.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Pennsylvania?

There was no objection. Mr. SIMPSON of Pennsylvania. Mr.

Speaker, a distinguished Member of this body, the gentleman from Pennsylvania, Hon. CARROLL D. KEARNS, who represents the Twenty-eighth District in Pennsylvania, is this day receiving a degree of doctor of music from his school, the Chicago Musical College. I know his colleagues in the House of Representatives join in congratulating him. The letter notifying him of the a ward of the degree is as follows:

CHICAGO MUSICAL COLLEGE, Chicago, Ill., May 14, 1948.

The Honorable CARROLL D. KEARNS, House of Representatives,

Washington, D. C. MY DEAR CONGRESSMAN KEARNS! It is With

much pleasure that I wish to inform you that Chicago Musical College would like to confer upon you the honorary degree of doctor of music at our coming commencement

, exercises on June 10. The faculty wants to honor you as an important graduate of the college and for your continued interest in music during your political career. Will you please infor~ me if you can be with us on June 10, so that we can make the proper arrangements.

There will be an informal luncheon at 1 at that same day. The commencement concert and exercises will take place at 8 in the evening at Orchestra Hall, and there wlll be a little parur afterwards.

With cordia:rr greetings, I am, Sincerely yours,

RUDOLPH GANZ, President.

THE LATE THOMAS L. OWENS

Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from California?

There was no objection. Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Speaker, the

sudden and untimely passing of our distinguished colleague, THOMAS L. OWENS, is a grim reminder to all of us that the work of a Congressman is no easy task.

ToM OWENS was a man of strong convictions and of intense purposes. He never did anything in halves. He put himself wholeheartedly into his work regardless of time or effort. On many occasions I have discussed with him legislation that was before the House for consideration. He was always alert and well informed on all aspects of the most complicated bills before the House, and was a reliable source of advice and counsel on such issues. He had a fine sense of humor and was pleasant and in lighter moments we enjoyed many laughs together. TOM OWENS also had a deep, conscientious, and religious side which permeated his being. He had a difficult district to represent, and he tried hard to meet the many demands of his nearly 1,000,000 constituents in. one of the largest congressional districts in the Nation.

We shall miss TOM OWENS. He made a fine record which should be a source of pride to his family and should stand as a monument to the service he rendered the Nation.

THE RUSSIAN ~ITUATION

Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Speaker, I ask U..'1animous consent to address the House for 1 minute.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Michigan?

There was no objection. Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Speaker, the

practical situation that we are up against on this question of sending goods to Russia is the fact that Russia is recognized as a friendly nation, and we carry on . diplomatic relations through our Ambassadors. Furthermore, as a friendly Nation we buy gold from Russia. If we are going to buy Russian gold by the millions of dollars and by the hundreds of millions of dollars and transfer our dollar credit to Russia in payment for the gold delivered to us, are you then going to say to Russia that she cannot buy goods in this country? How would Russia dispose of the dollars? Why does not the proper committee take up the question of reJ)ealing the gold buying clause and stop the purchase of gold from Russia and discontinue putting American dollars in Russia's hand and go at this thing in a practical manner instead of flim-fiam.ming and defrauding the public in this -country by trying to lead them to believe that we are going to stop shipping goods to Russia while at the same time we buy Russian gold. All the time we are asked to put up dollars for people to :fight Russia, while on the other hand we ship goods to Russia and buy her gold and give her the dollars to buy substance from us. This two way street of :fighting Russia with one hand and feeding her with our other hand is enough to confuse our 'people.

COMMITTEE ON VETERANS' AFFAIRS

Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, I 'ask unanimous consent that the Committee on Veterans' Affairs may sit during general debate today.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentlewoman from Massachusetts?

There was no objection. WHAT WE HAVE DONE FOR OTHER

COUNTRIES

Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous -consent to address the House for 1 minute and revise and extend my remarks.


There was no objection. Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr.

Speaker, some of the Members may have seen or read in yesterday's Saturday Evening Post the article A Few Kind Words for Uncle Sam, by Bernard Baruch. The heading is "Believfng." We are so much maligned abroad because we never really have told the world what we have done for our friends in war and peace. A celebrated American here tells the full and powerful story of our achievement.

It is extremely timely, and the people of other countries, as well as the pe_ople of our own country, should know about this. I am very much interested, Mr. Speaker, in noting that the beginning of the story shows a picture of veterans who are at Walter Reed Hospital and Bethesda Naval Hospital-amputees that you have all seen, here at the Capital as well as elsewhere. Obviously, Mr. Baruch feels that they who have paid the greatest price in giving the most for other countries and the United States

· are these amputees. Mr. Speaker, as you know, the Com

mittee on Veterans' Affairs is trying to secure the passage of a bill to provide cars for amputees as a matter of rehabilitation would only cost an additional $900,000 in the first year to help these boys who are still in the hospital. The bill which now covers them is going to expire. Only a veteran can secure a car-before his discharge from the serv-ice he is not allowed a car. The bill .also includes veterans who were not covered in the bill when it was originally passed. The bill was discriminatory then, leaving out certain ones of the amputee groups. These amputees, who have paid so great a price, cannot understand why cars are sent abroad when this debt is not paid to them in the matter of rehabilitation, and these automobiles are a true rehabilitation measuresome doctors have said the best rehabilitation measure that has been passed.

Mr. Bernard Baruch has taken a great deal of interest in the rehabilitation of our veterans, especially the amputees. The public also is vitally interested in them. I believe more enthusiasm has been expressed by the public at the passage of that bill than for any other piece of legislation for our disabled.


Mr. POULSON. Mr. Speaker, I am in- ' formed by the Public Printer that a manuscript of my remarks entitled "Proposal for Financing of Federal Water Power Projects" will cost $195.25. I ask unanimous consent that I may extend those remarks in the RECORD notwithstanding the cost.


There was no objection. RAISE IN PAY FOR POSTAL CLERKS AND

FEDERAL EMPLOYEES

Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent .to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD,

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of·the gentleman from Wisconsin?

There was no objection. Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. Mr.

Speaker, it is imperative that this Congress take action on the bills reported out by the Civil Service and Post Office Committee increasing the salaries of postal employees and other Federal employees. I do not think there should be any further cut in the recommendations made by the committee. I am including herewith a letter from my district indi-

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HQUSE 7725 eating the urgent need of this class Qf employees. The laborer is worthy of hls hire ..

MILWAUKEE POST OFFICE CLERKS' UNION, LocAL No. 3, NATIONAL FED•

ERATION or POST OFFICE CLERKS, June 5, 1948.

Congressman CHARLES J. KERsTEN, House of Representatives,

Washington, D. C. DEAR Sm: Will you please urge Immediate

action on the post office bill, H. R. 1949? The cost of living has gone way beyond our reach and day by day we feel the need of an increase ·in salary more. It has been over 2 Y:z years since our last increase in pay, and then it was brought only up to the 1940 costof-living level.

Most of us are cashing in our bonds and haven't any reserve left in the bank, and we are forced to live under substandard conditions. On our present wages it is impossible to provide the necessities for four children, wife, and myself as I have to do.

To give you an idea of conditions I want to quote a few facts. In our Milwaukee office about 20 clerks resigned the other day when they heard that the Post Office and Civil Service Committee could not agree on a salary increase, and it is impossible to get anyone to work for $1.04 an hour, study schemes, and work night hours. At the present time we could use about 200 more clerks. Just the other day I found out from the Checker Cab Co. that they now have 56 postal employees working for them; others are employed elsewhere or have their wives working. Working these additional hours not only impairs one's health but also breaks up family ties.

Can't something be done before you recess on June 18? And we hope the increase .will be retroactive as of January 1, 1948.

Very truly yours, CARL F. SONNENBERG,

Vice Chairman, Legislative Committee.

EXTENSION OF REMA~KS .

Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD in two instances and include extraneous matter.

Mr. HARRISON asked and was granted permission to extend his remarks in the Appendix of the RECORD in two instances.

Mr. PRICE of TIIinois asked and was granted permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD and include an editorial from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

Mr. MANASCO asked and was granted permission to extend his remarks in the REcoRD and include a letter appearing in the Boston Post.

Mr. MULTER asked and was granted permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD in three instances and include extraneous matter.

Mr. DORN asked and was granted permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD in two instances; in one to include an article from the South Carolina Weekly, and in the other an article from the Charlotte Observer.

Mr. TRIMBLE asked and was granted permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD in three instances, one on forestry and one on soil conservation.

Mr. KEATING asked and was granted permission to extend his remarks· in the Appendix in two instances, in one to include a syndicated column by Miss Dorothy Thompson and in the other an edi· torial from the Brighton Pittsburgh Post.

Mr. HAND asked and was granted permission to extend his remarks in the

XCIV~87

. ·RECORD and include the statement he made today before the Joint Committee on Labor Relations.

Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks in the RECORD and include my statement in reply to the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. REEVES] regarding the split-income provision which he discussed in connection with the previous tax bill.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. DINGELL]?

There was no objection. Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin asked and

was granted permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD in three instances and to include extraneous matter.

TRUCE IN PALESTINE

Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to proceed for 1 minute and to· revise and extend my remarks.

The SPEAKER. Is there obection to the request of the gentleman from New York [Mr. MULTER]?

There was no objection. Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, I know

we are all happy to know that a truce has been ordered in the Middle East and -that the opposing participants in that unfortunate conflict have agreed to the truce.

In the days ahead, while we work and pray that permanent peace will follow this truce, let us not overlook the outrages that have been recently perpetrated against our country. I refer to the following instances, first, the mining with British mines of neutral waters against our ships; se-cond, the stopping of American ships and the removal of American citizens without warrant or right in law by an allegedly friendly nation; and, lastly, the shelling only yesterday of the American consulate and Navy compound in Jerusalem. Bear in mind, that shell-. ing was done with British shells that came from British mortars. Like it or not, American funds to Britain make it possible for Britain to finance Arab aggression,.

The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from New York [Mr. MULTER] has expired. PAY RAISE FOR FEDERAL EMPLOYEES

Mr. LYLE. Mr. Speaker,. I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend my remarks.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of ·the gentleman from Texas?

There was no objection. Mr. LYLE. Mr. Speaker, about

Christmas time each year there appears in the papers a little notice that there are a certain number of shopping days ·until Christmas.

I want to call your attention to the fact that there are only nine more days in which the Federal employees may shop for a justified increase in salaries. It seems particularly appropriate to me that we ought to be thinking about these Federal employees just before we take up

the question of displaced persons from Europe. I certainly hope that the leadership of this House will give us the privilege of considering· an increase for Federal employees before all the shopping days are gone.

ROSE COHEN

Mr. LECOMPTE. Mr. Speaker, by direction of the Committee on House Administration, I desire to call up a privileged resolution <H. Res. 649) and ask for its immediate consideration.

The Clerk read the resolution, as follows:

Resolved, That there shall be paid out of the contingent fund of the House to Rose Cohen, widow of Maurice G. Cohen, late an employee of the House, an amount equal to 6 months' salary at the rate he was receiving at the time of his death and additional amount, not to exceed $250, toward defraying the funeral expenses of the said Maurice G. Cohen.

- The resolution was agreed to. A motion to reconsider was laid on the

table. · A SENATORIAL ATTACK

Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the Hous~ for 1 minute and to revise and extend my remarks.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mississippi? · There was no objection.

Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I rise at this time to extend my profound sympathy to the· members of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives, because I have never known them to be so insulted as they were yesterday by their alleged leader at the other end of the Capitol. It was amusing to me to hear them get up here and resent what President Truman said, but do not resent the vicious attack made on them right here under the dome of the Capitol.

You remind me of the Negro down at pome who had two mules that he said were 11

SO much apart that he could not tell 'em alike.'' He said he beat one of them almost to death because the other one kicked at him.

You may be beating the wrong man now, but of course you cannot call names under the rules of the House. I have never known a man to change so completely from an intense nationalist to an unlimited internationalist. He reminds me of Mr. Wingo's snake railroad of which he said:

It wiggled in and wobbled out, And left the people all in doubt Whether in its zig-zag track It was going west or coming back.

<Mr. RANKIN asked and was given permission to revise and extend his remarks and include a newspaper article.)

COMMITTEE ON BANJONG AND CURRENCY

Mr. WOLCOTT. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the Committee on Banking and Currency may sit during the session of the House today during general debate.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mississippi?

There was no objection.

1.726 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 OLEOMARGARINE

Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend my remarks.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from South

·Carolina? There was no objection. Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Speaker, on the

28th of April of this year the House by a most astounding majority passed the oleomargarine ransom-removing bill by a vote of 260 to 106; responsive to and obedient to the demands and the plaintive cries of the American people. The bill even now reposes at the other end of the Capitol. We are now talking about adjournment. If that bill fails to get consideration at the other end of the Capitol it will be the responsibility of the leadership of that body; and should we adjourn without taking due action our skirts, of course, will be clear.

Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. RIVERS. I do not yield. We have a responsibility to the 600,000

soybean farmers of the great States of Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, and parts of the great West, who wonder today what the leadership is thinking about in the other body by not removing from them the necessity of paying tribute to someone else in this country to make a living. The answer is clear.

I want to conclude this short statement with this little story: Two little boys tried to confound the oracle at Delphi. They caught a bird and put it in their hands ~nd they reasoned among themselves, "We will go to the oracle and ask the oracle what we have in our hands. If the oracle says a bird, we will ask him, 'alive or dead?' If he says dead, we will turn the bird loose and he will be fooled. If the oracle says 'alive,' we will crush the bird." They went to the oracle and asked him what they had in their hands. The oracle said "a bird." They asked, "Dead or alive?" The oracle responded, "The answer is with you."

The American people can only get the answer at the other end of the Capitol from the leadership responsible for the present indecision.

Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend my remarks.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Wis-consin? '

There was no objection. Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin. Mr.

Speaker, I do not li"ke to violate the ru1es in any way in talking about anyone on the~ other side of the Capitol because I realize they have problems of their own. I just wondered if we have not some other legislative problem iri America besides this oleo business.

Ever since the House passed that oleo bill, whenever I sneeze or any time I cough, or move my head, somebody thinks I am angry at somebody about that oleo business. I do say, though, that any time 26·oleo manufactUrers in this country can stampede this House into doing what

they did it is time that we all stopped, looked, and listened.

There is another question coming up here tomorrow. Another group has taken it upon itself to tell the agricu1tural people of this Nation what we need to do in regard to the peanut program. If we are going to legislate just because some group has five or ten millions to throw around, indeed, we most assuredly had better stop, look, and listen.

The President criticizes the Congress for not passing a long-range agricultural program but he cannot even administer the short-range one. His Agricultural Department is now bushing the potato farmers of my State out of thousands of dollars. The present Agricultural,Department cann-ot even operate a shortrange agricultural program. It has been so demonstrated time after time.

That is all I have to say on the subject at the present time, Mr. Speaker.

The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Wisconsin has expired. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH APPROPRIATION

BILL, 1949

Mr. TffiBOTT. Mr. Speaker, I call up the conference report on the bill <H. R. 6500) making appropriations for the legislative branch for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, ·and ask unanimous consent that the statement of the managers on the part of the House be read in lieu of the full report.

The Clerk read the title of the bill. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to

the request of the gentleman from Pennsylvania?

There was no objection. The Clerk read the statement of the

managers on the part of the House. The conference report and ste.tement

are as follows:

CONFERENCE REPORT

The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 6500) "making approp"riations for the legislative branch for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes," having m.et, after full and free conference, have agreed to recommend and do. recommend to their respective Houses as follows:

That the Senate recede from its amend· ments numbered 4 and 5.

That the · House recede from its disagreement to the amendments of the Senate numbered 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, and 26, and agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 8: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 8, and agree to the same with an amendment, as follows: In lieu of the matter inserted. by said amendment, insert the following: ": PTovided further, That the basic annual rates of compensation for the following positions shall be: Two assistant superintendents. of press gallery at $2,400 each, and messenger for service to press correspondents $1,920 in lieu of assistant superintendent of press gallery $2,400 and two messengers for service to press correspondents at $1,920 each; and two assistant superintendents of radio press gallery at $2,400 each in lieu of assistant superintendent of radio press gallery $2,400" ; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 21: That the House recede froi:n its disagreement to the amend.:. ment of the Senate numbered. 21, and agree to the same with an amendment, as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed, insert "$675,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

Amendment numbered 23: That the House recede from its disagreement to· the amendment of the Senate numbered 23, and agree to the same with an amendment, as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed, insert "$700,000"; and the Senate agree to the same.

HARVE 'I'IBBOTT, P. W. GRIFFITHS, CLIFF CLEVENGER, CLARENCE CANNON, MICHAEL J. KIRWAN,

!l!anagers on the Part oj the House. MILTON R. YoUNG, STYLES BRIDGES, LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, HENRY C. DWORSHAK, MILLARD E. TYDINGS,

THEODORE FRANCIS GREEN, DENNIS CHAVEZ,

Managers on the Part oj the Senate.

STATEMENT

The managers on the part of the House at the conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. 6500) making appropriations for the legislative branch for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes, submit the following statement in explanation of the effect of the action agreed upon and recommended in the accompanying conference report as to each of such amendments, namely:

Amendment Nos. 1, 2, and 3 relate to the Senate. The House recedes.

Amendment Nos. 4 and 5 strike out provision, proposed by the Senate, for increases in certain salaries in the offices of Senators.

Amendment Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 relate to the Senate. The House recedes.

J\rnendment Nos. 14 and 15 appropriate $180,000 for the Office of the Legislative Counsel as proposed by the Senate instead of $160,000 . as proposed by the House, and sets the amount thereof to be disbursed by the Secretary of the Senate at $100,000 as proposed by the Senate instead of $80,000 as proposed by the House.

Amendment Nos. 16 and 17 appropriate $543,990 for the Capitol Buildings as proposed by the Senate, instead of $536,000 as proposed by the House, of which $52,900 is to be immediately available as proposed · ' by the Senate instead of $49,000 as proposed by the House.

Amendment Nos. 18 and 19 apprupriate $558,620 for the Senate Office Building as proposed by the Senate instead of $523 ,200 as proposed by the House, and continue available certain unobligated balances as proposed by the Senate.

Amendment No. 20 appropriates $2,474,571 for salaries, Library proper, as proposed by the Senate instead of $2,450,000 as proposed by the House.

Amendment No. 21 appropriates $675,000 for salaries, Copyright Office, instead of $650,-000 as proposed by the House and $713,900 as proposed by the Senate.

Amendment No. 22 appropriates $400,400 for salaries and expenses, distribution of printed cards, Library of Congress, as proposed by the Senate instead of $376,000 as proposed by the House.

Amendment No. 23 appropriates .$700,000 for general expen~es; Office of the Superintendent of Documents, instead of $600,000 as proposed by the House and $800,000 as proposed by the Senate.

Amendment Nos. 24, 25, and 26 strike from the bill language, proposed by the House, • to forbid employment of members of labor organizations the officers of which are not in compliance with the Labor-Management Relations Act, 1947.

HARVE TIBBOTT, P. W, GRIFFITHS, CLIFF CLEVENGER, CLARENCE CANNON, MICHAEL J. KIRWAN·,

Managers on the Part oj the House.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7727 Mr. TIBBOTT. Mr. Speaker, · I yield

myself 5 minutes. Mr. Speaker, ·at the outset I wish to

state that the members of our subcommittee as well as all Members of the House are happy over the advancement of our distinguished chairman, the· gentleman from Indiana £Mr. JOHNSON], to the position of judge of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals.

Mr. Speaker, this is the bill appropriating funds for 'the legislative branch for fiscal year 1949, and I do not believe it necessary for me to take more than just a few seconds to comment on the conference report. The bill as it came back from the Senate made very little change in money in the House bill. Many of the amendments pertain to appropriations for the Senate and in accord with custom of many years standing we have receded · on them with the exception of one or two where the Senate withdrew.

The Senate amended only three items under the Library of Congress. The amount involved in those three is small as carried in the report. . Because some Members of the House have evidenced interest in continuation by the Library of the publication known as the United States Quarterly Book List, I might say that the report recommends the amount of $24'.571 requested for that purpose. We also ·allowed a small increase over and above the House figure for the Copyright Office to more adequately handle its business. The Senate added $200,000 for the Superintendent of Documents and we have agreed on one-half of that figure.

Over all, there was very little at issue in the bill and, as I mentioned, m_any of the changes pertain to Senate items. I think that about covers the report briefly and that I need not take further time to go into minute details. .

Mr. Speaker, I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Missouri [Mr. CANNON].

Mr. CANNON. Mr. Speaker, following the passage of the legislative appropriation bill in both the House and Senate, but immediately preceding the meeting of the committee of conference, the chairman of the subcommittee, the gentleman from Indiana £Mr. Jo~NSON] was appointed by the President of the United States to the bench of the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. .

And I am certain .it was a matter of gratification to every Member of the House-to all of whom he had endeared himself during his useful service herethat he was paid the compliment of being confirmed immediately upon presentation of his name to the Senate.

It is a matter of regret that Mr. Jo~NsoN leaves the House and especially that he is retiring as chairman of the subcommittee on the legislative appropriation bill, in which capacity he has served so ably and so effectively.

But he is particularly qualified for a. positi~n on the bench. He is an eminent lawyer. ·He has had for many years a wide and lucrative practice. He has to an exceptional degre~ the judicial turn . of mind. We are sorry to see him go but we congratulate him upon this well-deserved appointment and we wish for him continued success in his new field and in his new jurisdiction.

Fortunately he is succeeded as chairman of the subcommittee by the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. TIBBOTT]. Mr. TIBBOTT succeeds .to the chairmanship after distingUished service on the committee and the subcommittee. He is not only one of the most useful members of the Committee on Appropriations but is one of the most useful Members of the House. I have sometimes wondered why he was willing to stay in the House and devote his time and attention to public matters when he could secure greater financiar returns elsewhere.

He is president of a national bank, and has important business interests, and no doubt serves here at personal financial sacrifice.

We are fortunate in having the advantage of his counsel and cooperation on this bill. He brings to the House and to the Committee on Appropriations and to this particular bill-the housekeeping bill of the Congress-the business experience, capacity and ability in business affairs so much in de~and in the management of the supply bills of the House.

The United States Government is, in effect, a huge business corporation. It is the biggest business in the world. And contrary to the impression the ~ver_age citizen sometimes gets in readmg the newspapers, the principal problems which come before the House are not political problems. They are business problems, economic problems, problems of the very character which the new chairman of the subcommittee is particularly qualified to handle. •

His capacity in that respect was demonstrated yesterday when he was in charge of the House managers in the conference on the pending bill for the first time and secured a concession I have never known to be secured before in any conference between the two Houses which I have attended.

It is customary-and properly so-for each body to manage its own domestic affairs ·and to determine its own housekeeping appropriations. .That custom has been held inviolate for many years. The House and the Senate respectively handle their own housekeeping expenditures. But yesterday in the conference on the pending bill, for the first time, so far as I am aware, in the history of conferences between the two bodies, the new chairman the gentleman from Pennsylvania, prevailed upon the other body to modify its own amendments.

He assumes office under a happy augury, and we can look forward to a businesslike administration of the fiscal affairs of the House under his chairmanship. That is especially true of the bill now before us. Naturally there is always some difference of opinion on any bill of this character, but I believe the bill reported by the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. TIBBOTT] is in general as good -a bill as can be written under the circumstances, and trust it will have the · approval of the House.

Mr. TffiBOTT. Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman from Missouri for his kind words. Without his able assistance we would not have been able to do many .of the things that are done in this bill.

Mr. Speaker, I move the previous question on the conference report.

The previous question was ordered. The conference report was agreed to. A motion to reconsider was laid on the


·Mr. KNUTSON asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD.

THE LATE THOMAS L. OWENS

Mr. YOUNGBLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mich-igan? ·

There was no objection. Mr. YOUNGBLOOD. Mr. Speaker,

although the solemnity of my topic is so exalted as to challenge one's powers of expression it is with deep regret tha~ I returned to Washington, after a bnef visit to my people, sadly to find that my dear, good colleague, ToM OWENS, had left this world for the Great Beyond.

Tom, as I always called him, and I usually concurred with one another along all lines of endeavor and both being new Members this brought us that much closer together.

In spite of the fact that we all knew Tom to be an exceptionally hard worker, despite the knowledge that he had been hovering between life and death for a number of days, we all had a fervent prayer on our lips and l:iope that ~he Almighty God in His wisdom would see fit to grant him a new lease on life and return him to health so that he would be able to carry on his great contribution of happiness by his ardent labor for those less fortunate than himself.

Although he has gone in body, his spirit has inscribed indelibly on our hearts and minds something more beau

-tiful in life to aim for always. His name and image ~hall be en

shrined in the archives and annals of history as one who has given his life for his fellow man as Tom, beyond ali reasonable doubt, would have lived on had -he not ·overtaxed his mind and body by meritorious works which shall never die.

To his family, I want to say that these are the most difficult words I have had t~ say since I have been a Member of the House of Representatives.

DISPLACED PERSONS

Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, I call ~P House Resolution 637 and ask for 1ts immediate consideration.

The Clerk read the resolution, as follows:

Resolved, That upon the adoption. of this resolution it shall be in order to move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Unfbn for consideration of the biU (K R. 6396) to authorize for a limited period of time the admission of displaced persons into the United States for permanent residence, and for other purposes. That after general debate, which shall be confined to the bill and continue not to exceed 3 hours, to be equally divided and controlled by the chairman and ranking minority member of the Committee on the Judiciary, the bill shall be read for amendment under the 5_minute rule. At the conclusio-n of the

7728 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10

reading Of the bill for amendment, the committee shall rise and report the same to the House with such amendments as may have been adopted, and the previous question shall be considered as ordered on the bill and amendments thereto to final passage without intervening motion except one motion to recommit. After the passage of the bill (H. R. 6396) it shall be in order in the House to take from the Speaker's table bill S. 2242, and to move to strike out all after the enacting clause of said Senate bill and to insert in lieu thereof the provisions contained in H. R. 6396 as passed.

Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, this resolution makes in order the consideration of the bill H. R. 6396, the so-called displaced-persons bill. The rule is an open rule, providing for 3 hours of general debate.

This displaced-persons bill has been reported from the Committee on the Judiciary as a result of many months of study on some 20 different pieces of legislation which were introduced by various Members of the House. The subcommittee, headed by the distinguished gentleman from Maine, Mr. FRANK FELLows, not only held extensive hearings, but went into exhaustive research on the entire matter. I think the subcommittee and the whole Committee on the Judiciary are deserving of a real vote of gratitude from this House. They have taken an extremely difficult, complicated, and controversial subject and, in my opinion, at least, have produced a piece of legislation which is admirable in every respect. In my opinion it is infinitely better than the bill dealing with the same subject matter which is now on the Speaker's desk, having come over from the other body. I am naturally hopeful that this bill will become the final legislation approved by the Congress of the United States.

Mr. KNUTSON. Mr. Speaker, w111 the gentleman yield?

Mr. HERTER. I yield to the gentleman from Minnesota.

Mr. KNU'{SON. Will the gentleman explain just '.how the number of admissions has been staggered under the House bill? The 200,000 displaced persons would not all come in in 1 year?

Mr. HERTER. The bill provides for the admission of 200,000 over a period of 2 years. The bill expires at the expiration of 2 years.

Mr. DEVITT. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield?

. Mr. HERTER. I yield. Mr. DEVITT. Did I correctly under

stand that the gentleman expresses a preference for the so-called Fellows bill over the bill passed by the other body?

Mr. HERr:r:ER. I expressed a very strong personal preference in favor of the Fe1lows bill.

Mr. DEVITT. I wish to join with the gentleml'tn in that sentiment. ·

Mr. l:IERTER. I appreciate the ltentleman's statement very much.

Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. HERTER. I am glad to yield to the gentleman.

Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. The bill that the Senate passed, ·however,. does have this feature, does it not? It makes ·some provision for the · class of people

known as expellees, whereas the Fellows bill presently does not, is that correct?

Mr. HERTER. I think that is correct, but I dould not want to be quoted on that, because I have not studied all the provisions of the Senate bill carefull-y enough.

Mr. KERSTEN of VVisconsin. I .thank the gentleman.

Mr. LATHAM. Mr. Speaker, will the gentleman yield·?

Mr. HERTER. I am glad to yield. Mr. LATHAM. Does the bill provide

for mortgaging future quotas? - Mr. HERTER. Yes; the bill provides for mortgaging future quotas, only up to 50 percent of those quotas.

Mr. Speaker, in view of the fact that there is an admirable report on this bill, and that it will be explained in great detail during the 3 hours of general debate, I feel it is necessary to go into the specific provisions of the bill at this time. I am very glad now to yield 30 minutes to the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. SABATHJ. e

Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, for over 2 years the American people have urged and pleaded that something be done for the unfortunate displaced persons. Naturally I am pleased that the bill now be·for-e ·US is less drastic than-the bill passed by the othe.r- body and will relieve some of the unfortunate displaced persons of the conditions under which they have been obliged to live and exist for the past 3 years. However, the bill under consideration is restrictive in many partiCulars and, in fact, if the unfortunate persons covered by the b111 were criminals, the committee could not have put in , more restraining limitations and requirements. But taking everything into consideration and in view of the prejudice that has been created in the minds of the people who · have not had time to familiarize themselves with the hardships of these displaced persons, I really do not blame the committee for including and embodying these restrictive safeguards with respect to these unfortunates.

Mr. Speaker, I was a member of the Committee on Immigration for 24 years, having served from 1907 to 1931, and helped to pass many of the restrictive immigration laws, so I know something about immigration and what it has done, not to the country, but for the country. We have in this country a few publicists and lobbyists who have been poisoning the minds of the American people against immigration for many years. Well, I have read history and gone back to 1800, a hundred and fifty years ago, when this country had a population of about three or four million people. A commission was appointed at that time in Pennsylvania which made a report on 'its findings. It reported in part as follows:

We view with alarm the ever-increased 'undesirables coming to our shores that are filling our penal institutions and our poorhouses and overcrowding our maritime borders.

That was the report made 150 years ·ago, when nearly all the- people who -wer-e then coming to the -United ·States from Great Britain, Scotland,- -Wales, and

a few from Norway. Notwithstanding that report, we permitted immigrants to continue to come, and we lmow that it was due to the immigrants that we permitted to reach our shores that our Nation has become the greatest in the world. Those immigrants started to work our lands, which at that time were selling at a dollar or $2 an acre. Now they are worth $3'00 or $400 ar_1 acre. They have worked our mines. They have worked our forests. They have built up our Nation and made it the greatest manufacturing Nation in the world, so that today we are supplying nearly half of the world, if not more, with. food and the necessities of life, machinery, and other manufactured products.

During the First World War there were professional immigration restrictionists whom, I remember very well, endeavored to make the country believe that it was not safe, in view of the large number of immigrants in our midst. What was the result? During the First World War, as well as · in the last war, those men, both the first and second generations, have clearly demonstrated that they were patriotic, that they were law abiding, that they loved our country, and they did everything asked of them. They gave the country their full support and cooperation, so that there is no man who can truthfully and honestly charge that they have not proved their worth and their loyalty. · In view of that fact, I feel we should disregard some of the poisonous propaganda on the part of the professional restrictionists who, for personal and selfish reasons, have created in the minds of otherwise well-meaning people and danger in the admission of immigrants in the past, and to the few -in number that are permitted to enter now.

In years gone by, through untrue propaganda eminating from these misguided restrictionists, it has been charged that most of these immigrants remained in New York. It is true that many of these people did remain in New York and it is because of this factor that New York became the greatest city in the world. · We never hear any complaints from the citizens of that State against them, but the objections and opposition invariably comes from gentlemen and States wpere they have no immigration and do not actually know the value and benefits accrued from the useful activities of these immigrants .

Of late, the only opposition is coming from a few organizations that have been ·fed propaganda by these professional immigration restrictionists who make their living by sending out this poisonous information. On the other hand, nearly ·every church, civic, and labor organiza-tion is in favor of admitting, without .these many restrictions, these suffering men, women, ancl children. ,

Of course, under the provisions of this bill, very few immigrants outside of these displaced persons will be able to be admitted to the United States as the quotas of all countries, outside of Great Britain, Germany, France, and a few other of

· the larger countries, are very small and ·few of their nationals will be ·permitted

,-to enter af-ter the ·enactment of this bill.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7729 In many of the small countries the quota is only 100, 150, or 200. Naturally, with the 50-percent reduction in· the quotas very few will be admitted to the United States for many. many years to coin e.

Personally, I am -hopeful that within a short time these displaced people will be permitted to land and prove again as the old immigrants did that they are deserving, that they will be helpful, that they will cooperate the same as those immigrants who came before them and that their entry will not in any way af. feet our standard of living as has been unjustifiably charged, or aft'ect the wages of American workingmen. I hope also that we will liberalize some of the re· strictive provisions that are contained in this bill.

Furthermore, this bill ·means, of course, a saving of about a $100,000,000 a year to our Government. As it is we have been obliged to foot the bill of those who have been kept in the occupied zones for these _3 :v:ears or over in displaced-persons camps. It will aid by permitting these 200,000 to come into the United States ·in the next 2 years. Our maintenance expense will be reduced, as I say, and it will be a saving in money to the United State$ of approximately $100,000,000.

It i~ - claimed by some that these immi· grants will take the jobs of American laborers. I have heard that story for 40 years. These fears have not yet been realized in the case of the older immi· grants. If anything they aid the Amer· ican worker because invariably they take the hardest, most undesirable jobs that the American wage earner is not desirous of occupying. The American workers have . thus beep benefited. Let me say further that notwithstanding the great immigration that took place in the last hundred years, or even 50 years, our country did fairly well. We have in· creased our production and they have helped us do it, to a point where, as I have stated, we became the greatest, the richest, and the most powerful Nation in the world. Many of these immigrants who came before are relativ.es of those who will be admitted under this bill. I am sure they will demonstrate their worth and prove beneficial and helpful to our Nation.

The only point that I wish to call to the committee's attention-and I hope the members will bear with me-is that the bill as drafted applies to those dis· placed persons who were in the displaced· persons camps prior to 1947. Unfortu· nately in April 1948, this year, a small country known as Czechoslovakia, that gained its independence and became a free nation as the result of the First World War and under the guidance and leadership of then President Wilson, now has refugees and displaced persons of its

·own. Within a short space of time that country, small though it was, set an ex· ample to the world of what could be ac· complished in a few ye~rs after they were liberated from the shackles of the · Austro-H:ungarian monarchy. They became the outstanding democratic little nation of the world and set an example to other nations. Naturally that did not last very long. In 1940 they were sold down the river at Munich. But even · then they continued their efforts to retain their freedom, liberty, and form of

government, which was · a democratic . form of government. All of the leaders over there who followed the footsteps of that great Czechoslovakian, Masaryk, were hopeful that they could remain free, but, unfortunately, because we have rescinded the promised loan to Czecposlovakia, and because our State Department has failed to extend to them the aid and' cooperation it had accorded other nations, the Communists have taken over the reins of government, which is to be regretted because under the leadership o! President - Benes, Czechoslovakia was endeavoring to aid the world in bringing about an understanding between the eastern and western European count'ries.

Due to the change that has taken place, many of the leaders who have striven te retain a democratic form of government in Czechoslovakia were

. obliged to flee to Germany and other countries. Unfortunately, under this bill they cannot be considered as displaced persons. There are between 2,000 or 3,000 who will be discriminated against under the provisi.t>ns of this bill and will be excluded because the bill was drafted before they lost their freedom and independence. I hope the committee will agree to an amendment that will permit these people the same privileges we accord the others, because this is the only country they can come to and enjoy the blessings of liberty. They will then be able to continue to aid those who remain behind to obtain freedom and independence, as they have enjoyed it during the 26 years that we aided them ·in attaining their democratic form of governm~nt.

I called attention to another situation about 2 years ago and have introduced a bill on it. That is, that we should accord t-he privilege to those soldiers of Poland and other countries who cannot return to their countries because they do not feel safe in returning to their native countries. We should permit them to enlist in our army. They are experienced soldiers and they can demonstrate again their worth, their ability, and their desire the same as their forebears, the same as Kosciusko and Pulaski, who helped to bring freedom to our own Nation. Men of that stock, I feel, deserve to receive consideration and we should permit them to be admitted into our army and give them citizenship, not right away but after they have served in our armed forces for 5 years probably and demonstrated their fitness and that they are in every way deserving of becoming American citizens.

With those two amendments to the bill I believe we will have a much better measure, a more humane bill. Notwith· standing the fact that the bill is not perfect ·I shall support it and I hope that you gentlemen and the committee will agree to broaden it by adopting these two amendments. When a bill comes in here and the committee is opposed to any amendments, I realize how difficult it is to succeed in securing the adoption of any amendments. . ·

As I stated before, churches of all denominations in the United States, civic and labor organizations, have striven for 2 years to set an example for others by permitting the entry of these escaped

people into the United States. Most of the outstanding, fairminded writers and publicists have gone on record in support of this legislation.

At this point I desire to include in my remarks an article appearing in the Washington Star of June 7 carrying the statement of Earl G. Harrison, former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization; as follows: SENATE DP MEASURE CALLED BOOBY TRAP AND

DISCRIMINATORY .

Earl G . . Harrison denounced the Senate bill to admit 200,000 displaced Europeans to the United States as a booby trap • • • · a sorry mess, ill-befitting a great democracy.

Mr. Harrison issued a statement attacking the bill as inadequate in his capacity as chairman of the Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons. He was Federal Immigration Commissioner in 1942-44.

"It has been deliberately designed to exclude -DP's, not admit them," he said of the bill. "Among other things it discriminates on grounds of religion·, nationality, and occupation." He said it was particularly unfair to Jews.

CHANGES URGED

Mr. Harrison urged that House Republl~ can leaders undo the "monstrosity of Senate action." He continued:

"An analysis of the provisions • • • revealed the tortuous and devious methods adopted to abandon the displaced persons. • • • This is what the bill really means :

"Fifty percent of the DP's must come from countries 'annexed by a foreign power'-Latv1a, Lithuania, Estonia, and eastern Poland. On its face, this is rank discrimination, because these people are nowhere half of the total DP population. But the underlying di.scrim.ination is in favor of the Baits who are predominantly Protestant, and 'it, therefore, is against Jews and Catholics.

"Fifty percent of the displaced persons must-be farmers or their dependents. Since farmers are but a small minority of the occupation of DP's, the discrimination of this cause is obvious.

RIDER TO BILL ASSAILED

"A special rider to the bill, permitting Sudetens and other Europeans of German ethnic origin to enter the United States under the regular German quota, underlines the racist character of the bill. That the Volksdeutsche, the insidious Nazi fifth column, should be handed special privileges over the victims of Nazi oppression is a mockery of American justice. •

"To make doubly certain that few, if any, victims of Nazi oppression can enter, an amendment to change the date of eligibility from Pecember 22,1945, to April21, 1947, was defeated. This was done with the full knowledge that most of the Jews arrived in the occupied zones a Jew months after the December 1945 date. Thus, less than 10,000 DP's out of a total of a million can qualify for admission under th'is bill."

I also desire to insert an article by Carleton Kent, appearing in the Chicago Stin-Times, which I am sure will be enlightening to the membership and to the country, as follows:

PADLOCKS ON THE GOLDEN DOOR

(By Carleton Kent) When the Statue. of Liberty was dedi

cated in 1886, it was so impressive that the following rather sweeping inscription was deemed right for its base:

· "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe

free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me,

I lift my lamp beside the golden door."

,

.7730 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 Subsequently; f{)r -one reason and another,

the expansiveness thus .expressed waa trimmed down considerably by vat_ious im- _

- ·patriotic organizations· that are so much interested-in this humane bill will -appreciate what_ev-er action we will take in· migration quotas. _ .

Last week the United States Senate· put what was left of this nobi11ty of purpose into a deep freezer by the grim restrictions it wrote into a bill to admit 200,000 of Europe's wretched, homeless, tempest-tossed displaced persons in the- next 2 years.

The conditions attached to this offer so overlapfthat it almost can be said "the.golden door" is open only to displaced persons who are Christian farmers with wealthy sponsors in this country.

Only those who entered Allied occupation zones by December 22 ,-1945, are eligible. The Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons says this rules out 18 percent of all E>P.'s-the Jews who -suffered most in central Europe.

Fifty percent of all those admitted must come from "countries annexed by a foreign power." This is meant to apply to the Baltic States-Latvia, Li,thuania, and Estonia. Critics of the bill say this is discrimination against bo~h Jews and Catholics, for most Baits . are Protestant.

Another qualification, laid like shingling over .the others, seems designedly antiSemitic. It provides that half the DP's admitted must have an agricultural background in their country of origin. This again rures out many Jews, whom. persecution forced to develop their skills and trades in the ghettos of Europe's cities.

Overlaying these are still more restrictions. The DP's have to show that they "will be suitably employed without displacing some other person from employment," or becoming a public charge. These are guarantees also required in the present Immigration Act. They mean the DP's, as well as quota immigrants, must have well-to-do American sponsors; and not take competitive jobs.

Furtllermore, they cannot come into the United States unless they can show they will have "safe and sanitary housing" here-a proof which it is J mpossible to give in a

- country already w1thout any housing vacancies; unless it be in the back rooms of the wealthy sponsor's mansion.

Today I received a telegram signed by many· outstanding organizations urging the passage of the bill before us. In order not to encumber the RECORD I shall not include the names of all the organizations who signed the telegram. It is as follows:

NEW YORK, June 10, 1948. Hon. ADOLPH J. 8ABATH,

House of Repptesentatives, Washington, D. C.:

We are highly gratified that the House has agreed to· consider the Fellows bill for the admission of displaced persons. We lqok to you for active support and leadership in securing its passage in substantially the present form because we believe that the displacedpersons bill passed by the Sen·ate is inadequate and discriminatory. Over 125 national organizations have earnestly supported adequate legislation for the solution of ·.this crucial international problem.

Friends Committee on National Legislation, League of Women Voters, National Federation of Business and Professional Womens Club, National Wornens Trade Union League, Northern Baptist Convention, United Council of Church Women, Americans for Democratic Action, American Civil Liberties Union, Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society, Division of Social Educatiori and Action of the Presbyterian Church, Womens Division ·Of

· Christian Service Methodist Church.

Mr. Speaker, without further taking up· the time of the House, I shall conclude in saying that the church, civic, and other

aiding these unfortunate, suffering dis. placed persons.

Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to "the gentleman from New York (Mr. COUDERT] . .

Mr. COUDERT. Mr. Speaker, I rise-in support of the rule · and to record my support of the DP ·bill,- whi:ch· the rule concerns. The bill, ·in my opinion, rep~ resents a sound and reasonable approa-c-h to the grave;imma:ne, and political problems posed by the plight of these unfortunate ·persons. I hope-that the,Hoasewill pass the bill . and so make ··an invaluable contribution toward the ·solution of this pressing world problem. I trusf further .that this example will indeed lead quickly to a complete and satisfactory disposition of the problem on a world-wide basis.

Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield "5 minutes to the gentleman from Nebras-ka [Mr. STEFAN]. . . . -

(Mr. ' STEFAN asked and was given permission-to revise -and extend his remarks and include a letter and a memorandum from the State Department.)

Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Speaker and Members of the House, I have studied H. R. 6396 very carefully; in fact, I have gone into great detail in studying the effect of it . . When the bill is brought up for ameQ.dment, I intend to offer an amend-

_ment, on page 2, line 4, after the words "opinions, or", by inserting the following: "the persoiY who has fled as a direct result of persecution o~ fear of persecution developing from the overthrow of the government of his country of origin since April 21, 1947."

On page - 4, line 10, after the words ••united States", strike out the words "prior to March 15, 1948," and replace with following: "prior to the effective date of this act.,

This amendment refers to some 10,000 to 12,000 Czechoslovak refugees, who fled their country after the Communist coup . in Czechoslovakia to the American zone in Germany or Austria, as well as to the British or French zones in Germany or Austria in the second half of February 1948, up to this date. .

These _refugees are people of democratic beliefs who were in danger of being arrested or liquidated by the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia because of their -democratic attitude. Among them are 36 members of parliament, former ministers, officers, soldiers, airmep, professors and students, technical experts, skilled workers, and so forth. They are all martyrs of democracy and victims of their democratic convictions and western te_ndencies. During the war they-fought in the Czechoslovak Army and in the RAF in Great Britain and some were in the underground at home against German totalitarianism. Many of them would have been put on trials and sentenced to death o·r to long-term prison. They escaped from the country through

;well-guarded frontiers, · endangering their families: · many of their family members were taken as hostages and were put on trial. Those who were seized trying to escape are in prisons and some

·of them were cond-emned ~ to --death--or lqng-teTtn ·prisons;

The situation of the Czechoslovak-refugees in the American zone-in Germany or Austria is a desperate one. The refugees escaped without money, they have no spares, no clothes to change, have not the status of displaced persons,. and are not included in the help of the_ mo. There are sueh cases as- that of the chief prosecutor, Dr. Drabek, who presecuted~ the German war criminals--as the no-

: - torious K-. · H. Frank-a-nd after escap:.. . ing .with his family was put in a Germanconcentration ~ camp.

Some American ladies and the .Apler-ican · Red· Cr-ass are trying to help but until now very ·little was done. The refugees do not get even the German rations of 1,200 calories, children have no milk, and some babies already died of undernourishment in the. camps. There is no sanitary or medical equipment.

The refugees-

As Mr. Harold W. Melahn, from the . editorial staff of Columbia Journal of

International Affairs put in l:iis letter to a Czechoslovak diplomat--would willingly bear the temporary troubles if they knew that western organizations and governments were seriously preparing· to

. help them. I believe that any a1d would -have incalculable value in restoring morale and would give added courage to the freedom-loving Czechoslovaks who have forsaken families and homeland rather than to submit to tyranny.

Help given to the refugees would encourage the majority of the Czechs and Slovaks at home: that means, the majority of the nation that is opposing communtsm and totalitarianism. The Czechoslovak Communist-dominated Government set up . a very successful propaganda telling by means of radio and newspapers that the traitors who escaped the country are living in misery, and that those whom they served, the.western democracies, would not lift a. finger to help them.

Free Czechoslovaks all over the world, and especially Americans of Czech-and Slovak descent, are trying to help those refugees by organizing relief funds. But this kind of help can be only a temporary solution. If we cannot find a solution of this problem, it would be a very poor. sign of working democracy.

The morale of those refugees is· very high. They are valuable citizens and could be very useful to any country that would adopt them. They want to work and fight for democracy and freedom.

The bill discussed is intended to help some 24 percent of the total number of the displaced persons. It would be of great importance if the great democracy of the -United ·states of America could help at least 25 percent of the Czechoslovak refugees so as to encourage -the other democratic countries to do the same fo·r -_the remaining 75 perc!=!n~. We. could not expect help from other countries if the leading demecracy would not be able to extend any help to the martyrs of democracy. The immigration laws of the United St~tes do not allow the entry to this country of those political refugees, even the most prominent ones, who do not have the reentr'y permit ' to another state.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7}31 The Czechoslovak mass emigration is

an exceptional case which needs a solution. There was no mass emigration from any other country after the World War II, where the democracy was overthrown by Communist minority.

The Czechs and Slovaks in exile have many relatives in this country; the American population of Czech and Slovak descent numbers over 1,000,000 people, and they would be willing to support their relatives and the unfortunate people from their country of origin to a great extent.

If Czechoslovak refugees could not benefit by the bill, they, as well as the democratic people in Czechoslovakia, woUld lose all -hope and . faith; and all the democratic ·people all over the world who fight for democracy and freedom would lose theirs in a living democracy.

·The Czechoslovaks fled their country, encouraged by the solemn declaration of the three western great powers condemning the Communist coup, in the hope that they, as martyrs of democracy, really woUld find full practical support and a free country to live in unti.l Czechoslovakia woUld be again a democratic country.

The CzechosJovak one-party electionB, .held on May 30, 1948, showed clearly that the Czechoslovaks did not lose their faith in democracy and in the e:f!iciency of democratic methods. The courage of 1,600,000 voters, who either voted with clear ballots or abstained froin the elec- . tions-which was both described by the Communist rulers in Czechoslovakia as treasonable activity-and exposed themselves to persecution, the voting being · practically not secret. Many of those· courageous Czechoslovaks will increase -the number of the refugees in the next weeks.

The Czechoslovak refugees are expecting action from the leading democratic · Nation. The action by the United States Congress would show to other countries the practical way, how to solve this urgent problem of democracy. Even if only some 25 percent of the Czechoslovak refugees could find a new home in the United States and if, according to the bill, some 3,000 Czechoslovak refugees would be admitted to the United Statesthe remaining 7,000 to 9,000 could be more easily admitted to other democratic countries.

It would be a terrible disappointment . to the democratic Czechoslovaks, who

were fighting in the Allied army and air force, who were for many years in German concentration camps, if they could not be eligible displaced persons and if they had the only choice to return to their country to death or long-term prisons. They cannot do it, of course. But where should they go if the doorswould be closed . to them to democratic countries? Even those refugees who got temporary visitors' visas to the United States or disclosed their resolution not to return to their country-resigned diplomats, students, and so forth-because of a certainty of persecution, are threatened by the immigration laws to be de- · ported from the United States. They have no legal possibility to live even temporarily in the United States.

There is a great probability that the Czechoslovak refugees would become registered in the nearest futtire by the IRO. If it would be so, there is no reason why the date of April 21, 1947, should be applied against them. The Czechslovak emigration is after World War II the only mass emigration' of genuine political refugees from a country. When the bill was prepared, the problem did not yet exist, but since it became the most urgent problem of our time. The fate of Czechoslovakia, the death of Masaryk, and so forth, aroused world opinion and were a reminder and a lesson to democracies.

The most decisive question in solving the displaced-persons and the refugee problem should be, if those persons are really in danger for their democratic beliefs and convictions, if they are really homeless because they cannot go back to their country of origin. The Czechoslovak refugees are really belonging to this category. They are truthfully displaced and cannot return home.

JUNE 8, 1948. The Honorable KARL STEFAN,

House of Representatives. MY DEAR MR .. STEFAN: I understand that

you propose to o1Ier an amendment to the Fellows bill (H. R. 6396) for the benefit of recent Czechoslovak refugees. Pursuant to your request, I am enclosing a memorandum setting forth the views of the Department of State on this amendment. I am authorized to state that the Department of the Army concurs in the views of the Department of State in this matter.

Sincerely yours, CHARLES E. SALTZMAN·,

Assistant Secretary of State. JUNE 8, 1948.

MEMORANDUM ON THE CZECHOSLOVAK REFUGEES BY STATE DEPARTMENT

Following the Communist seizure of power in Czechoslovakia, many Czechoslovak citizens found it necessary to fiee from their homeland in order to escape punishment and retaliation at the hands of the Communist government. Over 8,000 of these refugees have entered the western zones of Germany · and Austria. They include former members of the government, journalists, professional and businessmen, and other citizens whose acts in defense of the democratic . traditions of Czechoslovakia an!l opposition to the methods of the Communists in seizing control marked them either for punishment or for the loss of their civil and economic rights.

It has always been the objective of the foreign policy of the United States to support democratic movements in their opposition to totalitarian governments and to give refuge to individuals whose lives or security is directly threatened. These Czechoslovak refugees have demonstrated by reason of their fiight that they .are stanch supporters of the democratic cause who preferred to fiee rather than to remain in Czechoslovakia. They were neither persuaded or coerced to support the Communist government.

Many of these refugees now wish to come to the United States where they may contrtbute to our national democratic life. Under . the existing legislation, many years would be required for them to fulfill the requirements of immigration and wait their turns under the quota system. This means they would have to remain in camps in the western zones of Germany ~nd Austria for an indefinite period with no facilities for supporting themselves.

The Czechoslovak refugees from Communist rule are in a similar position as the displaced persons who were uprooted by the Nazis, or who fied from persecution in Po-

land. The Czechoslovak case ls unique in that the people iavolved voluntarily fied from Czechoslovakia because of the strength o! their democratic convictions and the depth of their democratic commitments.

Other countries of western Europe have already admitted 3,000 of these new refugees. It is in the interest of the United States Government to help as many of these refugees as it is possible to do. Accordingly, the Department of State strongly supports the proposed amendment to give a status similar to that of·displaced persons to a fixed number of Czecfloslovak refugees in oraer to permit their entry into the United States. It is understood that only those who are bona fide refugees from Czechoslovakia after February 1948 will be considered.

Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 . minutes to the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. WALTERJ.

Mr. WALTER. Mr. Speaker, in taking up this legislation it is very important that the House bear in mind the fact that we are attempting to deal with a specific problem. The Committee on the Judiciary labored over this legislation for many m·onths. At the outset the opinions of the various· members of the committee were so opposed that it looked for a long while as if there would be no legis-lation at all. .

While it may be a fine thing to make it possible to bring to this country those people about whom our · distinguished friend from Nebraska [Mr. STEFAN] just spoke·, we ought not to encourage the peoples of the world who do not for the moment agree with their forms of government to believe that they can turn to the United States as a haven. It seems to me it is more important for these people to remain in the countries whence they tled, in order to combat the totalitarian system .of government they have opposed.

If we open this bill . to amendments, 1t seems to me we might well wind up with no legislation at all. For that reason, I urge the Members of the House to support this bill as it was reported by the Committee on the Judiciary without any amendments whatsoever.

May I point out some basic statistics that I think should be in the minds of the Members when they consider this legislation?

There are a little more than a million displaced persons in three countries. Eight hundred and fifty thousand of them are in Germany, 148,000 in Austria, and the rest in Italy. About 65 percent are CathQlic, 20 percent Jewish, and 15 percent Protestant. Twenty-one percent of the displaced persons are children up to the age of 18; 66 percent are between the ages of 18 and 44, and only 13 percent are above the age of 44. We

. have almost 60 percent of the displaced persons in Germany in the American zone. Those statistics were before the committee when this legislation w·ts written, and the provisions in the bill, with respect to screening the people whll will come to our country under this law are so restrictive that I do not think anybody can possibly complain about the type of person who will come to the United States. It is important to consider one thing more. It is costing about $130,000,000 a year to maintain these camp~. Naturally we want to get this

CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 load off our backs. Every time representatives of our Government discuss with representatives of other governments the possibility of moving people, we are confronted with the plea: What 1s the United States going to do to help solve this problem? It is therefore important that we act on this bill as written.

Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman · from Wis-consin [Mr. KERSTEN]. -

Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of the rule. I am in favor of, and will heartily support, the DP legislation. However, there is one aspect of the bill that I think should be called to the attention of the House, and that is the -definition of a dis~ placed person. There is a large class of people, most of whom are now in Germany, who are designated as expellees. They have been expelled from these surrounding countries. There are about ten or fifteen million of these expellees. About 1,300,000 people technically are displaced persons, but these expellees are also refugees and are really displaced persons. The reason they are not classified as displaced persons is because the IRO constitution provides that nobody expelled from these countries who are of German ethnic origin may be so classified. As a result, there is nobody of · German ethnic origin who may be classified under the technical description as a displaced person. I do not think the bill as passed by the House should have racial discrimination in it. If it does, we will be guilty of the same thing we have accused others of. So I have an amendment to offer to make it possible to permit otherwise properly qualified expellees who are really displaced persons to be ·considered also. When the time comes, I intend. to offer that ame.ndment.· The International Red Cross has gone on· record as stating that these expellees. are in the.same class as displaced persons. They are really displaced persons, and would re!),lly be so classified were it not for the discrimina· tory provision of the IRO constitution, which we should not perpetuate.

Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. Cox].

Mr. COX. Mr. Speaker, I dislike to put myself in opposition to what seems to be the prevailing sentiment of this body. We will probably adopt the bill which the rule is intended to make in order.

I can understand why so many of us, for sentimental reasons, should find it agreeable to go along. We all sympathize with people in distress and would like to help solve their problems. But if you should canvass the group that has visited these camps in Germany, you would find 80 percent of the whole number dissatisfied with the bill. You are simply bringing into this country a borde of people who will immediately upon coming here identify themselves with those who are creating so much disturbance and causing so much trouble at the present time. You augment the group that comes down here occasionally under the false belief that they are high-pressuring Congress in passing legislation. I have been in some of these camps, and_! ~-ay to yo~ that while there .

are undoubtedly many who would be acceptable and suitable as immigrants to this country as a whole, these ~camps are hotbeds of revolutionists who, if they came here, would join those who now are gnawing away night and day like termites at the foundation of our constitutional government. You are simply aggravating the trouble that is already on our hands. · I am prepared to concede that the Fellows bill is very much of an improvement over bills that have heretofore been insisted upon, but even the Fellows bill promises no solution of the problem. In these camps . you will find few willing to be sent to any other country than · the United States. Many were questioned in different camps that I visited, and not one did I find who was willing to go to any other country than the .United States. They are the least desirable people of the whole of Europe. They do not want to work and will not. work. Russia has conditioned the most of them to do her work wherever they may go. We have done nothing to counteract communistic propaganda amongst them. If we are to take any of them it should be upon a selective basis. We should make sure that we are getting people who can be assimilatedpeople who will become good and loyal citizens. If the membership of this body were advised as to the true situation, there would be few votes for the Fellows bill or any other bill providing for wholesale admission of these unfortunate and discontented people. You should remember that these camps have been stuffed with so-called displaced persons with the view of having them admitted to the United States. If you would read the report of the skilled investigator of the other body, which was suppressed, you wopld be shocked, and it would be very difficult,. if not impossible, for you to go along. However, I shall not quarrel with what is done or try to influence anyone to oppose the bill. It is a troublesome problem that I would like to see solved, but would prefer to see the whole problem dealt with at one . and the same time rather than by piecemeal as we are here doing.

The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Georgia has expired.

Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. FENTON].

Mr. FENTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to speak out of order.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the· gentleman from Pennsylvania?

There was no objection. Mr. FENTON. Mr. Speaker, I take

this time to put into the RECORD a letter I received from one of our educators in a high school in the anthracite coal area from which I come. I shall not take the time to read the whole letter, but I shall insert it in the RECORD.

I want to bring to your attention the asinine and ridiculous methods in which the Army is trying to recruit its volunteers. If such methods continue certainly we need not be surprised that the Army is not successful in obtaining men.

At the outset let me say also that I do not agree in every detail with the contents of this letter. I have an open mind as far as the proposed selective-

service bill is concerned. I voted for selective service when it came before the House last time, and I still have an open mind. I heartily disagree, however, with some of the discriminatory provisions in the current bill, and when the bill comes up for consideration I will take the floor to oppose them. ,

This supervising principal writes the following letter:

FREELAND, PA., Ju ne 5, 1948. Representative IVOR D. FENTON,

Washington, D. C. DEAR REPRESENTATIVE FENTON: I am Writing

to you, one of the Members of Congress from our St ate. ·

I am a supervising principal of schools. During World War II our teacher in physical training, our art teacher, our band teacher, and others were taken by selective service into military service. Now I see from what I have been reading that the same thing is to be repeated in peacetime. Our schools even now are understaffed and teachers are to be taken out of these understaffed schools to spend 2 years in military service. This is hard to see and certainly a very unfair thing to do. Certainly the service of these men in the schools would be of ,infinitely greater value in the schools than wasting their time. in militarya!}ervice. I %-till hear those who were in the service in the last war speak of wasting their time and now that there in no

• real emergency it would not be for the good of the national welf~re to take any teachers out of the classrooms for military ser'tice.

We are opposed to the reviving of selective service in peacetime. Just a few weeks ago one of our boys was brought home f.rom France to be buried here in our cemetery. Now more of our boys are to be ·called up to go to foreign soil to be killed in defense of foreign soil.

Why not give voluntary enlistments a fair · trial?- The brass hats at Washington do not want to get t:ge men through enlistments. They want them forced in and twice as mari.y men as they can use. That has been the practice of the military to ask for about twice as many men as they .need. Recently our Chief of Staff said that voluntary enlistments should be our first effort in peacetime.

, But it does not look as though our first effort has been well spent. We had a recruiting man from the Navy in our high school to show films . on the Navy. After he

· left six or seven of our seniors enlisted in the Navy. Then a few weeks later I had an Army officer come in with an Army film. He showed a film on the battle of San Pietro, one of the bloodiest battles of the entire Italian

.. campaign. After he finished showing this film, I ask him, "Do you expect any o~ our boys to enlist in the Army after seeing a film of that character?" Well, he said that that was all they could send him from Philadel-

~Phia. Well, I said that it would have been far better not to show-any film on the Army than to show a film like that. From this action I have made the observation that the Army is not trying to get the men through voluntary enlistments. They want them forced in by the draft which is un-American and especially so in peacetime.

I spoke to many, men during the last 2 or 3 months and ·invariably they are opposed to any drafting of men in peacetime. We would like Congress to make decisions in peacetime and not the military. Why have the military dictate? This Nation does not want selective service in peacetime. We ask you to put it off until such a time that there is a real eme!gency and not just an imagined one.

We are going to have the confidence that Congress will do the right thing but only if they_ do it without listening to the military. We ask you to oppose the draft measure. Thank you.

Yours respectfully, N. P. LUCKENBILL.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7733 I happen to be one of the first persons

to have seen the film of the Battle of San Pietro when I was over in Florence, Italy, in 1944, when as a member of the Milltary Affairs Committee I went to Italy for an investigating trip. It is one of the most gruesome pictures imaginable and i:t would just simply put the fear of God into the heart of any young boy of 17 or 18 who saw it. It is no wonder that the recruiting officer who handled the Army's program was unable to secure any recruits.

I regret that the Army resorts to such methods as this to recruit its manpower.

I recall the Army's attempt to put over legislation in drafting nurses several years ago but which, while it passed the House, never got to the floor of the Senate.

At that time, even though they had many thousands of applications froni nurses, it took the Army months to process an application. It was the most ridiculous procedure imaginable. Yet, •11ithin 2 or 3 months after it passed the House the Army would not even take any more nurses' applications because they had secured and had more than enough nurses. As a matter of fact they soon started to discharge nurses from the service.

I am convinced that if the Army boys would get down to the business of recruitment by using practical methods and cutting out such foolish requirements as high I. Q. tests and showing pictures as referred to previously, maybe we would not need the proposed draft.

<Mr. FENTON asked and was given permission to revise and extend his remarks. and include the letter referred to.)

Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from New York [Mr. JAVITSJ.

Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, I hope the House will vote this rule.

Mr. Speaker, I have been a member of the special subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee on Displaced Persons and the International Refugee Organization, and I would like to say to the gentleman from Georgia that one of the other members of the committee was the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF] who has about a hundred foreign-born in his district. He signed the unanimous report together with the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. FuLTON], the gentreman from New York [Mr. PFEIFER], and myself. .

We found that the DP's were useful citiz~ns, that they were completely antiCommunist. If they are not then they could immediately go back ·to where they came from which ··is largely in the Communist territory. We found them to be as able an<lfine a group of people as you could find anywhere, that they were not loafers.

I hope the debate on the coming bill will expose some of these slanders against the DP's.

I want also to pay my tribute to the gentleman from Maine who put together this bill covering a most delicate and difficult subject. The bill should pass the House as written. I say to the friends of the bill that if you try to amend it you may kill it.

.,

This . problem of the DP's is a world problem. After the war originally there were eight to nine million displaced persons in Germany. Now there are about a million. The Russian forces kicked most of them out of the way in their zone and made them go back to where they came from-there are no DP camps in the Soviet zon~but General Eisenhower stood for more humane methods. A million of the DP's said they did not want to go back where they came fro~ because they were against the government and were in fear of persecutionor in fear of religious persecution.

The issue of the displaced persons is the great moral issue of Europe. The Russians said to send them all back where they came from; it made no difference whether they legitimately feared for their lives due to political or religious persecution when they got there or. not. We said, "No; that is not humane, that is not in accordance with our principles; we will not do it, we will take care o·f

· them, and we will find them a safe haveri." The resolution of that moral issue is the basis of this bill.

The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from New York has expired.

Mr. HERTER. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. RICH].

Mr. RICH. Mr. Speaker, I am unalterably opposed to the opening of the doors of this country to everyone who wants to come to America from some foreign country. If we do that, we are going to rue the day we permit it, and I shall not be a party to any such proposal. Of course, everyone in these other countries thinks this is the only spot left where there is freedom, liberty, and independence. We want to keep it that way.

If the bill as introduced by the gentleman from Maine permits these displaced persons to come into the United States under the quota system and if they are to be properly screened so that we know that they are proper people to come into our country and remain here, then I should not oppose the bill. It must not be in an increase of our quota system. However, I want the people of America to know that so far as my vote is concerned I am not going to throw the doors wide open and permit America to be the dumping place for all humanity. That would mean a haven for Communists and every other person who would be unacceptable to our citizenship.

Mr. Speaker, there are a lot of people in this country at the present time who are communistically inclined. They want to make a Communist country out of the United States. They would break down our system of government, destroy our Constitution. So far as I am concerned, I would be in favor of cleaning all of them out and sending them back to whatever country they may think is better than America. Pay their transportation and wish them well in other lands. To those people in this country now who think they can make America a haven by patterning its form of government after that of some foreign country, I say to them go over to that country if that is the kind of country they want to live in, and let us alone.

Leave us to our form of government under our Constitution, which I swore to protect and defend to the death, and that I will do. God being my helper.

The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Pennsylvania has_ expired.

Mr. HERTER Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. CHADWICK].

Mr. CHADWICK. Mr. Speaker, I accept this. time not merely to express my support of Mr. FELLows' bill both in form and in principle, but also to devote a few minutes to a sympathetic consideration of the feelings of those many citizens of America who oppose it.

· The great volume of mail from my district has largely supported the Stratton bill and now supports this bill; for the feelings and convictions of these people I have great respect. I nevertheless tried to tell them, during the last session, that while I shared their concern over the problem of the displaced persons, I did not thinK: the Stratton bill was well considered-if for no deeper reason, than because I did not think it could get itself reported from committee, or through the House.

At the same time, I was concerned because of a seeming lack of enthusiastic interest on the part of our Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization, for which committee, and particularly for its chairman, I have a deep and affectionate regard. I did not permit myself to criticize them; the primary responsibility was theirs, not mine; but I did venture to suggest even then that we might try the experiment of taking 100,000, in 1 year, without destroying any of the foundations of our Republic.

My confidence in the committee was this year rewarded by this bill, which reflects credit alike upon them · and on the generous spirit of the chairman, and also upon his native down east canniness. We are admittedly fishing in deep waters; but if anyone could devise a net calculated to catch the food-fish, without bringing in t6o many sharks or toau fish, he has devised it Iiow.

I believe this bill should be passed. However, I am at this minute concerned with the feelings of those thousands, perhaps millions, of our people who presently feel differently about it. I know many of them personally; I know by old experience the organizations which have decided to oppose any-further admissions of immigrants, at least at this time. They are dependable, devoted, patriotic Ameticans, proud of their long American lineage, jealous of anything which might harm their country either in its security, its prosperity, or even in its comfort and high standards of living.

These fellow citizens of ours have permitted themselves to become alarmed about this bill, or any bill of the sort. They will persist in this ·attitude, and no doubt criticize the Congress for any degree of liberality it may see fit to display in the matter. ·

I wish I coukl say to them all : My friends, be not dismayed. Remember, there is always the possibility that the men you chose to represent you in th& Congress still share to some extent your own devotion to America and its best interests. So far as I can observe, they

7734: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOU_SE JUNE 10 have suffered no "sea change" by their service here in Washington; as a matter of fact, they continue to represent their constituencies with what sometimes aP·pears to be an almost painful fidelity. But down here, face to face with stub· born facts which may be more . clearly apparent now than they were before, they do exactly what you would qo un· der like circumstances; which is, adjust themselves as best they may to. the reali· ties of the matter, vote their honest best judgment, and then hope for the best.

It must be very easy for many hard· headed, practical, intelligently selfish but completely well-intending citizens to think that we could well afford to leave these displaced persons where they are; but what would these same people say if they found themselves faced as we do with the necessity of voting millions upon mHiions of our hard-come-by tax dollars to support them iri. idleness and frustra~ tion over there? This dilemma neither they nor we could escape.

This seems to be one case when the arguments of common sense join with the persuasions of mercy · and brotherhood to a common conclusion, that we had better attack this problem and get it solved, trusting something to God a~d the great heart of America, to make the solution work.

Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from New York [Mr. CELLERl.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, I heard with consider-able misgivings the statement made_ by our distinguished friend and colleague the gentleman from Georgia EMr. Cox], that these DP's are the scum of the earth, and no nation would take them. That statement is most unfortunate, and utterly unfair. The careful screening set up by the bill will keep out any undesirables. Of course, the record shows, in the first place, that quite a number of these DP's have been taken oy other nations. - I shall put into the RECORD later more de· tailed statistics in that regard. But, in gener'al, Britain has already taken over 50,000; Belgium has taken over 27,000; France more than 20,000; Canada has taken upward of 50,000, and many other countries have taken numerous of these DP's. Surely, if they were as bad as the gentleman indicated, those countries would hesitate to embrace within their borders people of this character.

Now, what are the records of these DP's as explained to. us by a long line of distinguished · witnesses, including General Marshall, General Hillaring, Judge Patterson, Attorney General Clark, and many others, with reference to work, with reference to health, with reference to crime, and with reference -to political ideology? Let us take the situation just briefly as to work: General Hilldring testified as follows:

I think that the displaced persons have established a remarkable record for themselves in ·their attitude toward work. This has become particularly evident after stabilization of the conditions during the past year.

Generals Mark Clark and Lucius Clay have indicated that ther.e was and is little or no crime amongst the DP's. The

International Refugee Organization says their health is more than satisfactory.

On the other hand, however, the fact that displaced persons refuse to be sent back to Communist-dominated countries shows their attitude toward that phi· losophy. The attitude of displaced per· sons toward communism has been fur· ther shown by several incidents illustra.!. tive of their feeling toward Soviet propa· gandists. In numerous camps the dis· placed persons themselves detected Communist agents and in several instances the rather rough treatment accorded them resulted in the necessity of inter· vention by law-enforcement o:flicers.

Lt. Col. Jerry M. Sage, United States Army, in charge of the · United States military forces field contacts with displaced persons, testifying before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization on July 2, 1947, had this to say

· about their political attitude: If I were asked to point .out the community

which I considered the least. susceptible to and the most thoroughly indoctrinated against nazism, fascism, and communism, I would not take you to the isolated tOOpercent American small town in the Middle West. I would take you to a DP center in our zone of Germany. The vast majority o! the people o! the United States definitely dislike those "isms," but have not had a great deal of intimate contact with the~. The DP who describes his being rounded up at night, torn from his family, and brought to ~ermany to labor, the DP who shows you tlie tattooed concentration-camp number on his arm, is certainly actively indoctrinated against ' any form of nazism or fascism. '

As .for communism, the very fact that thElY are ready to accept any fate rather than be sent back to Communist-dominated countries shows their attitude toward the ism. Further, if I may say so, I have had a wide opportunity to be among them, and I know their attitude. These DP's do not take democracy for granted. They are willing to work for it. They have seen _these isms.

They can recognize them, and violently oppose them.

The committee wishes to emphasize at this point that several specific provisions of H. R. 6396 are designed to enable consular o:flicers abroad and immigration authorities in this country to prevent from entering the United States any and , all undesirable elements, such as persons

, with bad moral records, persons afflicted with diseases making them inadmissible, or persons whose presence in this coun· try may endanger its public safety~ Communists and members or ,fqrmer members of movements or groups which

· during the war rendered aid and comfort to the· enemies of the United States. It' is the consensus of the committee that in the administration of the act those safety measures should be strictly adhered to and meticulously enforced.

Mr. HERTER. Mr .. Speaker, I move the · previous question on the · resolution.

The previous question was ordered. The SPEAKER. The question is on

the resolution. The resolution was agreed to. A motion to reconsider was laid on the

table. HOUSING IN CONNECTION WITH

NATIONAL DEFENSE

Mr. DONDERO. 'Mr. Speaker, I aslc unanimous censent for the immediate

consideration of the joint resolution <S. J. Res: 231) to amend section 303 of the act entitled "An act to expedite the provision of

0

housing in connection with national defense," and for other pUr· poses.

The Clerk read the title of the joint resolution. ·

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mich-igan? ·

Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, reserving the right to object, this matter has been cleared by the gentleman from Michigan, but I think in jUstice to the gentleman he should make a brief statement for the RECORD as to What the resolution contains.

Mr. DONDERO. This resolution has been passed by the Senate. It provides for not to exceed $10,000,000 for flood sufferers in Portland, Oreg., and in that valley.

Mr. McCORMACK. I feel that this is meritorious legislation, but I thought a brief statement for the RECORD would be in order in connection with the bill. It is a sound thing to do. I withdraw my reservation of objection, Mr. Speaker.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Michigan?

There was no objection. .The Clerk read the joint resoiution, as

follows: · Resolved, etc., That section 303 (a) of the

act entitled ."An act to expedite the provision of housing in connection with national defense, and for other purposes," approved October 14, 1940 (Public Law 849, 76th Cong.), as amended, is hereby amended by striking out the period at the end thereof' and inserting a colon and the folloWing: "And provided further; That moneys derived from the rental and operation of such property and funds from the reserve account established by the Administrator pursuant to this section 303, not exceeding in the aggregate $10,000,000, shall be available and may be used by the Administrator for expenses found necessary in the provision of stopgap emergency housing in the Portland, Oreg.Vancouver, Wash., area for persons and families displaced as the result . of the destruction of the temporary housing at_ Vanport in Multnomah County, Oreg., and other persons and families in such area rendered homeless as a result of the present flood, and in providing such stopgap emergency housing the Administrator may act without regard to section 3709 of the Revised Statutes."

The Senate joint resolution was or. dered to be read a third time, was read · the third time, and passed, and a motion to reconsider was laid on tl;le table.

Mr. ·ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Oregon?

There was no objectio!l. Mr. ANGELL. Mr. Speaker, as I have

expressed on the floor a number of times since the great dis~ster overtook the peo· ple in the Columbia River ar_ea by reason of the devastating floods of the Columbia, emergency legislation is neces· sary to give some relief and consideration to ' the thousands of people in distress.

·This is the greatest flood in all our history. It has caused · over $100,000,000 in property damage, taken a toll of many

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-:-HOUSE 7735 lives, and has left literally thousands · of our people without homes. In my own partieular district in Oregon 18,700 residents in the Vanport area, a war-housing project, owned by the Government, have been left homeless. Their homes have been completely destroyed and cannot be repftired. Sixty percent of them are veterans, many of whom are taking

· ' educational courses under the GI bill of rights. They are now sheltered in school buildings, churches, private homes, and other makeshift places to give them emergency shelter until homes can be provided.

This resolution, House Resolution 423, which I introduced in the House, and Senate Joint Resolution 231, which passed the other body early this morning only reaches one portion of the emergency needs. This resolution will give authority to use ·funds which are now available under Public Law 849 of the Seventy-sixth Congress for stopgap housing for the homeless residents of the Portland, Oreg., and Vancouver, Wash., area for persons and families displaced as the result of the destruction of the temporary housing at Vanport as weu ·as other persons and families in such areas rendered homeless as a result of the present :flood.

The Administrator will, in all likelihood, secure trailer houses, prefabricated houses if available, and use Federal housing units which are available to provide this stopgap housing. The Administrator now has available a number of trailer houses but is without funds with which to condition them to provide facilities such as water, sewage, light, and so forth, and the releasing of these funds will provide the necessary revenues for that purpose. The resolution limits the aggregate sum to be utilized to $10,000,000.

Mr. Speaker, it will be necessary before we adjourn to enact other legislation which will provide other relief for these stricken people who have lost all of their personal effects, as well as to provide relief for farmers and others whose farm homes, machinery, stock feed, crops, and farm material have been destroyed. Likewise it will be necessary to provide funds in addition to those now available to reconstruct and repair dikes and highways and restore Federal public buildings ~nd facilities as well as to provide grants or other aids and loans to municipalities and local governmental agencies to assist them in restoring necessary facilities ·such as sewerage and water systems in such hardship cases where funds

• cannot be otherwise obtained by these local agencies. I am glad that this reso

. lution meets with the full approval of all the Members of the House.

Mr. Speaker, I include as a part of my remarks an article appearing in the Oregon Journai on June 7, 1948, as follows:

NEW CRESTS DUE; · Loss UP $3,000,000 A new flood crest--29.7 feet at Portland

Sunday swept down the Columbia River past the Willamette toward the sea, leaving behind an additional $3,000,000 or more damage and sodden dikes that must be strength• ened against the prospect of a new rise.

In snowfields that feed the upper Columbia and tributary streams the hot sun Sunday and tpday was maki~g what ~ay be the third wave of flood. Elmer Fisher, weather

bureau forecaster, scanned· reports of slight rises in river and stream levels.

He said floodwaters in the Portland area will continue to recede slowly until Wednesday, then begin to rise. Thursday and Friday he expects them to hover at 29.5 feet. He is not ready to predict what will happen · aft er that.

He said much will depend on how rapidly the sun continues to melt the snowfields. Temperatures as high as 90 degrees were expected over much of the inland region today.

Up to noon today, however, the heat appeared to have caused surprisingly little run-o:ff in mountain streams, Fisher reported.

OLD CREST LIKELY TO BE RECORD Last Tuesday's crests of 29.95 feet -at Port

land and 30.2 feet at Vancouver are highest of the flood so far.

The Sunday crest passed Portland at 29.7 feet late in the day, the harbor patrol and Weather Bureau reported. No readings were available at Vancouver but the crest was estimated to be about 30 feet.

At noon today the Willamette at Portland stood at 29.5-plus feet, 11.6 above flood stage. The Columbia at Vancouver stood at 29 .9 at 10 a.m. ·

Fisher said he expects the rivers to fall about 0.3 of a foot before they begin the new risJ! portended now in the upper reaches of the river.

COLUMBIA RISES AGAIN IN CANADA The Snake River at Lewiston was falling

slowly today, Fisher said, but the Clearwater was up 0.4 foot this morning. He expects the Snake below Lewiston to begin rising slowly Tuesday and continue rising through Wednesday. ·

The Columbia in Canada was reported on the rise. Between Grand Coulee and Pasco the water was continuing to creep up. At Umatilla it was nearly stationary at 29.1 feet.

Fisher today predicted that "we will have high waters with us for quite a while-for 3 weeks, anyway."

Said Col. 0. E. Walsh, Portland district engineer:

"We have been planning on this for some time. The Corps of .Engineers has every hope that the dikes will hold. At the high stage Sunday night in many places the amount of seepa~e dropped off. All boils are well controlled, and as of the present time very few ~ews ones are developing. The Corps of Engineers looks for a long, steady fight for 2 weeks or more."

The Corps of Engineers at noon reported all dikes holding. Crews are working on them constantly. The main dike at Clatskanie, near where a break in the Johns drainage district dike early Sunday covered rich mint and berry lands with 15 feet of water, held through the ~angerous early morning high tide.

THREE-MILLION-DOLLAR LOSS IN NINE AREAS Mayor Art Steele of Clatskanie estimated

damage of the nine dike districts at $3,000,000.

The area will be in fresh danger Tuesday. A high tide· of about 9.2 feet is expected at 3:30a.m.

Into the constant fight to save the dikes the Corps of Engineers today threw a fresh field staff of 26 officers. The officers, including five lieutenant colonels, flew in late Sunday from Fo~t ;Belvoir, Va.

After early morning briefings they were sent out to help direct the work of a force of an estimated 6,000 men. The Corps of Engineers said it has 85 officers, 2,600 enlisted men, and 3,000 to 4,000 civilians at work on the levees.

Since the flood began about 125,000 tons of sand has been poured into an estimated ~% million sacks to bolster the dikes. ~here is no estimate on the amount of gravel used. · ·

Still unevacuated at last report were the six members of the Nestor Lehto family who refused to evacuate their home in the J·ohns area as the dike broke. The Corps of Engineers said the family is marooned. The family has three boats. An Army DUKW is stand~ng by.

TWO REMOVED FROM FLOODED SECTOR Mrs. Emma Svenden, a woman in her

seventies, and another householder who had refused to leave, were evacuated Sunday morning, the engineers said.

A small slide on Marine Drive Sunday was at first thought to have closed the road, but today the Corps of Engineets said one-way traffic was maintained at all times. Trucks continued to haul dirt and bags to crews strengthening the dike along Marine Drlve beyond the slide.

The sheriff's office said the slide was caused by heavy trucks turning on Northeast Campbell Road.

The Sunday crest took no known new toll of life. No more bodies had been recovered from flooded Vanport City at 12:30 p. m. today. To date only the bodies of two chil- · dren have been found. Salvage of personal property from intact Vanport City apartments is proceeding.

Mr. JONES of Washington. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from .Washington?

There was no objection. Mr. JONES of Washington. Mr.

Speaker, the disaster which struck the Columbia Basin area in the past 2 weeks has resulted in damages estimated at more than $75,000,000. More than 50,000 people have been made homeless and more than 5,000 homes have been either completely destroyed or made untenable for occupancy by the floodwaters which have inundated entire communities such as Vanport, Oreg. It is obvious that such disasters cannot be made to await the pleasure of Congress and that the losses due to one such disaster are far costlier than the expense of adequate preventive measures. This emergency is ample .evidence for- the need to carry the national :flood-control program forward as rapidly as possible, for it is impossible to calculate at this time how great the extent of the damage will be ultimately to ·crops, soils, forests, industry, and other important natural resources. The latter cannot quickly be repaired; the loss could be prevented, how~ver, by an adequate national :flood-control program. The resolution just passed by the House, however, is separate from any such longrange program. It is a simple relief measure, providing funds for stopgap emergency housing in the stricken Vanport, Oreg.-Vancouver, Wash., area. A state of emergency exists there, and it is gratifying to see this House act in emergency fashion in dealing with the 1 need of those stricken by the disaster.

Mr. MACK. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Washington?

There was no objection. Mr. MACK. Mr. Speaker, I want to

thank the chairman of the Public Works Committee, the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. DoNDERO], the members of that


committee and the Congress for the prompt manner in which this emergency legislation has been handled.

I am certain passage of this bill will be cheering news to the 48,000 people of Oregon and ·washington who have been made homeless by the great Columbia River floods and will be especially joyously received by the members of those 6,000 families whose homes were completely and utterly destroyed by the floodwaters.

These people have no place to go except into the ·most temporary of emergency housing. This bill will provide most of these families livable homes until something of a permanent housing program can be adopted.

On behalf of these people, as well as myself, I thank you all for the speed with which you have enacted this legisla-tion. . ·

I have conferred with the gentleman from Oregon [Mr. ANGELL] who has an identical resolution in the House to Senate Joint Resolution 231 and find that it is his intention and understanding that the language on page 2 of this resolution referring to "Vanport in Multnomah County, Oreg., and other persons and families in such area rendered homeless as a result of the present flood, does mean all of those so made homeless in the lower regions of the river below Vancouver, Wash., and Portland, Oreg. This means that people below Vancouver and Portland also will share in the housing to be provided by this legislation.

I thank you for the prompt manner in which you have met this emergency.

Mr. TOLLEFSON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request <>f the gentleman from Washington?

There was no objection. Mr. TOLLEFSON. Mr. Speaker, this

bill which makes available the sum of $10,000,000 for the relief of those people whose housing was destroyed by the disastrous floods of the Columbia River is exceedingly meritorious and absolutely necessary. It is imperative that we take every emergency step possible to alleviate suffering and to quickly repair the extensive damage which has been done. Thousands of persons have been made homeless, roads and bridges have been washed out, property damage will run into millions of dollars, and the threat of epidemic prevails where sanitary facilities were destroyed. The Red Cross and other agencies are doing a heroic job of supplying emergency assistance. But that is not enough. The States of Washington and Oregon, together with local communities, will do and are doing what they can. The Federal Government must also help. This bill affords one means of assistance . . The Repr-esentatives of the two States affected are searching for and devising other means. They will be found and made available.

The Federal assistance should be given on a nonpartisan basis, where there is human suffering and need partisan politics should not enter into the picture. I regret very much that_our President has seen fit to inject politics into the Columbia River disaster. He blames the present

Congress for failure to provide adequate funds for flood-control projects which he intimates would have prevented the recent disaster. Does he fail to realize that any flood-control project which would have had any effect upon last week's flood would have had to have been initiated several years ago when his party was in control of Congress? His statement in this respect is as unfounded as his statement yesterday criticizing the present Congress for failure to appropriate sufficient funds for power and reclamation projects in the State of Washington. Does he forget that in 1947 Congress appropriated more funds for Columbia Basin than any other Congress ever did? Has he forgotten so soon that the present House of Representatives appropriated $45,000,000 for this project-approximately twice as much as was appropriated by any Congress controlled by his party? Apparently, he has also forgottten his ''stop" order of 1946 which prohibited and held up the use of funds appropriated by the 1946 Congre-ss for Department of the Interior. The ill effects of that order in retarding reclamation and power projects is clearly indicated in the testimony before the House Appropriations Com-mittee in the 1947 hearings. It is quite evident that the President is not in a defensible position when he recklesslY criticizes the present Congress. I trust that with respect to the flood emergency in the Columbia River area he will come foward, not with unfounded criticisms, but with helpful suggestions and offers of positive assistance. Let us not play politics with suffering and need.

SOCIAL SECURITY

Mr. KELLEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD on the subject of social security.

The SPEAKER. Is' there objection to the request of the gentleman from Pennsylvania? · There was no objection.

Mr. KELLEY. Mr. Speaker, it appears certain now that the forgotten people in this country are those who have reached the age of 65. During the past several years many bills have been introduced to liberalize the social security coverage, to lower the age limitation, to increase the-benefits, and to secure coverage of groups not included, but the Congress has left this important work undone. As a result, for some time to come the aged will liave to continue on even less than a starvation level, because the high cost of living makes the benefits inadequate to supply even the food necessary to sustain life.

The President, on two occasions, has recommended "to this Congress that the soCial security law be extended ·and liberalized, and only recently he made' five specific suggestions for improvements, as follows:

First, more adequate benefits under old-age and survi'vors' insurance; second, extended coverage for old-age and survivors' insurance; third, extended coverage for unemployment insurance; fourth, insurance against loss of earnings due to illness and disability; fifth, improved public assistance to the needy. It is diffi-

cult for the people in need of assistance to appreciate the reason for inaction. I know many of them are embittered. There is scarcely a time when I am home in my district that one or more of these people do not come to me and ask why Congress has done nothing to increase their benefits. They complain, and justly so, that it ts not right for "a man and his wife to be able to maintain themselves only through the aid of friends or relatives. And it is not just the old people themselves who are complaining about this. Many who have talked with me are younger and independent, but they are concerned with the situation and heartily in favor of improving the law.

Statistics show that many more people now live beyond the age of 65 than in the past, and unless something is done to assure greater old-age benefits, increased numbers of dependent old people will be living in poverty. This is a national problem and should be dealt with immediately. I do not know how it can be done properly at this late hour, but at least the responsibility for the welfare of these people is in the hands of Congress. I believe it is a dereliction of duty to depart from Washington this year without carrying out the recommendations as made by the President. The American people will hold the Congress responsible for failure to act in this matter.

SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED

Mr. ENGEL of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that on Monday next, at the conclusion of the legislative program of the day and following any special orders heretofore entered, I may be permitted to address the House for 30 minutes and include in my remarks certain tables and quotations, and that such tables appear in the form submitted.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Mich:. igan?

There was no objection. REVENUE REVISION BILL OF 1948

Mr. ALLEN of Dlinois, from the Committee on Rules, reported the following privileged resolution (H. Res. 656, Rept. No. 2300), which was referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed:

Resolved, That upon the adoption of this resolution it shall be in order to move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union for consideration of the bill (H. R. 6712) to provide for revenue revision, to correct tax inequities, and for other purposes, and all points of order against said bill are hereby waived. That after general debate, which shall be confined to the bill, and shall continue not to exceed 1 hour, to be equally divided and controlled by the chairman and ranking minority members of the Committtee on Ways and Means, the bill shall be considered as having been read for amendment. No amendment shall be in order to said bill except amendments offered by direction of the Committee on Ways and Means, and said amendments shall be in order, any rule of the House to the contrary notwithstanding. Amendments offered by direction of the pomm_ittee on Way.s and Means may be. offered to any section of "the bill at the _conclusion of the general debate, but said amendments shall not be sub-

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .7737 ject to amendment. At the conclusion of the consideration of the bill for ameh.dment, the Committee shall rise and report the bill to the House with such amendments as may have been adopted, and the previous question shall be considered as ordered on the bill and amendments thereto to final passage without intervening motion, except one motion to recommit. COMMISSION TO DETERMINE CLAIMS ·oF

MOTOR CARRIERS ·

Mr. ALLEN of Illinois, from the Committee on Rules, reported the following privileged resolution <H. Res. 657, Rept. No. 2301), which was referred to the House Calenrl~.r and ordered to be printed:

Resolved, That immediately upon the adoption of this resolution it shall be in order to move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the State ·of the UniOn for the consideration of the bill S. 1260, to create a commission to . hear and determine the claims of certain motor carriers, and all points of order against said bill are hereby waived. That after general debate, which shall be confined to the bill and continue not to exceed 1 hour, to be equally divided and controlled by the chairman and ranking minority member of the Committee on the Judiciary, the bill shall be read for amendment under the 5-minute rule. At the conclusion of the consideration of · the bill for amendment; the Committee shall rise and report the bill . to the House· with such amendments as may have been adopted, and the previous question .shall be considered as ordered on the bill and amendments thereto to final passage without intervening motion except one motion to recommit. ·

EXTENSION OF REMARKS .

Mr. POWELL asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the REcORD and include five clippings.

DISPLACED PERSONS

Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House on the

. State of the Union for the consideration of the bill <H. R. 6396) to authorize for a limited period of time the admission of displaced persons into the United States for permanent residence, and for other purposes.

The motion was agreed to. Accordingly the House resolved itself

into the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union for the consideration of the Qill H. R. 6396, with Mr. DONDERO in the chair.

The Clerk read the title of the bill. By unanimous consent, the first read

ing of the bill was dispensed with. Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Chairman, in

the discussion of the rule a general explanation of this bill has been made. sumce it to say that this bill is the successor of the Stratton bill. Personally, I 'could not support the Stratton bill as written, and I know very few of even the proponents of the Stratton bill who would support all of its provisions today. Conditions have changed, and the hearings have convinced the committee that this compromise Fellows bill is the best bill liaving any chance of passing the House

· now. Extensive hearings were held by the

subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, of which the able gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS] is chairman. Unlimited work has been done. The sub-

committee · has presented to the House - today a bill which is the result of that

work and study. That bill can best be explained by the chairman of the subcommittee, the gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS]. I shall support the Fellows bill as it is. It is not perfect. It will not .solve the displaced persons camps problems completely. I preferred that the IRO deal with this whole problem. I wanted to close these camps. This bill will not do that. -It is another case of the United States leading the way. We are promised that other nations will join us to the end that these persons be cared for. If this bill passes the House, and I certainly believe it will,

. the DP bill passed by the Senate and now on the Speaker's desk will be substi-

. tuted for the House bill. The two bills will then be considered by the conferees, representing both bodies. In the final analysis, the vote that counts is the vote on the conference report. Those who want this type of legislation certainly will support this bill if they want any legislation to be passed at this session. Those who want a modified form of the Stratton bill will sup:Port this bill for the same reason. Those opposed to any DP legislation will vote against any bill. It seems to me that it is common sense to pass · this bill as · quickly as possible, so that som~thing may be worked out which meets with the approval of both bodies. Time is of the essence. If · the conference report, when it comes back;. meets the desires of the House, then we can record our final decision.

Mr. Chairman, I now yield to the gentleman from Maine, author of the bill, who will have. charge of the time and the conduct of the bill on the floor.

Mr . . FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself 35 minutes.

Mr. Chairman, this is· a much-discussed question. Newspapers; magazines and radio have debated for more than a year the problem of displaced persons in Europe. There is a difference of opinion among good men as to the wisdom and necessity for any legis- ~ Iation.

Committees of the Congress have visited the camps and there have been some excellent reports filed and printed. I recommend for your reading the report from your Judiciary Committee on this bill, H. R. 6396. ' Let me say that the House Committee on Judiciary boasts that the gentleman from Iowa [Mr. GWYNNE] is one of its membership. If the newspaper dispatches are to be credited and he is to be retired from this House, this Congress and the country is to suffer irreparable loss. The committee loses an able lawyer and conscientious legislator; his district loses a Representative of ability and integrity; and the House membership loses a respected and loved colleague.

Mr. · Chairman, I believe this question of displaced persons should be settled, and a majority, at least, of your committee feels that same way. I believe it should be settled, if it can be, without injuring or destroying · our traditional quota system of immigration. This is accomplished by the terms of H. R. 6396. The 200,000 who will be brought. in under this bill will be charged to the

quotas, after first being carefully selected and screened. H. R. 6396 supplements and restricts the immigration system of laws. The people brought in under this bill are not in addition to but in phcce of those who would come in under the immigration laws and the President's directive of December 22, 1945. Those brought in under this statute-if it becomes a law-will be a better class of immigrant than we will receive if it does not become a law.

In answer to the gentleman from . Georgia [Mr. Cox], my mstinguished friend, who says we are going to get

.the scum if we pass this law, let me say that if we do not pass this law we are _ going to get the same people over a period of time without the restrictions of this law. And when the gentleman speaks of scum, I can only answer him by reading what Lt. Col. Jerry M. Sage, of the United States Army in charge of the United States military forces, field contact section, said. He testified as follows:

If I were asked to point out the community which I considered the least stisceptible to, and the most ·thoroughly indoctrinated · against, nazism, fascism, and communism, I would not til-ke you to the isolated 100 percent American small .town in the Middle West. I would take you to a DP center in our zone of Germany. The vast majority of 'the people of the United States definitely dislike those isms but have not had a great deal of intimate contact with them. The DP who describes his being rounded up at night, torn ,from his family, and brought. to Germany to labor; the DP who shows you the tattooed concentration camp number on his arm, is certainly actively indoctrinated against any form of nazism or fascism.

At the risk of being somewhat boringI have been waiting around here for 3 days, and I felt that I was a sort of a DP myself, as far as this program waa concerned-! am going to give you, briefly, a history of the immigration laws, if you will bear with me. A BRIEF HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION INTO THE

UNITED STATEs-LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND

It may be well at this time to bring to the attention of the House, very briefly, certain high lights of the history of immigration to the United S'tates. This history is clearly divided into four parts:

First. The colonial period, extending from the :first settlement of the North American Colonies to 1783;

Second. The period of free immigration, 1783-1830, during which no attempt was made by any governmental agency to regulate the entry of people;

Third. The period of State control, 1830-82, during which the States, especially those on the Atlantic seaboard, legislated concerning immigration matters, each in its own way and according to its ·own interests and views;

Fourth. The· period of Federal control, beginning about 1882 ·and likely to continue indefinitely.

No record was kept of arriving immigrants until 1820. The population of this country at different periods, however, indicates the growth of the immigration movement prior to that date; as is well known, the peopling of the continent was from the beginning due to immigration rather than to the natural increase of those already in the country.

7738 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 In 1640 the population of the Colonies immigrants to enter-each-year from each · , Communist- domination: or from· the Powas 25,000 and in 1689 about· 200,000. · European country - and ·from certain . lish and Soviet Ukraine.

In 1743 the million mark was passed. · Asiatic and African -countries; · This · Another group of displaced ·persons-in-When the First Census was taken, in number is what is known ·as the quota · eludes the remainder of the Jewish pop.1790, the population, exclusive of Ver- for that country. Only persons born in ulation of Germany and Austria and mont and the territory northwest of the such country may be counted under its Jewish people primarily from Poland, Ohio, was almost four million. It is quota; birthplace, not citizenship and not Hungary, and Rumania who fted into estimated that from 1790 to 1820 about residence, decides under what quota · an Germany and Austria after the close of 250,000 immigrants entered the country. alien belongs. hostilities.

During the first decade for which our annual quotas under the 1921 act Over 75 percent of tlie displaced per-official records were kept, 182.1-30, 143,- were 357,893, and· the present quotas, sons now in Germany, Austria. and Italy 439 immigrants were admitted. After st bl' h d b th t f 1924 b were ther.e ·before the close of hostilities: that the volume of immigration increased e a IS e Y e ac 0

' num er the remainder are mostly Jewish dis-rrh k h d · 907 153·929· 1 d h t · h greatly. "" e ~ea :vas reac e m 1 , What is the problem Mr. Chairman? · pace persons w o en ered smce t at

when 1,285,349 Immigrants entered; 1914 . . ' . time. ranks next, with t218,480. The quo~a -- The d~:fficult ~mma~ problem of dis- On January 1, 1947, slightly more than _ acts, especially the Quota Act of 1924, the placed person~ Is a direct aftermath of 1,000,000 displaced· persons remained in depression of 1929, and the outbreak of ti:e war. It mvolyes thos~ who ~e~e Germany, Austria, and Italy, as follows: war in 1939 stemmed the ftow. fewer im- displaced from their countnes of ongm In camp________________________ 794, 735 migrants entered in the dec~de 1931-40 during the war or because of conditions out of camP-------;------------- 242, 669 than in any corresponding period during ~esulting from the war. the preceding century, and present indi- The displaced persons in Europe, as Total _____________________ 1,037,404

cations are that the total for the current defined in subsections (a) and (b) of sec- On January 1, 1948, the corresponding decade, 1941-50, will be as low or even tion 2 of the bill H. R. 6396, constitutes a figures were as follows: lower. The number of immigrants ad- part of the remainder of the now dis-mitted in 1933-23,068-was · the lowest · banded arined forces o'f " Poland and In camp _____ _: _______________ ,.__ 611• 071

since 1831, in which year the number Yugoslavia who fought on the side of the out of camp____________________ 225' 918

was 22,633. United Nations against the Axis but be-The decade where the figure of immi- cause of changes in the political and eco-·

grants admitted to our country reached nomic system which have taken place in the peak was 1901-1910: the figure was those countries are unwilling or unable 8,?95,3~6. The passage of o_ur :first ~m- to be repatriated; the remainder of the m~grat~on Act of 1917 curtailed t~e 1m- forced laborers, prisoners of war, and migratiOn 50 percent •. because m _the concentration--camp victims of the Gerde_cade 1921-30 we admitted 4,_107,209Im- mans; those who fted before the occupamigrants, b~t the two succeedmg d~ca_des tion armies of the Communist distatorsh_?W a_ rapid and sharp decrease m Im- ship· and those who fted from their migratiOn. The decade 1931-40 shows ' . . . . . the figure of 528,431, and in the years of home~a~ds m legitm;tate fear of political 1941 until July 1 1947 we admitted or rehg10us persecutiOn. 426 965 ' ' It is estimated that there were more I~ 1921 the United states made a than 8,000,000 refugees and displaced

drastic change in its immigration policy. persons in western Europe on VE-day. 'Up to that time practically any person The western allied armies repatriated to who was in good physical and mental their countries of origin over 7,000,000 health, not illiterate, of good moral persons. For the most part, they were character, and not racially ineligible for western Europeans-French, ·Belgian, naturalization could enter the country. Dutch-and citizens of prewar U.S. S: R. After the war a reaction against immi- A substantial but ·diminishing number gration set in which led to a widespread of Polish citizens and a small number of demand for restriction. It was largely others have gone back to eastern Europe due to fear that the country would be during 1945, 1946, and early in 1947. swamped w~th im.migrants desiring te> The displaced persons are primarily escape the distress m Europe and to come natives of the Baltic States-Estonia to the Amer~can l~nd of promise. Con- Latvia, and Lithuania-of Poland, both gress ac~or~ngly m May 192~ en~cted a east of the Curzon line, which is now unlaw res~nctmg the number 0~ Im~Igrants der Soviet control, and from present-day who might enter. Because It a~signed to Poland, which is under Communist domeach Eur~pean country a defimte quota, ination · or from Yugoslavia also under the act IS known as the Quota Act. ' '

Total--------------------- 836,989

Under the provisions of H. R. 6396, displaced persons residing both in and out of camps would be equally entitled to allocation of a share of the opportunities to immigrate into the United States. The committee .was aware of the fact that thousands of displaced persons, showing commendable initiative and resourcefulness, chose to go out and try to become self -sustaining in the German and Austrian economies. To encourage them to continue and others to follow their example, assurances were given them by military and civil authorities that their absence from the camps would not militate against them in their desire for resettlement.

II. More than any other country, the United States has been confronted by the problem of displaced persons because of our position as occupying power in Germany and Austria, and formerly in Italy. Great Britain and France, to a lesser degree, have been confronted with the same problem; but, as shown by the following table, the number of displaced persons in the United States zones of occupation in Germany and Austria by far exceeds the corresponding numbers of displaced persons in the British and French zones.

Though meant as an emergency measure, the Quota Act remained in force about 3 years, from June 3, 1921 to June 30, 1924. In 1924 Congress enacted a permanent act, the Immigration Act of 1924, which went into effect July 1, and which, together with the act of February 5, 1917, the basic immigration act, now controls immigration.

Displaced persons in the three western zones of Germany and Austria and in Italy, as of Jan. 1, 1948

All aliens entering the United ·states today are classed either as immigrants or nonimmigrants, according to whether they come for permanent residence or for temporary stay merely. Immigrants in turn are classed as nonquota and quota immigrants, depending on whether they are entitled under the law to enter outside the quota or must come under the quota. - Since 1921 the United States has allowed only a definite number of

Country

United States zone British zone French zone l----.---.---l~---.------,·---1----,-----.---1 Italy,

in In Out of Total In Out of In Out of camp

camp camp camp camp Total camp camp Total

----------1-------------------------Germany _ --------- --- --- ---- 1322, 693 143, 769 466,462 2181, 128 315, 549 196, rm 24,006 9, 422 34,388 --------Austria _--·---------·-··-··-- 34,487 16,907 51, 394 12, 984 32,633 45, 617 5, 318 7, 638 12,956 ·-· · -··-

Italy (not allocated by zones) . -------- -------- -------· -------- ------- - -------- ------- - -------- ------· · {: ~8; ~I~ TotaL _________________ 35W80 100,676 517,856194,ll2 48,182 242,"294 30,284-17.100 47.'344J20,4'95

t Not including 14,535 displaced persons (mainly Poles and Baits) employed by U. S. Army in civilian labor service units.

2 Excludes 13,000 Yugoslavs from out of camp in Italy transferred to British zone, Germany, in March 1947 (esti-mated). . . ..

a '!'his figure consists of9.366 Poles and 6,183 Yugoslavs making up-the Civil ML»::ed Watchmen's Service and other labor service groups (estimated) . ·

4 Jewish: 7,000 in "Hachsharoth" and 11,579 in IRO camps. 6 :rugoslavs, Poles, Ukrainians, and other nationalities ill rRO camps.

. 1948 CONGRESSIO'NAL RECORD-- HOUSE 7739 Displaced persons in the 3 western zones of Germany and Austria and in_ Italy,

as of Jan. 1, 1948

·-Total

Country Total In camp Out of camp

Germany-----·······-----------------······------------····------------ 528,787 168, 740 697, 5'l!l Austria.---------------------------------- ~ ----------------------------- 52, 495 57, 178 109, 967 Italy _________ •• ______ -------------···--------------------···--------·-- .

1 ___ ' 2_9_, 4_9_5 _

1 ___ <6_) __

1 ____ 29_, _49_5

Total .•.•••••.•••• ------------------------------------------------ 611,071 225,918 6836,989

e There are an estimated 100,000 DP's out of camp in Italy eligible for IRO assistance. No out-of-camp figure for Italy is shown here, as no registration of these people has taken place.

THE UNITED STATES VIEWPQINT ON REPATRIATION

As VE-day approached it was generally assumed that as soon as the fighting was over and transportation became available practically all of the displaced persons would be eager to return to their former homes to participate in the reconstruction of their devastated countries. The Western World had not, however, reckoned sufficiently with political and social upheaval and the redrawing of national boundaries which had taken place in Europe durin~ the war.

Hundreds of thousands of people felt that they no longer had a country. They we're in fundamental disagreement with the Communist type of new government in po~er in their old countries and the new pattern of sovietized economies. They felt that there was no safety and no hope for them to exist in those areas, much les::; to rebuild their lives there. Others, particularly the Jews, were stunned by the extermination of 6,000,-000 Jews and by the result of some of Hitler's indoctrinations in the countries where they formerly lived.

There is a sharp divergence of viewpoint between the United States-Government and the "Soviet Government and its satellites as to what course should be pursued with regard to forced repatriation. The Soviet viewpoint has been vigorously presented before every possible forum-the control councils in Germany and Austria, the General Assembly of the United Nations, the Council of Foreign Ministers, and so forth.

The viewpoint of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and its satellites is that those persons born in areas now subject to the Soviet governmental authority or the Communist-dominated satellite countries are under obligation to return to such territory. They demand that the United States, British, and French armies of occupation forcibly repatriate the displaced persons.

The American viewpoint is that it is against American tradition to compel these persons to return against their will to areas under governments whose political and economic systems they are un-willing to accept. .

While opposing the idea of forcible repatriation, the United States army of occupation and the armies of other western occupying powers have assisted voluntary repatriation in every possible wa~. Repatriation has been carried out by the occupying armies and UNRRA up to June 30, 1947, when the new International Refugee Organization assumed the responsibility for the care and maintenance, housing, repatriation, and resettlement of displaced persons.

. ,

ALTERNATivES OTHER THAN REPATRIATION

According to the Secretary of State, Gen. George C. Marshall, who testified before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary on July 16, 1947, there were three alternatives left after the elimination of forcible repatriation of displaced persons. General Marshall described them as follows:

1. To abandon the displaced persons to the German economy: There is, quite naturally, a fierce resentment between the displaced persons and Germans. The displaced persons know that the Germans are responsible for their present plight. The Germans regard the displaced persons as an uncomfortabl~ burden· and a constant source of annoyance. To turn them back to the Germans would be to perpetuate grave tensions and an ever-present threat C'f internal confilet. It would increase the present difficulties of our occupation and prolong the necessity for it. It ·would not lessen the international tension over the displaced persons. Further, from an economic standpoint, this alternative is impracticable. The western zones of Germany are already overcrowded with the millions of Germans and people of German stock who have fied or have been transferred into Germany since the end

. of the war. If we should in addition throw these displaced persons in to the German economy, we would have to continue our contributions to their support, though indirectly, as an alternative to their starvation.

2. To continue indefinitely the segregation and maintenance of the displaced persons in Germany, Austria, and Italy with a prolonged contribution from the American taxpayer for their support through the International Refugee Organization: Quite apart from the dollars-and-cents burden that this country would thus saddle itself with, I feel profoundly that it is an alternative we should not adopt. So far these people have done well in making the best of their situation. They have been active in such work as it is possible for us to find for them and, indeed, for them to find for themselves. They have created much which is excellent in the life of their small communities. But men and women cannot be cut off indefinitely from any opportunity to help themselves or to plan for their own lives and the lives of their children without an inevitable deterioration. That deterioration would have disastrous effects on these people.' That demoralization also would have disastrous effects on the larger problem of the reconstruction of the Europe that will alone make "possible a peaceful world. The fundamental ~erican tradition as to all people under our governmental authority is the opportunity to help oneself. To continue to hold these people where there is no opportunity to help themselves, and without hope of such opportunity, is contrary to that American tradition.

3. Resettlement of displaced persons in the various countries of the world who will be wllllng to receive them •

RESETTLEMENT AND FAIR SHARE

The International Refugee Organization has been negotiating with several nations to receive some of its charges but has met only with limited success.

A special subcommittee of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs reported in October 1947 that "what it has learned about resettlement was not all affirmative/' and that "prospects for further accomplishments are indefinite."

The subcommittee went on, stating: The fact is-and one may as well be blunt

about it--that the International Rerfugee Organization (as well as its predecessor, the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees) has been in the position of a seller in a buyer's market. The human resources for resettlement are vast. The opportunities are limited. The governments agreeing to admit displa~ed persons have been in the stronger bargaining position. The result has been that resettlement is the -secondary, almost the incidental, aspect of the agreements in force. The primary objective has been that of the receiving governments to obtain people for the respective economic needs of their countries.

How can this question be solved? Why is this legislation necessary? There is the question of money-the question of expense. We are appropriating anywhere from $71,000,000 to $72,000,000 a year for our shar~we have heard that before-and if you add to that what the Army spends, which figures are not available · although the total has been g:iven here as $100,000,000 a year, that makes a billion dollars which we will spend in the next 10 years and there is no end in sight then. So, as a matter of dollars and cents we have the possibility of expending a billion dollars within the next 10-year period. If there is any future to it, · and we do not know that there is any future, it is there and it will always be there. This situation is a cancer in the central part of Europe.

