COMITE POUR LA SIDERURGIE ANCIENNE .. del'Uni"n internati"nale des sciences prehistm:iques et pr"t"hist"riques

,"W. U. Guyan, president . . R. Pleiner. secretaire

", Siege du secretariat: Institut d'archeologie. Prague 1, Letenska 4

: Nineteenth communic.~liQn

NEW" "MEMBERS: H. Linte' • . I,.iege. Belgique

COm:ERENCES,

· ANCIENT PRODUCTION OF IRON IN THE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME OF THE IX" CONGRESS OF THE UISPP. NICE - Pare Valrose 13 th_ 18 1h September 1976. At the occasion of the top meeting of archaeologists from all over the world numerous contributions were enlisted . ~ealjog with the problems of the use of iron, its production or working in ancient civilizations. As far as it cou1d be stated only a part of them was actually read due to the absence of the r elevant participants. Therefore it may be useful to ~ote the items according to the volume entitled

· ·"Resumes des communications (Nice 1976)". Section ·VIII Age du fer, subsection VIII- l .· L'introduction du fer et le premier Age du fer: A. L aszl6 (Roumania): Les debuts de la metallutgie du fer dans l'espac~ Carpa~ho.DJlnubien, p. 509 (finds of HA-HB datta in Roumania); J . Gomez (France): La. premiere metall~Tgie de fer dans le Centre Ouest de la France, p. 511 (iron fragment in the hoatd ftom Venet. HB3); J. P. Moh en (France): Bronze et fer en France au premier Age

··.·du fet. p. 5.12 (general remarks); B . ·Scou (Northern Ireland); The study of early iron working · in Ireland - Problems of theory and melhod. p. 532-533. Subsection VIII-2 Les Celtes et :.

l'epoque de In Tene: 1. Glodariu (~oumania): La metallurgie du fer en Dacie, p. 561; C. SJnhr (GDR): Zum Auftreten ciscrnet . Ackcrbnugerate bei den Kelto-Iberern, Kelten uud Dakern, pp. 568-570 ·(diffusion ·.of iron ·ploughl5hares from Palestina .to Central Europe). ·Subsection VIIJ-4 Les civilisations de fer dans le monde: 1. V. j\fartins (Por tugal); L'agc du fer dans le

· Nord-Est de l'Angola, p. 600 (beginnings in the 11th cent~ry A. D., furuaces, bloomeries). Section .. IX P eriodcs des Grandes Migrations. subsection IX·3 Les Vikings: J. Seliran d (USSR): ZUT ..

F.tage der nordeuropnischen WafI'enschmierlearbeit in del' Wikingerzeit, p . 633 (role of the pattern- . welded lance head in the Baltic area). MOl·cover, the prin ted Programme and posters of individual ·sections 1ist the following papers , the greater part of which was not read: R. Abramichvili (USSR): L'Age de Fer; M. Kantcher (Bulgaria): Vintroduction du fer; V. Trbuhovic (Yugoslavia): De nouveau sur les plus anciens objets de fer sur le mayen Danube; M. Cicinova (Bulgaria): La Thrace a rAge du fer ancien (IXC_ Vlt siecIes)~ H. F. Cleere (GB): The iron industry ofthe North·Westeru Roman provinces; H. Loof3 (Aus trali n): Les debuts de la metallurgie du fer dans la penin6ule indochin.o.ise.~ J. Alexa.~deT (G;B): A compar!~o. of the ~pread~f iro~ using in Africa and Europe.

R • . Pleiner, ~ragt.te

· ll< CONGRES INTERNATIONAL DE THRACOLOGIE. Bucarest, 4'-10' sept. 1976. Tbe programme of the congress published as "Reswncs des rappOI'ts et cODllllunications (Bucarest

·-1976)" gives the list of the following papers dealing with early iron industry in the world of Thra-· cians and Dacians: I . Ferenczi (Roumanil.l): Die natilrlichen Voraussctzungeu del' Eisenmctlll­·lurg ie in dem Gebirge siidlich van Ora~tie~ p. 57-58; 1. Glodariu (Roumania); Les ateliers metal­. Jurgiques de .la .Sarmisegetuza ,dace, .p . . 64 (abou t .2 .. tons of iron .bars deposited . in the ,Ancient .