We have camps located in the devastated areas which we are trYing to rehabilitate. There are some 600 camps, and in our own zone, there are 536,000 people altogether, in tl~e 600 camps some 836,000 people. Here is a great army of occupation which is taking manpower to police and make records of these people in the camps. As General Clay has said, "It is my problem," and he said, "My No. 1 problem.'' So you will find that manpower is being wasted in han-dling this situation. ·

Again, the rehabilitation and political organization of Germany now being undertaken demands that this problem be disposed of. Finally, there is the humanitarian · asp_ect to this problem, which is wide and deep.

Will the pending legislation solve this problem? It is, in any case, a step in the right direction. When you read the testimony of Generals Marshall, Hilldring, and Clay, and that of the refugee organization officials, you will find that this legislation will give them a powerful instrument to help negotiate with coun-

- tries other agreements under which they will take the remainder of the displaced persons. I heard the distinguished gentleman from Georgia [Mr. CoxJ say that this will not solve it. I suppose he means there is no definite assurance that this

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 will do it. Of course, that was true with ERP. We are to appropriate $17,000,-000,000. ·we do not say it will do it, but we hope it will.

Let me refer to a part of the statute which was offered as an amendment to the act which adopted the IRO Charter. I think it was a good amendment. Then you can see what these boys are up against, sitting around the table over there trying to solve the question:

Provided, however, That this authority (to accept membership for the United States in the IRO) is granted and the approval of the Congress of the acceptance of membership of the United States in the International Refugee Organization is given upon condition and with the reservation that no agreement shall be concluded on behalf of the United States and no action shall be taken by any officer, agency, or any other person, and acceptance of the constitution of the Organization by or on behalf of the GovernllJ.ent of the United States shall not constitute or authorize action (1) whereby any person shall be admitted to or resettled in the United States or any of its Territories or pos:. sessions without prior approval thereof by the Congress, and this joint resolution shall not be construed as .such prior approval, or (2) which will have the effect of abrogating, suspending, modifying, adding to, or superseding any of the immigration laws or any other laws of the United states.

It is only fair to assume that after the passage of this legislation two important steps will be taken by our administration. First, necessary action for a strict enforcement of the provisions of this act; and, second, an internationai conference will be called and an international agreement for a pro rata distribution of aH displaced persons will be made as soon as possible.

MERITS OF THIS LEGISLATION

First. It does not destroy the principle of national origin as expressed in our quota system. We are getting the same number of immigrants but we will be getting them faster for 2 years. Why shoulQ. we do that.? Because we are paying for their support in the camps and we can make them earn their living over here.

Second. We do not want them to settle in congested metropolitan areas and this is why we provide for a proper distribution of new immigr.ants in this country through the cooperation of the Coordinator with Governors of the several States and with voluntary organizations.

Third. While no proportion as to race, nationality, religion, and so forth, has been provided for in the President's directive of December 22, 1945, many complaints were heard that such-and-such a race or religion has been favored or that such-and-such a race or religion has been discriminated against-. Under this bill a strict rule of proportions is being provided for.

Fourth. The bill does not waive any of the safeguards against subversives, immoral types, sick persons, and so forth, provided for in the immigration laws but this legislation adds additional safeguards such as subsection (c) of section 2 '8.nd the language contained in lines 12 to 15 on page 7. It also provides for special penalties in section 10 Which we do not have in our existing immigration laws. Moreover, within the last few days, the ~~~~~d~~-!_ ~g~~d a l_aw passed

by this Congress-Gossett bill-which grants the Attorney General additional powers for exclusion of persons who might engage in subversive activities det~ rimental to the United States. In other words, whatever safeguards we have in our existing immigration laws are being supplemented by additional safeguards contained in H. R. 6396.

It is safe to say that by mortgaging the future quotas as provided herein we will get under this bill the same number of immigrants but we will be getting a better type of new residents.

Your committee feels that family groups of immigrants should not be broken when admitting these people to our shores. The same qualities that contribute to the best in family life-restraint, responsibility, and consideration for others-are necessary to the making of a good citizen. Further, these P,eople who have suffered much should not now have the further unhappiness occasioned by separation from those dear because of ties of blood.

While entertaining an honest desire to solve rather than disregard a very real problem, we were unwilling to destroy the basis of our time-tested immigration laws.

It is the consensus of the committee that in the administration of the act those safety measures and all other provisions should be 'Strictly adhered to and meticulously enforced by our consular officers abroad and our immigration authorities in this country. Much opposition to any bill on this matter may be anticipated from those both inside and outside of Congress who have knowledge of occasions when these authorities have disregarded both the letter and the intent of the law at the behest of those in high places or on their own responsibility and for reasons or considerations undisclosed.

Opposition to any legislation on this matter is based on several arugments:

First. Our present immigration system and basic policy should not be .liberalized. This bill would admit these unfortunate people under our quota system, and the 200,000 would come in not in addition to but in the place of immigrants ordinarily admissible.

Second. Objection is raised that some one nationality or group will constitute the bulk of admissions. To insure perfect fairness to the end that prejudice shall operate neither against nor in favor of any group, this bill establishes a system of proportionate admissions, so the number of any group admitted shall bear the same relation to the whole as that group bears to the total number of displaced persons.

Third. To those who say our first duty as to jobs and housing is to our own veterans, I would say I wholeheartedly agree. Provisions of the bill require evidence by a State official that necessary housing 1md jobs are available before admission of these immigrants.

Fourth. Opponents suggest undesirables may get in. Careful screening is provided for to eliminate possibility that those with bad moral records, those afflicted with disease or those who might endanger our public safety may be kept out. Specific provisions bar Commu-

nists and members of movements which during the war rendered aid and comfort to our enemies.

Fifth. For those who lack confidence in the persons who will have administration of the law, we have provided· that violation of or conspiracy to violate its provisions constitutes a felony punishable by fine up to $10,000 and imprisonment up to 10 years.

Enactment will establish our over-all program for admission of displaced persons, superseding the President's directive of December 22, 1945. FEARS FOR OUR SAFETY AND SECURITY AS ·A NATION

It was more than 300 years ago this spring-to be exact, it was 305 _years ago-that the confederacy to be known as the United Colonies of New England was formed. Jamestown, Va., was settled 36 years previous, and it is said that the attempt at popular government the,re owed a great deal to an English aristocrat, Sir Edwin Sandys, who, to quote, "saw the need for a change in the management of affairs as a prelude to securing better colonists, a wider range of agriculture and industry, and the introduction of schools, inns, and comfortable homes."

Much of that sounds familiar. We are still concerned about industry and agriculture, homes, and schools. The matter of securing better colonists-or immigrants-remains a problem. There are two schools of thought as to whether we need colonists-or immigrants-but general agreement that if we are to have them at all, we want good ones.

I am in agreement with those in or outside of Congress who deplore the fact that in the past persons have taken advantage of the privilege offered them under our immigration laws, and entered our country to stir up strife. St. Benedict, 1,400 years ago, expressed the feeling when he said:

·If any pilgrim monk come from distant parts, if with wish as a guest to dwell in the monastery, and will be content with the customs which he finds in the place, and do not perchance by his lavishness disturb the monastery, but is simply content with what he finds: he shall be received, for as long a time as he desires. If, indeed, he find fault with anything, or expose it, reasonably, and with the humility of charity, the abbot shall discuss it prudently, lest perchance God had sent for this very thing. But, if he have been found gossipy and contumacious in the time of his sojourn as guest, not only ought he not to be joined to the body of the monastery, but also it shall be said to him, honestly, that he must depart. If he does ·not go, let two stout monks, in the name of God, explain the matter to him.

No race and no group is the repository of all virtue or all vice. We whose very system of Government is based on the proposition that it is the individual that is important rather than the class should be the last to take any position contrary to that concept. .

• So far as admission to this country for residence or naturalization is concerned, I am one of those persons who might be termed a conservative, perhaps a reaetionary, in my thinking. I would not be called a liberal. I believe an applicant for naturalization should be required to declare it as his intention in go!?d faith

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7~41

to become a citizen of the United States and to reside here permanently, and, if required, to bear arms in. support and defense of the United States.

If this great country Qf ours is not worth fighting for, in the opinion of an alien, citizenship in it should not be granted to him. To conscientious objectors I would say that no freedom is restrained by such a provision. Aliens have no right to citizenship. Citizenship is offered on certain conditions as a privilege. They may take it or leave it. We want no part of qualified allegiance. We have no gradations of citizenship. Why should we have grades or degrees of allegiance?

Whenever these matters are under discussion there immediately come to my mind the histories of two native-born white Americans: one first saw the light of day in Massachusetts, the other in Kansas. Each has acted as chairman of the Communist Party. According to House Report No. 209 it v:as Kansas-born Earl Browder who read to 2,000 applicants for Communist Party memberhsip in the New York district in 1935 the following solemn pledge: "I pledge myself to rally the masses to defend the Soviet Union, the land of victorious socialism."

On the other side of the picture I see what was to me pleasantly surprising, as it may be to you.

Before the House Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization frequently appears what we would term a Japanese-American, although I dislike cataloging any group as hyphenated Americans. This young man, 1 of 5 boys in a large family born in Utah to Japanese parents, with each of his brothers, was the recipient of a Purple Heart. They were members of _the Four HJ.lndred and Forty-second Regiment Combat Team of the United States Army, which saw desperate fighting in Italy. Immediately after Pearl Harbor, the property in the West owned by this family was taken, and the mother was interned behind barbed wire. Notwithstanding this, the mother encouraged her sons in their desire to enlist, which all 5 did. One boy was killed in action. One is still in the hospital. All were wounded. They were but 5 of 33,300 sons of Japanese parents who served in · the United States armed services during the Second World Warpart in the Pacific and part in Europe. Thirty-one thousand saw overseas service. After 120 days of fighting, -what started out as a team of a little over 3,000 men had total casualties of 9,486. During its rescue of the Texas battalion of 189 white Americans in the Vosges Moun ... tains of northeast France in October 1944, 200 Japanese-Americans were killed, and more than 1,500 casualties suffered. They were a much d~corated group.

The following is the creed written by one of these boys, Mil{e Masaoka. It is one we might well adopt ourselves, except for the first sentencJ:

I am proud that I am an American citizen of Japanese ancestry, for my very background makes me appreciate more fully the wonderful advantages of this Nation. I believe in her institutions, ideals and traditions; I glory in her heritage; I boast of her history; I trust in her future. She has ~ranted me

XCIV--488

liberties and opportunities such as no individual enjoys in this world today. She has given me an education befitting kings. She has entrusted me with the responsibilities of the franchise . . She has permitted me to build a home, to earn a livelihood, to worship, think, speak, and act as I please-as · a freeman equal to every other man. . Although some individuals may qiscriminate against me, I shall never become bitter or lose faith, for I know that such persons are not representative of the majority of the American people. True, I shall do all in my power to discourage such practices, but I shall do it in the American way; aboveboard, in the open, through court s of law, by education, by proving myself to be worthy of equal treatment and consideration. I am firm in my belief that American sportsmanship and attitude· of fair play will judge citizenship and patriotism on the basis of action and achievement, and not on the basis of physical characteristics.

Because I believe in America, and I trust she believes in me, and because I have rereceived innumerable benefits from J:ter, I pledge myself to do honor to her at all times and in all places; to support her Constitution; to obey her laws; to respect her flag; to defend her against all enemies, foreign and do.;. mestic; to actively assume my duties and obligations as a citizen, cheerfully and without any reservations Whatsoever, in the hope that I may become a better American in a greater America.

He is Japanese-American. Those who would pounce on this emer

gency to liberalize our immigration policy will not like this bill. Those who honestly desire this country to share responsibility in eliminating the DP camps and finding homes for these people are being given what I feel is the most generous bill there is any possibility that Congress would pass.

I believe the bill to be eminently fair, reasonably generous, possible of passage, and a solution to a problem both heart-breaking and expensive. .

Mr. COX. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. FELLOWS. I yield .. Mr. COX. I should like to exercise the

privilege of complimenting the gentleman upon the high qu~Jity of his oration.

Mr. FELLOWS. I thank the gentleman.

Mr. LESINSKI. Mr. Chairman, will ~he gentleman yield?

Mr. FELLOWS. I yield. Mr. LESINSKI. When the gentleman

said that the quotas included the Polish Army, what Polish Army is in the displaced-person camps?

Mr. FELLOWS. The estimates in some places have gone as high as 200,000. The best authority I could get yesterday was at least 50,000 of former Polish soldiers.

Mr. LESINSKI. The gentleman also includes the Baltic States, and those of Poland east of the Curzon line. Where are any displaced persons that ever came from that territory, when Russia grabbed all of that 10,000,000 people and moved them into Siberia, out of which developed the Polish Army in Iran, which fought under Tabrook and is today in England? Where do the displaced persons come in from that east line?

Mr. FELLOWS. I do not know that I said they c~me from east of the Curzon line. The bill in the other body placed them there. I am talking about the displaced-person camps.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman ·from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS] has again expired.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself 30 minutes.

Mr. Chairman, I am happy to join the distinguished gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS], who has given us a most statesmanlike and most illuminating speech in support of the bill. I yield to no one in my admiration for the equitable way the gentleman has handled this bill.

The pending bill is not a perfect bill. It does, however, approximate justice to the displaced persons and its passage will offer an advantage to our national economy.

It permits the entrance of 200,000 displaced persons-instead of the 400,000 provided for by the so-called Stratton bill-100,000 are to be admitted each year for 2 years. It is a compromise bill. Be it remembered, however, that most of our Anglo-Saxon civilization is based on compromise. It is a half loaf but better than no loaf at all.

The bill is in no wise discriminatory, and I emphasize one of its most praiseworthy provisions which reads as follows:

Visas issued pursuant to this act shall be made available to each .element or gro'up among the displaced persons as such elements or groups were segregated or designated for the purpose of being cared for by the International ~efugee Organization as of January 1, 1948, in the proportion that the number of displaced persons in such element or group bears to the total number of displaced persons, it being the purpose of this provision to insure that no discrimination in favor of or against any such element or group among the displaced persons shall occur.

In true American fashion, this provision utterly precludes any discrimination because of race, religion, or national origin in the issuance of visas.

For convenience sake we have grouped these homeless, driven people under one . phrase, "displaced persons" and then shortened that to DP's. Perhaps that is why we have fallen into the callous error of thinking of them as a massed, faceless group. We must not lose sight of the fact that each displaced person is a living being, a man, woman, or child with eyes and ears and hands and heart, even as you and I. Each one is an integral part of human destiny. Each one of them could have been you, but for the grace of God, or a brother or father or child. If that is sentimentality, then I proudly embrace that accusation. We are dealing with human beings, not with inanimate sticks of furniture that can be indefinitely stored away until they rot. This fruitful, resourceful, God-fearing land of ours should, indeed, make room for some of them. This bill does just that.

Six hundred thousand in United States military controlled camps now are a United States responsibility. The total cost to the War Department is above $73,-000,000 which is paid for by the American taxpayer. With indirect charges the cost is above $100,000,000. If we pass this bill, we shall save those sums and then, also the United States blazes the trail for the other nations to follow.

7742 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 Testimony was developed before the committee, especially by General Marshall, General Hildring, former Secretary of War Patterson, that the problem would dissipate itself were we to pass legislation of the kind offered here today. Two hundred thousand is close to 24 percent of the total number of 835,000 displaced persons now in the camps in Italy, Germany, and Austria. In his report on resettlement submitted to the International Refugee Organization in January of 1947, Mr. Tuck, its directing head, stated that mass resettlement programs for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1948, contemplated the number of 234,453 displaced persons to emigrate to the 12 countrtes which were listed as having selection missions operating in the field: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, the Netherlands, -

.Peru, the United Kingdom, Venezuela, Union of South Africa, and Switzerland. Several other countries, among which are Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Morocco, and Tunisia have also indicated their willingness to accept immigrants. If we take 200,000 great impetus will be given to the other nations to take their fair share.

I emphasize, if we do not pass the bill we shall still have to pay $73,000,000 to $100,000,000 a year for the maintenance of these camps.

Mr. CELLER. The DP's are natives in general of Poland, Russia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and so forth, where communism holds sway. They ~ead going back to their native lands where they might be purged.

Well, such countries as Yugoslavia, the displaced persons we are now taking care of. It would be brutal for us to send

· those who have a democratic ideology back to a land which has a Communist ideology and where those persons who have western ways of thinking, democratic ways of thinking, have already pr~ached against communism or would preach against communism, would find their lives placed in jeopardy. We seek to help those.

There are four ways of approach to the prGblem:

First. Forcible repatriation which means, of course, sending many back to Communist-dominated countries from whence they :fled, there to await an uncertain fate.

Second. Closing the camps and turning: these victims of the Germans back to the Germans and the German economy: The misery that would follow such a course is plain to see.

Third. The in'definite separate maintenance in Germany, Austria, and Italy, That is the course we are presently following with its consequent waste of human lives and mo_ney.

Fourth. Their resettlement in other countries, including the United States. That is the course of the Fellows bill.

I pay tribute to the patience, wisdom, and practical sense of my subcommittee chairman, the gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS], who has so ably guided the destiny of this bill.

It has been argued in the most perverted, unfeeling, and nonfactual fash-

ion that the admission of 200,000 unfortunates would affect our housing, jobs, and would bring into this country undesirable Communists. Let us look at these threat:> a little more dispassionately. Since 1940, the total immigration permitted by our laws fell short by 91(762 persons. If within the immigration laws, as they exist today, we had admitted the 914,762 persons since 1940, there would have been no outcry. It would have been accepted as the normal trend of events. But, now, when we ask for less than 25 percent of that number in the name of humanity and suffering, we are given fantastic examples of impossible logic.

Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. CELLER. I yield to the gentle-man from Indiana. ,

M;. MADDEN. What is the basic d~fference between the Fellows bill and the bill passed by the other body?

Mr. CELLER. There are many basic differences. The Fellows bill endeavors and succeeds, I am sure, in elimin.ating racial or religious discrimination in the issuance of visas. Unfortunately, the bill in the other Chamber deliberately seeks to discriminate on the ground of race and religion. The language embodied in this bill may seem to be innocuous, but upon careful scrutiny you will find that there is no innocence whatsoever in the bill which has emanated from the councils of the other body. It would be a travesty of justice and a :flying in the face of the American tradition were we to embrace the discriminatory provisions of that bill.

In numerous other ways the bill passed · by the other body is very unrealistic and unjust. But more as to this later.

It was eloquently brought to our attention by many members of distinguished welfare agencies that they would pledge their . aid and assistance in the resettlement of these 200,000 displaced persons in the far-:fiung regions of the United States, covering -many States. Among those organizations were the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America, the National Lutheran Council, the Catholic Rural Life Confer:- , ence, the United Service for New Ameri-' cans ·(Jewish), the Northern Baptist Convention, the Southern Baptist Convention, and numerous others. We have great confidence in these national organizations, knowing that they will carry out their pledges and see to it that most of these DP's will be resettled. properly so that there will be no disturbance in our national economy and no aggravation of our housing shortage.

We know, for instance, that there are over 7,000 communities in the United States with a population of little over 1,000. If each strch community were to take an equal share, the total number of new residents would be 15 additional persons in each community, or 5 families per year. How would that complicate the job and housing problem of the community.

Both the American Federation of Labor and the CIO have testified in favor of the bill, urging its passage without

fearing that the admission ·of these unfortunates threaten the economic security of the United States or take away jobs from American workmen. Both organizations have pointe<A. out existing shortageS in agricultural workers, construction workers, engineers, and medical personnel. An UNRRA survey of 228,000 displaced persons revealed that 60,000 were farmers, 18,000 construction workers, 18,000 skilled in mechanical and ·industrial trades. There were 4,000 engineers, 3,000 physicians and dentists, 4,000 nurses, and 2,000 other workers. We need them all. In general IRO esti.mate one-third are skilled workers, one- · _ fourth agricultural workers, one-tenth professionals, and the balance unskilled.

The American Legion through its national executive committee has relaxed its former opposition and now approves this emergency humanitarian legislation.

As to the Communist threat, I quote from the testimony of Secretary of State Marshall who urged immediate passage of the ·more liberal Stratton bill:

There is a sharp divergence of viewpoint between the Soviet Government and our OWn as to What course ShOuld be pursued. The Soviet viewpoint is that these persons born in areas now subject to the Soviet governmental authority are Russian subjects and under obligation to return to such territory. They demand that we forcibly repatriate the DP's. Our view is that it is against American tradition for us to compel these persons to return against their will to those governmez:.ts whose political and economic systems they are unwilling to accept.

I quote, as well, from the report of the gentleman from Kentucky, Representative FRANK L. CHELF, Democratic member of the Fulton special subcommittee, which was designated by the chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, to investigate the displacedpersons problem. He states in his written report most emphatically:

As a result of a very thorough, complete, and painstaking investigation into this particular angle of the problem, I am completely convinced that the displaced persons are no more communistic in their views than any loyal, red-blooded American living in the United States today. _

One further thought: As of June 30, 1946, the war-reported deaths in the armed forces from all causes were 396,228. VVere this number spared the tragedy of death would we have said that our economy could not absorb them? Is not the horrible implication clear to all who opposed the admission of 200,000 that we should be glad that we have that much more room? Follow that kind of logic to its honest conclusion. If it is the absorptive capacity of the United states we are concerned with, then, let us begin a crusade for static· population, or better yet, race sUicide. How rigid and ingrown · can we be and st1ll boast of our vitality and growing economy?

The Fulton subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee reported after an exhaustive on-the-scene study of the DP's in Europe, "they are democratic and profoundly inter·ested in settled lives in an individual economy."

I I

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7743 I could go on and on and give you ex- · out the birth -rate was approximately . gaily and are. coming .in almost every

cerpts from the testimony of very dis- 1,200 ·per month as against a dea-th rate day~ - tinguished witnesses, although I shall of some 200. So there would be an in- · The CHAIRMAN. · The time of the

not take the time to do so, from Gen. crease of only 1,000 per month, or 12,000 gentleman from New York has expir-ed. l\4ark Clark, Gen. Lucius Clay, Lieuten.:. per year, making a total of 36,000 alto- Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield ant Colonel Sage, Attorney General Tom gether for a period of 3 years. myself five additional minutes. Clark, and former Secretary of War Pat- · Mr. CELLER. The gentleman may be Mr. Chairman, I thank the gentleman terson, all to the effect that the charges correct. In any event, if it is 12,000 a from Pennsylvania [Mr. McDowELL] for that these DP's are Communists are ut- year, it is higher than the situation that his observation and for his suppc-:rt of terly and willfully unfounded. is presented in surrounding countries and the instant bjll. Referring to the dis-

How could it be otherwise? · As of De- augurs well. for the health of these. displaced persons: I shar,e-withhim the -december 31, 194~, there were 278,868 Po- · placed persons. . I was ·feawng from the sire to see that alL ... of those who are Iish natives in the 'DP .camps; 180,838 · report which was. preparedt by, the ~x- · illegally ·here -are sent~ back to the counBaltic natives; 193,332 Jews; and 39,494 · perts of the Imn.iigration· Subcommitte-e · :.. tries. whence~ they came·· beeause· they

· Yugoslavians. All are those who fled · of the House Committee. on the, Judiciary. should>· have no place. here· at an: May totalitarian rule, who linger on in hard- These experts. speak of ,20,000 birtbs per I say further with reference to · displaced ship and despair:, rather than submi~ to annum. ·• persons, and those · who mfght fear that

· the kind of governments now imposed Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. Mr. · the Communists might infiltrate, that · upon the Slavic and Baltic peoples. Chairman, will. the gentleman yield? there is careful screening provided by

Under the rule I started to answer the Mr. CELLER: I yield. the· bill. First you have the military. assertion made by the gentleman from Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. In my There is a complete military dossier on Georgia about the word "scum;" that district, as I know there must be in the every one of the displaced persons. Secthese people were the scum of the earth. gentleman's district and many others ondly you have a screening by the State I started to indicate in the rebuttal that throughout the land, there are many citi- · Department officials, and then thirdly a from the point of view of work and zens who have relatives across the sea screening by the immigration officials.

· health and crime and political ideology and who naturally are concerned for Then there is the final screening by the it was unfortunate indeed that the gen- them and whose relatives have been jeop- Coordinator who sets up 'a staff here and tleman used that term. I started to ardized by the ravages of war. Does in the displaced-persons camps . . If read from the testimony 'of General the gentleman feel that the passage of there could be an escape, as it were, Hilldring, who was the direct representa- this bill will assist these citizens in get- from that screening of anyone who is tive of General Eisenhower on the sub- ting many of these relatives over here? undesirable, I do not know how it is ject of displaced persons. To continue Mr. CELLER. There is no reason why possible. It seems to be utterly impossihis testimony as to the desire of these relatives and dear ones cannot come over. ble. I do not think we need have any DP's to work, I read: There is a pledge of quotas to the extent fears on the score that anybody will come

All responsible reports agree that the of 50 percent for a certain number of in who is not physically and mentally average displaced person, far from being lazy, years to come, but within that 50 percent, and politically desirable. · · inefficient, and irresponsible, is eager to re- preference under present statutes must Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Chairman, will build his life through hard, constructive be given to the dear ones of those here. the gentleman yield? work, an d is ready and able to accept So I see no danger whatsoever in that Mr. CELLER. I yield. responsi'bility. regard. · Mr. MADDEN. I wish to compliment

As to the health of these DP's, listen to Mr. EDWIN ARTHUR HALL. I am the gentleman for his· outstanding talk this testimony: very glad to have the gentleman'3 tes- on this legislation with reference to dis·

According to information submitted by the timony. placed persons. Also the outstanding Interhational Refugee Organization to the ·Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Chairman, will talk by the gentleman from Maine [Mr. special subcommittee of the House Foreign the gentleman yield? FELLows]. I congratulate the commit-Affairs Committee, the health conditions in Mr. CELLER. I yield. . tee for screening the displaced persons the displaced-persons camps are higher than Mr. McDOWELL. I would like to tell so that they will come in and be assigned satisfactory. In all zones combined the rate the gentleman from · New York that a to different occupations, such as farmof tuberculosis 1s 0.3 per thousand, wnile year ago the Committee on Un-Ameri- ing, mechanics, and other skilled and

• the tuberculosis rate among the German people is 2.5 per thousand. The rate of vene- can Activities appointed a special com- unskilled work. And also that there real d iseases for displaced persons is 0.4 as mittee to study Communist methods in will be arrangements made before adagainst 1.8 per thousand for the German Europe in the countries that have gone mission to this country, that they will population. The International Refugee Or- behind the iron curtain. Today we have proper provision and housing beganizat ion stressed further that the death have about 15 or 20 of the people who fore they will be assigned to certain rate among the displaced persons is 6.2 per are described as being from displaced- localities. thousand, compared with 12.6 per thousand persons camps. In every case we ques- Mr. CELLER. I thank the gentleman. in Great Britain in 1939.

The relatively low average age of the dis- tioned them very closely on the number Just one last word, and I shall con-placed persons help to explain the rather of Communists in those camps. In every elude. Attempts may be made to offer high birt h rate among the displaceq persons, case they told us there was some Com- amendments to admit certain classes of which is 39.9 per thousand, compared with munist infiltration, but the great rna- Europeans who may be suffering for one 14.9 per thousand for Great Britain 1939. jority of those people in the displaced- reason or another. Among them, VolkThe special subcommittee of the -House For- persons camps were people like them- deutsohe, Czechs, Italians, and Poles of eign Affairs Committee submits that as a selves who are afraid of communism and Ander's army. I think it would be deleresult of the high birth rate and .the · low who are running from communism. In terious for the final outcome of this bill. death rate the net annual increase due to excess of birth:s over deaths among the camp other words, they pointed out that the We have yet to pass this bill, and re-popu lation is 20,000. people in the displaced-persons camps member then we·must have a conference

were the cream of the crop in Europe, with the other body. If we load up this That is the best kind of testimony we such as artists, scholars, politicians- bill with amendments that would admit

can give anyone as to the health of these that is good politici-ans-and people who so many diverse kinds of people, our barDP's. believe in democracy. May I tell the gaining power with the Senate is

Mr. CHELF. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman something further, if he will affected. We have a specific problem gentleman yield? yield to me for just a half-minute long- here, the problem of the displaced per-

Mr. CELLER. I yield to my distin- er, regarding the observation that the sons in DP camps. If we are -g<;>ing to guished colleague. scum of Etlrope is in these camps. I reach out and try to help so many others

Mr. CHELF. I am afraici the gentle- ~ have been making a deep study of 11- who are not ·displaced persons, and who man's figure of 20,000-per-year increase legal immigration in the United States are all over Europe and who do not come may be in error. From direct personal for ·more than a year now. Many of the within the definition of "displaced percontact with the IRO and those who had · scum ·of Europe· and-the rest of the world · sons,'' we ar€ going to have a -great deal charge of the DP camps last fall, we found · are · here in America and are here ille-' of diificul ty,- a great ·deal ·Of-laber to get

7744 - CONGRESSIONAL_ RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 finally any kind of a bill. And then the problem of DP camps will still remain with us. To my mind, it is unfair for us · to extend a sort of engraved invitation to so many people in various parts of Europe who may be in some kind of plight, who may be in .some kind of difficulty becatise of circumstances beyond their control. I want "to help them, but I do not think we should try to help them within the four squares of this bill. We weaken the bill if we attempt such a process. I would hope, therefore, that those who contemplate offering such amendments ·will think twice before doing so.

Historically, immigration has always been the main source of our unskilled labor and we are badly in need of this same unskilled labor today. When immigration was cut off in the early twenties we siphoned off labor from the farms. This practice continued through the war years. The farms are no longer the source of skilled labor. Farms are badly in need of labor themselves. We also need- tailors, bricklayers, domestics, labor to dig our tunnels, build our railroads, our bridges, roads, and subways. With the expansion of education, we shall have fewer and fewer people to handle the tasks and projects which require unskilled workers. Numbers of the DP's are specially skilled like nurses, dentists, physici~ps, tailors, jewelers, locksmiths, radio workers, riggers, printers, masons, bricklayers, all of which are in short suppiy. The shortage in unskilled labor is equally obvious. The effective operation of our economy demands a ready supply of both skilled · and unskilled workers. The DP's can help in both these categories. Would it be preferable to draft labor battalions or to maintain the freedom and mobility 1of labor? An inflexible immigration program means, eventually, the first. The present labor shortage requires the temporary relaxation of our rigid immigration policy.

I emphasize these DP immigrants will not take jobs from nativen. Half the immigrants are women and children in the first place and they are consumers as are the men. They are all consumers of goods and services and thus in turn create jobs. '

There is an idea prevalent in some quarters there is a limited amount of work, a lump of work, to be done in this country and that if strangers are allowed to nibble at the lump there is less for the native. All economists of note dispute this theory, that there is ju,st a lump of work and no more. That lump expands and contracts dependent upon many factors.

In the past, the greatest periods of prosperity were · the periods of greatest immigration.

I add a wire just received: WASHINGTON, D. C., June 8, 1948.

Hon. EMANUEL CELLER, House of Representatives, Washington,

D. C.: We are highly gratified that the House has

agreed to consider the Fellows bill for the admission of displaced persons. We look to you for active support and leadership in securing its passage in substantially the present form because we believe that the dis-

placed-persons bill passed by the · Senate is inadequate and discriminatory. Over 125 national organizations have earnestly supported adequate legislation for the solution of this crucial international problem.

Friends Committee on National Legislation; Council for Social Action, Congregational Christian Churches; ·National Council Jewish Women; League of Women Voters; Jewish War Veterans; National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs; National Women's Trade Union League; Northern Baptist Convention; United Council of Church Women.; Women's Action Committee for Lasting Peace; Americans for Democratic Action; American Civil Liberties Union; National Jewish Welfare Board; Women's International League for Peace arid Freedom; Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid SOciety; Division of Social Education and Action of the Presbyterian Church; Women's Division of Chr!stian Service, Methodist Church.

The CHAmMAN. The time of the gentleman from New York [Mr. CELLER] has again expired.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from New York [Mr. KEATING].

Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, before discussing the merits of the measure before us, I should like to pause to pay my respects and· a well-deserved tribute to the gentleman from Maine, the chairman and the members of the Subcommittee on Immigration of the Committee on the Judiciary.

When they originally undertook the task of hearing witnesses and attempting to frame legislation in connection with the distressing problem of the displaced persons, it looked like an almost hopeless objective to try to achieve any degree of unanimity among the members of the committee or later the Members of this body. Weeks of hearings were held, covering 693 'printed pages. Patiently the chairman sought· to reconcile the conflicting viewpoints. The gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF] made a distinct contribution when he brought back from Europe his own views after visiting scores of DP camps and interviewing hundreds of those there interned.

Of course it has been necessary to make concessions on one side or the other to varying viewpoints. Unquestionably, the bill as written is not precisely in the form which perhaps any one Member would prescribe, if charged singly with the task of writing such legislation. It does, however, strike a fair balance. It is the best approach yet offered combining a method of discharging our biternational responsibility to meet a distressing and heart-rending world problem with adequate safeguards which will protect our own economy and command widespread support for such legislation, not only among the Members of Congress, but among the people . of this country.

To the gentleman from Maine and the members of his subcommittee we all owe a deep debt of gratitude for the painstaking, efficient, intelligent, and devoted manner in which they have undertaken

' their task, resulting in the report of this legislation from the Committee on the

Judiciary with only two or three dissenting votes.

In that connection we should not overlook the diligent and able assistance rendered by the earnest and expert clerk of the subcommittee, Mr. Walter Besterman, who has in the drafting of this measure again demonstrated the high quality of performance which those of us who deal intimately with him have become accustomed to observe.

'!'he American people, by and large, expect and have a right to expect that any legislation which we pass on this subject shall contain appropriate safeguards to insure that our own economy be not . unduly disrupted by permitting these people to ~orne to our shores and that our own people be not thrown out of work or, with the existing shortage of housing, out of their homes, by any action which we take. We must not displace all·eady placed persons in order to place displaced persons.

The issue before us is· a humanitarian, economic, political, and social problem, all rolled up into one.

How, it is reasonable and proper for us to ask, are these safeguards e:ffected by the legislation before us?

In the first place, from a purely dollars and cents standpoint, our Government is now supporting, at the expense of the taxpayers, a very large share of the cost of maintenance of the camps housing these people overseas in Germany, Austria, and Italy. This is represented, not only by our direct contribution to the International Relief Organization, but also by our .large appropriations to the Army for their work in these camps as well as the additional sums which we have advanced to other countries as their share of this international burden The action now contemplated on our part should lead to increased efforts by other countries to accept additional numbers of these. unfortunates. Indeed, very large numbers have already been given refuge in other countries. -This action should lead to a definite saving to the American taxpayers of many millions of dollars each year. Those who come to this and other countries, instead of being supported at Government expense as now, will go to work gladly and willingly to take care of themselves. In other words, humanitarianism will yield direct financial dividends.

True, there are two other methods of effecting an equivalent economy-first, to cut off any contribution to the maintenance of these camps and allow these people to perish of hunger or starvation. Another is to force them to return to the countries of their origin, resulting, no doubt, in a like fate or at least the most sayage reprisals. In my judgment, the American people will reject these alternatives as completely out of harmony with our inclinations or our traditions.

In order not to cause American citi-. zens to be deprived of employment by

reason of the introduction of a limited additional number of immigrants at this time it has been provided in section 5 <a> of the bill that a first preference in consideration shall be given-. to those with certain professions or skills. These include farm laborers, physicians, dentists,

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7745 nurses, household, construction, and clothing workers and aliens with unusual educational or scientific qualifications. These are for the most part those occu* pations where there now exists a need in many parts of ·our country for such workers.

Then it is provided in the next succeed* ing section 6 that before any of those who are to come to this country under the provisions of this act shall be al* lowed to take up their residence in a par* ticular State, the Governor of that State must certify to the fact that housing and employment exist and that a settlement opportunity is presented there for a certain number of this, that, or the other type of worker. This does not mean that the Chief Executive of the State must pass upon each particular case. The Governor of Iowa may certify, for in* stance, that 500 farm laborers are needed, or the Governor of New York, that 1,000 household or Clothing workers may advantageously be fitted into the economy of that State.

In addition, provision is made for the filing or a bond, indemnifying the State against any such immigrant becoming a public charge.

The fact of the matter is, therefore, that these provisions set up safeguards over our own economy which are not existent under our general immigration law. The same is true of the other provisions of this bill which I shall discuss in a moment. This measure, if properly administered, should result in bringing to this country a better type of future citizen under conditions more favorable to his assimilation, than has at any time existed under any immigration measure placed on our statute books.

What are the other provisions of this law which particularly commend it to our favorable consideration?

A second preference, junior to that arising by reason of occupation, is given to aliens who are blood relatives of citizens of this country. Certainly that is a humanitarian and wise provision. Those of us who were spared the distress of having a close relative suffer as these poor people have done at the hands of their aggressors, can scarcely comprehend, I suppose, the heartaches endured by American citizens, themselves living· in comfort, when they realized the indescribable suffering of their own flesh and blood. To what more noble purpose could we possibly direct our legislative energies than toward assisting our own people to discharge the family responsibility-which they feel and yearn to fulfill in bringing once more a ray of light and hope into the lives and hearts of their kinfolk who have known nothing but darkness and despair.

It has been said, I feel sure, with a high degree of recklessness and under a complete misapprehension as to the facts, that the passage of this legislation will deluge this country with Communists, Fascists, or others who will subvert our institutions and seek to overthrow those ideals and principles which have made our country great: No doubt those advancing this contention do so in good · faith. '!'his has been said · in effect on

many occasions by those whose loyalty to our country is without question, 'indeed, whose very loyalty has prompted their opposition on this ground.

A careful review of the unbiased evidence · in the case, disclosed in the voluminous hearings before the committee, buttressed by the findings of those who ha.ve studied the situation, is to the effect that, with very few exceptions, those in these DP camps are the most vehement opponents of any form of totalitarianism to be found anyWhere on the face of the globe. They have been persecuted, branded, tortured by the Communists and by the Fascists and in many tragic inst~nces by both. They hate communism. They hate fascism. They passionately yearn for freedom. These people bear on their bodies and in their hearts the scars of a slave existence which gives them an appreciation of the meaning of becoming an · American, which those of us blessed with the privilege of birth and life in freedom will probably never be able fully to . under-~and ·

As to the small minority, which no doubt exists, consisting of tJ;10se who would not make desirable United States citizens, this bill provides that no person who is or has been a member of any movement hostile to this country or its form of government can be considered for admission under the provisions of this legislation.

Another feature which commends this bill is its utter freedom from any element

· of discrimination. Some of the measures introduced on this subject are open to that objection. The attention of the Members, however, is called to section 3 (a) (2) providing that visas issued under the act shall be made available in the various camps and other areas to each element or group of nationals or religious faiths, in exact proportion to the num-

. bers there situated. Not only is there an absence of discrimination, there is an express prohibition against it.

A nation dedicated to religious freedom cannot do otherwise. Roughly, displaced persons consist of 62 percent Roman Catholic, 23 percent Jewish, and 15 percent Protestant. Approximately, in those proportions, they will be admitted.

In nationality the same holds true; 31 percent are Polish, 21 percent Baits, 14 percent Ukrainian, and so on. In those proportions, ad~ission will follow.

In order to take care of those who can properiy be classified as displaced persons who are already in this country, it is provided in section 4 that"up to a limit of 15,000 shall be permitted to remain

. here permanently with the same quota provisions as relate to those overseas.

As to the administration of this bill, it provided in section 8 for a Coordinator for the Resettlement of ·Displaced ·Persons. His duties are to oversee the administration of the act, including a thorough screening of all applicants, to make semiannually reports to the Congress, to assist in the settlement of the displaced persons in the various states and to hasten the cooperation of other nations thr.ough the International Refugee Organization in the solution of this distressing problem, so as to expedite the .

closing of the camps and termination of this emergency situation.

Finally, the date mentioned in the bill, April 21, 1947, deserves comment. In or-

. der to qualify as a displaced person one must have entered Italy, Germ~ny or Austria prior to this date. Some feel that the date should be sometime in the fall of 1945 at approximately the time the war ended. The fact remains, however, that very large numbers of these persecuted people fled from their native lands following the war after suffering most cruel experiences. They are entitled equally to our consideration and will equally yield dividends in good citizenship.

Mr. Chairman, under the carefully worded provisions of this bill, we need have no fear in this great Nation over the effects of admitting 20G,OOO of these homeless and suffering people within our gates. No other nation in the world has amalgamated so many blood strains as ours. Therein, to no small degree, lies our strength.

Nor does the jurisdiction of our conscience stop at the water's edge. Failure to act, and to act now, will leave a scar upon the hearts of all those who feel that the unnecessary degradation of human beings anywhere imperils human s~curity and dignity everywhere. · We will live more comfortably with ourselves when we have passed this measure.

We are dealing not in statistical abstractions but with human souls whose suffering and persecution have given them a compelling claim upon humanity. If we drop an iron curtain on this side of these helpless victims of chaos, true, we will injure them. But they will not be the only ones to lose. We, too, will lose in the respect both of our friends arid of ourselves.

By furnishing this asylum to a handful of the world's tyrannized and oppressed, we will enrich our own Nation and discharge an international obligation from which neither our own conscience nor our position of world leadership permits escape.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from New York has expired.

Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that I may extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The CHP.:IRMAN. Without objection, it is so ordered.

There was no objection. · • Mr. HOLIFIELD. Mr. Chairman, I be

lieve it is unnecessary for me to review in any detail the necessity for action on the part of Congress to pass legislation for the admission of displaced persons. We regard ourselves as the leading democratic country in the world. The American people pride themselves in the assistance they have . given and still are giving to the people of the war-devastated countries. It would be less than fair to the American people if this body, which should be representative of public opinion, failed to act on this matter. It will be difficult indeed for our representatives in world councils to support our claims for hl,lmanitarian motives and democratic objectives if we fail to pass this leg-islation.


At the same time, it is absurd for us to contend that we would suffer great harm from the admission of displaced persons. If we will be perfectly truthful with ourselves we will discover that exactly the reverse is true. Many of the displaced persons possess skills urgently needed in American industry. I will not presume to cover all aspects of this matter, but I d_o wish to call particular attention to the need of skilled tailors in the men's clothing· industry. Through long personal acquaintance in the industry, I believe I can speak with some authority.

This country has traditionally depended on European immigration for many of its tailors. During the war years when immigration was virtually shut off, the clothing industry encountered a growing shortage of skilled needleworkers. At the present time over 6,000 tailor.s are needed in the New York area alone and an equal or greater number could be used in the rest of the country. To take a specific example, the Hickey-Freeman Co., which manu{actures men's clothing, has been trying since last August to bring in 300 immigrant tailors and has to date succeeded in getting 24.

Mr. Harry A. Cobrin, the executive seeretary of the Clothing Manufacturers Association, which represents 90 percent of the output of the entire mens' and boys' tailored clothing industry recently made the following statement:

The employers in the industry are confronted with a serious labor shortage which threatens their production. This shortage results from (a) curtailment of immigrant labor commencing shortly after World War I, which was the principal source of labor supply; (b) decreasing numbers of workers entering the tailoring trades; and (c) impossibility to manufacture tailored clothing exclusively by machines.

Because of the nature of tailored clothing there is an emphasis on hai_ld or needle work in · the manufacturing process. Consequently, the introduction of new methods of manufacturing and new machinery does not obviate the need for skilled-hand workers. The industry has attempted t6 eliminate the serious bottleneck resulting from this shortage by engaging in overtime operations. This practice has not sufficed. Th~ only solution is to acquire an additional number of hand tailors.

Some evidence of the position in which the industry finds itself is reflected by the extremely advanced average age of its employees: the average. age of all ihe production workers in the industry is 46.4 years; the average a~e of the hand tailor in the industry is over 51 years. By reason of the advanced age of the hand tailors, their ranks are being rapidly reduced by death and disability.

Industry conferences and appeals to the immigration authorities to relax even on a temporary basis the strict -quotas, so that skilled tailors could be obtained has failed because only Congress has· the authority to modify our immigration practices.

The hopes of the ·~ndustry for the past . 2 years have been pinned on the Stratton bill whicb would have allowed the admission of 400,000 displaced persons . . This bill-the Fellows bill-reduces this number to 200,000 to be charged against future immigration' quotas. Because it appears to be the only chance for action

on this matter in the Eightieth Congress, I am in support of the Fellows bill.

I notice in the Judiciary Committee report on page 16 that the skilled occupations of these displaced persons are listed. Those who possess tailoring skill head the list with 6,458 persons. Many other skilled workers are listed who are equally in demand for other industries.

I have been • in correspondence with Mr. Jacob Potofsky, president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and he has further verified the need for additional workers in the industry. He has assured me of the full and active cooperation of his union in securing DP tailors for the clothin·g industry.

I wish to commend the committee on giving a priority in section 5 (a) to clothing and g.arment workers. I wish to also commend them for their provision which allows blood relatives of citizens or lawfully a:dmitted aliens, a special ·priority.

The clothing industry can easily absorb all the available skilled tailors in the displaced-persons camps of Europe, to the benefit of the clothing industry and the clothing consumers of the United States. I am sure that other industries cah also absorb their quota of people who are skilled in other equally important trades.

We must remember that America was built on wave after wave of immigration from Europe. American stock is composed of many races and religions and therein lies its strength and the secret of its virility. All of these people have contributed to the inventive and productive total which has made America the foremost Nation in the world.

We owe a tremendous debt to the victims of Nazi persecution. If we pay that debt by extending a haven to 200,000 or more of these victims, I am sure that in the long run the bread which we cast on the waters will be returned to us many fold.

Too many · of us have forgotten that the basis of so much of our strength, was found in our willingness to accept European immigrants to our shores.

We have forgotten the famous inscription found on the Statue of Liberty: Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,

The wretched· refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-test

to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the gentleman from Texas [Mr. GOSSETT].

Mr. BLATNIK. Mr. Chairman, I make a point of order that a quorum is not present.

The CRAIRMAN. The Chair will count. [After counting.] One hundred and four Members are present, a

· quorum. . · · The gentleman from Texas [Mr. Gos

SETT] is recognizea for 15 minutes. Mr. GOSSETT. Mr. Chairman, first

I want to pay tribute to the distinguished chairman of _the subcommittee, the Honorable FRANK FELLOWS, of Maine. There is not a more able, a more sincere legislator in this body than he is: I have a.

feeling that deep down in his heart he does not like this bill very much better than I do.

I want to state in the beginning that those of us who are -opposed to this bill are not opposed to immigrants or to immigration. We are proud of the strong immigrant blood that went into the building of this country. But times have changed and so have the immigrants. THE BEST INTEREST OF AMERICA IS THE SOLE

CRITERION BY WHICH TO .:-'t'DGE DP LEGIS

LATION

One's attitude toward DP legislation should not be deter-mined on the l'asis of votes, or of expediency, but solely on the ground of what is for the best interest of this Nation. The most ardent proponents of DP legislation agree to this yardstick. and criterion, but refuse to apply it. AMERICA ALREADY HAS THE LARGEST ALIEN POPU

LATION OF ANY NATION IN THE WORLD

According to the 1940 census, about 35,000,000 of our then 140,000,000 inhabitants were of recent immigrant origin. Eleven million five hundred thousand people were listed as of foreign birth, and over 23,000,000 people had at least one foreign-born parent. The 1940 census lists six cities of more than 500,000 population in this country where less than 40 percent of the white population were of native parentage. There were 11 cities of between 100,000 and 500,000 population where less than 40 percent of the white population were of native parentage. Since 1940, unofficial figures show our population has grown almost 13,000,000. Ten and onehalf millions of these are due to the excess of births over deaths. This leaves nearly two and one-half million people who have come here through immigration. We naturalized more than 110,000 aliens serving in our armed forces; we welcomed: more than 100,000 alien war brides. We have permitted visitors to come, and many to stay. Ministers and professors, and other classes, have come, over and above quota restrictions. In 1940, 1,047 newspapers in this country were published in 38 foreign languages. · Even now, the ratio of foreign-born to native-born voters in many Northeastern States is approximately one to three. Our assimilation machinery is already clogged. The melting pot has not melted. New York City, into which most of the DP's have come, and will continue to come, is screaming its head off about the inftux of Puerto Ricans. Already, almost one-fourth million Puerto Ricans have ftocked into New York City. They have had to set up Puerto Rican aid societies. They are trying to stem the tide of this influx of Americans from the terribly overcrowded islands of Puerto ~ico. More DP's from Europe will greatly aggravate thi1? situation. WHAT'S BEHIND THE DP BILLB-WHO SUPPORTS

THEM AND WHY-DP' S FURNISH BIGGEST

LOBBY-WHERE DID . THE MONEY COMl: FROM?

Of those lobbying in Washington, the biggest spenders are shown to be the Citizens Committee on Displaced Persons. · This lobby admits spending more

. than $385,000 in 1947. For more than

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7747 2 years they have maintained a large staff in the city of Washington. In addition to their Washington lobby they have set up committees in every State in the Union. Their propaganda has been clever well organized, and misleading. Does ~nyone know who has furnished this money, and why they have been so generous? We submit that most of the money has been spent not for lov~ of America, or to promote Amencan interests.

WHO ARE THE DP'S?

Although allied military authorities successfully repatriated more than 7 000 000 so-called DP's soon after the vlar ~orne 800,000 have simply refused to go home, and remain uninvited guests in our DP camps. Most of these 800,000 have flocked into our camps since the shooting stopped. Many of them came from behind the iron curtain. Many of them came because the food was better and more plentiful. Many of them came to use the camps for"black-market operations. Many others came as a .means of getting to America. The cr~am has been skimmed off the camps .time and again. While a few good people of the unemployable type remain, most of these DP's are the refuse of Europe. Our camps are literally filled with . b~m~. criminals, subversives, revolutwmsts, crackpots, and human wreckage. THAT DP'S HAVE NO PLACE TO GO IS A FALLACIOUS

ARGUMENT

Voluminous hearings before our committee fail to reveal that any o.f ~he 7 000 000 who submitted to repatnatwn vlere 'liquidated upon their return home. The DP's could go home if they would. They could remain in Europe in areas where now located. Again, there are many places in the world other than America in which they might be settled. A famous Columbia University professor of geography, in an article appea~ing in the November issue of the Amencan Magaine for 1945, entitled "New Lands for Europe's Uprooted ~illions," points out that ·71,000,000 Europeans were uprooted by the· swirling tides of war. He then enumerates places in which 83,000,-000 Europeans could be settled under healthy and prosperous conditions, this without settling one such pe~son_ in the United States of America. Area No. 10, designated by Professor Renner, i~ described as being "the best a.rea available in Africa in the Kenya highlands."

Here-

He says-are 200,000 square tp.iles awaiting European settlement. The climate is like that of southern California in spring and summer. Cotton, corn, rubber, millet, and livestock grow well. At least 6,000,000 Europeans could be accommodated there.

· Arthur Caldwell, Aust.ralian commissioner of immigration, recently stated:

rr· we could get 200,000 adult and junior workers here tomorrow, Australia would get them all work within a week.

Robert Prigent, while Minister of Population in France, stated:

Unless we import 3,000,000 workers within the next' 10 years, France cannot survive.

I have here newspaper headlines saying:

South America seeks 7,000,000 immigrants witt.in 10 years.

Recently, Guatemala offered to take 50,000 DP's upon conditions that they settle in rural areas. But IRO would have none of it. In other words, it is not a question of no place to go; it is simply a matter of, "We want to go to America." DP LEGISLATION WOULD REWAaD THE LEAST

DESERVING AND THE LEAST DESIRABLE

Bear in mind that at least 50,000,000 people were displaced by war. In our zones of Europe are many thousands of 'White Russians who would like to come to America. At least 10,000,000 Germans were forcibly uprooted from behind the iron curtain and thrown into our zones of Germany_. Many of them. do not even speak German. They were driven from substantial homes in which their families had lived for generations. None of these Germans, or White Russians, are classified as DP's. Most of them are, more deserving and more desirable, and are of better stock than the persons remaining, after 2 years, in the DP camps. Americans are far more considerate of their herds of livestock than we are of our children in this matter of DP importation.

MANY TROJAN HORSES IN DP CAMPS

There can be no doubt but many of those registered as DP's awaiting passage to America have been schooled in subversive activities, and seek entry. here to serve foreign ideologies. Even the sincere DP's have no concept of, or love for democracy, but would be . an unco~scionable burden upon American institutions. If we are to add to our tide of immigration, let us get the best, not the worst. ARGUMENT THAT "WE NEED THEM" IS ABSURDLY

FALSE

Proponents of DP legislation have never answered or attempted to answer this propotSition: If a DP would be useful to us, .would he not be more useful in the rehabilitation of Europe? Why send American dollars and men abroad to help Marshall plan countries; and at the same time bring any useful DP to America? IIi a recent speech, President Truman cried out, "Our housing sh9rtage is almost a fatal one." To bring more displaced persons here ·would greatly aggravate all of the social, political, and economic problems with which we must now struggle. My files, and your files, are filled with letters from distressed veterans who have no place to live· veterans who gave up homes and job; to serve their country in time of war. Proponents of DP legislation would add to their distress, and to their problems. Any DP that we need is more badly needed elsewhere. TO CRY OUT THAT WE HAVE A MORAL OBLIGATION

TO CARE FOR THOSE LEFT IN DP CAMPS IS A

PERVERSION OF CHRISTIAN lDEALS AND AN INSULT TO AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE

Not only did we spend $360,000,000,-000 in the recent war, and suffer 1,ooo;ooo casualties, but we have spent, or obligated ourselves to spend, since the shoot-

ing stopped, more than $31,000,000,000. All of this was done, and is being done, without asking for territory or reparation in return. We have been more than good samaritans. To argue that we must now further open our overcrowded homes and b'urden our institutions with tnose who would be liabilities te us is to surrender the very things for which the war was fought. These proposals are a sin against our present and our future generations. We are now asked to simply add to the long list of crimes com-. mitted in the name of Christian charity.

THE CLAIM THAT DP' S WILL BE CAREFULLY SCREENED IS ABSURDLY FALSE

Since December 1945 we have been . admitting DP's under a Presidential directive which set aside 90 percent of the nonpreference quota . for those in DP camps. While this directive calls for careful screening, a little research reveals that the screening has been a joke. Many criminals and Communists have been coming in with DP credentials. The screening under these proposed bills would doubtless be worse than under the Presidential directive. The screening would obviously be far mqre superficial than under normal immigration procedure.