321

town; bloomeries outside the walls in the environs); V. D. Inkova (Mrs., Bulgaria): Technologiya obrabotki i eleza VD }I~rakii pervogo tysyac~etia do n asej erY9 p. 78 (metallographieal investiga­tions of iron ar tifacts dated to the Hallstatt and the La Tene p eriods in the Thracian area); ,M. Rusu (Roumania): Le centre metallurgique transylvain, pp. 12Q:-122 .'(Greek , CcIti,c and , ,Roman iJlfl~ence ~~ ,the .de:v~lop~el'! t of the Daci~~ iron jn~ustry). '

, ~. 1!'einer, Pr~gue

XVI'\SEMINARY DEVOTED TO THE HISTORY OF METALLURGY organ;zed by tbe National Technical Museum a t Prague toge thet with thc Club of Friends of the 'NTM, 11th November 1976. The bulk of papers dealt with the lat er history of iton industry in Bohemia

, and Moravia. With prehistory was concerned the ,contribution read bY,R . ,Pleiner; Sa'cnl zeleza " " " ' . '.

do ,E~opy, .(The, S~read o~ ir.~n ,~nto.E~op~)., .. R , PleinerJ , P~ague

SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY: .

'F ield Work: ':

SMELTING FURNACES OF THE AVARIC PERIOD IN HUNGARY: Dur;ng 1975 there were . 'excavated two iron smelting furnaces near Torjanpuszta, Gyor-?opron district , western H ungary . . In fr~nt of their open hcarths (depth about 30 ems) were fiat operating pit! where molten 'slag protruded from hearth-spaces. Remains of the original shaft superstructure r eached the h eight of abou t 10 ems. Lower fW'nace diameter measured ca. 3(f cms. Fragments of clay tuycre nozzles in shape of bricks were found. The pottcry indicates the da ting of the 7th century A. D .

. ,corresponding to , the Avaric settlement in P annonia. Atchaeomagnetic; t ests in ol'det to ~olltrol

the, ~ating ·were ~n~ertnk~n; th~ eval,uatiof:!. is still in pr~gres,s. ' ' After J . GiimQ~.i . Sopron '

TRACES OF ROMAN IRON MAKING AT SZOMBATHELY, HUNGARY. Excavations in the , urban area of Szombathely. anc ienl Savaria, r evealed iron slag dumps in the Roman settlement

layers. According to the estimation of Mrs. M . Mcdgyes. direc tor. of the excavations , this va.s~e , remi':l~s h~r of tapped , sl~g from, r~dllctjon furna:c~s. ' .

A(te~ J . . ~iimijri. Sopron

ROMAN PERIOD SETTLEMENT WITH IRON WORKING AT BYSTRANY NEAR ' TEPLICE, NW Bohemia . In the course of res~ue operations in the inundation of the Bys tHce " b~ook there were excavated, in 1975. f01;U'teen ' fea tures relating to the early Bo.rbarian ,'period (1st-2nd centuries ,A. D.). Besides two ~unken-80ored huts attention. should be paid to two r eheating hearths for iron blooms. They were fl at and longitudinal in plan (dimensions 120 X 50 ems, depth about 40 ems). li,ned with J?urnt clay and filled '~i~h e!.tareoal and iron slag lumps.

- ' . ' ' ",,' ' ,. ,J. W'aldhauser. Teplice

Metallo~raphy:

FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS OF ASSYRIAN IRONS FROM KHORSABAD. The team ,of Mrs. T. S. Wheeler and R. Madd~n, University of Penns)'lvania . investiga ted two pointed iron

:. b ars ~rom the Collection of the Orie,".t~l, ~~s,t ~ t~~~, ~,~,s,~~~ , a~ ~?~~a~? , Th,eiE: prel~~,naty repor~ .: '

322

entitled .. MetaJlurgical study of two iron objcc~s from Khorsabad u is the body of a future I)ubli~

:cation . An.other bar from the same site and (tom the same colJection has been examined by R. Pleiner at the Prague metaIlograp~;ca) laboratot.y of the Archaeological Institute. This artifact · 'will also serve as a contribution to the discussion on the real purpose of those objects. The latter

: report, which is als~ prepared for publication, will be completed with the analyses of two working .

· tool s from KhQ~.s~.bad. All specimens t;le:D ~iolled. abo,~e .dat~ . from ~e late. 8.th :ce~t~ry B. C.

·: METALLOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF LA TENE PERIOD IRON SWORDS ha. heen ,' .. 'cd in the Prague labora tory of the Archaeolog ical Ins titute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences .

. . Three swotds ftom the well known inhumation ceme.tery at J enisll v Ujezd and .two other pieces C.om the cemetery a t Makotfasy . (Bohemia) have been investigated. Butial m~und no. 8 at Zemplin (SJovak~ a) yielded a well preserved sword with a stamped R oman m,ar~. A comparative study. enabl~s a sword f~agme.r;!t fro~ th~ eponymous La Tcne site. · .' .

. R~ P~~iner, Prag.ue

General Tes~ar.ch . cet:llres:

NEW WORKING GROUPS AT THE SWEDISH BERGHlSTORISKA UTSKOTT, JERN­KONTORET. One group will go into the problems of iron production of the Middle Ages (cn.