WHY WEAKEN AMERICA AT A TIME WHEN

STRENGTH IS NEEDED?

We are told on every hand that Amer: ica should be strong and unified. By no stretch of the imagination could the DP's add to our strength and unity; quite the reverse is obviously true.

To enact DP legislation will be to lose another battle in the cold war-to inject more poison into the national bloodstream. We should not become less selective and less restrictive in matters of immigration at a time when our every interest demands that we be more restrictive and more selective. Congress should refuse these selfish, destructive appeals to American generosity and American gullibility.

Mr. YOUNGBLOOD. Mr. Chairman. will the gentleman yield?

Mr. GOSSETT. I yield to the gentleman from Michigan.

Mr. YOUNGBLOOD. Regarding the housing situation, I want to read some testimony given by the Administrator of the National Housing ·Agency, Mr. Foley, during the course of the hearings on the Stratton bill. He said:

In view of this circumstance, considering the present housing dema~. the National Housing Administrator nevertheless advised me "it is the ':'iew of the National Housing Agency that the enactment of . H. R. 2910 could have only a relatively small effect on the over-all housing shortage, and it has no objec.tion to its enactment."

That comes from Mr. Foley, the National Housing Administrator.

Mr. GOSSETT. He is another Charlie McCarthy insofar as this bill goes. There are four or five warehouses in your home city of Detroit that are filled now with displaced persons.

Again, · they say that these people will go to the farms. In 1946 1 percent of them went to the farms. We got to raising Cain about that, and the Immigration Service _went to work and

·7748 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 tried their best to get up some statistics on DP's as agricultural workers for the following year, and the best they could do w~s 6 percent, and probably 5 percent of those just passed over some farm and then went back into the slums of New York City or Chicago.

You have 10,000,000 good German folks in our occupied zone who are more dis-

. tressed and more in need than any person in the displaced-persons camps. · They were driven out from behind the iron curtain as a result of the Yalta and other agreements. Some did not even speak German. You have 300,000 Russians, only a few of whom are in the displaced persons camps. You have 100,000 who came into our camps in 1946 and 1947 from behind the iron curtain, and probably 50 percent of them are Communists. They tell you they will be screened. Listen, that is one of the most laughable things I ever heard of. The. President issued a directive in December 1945, written by Samuel Rosenman, in which he set up 90 percent of the nonpreference quotas for DP's. It had some safeguaFds in it.

It says: Visas shall be distributed fairly among per

sons of all faiths, creeds, and nationalities. I desire that special attention be devoted to orphaned children, to whom it is hoped the majority of visas will be issued.

So how many orphaned children have come in? About 400.

Mr. LESINSKI. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. GOSSETT. I yield to the gentleman from Michigan.

Mr. LESINSKI. I think that is.an important point. On December 22, 1945, a declaration was made by the President that one-half of all quotas should be used to bring in orphans. When we had hearings in Detroit, and the gentleman from Texas [Mr. GossETT], the gentle~ man from Illinois [Mr. MAsoN], and another Member served on that committee, the State Department testified that they went all through Europe and had to beat the bushes to find 600 orphans. Yet any fool knows there were 2,000,000 of them. But that is what the State Department has been doing. Someone within the State Department has jumbled up the whole affair as far as DP's are concerned.

Mr. GOSSETT. And they are going to continue to jumble it up. If this bill is passed, it is going to be a license to the State Department and the Immigration Service to <do just about what they want to do. They are going to go over there, and the DP's that can put on the most pressure are the ones that are coming over, and they will be the least deserving and the least desirable. This is another abject surrender to minority group pressure, and it is going to be a major defeat in the cold war, because we are going to get folks that cannot be assimilated. Ninety percent of them will be charges on the social, political, and economic life of this country, and troublemakers.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. GOSSET!'. I yield to the gentle .. man from Ohio.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Is it not true that the bill also provides that a man

and wife may bring in their children, and those children may come in outside the quota?

Mr. GOSSETT. As soon as he becomes a naturalized citizen he can do that.

Mr. FELLOWS. If the gentleman will yield, the gentleman from Ohio has not read the bill.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Yes, I have. · Mr. FELLOWS. The children do not

come in outside the quota. Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. They come ln

as special immigrants under special privileges.

Mr. FELLOWS. Is the gentleman talking about orphans or the children of these immigrants?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I am talking about the children.

Mr. FELLOWS. Then the gentleman is wrong.

Mr. GOSSETT. The wives could come in.

There has been a great deal of sentimentality about this bill. I am a sentimentalist, but my sentimentality has been tempered by realism. The golden door to which reference has been made is our door. It is a blood-stained door. No human being has any moral or legal right to come in through that door except at our request or with our permission. Here is a little poem which is an antidote to the recitation which proponents quote from the Statue of Liberty. I want to conclude my remarks with this poem, which is entitled "Unguarded Gates":

• UNGUARDED GATES

0 Liberty, _white Goddess! is it well To leave the gate unguarded? On thy

breast Fold Sorrow's children, soothe the hurts of

fate, Lift the downtrodden, but with hand of steel Stay those who to thy sacred ·portals come To waste the gifts of freedom. Have a care Lest from thy brow the clustered stars be·

torn, And trampled in the dust. For so of old The thronging Goth anc:l Vandal trampled

Rome And where the temples of the Ca..esers stood The lean wolf unmolested made her lair.

-Thomas Bailey Aldrich.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield 4 minutes to the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. FULTON].

Mr. FULTON. Mr. Chairman, I believe this displaced persons bill is the best compromise that can be obtained at this time, if the displaced persons problem is to be considered at this session of Congress. I compliment FRANK FELLOWS, chairman of the subcommittee of the Judiciary Committ~e. as well as the Judi-

, ciary Committee itself, for coming up with a really practical answer. I would like to see the bill amended in many respects, but I think we in the House should accept the judgment of the committee which has studied this problem as the best compromise -at present available.

You say, "Well, FuLTON, aren't you just taking it pretty much on a matter of the word of the committee?" The answer to that is "No." Because I was chairman of the subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Affairs consisting of PFEIFFER, of New York, CHELF, of Kentucky, and JAVITS, of New York, which went to Eu-

rope last summer and for months inspected the displaced-persons camps. In fact, we went all over Europe, and I believe we on our subcommittee saw more displaced persons 'than any person now living, even the people working with the International Refugee Organization. We visited large camps and small camps. We went out and saw individuals and tracked down all these things that my learned colleague spoke about. When we went into the camps, we would spend a half a day or a day tracking down some of the comments of certain Congressmen who went into a camp where they had 4,500 people in Germany and spent 5 to 10 minutes there. When we finished that particular checking, we had put the camp through a fine-tooth comb and found out what they were doing. We found out .about the real democracy in these camps, and we checked and found no communism arnong the residents. We admired their excellent rehabilitation work and resettlement work; We consulted with the Army, and occupation and IRO officials, on the handling of these camps, and we made a thorough job of it. We prepared a comprehensive report on displaced persons, which is 88 printed pages long, and I have yet to find in any respect that it has been contradicted, although the complete printing has been exhausted by requests. In fact, the Army has complimented it as being true and factual. The International Refugee. Organization. has also stated it is an entirely objective and complete examination of the subject. The State Department has commented on the factual truth of the document, as well as the encyclopedic character of it. Now let me completely dispute and disprove what the previous speaker, the gentleman from Texas, said on one positive to show that he is wrong on other things. I do not have time in 4 minutes to dispute many of his figures and statements nor the high sounding phrases about the Statue of Liberty.

When I used to be coach of the Harvard debating team when I went to school there, we· could always tell when a gentleman got on thin ice, when he brought in either patriotism to an extreme degree or took down the light on the Statute of Liberty. I just heard that here.

May I point out to you in our subcommittee's report the statements as to the figures on the admission of unaccompanied children, pages 78, 79, and 80. '!'here have been 1,157 unaccompanied ch'ildren admitted to the United States for the fiscal years 1946-47 and the ensuing 2 months. The distribution is as follows: 122 in July, 47 in August, 74 in September, 84 in October, etc., and the whole list is itemized specifically by months. So the gentleman is completely in error as- to his figures on this one point. Why is he not in error on the others? You read further, and you will find what your comm,ittee for the care of European children has done for these children, and the 2,500 unaccompanied children that still remain in Europe.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. FULTON] has expired.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7749 Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield

25 minutes to the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF].

Mr. CHELF. Mr. Chairman, in answer to my good friend and colleague on tlie committee the gentleman from Texas [Mr. GossETT], insofar as Charlie McCarthy testifying before our Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, I would like to point out to you, in all fairness, I am sure he does not mean, in any sense of the word, that General Marshall is a Charlie McCarthy, or that Judge Patterson, former Secretary of War, is a Charlie McCarthy, or that Mr. Green, of the American Federation of Labor, or Mr. Murray, of the CIO, the Honorable Tom Clark, Attorney General, or many of the other outstanding church and professional men and women throughout the length and breadth of this Nation are Charlie McCarthys who testified before the committee.

Mr. FULTON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. CHELF. I yield briefly. Mr. FULTON. And he did not mean,

did he, that Jerry Sage, the colonel who was captured and in prison camps and now in charge of the displaced persons for the Army, testified as a Charlie McCarthy? ·

Mr. CHELF. I am sure he did not, because he was one of our outstanding heroes in World War II. Jerry served in a concentration camp with many of these displaced persons that he later had the opportunity of supervising from the American occupation standpoint.

Now, something has been said by the gentleman from Texas about the labor situation. For the benefit of the House, I would like to read a quotation from the record as to just what the labor situation is in the country. This was on June 6, 1947, 1 year and 4 days ago today. This was Mr. Green testifying.

Mr. CHELF". Mr. Oreen, in your opinion, if the 400,000 are brought in, say all this year, in order to relieve the misery -and suffering and want and privation and starvation, would this then affect the employment problem?

Mr. GREEN. No; I do not think it would affect it in the least.

Mr. CHELF. In other words, if the 400,000 were brought in this year, all at one time rather than to be spread out over 4 years?

Mr. GREEN. You ask my opinon on that? Mr. CHE!..F. Yes, sir. Mr. GREEN. It is my opinion that we could

absorb 400,000 in a year without affecting the employment problem as it is now. But this bill provides for 100,000 a year for 4 years.

Of course, bear in mind that was in relation to the then existing H. R. 2910, the Stratton bill, which sought to admit 400,000 displaced persons in the United States.

Now, there has been something said about displaced persons on a farm in Germany. I do not know anything about this particular farm, but I do know this, that out of over 200 displaced persons' camps which the Fulton subcommittee inspected-we saw many farms and personally talked with hundreds of 'farmers. To me it was absolutely amazing to discover that there was . such a large percentage of these unfortunates

who had a fairly decent command of the English language. Frankly, I sincerely welcomed the opportunity to be al:)le to see for myself to just what extent a farm could be operated without any farm machinery or other necessary farm implements. As you know I represent a farming or agricultural section, and I wanted to know the answer. I wanted to have a look-see insofar as the farm problem was concerned. In one of these camps particularly we found that there was a young DP in charge of some 225 young boys and girls between the ages of 14 and 18 years. They had taken over an old 300-acre farm which was formerly used as a German air base. On this old airfield they had plowed, they had planted, and they had harvested crops consisting chiefly of wheat, potatoes, hay, and many vegetables so sorely needed to augment their inadequate diet. Such energy and industry upon their part helped to raise their daily calories from 1,500 and 1,600 up to slightly over the 2,000 per day, which is the bare minimum that a human body requires.

I might add that these DP farmers had chickens, and they had hogs, and they had cattle, and they were doing a pretty fine job for a bunch of homeless and stateless kids.

Now, let us get back to the other question which has been raised by the opposition-the housing problem. Frankly, I -am deeply interested in the farm situation as such will be affected by this bill; and bear in mind, Mr. Chairman, this bill does not provide for the bring-· ing in of 400,000. It is the result of one long year of hard work by the Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization. We have gotten together and we believe we have a fair, honest, equitable approach in the form of a 200,000 compromise on the 400,000 requested by the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. STRATTON].

I have just received this morning from the Census Bureau of the Department of Agriculture a statement to the effect that the number of tenants in the United States in 1940 was 2,397,622 tenant far'mers; but in 1945, Mr. Chairman-and the Members representing farm districts should listen to this-there were only 1,-897,306, or a dead loss of 500,316. According to this release by our own Department of Agriculture here in Washington we badly need additional tenant farmers.

Mr. Chairman, I may say at the outset that I yield to no man insofar as my Americanism is concerned. There is no Member, man or woman, of this body that loves these United states any more than I; and let me say to you one thing sincerely and from the bottom of my heart: If I thougbt for one minute that any one of these people that we seek to alllow to enter this country as an immigrant was a Communist I would be the la~t man to take the floor of.this House and speak in the interest of this bill.

Let us analyze the situation. We have · heard all of the charges and condemnations hurled at the DP's-but I am going to enumerate six indictments which have been drawn by opponents of this bill.

First, that they are Communists. Second, that they are ~ll Jews.

Third, that they are all black marketeers.

Fourth, that they are lazy, that they will not work, and they cannot work.

Fifth, that they are illiterate, unclean, unkempt, and unshaven.

Sixth, that they are all criminals, a bunch of hoodlums.

I was really surprised to hear my good friend the gentleman from Georgia [Mr. Co.XJ, make the statement which in so many words said that these people were the scum of the earth. I resent that implied criticism of my good friends, Democrats and Republicans, who were on the Herter committee and who made a grand study of the European economic problem-and a beautiful job they did, believe you me, a magnificent job. However, I resent anybody saying after having gone into only a couple of displaced-persons' camps, and having made only a cursory study that they can give you a full report on the existing conditions in those camps. The Fulton subcommittee personally visited over 200 displaced-persons' camps and we interviewed over 4,000 individual DP's of all types and kinds, and of all nationalities. My good friend the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. LESINSKI] represents a · fine Polish district and I have no quaJrrel with him~ but let me say that the Poles are treated fairly in this bill. Somebody has made the statement that this bill ought to bring in the 18,000 who served in the Polish Army and who are now lo- _ cated in free England. Well, there are 40,000 Poles who are good, fine, clean, honorable people who would make fine United States citizens now in the DP camps, and they would be taken into consideration under the provisions of this bill. They have a sanctuary in England, but what we are trying to do is liquidate a problem that now exists, a cancerous sore, which is a blight on the free, respectable Christian people of the world. A problem which could very well be the seeds of world war III.

But, Mr. Chairman, make no mistake about it, we are not going to cure the troubles of the world by pouring out millions and billions for the r~habilitation or the reconstruction of factories, bridges, churches, and all of the material things of Europe.

If you do not spend some time, some effort and give some consideration to the displaced persons, those poor people who are without hope, who have suffered untold privation and personal indignities and who are languishing in these camps over there, you are sidestepping the problem and will never be able to solve it.

lVIr. LESINSKI. Mr. Chairman, will · the gentleman yield?

Mr. CHELF. I am sorry but I cannot yield until I have completed my statement.

Insofar as the Polish situation is concerned let us break it down by nationality. Of the total number of people in the DP camps 31 percent are Polish, 23 percent Jewish, 20 percent Baits, 14 percent Ukrainians, while there are 7 percent Yugoslavs in the DP camps, with 7 percent White Russians, Rumanians, Czechoslovakians and stateless people. These are the hard, cold figures.

. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 I knew you were entitled to the facts

and I am trying to give them to you. Let me say that I have no axe to grind. There are not 50 foreign-born people in the 300,000 constituents I have the honor to represent. I want to say further that there are not 100 first generation-born in my good district. My people back home are the salt of the earth; good, clean, honest Americans. Let me say to you they are just as kind, jqst as sympathetic, just as generous, and just as understanding as all of the Americans throughout the United States. They have a heart as big as a watermelon, a Texas watermelon if you please.

I mentioned a while ago that the chief criticism of this legislation-the chief worry of those who are against this bill, was that the DP's are Communists. Now, let us analyze this situation. It has been stated here that they are Communists. But Jet me say to you quite frankly that all of these good people from Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, the Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other countries are those poor devils who were conquered and who were taken over at bayonet point by the Germans. Many of their loved ones, their wives and their

• children were slaughtered like pigs before their very eyes. Their homes, and their possessions were sacked and burned. In addition they were subjected to unconscionable personal indignities · by maniacal perverts and sadists and those who were then physically able, were marched off to German concentration camps at the point of a gun and tattooed like branded cattle. When the Russians marched back from Stalingrad and the same territory was reconquered, do you think these poor miserable human beings were released from the hell of the German concentration camps? No. What happened to them? The Russian hierarchy and their army ably assisted by the Russian NKVD took these same, poor, pathetic unfortunates, these poor homeless people, these people the opponents of this bill call crumbs and the hard core, were driven like cattle before the Russian hierarchy and charged with being pro-Nazis, collaborators, and sympathizers and instead of being released, merciful God, they were tattooed on the other arm and slapped into a Russian concentration camp. Is it any wonder my colleagues why these poor DP's hate, loathe, despise, abhor, and detest communism arid all Germany. Those who escaped are in our DP camps.

I am not telling you what I heard over the radio; I am not telling you what I read in the newspapers; I am telling you what I saw over there. Thank heaven I had an opportunity to go. At the outset I was against the Stratton bill. I was against any of this sort of legislation and I prepared to issue a press release condemning the whole business. I could have gone home, I could have got on the highest hilltop and beat the biggest bass drum I could find and shout, "Keep the bums out, keep all of them out," but, no, I did not do that. I said to myself: "I am one member of six on the Immigration and Naturalization Subcommittee of the great Judiciary Committee of the most outstanding deliberative body in -the world." I

will tell you what I finally concluded. I -had no busines to judge this problem from strictly a local standpoint, because we six men were not representing an average of ZOO,OOO people back in our immediate congressional district. _,We were representing 23,333,333 people, . because 6 men divided into 140,000,-000 people numerically presented eacli of us with the representation of 23,333,333 citizens of these United States. I did not want to be placed in the attitude of deciding an issue, or rendering a decision in a case, before I · had heard the evidence and the argument of counsel. No judge will do that; no fair minded, unbiased, unprejudiced American would ever do that. I think we have eliminated the Communist angle.

Now, let us talk about the Jews. There are only 23 percent of them Jewish. So they are not all Jews, and what is more, 90 percent pf the Jews want to go to Palestine. You. spoke about black marketeering. You say they are lazy, they are illiterate, they will not work. Let me tell you one thing right now, Mr. Chairman, I have never seen a class of people in all of my life who with so little, did so much. Oh, yes; there was some black marketeering. But we are to blame. The Congress is to blame, everybody that has these poor, miseraple unfortunates under their control is to blame because we have denied them a medium of exchange. They are not allowed to have the American dollar, they are not allowed to have the French franc, they are not allowed to have the German mark, they are not allowed to have the Russian ruble. They have no medium of exchange, so the only thing they can use as money is a wee bit of candy, chewing gum, or some American cigarettes. ·

In one of these camps I saw this beautiful, exquisite work being done by young girls and women. They were teaching sewing in these camps. I said to the DP lady in charge, "How do you get the material to make this lovely pillow case?" She said, "We have none." I said, "How did you get this particular yarn and linen?" She said, "Well, they call it the black market." I said, "But how d~ -you get it?" She said, "We use three American packs of cigarettes to get the yarn. and materials to go into this work and we buy it from the Germans here." I said, "What do you do with it after it is finished?" She said, "We sell it to the wives of your GI soldiers over here." _I saidf· "How much do you get for it?" She said, "Five packs of cigarettes." I said, "How long does it take to make that article?" She said, "Ten days." I replied: "In other words, the cost is three packages of cigarettes; wages of two packages of cigarettes, and 10 days to make this article. Who gets the extra two packs? The individual who made it?" "No.'' she answered. "The extra two packs of cigarettes, which is our profit, goes back into the till.'' To do what? She explained that it was to 'pmchase ·additional yarn to make another beautiful tablecloth, towel, or pillowcase. · You see what I mean? That is why the black market is a misnomer, and they say these DP's cannot and will not work. Did you ever see such beautiful, magnificent and exquisite workman-

ship in · your life as ·I hold before you? Yes, this album was made of bits of scrap metal from airplanes left from the war. Here is another one. You talk about not being willing to do a job. Look at this. This hand-carved cigarette box was made in one of these DP camps. Are they the lazy, illiterate crumbs, the scum of the earth that nobody wants? This plate or card tray, my friends, was made out of some bits of war wreckage; from some of the planes shot down overseas right near the air base where this DP camp was located. Did you ever see a · better job than that? What did they do it with? With their hands, because they had absolutely no machinery to do the job with.

I submit to you again, I am giving you the facts as I saw them. If I thought they were bums, if I thought they were safeblowers, if I thought they were criminals or black marketeers, if I thought they were lazy or Communists, I would be the last man on this floor to come and ask you as my colleagues to consider the plight of these 200,000 homeless people.

I believe that I have answered the charges that have been made up to 'this point. Now, you have four solutions to this problem, let us make no mistake about that. .

No. 1. Forcibly repatriate these people, push them back into Russia. All of their homes are now dominated by Russia, All you have to do is to lift up the corner of the iron curtain; yes, push it up and drop them in, and you will have no further worry about any DP's who are so sentenced. They will be liquidated and therefore the problem solved in the Russian manner.

No. 2. No. 2 is to close the camps and throw these poor, miserable, unfortunate people out. on a starving German economy, where they are getting about 1,000 calories a day. _ It takes 2,000 calories to live a decent existence. You and I and the rest of us here in America have three, four, and five thousand calories a day. What's more, the DP's hate the Germans and they simply could not and would not live there as a matter of choice. ·

No. 3. To keep these camps permaJ)entiy operated; and as my good friend the gentleman from Maine, FRANK FELLows, the chairman of our Subcommittee on Immigration, pointed out, it would cost us in the neighborhood of $75,000,000 a year. I am going to say, FR~K, that I agree with you thoroughly when you take into consideration the fact that the Army spends a considerable sum

.in addition to the $75,000,000 appro-priated by Congress. Really, the United States of America is paying practically every dollar of the bill, and if we keep the DP's there for 10 years it will cost us around $2,000,000,000.

Yes, my friends, what is last but not least, we have to make up our minds, as to whether or not we will allow orderly immigration into the United States of America so as to set an example for the ·receiving nations under the PC-mo. There perhaps are a few misfits among the DP's just as there are among people in other coUntries of the world. You _have some who are lazy, some whq w.ill not work, of course. I do not propose to

1948 - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7751 say to you that all of these 200,000 I?P's are top notch, clean as a pin, and desirable as prospective citizens. But I am happy .to report to you that the vast majority were clean, orderly, law-abiding and that America would be proud to have them as citizens. There were flowers blooming in_ profusion in and about their camps. They had their own churches, with beautiful lecterns and - pulpits. The-re were home-made candles brought in to decorate their churches. Every conceivable foot of ground around the camps had been planted into some sort of a garden in order to get vegetables for additional food. ·

One of the most pathetic things I have ever seen was when I went in one. of the DP camps and they took me to a warehouse and showed -me that 1,200 women in that camp had 30 dresses and 25 coats; 1,500 men in that camp had 56 pair of pants in stock. There was a big bundle there. I said to the camp leader: "What is in that bundle?" He said, "Shoes.'; I stated, "Thank goodness you do have shoes at least for the winter." He replied: "No. Just look." I found that there were 1,000 pairs of shoes, but all for the right foot. Some of the bungling of UNRRA was again coming to light.

Mr. ELLIS. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?-

Mr. CHELF. I yield to the gentleman from West Virginia.

Mr. ELLIS. The gentleman has raised an interesting question. We would like to know what happened to the $70,000,-000 it has cost.

Mr. CHELF. What $70,000,000? Mr. ELLIS. The gentleman said we

were paying out $70,000,000 per annum on these camps. What has become of it if they do not have clothes?

Mr. CHELF. This is the situation. -They have no materials for these people to work on. They are doing the best they can. It takes the bulk of the money appropriated by us for the supervision, for the food, medical supplies, and so forth. Although the diet is strictly inadequate, there is no doubt about the DP's getting a little bit better food allocation than the German population. -

In conclusion let me repeat, at the beginning of this movement to allow immigration to these DP's I had my doubts, in fact, I was a "doubting Thomas"; however, I have had an opportunity personally to thrust my hand into the wound in the side of the problem, likewise to see the tattoos indicative of slaverl• and to feel the scars of the bayonets in the hands of these heart-rending, pathc:tic, miserable unfortunates of our DP cafnps in Europe. As a result, like St. PaUl on the road to Damascus-! suddenly saw the light.

I sincerely trust that this great Americah Congress who today sit as a jury, find for the defendants.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. - Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from New York [Mr. JAVITsJ.

Mr. JAVITS. Mr. · Chairman, I .said earlier today that this was the great moral issue -of Europe, and the vigor and sincerity with which my colleague from Kentucky has spoken are attributable to his sharing in that feeling, I know. If it

needed any. illustration, is it not shameful that -the House. of Representatives of the United States should be arguing in terms of apology for the fact that 23 percent, and only 23 percent of these DP's are Jewish-and that my friend and colleague from Kentucky should even have to answer such a point-which he did indeed so ably in the course o,f debate. Have we anything to apologize for in that this unhappy and unfortunate handfuLof Jews in Europe, the r.emainder of the 6,000;000 who were exterminated, . now have some 170,000 of their number left in the DP camps and as DP's entitled to IRO care? Is it not shameful that Members have to stand up in this House and answer for that fact? These Jewish DP's are human beings. If they are able and capable of being citizens of the United States, and are entitled to admission here because they are constructive and useful, why should they not be admitted? Have we fQrgotten that every one of us is a descendant of immigrants, and that the descendants of Jewish immigrants, and I am one myself, h~ve done some great and magnificent thicygs for our beloved country? •

Would anyone say that Bernard Baruch is not a credit to the United States, or Justices Cardozo and Brandeis? Is it not shameful, I say again, and does it not illustrat_e what I s-aid before, that this is a great moral issue; that there should l>e any need to comment on the fact that 23 perc, ..;nt or 24 percent or any percent of the DP's are Jewish? I am proud of the fact that I am Jewish. I think every one of these displaced persons should be proud of the fact tnat he is Jewish. Indeed, every person should be proud of his own great heritage of culture and faith, whatever it be. I think we should take that argument completely out of this debate about the whole bill.

Mr. ROONEY. Mr._ Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JAVITS. I yield. Mr. ROONEY. I agree 100 percent

with everything the gentleman has said. It should never have been necessary for such comment to take place on this :floor.

Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. ,Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JAVITS. I yield. Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. I would

like to say the same thing. I compliment the gentleman for the statement that he is making. I think that racial discrimination has no place in this bill.

Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Chairman, I am glad that I made that point. It was well v:orth the time it took, even though it might have taken all of my time.

The point has been made here about the orphan children. Only about eleven

· hundred orphan children have been admitted in 1946 and .1947 because they, too, are subject to the nationality quotas and the quotas have kept down tlTeir numbers, just as the quotas have kept down the numbers of all other immigrants and DP's who are seeking to be admitted into the United States. Twenty-five hundred more unaccompanied children in the displaced persons camps, our subcommittee was· informed,

·seek admission through the United States Commit tee for the Care of European

Children who . cannot get in largely because the quotas wilL not let them in.

_ Mr., LESINSKI. Mr .. Chairman, will . the gentleman yield?

Mr. JAVITS. I yield. Mr. LESINSKI. The gentleman will

recall that in 1945 the committee called on tlle displaced persons camp in Oswego and the committee recommended ad-

-mitting those people. Those were Jew. ish people. There was a camp in Mexico - that had·-:fif.teen hundred people. Eighty . percent of them were orphans. They are still in Mexico. Yet pn June 30, 1946, 1,548 quota numbers of Polish descent were bypassed by the State Department. Why did not the State Department allow these orphans to come in?

Mr. JAVITS. May I say to the gentleman that under the Fellows bill which is before us these numbers from the 200,000 will be allocated among the DP's, according to the elements which are in the camps, and that the greatest element in the camps, 31 percent, is Polish.

Mr. Chairman, there is one other·point I would like to make. All we; the people of the United St~tes, - are called on to do by this bill is to do our share. I think a very important point in respect to these displaced persons is to inquire whether we are doiJ:ig our share. Right now the maximum admissions from among the displaced persons in the occupied areas who come in under the President's directive and under the quota laws is _about 17,000 a year, while Great Britain is taking at a rate of about 60,000 DP's a year, and their population is something like 30 percent of our own. Canada, sparsely populated Canada, with onetenth of our population, is taking 15,000 DP's this year; Australia with a small population of about 6,000,000 is scheduled to take about 7,500 DP's this year; and the great United States with 140,-000,000 population, when we are at the peak of full employment, is taking a total of just about 17,000 DP's a year.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has expired.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from California [Mr. JACKSON].

Mr. JACKSON . of California. Mr. Chairman, I rise in support of the legislation under discussion here in the House today, and I offer my sincere congratulations to the able chairman of the Judiciary subcommittee for · not only reporting a fine piece of legislation, but for the able and statesmanlike manner in which he presented the measure to the House in his opening remarks.

Admission of a carefully selected and adequately screened number-of displaced persons, sometimes callously referred to as DP's, is in the way of- being a national obligation on the part of the United States. We have accepted a great measure of world leadership, a leadership which is not only· physical and financial in nature, but which also implies a moral responsibility on our part toward those less fortunate throughout the world.

The admission of some thousands of decent, hard-working, God fearing ilflmi- · grants. is in the best American spirit, and

-the act is one of ennoblement in the best American tradition of generosity and

7752 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE JUNE 10 kindness. Passage of this legislation will be a bright page ·in the American story.

And what, Mr. Chairman, is the American story? It is a story written in terms of human virtue, of sacrifice, of national and international nobility. It is a saga of courage, devotion to principle and in its lesser expressions a story of circuses, hot dogs, picnics, the Fourth of July, poli .. tical rallies, Horatio Alger, air-conditioning, and steel-concrete construction. America is all things to all men, and the portrayal of it has defied and will continue to defy the greatest of writers.

But what is of the greatest importance today is that the American story has been largely written by foreign-born hands. It is of more than passing moment that the soil of America has been enriched by the blood, the sweat, and the tears of a great many immigrants to this bright new world, men and women of character, courage, and foresight, who dreamed a dream of a new empire in which human dignity and freedom were to be the twin cornerstones of greatness. Our national history can be spelled out in terms of human sacrifice by the foreign-born, to whom no obstacle was too great to overcome on the trail from Ellis Island.

Certainly, as the gentleman from New York [Mr. JAVITS] so ably put it, this measure should and must be determined upon its merits as legislation, rather than upon any consideration of racial or religious question. There are none of us upon the floor of this House, to the best of my knowledge, who trace a straight and distinguished lineage from Pocahontas, so it is only fair to state that we are all in one way or another indebted to our immigrant forefathers for whatever privileges, rights, or prerogatives we now enjoy in our treasured citizenship. My own family came here from England three generations ago, and joined with other immigrants of other lands, other creeds, and other faiths in the greatest construction job the world has ever known-:-the building of a "new Nation and the drafting of a new concept of the relationships between men and government. To those men and women of character, determination, and faith, we, who are the repositories of their courage and their foresight, owe a great debt of eternal gratitude. They gave us, among other things, the American spirit of independence, the urge to creative and individual effort, the tradition of free enterprise under law. which we. on the majority side of the aisle, at least, cherish and do our best to nurture.

I think that I am qualified to speak. ~ith some degree o~ authority on t~e question of the "foreign-born and their merit as citizens. I was born and raised in South Dakota, which great State is not only ably represented in this great body, but which also numbers thousands of foreign-born among its fine citizens. I well know the industry. the thrift, and the conscientious devotion to God and their new country which these immigrants brought with them to their new homes on the plains and the prairies of our Middle West.

This is a good bargain that we propose to make with our national purse, our national conscience, and our great traditions. If we take 200,000 men and

women who refused to live in slavery, who defied the menials who aspired to mastery, we take into our midst human beings who know what the mailed fist and the heel of despotism really mean. My only regret over this legislation is the fact that we cannot trade 200,000 Communists and Fascist Americans for the people we expect to receive. The displaced persons are no unfeeling clods of the earth prepared to accept any tyrant's abuse in return for a blow and a crust of bread, but sentient mortals with souls, hearts, and brains who ask only the privilege of a new existence in which a human life is something more than a :fleck of rust on the mortal coil.

I trust and expect that this measure will overwhelmingly pass this House to-

. day, and that in passing it the membership will not dwell overlong on what a good bargain the displaced pe~ns have made with America but rather on the thought that we have made an excellent bargain with our own sense of justice and with our great national heritage.

The CHAffiMAN. The time of the gentleman from California [Mr. JACK-

·soN] has expired. · Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield

5 'minutes to the gentleman from Illinois [Mr. GORSKI].

Mr. GORSKI. Mr. Chairman, I want to compliment the gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS] for the splendid job he did on this bill. At all times during the consideration of the bill he was available and open to any suggestion that would in any way improve the bill. I talked to him on several occasions, and I know every other Member had the · s,ame opportunity.

This is a problem which we must solve. There are 835,000 persons in the displaced-persons camps. As the leading nation of this world, we are looked .upon to do something in this matter. If we take 200,000 of these displaced persons, we can say to the other nations that we have done our share and we can ask them to do their share. We will then solve this problem.

There has been a great deal said about dislocating our economy, and so on. I do· not think taking 200,000 of these people into our country over a period of 2 years would affect our economy at all. In addition to that. I remember the tes-

. timony of General Marshall and Judge Patterson. They both urged the passage of this bill. Judge Patterson said that these people would make good citizens. I am satisfied that both General Marshall and ·Judge Patterson had about as much information about conditions in the displaced-persons camps as any of us have. They had first-hand, up-to-date information, and knew the true conditions that existed there. and they were and are constantly informed on the situation in these camps.

Some people .would lead you to believe .that if we take these men in here we would have to feed, care, and provide for them. Judge Patterson said that these people are consumers, too, as well as workers; that they will contribute their share toward our economy; they buy food, clothes, furniture, and everything else that every other American citizen buys.

I think all of you know that about all that the average man who works for a living gets out of life is a living. He does not leave very much after he has gone. He usually spends all he earned to rear and support his family.

There has been some talk here about Communists in the camps. I think the testimony will bear out the fact that Russia had their men in these camps spreading ·their propaganda. . Naturally, we must bear this in mind, that people living in these displaced-persons camps are not living under normal family conditions. They are waiting and hoping for the day when they can reestablish themselves and live a good decent Christian life, to earn a respectable living; they, too, have hopes and ambitions to work, earn, and save, and get ahead. So you will prolilably find things not per!ect there; but if they were given the same opportunity to live as we live here they would make just as good men and women--good, peaceful, religious, and law-abiding people.

I urge the approval of this bill and will work for its passage. I believe it will pass and I believe that the Members here, the same as I, have received letters and telegrams from prominent men and religious and civic organizations, all urging the passage of this bill. I ain sure we want to do our share to adjust this postwar problem and I think, Mr. Chairman, that this is the least we can do. It is one of the problems that must· be solved. If we take the 200,000 people that this bill provides for, we will be doing our share and I know the other countries will follow.

We must bear in mind that these people in the displaced-persons camps are there because they cannot return to their former lr'omes on account of their political beliefs. They are not Communists. They are believers in democracy. If it was not for the political regimes in their respective countries they could, and would, return to their former places of residence but they cannot do that without taking the risk of being liquidated or

. imprisoned. All ·of them have spendidly aided our cause in the lasfwar, they value and appreciate freedom and dell1-ocracy, they would be an asset to our country, they would aid our economy. They know and are familiar with the brutality and cruelties of nazism, fascism, and bolshevism, and they do not want any part of that kind of government. I very strongly urge the passage of this bill.

The CHAffiMAN. 'The time of the gentleman from Dlinois has expired.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from West Virginia [Mr. ELLIS].

Mr. ELLIS. Mr. Chairman, nations ·can be, and have been, conquered by immigration more fatally than by invading armies.

All of us have been bemoaning and much concerned about the infiltration or migration, if you please, of Communists into European countries to the end that the home government in many countries have completely capitulated to the rule of communism.

With our people engrossed in domestic problems and concerned with conditions

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .7753 throughout the world, it has become easy · for an alert minority to whip up propaganda to alter our immigration laws in such a fashion as to do incalculable harm to the Nation.

We have a fast-growing country. Our population is increasing rapidly.

In 1946 our Census Bureau decided that a let-up was due and made a tentative estimate of. some 2,000,000 babies for 1947. Actually, the United States stork niade a record of 3,910,000 :flights last :Year, as confused population experts revised their charts and theories.

Right now our population is 145,340,-000. Looking 27 years ahead, to 1975, it is reasonable to assume that the United States will have at least 170,000,-000 inhabitants.

It is not only necessary for us to catch up with our 5 years of lost production for domestic use during the war but we must also keep pace with our rapidly increasing population. This will tax our production facilities for several years to come.

I served on the Immigration and Naturalization Committee for 4 years, and there I was able to observe the tremendous forces, alien and international in nature, bringing constant pressure on the Congress to open wide our gates to immigration. The same confusion, the same. distortion of facts, the same withholding of facts, the same :flood of misrepresentation obtained that always prevails when the administration is promoting some sinister political scheme contrary to public interest.

It was made evident that the detention camps in Europe were a desirable source of propaganda to prey upon our people, and those whose objective is to break down the immigration laws of this country saw to it that the problem of displaced persons was not solved satisfactorily. Their one objective was to get countless thousands of European immigrants into the United States, and it appears they are succeeding to a very great extent.

The United States since the war has admitted more aliens than all other nations combined. We have always admitted more, and, further, we have paid the expenses of the detention camps all over the world. ·

About 2 years ago, President Truman assigned 8 or 10 ships for the exclusive use of immigrants coming to this country and sent a commission to Europe to expedite their travel and admittance. Since then tens of thousands have entered monthly.

Let us look at the record. For the fiscal year 1946, 312,190 aliens of all classes-quota, nonquota, and nonimmigrant-were' admitted. In ·1947, 513,597 immigrants, quota and nonquota, of. all classes were admitted. The :figures for the first 6 months of 1948 are not complete but it is reasonable to assume that the number of aliens to be admitted this year will exceed ·700,000.

Here we have 1,500,000 in 3 years. It is safe to say that these immigrants oecupy 500,000 living units, and we do not have ·houses for veterans ..

We do not have accurate -figures on · aliens in this co-qntry .througq illegal en- :

try, but the number is estimated by competent authorities to be between 500, .. 000 and 1,000,000 annually.

They have hundreds of schemes to get into this country. For example, a Greek ship arrived in New York early last year with a crew of 242 and left with a crew of 80.

In 1944, more than 33,500 would-be im-. migrants were apprehended by our border patrol. In 1946, the number was 100,785. If the current rate of apprehension is maintained for the rest of this year the number will exceed 200,000. These figures give an idea of the tremendous pressure on our borders for entrance into this country.

The authorities expect a big increase in the number of aliens who will use the airplane. We are told the airplane is the most difficult means of smuggling to intercept. ·

Border patrolmen recently broke up an air-smuggling ring which brought 19 orientals and 4 Europeans to various airports in. the East. Each passenger paid the smugglers between $600 and $1,500.

The admittance of 200,000 additional immigrants out of a population of 200,-000,000 people will solve no problem for Europe and will only contribute to our domestic difficulties in the United States. If those unfortunate people are farmers or skilled laborers, or of the profess,ional class, the need for their services is far greater in Europe than in this country. Their labors are needed to rehabilitate t~1ose countries where we are now spend-ing billions of dollars. _

Instead of this bill we should have here, today, a measure terminating all immigration for a period of years and give us time to check the number of aliens in this country, what type of people they are, and to determine what to do about them.

In viewing this problem, I do not overlook the fact that this country was created by immigrants, and I pay my respe.cts to the tens of thousands of immigrants who are today living with us and have made good American citizens, but there comes a time when we must safeguard the interest of our country in dealing with the question of immigration.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. JENKINS].

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, I join with those who have paid tribute to the distinguished chairman of the subcommittee handling this bill, my good friend, the gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLows], who made a very eloquent address. He prepa-red and delivered it in such a way as to make it a classic. But I am sorry I cannot agree with him.

He recited to you the history of immigration; Without ·being egotistical, · may I say that I was a Member of this Congress and helped to write and to pass the legislation that is now the history and the story of immigration. Today I stand abashed to see this great structure, built up as it has been with the finest of purposes, with the finest of intentions, being employed for a purpose entirely . differen.t 'from-that which. was originallY. intended.

Mr. Chairman, this is not an immigration problem. This is purely a relief problem. It) has no genuine immigration in it. What is an immigrant? An immigrant is one who comes to a country for the purpose of becoming a citizen of that country. An immigrant is not a person who has been brought into a country. The United States was the first country to develop the restriction of immigration as a national policy. Our country took the position that every country had the inherent right to determine who should be permitted to enter that country for residence and for citizenship. Our country has told the world that American residence and citizenship is a privilege and not a right.

I listened to my very distinguished friend, the gentleman from Pennsylvania, Judge WALTER. I was waiting for the time when the first speaker would say, "We will bring them in." Sure enough · Judge WALTER did say, ''Bring them in.'' That is exactly what this bill' does. It brings them in. You do not bring an immigrant in. The real immigrants who made this country great were not brought in. They .came in. They stood in line and waited for their turn. They asked for the great privilege of becoming American citizens. They proved their worth on the other side before we accepted them and most of them proved their worth on this side after they got here. So I say to you that it is a misnomer to call this an immigration bill. ~his is a relief bill.

I join with those who sympathize with unfortunates. I join with those who feel for these people who are in these camps over in Europe. Some of them are deserving, 'while many, possibly most of them, are not. Certainly, it is a relief problem that has grown out of the w~r. yet not altogether out of the war -either, because when I was in Rome last year I spoke to a man I considered one of the best;.. posted individuals · over there, and he told me that in that September more persons had come into the · DP camp than were taken out that month. and more had come in than in the preceding month of August: Many of these who came were coming into the camp many months· after the war. They were not people. who were first displaced. Certainly not. So I say to you again, this problem is a relief problem.

· Now, you may ask me how I would solve this problem. How would I dispose of this problem? What about these billions of dollars we have been sending to Europe? We have been sending it over there for relief. If these people are so terribly· located as we are told, what indfviduals in Europe should have that money first? Is there any who should have received more of that relief money than these · poor displaced people? Certainly not. They have had the money, they have had lots of that money and many of them have come to this country. Did we do our part? We have done more than our part. Six hundred thousand have found

·their way here legally, and hundreds of thousands have found their way here illegally all through this country.

I am- going to ask you one question: · Who Js going :to. pay for bringing · these people here~ Will you answer .me?

.7754 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 Mr. WALTER. Mr. Chairman, will the

gentleman yield? · Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the

gentleman from Pennsylvania. Mr. WALTER. These various church

_groups have already made arrangements to raise the money to bring all of the people over here, and not only that, but will provide bond if they get them here.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. That is right; they will bring them here. In other words, somebody will have a choice in saying who shall come. That means that someone will be left out. That will be ·no antidote to the hunger of those who will not be chosen. There are plenty of little children right here in America who need help. What church is going to select whom and what? They will probably select their own communicants, their own people. That will bring complaints from many people. Listen to me. When these persons who have been brought in show their real character and inclinations or get bad, as the gentleman 'from Maine jntimated, when they violate the law and become deportable, where are you going to send them? What are you going to do with the bad ones, now? Answer me. Will yoti send them back to the country in which you found them? No; when you bring them here, they are here for good, regardless of communistic inclinations. You cannot send them back and you cannot throw them into the sea. One of the most popular statements a ' public speaker can make is, "Let us send them back where they come from." But that is just a hollow statement, for very few have been sent back since Franklin D. and Eleanor came into power.

Mr. JENNINGS. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from Tennessee.

Mr. JENNINGS. Have we ever sent anybody out, no matter how bad he was?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Have we ever sent anybody out? No; we have not sent many out. I do not want to go into detail about that, but I have had a lot of experience with immigration matters. I know that ·the number sent out were shamefully few. That failure is a terrible travesty on the lack of adniinistration in our country.

Mr. BURLESON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from Texas.

Mr. BURLESON. I understand that there are now 32,000 deportable cases in New York City alone, and there is no telling how many there are all over the country ..

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I have no doubt that the gentleman is right. I do not want to inject politics into this argument, but politics belong. here, when you talk about this proposition of why practically no deportations have been made~ Not in the last 15 years has there been any genuine effort to deport anybody that ought to be deported, and you know that. That is a fact, and I think you will all agree with me. .

Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the g_ehtleman from Pennsylvania.

Mr. McDOWELL. I am for this bill, but I would like to tell the gentleman this, that the Government of the United States has been trying for a year and a half to deport from this country what the entir~ world knows is the No. 1 American Communist, here illegally, Gerhart Eisler, and he is still here, and he is going to be here for a long time.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Yes; and so ' is the man on the Pacific coast that -has been stirring up so much trouble out there, and others that ought to be deported. You talk about sending them out. Do not delude yourself.

Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from Mississippi.

Mr. RANKIN; Yes; and you have a. whole lot more Gerhart Ei$lers parked in these concentration camps coming to the United States as Communist spies; do not forget that. You will bring in a darn sight more of that kind than you have here now.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. The gentleman from Mississippi is probably the best-posted man in this House on these matters and I agree with him. .

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from New York.

Mr. CELLER. Does the gentleman know that the Members of this House and the Members of the other body have introduced hundreds of bills staying deportations?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Yes. I know that this is done very frequently by Members who come from sections populated heavily by foreign-born persons. In past years, when I was a member of the Committee on Immigration, I opposed many of these private bills quite successfully but that was the time when the Govern~ ment .officials were making an effort to enforce the law.

·Here is another thing that I wanted to mention, if I may. The distinguished gentleman from Maine says that we are going to spend millions and billions of dollars on this proposition of relief if we do not bring these peot;Jle in. That is what he wants us to do, bring them in to save spending billions of dollars. What are you going to do with them ~hen you bring them in? My friends, listen to me. Here is the way I would decide that. I would tell England, I ~ou~d .tell France, and I would ten ·rtaly,

This IS your problem; this is your relief problem. We have sent you the money, Take care of these people and wipe out these camps and do it quickly." You say that they have done their part. They have not been doing their part. The fact that the camps have increased in population shows that. My distinguished friend from Maine says that we have repatriated 7,000,000 out of 8,000,000 and that there are 832,000 there yet today. As far as that is concerned, the number is increasing instead of decreasing.

Mr. DORN. Mr. Chairman, ·Will the gentleman yield?

Mr .. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from South Carolina.

Mr. DORN. In that connection, some Of this Marshall-plan money, better known as the Bevin plan, was to be used to rehabilitate and settle some of these displaced persons. Also, is it not a fact that France owns colonial possessions that are still in a frontier state that these people could go to and work, if they only wanted to?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. The gentleman is right about that. We are making a serious mistake if we pass this bill. There are several amendments going to be offered to this bill today. They say that if you bring in those provided for in this bill, then you should l"ring in others equally deserving. There are millions who are as hungry and deserving as those provided for in this bill.

I just want to touch on another point in the short time I have, and that is this. What are you going to do with these people when you get them here with reference to housing? The mayor of the city of New York, where most of these people will go-90 percent of them, I dare say, will not leave the east coast, but will go into the clothing factories; that is where they will stay. He stated that in New York City alone there are 150,000 families without homes today, Testimony was given before a committee of this House within the last 6 months that there are 450,000 out of work in New York City. This is a great problem. Why bring these unfortunate people into our country to puniSh them, and promise them this, that, and the other? How are we going to house them? In this connection let me say to you that the American Legion is most emphatically opposing this kind of legislation. I refer you to the address of Col. Paul Griffith, the national commander of the American Legion, as it appears in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD on page 6905 Of date of June 2, 1948.

Further, I know some good people in Greece and other parts of Europe who love America and who have relatives in America. They have been taught over the years to respect America. They want to come here and have been standing in line now for years waiting to come in to join their relatives. What do you d~ with them? You say, "You have been standing there now for years and now YOU cannot come for another 5 or 10 years." I know a family that has fine boys who want to come here, to live with relatives who will take care of them in this country and give them a good education. They will have to stand aside for some of those provided for in this bill. Their coming here is 5 years off and now this will put them another 5 o; 10 years off. The result will be that they will never have an opportunity to come here, they will have to give this chance to someone else.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from Maine.

Mr. FELLOWS. The gentlem~n spoke about the housing questiQn, where we are going to put them, and so forth. I call attention to section 6 on page 7 of the bill, which provides that applicants for

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-~OUSE 7755 admission shall be approved for se.ttlement in the particular State or Terntory to which they are destined only in a~cordance with the settlement opportumties and numbers certified to the Coordinator by the chief executive officer thereof.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I understand the gentleman's question. I ~o not .attach much value to this provision. It JUSt would not work and at least 90 percent of these persons would not get 50 miles away from the Atlantic coast. The governors In the States are not going to have the opportunity to certify these people ~or settlement. That is just put m the bill, not that the gentleman put it in, for. no other reason than to make people thmk that these folks are going inland. They will never get there, and the gentleman knows they never intend to get there.

In proof of that, let m~ call Y?Ur attention to another thing m the bill that makes me wonder. I may be wrong about this, and if I am, I want you to corre~t me. On page 6, in paragraph .<a> 1t states that you are going to admit ·certain groups of people. You list first aliens qualified as farm laborers, and after that physicians, dentists, medical nurses, clothing and garment makers, and ~o forth. Does that mean that the physicians and the medical nurses and the household and construction people and garment workers will come in on the same priority as the farmer does?

Mr. FELLOWS. Yes. . Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. That IS ex

actly what I thought. At first glance .one would think that the farmers would come first. But that is not true. That ts what I want to call attention to. The bill first says farmers. Do not be misled by this. What is the list that follows? Physicians, dentists, medical. nurses, household, construction •. clothmg, a:nd garment workers, or aliens posses~mg educational, scientific, or technological qualificati9ns. Under that language tl_le students can come in. They who Will be getting ready to bec?me gradua~e Communists, they who Will keep us m trouble all the time. The farmers are put out in- front but there will be no farmers. These places will be taken by garment workers, students, per~ons claiming to be ministers and scientists. They will fill up the lists with that type that always crowd themselves to tl_le front. The timid, deserving persons Will never be chosen.

I repeat that this is a relief problem which should be solved by the European countries themselves.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself 2 minutes to answer .some of the assertions made by the preVIOUs speaker concerning housing. I am sure this is not laughable. This is a logical answer that was given by representatives of various religious. agencies, among them the head of the Rural Catholic Life Conference, who said the following:

The conference is convinced that the admission o! these displaced parties to the United States can be effected without any undue strain upon our domestic economy, without any injustice to our veterans, and without aggravating the housing situ~tion. A proportionate share of these people 1s not

a large one in view of the size and resources of our country. The number is somewhat less than 100,000 families.

He spoke of the Stratton bill. The Fellows bill reduces its number of DP's to 200,000. He continued:

Many of them would be cared for by relatives and friends or others willing to assume responsibility during the period of adjustment, for their housing and employment. Since many of the displaced persons are rural people, it is highly desiraple· that they be directed to rural areas 1and away from congested areas and to see that these persons are prepared for such a life and be so directed is the fixed policy of our organization.

To the same effect is a statement by the National Lutheran Council consisting of 8 000 pastors throughout the country, 50 percent of them serving in rural and small towns. It was stated they would use their best endeavors to settle the Lutherans amongst the displaced persons in rural sections of the Nation. To the same effect were statements by representatives of the American Baptist Associations, as well as state~ents of organizations of the Jewish faith and the Quakers and Mennonites.

Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. HoBBS], a member of the committee.

Mr. HOBBS. Mr. Chairman, I cannot begin to speak without paying my compliments to the gentleman who ·spoke a few moments ago. I am glad that th:e genUeman from Ohio [Mr. JENKINs] 1s still here. I hardly think that he meant what he said. He has a perfect right to be critical of this or any other bill. He has a perfect right to laugh it out of court if he can. But I submit as a fair question: Have you the right, sir, to say that the subcommittee that has worked on this bill for nearly 2 years, and drew the provision in question, had no intention that any should come in in accordance therewith? I submit that that is perilously close to insulting honorab~ Members of the House of Representatives, gentlemen who need no defense. I doubt seriously if the gentleman meant to make any such imputation or charge.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman will the gentleman yield? M~. HOBBS. I am happy to yield to

to the gentleman. . Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I should llke

to say that no Member of the House has on more occasions complimented the Committee on the Judiciary than I ha~e. I think the gentleman must have m~sunderstood what I said. I cannot qwte recall now what he alludes to. Whatever I did say, I am not attempting to impute any improper motives to anyone. - Mr. HOBBS. I appreciate the hon-orable gentleman's statement. But we do not want compliments that we do not deserve, and many times we may not. But I am not mistaken about what I heard the gentleman say. I hope and I believe, as I said I hoped and beli~ved, that the gentleman did not mean It. I hope that he will correct his remarks in the RECORD. . .

Mr. Chairman, the eminent chairman of the subcommittee has already made a masterly and unanswerable argument in support of the bill that bears his name.

it leaves nothing to be said. I am proud to be his pupil, supporter, and friend. I join in the loud "Amen." I am not a member of the subcommittee, but I have sat there and observed the grinding of that mill for nearly 2 years. I have seen the sentiment of our whole committee change on this subject in spite of the able arguments and adroit questions of another honest, outstanding, and patriotic student of this problem, for whom I entertain nothing less than the highest regard, our fellow Member, the gentleman from Texas, Hon. ED GosSETT. I listened to him cross-examine General Marshall and Judge Patterson, then the Secretary of War. I saw him answered by those gentlemen and others. I would feel presumptuous were I to discount th:e testimony given by men perfectly qualified to speak by reason of superior know!~ edge, daily experience, and despera~e study under the spur of great responsibility, facing the pressing need of solu~ tion of this problem. General Marshall was good enough to build our armies, plan our defense and attack, and lead us to victory in the greatest war of all time. Secretary Patterson was good enough to perform admirably the multitudinous duties of the office of the Secretary of War, one of which was the care of these DP's in the American zone. I submit that no one of you could have heard their testimony, never blinking an eye, never dodging an issue, who did not become sold on the final product that FRANK FELLows and the men on his subcommittee wrote into this bill.

This bill does not authorize the admission of even one additional alien,. in the long run. It preserves our immi~ gration laws and quota systems, exactly as they are. It simply steps on the accelerator for 2 years, charging every immigrant admitted to his proper quota, and then steps on the brakes. No matter how long it may require to pay off the mortgage put upon future quotas, it must be paid. And by reason of the better screening required we will get even more desirable citizens from those DP's admitted under this bill than would be possible under routine administration of the law as it now stands. Finally, this bill will save money by reducing the burden of our DP camps.

I just want to ask: Who prepared the housing for our ancestors who landed at Plymouth Rock? Where were the mansions that they were to occupy? There were none. It is said: We have got to house these immigrants. Already we knew it and in the bill we wrote a pro-

'vision that provided for that necessity. I say no man could have witnessed the

tremendous change that came over our committee, from the point where _there was hardly a single man in favor of the Stratton bill to where there was only one distinguished gentleman who is against the pending bill, and not be for this bill.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. HoBBS] has expired.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from Connecticut [Mr. FooTEJ.

•

•

7756 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUN_E 10 Mr. FOOTE. Mr. Chairman, after

the masterful presentation of this matter by my New England colleague, the gentleman from Maine, FRANK FELLOWS, chairman of the Subcommittee on Immigration, little further need be said . concerning it. He has demonstrated, both from an economic and humanitarian standpoint, the advisability of this legislation beyond all reasonable doubt.

The subject of displaced-persons legislation is one in which the people of my district are vitally interested. In New Haven a citizens committee was formed to sponsor this matter, composed of prominent people of all racial backgrounds. Many of these people could not possibly personally benefit from the passage of this bill. By that, I mean they have no relatives or friend$ in foreign lands who might come here if this legislation becomes law.

1 This matter was first brought to my

attention about a year ago when the gentleman from Illinois, Congressman at Large STRATTON, introduced his bill on this subject. I was then a fellow member of the Banking and Currency Committee and obtained considerable information at that time concerning this troublesome problem and became sympathetic to this cause.

The Fellows bill is not as liberal as the Stratton bill. To my mind the Fellows bill is a fair compromise of the situation as between those who would let down the . bars of immigration absolutely and those who would restrict further immigration in the same manner.

The immigration quotas remained unfilled during the war years and under the law if not used they lapse. The number permitted to enter under the Fellows bill is much less than the number of persons that would have come here legally during the past 5 years under the present quota if it had not been for wartime conditions.

Furthermore, under the Fellows bill no more people come here eventually than under the existing quotas. The bill permits them to come here sooner and eventually all those persons who are admitted are charged off to the existing quota, except the orphans.

There is no relaxation of the immigration laws. Undesirables cannot come here as all applicants must meet the same standard our present immigration laws require and must have sponsors who will enter into a binding agreement to guarantee they will not become public charges.

Our colleague, the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF], a member of the Judiciary Committee, was privileged to visit these displaced-persons camps last summer and assured the members of the committee that the majority of these persons are industrious and skillful. He . exhibited to us certain handiwork which they had made under most trying conditions. He was satisfied that these people are not Communists, but by virtue of their experiences are confirmed despisers of it. The longer these persons stay in the displaced-persons camps just so much faster will they lose their morale. A large portion of them can be salvaged today if they are given that hope of leading decent lives under a free system of

government. In addition, it is costing this country approximately $100,000,000 a year to maintain them there.

It' is my opinion that this is on~ of the responsibilities we must assume in our role of world leadership. These. people who stood out against aggression, whether of nazism or communism, and survived the terrors of war, are people of character who have demonstrated they can stand up against devastation, and it is believed they will lead useful lives in this country. This legislation is justified from a humanitarian as well as an economic standpoint. No State will have any displaced persons forced upon it~ The governor thereof must signify how many he will permit to enter his jurisdiction.

We are all immigrants or the sons of · immigrants, except the Indians. It is fitting, therefore, that we extend a hand of welcome to the oppressed of other lands. The history of our Nation shows that the rich blood of the immigrants has fired the life stream of America with new

. courage. It has given us great men and great women of wisdom, devotion, and talent. Our Republic has expanded because it extended its charity and opened its gates to those who knew even better than we, the blessings to be found in a Government of free people.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 4 minutes to the gentleman from Texas [Mr. BURLESON].

Mr. BURLESON. Mr. Chairman, after what the gentleman from Alabama [Mr. HoBBS] has just said, it humbles me to contribute my two cents' worth; but I was sent here to try to think for myself, and I hope on this subject I am thinking correctly.

I understand that in 1940 there were 5,000,000 ali~ns registered under the Alien Registration Act. There is no telling how many are not registered.

I wanted to ask the gentleman from Kentucky how he figures everyone in a displaced-persons .camp are people who would be desirable citizens of this country when 40 percent of them-and this is according to information from our own

-consular officials-have made fraudulent applications for visas to enter this country. I do not understand that. The gentleman from Ohio has touched the key spring to this whole question. We are on the road to wreck our immigration laws and I believe we should be strengthening instead of weakening them. ,..

This is a moral issue, they tell me. For the sake of argument let us grant that it is. I feel the deepest compassion for the childr~n of the world who are unfortunate enough to be in displacedpersons camps, and we should help them. But who are displaced persons? AU around the world, people during the last w~r who had hung on to mythical ideas, created devious rituals as something to aid them in achieving their desires. Then they saw great silver birds soaring in the air on which men rode and from which death spewed and they wanted to come into this country as the land of their Elysian dreams, a country that could fill their awakened desire in a material way.

Mr. CHELF. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. BURLESON. No; the gentleman would not yield to me.

Mr. CHELF. But the gentleman re-ferred to me. - ·

Mr. BURLESON. There is a very · old story I once_ re.ad in a very old book, a dust-covered bpok, that may be found in many good homes throughout this land. It is the story of a man on the road from Jericho to Jerusalem. That is a very busy road today, but it seemed then to have some lonely ~d deserted places along the way ·and he was fallen upon .and robbed, and he was beaten, and stripped of all his earthly possessions and left beside the road to die. Soon there came a man, a goodly man, who wore the robes of a priest, but who did not think he was his brother's keeper. so he passed on the other side of the road. Then came a Levite on the scene, a man of the same nationality as the man who lay dying beside the road; but he did not think he was his brother's keeper and he passed by on the other side. Finally a Samaritan came that way, the natural enemy of the Levite; but he felt that he was his brother's keeper and he took him to the inn and told the innkeeper to take care of him, gave him money to pay for his keep, and said, "I shall return soon and if there is aught that he owes, I will pay you, I will be responsible." It seems to me the answer is not that we must bring displaced persons into this country, but to care for them as best we can where they are in the hope that conditions may improve in time. Delay -this action to study the proposition of recolonization in Africa, or until circumstances may change in their native country. In the meantime, we are taking care of these people in a fairly good manner. The report of the committee has determined that to be true. For instance, they are receiving 2,100 calories per person as compared to 1,500 for the German workingman. They are not in concentration camps, as many people believe. Incidentally, it is my belief we would have seen even more results if the $73,000,000 already given t.c the·IRO had been spent by the Army as it was originally intended, and I shall refer to this matter later.

Now, Mr. Chairman, who are the displaced persons around this world?

Millions of people are no more displaced now than millions have been for hundreds of years, and more particularly since World War I. In Maurice Davie's book Refugees in America he says that in 1939, 20 years after World War I, there were 600,000 stateless persons, and the

-sources of his ·authority is the records of the League of Nations.

At the close of hostilities I understand there were an estimated 8,000,000 ·displaced persons in central Europe alone, and that about 7,000,000 have been repatriated, and that we are now concerned with the million left over in and out of camps in the American, British, and French zones in Germany and Austria. But this figure takes on certain assumptions, and the committee created under Senate Resolution 137 in its Report No. 950, filed March 2 of this year, necessarily accepted certain arbitrary defini-

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7757 tions and designations of displaced persons.

Who are displaced persons around this world, and why are we at this time becoming so deeply concerned about the situation from the moral and political standpoint? I have not the least objection to concerning ourselves with the economic and political rehabilitation · of peoples all over the world insofar as our abilities will permit, but must we bring them her.e now and is there no other solution?

Mr. Chairman, I understand that as a part of the Unit ed Nations there is the International Refugee Organization, and by authority of Public Law 146 the President is authorized to accept membership for the United States, and that such Organization take over the · displacedpersons problems. I understand that the authority was given upon the condition and with the reservation that no agreement should be concluded on ~half of the United States which would affect or abrogate any of the immigration laws of this country. By this condition the security of this country in its action upon this subject has been preserved.

But, Mr. Chairman, who are displaced persons? Should we include a half dozen or so Pakistanians? There are about 10,-000,000 of those. I know of a little atoll out in the Pacific called ffiithie, com·posed of about 11 tiny islands. The natives wer€ moved off one of those called Mog Mog because we needed it for a place to stretch our legs, · and they were not happy, and I understand they are not yet returned; but if that appears facetious, how about those 10,000,000 people said to be of German ethnic origin who lived in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, many of whom were from families who had lived in these countries for generations and who were forcibly expelled from those countries; their property confiscated; and they were driven into Germany and Austria. This was done pursuant to the Potsdam agreement of August 1945. These people, Mr. Chairman, constituted a new class of displaced persons, and our Nation participated in creating it. It is es-

. timated that about 3,000,000 of these people have since the end of the war been driven into the American zone of Germany alone. These 10,000,000 people

·were displaced pursuant to the Potsdam · agreement and are expressly excluded by the Constitution of the UN, from the care and assistance of the International Refugee Organization. They are not looked upon today as displaced persons, when as a matter of fact there are no people more displaced than these who are left out of the definition.

But these are not all of the displaced persons: even in Europe. Hundreds of thousands are lodged in the Scandina.vian countries of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, and are beyond the purview of

- the International Refugee Organization, and it is reported periodically that great numbers of these people are being deported to Russia as slave laborers. Then there are those men, estimated at 200,-000, 'iho were members of the Anders Polish Army, who cannot return to Poland. They are scattered in the _ various

· areas of Europe and are excluded from XCIV--489

the jurisdiction of the mo. We know from our ofiicials in Germany that hundreds of thousands since the end of the war have been leaving countries behind the iron curtain and entering into Germany and Austria, and it is estimated, I believe, that there are approximately 200,000 of these who are eligible under mo who have gone into the camps of Germany. .

This is still only a small part of the .displaced persons around this world. We can go on and on, and the problem insofar as today is concerned is insurmountable, but we can assist as we are doing now, to care for these people who are in need of assistance, and I think the report of investigating committees in Europe last year indicates that a fairly good job is being done, even though the International Refugee Organization is not in actual operation. You will recall that it has not come into being because of the 54 nations which are members of the UN only 14 have accepted participation in mo as of this date, r.nd the Constitution requires that 15 nations must sign before it . becomes effective. The organization is working under the name of the Preparatory Commission for International Refugee Organization, an interim agency operating under agreement of the governments which have already signed.

Up to the present time the United States has contributed approximately 79 percent of the total contributions. We have placed at the disposal of mo $73,000,000, but our agreement when we entered into the organization was to pay 39 percent of the operation cost and 45 percent of the relief. I repeat that it occurs to me that it would have been considerably wiser to have left the care of refugees with the United States Army, rather than create a successor to UNRRA with all its miserable failures.

Mr. Chairman, it is not denied that there are many Communists in the displaced persons' camps, and among those people coming within the definition of refugees. The records indicate that 40 percent of the applications for visas filed by displaced persons in Germany and Austria were fraudulent and that the number is increasing. This information is from our consular ofiicers, and they admit that it is a most serious matter and one which will be most difiicult to overcome. Of course, they are not all Communists-nobody would contend that to be true-but many of them are and will fit into the Communist scheme directed from Moscow if they are permitted to come into this country, as surely as round pegs go into round holes and square pegs go into square holes. I cannot be a party to bringing one single potential saboteur into this country, when we now have an estimated 100,000 already here. Rather I should make the proposition in reverse, that those who believe there is something better than what we have here and wish to destroy it, should be retured to those places where their philosophies are accepted as perfect.

Aside from the proposition of bringing disloyal persons into this country, it has always been the general purpose that immigrants should be assimilated with those Americans who have already

been indoctrinated into our philosophies and our way of living. You know very well what will happen when displaced persons are brought into this country. They talk of farmers and farm help. Most of them will be farming in the heart of New York and Chicago, and will probably never cultivate anything larger than a window-box. I understand there are something like 32,000 deportation cases now on the docket in New York, but we insist on bringing in another 200,000 to house, feed, and clothe, to educate and assimilate into the people of this country.

In 1940 approximately 5,000,000 aliens registered under the Alien Registration Act. Almost 70 percent of them were concentrated in urban areas of 50,000 PQpulation, whereas only 34 percent of the total population of the United States, including the aliens, were in such urban centers. Where have been the areas of settlement of the displaced persons who have been admitted since 1945? Statistics show that about 90 percent of the 17,000 displaced persons admitted during the fiscal year H'47 settled in the urban areas, and 50 percent in New York City alone.

Mr. Chairman, this bill has been sold to many people in this country on the basis of a moral obligation. All right, we are accepting that obligation in numerous ways today. Investigating

' committees, or at least some of the members who had occasion to visit a number of displaced persons' camps, will testify to the fact that those in Germany are · now" receiving comparatively-good care; that the camps are clean, where the occupants want them to be clean; they are not concentration camps; they are receiving 2,100 calories per day, as compared to the working German of about 1,500 to 1,700 calories. And all in all the taxpayers of this country are doing fairly well in meeting a moral obligation in· caring for unfortunate people around the world.

Perhaps it can be reasonably assumed that many people defined as DP's have a better living standard under their present status than they ever had before. That is small comfort from the standpoint of rehabilitating the peoples of the world but the fact remains, it cannot all be done immediately but is a gradual planned process and it seems to me the safest answer lies in eventual repatriation or colonization of these unfor- , tunates.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 1 minute to the gentleman from Kentucky • [Mr. CHELFJ.

Mr. CHELF. Mr. Chairman, I would like to utilize this minute by saying to the gentleman that I admire his stand. That is America, that is democracy, that is what makes this country of ours great--difference of opinion. I want to say to the gentleman that his information is incorrect insofar as all of the displaced persons wanting to come to the United States. For instance, of the 23 percent of the Jewish people involved, 90 percent of those people want to go to Palestine. Those are the figures from one of the biggest Jewish DP's camps in all of Europe. It has a population of some 4,500, which is as large as my home town of Lebanon, Ky. Thirty-three

r/758 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HO'OSE JUNE 10 Jewish people of this camp out of thirty- that has already been done by others four polled by me wanted to go to Pal- more capable than·I am. The scholarly estine. I may say to the gentleman that and informative report written by the there were very few who wanted to come gentleman from Maine, the chairman of to the United States. The bulk of them the subcommittee, and the author of the wanted to go to Great Britain, Australia, bill, and his masterly summation in Belgium, Canada, and other places. We opening this debate, adequately cover the were a poor fifth in t.Q.e list of countries subject. I should like, Mr. Chairman, if I the DP's wanted to go to because many may, to speak briefly on the bill as a nations had recruiting teams over there whole. in the camps soliciting the DP's trying to It seems to me that there are so many get them to immigrate to their respective cogent and compelling reasons why this countries. We were dilatory on this par- bill should be passed that I find myself ticular subject insofar as our country _in somewhat of a quandary, in the short was concerned. time at my disposal, in selecting those

Mr. BURLESON. I would suggest that points that should be stressed, lest I they go to those places then where they · seem . to neglect others equally imporwanted to go. · tant. So much can be said in support of

Mr. CHELF. The gentleman knows · the bill, from every angle, that it would that the only natural-born Americans require much more time than I have are the Indians. The gentleman is no available adequately to discuss it. From Indian. My ancestors were Welsh and I the economic, the political, using that would not be here in the United States of word in its broad and not in its narrow, America, the ·garden spot of the world partisan sense, and the humanitarian today, if the Congress back in 1767 had points of view, it is the wise, j\lst, and rejected immigrants. proper step to take. -

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the From the economic standpoint this gentleman from Kentucky has expired. bill, supported as it is by the two great

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I labor organizations of America, will yield 5 minutes to the gentlemah from bring into our economy people whose

-Pennsylvania [Mr. JENKINS]. variegated skills we need and can use. Mr. JENKINS of Pennsylvania. Mr. On pages 16 and 17 of the committee re

Chairman, during my brief sojourn as a port, there is a list of them. Of that, Member of this House, a sojourn soon to the committee has said: be terminated, I have tried to keep in In conclusion, it may be stated, about the mind the comment made by Mr. Disraeli, occupational skills possessed by refugee!! the famous Prime Minister of England under IRO care and maintenance, that they when, in disagreeing with the suggestion are varied and represent a rich source of of a young member of Parliament ~that la'bor supply. countries actively seeking his constituents ought to hear him ex- persons for resettlement in order to diminish

their labor shortages have already found, press himself on the :floor, Mr. Disraeli and will continue to find, that refugees can said that he thought it was better, much be of considerable value in aiding the solubetter, that the young man's constitution of manpower problems. That they have ents should wonder why he didn't speak, other characteristics as well, which should than why he did. Possibly I should have be of help in making them valuable citizens continued to bear that in mind today, of the country of their resettlement, is also but I have such a keen interest in the bill apparent in any analysis of this group. we are presently considering, H. R. 6396, Already those who have come have that I am taking, for myself, one of those made significant contributions to Amercalculated risks of which we have heard ican life. On pages 69 to 73 appears a so frequently of late. · list of some of .. them. Two hundred and

This is a bill to authorize, for the next twenty of them appear in America's 2 years, the admission into the United ·Men of Science, twelve of them Nobel States for permanent residence, of not prize winners. Seventy-three are in ·more than 200,000 persons, who fall Who's Who in America. There is no within the category of displaced persons, reason to believe that those to come will As therein defined. not do the same. Th~s country became

Section 4 of the bill extends to those great and strong through its immigrants, . persons now legally, but temporarily, in for they have been, and are, the raw the United States, who are ideologically material from which our national statas much displaced persons as those in the ' ure comes. In my own home county, the displaced persons camps in Europe, the people Qf middle European ancestry, the ·same opportunity that we propose tG ex- I?oles, the Slovaks., the Lithuanians, have tend to their ideological brethren abroad. by their sturdy qualities, made themThe students from those countries, now selves a valuable asset to the commuin our colleges, who have become imbued nity. To say, that a country of 140,000,with American ideals, the attaches of the 000 people with the productive capacity Czech and other embassies, who have de- . of America cannot absorb an addition nounced the· Communist rape of their of about one-sixth of 1 percent, shows countries, and many others similarly but little faith in our present capacity situated, can no more return home than or our future progress. can those in the displaced persons camps. Ideologically, too, they are our kind of To send them back now, after we have people. They hate communism and all taken them in, inoculated them with the that it implies, as only those who have ideals "'f democracy and rendered them suffered from it can. Their first-hand totally unfit for life in a totalitarian statements of what they h r,ve endured, state, is to condemn them to the con- as they permeate through our society, centration camp a:ilcl the firing squad, will do more to awaken our people to the and the latter is much the more merciful. danger we face in the world today than

I shall not attempt to go over all the all the speeches you and I can make on C'ther provisions of the bill in detail, for this :floor. These people love liberty and

freedom and democracy so much, that they have been willing to lose everything, including their lives, to preserve it and to avoid submitting to the tyranny of Stalin. We can use people like thatpeople whose only fault is that they believe passionately in the things in which we believe, and for .which this Nation has stood.

Today we are, here in Congress, spending millions of dollars to attempt to stop the engulfment of democratic institutions by the rising tide of communism. Dollars will not do that job alone. You cannot defeat ideas with dollars any more than you can defeat them with bullets. More than that ·is needed. It needs the whole-souled cooperation of liberty-loving peoples everywhere. Only as we put hope into the hearts of tbose millions of people who want freedom, who want to throw off the Russian yoke-hope that America really meant what it said in the Atlantic Charter-hope that, if they keep alight and even faintly :flickering the torch of liberty in their lands, they or their children may some day see it turn into a blaze that will burn away all Communist domination-can we have any chance of suc~ess in the policy on which we have embarked. Otherwise, our dollars are futile. This bill gives us a chance to prove we mean what we have said, to show that our deeds match our words, and that it has not all been only empty protestation.

As a veteran of this last war, with almost 5 years of service, part of it on overseas duty, I have had an opportunity to see what America means to the peoples of the world-how they look to us for leadership. Either we assume that leadership, or we will yield the field to Communist Russia, with all that that implies.

· We cannot assume it without assuming, likewise, the responsibilities inherent in that position; to help solve the problem posed by these people, is one of those responsibilities. In our own ·interest, to say nothing of the humanitarian appeal, we cannot permit this problem to remain and fester in the heart of Europe.

Thi~ bill provides a method whereby we can help solve that problem and I urge the House to act favorably upon it.

. Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield .2 minutes to the gentleman from New York [Mr. IsACSON].

Mr. ISACSON. Mr. Chairman, I rise to repudiate the shocking words of disparagement inveighed against the Puerto Rican people here this afternoon..

There are some.20,000 people of Puerto Rican origin who reside in the district I have the honor to represent. They are decent, industrious, God-fearing people, who live in our district in dignity and friendship with others and who make a very valuable contribution to our way of life.

It is shamefu: indeed that the source of this criticism against the Puerto Rican people is the same source that is an apologist for the grand mufti of Jerusalem and his fanatical Arabs. It is this same source that maligns and vilifies and seel~s to obstruct the efforts of the Jewish people to build their homeland in Israel.

Mr. Chairman, the horrible, unfelieved plight of the 835,000 displaced persons herded into concentration camps in Eu-

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7759 rope and the cruel disregard in which these people have been held by Congress since the end of the war shames the conscience of our Nation.

This House today has a historic opportunity to affirm once again the humane and traditional welcome of America to distressed peoples everywhere in the world.

This House today can rekindle the beacon of our Statue of Liberty shining out from New York Harbor toward the shores of the Old World and burnish anew the historic words graven on her pedestal: "Keep, ancient . lands, your storied pomp!"

cries she, With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your

poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe

free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,

~lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

Mr. Chairman, the humane people of our Nation look today to' this House of Representatives to open once again in the true spirit of that mother of exiles, our Statue of Liberty, the golden door of American humanity to the tired, the poor, the huddled masses surviving the racist scourge let loose on Europe by Adolf Hitler, the skeletal survivors of the Nazi lime pits and crematoria.

The House bill before us today, H. R. 6396, provides for the admission of 200,-000 person:; into the United States during the next 2 years. It is a minimum bill. It is a compromise bill. It is not as desirable as the Stratton bill. Yet it represents and refiects the hope and the promise of the significant words that remain indelible on the base of our Statue of Liberty. Conversely, the Senate bill, a product of years of political maneuverbig, brazenly seeks to intrude into the statute books of America the discrimina-

. tory selection of immigrants on a racist and antireligious basis. It seeks to perpetuate the very racist .ideas which sons of America and other Allied Nations died

. ·to defeat in the last war. It seeks to bar Jews and Catholics who wish to enter this cQuntry. It closes the golden door of America to the victims of- fascism while

· it opens a small side d:oor to Nazi collaborationists and ethnic Germans. The DP's-displaced persons-would then be.come BP's-betrayed persons.

This House today should pass the Fellows bill, H. R. 6396, and reaffirm the belief of all Americans in the equality of human beings before God and the historic mission of America as a refuge for the oppressed.

To accept the concepts embodied in the Senate measure would be to extinguish forever the kindly beacon of our Statue of Liberty and to erase from its base the legend of hospitality of our land to the wretched victims of oppression elsewhere in the world.

Mr. Chairman, I ask this House to act now to open the gates of our land to the exiles of Hitlerism with full regard and compassion for the anguish they have suffered, with a warm embrace anp the welcome of new hope, and without discrimination on racial' or religious grounds.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. FEIGHAN].

Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Chairman, the provisions of this bill have been carefully analyzed and well presented by the Members who have preceded me, and there is little that I can add that would not be repetitious. This bill represents results of meticulous efforts, particularly by the members of the subcommittee, and by the members of the full committee as well. Two important factors, in my opinion, should be especially stressed, and they are, first, that this bill does not increase immigration quotas, and secondly, it is designed to offer a partial solution to the problem of displaced persons residing in the occupied zones of Germar.y and Austria, as well as in Italy. Also we must recognize that the United States is paying the major share of the money necessary to maintain these displacedpersons camps. The bill provides necessary safeguards for proper screening of prospective immigrants.

The displaced-persons problem is one of the unfortunate aftermaths of the recent war, especially since the war involved a clash of ideologies. The ravages of the recent conflict uprooted many persons from their homes, which were totally destroyed, and caused many to flee from their homes because their sense of righteousness and justice precluded their living under a government the philosophy and dictates of which are diametrically opposed to their fundamental beliefs in the dignity of the individual, which they cherish. Their present living conditions are far from comfortable,' but they readily accept the hardships under conditions which enable them to enjoy freedom of thought, religion, and movement. ·They live in hope that they may be transferred to a land where they may enjoy freedom as we know it; freedoms which were proclaimed by the Atlantic Charter, and to establish which we engaged in the recent war.

Many of the displaced persons lived in abject slavery under two conquering armies, and by · their physical stamina and spiritual fortitude, they have survived, and now look hopefully for an opportunity to live where the dignity of the individual supersedes the rule of the state.

It is easily understandable why these persons will not accept repatriation in a country where .freedom is not guaranteed and where they will be punished and forced to live in a country bereft of the freedom which they seek. It is natural to expect that they ·have no desire to rear their families under such . circumstances.

Ample testimony has been given the committee revealing the undesirable features of releasing the displaced persons upon the economy of Germany, Austria, and Italy. Secretary of State, General Marshall, clearly presented to the committee forceful arguments against aban .. doning the displaced persons to the -Ger .. man economy, and against continUing indefinitely the segregation and maintenance of the displaced persons in Germany, Austria, and Italy, necessitating continued contribution from the American taxpayer through the International

Refugee Organization. The only humane solution of the problem is resettlement of the displaced persons in the various c,oumries of the world which will be willing to receive them.

Apart from the humanitarian standpoint, the caliber of the displaced persons is a tremendous factor which should not be overlooked. The committee report sets forth the occupational and professional skill.s of those living within the confines of camps. This bill endeavors to be fair and equitable in the selection of the displaced persons with proper consideration for our economy. These camps, if retained, will continue to be a festering sore in Europe and will present a handicap in the framing of peace treaties.

Last fall I inspected many of the displaced-persons camps in the occupied zones, and observed first-hand their living conditions and habits. Within all camps there were established places of worship and schools for both the young and tlie old. There were also set up trade-training schools where various arts and trades were followed and taught. Most of these were limited because of the scarcity of materials. However, the resourcefulness of some of these people was very surprising. The materials available included shoddy clothes which were rewoven, and old oil cans which were remade into precision instruments. The gamut of their activities spread from the most simple arts to talents in fields of sculpture and painting. There are many well-educated professional men and women in classifications enumerated in the committee report.

Enactment of the Fellows bill. which would expedite the immigration of displaced persons, should set an example for, and likewise encourage other nations to accept a fair share of these unfortunate people.

Mr. DONOHUE. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at· this point in the RECORD.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there opjection to the request of the gentleman from Massachusetts?

There was no objection. Mr. DONOHUE. Mr. Chairman, I

consider it a simple moral duty to rise ' in support of the serious intent and purpose of this proposed legislation to establish a fair, just, adequate basis for the ·selection and admission of displaced-persons immigrants. I earnestly hope that, before debate concludes, provisions will be adopted for equitable recognition for those courageous underground allies and the brave men, such as the stalwart members of the Polish Second Army at Cassino, who fought side by side with our own forces in the common cause against dictatorship.

In squarely facing our rightful obligation to assume a just share of the responsibi.lity to solve the whole problem of displaced persons and war refugees, in my opinion, there are four courses which might be pursued. One is to let t'hese distressed people, who have suf .. fered so many and such terrible hardships through no fault of their own, stay forever in these semiconcentration camps, at a cost of $300,000,000 a year to the American taxpayer. Another is to abandon them to starvation. A third

7760 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE · JUNE 10

is to try to force them on other countries and shirk our own duty. The fourth is to take the lead in promoting their distribution among the other nations by offering to accept a substantial qualified number into this country.

The first two solutions are out of the question, as too expensive and too brutal. The third is the p~licy we have been following and which has produced no results. The fourth solution has both logic and humanity on its side; the moral reason for helping these people should not need any recital.

One of the proudest of our American traditions lies in the fact that this country gave harbor to the victims of religious and political persecution. The Pilgrim Fathers came to our shores for those very reasons. America was built by refugees from foreign lands. Immigrant stock has helped make this country what it is today. One has only to think of . the friends and neighbors he has, who are of Polish, Lithuanian, Italian, Jewish, Swedish, German, French, or other European descent, to realize how valuable it has been for us to have an admixture with the blood of other nations. We must not forget that this Nation itself was founded almost altogether by displaced persons.

Today there are suffering thousands of freedom seekers yearning for a new life in a new world-displaced persons uprooted from their native lands, with no place to go-innocent victims of war, who endured all the Hitler terror only to find the road -to freedom blocked even after victory. Relieving their misery-restoring them to normal living-will remove one great source of tension in uneasy Europe. The world waits for us, the children of the pilgrims, to point the way, to set the pace for immigration to all the many lands where displaced peo-. ple can settle.

The United States today is moving into the arena of world politics as a self-designated champion of the free peoples. A good part of the world looks with doubt on this move as a play for unbridled power. Protests of good intention will carry little conviction if so clearly cut a moral challenge as the refugee problem is bypassed. Let us prove our concern for free peoples by giving them a chance to be free.

American leadership in this matter does not involve the rash, unconsidered lowering of barriers; since all of the usual tests of fitness will be applied there is very little likelihood that the wrong kind of immigrants will be admitted. The requirements of financial guaranty for every immigrant will make it virtually impossible for newcomers to become public charges, while careful screening by the FBI and the Army certifies moral and physical well-being. There is no danger to our quota system of immigration and no possibility of an excess of immigration beyond our power to assimilate. ·

Our country is now suffering from a shortage of doctors, nurses, farm laborers, garment workers, and a hundred and one other professional and trades people. There are many such people among the displaced persons; most of those who will finally come have relatives here and

all must have guarantors. A goodly number of these people have a long agricultural bac:..:ground and they could, in my judgment, be distributed in the farming areas of America to the great benefit of our country. Many of them have a dairy background and they contribute a group of people who could be used in the dairy industry of this country. If we distribute these immigrants widely enough in accordance with their special skills and economic background we shall have adequate room for them in this country · without upsetting, in any degree, our own economic and social stability. These people wou! .1 be a-genuine national asset. They are in a real sense, chosen peoplepeople who have been chosen by a ruthless process of natural selection. They are the people who resisted totalitarianism from its beginning, who had courage enough and were tough enough to survive all its efforts to extinguish them. They are people who prize freedomprize it enough to have suffered for it deeply. They are the kind of people in whose behalf the American tradition of asylum was established and whose immigration to these shores has enriched our society from .its earliest days forward.

The scientific, mechanical, and other ;:;kills together with the culture brought by these immigrants will be permanent contributions to our national welfare. We boast of the many contributions made by our ances.tors who came here from otller lands; our history books are filled with the achievements of immigrants. Shall we now, by inadequate action, in effect erase and blot out that famous Christian apothegm, written at the base of our Statue of Liberty: "Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me"? ·

National organizations of all descriptions, representing church groups, labor organizations, university and professional groups, and others, have passed resolutions and recorded themselves in favor of this legislation.

We can no longer delay in meeting a great humanitarian challenge. The time for action is now. We are engaged in, and planning to extend, an ambitious program of aid to European nations resisting the imposition of communism. Let us implement .this program by concrete evidence of willingness to assume a just obligation toward refugees from countries in Europe already Communist controlled.

Our fighting men displayed during the war a devotion to human liberty. ~heir relatives at home felt that same devotion. For Europe's displaced populations the war is not yet over and the cause of liberty and human dignity is not yet triumphant. In world leadership we can speak more convincingly for freedom everywhere when we have done our fair share to bring real freedom to those who have suffered most. Our country, built with immigrant labor and immigrant talent, is by its very nature and history best fitted to take the lead and set an example of rescue and charity. Those to whom we have traditionally offered opportunity and freedom have repaid us in untold measure with their industry, their loyalty, and their lives. Our policy of haven has been a generous one-but it

has paid us rich dividends. I urge you, my colleagues, to endorse this proved investment of the past, and enact this legislation into law without further delay.

Mrs. DOUGLAS. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to extend my own remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentlewoman from California? - There was no objection. Mrs. DOUGLAS. Mr. Chairman, H. R.

6396 is a bill so much in the democratic tradition of this country that every Member of this body should feel morally bound to support it.

The Emergency Displaced Persons Admissions Act would admit 200,000 displaced persons over the next two fiscal years, displaced persons whose activities during World War II have earned them the right to ·the refuge and haven in these United States. No· group is excluded by virtue of its race, religion, or political aspirations, provided it meets other and fair qualifications.

All persons admitted under this bill must have been in Italy or in the American, French, or British zones of Germany or Austria on or before .April 21, 1947. If they have borne arms against the enemies of the United States, or if they have been registered witb the IRO as a refugee in the terms defined and accepted by the United Nations' standard, they would be welcomed to these shores.

Morally, then, they have earned the right to entrance.

But in addition to their belief in our democratic ideals, if they have special skills that are sorely needed in this country, they will receive priority in admission-farm laborers, construction workers, clothing workers, doctors, dentists, nurse~. and so forth.

That means that these United States have the chance to get skilled workers immediately, without the investments in long periods of training and apprenticeship.

For example, there is today a great shortage of tailors-master craftsmen.

One hundred and fifty manufacturers throughout the country have filed with the Clothing Manufacturers Association of the United States affidavits indicating their need for tailors from the displaced persons camps in Europe, where there are many of them to be found.

The Fashion Park Co. in Rochester asked for 100 tailors; Kahn Tailoring Co. in Indianapolis asked for 50; Stratbury Manufacturing Co., of Galion, Ohio, asked for 25; Hart, Schaffner & Marx, of Chicago, asked for 350 tailors, and M. Born & Co., of Chicago, also asked for 100; the Globe Tailoring Co., of Cincinnati, asked for 75; in Philadelphia, H. Reeman & Son asked for 225; H. Dareff & Sons for 100; and Jacob Siegel Co. for 80; in Allentown, Phoenix Clothes asked for 60; in New York City, Eagle Clothes asked for 50, Hickory Clothing Corp. for 40, and Currick & Leiken Co. for 75. In the garment industry alone over 3,000 skilled tailors in the displaced persons camps have already been spoken for by the Clothing Manufacturers Association in this country.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7761 Many of you will say, How will these

persons be housed, where will they live, what is their background, how have other countries fared? -

The clothing industry has been, ·historically, an industry that employed immigrant labor or else second-generation Americans. Consequently, we find that today the overwhelming majority of the workers are Italians, Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, and other nationalities of similar strain. In cities where the Polish population is large, as in Buffalo, we find that the workers in the clothing .factories are Poles in very many instances, and a similar situation is found in each important clothing market, as Chicago, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Rochester, and Cleveland, where the immigrant strain predominant in the locality is usually predominant in the clothing plants of the area as well.

The majority of displaced persons, who qualify as tailors, would therefore become part of an industry where they would find many of their countrymen employed. Quite often, they would have relatives, or neighbors in Europe, within the same plant. In turn, the current working force, would find that the new workers are closely related by ties of blood or friendship.

Because of this very reason, the ex- · perience in Canada where displaced persons have recently entered the country to become clothing workers should prove of interest to us.

According to the executive secretary of the Canadian Clothing Manufacturers Association, when the news was published that a committee of the industry was leaving for Europe to select tailors among the displaced persons, there was a deluge· of letters and petitions from the actual workers within the industry, and many employers as well, asking the committee to seek a particular relative or friend in a specific displaced persons camp, and indicating that they would gladly house the displaced person if he entered Canada. Actually, the housing problem is being. met to a great extent on that basis, and relatives, or fellow countrymen, are more than anxious to cooperate and give proper shelter to the displaced persons.

The executive secretary of the Clothing Manufacturers Association of the United States of America, discusse~ with labor leaders and manufacturers throughout all of the important clothing markets in the United States, the problem of housing displaced persons who may enter our industry. It was their opinion that we would be likewise overwhelmed by letters from clothing workers who are Poles, Baits, Hungarians, and others, who would seek to have their relatives, friends or countrymen enter the United States, and that the problem of housing the displaced persons ·would be greatly eased, if not entirelY eliminated in a manner similar to the Canadian experience.

And lastly the experience of the manufacturers in the United States in their efforts to train and keep in the trade skilled tailors in this country has been very unsuccessful.

For example, in Philadelphia, one of the most important clothing manufacturing centers in this country, a special

class was set up by the Clothing Manufacturers Association itself to train apprentices. They were paic 50 cents per hour while learning. The size of the classes averaged throughout the year about 30 pupils, and by the time the program was concluded 200 hand sewers were sent out into the industry, of which less than one-third remained.

If we go to other fields of activityconstruction, farming, medicine, and so forth-where there is a similar shortage of skilled personnel, we find the situation as acute as it is in the·garment industry.

We have as much ~or more to gain from the passage of this bill as the courageous men and women who, having fought for freedom, have waited long to enjoy it.

Over 125 national organizations have earnestly supported such legislation for the solution of this international problem.

We have become a great nation because we have welcomed the distressed and the oppressed of the world. If we are to continue to he that great nation we must hold fast to the ideals that are the proven sources of our strength.

To repeat the words inscribed on the Statue_ of Liberty: Give me your tired, your poor,

Your huddled masses yearing to breathe free,

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to

me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door.

Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Chai;man, I ask unanimous consent to extend my own remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Michigan?

There was no objection. Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Chairman, after

listening to the distinguished, able, and eloquent gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS] explain the contents of the displaced persons bill there remains but little to say about the nieasure as it is

-presented to us. But I want to submit additional and I trust pertinent suggestions which the committee might well consider and act upon favorably at this time.

I have in mind Mr. Chairman the heroic Polish Army which fought in every major battle, in every major campaign outside of the Orient. They began their continuous battle on the first day of the war and fought bravely and without respite even until the last day and for these even today the war is not yet over. The Polish Army of General Anders fought with great courage and distinction but without reward.

They were ultimately denied even the entry and possession of their beloved Poland. For . their gallantry and courage they are today classed as outcasts. They fought the enemy, both Nazi and Communist, wherever they found him and they met him frequently first in Poland, then in Syria where they put· down the pro-Vichy recalcitrants. It was the Poles who for the large part, held Tobruk in the first seige for over 8 months. They fought in France before and after the fall of that country. It was the Poles who defended -England during the blitz. They were in Narvik even without air

cover. At Monte Cassino they left their imperishable mark of heroism confirmed by over 4,000 graves. But they gained their objective and continued north through Italy-side by side with our American boys. They marched trium·phantly through the decimated ranks of the defeated and demoralized Huns in northern France and continued through Holland and Germany now to remain stalemated by an ungrateful combination of circumstances, conditions, and persons. They are entitled to special and prior consideration in any bill which permits admission of immigrants to the United States. God knows of their sacrifices even if humanity has forgotten. They are not only anti-Communist, but anti-Nazi and they are the timber that would make the best among our citizens of immigrant stock. They should be included in this bill beyond the number which Chairman FELLows claims will cover their classification. His figures indicate 50,000 Polish soldiers might be eligible-what about the remaining number of 200,000-all of these heroes-all of them deserving the haven that is America?

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I yield the balance of my time to the gentleman from Michigan LMr. LESINSKI].

Mr. LESINSKI. Mr. Chairman, I first want to compliment the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF] on making a wonderful resume of what has been happening in Europe. Although I personally do not quite agree with either the House or Senate bill, I still believe something is better than nothing. I am sorry that the gentleman, the head of this committee, has not seen fit to actually bring in a displaced-persons bill, instead of mortgaging the quotas of the countries, especially the central European countries, which quotas are very low. When you mortgage these quotas for the next 40 or 50 or 60 years, you are damaging the next g~nerations who would love to come to this country, but will be forbidden on account of this law.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? ·

Mr. LESINSKI. I yield. _ Mr. CELLER. It is true that the bill

does mortgage the quotas to the extent of 50 percent. But is not the situation quite academic? The quotas that are mortgaged are quotas of satellite countries of Russia, which countries would refuse to allow their nationals to emigrate. Therefore, the situation is not harmful at all in that respect.

Mr. LESINSKI. Why do we find the central European countries in the plight they are in? The fact is that our administration has been blamed for turning over the central European countries to be controlled by Russia. We have given 50 percent of Poland to Russia without their authority, and naturally we owe those Polish people certain things on account of what they did for us during the war. Why is it that the Polish soldier who fought on the other side of Warsaw and who was shoved into Siberia and then into Iran and then fought in Italy and took Monte Cassino, why is he eliminated? Do you mean to say that the man who has fought all through the war with us has been sold down the

,_

7762 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 river? I feel there should be some kind of amendment to permit at least some of these people the chance to come into this country.

Mr. MAcKINNON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. LESINSKI. I yield. Mr. MAcKINNON. If the gentleman

will support the amendment that I intend to-offer, we will bring those people in under this bill.

Mr. LESINSKI. Well, it all depends on what the amendment is. We realize we cannot bring them all in. It is just impossible. We cannot bring in all of the refugees. We -have a certain limit that we must go by. But · we should at least give each nation a small portion of these displaced persons.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield such time as he may desire to the gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. DEVITT].

:M:r. DEVITT. Mr. Chairm;l.n, I strongly recommend passage of the Fellows bill, H. R. 6396, providing for the admission of displaced persons into this country. I have long advocated the need for legislative action in this important social field.

I believe there has been great public misunderstanding as to the proposals to permit the admission of some of these people to our shores. In the course of the last year and a half, I have made numerous public addresses in explanation of the plight of these people, of the proposals providing for their £.dmission, and of the great social and humanitarian need for affirmative action by the Eightieth Congress.

The ·Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary has held thorough and extensive hearings. The. subject has been explored from every concei·:able angle, and now this bill comes forth with just about the unanimous recommendation of the 27 members of the House Committee o: the Judiciary. As is true of most legislation, this is a compromise between varying views on the subject. There are some who are overly generous in their desires to open the gates to the foreignborn. There are others who, in their great subscription to what they believe is stout Americanism, believe that the gate · for admission should be closed for all time. The principles embodied in the Fellows bill which we are considering today represent a fair compromise of these various views.

In my judgment there are three strong and impelling arguments in favor of the admission of displaced persons. First, is the practical argument that by admitting a fair share of these people to America we unburden ourselves from the financial responsibility of caring for them in the displaced persons camps. Each year we contribute some $72,000,000 as our share of this expense. This does not take into consideration the sums expended by the Army of Occupation. It is a fair estimate to say that in -the course of the next 10 years we would expend not less than $1,000,000,000 to care for these people in the overseas area. Should we not now take some action which will relieve us of this great financial strain on our Treasury? The second argument is a

humanitarian one. We cannot let these fellow human beings live like animals in idleness and inaction for any longer time. Their plight is a most sorrowful one. While the physical condition of most of them is sound, they suffer great mental sorrow as the result of the apparent futility of their status as citizens of the

- world. They cannot devote their energies to useful and gainful pursuits. They are deprived of normal social intercourse and association. Many of them are separated from their families and friends. They live in strange lands, and in many instances are handicapped by the lack of a common tongue. They are human beings-all of them. We must view them as fellow human beings. In the spirit of -the good Samaritan, it is obligatory upon us to aid them. How can a great civilized people turn their eyes from such a sorrowful sight? We must discharge our

·obligation and extend to them the helping hand of aid and friendship.

The third argument is again a practical one. We need these people and their skills and abilities. _We can use the farm hands and the carpenters and the artisans, the professional men and women, the tradesmen, and the domestic servants. They are a great arid intelligent group of people possessing a tremendous potential usefulness to us in America. They can contribute so much of their abilities and intelligence to the continued growth and prosperity of our country.

In my own State of Minnesota, a great movement llas been led by our eminent Governor Luther W: Youngdahl, looking toward the settlement of many of these people in the fertile fieldr.; and valleys of the great North Star State. Minnesotans have opened their arms and will welcome these people to the State. We need them-we can profit from them, and these displaced persons can in turn settle down and live a normal and useful life in Minnesota and elsewhere iri the United States.

The provisions of this bill are exceptionally meritorious insofar as they establish safeguards against the admission of undesirable persons. All of the usual provisions of the immigration laws with reference to character, cleanliness, and sound physical condition are applicable; in fact, under the present bill, it is apparent to me that the class of im-

... migrant admitted will be of a higher type and will make a more useful citi.zen than the type of immigrant who enters through normal immigration channels. This is because of the basis of selectivity set up in the bill. Other sections of -the act assure that these persons will be distributed around the country in accordance with the need for their skills. Fairness is insured by providing in section 3 for the admission of persons of various national and religious groups in accordance with their present numbers in the displaced persons camps. In this respect and in many others, the Fellows bill is far superior to the act passed by the other body.

I cannot refrain from expressing the hope that this bill will be expeditiously enacted today and that in the course of conference between the two bodies, the principle embodied in the Fellows bill will

predominate in the final recommended draft. I believe it to be a superior piece of legislation.

I urge passage of H. R. 6396 so that we in America may recognize our great world obligation of helping the unfortunate displaced persons in Europe.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield 2 minutes to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. CLASON].

Mr. CLASON. Mr. Chairman, the gentleman from Michi5an [Mr. LEsiNSKI] has put forward a very powerful plea in support of an amendment which I have already placed on the Clerk's desk. My amendment would strike out the language beginning at the word "who" in line 7 on page 2, down to and including the word "Austria" in line 10, and would insert words so that this section would read:

A person who has applied for admission into the United States for permanent residence before April 29, 1948, and who during World War II bore arms against the enemies-

And so forth. · The purpose of the bill is to give some degree of preference to the Polish soldiers who fought at Warsaw and elsewhere in Poland. They were sent to Siberia and later were allowed to leave

·Siberia only if they would sign up with the Polish Army and be trained. They ultimately fought in Italy.

More than 4,000 of them are buried on the mountainsides outside of Monte Cassino. , Those of us Who have been· in Italy, those who have seen the concentration camps in Germany, Austria, and Italy, realize that this is a bill with tremendous merit, which should be passed. But in giving consideration to those unfortunate · people who are in the concentration camps, many of them have done nothing -directly as individuals which was helpful in the wa-r effort or which helped the Amerfcan soldiers. in their struggle against the enemy, but the Polish soldiers fought shoulder to shoulder with the American soldiers in Italy. They died on the same battlefields. · ·

The CHAIRMAN. The· time of the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. CLASON] has expired. · Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I yield the balance of the time to the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. McDoWELL]. .

Mr. McDOWELL. Mr. Chairman, I have stated a number of times that I would support this bill, as I feel most of the Members of the House will. However, a bill which is designed to admit into this country 200,000 immigrants, whom we all hope will make good Americans and produce more good Americans iri the generations to come, depends upon one thing, and that is how the law is carried out; how they are screened. If I understand the bill, it will bar any person who is a Communist, who is a Nazi, who is a Fascist, who is diseased with some disease that cannot be cured or has some mental aberration which would make him a liability on this country.

I would like to say, not only for myself and the committee of which I am

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7763 a member, but for the .future sessions of Congress, that how these people are selected and how they, are screened is going to be very carefully watched by all Members of Congress, both of the minority and the majority.

In answer to some of those who have made the plea that we have no place to put them, that there are ·not enough homes in the country for those who live here, for the GI's who have married and now have children· and who must live with their · relatives or in-laws, I would like to say this: If the President, who

• has publicly stated that this Congress should be defeated, if the President of the United States would order his Attorney General, who is the chief officer in charge of immigration and naturalization affairs iri the United States, to pick up and arrest and try and deport some 855,000 people who are in this country illegally and should be deported, regardless of whether they are good or bad people, there would be plenty of room for these immigrants. This is a Nation created and operated by law. According to the best estimates that can be made . by those who are skilled in these matters, there are some 20,000 people in this country now who are Communists, who are Fascists, who are Nazis, who are criminals or who have some mental diffi-

. culty. The entire success of this bill will depend upon how it is .administered. This bill will be America's gift to the world. Those otncials who are charged with the administration of its provisions are going to be very carefully watch€d.

The CHAffiMAN. The time of the gentleman from Pennsylvania has. expired.

All time has expired. Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Chairman, H. R.

6396, known as the Fellows bill, for the aqmission of 200,000 displaced persons during the next 2 years, is by far more practical and equitable legislation than the bill passed by the other body. The screening process set out in the House bill, will assure absolute protection against the . admission of any persons whose ideologies would be contrary to the Government of the United States. The percentage which will be assigned to farms, business, crafts, both skilled and unskilled, will insure that the adnussion of this relatively small number of displaced persons will not, in any way, encroach on the employment problem in congested areas. The provisions setting out that the entrants must assure the Immigration Department that they have suitable living quarters, will not seriously jeopardize the present housing . crisis in congested areas.

In enacting the Fellows bill into law, we are not only cooperating in the solving of a great humanitarian problem, , but economically we./ are extending to this number of people an opportunity to produce for themselves. The expen:e of keeping these displaced persons in camps throughout Europe will consequently be eliminated. By the United States cooperating in taking care of a share of the present estimated 800,000 displaced persons, it will serve to encourage other nations to do their share and provide opportl!-Ilities for tbe remainder.

Considering all angles of this displaced persons problem, the members of the House subcommittee under the chairmanship of the gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS] should be congratulated on the outstanding work they have done in holding hearings on this bill and presenting a practical piece of legislation such as is contained in H. R. 6396.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that all those who have spoken may have the right to revise and extend their remarks.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New York [Mr. CELLER]?

There was no objection. The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will

read. The Clerk read as follows: Be it enacted, etc., That this act may be

cited as the "Emergency Displaced Persons Admission Act."

SEc. 2. When used in this act, the term "displaced person" means-

(a) a person who was on April 21, 1947, and is upon the effective date of this act in Italy or the United States, British, or French zones or sectors in Germany or Austria and who during World War II bore arms against the enemies of the United States and is unable or unwilling to return to the country of which he is a national because of persecution or his fear of persecution on account of race, religion, or political opinions; or

(b) a person who is registered by the International Refugee Organization, according to the definitions of displaced persons and refugees set forth in annex I to the constitution of the International Refugee Organization, except clause (b), paragraph 1, section A, part I thereof, to which the United States has adhered (Public Law 146, 80th Cong.), and who entered Italy or the United States, British, or French zones or sectors in Germany or Austria, o~ or before April 21, 1947, midnight;

(c) the term "displaced person" shall not include any person who is or has been a member of, or participated in, any movement which is or has been hostile to the United States or the form of government of the United States.

Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, I offer an amendment.

The Clerk read as follows: · Amendment offered by Mr. STEFAN: On page 2, line 4, after the words "opin

ions, or", insert the following: "the person who has fied as a direct result of persecution

·or fear of persecution developing from the overthrow of the government of his country of origin since April 21, 1947."

On page 4, line 10, after the words "United States", strike out the words "prior to March 15, 1948," and replace with following: "prior to the effective date of this act."

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Nebraska is recognized for 5 minutes.

Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to proceed for an additional 5 minutes.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Nebraska?

There was no objection. The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman

from Nebraska is recognized for 10 minutes.

Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, this is the amendment which I explained during the time when the rule was debated. Many of you know the history of Czecho-

slovakia. Many of you know the history of John Huss, who was burned a~ the stake in Czechoslovakia because of his fight for freedom. Many of you know the history of the Czechoslovakian regiments which marched around the world during the First World War aiding the Allies in the fight for democracy. Many .of ydu who are here on the floor of the House have been in Siberia and China and have seen the graves and the bones of those brave Czech soldiers who fought side by side with America's other allies for liberty. I need not tell you what the Czech soldier and the Czechs did in the underground and on land, sea, . and air during World War II. Of course, you cannot so quickly forget the story of Lidice.

This amendment, Mr. Chairman, is an effort to give just a little relief and hope to these brave Czechs who recently escaped from communistic threats when the Communists overthrew the Republic of Czechoslovakia, a republic which was founded after our own Republic, the constitution of which was written here in the United States of America. Surely you have not forgotten the words of the late Thomas Masaryk.

This amendment, Mr. Chairman, has the approval and the recommendation of the Department of State, and the Department of State in a letter which I now hold in my hand not only recommends and approves this amendment but states it has authority from the Department of the Army to state that it, too, concurs. ·

I have here a letter which just arrived from a Czech refugee relief committee chairman in a camp in Weisbaden, Germany. It is written by an American woman who is voluntarily assisting these Czechs who escaped from communism only a few days ago. She tells a sad story of the plight of these enemies of communism.

Mr. WALTER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield at that point?

Mr. STEFAN. I yield. Mr. WALTER. Can the gentleman

tell us about how many people would be involved in his amendment?

Mr. STEFAN. Not over 2,000 or so of these brave Czechs.

I quote the following memorandum from the Department of State:

1dEMORANDUM ON THE CZECHOSLOVAK REFUGEES

JtiNE 8, 1948. Following the Communist seizure of power

in Czechoslovakia, many Czechoslovak citizens found it necessary to fiee from their homeland in order to escape punishment and retaliation at the hands of the Communist Government. Over 8,000 of these refugees have entered the western zones of Germany and Austria. They include former members of the government, journalists, professional, and businessmen, and other citizens whose acts in defense of the democratic traditions of Czechoslovakia and opposition to the methods of the Communists in seizing control marked them either for punishment or for the loss ·of their civil and economic rights.

It has always been the objective of the foreign policy of the United States to support democratic movements in their opposition to totalitarian governments and to give refuge to individuals whose lives or s~curity is directly threatened.

7764 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 I am quoting the Department of State

when I tell you this, and I continue to quote that Department so that you will know these are not my words but the words of the Department of State that is also speaking for the Department of the Army in suppor t of my amendment.

These Czechoslovak refugees have demonstrat ed by reason of their flight that they are staunch supporters of the democratic cause who preferred to flee rather than to remain in Czechoslovakia. They were neit her persuaded or coerced to support the Communist government.

Man y of these refugees now wish to come to t he Un ited States w}lere they may contribu t e to our national democratic life. Under t h e existing legislation, many years wou ld be .required for them to fulfill the requ!remen t s of immigration and wait their t urr:.s under the quota. system. This means t h ey would have to remain in camps in the western zones of German y an d Aust ria for an indefinit e period with no facilities for supportin g themselves.

Here is a lett er from this American lady which arrived today, who is helping in these camps. She tells the pitiful story of these people who run away from communism, who were soldiers in the last war fighting alongside of the HAF and the American soldiers.

Mr . CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Chairmun, will the gentleman yield?

Mr . STEFAN. I yield to the gentleman from) South Dakota. ·

Mr. CASE of South Dakota: Mr. Chairman, may I say that I have several counties which border the district represent ed by the able gentleman from Nebraska [Mr. STEFAN], in which are located a great many people of Bohemian descent . Those border counties are Gregory, Tripp, Todd, and Bennett. Two of those counties during the war-bond drives repeatedly were leaders of the State in war-bond subscriptions. The Czechs are fine people, thrifty, hardworking, and make excellent American citizens. We should adopt this amendment.

Mr. STEFAN. Yes. We have over a million Czech people in the United States. If you visit their farms, you will find they are of the finest. Those people are lovers of America. Those who tilled in their homelands and came gratefully to this country, this free America, to till our rich soil, are great producers and great American patriots. They are lovers of God's good earth. They raise some of the finest crops you will find anywhere. You will find them among tpe best businessmen in America, among the finest artists, among the finest musicians, . some of the finest teachers, some of our finest painters. I guarantee to you that if we allow these few Czech refugees to come to the United States, they will contribute greatly to our American citizenship. They will become some of our best citizens.

Let me tell you more about these recommendations of the State D~partment in favor of my amendment which I am offering in all good faith:

The czechoslovak refugees from Communist rule are in a similar position as the displaced persons who were uprooted by the Nazis, or who fled from persecution in Poland. The Czechoslovak case is unique in that the people involved voluntarily fled from Czechoslovakia because of the strength

of their democratic convictions and the depth of their <:~emocratic commitments.

Mr. Chairman, other countries of western Europe have already admitted thousands of these refugees. It is in the interest of the United States to do the same.

This memoranda states: Other countries of western Europe have al

ready admitt ed 3,000 of these new refugees. It is in the interest of the United States Government to help as many of t hese refugees as it is possible to do. Accordingly, the Depart ment of St ate strongly supports the p~oposed amendment to give a status similar to that of displaced persons to a fixed number of Szechoslovak refugees in order to permit their entry into the Unit ed States. It is underst ood that only those who are bona-fide refugees from Czechoslovakia after February 1948 will be considered.

Members of the committee, I .plead with you t o accept this amendment.

Mr. BRADLEY. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. STEFAN. I yield t o the gentleman from California.

Mr. BRADLEY. Does the gentleman's amendment cover only these 2,000 Czechs?

Mr. STEFAN. Yes; but it could help others and set an example ·· for other countries to take some others.

Mr. BRADLEY. It does P-ot cover nationals from other countries?

Mr. STEFAN. In my opinion, this amendment would make it possible for some other refugees in the same condition as the Czechs to benefit by this bill which we are about to pass.

Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Chairman, will the gent.leman yield?

Mr. STEFAN. I yield to the gentleman from Michfgan.

Mr. MICHENER. The gentleman from Nebraska has made a very eloquent and

· proper plea for this group, but the same type of plea can be made for Germans or many other groups. This bill is a compromise bill, and if we start to give preferential treatment to each and every group for which a case can be made, there will be no limit and no possibility of giving any assistance or relief to anybody by any legislation at this session.

Mr. STEFAN. The gentleman from Michigan is making the same argument.. that some of the other members of the committee made. You are closing by this bill the entry of heroes and lovers of

·democracy who have been fighting for democracy for over a period of many years. I plead with you to vote for this amendment.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I ·rise in opposition to the amendment.

Mr. Chairman, I am deeply sympathetic with what the gentleman from Nebraska is trying . to do in his amendment. I have no doubt but what they are fine people, and as he described them patriots, all. I would like to call attention to the fact, however, that the annual quota for Czechoslovakia is 2,874, and if I understood the gentleman correctly, this amendment involves but 2,000 people. That quota is not preempted by this bill, because there were no Czechs to amount to anything in these camps. · But that is not the point. The chairman of the committee indicated what it would lead

to. I have every sympathy in the world and personal1y I would like to accept many of these amendments, but just as soon as you start doing that you are going to end up with no bill at all. We went over all these questions while we were considering the DP bill, so-called.

I hope that the Committee wlll vote down this amendment.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I move · to st rike out the last word.

Mr. Chairman, we all deeply sympathize with the purposes enumerated by the author of this amendment. We all know the great story of the Hussites, and our sympathy was deeply enlisted in the • untimely death of young Masaryk. We know about his illustrious father, Thomas Masaryk; I yield to no one in my ad·mirat ion for Czechoslovakia and the Czech people. It is rather anomalous that this situation has developed when only today, or even yesterday, the State Department saw fit to write a letter from which extracts were read by the gentleman from Nebraska. We have been considering this bill for months and months, and no statement was ever before us with

· reference to this situat ion. Nor was any referer_ce to these Czechs since they fied after Moscow took over. The amendment comes without warning. We heard naught of it till this day.

Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. CELLER. I yield to the gentleman from Nebraska.

Mr. STEFAN. The gentleman knows that I showed the official letter from the Department of State to the gentleman from New York, and he read it, and he also read the entire memorandum which was submitted to me by the Department of State. There were no excerpts read. The entire letter was read.

Mr CELLER. The gentleman misunderst~nds me. I say that the proposition of the admission of these Czechs never came before our committee. I admit that the situation arose after the defeat of Benes, and with the coming into power of the Communists. The Czechs, naturally, not willing to remain under Communist domination, escaped from the confines of Czechoslovakia. Some fied to England, some to France, others to the DP camps. As has been stated, these Czechs could in great measure come into the country under the regular quota. But the minute we open the door to the admission of the Czechs under this bill, regardless of quota, we wm have to open the door a little more widely with reference to the admission of the Volk- .. deutsche, and then we ·. :ould have to push it open a little more with the admission of many Italians, who are very worthy, many of whom rendered yeoman service with the Allies during the war, and then we would have to open the door a little further with reference to the members of General Anders' armies, who are in England and other parts of the world. Many amendments are at the desk covering these people.

We must remember that this is a DP problem that we are trying to solve. We are trYing to close the DP camps to save us money and, if possible, to enrich our economy with the admission of these DP's. If we are going to reach out and

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7765 get others who are not in the DP camps, who are not involved in the DP problem, we are not going to solve this DP problem at all. I think it would be most ill-advised to try to help these worthy Czechs with this bill. While I admit that we are reaching the closing days of the session, perhaps in the next Congress a bill could be specifically offered for a specific remedy in the event there will not be enough czech visas, but I think there will be plenty of available visas for these Czechs within the Czechoslovak quotas.

Mr. GRAHAM. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last word, and rise in further opposition to the amendment.

Mr. Chairman, on July 1 ·of this year there will be available under the quota to Czechoslovakia 2,874 admissions. That these people have been well taken care of in the past is· evidenced by the report I am reading from. It is the annual report of the Commissioner of Immigration. In the year 1941 1,787 were admitted, in the year 1942, 568; in the year 1943, 362; in the year 1944, 323; in the year 1945, 276; in the year 1946, 964; and last year 2,663 persons were ad-

. mit ted from czechoslovakia. So the argument of the gentleman from Nebraska does not apply for this reaso.n: We are not reaching in and taking 50 percent of that quota at all because of the small number in the concentration camps.

Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman ·yield?

Mr. GRAHAM. I yield. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Does the

gentleman know whether or not there would be anything in the circumstance of these people having fied· from Czechoslovakia, and now being in Germany or Austria, which would deny them eligi-bility under the present quotas? -

Mr. GRAHAM. No. Mr. CASE of South Dakota. In other

words, this quota of 2,600 would be open for these people who have fied from

. Czechoslovakia, even though they come immediately from GeJmany?

Mr. GRAHAM. Provided, of course, they qualify under the otl;ler provisions of the immigration law.

Mr. SABATH. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last word.

Mr. Chairman, I am actually ·amazed at the remarks of the gentleman from New York [Mr. CE:LLER]. I am satisfied that if he were thoroughly familiar with the situation and the conditions, he would not oppose this amendment. The amendment will not affect anyone else or any other people, because all the other people are included in the bill. The bill was drafted before the unfortunate situation occurred in Czechoslovakia. After the bill was actually reported, Czechoslovakia was taken over by the Commu·nists. From that time on, all the sincere liberty-loving democrats whose freedom was taken away from them by the change have fled to Germany, the only nearby country that they could possibly fiee to, notwithstanding they have always been at loggerheads with the Germans and the German officials. I feel this amendment cannot and will not affect the bill in any way. It does not signify that if it is adopted it will be necessary to adopt

other amendments. I think this is the most deserving and most humane amendment that has been offered, with the exception of the amendment that may be offered to permit soldiers serving in the Polish Army to volunteer for service i.n the United States Army because they fear returning to their native country. I plead and urge in behalf of these libertyloving men and women, of which there are not many, that they not be foreclosed because they had not been deprived of their freedom and liberty at the time the bill was being prepared and acted upon by the committee. .

Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. SABATH. I yield. Mr. STEFAN. The distinguished gen

tleman from Illinois knows that the State Department would not recommend this amendment, nor would the Army recommend it if it affected the bill. That has been their policy for the benefit of the United States Government, and the Department of State recommends this amendment, for which reason I am offering it.

Mr. SABATH. I am very pleased that the gentleman has offered the amendment, because I intended to offer it myself. I called attention to the fact that I intended to offer such an .amendment when I made my first speech on the rule on this bill early this afternoon. I know that the Department of State and the War Department and every fairminded man and woman who believes in justice and hurriane treatment of deserving people favor 'this provision. I plead and urge that relief will be forthcoming for these deserving people. For that reason, I most sincerely urge and hope that the amendment offered by the gentleman from Nebraska will be adopted.

Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, · I move to strike out the last word and rise in support· of the amendment.

Mr. Chairman, I compliment the committee on bringing this bill to the fioor of the House. I intend to support the bill. I think the committee has done an excellent job under very difficult and trying circumstances.

With particular respect to the pending amendment, I think we should keep in mind that we are trying to fight a battle of ideologies abroad.

We are · trying to encourage people to resist the iron hand, and to adhere to the principles which the United States enjoys in its own Government. It is what we have uppermost in our minds. That is the reason why we are appropriating very large sums of money. That is the reason why we are carrying on, rightly or wrongly, this so-called Voice of America. That is why the United States is . considered the bulwark of democracy in the world. There are some people in those countries which have been overrun by Russia, or which have suffered Communist coups in ·recent years, who, because they stand for freedom, have been, in effect, expelled from their own countries. They were not only expelled since April 1, 1947, but as time goes on and possibly additional coups take place, others may be so expelled. I can think of Hungary, in addition to Czechoslovakia, which I do not believe

would come under the terms of this bill as presently drawn, but would under the terms of the amendment offered by the gentleman from Nebraska. There are not a great many people who would be covered by this category, but they are deep patriots, they love freedom, and I think we should give them asylum. They are neither pants makers nor farmers. They are the intelligentsia, who are doing their utmost to uphold freedom and democracy in their own patriotic way, a way which our own forefathers took many years ago, the way which made America.

Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. HINSHAW. I yield. Mr. KERSTEN of Wisconsin. Is it not

true that this group is one which has been tried in the fire, and has proven their fundamental love of liberty, and that is why they have been expelled?

Mr. HINSHAW. I can point to you men whom I know who have suffered in Nazi Gestapo prisons. I know one who was in a prison camp in Germany for 7 months and was liberated by the Americans. The reason he was there was because he was fighting for the same principles that you and I fight for. If you want some really good people in the United States, people whom we deeply admire, adopt the amendment offered by the gentleman from Nebraska [Mr. STEFAN]. .

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from California [Mr. HINSHAW] has expired.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Mr. C!hairman, I move to strike out the last two words.

Mr. Chairman, I find myself in an unusual position. I am torn between a desire to be loyal to my good friend, Mr. CELLER, from New York, and my good friend from Chicago, Mr. SABATH. In all the years I have. been here and they have been here, this is the first time we have ever agreed on anything that has to do with immigration. But I was impressed very much with the sincerity of the distinguished gentleman from Illinois [Mr. SABATH]. He recognized that in this amendment was an element of justice and fairness to one group of people who were really being discriminated against. He is one of those who believes that this bill is not so sacred as to be above the possibility of being improved by an amendment. He proved what I said in my original remarks, that this is a relief problem and not an immigration problem. These persons sought to be reached by the amendment of the distinguished gentleman from Nebraska want some relief, and they are entitled to it. The distinguished gentleman from New York [Mr. CELLER] said by way of consolation to the gentleman from Nebraska~ "Wait until next year. Wait until some other time. . Do not impair this bill, but wait until next year." Yes; :te can say that with all propriety, and he would say wait until next year to the Chinese and to the Indians and to the Japanese ·and to everYbody that has suffered in the war and who were dislocated and are in a terrible condition. He would say to all of them that "Today is not your time, but we will reach you some other time." I leave it with you, my colleagues, that this is a

7766 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 relief problem and it ought to be settled and it ought to be . worked out, not_ through immigration by bringing individuals into this country but my relieving them where they now are.

Mr. GRAHAM. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to my distinguished friend.

Mr. GRAHAM. Would not the gentleman admit that, if you grant this amendm.ent, there will be another amendment, and it will go on and on and on and you will destroy the whole bill?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. If you permit this amendment to be passed, you take 2,000 off of the 200,000. That is all. You give 2,000 preferences to the Czechs and take that many off of the others. The Czechs have a just claim.

Mr. GRAHAM. And then comes the next amendment, with 15,000 Poles, and that will take off 15,000 more, and it would go on and on and there will be no one to be admitted.

Mr. JENKINS· of Ohio. That is what I say. I say you will not have solved the problem by bringing in a few. They are all anxious to be helped by the United States. When you feed one hungry man and deny another, that last one is still hungry. There is nothing sacrosanct about this bill. It is simply giving a preference to a few and denying many. It should be amended and then defeated.

If you want to restrict immigration handle it as an immigration problem and not as a relief problem. Our relief money has gone to 3tll these people. We have sent m~ney to China, we have sent money everywhere. Let that money go to relieve these camps first of all. When we send money to England, when we send money to France, when we send money to Italy, let us say to them that if they do not use it first to clean up these camps that we will shut off the money. If we do not do this they are going to come back here year after year.

Mr. · LESINSKI. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield. Mr. LESINSKI. I may suggest this,

that since the Bohemian quota is 2,874 and there are only about 2,000, under the directive of December 22, 1945, the displaced persons have a right to be assigned 90 percent of the quota. In other words they can take up that 2,000 within their own quota without burdening this quota.

Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I thank the gentleman. My point is that this is a problem of relief and that the place to · relieve these distressing conditions is the place where they are located.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Ohio has expired.

The question is on the amendment offered by the gentleman from Nebraska.

The question was taken; and on a division <demanded by Mr. STEFAN) there were-ayes 75, noes 52.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I de-mand tellers.

Tellers were refused. So the amendment was agreed to. Mr. MAcKINNON. Mr. Chairman, 1

offer an amendment.

The Clerk read as follows: Amendment offered by Mr. MAcKINNoN:

On page 1, section 2, line 8, after the word "in" and before the word "Italy". insert "Great Britain."

"FmST AT DANZIG, LAST IN WASl:IINGTON"PROPOSAL TO ADMIT A LIMITED NUMBER OF THE MEMBERS OF THE FORMER POLISH ARMY OF THE POLISH GOVERNMENT IN EXILE

Mr. MAcKINNON. Mr. Chairman, the amendment I he.ve offered would make eligible the members of the Polish army in exile, and still retain the 200,000 limitation fixed by this bill. These are the Polish soldiers who served in the army of the Polish Government that was formed in Paris, France, in 1939. These men served valiantly throughout the war under American and British commands 1 on the far-flung battlefields. These men are presently in so-called resettlement camps in England-a resettlement camp is the British equivalent of a displaced persons camp. ·

BRAVERY OF POLISH SOLDIERS

When Britain's fate hung in balance they performed deeds of bravery in the skies over England. They fought at Narvik, at the Maginot line, and in Tobruk. On the slopes of Mount Cassino alone 3,600 of them laid down their lives, thus saving the lives of our American boys in Gen. Mark Clark's Fifth Army. The bravery of these' Polish fighting men was not exceeded by that of any other fighting force.

These heroes of the last war, mapy of whom · were decorated with America's highest honors for bravery, are now disarmed and deprived of their military status and placed in camps in Great Britain of the so-called Polish Resettlement Corps.

Is this the reward for the Polish soldiers, who with our American boys

·fought for the cause of freedom, and who were the first to fight Germany and the last to cease fire? Is this the reward · for men who put their fa'ith in the spoken · and written pledges of the United Kingdom, the United States of America and I might add the United Nations? Marked by the Soviet police, slated for labor camps in Siberia, prisons or gallows, if they return-these young, healthy, heroic, and· determined human ~ beings are to languish in quonset huts of British camps.

These gallant Polish soldiers are· entitled to come to the United States if only as a reward for the invaluable serv- · ices they rendered America as our allies and for the sacrifices they and their comrades made. It would in some measure repay them for their fighting and for their services. Their hearts bleed at the thought that they cannot return to the kind of Poland for which they had fought. A great many of them come from eastern Poland, which at Yalta, without the consent of the Polish people, was turned over to Soviet Russia as an outright reward for aggression. And in what is left of Poland, there is a Communist Government, which owes its al- , legiance to Moscow. Try to visualize, if you can, our own ·American boys in the same plight-unable to return homebecause a ruthless foreign power, in the

guise of a liberator, had occupied their country.

WOULD MAKE DESIRABLE AMERICAN CITIZENS

These gallant Polish heroes represent the highest human material from the point of view of any sensible immigration policy. They love liberty. Most of them come from sturdy Polish peasant stock, psychologically akin to the American pioneer stock.

The displaced Polish soldiers and civilians are of the same blood-and stock as the six million loyal Americans of Polish descent. Prior to the enactment of the draft law in 1940, over 17 percent of the entire United States Marine Corps-all volunteers-was composed of

. boys of Polish descent even though . only 4 percent of our population are of Polish descent. Our casualty lists are replete with Polish names. Their record on the battle and home fronts is one of achievement.

AN INVESTMENT IN JUSTICE

These soldiers are an American respon-sibility. Their plight is attributable directly to the infamous Yalta Agreement

·to which America was a party. In de~ priving them of the protection of a legal government, of an independent country, of :(reedom, of their homes and of their beloved ones, we are directly responsible for their present fate.

This is a group of fine fighting men who stood at Danzig and first bared their breasts to the Germans in defense of their native land. They fought the Communists and they fought the Nazis. I hope when the ·roli is called on this amendment we are not going to say to them "You may have been first at Danzig but you are last at Washington."

Mr. WALTER. Mr. Chairman, I rise in opposition to the amendment.

Of course, if you want to wreck this legislation the · thing to do is to adopt the amendment just offered because, after all, if- 110,000 Poles come -in under this law, plus the 2,000 Czechs that- you have already provided for, that leaves just a handful to be taken out of each camp.

Let us look at the position the Poles are in, and I- want to say to the gentleman who offered this amendment that I feel very sympathetic to these people. I met many of them during the month and a half that I spent in England last summer, and I think he would be very glad to know that they are all employed, and they have become assimilated very well, and if they do not like it in England, up and down both sides of the Strand and every street of London are large signs urging people to migrate to the several British colonies. It seems to me it would be a very simple thing, if they are not satisfied in England, for them to migrate to the colonies that they have been invited to go to. ·

I would like to call the attention of the Committee to page 2 of the report on the bill. That shows the groupings and the percentages of the various nationalities that would be eligible for admission into the United States under this bill. The highest percentage is Poland, with 31 percent.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7767 Mr. GRAHAM. Mr. Chairman, wlll

the gentleman yield? Mr. WALTER. I yield to the gentle

man from Pennsylvania. Mr. GRAHAM. Is not the distin

guishing criterion the people in the camps we are responsible for and have to pay for? These people in England are selfsupporting and they are able to take care of themselves.

Mr. WALTER. Of •course they are. Furthermore, you must bear in mind this fact, that there is no unemployment in

· England. These people can all find jobs. As I said before, all of them are working

. and apparently getting along very well. I think that this amendment should

. be rejected because, after all, our problem is to get rid of these camps and to

. get rid of them as quickly as we can, and the only way to do it is to enact

. this legislation without the kind of amendment that we are now considering.

The CHAIRMAN. The question is on the amendment offered by the gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. MAcKINNON].

The amendment was rejected. Mr. CLASON. Mr. Chairman, I offer

an amendment. The Clerk read as follows: Amendment offered by Mr. CLASON: Page

~ line 7, after the word "who", strike out the balance of the line down to and including the word "Austria" on line 10, and insert the words "has applied for admission into the United States for permanent residence before April 29, 1948."

Mr. CLASON. Mr. Chairman, the purpose of my amendment is to give to less than 20,000 Polish soldiers and soldiers of other nationalities who are no longer able to return· to their own homelands and who would like to come to the United States that opportunity. In many cases they have relatives in the United States; in fact, I have in -my own district relatives of several of these soldiers now in England. Some of them are not working, regardless of the statement of the last speaker, and are receiving funds from their relatives here. These men are

·for the most part young, active men; they are men who fought in Poland against the Russians after fighting

· against the Germans. Some of them were sent to Siberia. They experienced the hardships of being forced to work

· at hard labor in Siberia. They were permitted to leave Siberia if they would join the Polish Army and fight on our side. They fought on our side in Italy and elsewhere. Thousands of them died in Italy. More than 4,600, as I remember it, are buried in Italy. They died on the battlefield, ·many of them fighting side by side with American soldiers.


Mr. CLASON. I yield to the gentleman from New York.

Mr. CELLER. Will the gentleman explain the significance of the date Apr 1 29, 1948, in his amendment?

Mr. CLASON. That is the date this - bill was filed. I did that so no one could

file a request for admission as of a date after this bill was filed with a view · to getting the benefits of the ·bm, and not because in many instances he had determined long before this b111 was filed that

he wanted to enter this country. The bill states that it was introduced in April 29, 1948.

Mr. CELLER. That is the committee print. The original bill was introduced on April 7.

Mr. CLASON. April 7 or 29, it does not make much difference to the people abroad. I do not think it makes much difference in this case. ·The point is exactly the same.

Mr. CELLER. I want to understand the reason that specific date was mentioned. I do not quite get that. . Mr. CLASON. I have explained that.

and I do not wish to lose any more time . The date of April 29, 1948, is right here on the bill I have, which is the bill that was handed to me by the Clerk. If that -is not the correct bill, that is unfortunate. At any rate, I have not attempted

. by picking that date to pick any peculiar date.

There are less than 20,000 of these persons who fought on the battlefields of this war with American soldiers, and they are largely from Poland. Some may be from Belgium, because I know of one or two persons who were displaced, who happened to be of Polish origin and are now caught in Belgium. I feel that these people are entitled to preference rather than those in the concentration camps. I have been to several of these concentration camps. I feel very strongly that those people are victims of this war and are entitled to our respect and our help, and I want to

· see them helped, but I also feel that a man who fought .in Poland, who· went on to Siberia, and who was trained in Anders' army, which fought in Italy side by side· with our troops, ought not to be barred as he will be barred in fact by the passage of this legislation from coming to the United States, because half the Polish quota will be taken out for years to come, and the number of people who have applied, not the soldiers alone but ·other Polish people, will cut down their chances immeasurably.

Mr. CARROLL. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. CLASON. I yield to the gentleman from Colorado.

Mr. CARROLL. Are the soldiers to whom the gentleman refers now living in Great Britain?

Mr. CLASON. They are living in Great Britain and other countries. I do not limit this to those in Great Britain. Many of these people have relatives in the United States. As a matter of fact,

·some are relatives of two or three priests in my district. They are from highc

.grade families and high-grade persons. I believe they are entitled to full consideration -under this bill. The bill otherwise will make twice as diffi.culi their opportunity to secure favorable action on their application for entry into the United States. I hope this amendment will be adopted ·in fairness to a group of young men, physically fit and already capable of entering into the American way of life and thought.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I rise in opposition to the amendment.

Mr. Chairman, as everybody knows, this bill was designed to do one thing

primarily, and that is to solve the question of the displaced persons in Europe,

. to eliminate those camps, not only because of the humanitarian aspects but because they are costing us $100,000,000 a year. Anybody can understand that. We all have sympathy for the soldiers whom this amendment would assist. They are in the British Isles.- Of GOUrse, if we had undertaken to solve the question of the British Isles in this bill, we would have had to bring in a very different piece of legislation. This is designed wholly to relieve the army of occupation of a horrible cancer in the middle of Eu-· rope and at the same time to give these people some chance to put roots into the earth 'and build their lives anew. If we are going into Britain or if we are going into this place or that place or some other place we are not going to have any bill at all. I understand that an amendment will be offered that will involve the 7,000,000 people of German ethnic origin that after the Potsdam agreement were forced to come into Germany. So that will be coming in soon. I understand a

·very ex~ellent way to defeat the bill is ·to load it up with all kinds of amendments, which the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. LESINSKI] is dOing. He is a very clever gentleman.


Mr. FELLOWS. I yield. Mr. GRAHAM. Is it not a fact that an

amendment may be offered to admit a large number of Italians?

Mr. FELLOWS. Yes. Therefore, we are losing sight of the problem, which is the problem of the displaced persons camps in Germany.


Mr. FELLOWS. I yield. Mr. CHELF. We have tried to be fair

about 'this, because we have prorated those who are to come in under this bill on the basis of the existing numerical strength now in the camps. It happens 31 percent in the camps in Austria and Germany and France are Polish citizens.

Mr. FELLOWS. I thank the gentleman for his contribution.

Mr. MAcKINNON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. FELLOWS. I yield. Mr. MAcKINNON. How do you justify

the . distinction of taking in these Polish soldiers if they happen to be in Ita.ly and ·not taking them in if they happen to be in Great Britain?

Mr. FELLOWS. Because we are paying for the upkeep and that is part of the thing that I am talking about. The gentleman evidently is not listening, and I am very sorry.

Mr. MAcKINNON. I have listened, but we are paying for the upkeep equally in Great Britain. What is the difference between Great Britain and Italy?

Mr. LODGE. Mr. Chairman, I offer a substitute amendment, which is at the Clerk's desk.

The Clerk read ac follows;-substitute amendment offered by Mr.

LoDGE for the Clason amendment: Page 2, after line -i, insert the following

new paragraph:

7768 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 "(b) A person who (1) during World War

II was a member of the armed forces of the Republic of Poland; (2) was honorably discharged from such forces; (3) resides in the British Isles upon the effective day of this act; and (4) has filed an application for an immigration visa with the United States consular office in Great Britain prior to June 1, 1948. Section 3 (a) (2) shall not apply to a person coming within the provisions o:t this paragraph; or

"(c) A family dependent of any person coming within the proviSions of paragraph (b). Section 3 (a) (2) shall not apply to persons coming within the provisions of this paragraph; or."

Page 2, line 5, strike out "(b)" and insert "(d)"; and page 2, line 15, "(c)" and insert "(e)."

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I make the point of order that the substitute amendment is not germane to the socalled Clason amendment.

Mr. LODGE. Mr. Chairman, if I may be heard on the point of order, in the first place, the Clason a,mendment is in order because it has to do with the definition of the term "displaced per:Jons." My amendment also has to do wtth the definition of the term "displaced persons," and would encompass a part at least of

' those who would be included in the Clason amendment. Therefore, I submit the point of order should be overruled.

The CHAIRMAN (Mr. DoNDERO) . The Chair holds that the amendment offered by the gentleman from Connecticut goes to a different part of the bill than the amendment offered by the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. CLASON].

The Chair sustains the point of order. Mr. SADOWSKI. Mr. Chairman, I

rise in support of the amendment. Mr. Chairman, I do not think there is

any doubt in the mind of anybody about the fairness and equity of the amendment offered by the · gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. CLASON]. These soldiers who had fought and are now displaced-because that is what they are; they are displaced persons-are probably the best material we have for American citizenship. They have demonstrated, first of all, that they were anti-Nazi, because they fought against Hitler and the Nazis. They are also anti-Communist. If those men do not make good American material I do not know who would. They went through all the hellish fighting that any other soldier went through. There is no doubt about the justice of this amendment.

I had offered a bill some time ago to take care of these soldiers. The committee did not act on that bill. My bill was simple. It provided that these soldiers, who fought in the Allied armies and who were displaced, could come to the United States outside the quota. There were not very many soldiers like that, but those soldiers who fought on our side and feared both communism and nazism certainly should have a right to come here outside the quota, on a nonquota basis. That is what my bill intended to do, but the committee did not take any action on that bill.

I have another bill which would have permitted orphans to come in on a nonquota basis, outside the quota, if those orphans were related to American citizens. If they were nieces or nephews of

American citizens, they. would come under the bill. That was a fair bill. I cannot see how anyone could be opposed to it. If you, as an American citizen, had a nephew or a niece in Europe, a blood relative of your own brother or sister in Europe, who had been killed in the war, certainly you would feel it an obligation to take care of their children. But the committee did not act on either of those bills. The committee should have taken action. The committee was bound to take action on those bills because they were humanitarian bills, but nothing has been done about them.

The only point I might criticize about this amendment that has been offered is the fact that you are going to take these soldiers out of the quota-out of the 200,000. That is the part of it that I do not like. The 200,000 should not be reduced by the immigration of these soldiers. These soldiers should be permitted to come in here outside of this quota of 200,000. In all justice, the doors of the United States should be open to men like that, regardless of the quota.


Mr. SADOWSKI. I yield. Mr. GRAHAM. Does the gentleman

realize that &_orne 1,300 bills were introduced and referred to the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, and it is simply physically impossible to read every one of them.

Mr. SADOWSKI. Yes; I understand you have had ·a lot of bills. I am not going to criticize you too seriously for not considering all the bills, but I did feel that these two bills of mine were meritorious and humane bills and should have been considered, and the House should have had an opportunity to vote on them.


Mr. SADOWSKI. I yield. Mr. CELLER. How many would be

involved in this amendment that would be carved out of this quota of 200,000?

Mr. SADOWSKI. Well, I do not know. I think probably around 20,000.

Mr. CELLER. Is that not quite a sizeable number, and would it not vitiate the real purpose of the bill?

Mr. SADOWSKI. Well, it would not vitiate the purpose of, the bill.

Mr. MAcKINNON. It would still just equal the Polish quota; would it not?

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Michig:an [Mr. SADOWSKI] has expired.

Mr, McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last two words.

Mr. Chairman, I want to congratulate the subcommittee for the very arduous efforts it has made in connection with this bill. I wish to congratulate the chairman of the subcommittee, the gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLows] and all members of the subcommittee, as well as the full committee for their fine work.

I wish to pay special tribute to my distinguished friend, the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF] for the very courageous and statesmanlike manner in which he has approached and considered this very important question. I commend them ·also for the very splen-

(lid, constructive, statesmanlike report by the subcommittee of which he and the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. FULTON] and the gentleman from New York, Mr. JAVITS and Dr. PFEIFER, are menbers. This report which is an outstanding piece of work was the result of their investigations while abroad last year.

The gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF], in his brief service in this body, has made an ou~tanding record, and the people of his district can well be proud of him.

Mr: Chairman, in connection with the amendment pending I find difficulty in agreeing with my friends on the committee who say that the last amendment will be destructive of this bill. It is an am~ndment based on justice.

We are faced with the situation where these men served and fought with our forces and then through no fault of their own these men remained in Italy and some were sent to Great Britain. Those who were born in Poland who fought with our soldiers in the Italian campaign and who are now in Italy come within

' the purview of this bill; yet those who with their comrades of the Polish Armyand we all know of their heroism and their abhorrence of communism, of the . terriffic dangers they underwent, of the sacrifices they made, men who fought with our own troops in the Italian campaign, but who are now in Great Britain, cannot receive consideration under this bill. My sense of justice tells me there is a case of equity involved, the same as there was in the case of the Czechoslovak amendment that was adopted a few moments ago.

In this case we have men who served and fought with our soldiers, those in Italy subject to the provisions of this bill, those in Great Britain not; and in accordance with the provisions of this bill only a limited number of those who served in the Polish Army in World War II who fought with our troops but are now in Great Britain can be considered.


Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. Mr. GRAHAM. The difference be

tween Great Britain and Italy is that in Italy they are in the displaced persons camps whereas in England they are free, are working, and are supporting themselves.

Mr. McCORMACK. I recognize the argument presented by my friend but I think that that is in a sense irrelevant to the basic question involved here, one of justice in connection with the same group of Polish soldiers who fought with our own men in Italy. Those who remained in Italy come within the purview of this bill, but those who were shipped to England-and they went there as soldiers-are not subject to the provisions of this bill.

I think the adoption of the amendment with reference to the Czechoslovaks and the adoption of this amendment will strengthen the bill. Certainly it will be an act of justice to adopt this amendment. Neither amendment is hostile to the bill. While I respect the position of those who do not want to see too many amendments adopted, I think that these

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7769 two amendments are based upon equity and I favor them.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Massachusetts has expired.

Mr. KEEFE. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last word and ask unanimous consent to proceed out of order for 3 minutes. .

The CHAffiMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from ·Wisconsin? •

There was no objection. Mr. KEEFE. Mr. Chairman, we are

here discussing a bill that has resultea from the work of one of the distinguished committees of this House under the leadership of the chairman of a subcommittee, the gentleman from Maine [Mr. FELLOWS]. I intend to support this bill. Yesterday you appropriated in an ap·propriation bill $130,00,000 to pay the administration expenditures of State employees in every State in this Union who are carrying on the Unemploym ~nt Compensation and the Employment Service activities in those States.

For many months now the investigators of the Appropriations Committee have been going out into the States of this Union in order to make reports to the Appropriations Committee so that we may know what they are doing with these funds. A cursory examination in the State of Tennessee brought forth certain facts as a result of a preliminary examination, which the chief investigator brought to the attention of the chairman of the Appropriations Committee and the gentleman who is now addressing you as chairman of the subcommittee, that required further investigation.

The chief of the investigators went down into Tennessee to investigate the reports which charged that a bite was being put on the salanes of all the employees in the Unemployment Compen.sation and the Employment Services to the extent of 10 percent of 1 months' pay to go into a political slush fund in behalf of one of the political people who .is now engaged in a political contest in the State of Tennessee.

Mr. Chairman, I know nothing about the political situation in Tennessee and have no interest in it at all except insofar as the use of Federal funds that we are appropriating might be involved. When the Committee rises and we are in the House again, I shall ask that there be incorporated as a part of these remarks the preliminary report of the investigatory staff of the Appropriations Committee. I am making no charges against anyone. But this report will be submitted to the Department of Justice. It is a very interesting and illuminating situation. It will also be filed with the Civil Service Commission for such remedial action as may be deemed necessary.

Mr. Chairman, I take this time now in order to serve notice upon the State administrators and State authorities in all of the 48 States that if it comes to the attention of the Congress and the investigatory staff of. the Appropriations Committee they are attempting by coercion or intimidation to bite into the salaries of these State employees who

are paid 100 percent out of Federal funds, they are going to hear about it. This investigation will continue throughout the summer and the matter will be brought to the attention of the proper authorities. If this Congress can do anything to stop it it is going to be stopped. The time to stop it is now. I · serve notice upon all of the State administrators and all of the people in aU of the States that the Congress is not appropriating this money for political purposes.

POLITICAL CONTRIBUTIONS IN STATE OF TENNESSEE

The Subcommit tee on Labor-Federal Security of the Appropriations Committee some time ago directed that a study be made of the United States Unemployment Service and the Unemployment Compensation Commission concerning their efficiency of operation, both at the State and Federal level.

In connection with that study some nine representative States were visited and the operations examined in detail to form the basis of conclusions that has been reported in full to the subcommittee under date of June 4, 1948.

In connection with the examination of the operations of the State of Tennessee, however, a situation was called to the attention of the staff bearing on alleged enforced contributions to a political campaign contrary to the provisions of the Federal law dealing with that subject. The facts, as alleged, were gathered and are reported on herein-after. However, attention is invited to the fact that this should not be construed as a complete investigation as such a matter comes within the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice and the Civil Service Commission. Investigation in this regaxd was confined to the city of Memphis whereas the allegations would indicate that the alleged violations are State-wide known agencies where Federal grants are involved and sweeping inquiry would appear to be wholly justified~

SYNOPSIS OF FACTS ~

At the present time, · in the State of Tennessee, the principal contestants for the governorship of the State are Go:~:"don Browning, former governor, and James McCord, incumbent. This promises to be a very close race and all participants are concerned over

· the outcome. The relative merits of the two men are unknown to this staff.

It appears to be traditional in the State of Tennessee to enforce a contribution on the part of the State employees to political campaigns as a measure of loyalty to the existing administration. This has not been traditional, however, in the Employment Service, which is operated under Federal grant and this is the first time in the memory of the old employees that such a campaign has been officially sponsored within the Employment and Unemployment Compensation Services.

It appears that in the latter part of April, Commissioner Hake had a meeting in Nashville of representatives of all the district offices and advised them of the urgency of the political campaign. He suggested that contributions of 10 percent of 1 month's base salaxy would be accepted and suggested that this message be circulated to all employees so that the contributions could be turned in no later than the first few days in June. Commissioner Hake emphasized that the contributions should be voluntary; however, the method of handling same, at least in Memphis, left no doubt in the ·employees' minds of an implied reprisal U they failed to so contribute.

In the city of Memphis, Mr. Hugh Magevney called a conference of the supervisors and advised them in very specific terms that

the contribution would be expected. Mr. Ike Friedman, local office manager, appointed the supervisors as collectors. They objected, however, and, subsequently, Mr. William 0. Farmer acted as collector. 1

On May 5, 1948, Commissioner Hake had · circularized a statement explaining to employees that they were not violating the Hatch Act if they made contributions and explaining it was their privilege so to do. He again emphasized the voluntary provisions which pious explanations were accepted by employees with a "tongue in the cheek" attitude. With but two or three exceptions in

'Memphis, all employees contributed approximately 10 percent of a month's base salary, turning the funds over to Mr. Farmer who in turn gave them to Mr. Magevney who thereafter traveled to Nashville turning the same over to the campaign headquarters of Governor McCord. The facts, as reported, would indicate rather specifically that the Hatch Act had been circumvented and specifically violated.

THE LAW

The act of August 2, 1939, as amended by the act of July 19, 1940, cited as title 18, United States Code, Annotated, 61 (1), proVides as follows:

"Eighteen United States Code, Annotated, 61 (1): Employees of State or local agencies financed by loans or grants from United States-infiuencing elections; officer or employee defined.

"(a) No officer or employee of any State or local agency whose principal employment is in connection with any activity which is financed in whole or in part by loans or grants made by the United States or by any Federal agency shall (1) use his official authority or influence for the purpose of in· terfering with an election or a nomination for office, or affecting the result thereof, or (2) directly or indirectly coerce, attempt to coerce, command, or advise any other such officer or employee to pay, lend, or contrib· ute any part of his salaxy or compensation or anything else of value to any party, committee, organization4 agency, or person fdr political purposes. No such officer or employee shall take any active part in political mangement or in political campaigns. All such persons shall retain the right to vote as they may choose and to express their opinions on all political subjects and candidates. For the purposes of the second sentence of this section, the term 'officer or employee' shall not be construed to include ( 1) the governor or the lieutenant governor of any State or any person who is authorized by law to act as governor, or the mayor of any city; (2) duly elected heads of executive departments of any State or municipality who are not classified under a State or municipal merit or civil-service system; (3) officers holding elective offices."

The regulations of the Civil Service Commission contain interpretations of the act and, among other things, provides as follows (p. 8 of Form 1236 (a) September 1940, titled "Political Activities and Political Assessments"):

"Contributions: Employees may not solicit, collect, receive, disburse, or otherwise handle contributions made for political purposes. They may make voluntary contributions to a regularly constituted political organization for its general expenditures.:·

TH~ FACTS

Shortly after arrival in Memphis, Tenn., it was obvious that a serious situation existed in the office as the employees had just completed making a contribution, the amount of which seriously affected their current finances. All of the employees who were interviewed by the writer were most apprehensive lest punitive measures be taken against tliem as a result of answering honestly and fearlessly the questions put before them. They were assured that they were

7770 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 expected to answer truthfully the direct questions propounded and they were assured that their specific identity would be protected. The m~tter of any reprisals against employees was likewise discussed with Comtnissioner Hake. He assured the writer there would be no reprisals or attempted reprisals as it was 1:.: 1 posit ion that he had done nothing wrong in inaugurating this program and if his orders were not followed by his subordinates it was against his desire&_.

Employees interviewed are being assigned a code number the identity of which is available to the writer and, in the event hearings are desired on this matter either at Memphis or Washington, D. C., they would truthfully answer direct questions if placed to them under oath.

Qt:otation of a letter from employee A to employee B might best mustrate the reaction of these employees to the assessment.

"Here I am again-old bad news. The bad news this time though is all for us State employees in Tennessee. Mr. Magevney just returned from the Democratic convention in Nashville and told us we had to give 10 percent of 1 month's base salary or else. I don't see ho>; they can ask it of us if the Hatch law means anything, but it seems Mr. Hake can get by anything and he is the law. I wa ; told yesterday not to buck this, but to go ahead and pay. I was advised that it was not likely that anyone would get fired for not payi,ng if it came to a show-down, but they really mean business. This is the first time I have ever been asked to contribute ~nd you know what I think of having to pay to keep my job."

Employee C advised that the local office · manager calJ.ed a meeting of employees and announced that a contribution . was expected. It was everyone's understanding that it was of their own accord and, although many of the checks were made payable to the State Democratic Committee, there was no direct coercion, but everybody understood that it was expected. A collection was made and the funds turned over to Mr. Magevney.

· Employee C-1, a veteran, was very -bitter in off-the-record discussion. He indicated that he was a comparatively new employee and• was greatly disappoint~d after having helped to win a war to have to return to such demagogy. He further indicated that the local office manager after meeting with Mr.

· Magevney read a communication of some kind to the effect that 10 percent would be acceptable (this communication apparently was in the form of notes taken by the local office manager during the course of the meeting with Mr. Magevney. Subsequent to the writer's visit to Memphis, this pa-rticular individual was taken to the hospital in a serious condition and, accordingly, was not interviewed). C-1 indicated the inference was very clear to him and to the other employees that they had better kick in and that he had, in fact, contributed very much against his will.

Employee D was a very high type, intelligent person who indicated that, personally, contributions were always made by. him (D) to a chosen political organization, but this was the first time that an assessment of this type was remembered. This individual was advised by telephone by Mr. Magevney of the assessment at which time information was requested of Mr. Magevney · as to how this matter should be presented to the other employees. He advised that the employees should be told point-blank that the contribution would be expected. This information was passed on precisely as he indicated. There was utterly no enthusiasm on the par.t of the employees involved who felt that it was a forced' assessment.

Employee E was present at the manager meeting early in May at which time Mr. Magevney advised that he had returned from Nashville wh ere the Commissioner had told h im to suggest a donat ion from employees. The voluntary nature of such donations was

emphasized at this meeting although every- tion in the collection of money contributed one understood it was very definitely ex- by the personnel of the Tennessee Departpected. ment of Employment Security Office, located

Mr. Ike Friedman, the local office manager, at 122 Union Avenue, )M:emphis, Tenn., to be delegated the collection to the supervisors used by the State headquarters campaign at which time there was some reluctance on fund. their part in view of their apprehension con- Approximately 30 days ago at our weekly cerning the Hatch Act. As a result of this, supervisors' meeting, Mr. Hugh Magevney, employee William 0. Farmer was delegated our dist rict manager, remarked in the course the task of contacting and collecting the of the meeting that it was permissible for us funds. The money was subsequently turned to make a voluntary contribution to the camover to Mr. Magevney. paign fund, and that we could notify our divi-

Employee E-1 advised that contribution sion personnel that they could do the same w.as made by employees in the office, includ- if they so desired. I notffied my personnel ing E-1, and while they were advised verbally of this and told them it was abosolutely valthat any contribution was voluntary, the in- untary and up to each individual as to ference and the grapevine was very clear whether they contributed or not. that it was definitely expected. The employ- At our weekly supervisors meeting on May ees were very much upset although they all, 20, Mr. Ike Friedman, our office manager, adsubstantially, complied. This employee like- vised the group of supervisors to tell their wise alleged that the result of the writer's personnel that he had delegated Mr. Harry inquiry could not amount to anything a.s the Schroeppel, supervisor of the Employer ReCommissioner was too big politically to be lations Division, and myself as receivers of hurt. any contributions the employees felt like they

Employee F advised that the method of wanted to make to this fund as he would be assessing the employees was a crime and a out of the city. shame and was not consistent in any respect On date of May 28, I advised the other with goodgovernment. This employee point- supervisors that I was ready to receive any ed out that the 10 percent assessment on base voluntary contributions anyone desired to pay was substantially more than 10 percent make. The majority of the office personnel of take-home pay and, further, there were came to my desk and stated they wished to a number of employees in the service who make a contribution to the State campaign had other members of their family in the fund. I asked each individual specifically if service which created a double contribution. the contribution they were making was volIn the opinion of this employee there was untary and accepted it only when they as-nothing voluntary about this assessment. sured me it was.

Employee G was most vehement in his de- On May 31, around 1 o'clock, when I felt nouncement of this return to bossism and that everyone who wanted to had made their devoutly hoped that the jeopardy of the em- contribution, I went to Mr. Magevney's office ployees who were talking frankly would be with the money and turned it over to him. rewarded with some substantial action on the I wish to state that no one was solicited for part of Congress to prohibit a recurrence of any money, and what I received was brought this type of thing. This employee pointed to my desk by the employees voluntarily, out that political activity in this service was Yours very truly, · the very thing that the proponents of Federal . WILLIAM 0. FARMER. control had predicted would happen if the Copies to Me.ssrs. Hugh Magevney, Emmett service was given to the States. This em- Norment, Ike Friedman. ployee is a very high type individual, most It was subsequently determined that prior

;.J:amiliar with the machinations of maneu- t i i th t t t t t vers of this nature, and is completely reliable. 0 g v ng ~ s a emen ° he writer, Mr.

Farmer cleared the matter with Mr. Fried-Employee William 0. Farmer advised that . man who revised the statement. The nature

he attended th.e rp.eeting with Magevney and of the rev1sions was not ascertained. was told of the campaign to obtain funds for ... Employee H advised that personally conthe Governor. It was explained that it would -tributions have been made to the party of be a nice gesture of loyalty to the Governor H's choice for years. As a result, Employee if 10 percent of the base pay for 1 month H did t f 1 t' 1

' would be contributed. The voluntary na- no ee any par lCU ar pressure in this regard. Employee H advised that, cur

ttire was emphasized time and again and Mr. rently, many Qf the employees in the local Farmer had no reason to feel that there offices outoode the city of Memphis were exwould be any reprisals against employees who . tremely disturbed and several -vere expecting did not care to contribute. Subsequent to to resign momentarily as a result of this in-the meeting, the supervisors indicated some cident. It was likewise indicated that a reticence with respect to acting as collec- number of employees in the field had re-tors, and Mr. Friedman appointed him to do fused to contribute even under the pressure the collecting. He CQllected the funds and of the local manager and were waiting to turned them over, together with a list of see what, if any, reprisal was made against employees contributing. He advised that all them. but five or six in the office had paid the Employee I advised that no contribution assessment which In all cases approximate has been nor w111 be made to this fund and 10 percent of base pay for 1 month. The that, to date, no reprisals have been taken funds were turned over to Magevney with the against same. The time limit of contribut-list (efforts to locate the list were unavail- ing, however, had not been fully crossed and able as Mr. Magevney subsequently advised Employee I indicated some apprehension that the list was turned over with the funds about what, if any, action would be taken. to campaign he~:~odquarters and he presumed Of all of the employees interviewed, who

· that the list would be returned to. Commis- were picked at random from the list, this sioner Hake for his information)· was the only one who indicated that no con-

In view of the fact that this employee actu- tribution had been made. ally handled the contributions, it was sug- Employee J advised that information regested to him that he might wish to file a ceived was definite to the effect that the statement explaining that he was ordered to contribution was expected to help Governor make this collection as he would appear to McCord. Likewise, the amount of 10 percent be a rather innocent victim. His statement was suggested. This employee advised that is quoted hereinafter: . the question of voluntary was somewhat of

DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SECURITY, a joke as the term obviously meant a de-Memphis, Tenn., June 2, 1948. sire originating with the employee. This

Mr. RoBERT E. LEE, employee also indicated the rather poor Chief of the Investigation Staff of the morale situation that had currently de-House Appropriations Committee, Mem- veloped as a result of the assessment. -

phis, Tenn. Employee K was a rather pathetic case and DEAR SIR: In response to your request for a spoke very emotionally concerning what was

statement as to my connection and participa- referred t~ as a "dun." Personally, tt was

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7771 indicated that this employee actually favored Governor McCord's opponent; however, contribution was made by reason of the fact that the grapevine which was started by Mr.

"Friedman according to the employee indicated that the list of contributors "would · be made available to the Commissioner and

·it would be scrutinized." This employee was tearful in indicating that economic · necessity forced contributions that were against conscience.

Employee L was definitely advised that 10 percent of base salary was expected or else. This employee likewise was asked to pass on the information which request was complied with. This employee indicated personally the contribution was made in good faith and has no objection to the same although it was hardly voluntary. .

Employee M definitely indicated that no contribution would have been made if the approach had not been instituted by the administration and that the voluntary nature was purely lip service.

Mr. Ike Friedman, manager of the Memphis local omce, when interviewed, concerning this matter, declined to give a written statement regarding his participation in this matter. He advised that there was a staff meeting the latter part of May at which time Mr. Magevney ha.ving returned fro~ a district managers' meeting in Nashville, advised that the voluntary contributions of 10 percent ef base salary would be accepted for the governor's campaign fund: He delegated supervisors to undertake the job and pass on the message. The supervisors objected to acting as collectors, and he accordingly appointed Mr. Farmer and a Mr. Schroeppel (who resigned for unknown reasons prior to ~he collection and was not located by writer for an interview). Mr. Friedman handled the collection and gave the . money direct to Mr. Magevney. It is interesting to note at this point that while Mr. Friedman denies being with Mr. Farmer at the· time the funds were turned over to Mr. Magevney, Mr. Farmer states that Mr. Friedman accompanied him to Mr. Magevney's o1Hce,

Mr. Friedman likewise indicated there was no coercion and he received no complaints on the matter and, as a matter of fact, on the day the collection was made, he was out of the city.

Concerning the fact that the commissioner had required that the registration number and poll t11x receipt of all employees be furnished him, Mr. Friedml\n denied any specific knowledge, merely indicating that he received a list containing this data and turned it over to Mr. Magevney.

During the course of the inquiry, Mr. Magevney was out of town, presumably in Nashville, where he had gone to turn in the funds collected the preceding week. He returned, however, before the writer left and, when questioned concerning this matter, he declined to furnish a written statement. He intimatei:i that he could not see

· what interest the writer had in such a matter but he would orally advise that he had been instructed by Commissioner Hake concerning this collection for the Governor's campaign and he felt that the employees supervisors in a conference to contact employees to advise them that donations of 10 percent of base pay for ! .. month would be gratefully received. His justification for this was that it · was going to be a tough campaign and he felt that the employees owed some loyalty to the Governor. He likewise emphasized that he stated that the contributions were to be voluntary. He accepted the funds as collected by Mr. Farmer as well as from other individuals throughout the territory and took the money and a list of employees to Nashville, Tenn., where he turned it over to the Governor's fund. He indicated that he did not have a copy of the list but he presumed it would be returned to Commissioner Hake for his scrutiny.

Concerning the matter of poll-tax registrations, he indicated that he followed Com-

missioner Hake's desires in this respect. He transmitted to the Commissioner the list of employees with the poll.:tax receipts and registration numbers as it was the Commissioner's desire, in which he concurred, that all employees should be required to vote. He likewise emphasized the fact that none of the employees were told how they were to vote but merely that they must vote. The inference is, however, rather obvious.

This matter was taken up with Commissioner Hake at Nashville, Tenn., and he ad-

ed by the voters. Your salary comes from public funds. You are a part of and interested in Government.

It is, therefore, the policy of this department of Government that every employee become a qualified voter and exercise his right of franchise.

Please advise your supervisor if you are qualified to vote in the primary and general election of this State at your legal residence.

. W.O.HAKE, Commissioner.

vised that he handled no funds of any kind Distribution: A, B, C. but merely passed on the desires of the The statement of Commissioner Hake ad-Gove·rnor to his organization and empha-sized the fact that the contributions were vising employees of their rights under the to be voluntary. Concerning the list of em- Hatch Act is quoted hereinafter: • ployees who contributed, he presumes that "Memorandum to: All district managers. it will be turned over· to him at some time "From: Henry R. Burkitt, State :field man-in the future: Concerning the method of ager. handling the collection in Nashville, he ad- "Date: May 5, 1948. vised that there was no collector appointed • "Enclosed you will :find copies of Commisand he had no knowledge as to who collected stoner Hake's talk to the personnel of the although he understood that some of the central omce. Su1Hcient copies are enclosed employees centralized their collections in an for you to give each local o1Hce a copy." individual on the outside.

It was determined from another SOUrCe "COMMISSIONER HAKE SPEAKING TO ENTIRE • that arrangements had been made to have a CENTRAL OFFICE FORCE OF EMPLOYMENT State employee, not :financed by Federal SECURITY DEPARTMENT APRIL 30, 19~8 funds, come into the omce at Nashville and "Mr. HAKE. Good morning-Is everybody handle the collection, thus to circumvent the here? Has every floor and everybody in our Hatch Act (which procedure was not fol- Department been notified to be here? I lowed at Memphis). Mr. Hake's attitude don't see but five or six men-wonder if was that this did not amount to anything there are any men in this division. and, if his ins~ructions were misinterpreted "I wanted to talk to you a little bit as your by some of his subordinates, it was unfor- Commissioner this morning about a matter, tunate. He intimated that he failed to see which you hear so much about and read so the connection in this matter with the om- much about, most of whcih is undoubtedly cial inquiry, and it was explained to him untrue, and it regards the question of conthat the proponents of full Federal control tributions under the so-called Hatch Act. had predicted the very thing that appeared "I want to talk to you because I want you ~o be happening if the States regained con- to know it from me, and as nearly as I can I trol of the program. am going to tell you the truth about it.

Concerning the matter of the poll tax, he Everything I am telling you is being taken advised that it was the Governor's position down by two stenographers, so if you quote that all State employees should be required me be sure to quote me accurately when you to vote, and the Governor had, in fact, sent leave from here. Let me restate, if you have forms to all employees to be executed indi- any doubts about what I said, you can read eating that they had qualified. The Com- what I have said so you will be absolutely missioner did not happen to use these forms sure, if you are going to tell anything on the and took the other method of assuring him- outside that I have said, to quote me corself that all employees had properly qualified. rectly. Cqmmissioner Hake emphasized that no pres- "Now there have been rumors -of what they sure was used but that they were required to call a shake-down from the state employees vote one way or another. He likewise ad- for campaign purposes, and, of course, a vised that this entire matter was very likely shake-down has a connotation of nastiness a campaign issue, and the Governor had taken cognizance of it, and on May 7, 1948, about it. Anybody making a contribution issued a statement concerning this matter, for a campaign fund is doing as honorable which is quoted as follows: a thing as if making a contribution for the

"Reports are current that employees of the cancer fund, the Red Cross, or any other state government are being 'forced' to make contribution you make. In our scheme of campaign contributions. Opponents of this government, and I thank God we still have administration are charging almost daily it, we elect our o1Hcials, and to elect officials that state employees are being given the you have to have campaigns. That is· the hard choice of contributing or of losing their law, both Federal and State-there must be jobs. candidates and candidates can't run without

"These charges are absolutely false. No money, consequently, money is raised by employee of the state government is in any various means. If that were not true.. a danger of losing his job through failure or very good man who had no money could refusal to make a campaign contribution. never hope to achieve any honorable posi-

"Only voluntary contributions will be tion in our democracy. accepted. "Now there is a law-called the Hatch Act,

"This o1fice Will welcome any information and the act was introduced by Senator HATCH relative to any forced 'shake-downs.' Em- from New Mexico, that is on the statute ployees may have the utmost assurance that books, and that is what I want to talk about. corrective steps will be taken immediately. "Under that law anyone can make a con-

"I will not condone the action of any indi- tribution to any campaign, to any candidate; vidual who seeks campaign contributions that is absolutely legal. You can make with an open or even a veiled threat that $1,000 contribution to all candidates if you refusal to contribute will lead to termina- want to, if you are inclined to do so. The tlon of employment.'' law does not prohibit you from doing it.

The memorandum from Commi~sioner I am going to make a contribution; I have Hake, concerning the matter of poll tax, is done it since I have been old enough to vote, quoted hereinafter: and I will always do it because I believe in

TENNESsEE DEPARTMENT oF our form of government, and I have always EMPLOYMENT SECURITY, had a candidate that I preferred over some

Nashville, Tenn., April 12, 1948. other, and I am going to do it this time. Memorandum to: All employees. You have that privilege, and no one can Subject: Exercise of voting franchise. deny you that privilege. It is a legal right

This is an election year. Under our sys- you have. You can make those contributem of g'overnment, public o1Hcials are elect• tions to whomever you want, no matter

7772 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--HOUSE JUNE 10 what candidate is in the field. · You can go to the . headquarters_ in the Ap.drew Jackson or the Hermitage, and take a check made out to the State Campaign Headquarters, marked that way, and give whatever amount you desire and that is proper and legal. That is a good way to evidence your interest in good government. Above all, every one in the sound of my voice should vote on election day. I am certainly not telling you for whom you should vote, but I am telling you that anyone who is on a public payroll and does not vote when election time comes has no business on that pay roll. I hope you under- · stand that. If there is anyone here that thi!l~ they are not interested in government, especially when you get your bread and butter from· the taxpayers' ·money you are not worthy of the position you are holding. I hope that is strong enough to understandnobody is indispe~sable in an organization from my office down. You are in the Stat~ service because somebody wanted you. You will remain in the State service because somebody wants you. There is always somebody to take our place.

"Now, if there is any question that anyone wants to ask, I want them to ask me now while I am here. You can make a contribution to any campaign headquarters-! want to repeat it, you can make all the contributions you want to-it is legal, and it is proper, and you are not violating any act. You dol).'t need to go around and sneak and hand it to anybody. You can walk right down and write his name on· it. If you want to make a contribution to McCord, you can make it directly to Jim McCord, or directly to Gordon "Browning, or directly to Jimmie Harden, write on the face of the check, and mark it 'for campaign purpose,' and that is perfectly legitimate. I don't want anybody to misunderstand what I have said-! am not asking you to vote for anybody; I am not soliciting any funds from anybody for any candidate. You are privileged to make a contribution to any candidate you want to. I know that this departll).ent, because of the fact that our administrative funds come from Federal sources, is entirely under the provisions of the Hatch Act, but what I have said you may do is no violation of the Hatch Act.

"If anyone is not clear on what your rights and privileges are, as an American citizen, in any election year-any question that bothers you at all, ask me, and if I cannot answer it, I have my chief counsel here and a good many others that know what I am talking about-don't hesitate to aslc.

"Mr. HEPBURN. Is there a penalty if you don't contribute?

"Mr. HAKE. That question is not' worthy of an answer. Is there anyone in this room that was ever asked about his or her politics or religion before they got the job? If there is, I want to see your hand. [No hands.]

Are there any other questions? I don't mean for that question to shut off all other questions. I am not here assessing penalttes or requesting contributions. I am merely trying to tell you your rights.

"Mr. BURKITT. Would you explain to them the qualifications for voting?

"Mr. HAKE. I don't know as I can go into all the ramifications.

"Mr. BuRKITT. Some have asked whether they would require poll tax in this primary.

"Mr. HAKE. I think I can answer that very easily by answering 'Yes; poll tax is a requirement'; if you don't have one, you should get one that makes you eligible to vote. Now, anyone under 21, and doesn't reach their twenty-first birthday, I think if they reach it before the Nm·ember election they can vote in the August primary, but if you are under 21 on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, you are not eligible to vote in the August primary. I think most of our people are rather mature-we have a few under 21. Any other questions?

"EMPLOYEE. What is the closing date for paying poll tax?

".Mr. HAKE. Yo~ can pay your poll tax the day of the primary election, 5th of August in Tennessee. You can get your receipt that day and go right over and vote.

"¥r. CoNNER. You have to pay 60 days before August 5 in the county election.

"Mr. HAKE. I was speaking of State and national, but if you are interested in your county offices you have to have your poll tax 60 days before the 5th of August, and likewise if you don't vote in the primary-are out of the State-you would have to have your poll tax 60 days before the regular election in November.

"Mr. CONNER. Anybody required to pay poll tax should go ahead and pay to get full privilege.

"Mr. HAKE. That bulletin that was put out from my office was simply to the point that you become eligible to vote in the primary, and I presume that all of you have followed · through on that. We will, of course, keep a check on that-! am interested to know whether the people in this department are interested enough in good government to qualify themselves for voting purposes on the 5th of August. That went out by the A, B, C routing.

"Mr. CONNER .. Everybody knows, I preS':Jme, that you have to register in the cities, and will have an opportunity to register 20 days before election in the cities.

"Mr. HAKE. Many counties do not require registration; you will know whether your home county does or not. Are there any other questions?

"Mr. MOORE. Mr. Hake, about that registration; you might tell them if they happen to move within the time that they would have to register in a supplemental registration.

"Mr. HAKE. You have already said it, • so I could hear it, and everybody else could hear it also. Any other questions?

"EMPLOYEE. I would like the application we once filled out not to have what is your .religion; that hasn't anything to do with it.

"Mr. HAKE. That is another department. "EMPLOYEE. No, I remember the first ap

plication I filled out wanted to know my religion.

"Mr. HAKE. I have never asked that question. There was a very proper question ask!Jd, 'Could State employees work at the election polls?' You cannot .do that. There are certain prohibitions, but you wouldn't be too much interested in that; you cannot get out and make political speeches, cannot work at the polls, cannot be on the executive committee of the Democratic or Republican Party. Those things I know none of you will violate. I feel that all of you are familiar with the things you should not do under the law. I am merely trying to advise you of those things you are privileged and permitted to do.

"It is all right to express your ideas privately. No law is ever going to prohibit you from saying to Nellie Jones or Mr. X who you are for, or 'I hope you are for so and so,' and that is proper. You have a perfect right. Of course, you couldn't get out on the courthouse lawn and get up and begin shouting for some particular candidate. Those are things that you don't have to bother about; you don't need to worry about saying you are for such and such a candidate. You have that right. · "Now, any other questions? If not, you ought to think of a lot of little questions so we could stay for half an hour. Anyway, I felt it an opportune time when you are hearing and seeing so many rumors to get you together and talk to you in this way, because I feel-! hope I am not wt:_ong in my feelingthat you do have a certain amount of confidence in me. If I didn't think so, I would not want to be here.. I have confidence in you, I love you· all, and I hope you like your work. Now we can go slowly and gently back to our jobs. Nice to see you."

There is likewise quoted below a very pertinent ano~ymous letter that was sent to the writer, addressed to the Department of Justice:

MEMPHIS, TENN., May 15, 1948 •• DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,

Washington, D. C. DEAR SIRS: There is a situation going on

here that stinks. I am employed in the Department of Employment Security at 122 Union Avenue, Memphis, Tenn. I am a veteran and on returning from the service I took the merit examination and passed. I was appointed from the list and did not think politics would enter and that we would be simply on our merits. Now we are informed that we must come across with 10 percent of our salary for the Governor's campaign or we will be sorry. We know that we won't loose our jobs for that cause . but we are given to understand there will be a lot of other reasons given.

Then we are given a letter from the commissioner where he states we can give voluntarily to anyone we want to but we understand we had better come across . to the Governor or else. We must also turn in our poll· tax and registration receipts, these to be inspected by the district manager, we also understand a list will be made of our names for the commissioner, and the district manager and probably the manager, so if one overlooks us if we don't come across the others will have a reminder and will make us sorry. •

Now I was attracted to this job because I thought it was Federal funds.

Now we understand why the State wanted the employment service back and fought so hard for State control, I am convinced we should have stayed as a Federal service.

I am informed that the other office at 199 South Second Street is coming across 100 percent, some of" the veterans there tell me that they are also mad about this situation but are scared as t}J.ey have to support a family and have to work to do so, this is the condition we are in at .122 Union Avenue.

In fact there is general anger but we don't dare do anything, some of us planned to vote Republican but we understand our ballots will be marked and now we will have to go along with the machine in fact we will handour ballots in open so they can see we voted right, but we still think it wrong.

We understand the district manager, will take up the money about June 1, after making the collection locally visiting all the other offices in the district collecting their money then carry it to the commissioner.

I suppose he will send us a letter sanctl• moniously. thanking us for our voluntary donations. . . . · You might ask why all of us hit on the same percentage. I regret economics make me a bigger coward than bullets ever did but I understand if I am ever identified the heat will be turned on and I am finished for good here. I will lose my home, job, and will be blacklisted from any other work and we know it can and will be done.

A VETERAN. P. S.-I was .going to mail·this but I under

stand you are here representing Congress, so I will hand this letter to let you have a clear picture of the situation.

CONCLUSIONS RELATIVE TO THE VOLUNTARY NATURE OF THE ASSESSMENT

1. Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines . the word "voluntary" as follows:

(I) Proceeding from the will, or from one's own choice or full consent.

(2) Unconstrained by interference; selfimpelled; freely given, done, etc.

(3) Done by design or intention; intentional; not accidental; as, voluntary man-slaughter. ·

( 4) Of or pertaining to the will; subject to, or regulated by, the will; as, the voluntary muscles.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7773 ( 5) Able to will; having power of free

ehoice; as, man is a voluntary agent. ( 6) Provided or supported by voluntary

action; not established, state-supported, etc., as, voluntary churches.

(7) Law. Acting, or done, of one's own free will without valuable consideration or legal obligation. •

2. While the employees were advised that they could contribute to anyone the collection was handled as being specifically for McCord and was handled, . at least in Memphis, by arr employee of the office.

3. The amount expected was specified and in almost all instances approximated 10 percent of the base salary for 1 month.

4. The grapevine technique was used, at least at the local office level, in bringing pressure to insure that substantial compliance was achieved.

5. Employees appointed by the former Governor and presumably owing loyalty to him contributed to the present Governor.

6. While assessments of this type may be historical in Tennessee, old employees had never recalled such an assessment in the Em.ployment or Unemployment Compensation Service.

RECOMMENDATIONS .

This matter is being called to the attention of the committee for their consideration. In view of the fact, however, that this appears to be a matter involving the entire State of Tennessee, it is suggested that copies of this document be direc~ed to the Civil Service Commission and to the United States Department of Justice suggesting that a .full and complete investigation be ordered and that the committee be promptly advised as to the results thereof.

Respectfully submitted. ROBERT E. LEE,

Chief, Investigative Staff.

Mr. CELLER. Mr. Chairman, I rise in opposition : to the pending amendment.

Mr. Chairman, I listened with great interest to the remarks of the minority whip who sort of damned the members of the Judiciary Committee with faint praise. He said they , had done a remarkable job-but. He does not give us any support whatsoever for what he terms the remarkable job that we did. We worked for months and months in an endeavor to perfect a bill. Now we are confronted with these amendments which will wreck the bill and destroy the remarkable work-in the language of the gentleman from Massachusetts-that the members of the Judiciary Committee, both on the majority and the minority sides, have done. We want not only his words of praise but his vote. With one voice he praises but with the other he hurts us.


Mr. CELLER. I yield to the gentleman from Pennsylvania.

Mr. GRAHAM. Is it not a fact that in almost the 16 months we spent on this matter, we heal'd witnesses of every type and of every character day after day; witnesses from the foreign field of tJ;le State Department, the occupational zones, the Department of Justice, that we considered every one of these amendments now being offered and rejected them after they had an honest hearing?

Mr. CELLER. That is correct. Then too, if my memory serves me correctly, the gentleman who damns us with faint praise-and I love him despite his statement-appeared before our committee advocating the Stratton bill providing

XCIV--490

for the admission of 400,000 DP's; Now, as the result of a compromise, we come in with a bill for 200,000, and he wants further to whittle down the 200,000 for DP's by admission of some 40,000 Poles. He should know full well that the largest grouping among the 200,000 in our bill are the Poles. Poles comprise 31 percent of all the 200,000 DP's. We have been mighty fair to the Poles in this bill. Now

. he would increase the number of Poles to be admitted by something like 40,000. That is a 20-percent increase on the oasis of 200,000. Superimpose a 20-percent increase upon the 31 percent and the Poles will get fully pO percent of all the relief this bill affords. I would like to admit them all. I am a liberal when it comes to immigration. But I am realistic also. I want a bill to pass . . I cannot approve a bill t;hat gives all the cream to the Poles and the skimmed milk to all the others. That is highly unfair. These 40,000 . comprise the so-called Anders' men in England. They are not stateless; they have roofs over their heads; they are not behind barbed wire; they are working, or jobs are available to them; they have freedom of action. They are not in camps or compounds. They are not, under any circumstances, to be deemed displaced persons. Now just because they may have served in the armed forces, which is a very creditable thing, is no reason why they should come in under this bill. There were the Italian soldiers, many of whom deserted Mussolini and who fought underground in Italy, many of them heroes. Shall we also embrace them under the 200,000? There are . many French Maquis who fought underground and many heroes among them. If we are going to admit Anders' men just because they served in the Allied armed forces, by the same token we must admit all these' Italians and we must admit all these Frenchmen. I do not think that is good logic, and you cannot agree with it. .

The gentleman from Massachusetts, the minority ·whip, Mr. McCoRMACK, said that he is going to "stick" with us. · Well, that is fine sticking with us when he sup·ports this amendment. He rather uses a "stick" to strafe us and make impossible the passage of a decent bill-a bill that will be generally acceptable.


Mr. CELLER. I yield to the gentleman from Kentucky.

Mr. CHELF. If we are going to do this with these fine worthy people, by

' the same token why should we not' include the kith ·and kin of JapaneseAmericans who fought so wonderfully and who rescued the lost ·Texas battalion in 'Italy during World War II? •

Mr. CELLER. There would be no end to the lists we would admit.

Mr. COOLEY. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. CELLER. I yield to the gentleman from North Carolina.

Mr. COOLEY. I was going to ask the gentleman whether or not these Poles that are now in Great Britain would be eligible for British citizenship, and if they could qualifY in that way, they might come in under the British quota rather than under this bill. ·

.Mr. CELLER. Place of birth and not citizenship · determines quota. They might come in under the Polish quota subsequently, but not under the British quota.

Mr. COOLEY. I was .talking about eligibilicy for British citizenship.

Mr. CELLER. They would be eligible for British citizenship under the British law.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from New York has expired.

. Mr. DORN. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last three words and ask unanimous consent to proceed for thre:e additional minutes.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from South Carolina?

Mr. DORN. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the House. I am opposed not only to the amendment but to the entire bill. I listened with a great deal of interest a few minutes ago to the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoRMACK] and the gentleman from New York [Mr. CELLER] and various others. I understand that many of the Members of the House were overseas recently. I would like to say that last week my brother returned from Japan. He went to Japan in October 1945, and came back last week. He said that it is impossible-and I know myself that it is impossible-for a Member of Congress to go overseas and find out the real, true, honest situation, because the word leaks out one way or the other that you are a Congressman and consequently it is difficult for you to find out the real truth.

There are strange things taking place in this Nation today. Under present immigration quotas only 307 Greeks are allowed in America annually. I personally have known many Greeks and they make the .best of citizens. I have never seen one in jail or on relief rolls. They will all work. Only 569 Finns are permitted to immigrate to America yet little Finland paid her debts to the United States and her people are gallant and brave. At the same time other nationalities are pouring into this land by special Presidential directives, large quotas, and many other ways. .

As to "this bill, may I say that I am opposed to it for many reasons, the first of which is administration. Could it be the same type of administration that has reversed itself so often on Palestine and Trieste that lets war material go to Russia and at th«i same time tries to stop communism with money. Could it be a similar crowd to the old WPA bunch or the UNRRA boys, I rather think so. I understand there are provisions in this bill for screening. I hope it is not the kind of screening the Voice of America pulled off down in South America. I hope the Intelligence of this country will not be overruled as it was overruled at Pearl Harbor, as the high command overruled the Intelligence reports coming in before the Battle of the Bulge, which I myself knew was coming. It is the administration of these star-gazing, oneworld ideas that continually come before this Congress that I am worried about. I am greatly alarmed, not only alarmed but disillusioned over the idea in this

7774 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 land that the United States of America is obligated to support the whole world and take care of the world's problems.

I served in Germany as an enlisted man. For many months I was camped right near a displaced-per-Sons camp, near Munich. I visited the DP. camp at Brunswick. I saw the DP's on the roads of Germany and on the highways of France, Belgium, and Holland. It was my personal observation that th_ese men and women are unfit to be American citizens, that is, the great majority of them. I personally escorted home a lady in tears who had been raped by these DP's. I have personally prevented the robbing and killing of civiliaqs by gangs of these displaced persons. I visited some of the barracRs and saw no segregation of the sexes, all staying together in one building.

Mr. Chairman, I cannot sit here in this body and conscientiously stay here without raising an objection to this bill, because I feel that I know as much about these DP's as the distinguished gentleman-from New York and others who have spoken.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. DORN .. I yield to the gentleman from Maine.

Mr. FELLOWS. If this bill does not pass, under the directive of the President of December 22, 1945, which directs that special effort be exerted in behalf of the people in these camps and gives them 90 percent preference, these same people will come in under the present immigration laws, so it will be the !tame people that will come in whether under this bill or under the present laws, except that they will come sooner under this bill and be better screened.

Mr. DORN. I am opposed to any' immigration. I am opposed to the present im:rp.igration quotas for a few years until the present world situation is straightened out. I am against the policy of the President to let people into the United States according to his own wishes. One of the favorite devices of the , dictators and would-be world ·conquerors is to employ a fifth column. In these DP camps I know the Russians and the Nazis and the various interests who are opposed to American democracy have planted men that no screening you can devise can tell whether or not they are Communists or Fascists or Nazis, because they have been there and been · themselves screened in anticipation of just such screening as • you propose in this bill.

There is another reason I am opposed to this bill, and that is on economic grounds. The United States economy is such that we are more subject to a sudden depression than any other country in the world. We had more unemployed in 1931 and 1932 than any other nation in the world. It took longer for the United States to get over the depression than any other country in the world. The crash in 1929 was almost overnight and millions were out of work. It could happen again. Even now we have approximately 2,000,000 unemployed.

At the outbreak of World War II, there were still approximately six to eight

million unemployed people walking the streets of this co-untry. Gentlemen of the Committee, if you are going to continue to bring people into the country while GI's are walking the streets without homes to live in and when our economy is geared in such a way that if you have a sudden depression, you will have more unemployed than any other country in the world, then we are not doing our duty toward our country. What we need in this country today is someone to stand on the floor of Congress and stand up for America. What we need is some real, genuine Americanism. There are bills coming up to help other nations, to vote for relief abroad, and to bring thousands of people into this country; but we cannot get Federal aid to education passed in this Congress. The compensation of widows and orphans of veterans was cut. Disability compensation was cut. Gentlemen of the Committee, listen-! am told there are more Communists in New York City today than there are in the entire country of Hol'land. I say our Nation needs some at-tention right here from within. No great country was ever destroyed, or at least it has happened very seldomfrom without. It was always from within. Most of the time it was by political demagogs taking advantage of political expediency at such times as this and riding into office, then overthrowing the government. This Nation, particularly

·here in Washington, is getting pro-European rather than American. It is a dangerous trend and I hope you will defeat this bill.

I am sympathetic toward this problem and sincerely believe tha~ if our Government exerted enough pressure these DP'scould be settled in South America, Africa, Australia, or some other great frontier, undeveloped country where they could work as our forefathers did and build their own civilization.

Mr. FULTON. Mr. Chairman, I move to strike out the last word.

Mr. Chairman, I am here to refute some of the statements ·of my good colleague and my good friend, the gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. DORNJ. There can always be a difference of opinion, and I think that is what makes the horse race, and I think that is what makes this Congress run. The gentleman from South Carolina [Mr: DoRN] is a former serviceman and saw a few displaced-persons camps. However, when the subcommittee of which I was chairman went abroad, we had on it the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF], whom I see in the Chamber, and the gentleman from New York, Dr. PFEIFER. Mr. CHELF was a public prosecutor in Kentucly before coming to the Congress. May I now ask the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr. CHELF] whether he found the record of crime in the displaced-persons camps above or below any country in Europe?

Mr. CHELF. It was far below. We made a complete study of that. I~ am happy to report to you that in every camp we investigated and checked the jails in the displaced-persons camps, the only man we found in jail was there for slap-

ping his mother-in-law-a typical American custom.

Mr. FULTON. I heartily agree with the gentleman. The remarkable thing about the crime record of displaced persons is that it was a lower crime record than that of our · own Army boys-the same Army that the gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. DORN] was in. We found that to be a fact. It was lower than any country in Europe. In addition to that, we wonder whether they are fit people. You know, the displaced persons a:r:e peculiar in their age groups. There are almost none over 55 years of age. There are almost none from age 3 to 21. All of the adolescents were either not taken for work or died in these concentration camps. The new generation is from 0 to 3 years of age. The average age of displaced persons is 37. Dr. PFEIFER, one of the eminent surgeons of this country and head of his own hospital in Brooklyn, was a member of the subcommittee that looked into this problem for Congress, and he is here in the Chamber.

May I ask the gentleman from New York, Dr .. PFEIFER, what he found on the health and physical condition of these people as far as their being residents of the United States is concerned.

Mr. PFEIFER. It was exceptionally good. The 'mortality rate was extremely low, considering the circumstances under which they were living.

Mr. FULTON. The sickness rate was below that of the countries in which they were living, was it not?

Mr. :VFEIFER. It was. . Mr. FULTON. You examined people

in a great many camps? Mr. PFEIFER. I did. Mr. FULTON. What did the gentle

man find generally as to their freedom from disease? Were they carriers of disease to any degree?

Mr. PFEIFER. No; not at all. It was surprisingly low. The health standard was far above the average.

Mr. CHELF. Mr. Chairman, will .the gentleman yield?

Mr. FULTON. I yield. Mr. CHELF. I might say to the gen

tleman that he will recall from the facts we gathered within the then existing 1,037,989 in camps there were only 6,917 hospitalized, a pretty fine record.

Mr. FULTON. In addition to that, when you look on the back of this 9-page repor~ which the subcommittee put in and find the distribution of occupational skills, you will find above 90 percent that are experienced and trained people. Those are the kind of people that, on a selective basis, this country needs. We need people who will be trained and selected, rather than to be taken in here just seriatim, according to numbers, without selection.

Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield?

Mr. FULTON. I yield. Mr. JAVITS. Will the gentleman also

call attention to the fact that the first structure which these displaced people built was a church or some house of worship? And also, should not the gentleman elucidate on the fact that they furnished themselves their own self-govern-

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7775 ment and with education, and with classes right up to college in the DP camps?

Mr. FULTON. We found rehabilitation going on. We found special training going on in the various professions and trades. We found them making a great many of their own things, and, in many cases, raising a lot of their own food.

May I conclude by saying that after looking over 200 displaced-persons camps, and looking them over with an unbiased eye, because we were not to recommend legislation, we came back with the feeling that these were the type of people who would make good American citizens.

The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Pennsylvania has expired.

Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that all debate on this amendment do now close.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection? Mr. GOSSETT. Mr. Chairman, I

• object. Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Chairman, re

serving the right to object, if we could ·agree on this amendment and finish this amendment tonight, then the Committee would rise. We are all tired and want to get a way. We can come back in· the

·morning at 11 o'clock and finish the bill if we could just settle this amendment tonight.

Mr. LODGE. Mr. Chairman, will the ·gentleman _yield?

Mr. FELLOWS. I yield. Mr. LODGE. As I understand it, this

would not prevent offering another amendment to this section tomorrow?

Mr. FELLOWS. Oh, no. Mr.'MICHENER. Just vote on this one

amendment, and then take your time on ·other amendments tomorrow.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from

·Maine, that all debate on this amendment do now close?

Mr. GOSSETT. Mr. Chairman, reserving the right to object; for instance, I would like an opportunity to answer the gentleman who just left the floor. Would I have a right to speak in reply to that?

Mr. FELLOWS. Well, Mr. Chairman, I will amend the request to make it that all debate close in 5 minutes.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection? Mr: COOLEY. Reserving the right to

object, do I understand it is your purpose to have the Committee rise after the 5 minutes have expired?

Mr. FELLOWS. Yes. The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection

to the request of the gentleman from Maine?

There was no objection. Mr. GOSSETT. Mr. Chairman, I just

want to rise in support of the very fine speech made by my distinguished friend the gentleman from South Carolina EMr. DaRN], and to present a little evidence in refutation of the testimony offered by my colleague the gentleman from Kentucky [Mr CHELF], and my colleague the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. FuLTON] about the fine character and reputation of those remaihing in the DP camps.

I have here a letter from a very able young American officer, written in March of this year. He said:

We seem to be forgetting the fact that hundreds of thousands of pur boys died over here. I am asking, for what?

We let these thieving, criminal, 'depraved DP's stay in our occupied zones and contribute to nothing more than the crime rate, the unrest, and the clack market.

They are virtually immune to arrest-no American troops can raid their camps without a lot of red tape, and then they can't con .• fiscate all the illegal material to be found there. You can find more chocolate in the DP camps than you can in the post exchange.

I have another letter here from a very fine Ir~sh Catholic judge, a gentleman out in Minnesota, Judge Joseph J. ·Moriarty. Here is what he said in a letter to the President:

(1) That the other nations of the world have already picked and repicked this group on the basis of character and talent; the musicians, men of science, professional and tradesmen were long ago in other countries, and what is .left now consists principally of the nontalented class; (2) that these people are not refugees who reached the zone in flight from the pursuing persecutor, but principally people of all classes and types of character, caught in the shifting chances of a roving life; (3) that this group has among them many persons capable of adopting and living good and useful lives, but in the great majority are a collection of lazy, worthless persons, totally devoid of any notion to earn their way by honest industry or effort and resting from day to day on the assumption that the world owes them a Fving; (4) that many of these persons were people attracted to Germany by Hitler's policies and who took part in the Hitler economy against their own countries. and now are afraid to return to the people whom they betrayed; (5) that many of these people live in elaborate quarters at American expense with German people as maids and attendants while anxiously awaiting the day to enter into America to engage in profit-making commercial manipulations; (6) that many of these people are in the black markets of Germany sucking the lifeblood out of the German economy and deliberately robbing the German people of whatever little means in their pos_session-

And so forth. The gentleman from Texas [Mr. TEAGUE], a distinguished colleague, whom we all know and whom we all respect, told me just today that he took the trouble on a trip to Europe last summer to find out what the Americans there familiar with the situation had to say. He asked over a hundred Americans about admitting DP's to this country, and only two said that DP's should be permitted to come in here under any circumstances, and one of them was Col. Jerry Lelage, and the other was his office boy, both of whom are employees of the Displaced Persons Division of the War Department, and naturally so testified.

The evidence is irrefutable that the people now left in the DP camps are human refuse. We should take care . to protect this country from the entry of such people. We should put enough restrictions into the bill and bend our efforts toward the proposition of getting the best and not the worst folks as immigrants.


Mr. GOSSETT. I yield.

Mr. CELLER. Will the gentleman vote for the bill if this amendment is adopted?

Mr. GOSSETT. No; I am not going to vote for the bill.

The CHAIRMAN. The "time of the gentleman from Texas has expired; all time has expired.

Mr. KLEIN. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from New York?

There was no objection. TREACHEROUS MADE-IN-BRITAIN TRUCE FOR

PALESTINE

Mr. KLEIN. Mr. Chairman, by this time tomorrow an uneasy 4-week peace will have settled down over the Holy Land under the terms of the United Nations truce-a truce stamped "Made in England."

Regardless of our own complicated domestic policies, it is absolutely imperative that our own Government should know that it has the full confidence of Congress in using this short breathing spell wisely for world peace. ~

Our prompt recognition of the Republic of Israel must be implemented at once .by exchange of diplomatic representatives.

We must grant immediate economic aid for purely peaceful uses-loans and credits and clearance for shipment of urgently needed supplies and machinery.

We must make sure that the territorial and political integrity of Israel is preserved.

We must prepare ·now to lift the arms embargo instantly at the end of the truce, if no permanent settlement has been arrived at, to equalize the resources of the opposing forces.

TERMS OF TRUCE FAVOR ARABS

No one can pretend that the truce Is fair to the embattled Jewish defenders of Israel. The terms were proposed by the British delegates to the United Nations, and they were framed to preserve the advantages which the Arabs already have.

The United States has an international obligation to redeem its honor and prestige by doing at least as much for Israel as it has done for Greece and Turkey and China.

This bill now before us, known as the DP bill, is profoundly affected by what goes on in Palestine.

However, we may feel individually toward this particular measure, the facts show that the pitiful human wreckage scattered in DP camps throughout the world must be resettled. They cannot remain in Europe, regardless of their national origins or politics · or religion.

The stateless Jews of Europe would almost unanimously prefer Palestine to any other destination.

American contribution to solving the DP problems under this legislation will be infinitely simplified· and ;nade more useful if Palestine can be opened to rapid settlement by the devastated European Jews. Israel needs their help, and they

7776 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 need Palestinian refuge, a chance to start over and build new lives.

PEACE SOLVES PROBLEMS

A permanent and just peace in Palestine, with the Republic of Israel protected in its territory by international guaranties against Arab interference, will help solve the resettlement problems of all DP's. Stateless Jews make up about onefifth of all the displaced persons now crowding Europe and draining slim resources without the means of making equal contribution of their own to common needs.

An overwhelming majority of the Jews will choose Israel if they get the chance, and they will go there just as fast as transportation and living quarters can be provided. Obviously, these destitute people cannot go to Israel in the midst of war. They can't build houses, till the soil, or produce goods under shellfire.

The American Government, and that includes the Congress, lies under a mandate from world opinion to do everything possible to bring about a just peace in Palestine, to pass this bill in the most liberal form we can agree on, and to help Israel get on its feet as a self-sustaining member of the family of nations.

Because it says what many of us are thinking about the truce terms, I am inserting at this point, and adopting as my own views, an editorial from the New York Post of June 9, which follows:

TREACHEROUS TRUCE

(By T. 0. Thackrey) The armies of seven Arab states, six being

membErs of the United Nations, have at least until next Friday at 2 a. m. to rush additional military men and supplies. into Palestine in their aggressive war on Israel.

Meanwhile Great Britain prevents Israel from receiving additional men, the United States prevents her from receiving military supplies, and both cooperate with the Arabian blockade to prevent either men or supplies coming in.

This is neutrality and impartiality-Bevin style.

This is friendship-Truman style. This is support of democracy abroad-For

restal style. This is upholding American honor and in

tegrity abroad-Loy Henderson style. Count Falke Bernadette, UN mediator, is

to be congratulated, rather than criticized, for the terms of the 4-week truce he has hopefully set for next Friday. He has done as much as one man could be expected to do in trying to bring neutrality and impartiality to bear on the war, in the face. of instructions from the UN Security Council which made a fair truce utterly impossible. ·

A fair truce would have called for the withdrawal of all Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese, Yemenite, Iraquian, Transjordanian, and Saudi Arabian armies from Palestine, back into the territory of their own nations.

It might well have called, at the same time, for a withdrawal of Israel's forces into the territory set forth in the November 29 decision of the General Assembly of the UN for the Jewish state.

This, at least, would have restored the United Nations to full recognition of its own unrevoked declaration.

The terms Count Bernadette was required to set are unfair not only because hostile Arab armies are allowed several more days to build .UP their forces in Palestine, while Israel is prevented from doing so, but because of vastly di1Ierent penalties in the eve:o.t of rejection.

If the Arab states should violate the truce, it is barely possible that sanctions, including military, ~conomic, and immigration blockades, would be set up for the Middle East-after more weeks of debate during which Israel would continue to suffer all the penalties of such sanctions.

For the fact is, restrictions akin to sanctions are really now in effect against Israel, but not against the Arab League.

Should Israel reject or break the unequal truce, however, it is certain that with little debate, the full weight of formal sanctions completely isolating Israel from outside communication would be invoked under Bevin's insistence and with Truman's consent.

Should the truce actually begin next Friday, the need to be on guard against final and complete betrayal of Israel into the hands of the enemies of independence and justice will be greater than ever in history.

In that period it will be pointed out that Arab forces would be overwhelming in the event of renewed warfare, while Israel would remain cut off from outside help * * * and that therefore, a political compromise would be desirable. ·

Britain's terms, 'echoed by the Arabian antiSemites who are Bevin's mouthpieces and foot soldiers, will include abandonment of statehood, cessation of immigration, and incorporation as a minority series of communities under Arabian sovereignty.

Only if the President-and Britain's eager supporters in his administration-can be brought to realize what a catastrophe Bevin's success would be for America, let alone Israel, is there any hope of removing the United States from our uncomfortable po- , sition beneath the paw of the British lion we continue to feed.

For Bevin means not merely to exterminate Israel and complete Hitler's pogrom, he also clearly means-and has shown it on many occcasions-to drive out American influence in the Middle East except that which will be wholly subservient to his dream of re-creating the British Empire there.

When Israel-champion of democracy and friend of the United States-can be destroyed, and American promises finally clearly demonstrated to be as worthless as they currently are in fact, not even an Arab will trust us.

Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Chail,:man, I ask unanimous consent_ to extend my remarks in the RECORD at the close of general debate on this bill.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Indiana?

There was no objection.-The CHAIRMAN. The question is on

the amendment offered by the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. CLAsoN].

The question was taken; and on a division (demanded by Mr. CLASON) there were-ayes 60, noes 78.

Mr. CLASON. Mr. Chairman, I de-mand tellers.

Tellers were refused. So the amendment was rejected. Mr. FELLOWS. Mr. Chairman, I

move that the Committee do now rise. The motion was agreed to. Accordingly the Committee rose; and

the Speaker having resumed the chair, Mr. DoNDERo, Chairman of the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union, reported that that Committee, having had under consider-ation the bill <H. R. 6396) to authorize for a limited period of time the admission of displaced persons into the United States for permanent residence, and for other purposes, had come to no resolution thereon.

LEAVE OF ABSENCE

Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to be excused on June 11 and 12 on account of official business.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Nebraska?

There was no objection. EXTENSION OF REMARKS

Mr. ARNOLD asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD and include extraneous matter.

Mr. BENNETT of Missouri asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the Appendix of the RECORD and include a radio broadcast on soil conservation. REViSION OF THE RULES OF THE HOUSE

Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at this point in the RECORD.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Kansas?

There was no objection. Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, I have today

introduced a resolution which will revise the rules of the House so as to provide continuous liaison and coordination between the appropriations subcommittees and the c0mmittees responsible for the substantive law governing specific departments.

This resolution will add to the rules of the House a provision which was placed in the Senate rules at the time of the passage of the Legislative Reorganization Act. It provides that the House Committees on Agriculture, Post Office and Civil Service, Armed Services, District of Columbia, Public Works, and Foreign Affairs will select three members of their respective committees to serve as ex officio members of the Committee on Appropriations when the appropriation of the activities for which they provide substantive law . are being considered. This is a procedure already- in effect in the Senate for these committees.

The resolution as well provides for one member of the committees to be a member of the conference committee appointed to confer with the Senate upon the annual appropriations bill making appropriations for these same activities.

In my opinion, the addition of this procedure will be an effective way of

·placing into operation the many recommendations which have been made for savings in the postal service as a result of the surveys and studies of the Post Office and Civil Service Committee made pursuant to House Resolution 176. Under House Report 1242 the committee pointed out savings in the amount of $54,000,000 which could be made if certain practices of the postal service were revised. House Report No. 1656 is a report on the city delivery operation of the postal service and points to savings of $1,400,000 in one post office alone. There was also attached a study made by Remington Rand, Inc., which pointed toward potentiaJ savings of $74,000,000 annually in the postal service by the revision of mail-sorting procedures and adding properly designed equipment.

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 7777 As chairman of the Post Office and

Civil Service Committee I appeared before the Senate Committee on Appropriations and succeeded in obtaining an allotment of $50,000 to establish a pilot installation in Cleveland, Ohio, to prove the findings of the Remington Rand Co. and to be used as a basis for future action in regard to the heavy expenditures in the mail-sorting problem.

In a study made for the committee by the General Accounting Office at the Philadelphia, Pa., post office recommendations are made which will ·result in savings of more than $1,500,000 annually in this post office. The committee has approved and will file a report covering the Los Angeles, Calif., post office containing recommendations which will improve the fiscal situation in that particular post office by more than $5,000,-000 annually.

It is only by proper liaison between our committee which has made such extensive studies of the postal service and the Appropriations Commit~ee that these savings can be realized. ·This is a simple resolution requiring only action by the House and I hope it will be adopted this session so that plans can go forward which will have as their final objective the realization of these substantial savings in our_postal operation.

I am sure that the able chairmen of the other committees contained in my resolution will also find this procedure an effective means of coordinating this substantive law under the jurisdiction of their respective committees with appropriations. For example, in the recent Post Office Department appropriation bill more than 16 authorizations for funds were made for activities not authorized by substantive law. Any of these could have been subject to a point of order. This procedure will make effective use of the knowledge of the members of the legislative committees of the departments under their jurisdiction and, as well, assure that there is basic law provided for activities for which appropriations are made.


Mr. HAND asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the Ap-pendix Of the RECORD. '

Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts asked and was given permission to extend her remarks in the RECORD and include an article by Mr. Bernard Baruch regarding what America has done for other countl'ies.

WHY C~NTINuE EXPORT TO RUSSIA?

Mr. McGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for 1 minute.


There was no objection. Mr. McGREGOR. Mr. Speaker, I

have just learned that one of our Cabinet members, seemingly, has had orders from the administration to "keep mum" on the amount of material we are shipping to Russia.

On many, many occasions, on the floor of the House, I have objected to our ex

J:lOrting he~'!'Y m_~chine!_y a~~--war goods

to the Soviet Union. I am also informed that Mr. Harriman who was recently appointed by President Truman as our roving Ambassador for the European recovery program said, and I quote:

It is my strong personal view that we should give no aid to any country behind the iron curtain. ·

The records show, however, the President is again requesting more money for Europe, demanding the draft, universal military training, and price and production controls under the pretense of stop-

. ping communism, and, at the same time, he is asking that our exports to Russia continue.

The records also show the State Department is trying to bolster United States and Russian trade through a new policy which will soon ease export licenses for all goods, except military supplies. Western European nations will be allowed to reexport processed American goods over the iron curtain as long as they cannot be used for war.

I ask, Mr. Speaker, why export any of our critical material which ~auses shortages and high prices here at home?

LONGSHOREMEN'S AND HARBOR WORKERS' COMPENSATION ACT

Mr. LANDIS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to take from the Speaker's table the bill (S. 2237) to increase certain benefits payable under the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, with House amendments thereto, insist on the House amendments and agree to the conference asked by the Senate.


the request of the gentleman from Indiana? [After a pause.] The Chair hears none and appoints the following conferees: Messrs. LANDIS, SCHWABE of Missouri, and KELLEY. PROGRAM IN THE FIELD OF LIGHTER

THAN-AIR AERONAUTICS

Mr. WEICHEL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to take from the Speaker's desk the bill (H. R. 6628) to provide for a program in the field of lighter-than-air aeronautics under the direction of the United States Maritime Commission, and for other purposes, with Senate amendments thereto, disagree to the Senate amendments, and agree to the conference asked by the Senate.


the request of the gentleman from Ohio? [After a pause.] The Chair hears none and appoints the following conferees: Messrs. WEICHEL, HAND, LATHAM, BLAND, and HART.

REPORTS ON H. R. 4073 AND H. R. 6439

Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that I may have until midnight to file a re ... port on H. R. 4073 and a report on H. R. 6439.


There was no objection.

SPECIAL ORDER

Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to address the House for one-half minute.


There was no objection. Mr. McDONOUGH. Mr. Speaker,

may I say for the benefit of those who remained for this ,hour's special order I asked for on Monday for the gentlemen from California [Mr. ELLIOTT ahd Mr. LEA], that I shall ask that that time be transferred until tomorrow after the legislative business of the day has been disposed of.

Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the time be transferred to tomorrow.


There was no objection. RESIGNATION FROM COMMITTEE

The SP:EAKER laid before the House the following communication, which was read:

JUNE 10, 1948. To the Honorable JOSEPH W. MARTIN, Jr., .

Speaker of the House of Representatives. MY DEAR MR. SPEAKER: I hereby tender my

resignation from the House Committee on Public Works.

Sincerely yours, FRANK W. BOYKIN.

The SPEAKER. Without objection, the resignation will be accepted.

There was no objection. ELECTION TO COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT

MARINE AND FISHERIES

Mr. DOUGHTON. Mr. Speaker, I offer a resolution <H. Res. 659).

The Clerk read as follows: Resolved, That FRANK W. BOYKIN, Of Ala5

bama, be, and he is, hereby elected a member of 'the standing committee of the House of Representatives on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.

The resolution was agreed to. A motion to reconsider was laid on the

table.' ' ELECTION TO COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC

WORKS • Mr. DOUGHTON. Mr. Speaker, I send another resolution <H. Res. 660) to the Clerk's desk and ask for its immediate consideration. ·

The Clerk read as follows: Resolved, That RoBERT E. JONES, JR., be,

and he is, hereby elected a member of the standing committee of the House of Eepresentatives on Public Works.

The resolution was agreed to. A motion to reconsider was laid on the


Mr. KEEFE asked and was given permission to revise and extend the remarks he made in Committee of the Whole and include a report from the investigating staff of the Committee on Appropriations.

Mr. BRADLEY asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD and include a newspaper article and a .letter.

7778 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 Mr. SHORT asked and was given per

mission to extend his remarks in the REcoRD lnd include certain correspondence.

Mr. POULSON asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD and include a communication.

Mr. KLEIN asked and was given permission to revise and extend the remarks he made in the Committee of the Whole and include an editorial.

Mr. HOLIFIELD asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD. .

Mr. HARLESS of Arizona asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the REcORD in two instances.

Mr. McCORMACK asked and was given permission to e:r.tend his remarks in the RECORD in two instances, to include in one an address delivered by Fleet Admiral Halsey and in the other an address ' delivered by Mr. Barney Balaban.

Mr. FULTON asked and was given permission to extend his remarks in the RECORD and include an editorial appearing in the Pittsburgh Press.

HOUR OF MEETING TOMORROW

Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that when the House adjourns today it adjourn to meet at 11 o'clock tomorrow morning.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from Illinois?

There was no objection. The SPEAKER. Under ·previous or

der of the House, the gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. EBERHARTER] is recognized for 30 minutes.

SOCIAL SECURITY

Mr. EBERHARTER. Mr. Speaker, tomorrow or on the following legislative day the House will consider H. R. 6777, reported by the Committee on Ways and Means-the proposed Social Security Act amendments of 1948. Although the bill contains a few desirable features, it is so deficient in meeting the urgency for strengthening of the social-security structure· that I have been impelled to take this time to point out its bad fea ... tures. In fact, much as I favor extension of coverage to State ami local employees, and employees of nonprofit institutions, as well as to other smaller groups of wo,rkers covered by H. R. 6777, the method of granting coverage is so inadequate as to make social-security benefits a mirage to most of these employees for many years to come.

It is especially significant, I think, that the bill includes the provisions-in principle-of House Joint Resolution 296, which would exclude as many as 750,000 workers and their families permanently· from the social-security coverage which the Supreme Court has said Congress in 1935 intended them to have. In reversing the Supreme Court, the bill would establish a so-called usual common-law rule for determining whether a worker is an employee covered by social security. The result will be infinite con~ fusion pending another Supreme Court determination with opportunities for emp~oyers to adjust employment contracts

In order to avoid the technical, legalistic .standards that the bill would establish.

In summary, let me list briefly the principal bad points of. H. R. 6777-and conclude with some affirmative suggestions for an adequate social-security bill. In my opinion, the following amendments are necessary if the bill is, on balance, to contribute toward a more adequate system of social security:

First. Section 201 of the bill, which is the one depriving 750,000 -persons of employee status should be deleted.

Second. A new section should be added to provide that the employees who would be covered by the bill may become fully insured after 20 quarters or 5 years of coverage-within the 40 quarters or 10 years before death or retirement. Under H. R. 6777, a person under the age of 58 would have to work every quarter for at least .10 years to become fully covered.

Third. Another amendment which should be made in behalf of the newly covered employee is to change the method of computing benefits so as not to average in the time since 1937 during which they were legally ineligible for coverage.

Fourth. Section 116 of the bill should be amended to enable State and local governments to supplement their own civil service or pension plans with voluntary compacts for social security coverage of their employees.

Fifth. Since the hazards of old age and unemployment are universal, the socalled voluntary coverage of groups of employees should be held to the minimum required to maintain the constitutional guaranties. The bill should be amended to limit voluntary coverage to State and local employees and employees of religious institutions.

Sixth. Section 109 of the bill should be amended to prevent delays in the ~ayment of benefits in the case of employees whose employers are resisting imposition of the employment taxes.

Mr. Speaker, at least six amendments I have mentioned are required if the good in this bill is to outweigh the bad. I asked Mr. Oscar Ewing, the Adminis- . trator of Federal Security, for his views on H. R. 6777, as reported to the House. In a letter that I received only today, he Sl2-YS:

Even though the present bill is so limitecJ in its objectives, I should be happy to rec«?mmended its enactment if it were not for the provisions. which, as I have i:p.dicated above, appear to me on careful consideration to have harmful effects. My views may be summarized as follows: The deficiencies in this bill in its present form so far outweigh its limited advant ages that I cannot favor its enactment.

Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to insert at this point in my remarks the entire letter from the Federal Security Administrator.

The SPEAKER. Without objection, it is so ordered.

There was no objection. FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY,

Washington, June 10, 1948. Bon. HERMAN P. EBERHARTER,

House of Representatives, " Washington, D. C.

DEAR CONGRESSMAN EBERHARTER: This is in response to your request for my v~ews on

H. R. 6777, the Social Security Act amendments of 1948, as reported to the House of Representatives.

I am in wholehearted agreement with the general policy of extending the coverage of the insurance program and while I favor the coverage of all groups not now covered, I recognize that there is more general agreement on covering some groups than on others. However, in m'Y opinion there are serious deficiencies in the bill which should be corrected in order to make the coverage extensions equitable and possible of simple and efficient administration.

First, the bill makes no changes in the insured status or average wage provisions of the present law. Under the bill a newly covered person under the age of 58 will have to work every quarter for at least 10 years to become fully covered and even· then the amount of his benefits will be reduced substantially because his average wage will be calculated on the entire elapsed time since 1937. Thus, a person retiring on January 1, 1959, who earned $200 a month would have his total earnings of $24,000 ($200 by 12 months by 10 years) divided by 264 elapsed months. His average monthly wage, there-

. fore, would be about $90, and his monthly benefit would be $26.50 instead of $38.50 calculated on tht basis of his $200 monthly earnings.

· I recommend, therefore, that the bill include a provision for recalculating the average wage, effective January 1, 1949, on the elapsed period after 1948 or 1936, whichever is the most advantageous to the individual. I also recommend that anyone who has 20 quarters of coverage within the 40 elapsed quarters prior to retirement or death be fully Insured. Both these provisions or provisions substantially equivalent thereto undoubtedly would have to be included in any bill for general extension of coverage. Including these provisions in a bill for limited extension of coverage in my opinion will not jeopardize the early extension o"f coverage. In fact their absence from the bill may make the uncovered groups reluctant to be covered. I strongly urge, therefore, that these two provisions be included in the bill.

The provision in the bill for the coverage of State and local employees has a weakness in addition to the points I have just noted. The bill prohibits the coverage of employees under a retirement system even though the State or the local units of the Government might wish to have them covered. Several States have expressed a desire to have their retirement syst ems.supplement the basic oldage and survivors' insurance benefits. In this way they would be able to provide their employees with larger total retirement benefits and broader survivorship protection than they can give them under a State plan alone. The insurance plans adopted by some 8,000 private employers have been written with a ~imilar goal in mind. If State employees were covered -qnder both the St ate plan and old-age and survivors' insurance they would have the added advantage of continuing protection under old-age and survivors' insurance if they shifted to private employment. If States were given the option of either Including or excluding members of retirement systems those that wished to preserve their plans as now constituted could do so, and States that wished to tailor existing plans to 1;he basic old-age and survivors' insurance benefits would. have no barriers placed in their way. H. R. 6777 as passed by the House would force States ln the latter group to dissolve their existing systems and draw up entirely new plans. This would seem to be a cumbersome and unnecessary procedure.

I should like to point out that the Advisory Council on Social Security, appointed by the Senate Committee on Finance, recommended that the States and their political subdivisions should not be permitted to exclude

/

'1948 CONGRESSIONAL' RECORD-HOUSE - .7779 from coverage members of retirement systems. The report states: "Many proposals previously advanced for covering these workers have advocated excluding, on either a permissive or a mandatory basis, various limited groups of State and local employees, apparently in fear that coverage under oldage and survivors' insurance would weaken or even completely destroy their State and local retirement system. • • •· The Council believes that in light of (a) the incontrovertible merit of the retention and development of su,pplementary plans, {b) the fact that employees under industrial pension systems did not suffer losses in benefits attributable to adjustment to the old-age and survivors' insurance program, and (c) the fact that State and local governments have recognized the need for, and taken action to provide, retirement protection for their employees, any fear that the availability 9f old· age and survivors' insurance will lead Government units to reduce the total protection afforded their employees is unjustified."

I regret to see that the bill would also cover nonprofit institutions on a voluntary basis. I should like to repeat what Leonard J. Calhoun said about this question in his report on Issues in Social Security which was prepared for your committee. "The implicat ions of voluntary coverage are serious to OASI, and voluntary coverage cannot .be expected to result in solving the social prob· lem for which OASI was created. Experi· ence has indicated that voluntary coverage cannot be expected to serve as an effective substitute for compulsory coverage. If a situation is serious enough to justify any action in connection with OASI coverage, it would seem to warrant extension on a com· pulsory basis" (p. 131). · As you know, the Senate Advisory Council also recommended that nonprofit institutions should be brought under the program compulsorily except. that clergymen and members of religious orders should continue to · be excluded. In my opinion the argument s of the Council against voluntary coverage for any area except State and local employment are persuasive. On page 8 of its report the Council said in part:

"Voluntary coverage under old-age and survivors' insurance has been suggested. In the opinion of the Council, voluntary coverage is defensible only where the Federal

- Government cannot under the Constitution apply compulsion.

• • "We are convinced that to offer voluntary

coverage in any area where it can possibly be avoided would be a grave mistake. ·

" • • • The organizations most likely to participate in an elective program would be those whose employees as a- group would stand to gain disproportionately large benefits in return for their contributions, such as organizations largely made up of persons nearing retirement age or men with large families. Furthermore, many employers in the groups now excluded employ only a few

· persons. The smaller the staff, the greater the probabilities that the distribution of employees by age, sex, and family dependents will differ from the distribution which ob· tains among the employee population as a whole and therefore the greater are the possibilities of adverse selection." .

The Council believes that the fear of compulsory coverage expressed by some nonprofit institutions is without substantial foundation. It is convinced that religious freedom would be fully preserved if persons engaged in religious duties, · such as clergymen and members of religious orders, remain exempt from coverage. Furthermore, the Council believes that the traditional taxexempt status of all nonprofit institutions

. would be preserved if Congress indicated its intent that "the tax on nonprofit organizations for old-age and survivors• insurance in no way implies a departure from the prin· ciple of promoting the function of these organizations through tax exemption, and that a major reason for extending protection to this area of employment· is to assist these institutions in fulfilling their purpose" (see p . 20) . I concur in these opinions of the

· Council. I understand that in the discussion of this

bill by the Committee on Ways and Means some consideration was given to applying the voluntary election principle only to the religious institutions and that both the Treasury Department and the Federal Secu· rity Agency believed that such a dividing line . would be administratively workable. If compulsory coverage of lay personnel of religiol!S institutions is unacceptable to the Congress, voluntary coverage might be per· mitted for these organizations alone. The dangers inherent in voluntary coverage would thus be minimized.

The bill contains certain provisions correcting inequities -in provisions affecting widows and children of deceased insured wage earners. I am wholeheartedly in support of these provisions as far. as they go but in my opinion there are mafiy other inequities in the present law affecting widows and children which should be cor• rected. I would like to point out just one. Under the present law when a man is disabled his children cannot draw benefits if his wife who is the sole support of the fam· ily dies. This is . manifestly unfair. I recommend, therefore, that when any woman dies fully or currently insured, who is con· tributing one-half or more of .the support of a child, her child or children shall be ell· gible for insurance benefits. ·

Section 201 of the bill incorporates the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of House Joint Resolution 296, as passed by the Congress on June 4. I will not repeat at length our reasons for being opposed to the enactment of these provisions. Essentially, the reasons are that these provisions would jeopardize the present coverage of some people.

The bill amends section 205 (c) (1) of the Social Security Act to provide that no wages can be included in an employee's account unless a tax on such wages has been assessed, or the Commissioner of Internal Revenue certifies that such tax is assessable, or the remuneration in question is held by a court to constitute "wages" as defined. To avoid extreme delays in the payment of benefits, I would recommend that where the Federal Security Administrator finds that the remuneration constitutes "wages•• .he be au·

- thorized to commence the payment of bene- . fits and to continue_such payment unless and until the Commissioner of Internal Revenue holds that taxes are not assessable. It is my understanding that the payment of benefits under such circumstances would accord with the practice generally applicable to other Federal and State contributory social Insurance systems.

I must also point out that the bill does not increase the general level of benefits to take account of the increase in the cost of living and general level of wages since' 1939. Even without this increase I believe that the general level of benefits is inadequate.

In view of the fact that both the House and the Senate have passed legislation pro· viding for more adequate assistance to the needy, aged, blind, and dependent children, it is imperative that the insurance benefits also be increased.

I note also that the House has passed a bill to liberalize the old-age and survivors insurance provisions under the railroad so-

clal-security program by increasing the benefits 20 · percent over present amounts. · On numerous occasions I have pointed out that the benefits under the old-age and survivors' insurance provisions of the Social Security Act are grossly inadequate. I can see no valid reason for failing to give socialsecurity beneficiaries at least the same increase in benefit s as railroad beneficiaries since the present general level of social-security benefits is far below that of the railroads. The cost of living has increased nearly 70 perceat since the level of old-age and survivors insurance benefits was established In 1939. No improvement in the benefits has been made since that time. I recommended, therefore, that the bill include provision for substantially increasing the insurance benefits to the aged, widows, dependent children, and dependent parents.

Even though the present bill is so limited in its objectives, I should be happy to recommend its enactment if it were not fo:t the provisions which, as I have indicated above, appear to me on careful consideration to have harmful effects. My views may be · summarized as follows: the deficiencies in this bill in its present form so far outweigh its limited advantages that I cannot favor its enactment.

Time has not permitted us to obtain the advice of the Bureau of the Budget with respect to the relationship of this bill to the program of the President.

Sincerely yours, OsCAR R. EwiNG,

Administrator.

Mr. EBERHARTER. Mr. Speaker, unless one had assurances to the contrary, I think he might very well conclude that this bill "To extend the coverage of the old-age and survivors' insurance system, to increase certain benefits payable under such system, and for other purposes," really concentrates on the "other purposes." The extension of coverage to State and local employees and employees of nonprofit institutions is voluntary with the employer. and benefits would be computed on a grossly inadequate formula. The "other purposes" include the deprivation of coverage of some 750,000 employees now entitled to coverage. The end result looks like a Republican-NAM compromise. The Republican Eightieth Congress can claim that it has enacted a social security bill providing for some extension of coverage, and the National Association of Manufacturers can point with pride that their lobbyists have been able to prevent extension of coverage among the employees of a single major group of private employers.

Mr. Speaker, I have summarized the bad features of H. R. 6777. In contrast with the paltry, pitiful pittances with which old-age and survivors' insurance beneficiaries and old-age assistance recipients now seek to stave off starvation and inflation is the program of the President on social security which he has repeatedly requested this Congress to enact. On May 24, 1948, the President submitted :five essential proposals which should be enacted yet at this session of Congress. They are the following:

First. More adequate benefits under old-age and survivors' insurance.

7780 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE iO Second. Extended coverage for old-age

and survivors' insurance. Third. Extended coverage for unem

ployment insurance. Fourth. Insurance against loss of

earnings due to illness and disability. Fifth. Improved public assistance for

the needy. · Mr. Speaker, I have today introduced·

a bill to accomplish what I believe the President had in mind, although I canriot say that my bill conforms in specific details. When H. R: 6777 is considered by the House, I shall seek to qualify to offer my bill as a motion to recommit in order to give the Members of the House an opportunity to express themselves for or against an adequate social-security program. The principal provisions of my bill are:

First. Coverage: My bill would extend coverage to all workers included in the committee bill, as well as the selfemployed, including small-business men and professional people, domestic servants, and men and women in our armed services. The total number of workers whose families would thus become entitled to social-security protection would be approximately 11,000,000.

Second. Increase in old-age and survivors' insurance benefits: A change in the method of computing benefits would substantially increase average benefits. Moreover, the minimum monthly insurance benefit payable to a married couple would be increased to $30 and the maximum monthly benefit payable to a retired beneficiary and his family or his survivors would be raised from $85 to $150. This latter change would help large families with three or more children.

Third. Retirement age for women: My bill would reduce the retirement age irom 65 to 60 for women employees, widows, wives, and mothers.

Fourth. Disability insurance: In line with the recommendation of the President and the Senate Advisory Council on Social Security, I have included a program of disability insurance to cover the hazards of unemployment from -sickness or other disability.

Fifth. Financing: The tax rate upon self-employed persons covered by my bill would be one and one-half times the rate paid by employees. This agrees with the Senate Advisory Council recommenda-tion. ·

Sixth. Public assistance: My bill would provide Federal aid for all needy persons on a basis ranging from 50 to 75 percent of total costs, depending on the relative per capita income of tlie States. Standards of assistance would be left to the States without· maximum limitations specified by the Federal Government. Present limitations upon receipt of public assistance by the aged, blind, and dependent children would be eased in the interest of an adequate Nation-wide system of public assistance.

Mr. Speaker, my bill would provide a program under which beneficiaries of old-age and survivors' insurance can really survive, and recipients of old-age assistance can, ·at lea~t. exist. It is my hope that the bill will be enacted.

The SPEAKER. The time of the gentleman from Pennsylvania has expired.

UNITED STATES EXPORTS TO RUSSIA

Mr. HESELTON . . Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to extend my remarks at" this point in the RECORD.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the · gentleman from Massachusetts?

There was no objection. Mr. HESELTON. Mr. Speaker, news

paper articles published throughout this country yesterday reported on the sudden cancellation of the plan of Secretary of Commerce Sawyer to reveal the nature of the exports from this country to the U. S. S. R. since March 1. The article which I shall quote in the RECORD is an AP dispatch from this city. It is headlined, "United States-Russian trading shrouded in secrecy."

Un_ited States policy on trade with Russia settled into a "keep 'em guessing" phase today under strange circumstances.

To the secrecy over what goods the Soviet Union -will be licensed to buy here was added another puzzl~r: What she actually has been allowed to get since the United States clamped down on export licenses March 1.

Plans for Secretary of Commerce Sawyer to tell what Atperican goods Russia has been getting recently-as a rough guide to what she can have in the future-were canceled abruptly yesterday.

No reason was given for the cancellation, but it was learned authoritatively that Secretary of State Marshall made a personal call on Sawyer shortly before the plans were changed.

WILL GIVE DATA LATER

Sawyer told reporters he will release data later-he did not say when-on types and values of goods shipped to Russia, after the shipments have been cleared. He declined to go beyond that except to say that some industrial goods have been cleared to Russia since March 1. He added:

"There is no agreement or policy that will prevent shipmen,ts of industrial goods to eastern Europe in the future."

But Sawyer, who took over the Commerce post only a few weeks ago, declared flatly that no advance word will be given on what goods the Russians can count on getting from this country. He said any further comment would have to come from the White House.

Sawyer llinted that American foreign policy-and Russia's own attitudes and actions-will have a part in determining from time to time whether the Soviets will find it hard or easy to buy from the United States.

This Congress and this country is not only keenly inter.ested in but vitally concerned as to the administration of the export control law. Because of its responsibilities · under the Reorganization Act, the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce has constantly examined the administration of export controls in its relation to both the field of transportation and the situation as to petroleum. It is currently engaged in further hearings as to the operation of export controls and will have before it next Tuesday morning Mr. Thomas C. Blaisdell, Jr., Director of the O:Hice of International Trade. Mr. Blaisdell was a witness before the committee on May 27 and was then asked to furnish .further

/ ,

detailed information as to the tests and standards applied in determining the export quotas with reference not only torequests made for licenses but also as to the impact on our domestic economy resulting from the shipment abroad of materials in short supply here.

While the hearing on May 27 was addressed primarily to the problem of exports of steel, the committee has been concerned as to exports of petroleum and petroleum products and of many other articles. The commitee expects Mr. Blaisdell to present a detailed and satisfactory explanation of the current administration of export controls, including an understandable description of the process of preparing applications from foreign sources, the screening undertaken and the reasons for the decisions made as to the amount and type of exports established under the system of quotas.

In this connection, and with reference to the nature and extent of exports to Russia, I would like to refer briefly to testimony bef-ore the Interstate and .Foreign Commerce Committee on January 27; 1948, and to further testimony during the hearing-on May 27 last.

During the formal statement of Mr. W1lliam C. Foster, then Under Secretary of the Department of Commerce, on .January 28, I inquired as to a reported shipment of petroleum products from a California port in a Russian ship to Russia. Mr. Foster replied:

That must have been last spring • • •. There has been no shipment of that sort since June 30 • • •. Again I make the statement that that could not have been a picture taken since Jun·e 30, 1947.

Later the gentleman from California [Mr. LEA] examined Mr. Foster and his questions and Mr. Foster's replies are most significant and were as follows:

Mr. LEA. To what extent were supplies cur. tailed to Russia?

Mr. FosTER. In the case of the Soviet Union we asked of them, as we did of all takers of our petroleum products, for a listing and a backing of the end-use needs, a list of their other sources of supply and, 1n the case of the Soviet Union, we obtained no information as to those figures. We therefore made no allocations to the Soviet Union.

Mr. LEA. At what date was that decision made?

Mr. FosTER. T~e request to all nations was · made shortly after June 30, 1947. We received no answers to those requests, and therefore there were no allocations made to Russia after that date except for one shipment which was a case of an American exporter who had undertaken contracts and who had maQ.e all of his loadings and transportation. That shipment was made sometime after that date.

Mr. LEA. Russia made only one request after June 30?

Mr. FosTER. Russia had requested additional petroleum, but had · not given the substantiating data which would allow us making a determination that they were entitled to it.

Subsequently I requested that detailed information as to exports to and imports from- Russia from January 1947 to the last available date should be furnished to the committee. It was so furnished and is as follows· ·

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HdUSE 7781 EXHIBIT 3

United States domestic exports to U. S. S. R., total and by principal commodities, monthly, January-November 1947 [Value in thousands of dollars]

Commodity January Febru· March ary April May June July . August Septeerm- October Novem- JN~~;~~

b ber ber

-------------------1·-------------·---------------------Total exports ... -------------------------------~ ------- 24,435 15,737 7, 218 9, 2.81 27, 106 7, 088 15, 712 4, 047 3, 030 . 9, 157 10, 3il 133, 182

. ~nimals and animal products, edible: Pork, canned .... ------- ---- ----------------------------- (1

) --------- (1) --------- 379 --------· --------- (1

) - -------- - -------- -------·-Sausage, bologna, and frankfurters, canned______________ (1) 844 ----- ---- --------- 11 18 --------- (1

) --------- ---- ----- ---------

Tushonka, canned .... ------------------------------------------- 1, 313 470 ------- -- 9 -- ------- --------- --------- --------- ------ __ _ _ Other meat products..__________________________________ (1) --------- 31 54 --------- --------- (1) 1 --------- ------=-- :::::_:_: Milk and cream, condensed, sweetened ___ _____________ __ --------- --------- -------- - --------- ------ -- - --------- 34 --------- --------- --------- 47 Nonfat dry milk solids .. --------------------------------------- -- --------------------------- -127 - -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -- -------

g~~~~ g~~lu~f~-~~-~t_s_-~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2~ 1 ~~ ::::::::: -----=~~- ~~ --------- ____ <~~--- ::::::::: ::::::::: ·=:::::::: Animals and animal products, inedible: -

Leather manufactw·es ... -------------------------------- 59 22 -------- - --------- 18 5 --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------Other products ... . ------------ ------------------------- - 73 --------- ·--------- 219 206 1 1 --------- -- ------- ---------

Vegetable food products and beverages: Grains and preparations .... ----------------------------- --------- --------- --------- 56 24 --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------Vegetables and preparations_____________________________ 8 1 ---- ----- --------- --------- 4 --------- ---- -- --- --- ------ --------- ---------Other products __________________________________________ ---- ----- --------- (1) 4 --------- --------- (1) --------- --------- 19

Vegetable products, inedible, except fibers and wood:

~~~~~~~if~~~;~s(casiilisY.~=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~ ------34· ::::::::: .... {i) ___ : ::===== ~ .·:::::::: ------~=- g ··-----iii- ::::::::: ::::::::: Rubber hose and tubing, except garden hose____________ 22 --------- --------- 10 81 (1) (1) --------- --------- ---------Other rubber and manufactures.________________________ 5 51 7 --------- 21 9 5 25 1 13 5 Vegetable oils and fats, inedible ______ ______ ______ ___ ____ ------- -- 14 --------- 42 -------- - --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------Leaf tobacco, flue-cured, steml:ned, and unstemmed.____ 444 --------- ----- ---- ---·----- - --------- --------- 715 --------- - -------- --------- ---------Naval stores, gums, and resins .. ------------------------ (1) --------- --------- 2 -------- - --------- --------- --------- --------- 141 245 Other products . . -------------------------------- ------- 17 1 --------- ··-------- 1 ·-------- 4 --------- _______ .;_ --------- -'--------

Textile fibers and manufactures:

6ilii~e~~ffo~ :~~~~~fJ:es~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9~ ------4i- -------i- ========= ::::::::: ::::::::: ========= ::::::::: ::::::::: ----<i)--- ------3o-Sisal and henequen._------------------·----------------- 8 \ Voo! semimanufactures ____ ___________________ ____ _____ _ ---------

24 ------- -- --------- 429 143 48 --------- 403 84 155 40 88 228 44 --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

Wool cloth and dress goods-------- --- ------------ ------- 76 Other fabrics wholly or chiefly of wooL_________________ 58

73 (1) 5 (1) ========= ------ -5- ========= ========= ======== = ========~ ========= =========

Other fibers and manufactures .. ------ - ------- -- -------- 4 8 3 --- --- --- - -------- --------- 55 --------- 24 ---------Nonmetallic minerals:

Motor fuel, except antiknock and aviation_______________ 17 - -------- --------- --------- -' 224 448 150 --------- --------- --------- ------~--

~!~~~n;n(fiiistiiiatefuei-oiC::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ------38- ~= ======= ::::::::: -----128- ---.--294- -----i36- ~~~ ::::::::: ::::::::: ::::::::: -------~-R esidual fuel oiL .... ------------------------------------ ·-------- 81 --------- --------- 104 86 ----- __ _ _ Lubricating oils_____ _________________ ________________ ___ 94 ----- ---- _________ (1 ) (1) (1) 373 -------(; - ---io(} --------- ----(I)---Lubricating greases.---------------------------------------·-------------- (1) --------- --------- 1 102 4 13 (1) ---------Other petroleum and products__________________________ 1 --------- (1) ______

29. ------

64. 1 5 --------- --------- ------- - - ----- --- -

~a~~~l~ g; frf&~!T ~b~~sy;~~~=:::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5f ------~- (1) 87

_________ ______ ___ 2~ ------43- ~~ ------~~- 1~i 1~~ ~tf~~;~~~!~taiii<:!m.illerais_-~~========================== -----2o7- ------3o- ------ir ------35· -----2o5· -------i· ------22· -------2- 55 -------2- 15~

Metals and manufactures, except machinery and vehicles: Iron and steel bars and rods ___ ·--------------------------Tubular products and fittings ___ ___ __ __________________ _ Wire rope and cable, not insulated ___________ "----------Other wire and manufactures ___ --------·----------------Railway car wheels, tires, and axles.--------------------Other iron and steel-mill products ______________________ _

392 1,198

161 810 472

-----ioo-50 19

446

141 228 773

797 746 586

207 79

101 1

301

139 370 19 306 24 100 87 4 185 43 27 229 34

36~ ------59' -----2ii3" -----448" -----254" 217 6 21 20

Tools. __ • ---- ______ --- ---------------------- - --------- --

1, 023 165 380 256 132 I

16 432 221 22 19 13

7 25 24 50

38 319 213 26 54 34

16 530 1;37 54

286 55

27 13 35 1 2 25 Other iron and steel advanced manufactw·es ___________ _ 43

298 35 73

78 16 10 --------- 30 12 Copper wire and cable, insulated _______________________ _ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- (1) Other copper and manufactures ___ ____________ _________ _

Other metals and manufactures ________________________ _ Machinery and vehicles:

8 1

Generators, accessories, and parts_________ ____ ____ ______ 5rzl 359 Welding sets____________________________________________ 5 22 Generating sets, powered by Diesel engines.~----------- 96 714 Batteries .. ______________________________________________ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ (1) Transforming or converting apparatus___________________ 343 192 Transmission and distribution appllratus________________ 274 276 Motors, star ters, and controllers_________________________ 1,148 433 Industrial heat-treating furnaces and parts____ __________ 48 47 Radio apparatus________________________________________ 57 171 Other electrical machinery and apparatus._----- ----- --- 237 89

378

3 6

291 (1)

2, 6

96 99

167

734 77 75

200 565 990

73 78

5 240 70 61 67 32 20

85 122 65 65

775 621 337 79 79

269

••••••• c 53 7 ---------

87 16

========= ========= -------4-117 3 330 137 187 411 19 31 323

~ -------3- ~g 202 18 ' 124

Steam locomotives______ ____ ________ ___ ________ ___ _____ HIS 84 Internal-combustion engines, excluding locomotives__ ___ 196 90

------36" 162

96 42

5 87

418 94 44

-a24

6 5

815 138 13

68 34

185 300

1, 048 --------- ------48" --------- ---------

77 9 ------58- ------T 163

(1) Accessories and parts for internal-combustion engines... 120 155 Construction and conveying machinery----------------- 1, 223 486

62 388 942 722

248 1, 619 2, 675 2, 240

67 1, 387 588 164 Mining, well, and pump1ng machinery_________ ___ ___ ___ 3, 076 1, 724 696

749 431 1, 585 303 161

Power-driven metal-working machine tools, and parts___ 4, 304 1, 295 1, 750 1, 973 221 247 M etal-working machines, and parts, including power-

driven------- -- --------------------------------------- 570 239 96 129 747 340 Air compressors.---------------------------------------- 340 137 74 133 732 75 Pipe valves. ___ ________ --------------------------------- 164 268 39 314 145 67 Other industrial machinery 2 ___ ---------------------- --- 3, 539 2, 074 830 1, 326 6, 474 1, 476 Tractors and parts .. ------------~----------------------- 615 329 5 826 302 28

~~t~rt!~~~~t~~!:,a;:t~h~s~fsd(~~!~~~-e~t_s~~=::: :: :: : 2~~ 2M 1g~ -----iiis- 2~~ 11

1, 345 465

50

118 50 16

527 24 18

224 47

(1) 449

69 569

1, 797 976

653 716 184 741

(1)

48 7 8 2

715 372 438 273 18

266

126 36

463 1, 628

784

1,185 15 69

1, 131 16 25. 38

Station, warehouse and factory trucks ___________________ ------- -- --------- 50 -------5-- ------

6-0-- -------

6--

Automobile parts for replacement ____ ,___ _________ ______ 37 109 3

903 58 36 30 51 38

-------3- ----<if-- -------8- ------is-Other automobiles, parts, and accessories________________ 4 -------- 20 28 14 ---------Aircraft parts and components__________________________ 2 · 26 2 --------- 108 8 Merchant vessels------ - ---- -------------- - -- -------- --- - --------- 652 ------~-- --------- --------- -------- -Freight cars over 10-ton capacity------------------------ - ----- --- --------- --------- 33 67 67 Other machinery and vehicles _______________ "----------- 146 2 5 10 12'7 48

Chemicals and related products: '

1 60

589 168

24

7 8 7 --------- --------- 119 2

Medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations ____________ _ 38 328

70

14 249

11

11 49 (1) 9 Laundry soap _______________________________ --- ______ --_ Other products _______________ ---- ___ ___ ------_----- __ -- -

Miscellaneous: Scientific and professional instruments, apparatus, and

supplies . . _--- _____ -- ___ -- ________ ___________ ____ ---_--

~g~~o~ftf:s ~~~~~t:~ f~~ci~~?~JlJi~~:~itr~~~~~::::: =: ~ Household and personal effects .. -----------------------Other miscellaneous exportS..---------------------------

178 146 756 13 45

225 ·~

215 16 15

63J ------32" ------20- -------i- ------i7" -------9- -------9- ------55' ------46"

80 27

134 350 37

51 1

17 8

58

254 41

430 62

194

344 14

129 68 26

423 101 93 33 22

88 9

86 44 88

25 3

• 36 11 17

172 9

134 29 13

659 9

55 335

6

380 872

1, 792 86 81

127 272 43

103 500

80 13 24

103 69

112 142 56

1,160 388

23

91 75

1,294 400 149 68 95

839 156

1,358 272 581 120

7 560 147 211 518

2,226 3, 682 3,523

256 3, 738 1, 098

362 572 440 46

262

2,665 334 968

82 3,052 3, 174 4,043

709 477

2, 313 1, 271 1, 615

879 7, 278

15,018 15,291

5, 646 2, 774 1, 316

19,470 2, 203

450 986 101 287 94

327 1, 241 1, 616

373

127 1, 210

290

2,499 380

2,085 969 521

1 L ess than $500. 'Includes commodities not available separately. a Shipmen!s by private relie~ organizations.

Prepared in the Department of Commerce, by Special Programs Branch, Areas Division, Office of International Trade, from basic data of the Bureau of the Census, February 1948.

~782 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 United States general imports from U.S.S.R., total-and by principal commodities, monthly, January-November 1947

[Value in thousands of dollars]

May June July s t N January-

August e~;m- October b~~m- Novem-ber

Commodity January Febru- March April ary

---------------------1-------------------------------------. ,. Total imports .... -------------------·----------------- 9, 006 1, 047 1, 245 6, 325 4, 466 10,475 9, 956 2, 508 13,994 7, 835 5,102 71,959 ------------------------------------

Animals and animal products, edible:

~~~~~e:Ji~t1ker-roe:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ------·:f -------5- -------i- 4~~ ~~~ 1~ ---~---9- -----~:~- 1~ 5~ -----~~~- ~U · Ani~!~seiEao~~~~Yi>-rexilicis;i.ii.e"d{i:iie:--------------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ~-------- ----- ----

Fox, other than silver and black_________ _______ _________ 484 (1) 5 14 91 462 177 23 611 178 32 2, 077 Hare .. -------------------------------------------------- 366 • 66 44 191 635 659 310 124 639 85 3, 119 Persian lamb and caracul·------------------------------ 3, 109 -- ---37· 13 142 18 215 3, 353 7 7, 273 2, RC9 , 879 17, 915 MarmoL .. ------------------- .!------------------------- 30 --------- --------- 166 955 667 191 425 178 55 2, 667 Marten ..• ---------------------------------------~------ 141 2 123 117 404 268 5 301 94 104 1, 559 Muskrat .. ---------------------------------------------- 48 -------- - --------- 23 33 774 64 17 408 29 54 1, 450 Sable--------------------------------------------------- 11 7 --------- ----- ---- 222 287 226 103 250 210 48 1 304 • SquirreL _____ _______ __________ __ ___ _-___________________ 210 4 59 331 496 3, 570 503 889 136 101 6:299

All other undressed furs ..... ----------- ----------------- 213 1 --------- 220 600 1, 005 279 64 806 247 364 3, 799 Furs, dressed .. ------------------------------------------ 2 --------- --------- --------- 14 11 --------- --------- 13 134 1 175 Fur manufactures ... -- ---------------------------------- 62 ----- ---- --------- 164 22 139 132 31 147 212 198 1,107 Other products. ---- ------------------ --------- -- -------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ----- 31 4 1. 12 26 74

Vegetable products, inedible, except fibers and wood: -.... Licorice root.·------- -- --------------------------------- --------- --------- 71 56 13 72 --------- --------- 72 28 312

77 73

4, 248 2

Drugs of vegetable origin not edible, crude______________ 4 11 6 23 6 ·w 3 1 12 1 Pine needle oiL.-------------------------------- -------- 28 --------- --------- --------- --------- 45 ----- ---- --------- --------- --------- ---------Tobacco, cigarette leaf, unstemmed_____________________ 1, 977 --------- --------- 776 12 285 1,198 --------- ---- ----- --------- ---------Other vegetable products.----------- ----------- --------- 1 --------- ... ------ -------- - 1 --------- ----- ---- --------- --------- --------- ---------

Textile fibers and manufactures: . Cotton linters ..• --------- ___ ---------------- __ -----.---- 23 Cotton waste ______ ----------- ... _____ . __ -- .. - ~- ... ----._ 108 Flax, hemp and ramie and manufactures._______________ 8 Wool, unmanufactured __ _________________ . ________________ ------- ~

Animal hair, unmanufactured ..• ------------------------ --------Other fibers, and manufactures__________________________ 30

Wood and paper:

220 Hi5 35 133 340 --------- 435 177 26 12 76 20 64 7 185 75

14 2 1 87 9 10 --------- 64 419 48 --------- --------- 151 --------- --------- ------ --- ---------90 --------- 33 7 --------- --------- --------- 100 56 2 --------- --------- 9 --------- --------- --------- 77 28

411 101

24 ~67

91 2

l, 929 674 219 885 377 148

Sulphite wood pulP-----·-------------------------: _____ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- 290 ----- --- - 5 --------- 163 11

458 38 Other wood and paper·--------------------------------- 3 --------- --------- --------- 2 --------- _____ : __ _ 1 2 19

Nonmetallic minerals: Asbestos, unmanu.ractured ______________________________ --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- 45 94 --------- 78 56 152 425

707 3

Diamonds cut bot not set.- ----------------------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- 99 --------- 211 --------- 194 9 194 Other nonmetallic minerals_: ____________ • ________ __ ____ --------- - ------ -- --------- 2 --------- --------- --------- 1 -- ------- --------- ---------

Metals and manufactures, except machinery and vehicles: Manganese ore__________________________________________ 1, 673 Chrome ore or chromite_____ __________________ __________ 209 206 ----- ----

255 410 1, 320 1, 073

268 683 285

488 .1. 649

680 1, 084

196 1, 222

741 1, 288

514 881

6, 769 8,356

Platinum ingots, bars, sheets or plates, not less than ~-inch thick ••• --------------------------------------- 220 -------- 262 572 710 --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- 1, 764

183 152

1,132 78

Iridium.--------------------------- ________________ ---- _________________ __ --------- 84 45 --------- ----- ---- --------- 54 --------- ---------Osmium. __ ------------------ __ ------ __________ --------- _ ------ ____ _______ --· ------ 76 ------- -- ______ . ___ --------- --------- 76 --------- ---------Palladium. __ ------------------------------------------- 36 --------- --------- 403 203 135 -------- - --------- --------- --------- 35.'i Other metals and manufactures _________________________ --------- --------- --------- 1 1 --------- 46 --------- --------- 30 ---------Chemicals and related products: Arsenic trioxide·---------------------------------------- --------- --------- 35 15 ---·--··-· 14 2 ---- ----- 60 23 7

Mis~~a~e~~~~ucts __________________________________________ --------- ---- ----- --------- --------- ---·--·-- 6 --------- --------- 22 ------~'-- ---------156

28

Equipment and supplies for outfitting and repairing vessels . __ ---------------------------------- -----------

Books, map~, pictures, and other printed matter--------·Other miscellaneous imports----------------------------

(I) 5 ------"7" ~ ------22- 34 I 4

6

~ ------·5- 3 2

2 3 2

2 11 1·

2 3 1

54 67 19 2 --------- --------- --------- 7 --------- ---------

1 Less than $500.

Prepared in the Department of Commerce by Special Programs Branch, Areas Div:sion, Office of International Trade, from basic data of the Bureau of the Census, February 1948. .

Mr. Speaker, at the hearing on May 27 I called Mr. Blaisdell's attention to a reference to destination control in his formal statement. The reference was to this language in that statement:

Another major component of the export control presently exercised over steel-destination control-is worthy of comment. Employed to good effect during the war,

, destination control was allowed to lapse during the period when it appeared that the whole export control program could safely be abandoned. However, as 1947 progressed the necessity for this type of control became increasingly manifest and it was reimposed with the beginning of the fourth quarter of that year. Since that time quotas have been established for each principal export commodity and foreign market and individual export licenses are issued against each o! these quotas.

I then called Mr. Blaisdell's attention to a paragraph in the Third Quarterly Rep9rt of the Secretary of Commerce on Export · Control and· Allocation Powers, dated April 30, 1948, which is as follows:

The effectiveness of destination controls is necessarily dependent to a large extent upon the cooperation of the governments of importing countries in supplying the United States with detailed statements of total steel

requirements, indigenous production, projected imports from other countries, and intended end uses of steel requested from the United States. · Such information is indispensable if tl)e limited quotas for the export of steel from the United States are to be distributed amo.ng various countries on a sound, intelligent, and equitable basis. Many of the requirements statements submitted by foreign governments have contained insufficient detail, but there is evidence of gradual improvement in these cases and, perhaps even more important, a general willingness to cooperate. In the case of the U. S. S. R. and most countries of eastern Europe, however, no information whatever of the kind requested by the United States has been forthcoming. The Department of Commerce has had no alternative but to establish a zero export quota for these countries, pending the receipt of requirements inforll\ation similar to that supplied by other countries.

I emphasized the last two sentences and then attempted to develop the facts as to the current and prospective use of this destination control power in connection with exports to Russia or to countries under Russian domination. Since I expect that Mr. Blaisdell will inform the Committee on Interstate and Foreign. Commerce as to the full facts next Tues-

day, I am including my questions and Mr. Blaisdell's replies as a background on that problem and for the information of those who wish to be informed as to this governmental policy.

My direct question is this-the report states on page 27:

Mr. BLAISDELL. In the case Of the U, S. S. R. and most countries ot eastern Europe, however, no information whatever of the kind requested by the United States has been forthcoming.

Mr. HESELToN. The next sentence leaves a doubt in my mind.

Mr. BLAISDELL. The Department of Commerce has had no alternative but to establish a zero export quota for these countries, pending the receipt of requirements information similar to that supplied by other countries.

Mr. HEsELTON. Now, on table 3 on page 28 of the Third Quarterly Report, I note that there was exported a total of 90.4 thousand net tons of steel goods to the U. S. S. R. in 1947, including 27,000 tons of pipe and tubing, which we have been discussing.

Does that last sentence, in view of the record of exports, indicate that if the U. S. S. R. furnishes some kind of information, or if countries under the present domination of the U.S.S.R. furnish certain kinc;ls of information, this country is going to

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .7783 issue export licenses of steel to those countries?

Mr. BLAISDELL. You interpret the statement correctly, Mr. Heselton, that these products which have been on the positive list and under control, when the information required has not been supplied automatically, there was no quota es~ablished and no shipments made.

Mr. HESELTON. That might be true, but my quest ion is, assuming that they furnish the information?

Mr. BLAISDELL. Your question, is, What would be done?

Mr. HESELTON. Yes. Mr. BLAISDELL. If the information were

supplied ? We would apply the principles which have been operative right along, that if this information were adequate and the justification regarded as sufficient, we would issue licenses, the presumption being that we are receiving from the Soviet Union and from the other countries involved, an adequate return for what we were sending to them; in ot her words, that it was a real twos:.ded trade between the countries, where the United States was benefiting to the extent that the Soviet Union was benefiting from what we were sending them.

Mt. 'HESELTON. Well, I assume that it is f air to guess that you are not going to get t h at information; is that not probable?

Mr. BLAISDELL. In which case there would be no quota.

Mr. HESELTON. If it turns out that assumption is incorrect and they do furnish certain kinds of information, the Il}Ost import ant condition precedent, as I underst an d your statement, would be that in ret urn they give us, they export to us critical m aterial, ores: metals, and that sort of thing; is that right?

!VIr. BLAISDELL. Or other equivalent concessions.

Mr. HESELTON. Then you are not going to get again into that controversy we bad early this year of sturgeon roe and furs as quid pro quo, for petroleum, are you?

Mr. BLAISDELL. No. What I have in mind is that in the relationship obvi ously the

., over-all position has to be . taken into account in dealing with the export policies toward any country you are dealing with, the whole broad range of problems· as well as the specific trade problem. If you were dealing simply w~th the trade problem then you would say we will let the money transactions control; and as long as anybody pays the dollars, let them take what they want.

The reason we put in export control is because that dollar transaction was not· satisfactory in such category.

. Mr. HESELTON. I assume that one of the methods of testing the wisdom of that sort of a policy is a very careful examination of what happened in 1947 in terms of 1mports from these countries; how much and what kind of imports we actually received. Is that information available to the committee, and could you give us that as against this?

Mr. BLAISDELL. Oh; yes, sir. Mr. HESELTON. Let us take the steel; can

you furnish that information? Mr. BLAISDELL. The information is com

pletely available and while I do not have the t ables--

Mr. HESELTON (interposing). It is not important at the moment.

Mr.\BLAISDELL (continuing). I believe it has been made available for the record of this committee heretofore, but I will be glad-if it h as not, I will be very glad to make it available.

Mr. HESELTON. Is it available in these hearings?

Mr. BLAISDELL. I think not in these specific hearings, but other hearings.

Mr. HESELTON. Well, suppose we handle it this way. Why not send up to the chairman that information and then. he can decide

whether or not it is necessary to put it into the record of the hearings.

Mr. BLAISDELL. We Will be glad to dO that. One always has the hesitancy, as you appreciate, of saying what he is going to do if certain 'things happen, because so many other things are always happening at the s!me time.

Mr. HESELTON. I am just expressing this as a thought that this committee, if the other members agree with me, might like to have that. I do not know about that. I may bring it up again if I can return. Would it not be a pretty sound policy to adopt in terms of export of tubular goods or critically needed steel as you have discussed it in your formal · statement, that is domestically needed, to first insist if they furnish the information that they also provide the goods here first and then in terms of the goods we actually get from them we could determine whether that might be worth while to issue some export license, but not issue them ahead of evidence that actually in good faith they are going to furnish us with these goods?

Mr. BLAISDELL. Well, if you are intending that as a question.

Mr. HESELTON. Yes. Mr. BLAISDELL._ I Will SiiJ!ply say that it be

comes a matter of administration and the acceptance of what is delivery at the present time, so that they can continue to deliver goods to us regularly and on the contracts which our companies have with them; and as far as I know that, there has never been any problem on that score; but' I mean this is one of those details where you have to get down to the specific cases and decide them in the light of the whole range of factors that do bear on any specific concession.

Mr. HESELTON. Including the situation ,which everybody knows exists today.

Mr. BLAISDELL. Exactly. Mr. HESELTON. In the matter of confiict of

policy between that government and ours. Mr. BLAISDELL. Exactly.

'ENROLL~ BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS SIGNED

Mr. LECOMPTE, from the Committee on House Administration, reported that that committee had examined and found truly enrolled a bill of the House of the following title, which was thereupon

_ signed by the Speaker: H. R. 3433. An act to amend the act en

titled "An act to classify the officers and members of the Fire Department of the Dis- · trict of Columbia, and for other purposes," approved June 20, 1906, and for other purposes.

The SPEAKER announced his signature to enrolled bills and joint resolutions of the Senate of the following titles:

S, 153. An act authorizing the Secretary qf the Army to have prepared a replica of the Dade Monument for presentation to the State of Florida;

S. 263. An act to provide for the carrying of mail on star routes, and for other purposes;

S. 424. An act conferring jurisdiction upon the United States District Court for the District of Nel>raska to hear, determine, and render judgment upon the claims of John J. Higgins, and others;

S. 554. An act to provide for the collection and publication of statistical information by the Bureau of the Census; · S. 692. An act to authorize a mileage allowance of 7 cents per mile for United marshals and their deputies for travel on official business;

S. 873. An act for the relief of Warren H. McKenney;


S. 1062. An act for the relief of Mrs. Chris-tine West and Mrs. Jesse West; .

S. 1214. An act to amend the act entitled ''An act to provide for the training of officers for the naval service, and for other purposes, .. approved August 13, 1946, as amended;

S. 1249. An act authorizing additional research and investigation into problems and methods relating to the eradication of cattle grubs, and for other purposes;

S. 1265. An act to amend sections 1301 and 1303 of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia, relating to liability for causing death by wrongful act;

S. 1470. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to make provision for the care and treatment of members of the National Guard, Organized Reserves, Reserve Officers' Training Corps, and Citizens' Military Training camps who are injured or contract diseases while engaged in military training, and for other purposes," approved June 15, 1936, as amend· ed, and for other purposes;

S. 1493. An act to amend section 19 of the Veterans' Preference Act of June 27, 1944 (58 Stat. 387), and for other purposes; ·

S. 1504. An act to amend the act entitled "An act for the confirmation of the title to the Saline Lands in Jackson County, State of Illinois, to D. H. Brush, and others," ap· proved March 2, 1861 ( 12 Stat. 891) , as amended by the act of November 29, 1944 (58 Stat. 10~6);

S. 1520. An act to amend se~tion 3 of the act of August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 554), as amended, so as to provide reimbursement tB the Post Office Department by the Navy Department for shortages .in postal accounts occurring while commissioned officers of the Navy and Marine Corps are designated custo• _ dians of postal effects;

S. 1551. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to sell to Anthony P. Miller, Inc .• a parcel of unimproved land adjacent to the Anchorage housing project at Middletown, R.I.;

S. 1573. An act for the relief of Marcella. Kosterman;

S. 1703. An act for the relief of Lorraine Burns Mullen; · S. 1783. An act to provide for retention in

the service of certain disabled ·Army and Air Force personnel, and for other purposes;

S. 1790. An act to amend the act of Con· gress entitled "An act to credit certain service performed by members of the Army, Navy. Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Public Health Service prior to reaching 18 years of age for the purpose of computing longevity pay, or for other pay purposes," approved March 6, 1946;

S. 1791. An act to transfer certain lands at Camp Phillips, Kans., to the Department of the Army;

s: 1795. An act to repeal section 1 of the act of April 20, 1874, prescribing. regulations governing inquiries to be made in connection with disbursements made by disbursing officers of the Army (18 Stat. 33; 10 U.S. C. 174);

S. 1835. An act for the relief of Harry Daniels;

S. 1861. An act to amend the act entitled "An act to reclassify the salaries of postmasters, officers, and employees of the postal service; to establish uniform procedures for computing compensation; and for other purposes," approved July 6, 1945, so as to provide promotions for temporary employees of the custodial service;

S. 1871. An act to restore -certain lands to the town site of Wadsworth, Nev.;


S. 1933. An act to authorize the Secretary of the . Interior to. convey certain lands in the State of Montana to School Board District 55, Roosevelt County, Mont.;

S. 1987. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Interior to const ruct the Preston Bench project, Idaho, in accordance with the Federal reclamation laws;

,;-.

,7784 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JUNE 10 s. 2137. An act to provide for the protec

tion of potato and tomato production from the golden nematode, and for other pur-~~~ .

s. 2152. An act to increase the maximum travel allowance for railway postal clerks and substitute r ailway postal clerks;

S. 2215. An act to amend the Public Health Service Act to support research and training in diseases of the heart and circulation, and to aid the States in the development of community programs fer the control of these diseases, and for other purposes;

S. 2288. An act to amend the Lanham Act so as to permit the sale of certain permanent war housing thereunder to veterans at a purchase price not ln excess of the cost of construction;

S. 2406. An act to amend the act entitled "'An act to provide for the recording and . releasing of liens by entries on certificates of title for mot or vehicles and tra ilers, and for other purposes," approved July 2, 1940, as amended;

S. 2454. An act to amend the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended, to make further provision for the recording of title to, interests in, and encumbrances upon certain aircraft, and for other purposes;

S. 2455. An act to amend the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, as amended, by limiting the liability of certain persons not in possession of aircraft;

S. 2456. An act to provide safety in aviation and to direct a study of the causes and characteristics of thunderstorms and other atmospheric disturbances;


S. 2496. An act to provide for the conveyance to Pinellas County, State of Florida, of certain public lands herein described;

S. 2553. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to convey to the Mystic River Bridge Authority, an instrumentality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, an easement for the construction and operation of bridge approaches over and across lands comprising a part of the United States Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.;

S. 2592. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force to return certain lands situated in Puerto Rico, in accordance with ,the terms of the conveyances to the United States Government, and final judgments in certain condemnation proceedings;

s. 2593. An act to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to convey to the Commonwealth of Virginia a right-of-way for public-highway purposes in certain lands at Pungo, Va.;

S. 2643. An act to amend the act entitled "'An act to establish a lien for moneys due hospitals for services rendered in cases caused by negligence or fault of others and providing for the recording and enforcing of such liens," approved June 30, 1939;

S. J. Res. 98. Joint resolution providing for membership and participation by the United States in the World Health Organization and authorizing an appropriation therefor; and

S. J. Res. 231. Joint resolution to amend section 303 of the act entitled "An act to expedite the provision of housing in connection with national defense, and for other purposes.';


Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Mr. Speaker, I offer a resolution and ask for its immediate consideration.

The Clerk read the resolution (H. Res. 661) , as follows·:

Resolved, That the · House has heard with profound sorrow the announcement of the death of Han. Lewis B. Schwellenbach, late the Secretary of Labor.

Resolved, That the Clerk communicate these resolutions to the Senate and transmit a copy thereof to the family of the deceased.

Resolved, That as a further mark of respect this House do now adjourn .•

The resolution was agreed to. ADJOURNMENT

Accordingly (at 5 o'clock and 46 minutes p. m.) , under its previous order, the House adjourned until tomorrow, Friday, June 11, 1948, at 11 o'clock a. m.

EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.

Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive communications were taken from the Speaker's table and referred as follows:

1640. A letter from the Actin g Secretary of the Navy, transmitt ing a draft of a proposed bill to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to grant to Southern Counties Gas Co. of Californ ia a perpetual easement for a natural-gas line over lands within Camp Joseph H. Pendleton, Oceanside, Calif.; to the Comm ittee on Armed Services.

1641. A letter from the Acting Secretary of the Interior, transmitting, pursuant to section 16 of the Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of the United States, approved June 22, 1936, one copy each of various legislation passed by the Municipal Council of St. Thomas and St. John and the Municipal Council of St.· Croix; to the Committee on · Public Lands.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUBLIC !BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports of committees were delivered to the Clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar, as follows:

Mr. LECOMPTE: Committee on House Administration. House Resolution 649. Resolution for the relief of Rose Cohen, widow of Maurice G. Cohen; without amendment (Rept. No. 2299). Referred to the House Calendar,

Mr. ALLEN of Illinois: Committee on Rules. House Resolution 656. Resolution providing for consideration of H. R. 6712, a bill to provide for revenue revision, to correct tax inequities, and for other purposes; without amendment (Rept. No. 2300). Referred to the · House Calendar.

Mr. ALLEN of illinois: Committee on Rules. House Resolution 657. Resolution providing for consideration of S. 1260, an act to create a commission to hear and determine the claims of certain motor carriers; without amendment (Rept. No. 2301). Referred to the House Calendar.

Mr. FULTON: Committee on Foreign Affairs·. S. 1107. An act relating to the arming of American vessels; with an amendment (Rept. No. 2302). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union.

Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H. R. 6656. A bill to authorize the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to prescribe the rates of pay for certain positions at field installations; with an amendment (Rept. No. 2303). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union.

Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H. R. 4073. A bill to provide a more satisfactory program of benefits relating to active service in the armed forces of the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II, and for other purposes; with amendments (Rept. No. 2304). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union.

Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: Committee on Veterans' Affairs. H. R. 6439. A bill to authorize and direct the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to conduct an investigation

and study of the feasibility and desirability of adopting the plan, known as the West Virginia plan, for the construction and financing of low-cost housing facilities for veterans; with an amendment (Rept. No. 2305). Referred to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union.

PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 3 of rule XXII, public bills and resolutions were introduced and severally referred as follows:

By Mr. GRANGER: H. R. 6867. A bill to establish a commit t ee

of the House of Representatives to investigate the tobacco and cigarette problem; to the Committee on Rules.

. By Mr. BUCK: H. R. 6868. A bill . to amend section 326 (b)

of the Public Health Service Act with respect t o widows of certain deceased Coast Guard personnel; to the Committee on Interstat e and Foreign Commerce.

By Mr. PETERSON: H. R. 6869. A bill to amend the act known

a~ the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, · 1930 ( 46 St at. 531) , approved June 10, 1930, as amended; to the Committee on Agriculture.

H. R. 6870. A bill to amend part II, section 203, 21 (b)-6, of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

By Mr. REES: H. R. 6871. A bill to amend rule X of the

Rules of the House of Representatives to provide for certain ex officio members of the Committee on Appropriations; to the Committee on Rules.

By Mr. WELCH: H. R. 6872. A bill to reserve· certain land on

the public domain in Utah for addition to the Kanosh Indian Reservation; to the Committee on Public Lands. ·

By Mr. VANZANDT: H. R. 6873. A bill to authorize the attend·

ance of the Marine Band at the National Encampment of the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, to be held in St. Louis, Mo., August 29 to September 3, .1948; to the Committee on Armed Services.

By Mr. BATES of Massachusetts: H. R. 6874. A bill to amend the act entitled

"An act to fix and regulate the salaries of teachers, school officers, and other employees of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, and for other purposes," approved July 7, 1947; to the Committee on the Dis· trict of Columbia. ·

By Mr. HERTER: H. R. 6875. A bill to amend section 251

(a) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code so as to exempt from taxation certain income earned by employees at naval and air bases leased from foreign countries for periods of 25 years or more; to the Committee on Ways and Means.

By Mr. FULTON: H. R. 6876. A bill to provide pensions for

disability and age under Veterans Regulation No. 1 (a), part III, in the same amounts as now provided for veterans of the war with Spain, the Philippine Insurrection, and the Boxer Rebellion, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs.

H. R. 6877. A bill to amend the act entitled "An act to incorporate the Hungarian Reformed Federation of America," approved March 2, 1907, so as to permit such federation to extend certain benefits to all it s members; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. BATES of MassachusettS: H. R. 6878. A bill to authorize granting

increases in the salary rates of teachers, school officers, and other employees of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia whose salary is fixed and regulated by the District of Columbia Teachers' Salary Act of 1947; to the Committee on the District of Columbia,

1948 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 7785 By Mr. EBERHARTER:

H. R. 6879. A bill to provide a comprehensive program of old-age retirement, survivors, and permanent disability insurance and to assist the several States to establish an adequate program of public welfare, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Ways and Means.

By Mr·. FARRINGTON: H. J. F.es. 422. Joint resolution to author

ize the issuance of a stamp commemorative of the fiftieth anniversary of the annexation of Hawaii to the United States: to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.

By Mr. ANGELL: H. J. Res. 423. Joint resolution to · amend

section 303 of the act entitled "An act to expedite the provision of housing in connection with national defense, and for other purposes"; to the Committee on Public Works.

By Mr. BEALL: H. Con. Res. 212. Concurrent resolution

providing for expansion and intensification of public-health research on the family aspects of chronic illnesses; to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

By Mr. HOFFMAN: H. "Con. Res. 213. Concurrent resolution au

thorizing the Committee on Expenditures in the Executiv'e Departments, House of Representatives, to have printed for its use additional copies of the hearings held before a special subcommittee of said committee, current Congress, relative to investigation as to the manner in which the United States Board of Parole is operating and as to whether there is a necessity for a change in either the procedure or basic law; to the Committee on House Administration.

By Mr. LECOMPTE: H. Res. 655. Resolution authorizing the

printing of the Fifteenth Report of the Commission of Fine Arts as a House document with illustrations; to the Committee on House Administration. ·

By Mr. WALTER: H. Res. 658. Resolution authorizing in

quiry by ·the Judiciary Committee; to the Committee on Rules.

PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private bills and resolutions were introduced and severally referred as follows:

By Mr. BUCKLEY: H. R. 6880. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Mar

garet Devine; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

By Mr. FARRINGTON: H. R. 6881. A bill for the relief of certain

FJ.lipino laborers in Hawaii; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

H. R. 6882. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Walter K. Miyamoto (formerly Miyoko Takahashi); to the Committee on the Judiciary.

PETITIONS, ETC.

Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows:

2084. By Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin: Resolution of Kenosha Post, No. 21, American Legion, Kenosha, Wis., endorsing the MundtNixon bill, H. R. 5852; to the Committee on Un-American Activities.

2085. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Dale I. Steele and others, petitioning consideration of their resolution with reference to freeing of the Federal employees' pay-raise bill from the House Rules Committee for action on the floor of the House of Representatives; to the Committee on Rules.

2086. Also, petition of Loretta Moore and others, petitioning consideration of their resolution with reference to passage of a $1,000 per annum pay raise for all Federal workers; ·to the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.

SENATE FRIDAY, JuNE 11, 1948

(Legislative day of Tuesday) June 1) 1948}

The Senate met at 10:30 o'clock a. m., on the expiration of the recess.

The Chaplain, Rev. Peter Marshall, D. o:, offered the following prayer:

Help us, our Father, to show other nations an America to imitate-not the America of loud jazz music, self-seeking indulgence, and love of money, but the America that loves fair play, honest dealing, straight talk, real freedom, and faith in God.

Make Us. to see that it cannot be done as long as we are content to be coupon clippers on the original investment made by our forefathers. Give us faith in God and love for our fellow men, that we may have something to deposit on which the young people of today can draw interest tomorrow.

By Thy grace, let us this day increase the moral capital of this country. Amen.

THE JOURNAL

On request of Mr. WHERRY, and by unanimous consent, the reading of the Journal of the proceedings of Thursday, June 10, 1948, was dispensed with, and the Journal was approved.

MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT

Messages in writing from the President of the United States were communicated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secretaries. MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE-ENROLLED

. BILLS SIGNED

A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Chaffee, one of its reading clerks, announced that the Speaker had affixed his signature to the following enrolled bills, and they were signed by the President pro tempore:

S. 1090. An act to safeguard and consolidate certain areas of exceptional public value within the Superior National Forest, State of Minnesota, and for other purposes;

S. 2201. An act supplementing the act en-· titled "An act authorizing ttie State of Maryland, by and through its State roads commission or the successors of said commission, to construct, maintain, and operate certain bridges across streams, rivers, !llld navigable waters which are wholly or partly within the State," approved April 7, 1938;

H. R. 5728. An act making appropriations for the Department of Labor, the Federal Security Agency, and related independent agencies for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes; and

H. R. 6355. An act making supplemental appropriations for the Federal Security Agency for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, and for other purposes.

JURISDICTION OF COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE

Mr. WHERRY obtained the floor. Mr. WHERRY. I yield to the distin

guished majority leader, which is a privilege and a pleasure, indeed.

Mr. WHITE. Mr. President, I thank the Senator from Nebraska for his kindly reference.

On the day before yesterday, the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce adopted a resolution and in-

structed me to ask that it be extended in the RECORD. Therefore, I ask unanimous consent that the resolution, which I now send to the desk, be printed as a part of my remarks. I make no other request in connection with it.

-There being no objection, the resolution was ordered to be -printed in the RECORD) as follows:

Senator McFARLAND moved the following motion:

"Whereas, the Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, by the terms of the Congressional Re rganization Act (Public Law 601, 79th Cong.), has exclusive jurisdiction over communication by telephone, telegraph, radio, and television, and over interstate and foreign commerce gen-erally; and ·

"Whereas, by the terms of the said Con gressional Reorganization Act, each such (standing) committee may make investigations into any matter within its jurisdiction, and has the further duty of exercising continuous watchfulness of the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws the subject matter of which is within the jurisdiction of such committee·, and for that purpose shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the Congress by the agencies in the executive branch of the Gove-rnment; and

"Whereas, in the opinion of the committee, the term 'communications' means both the means of the transmission of intelligence as well as the matter transmitted, which is substantiated by the fact that this committee has had consistently assigned to it for consideration such legislation as relates not only to the instrumentalities of telephone, telegraph, and radio transmission, but also to such matters as rates for, and the classification and kinds of, material transmitted, and in particular the use of radio frequencies for the transmission of various kinds of intelligence; and

"Whereas this committee has had jurisdiction over the Communications Act of 1934 and its antecedent and subsequent legislative enactments and by its terms has given and continues to give consideration to the use of frequencies in the radio spectrum in the public interest; and

"Whereas the entire problem of the use of high-band frequencies for international short-wave transmission of intelligence is directly within the specific and general jurisdiction of this committee; and

"Whereas the membership of this commit·tee appealed successfully trom the ruling of the President pro tempore of the Senate on May 27, which assigned the question of investigation of short-wave . broadcasting under the so-called Voice of America program to the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments on the very obvious ground that if such ruling were upheld all matters involving an expenditure of public moneys, regardless of the subject matter, would come within the jurisdiction of said committee, thus stripping all other standing legislative committees of the powers and duties assigned them by the Congressional Reorganization Act; and

"Whereas the membership of this committee have the highest regard for the President pro tempore of the Senate of the United States and, in view of the fact that he is also chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, they did not formally contest his subsequent decision to refer the investigation of the Voice of America broadcasts to the Committee on Foreign Relations: Now, therefore, be it

"Resolved, That this committee formally desires to serve formal notice that the failure to appeal from the decision of the President pro tempore assigning the resolution authorizing this committee to conduct an

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