· 1000- 1500 A. D.). A systernatical research of various museum coHections is planned in order ': .. to secure a fund for future analyses as well as the regis tration of the relevant written sou.ces.

The second group will direc t the activity to the doting of Sweden's most ancient iron mines and the use of different sorts of ores in individual periods. A bibliographical index is also being prepared for publication. It wiJI cover the .E uropeqn.li teta ry production . in the. field of ea rly jro.n·

' .. inclustry . ... ' . . ... '. .. . ".

'A recent excavation by 1. Serning revealed two shaft furnaces 'with slag pits near .Mille · :.T orn , StAng parish, Gotland. He dates indicate an unexpec tedly ea rly date of 200 B. C. Another "' furnace has been excavate~ by L . TlIcilin (Mrs.) inyester go tland. It was equipped wi th a number

of clay tuyer~ n O.zzles but tbe {~ature was .. b~dly ~~s~urQ.~d. ~o. dat~llg ~ndica.tion s .are .a.v.ai.lahle ···· up .to now.

The authors A. Ifyenstrand, W. Holrnqvis, . ·K . Calissendor.o· (Mrs. ) and J. ha.re . prepllred . .for .. publicatiQ~ . a. boo~ entitled .. ~r~h.ietoric IrOll ill ~w~den" .. , ~

. ... ,

Sern~r1g (Mr~.)

·After.! . . Sern.ifl,g., fl.allsjon .

THE ANCIENT METALLURGY OF IRON IN BULGARIA has recently been drawing much : more attention which is attested by a s.pecial conference devoted to the history of technology: HP 'rvu nnucllo·techniceska kOllferencja po is torij a na t eehllikata"' having taken place in Sofia in 1972. Having r eceivt:d some information on same no sooner tban until now we should like to men tion her e only several of the discusse:d th(rncs concerning iron. The papers appeared in the Godisnik nn Nacionnlnija po1itechniceski muzej 11 1972 (1973). Sofia. Comments rel ating

· to same sce in the contribution b y If . . Mamzer, the ahstrnct o f which is on p. 329. Traces of ea rly iron ore m.ining are looked for in the m oullt ains of SW Macedonia and Bulgaria, Pirin , Rodopi ,

·: Strandsh. where pre·Roman (Thraciun). Bmnsu as wel.l as later ac tivities arc presupposed or altested. Exploitation of magnetiC sands is taken into account. A special interest deserved the

· sanctua ry consactated to Apollo by Greek minel's of the Antoninus Pius time which wus found .. '. in the Strundsh Mo.u~tuins. Ilear Malko T'rnovo. BloomerieB and smelting fur"nact's were investi­

gat ed but rarely. A stone·walled furna ce from the 4th century A. D. has been discovered at : ', Popovyn'e. whereas the dating of Illlother feature found at Leskovo in the Rodopi range remains

· 1::l~.c~r.ta.i~~ . r~~ . e,u~b: l1~e.d.iev~Lp~rio~ ,fll~.~~e4 . ~\:ith .. ~~~e growth or ~he ~.I,I)ga!.i~J.l J".e~l~, (~ .t~-lOth

323

~enturies A. D.) is not · well elucidated by direct sources but 8 number of rieh hoards of iron . :, .. artifacts indicates that iton making could not have ceased. On the contrary, it supplied both

· agriculture and crafts . . The ind~try of the 1.3~~ cent.ury is:n:tarked by the production of the newly . s~ttled ~a?"on miners . . '. Afte~ H. M.liImzer, PQznao

Edit. note to Bibliography: Items marked .JI. M. are taken from the.61es of the Historical Metal~ .. lurgy w~ich ki~d~y o.ff~red its Editor. .. . . .' .

, BlBU,OGRAPHY J972, 1973 (Supplements)

A .. Spe~i,~lized j teDlS.

· J. LANG (Mrs.). J. PRICE (Mrs.): Iron Tubes from the Late Roman G1assmaking Site at Merida (Badajos). in Spain. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 1972/2, p. 289-296. Ferritic metal with

". differently cristallized grain size; welding together of different iron sheets. Nitrides. Winding of ' .sheets. Nitride~. 'Wj~diDg of ~~e~t stri~s .i.':1to .tubular 6hapes~ . . . . .

W. J. BOTTING: Romano-British iron working site at Ludley Farm, Beckley. Sussex Arehaeo-· :logicnl Collection .Ill , 1.973, 111. In Burnt House Wood the,re is a large ~eap o~ iron slag and cinder,

2nd ,cent. A. D. ' , ', Mter H. ¥.

· . H. MAMZER: Technologia cz~sci uzbJ;"ojenia znalezioDyeh na gtodzisku w Styrmen okr~g Ruse . . Slavia Antiqua 20 1973, 125-129. Summary: La teehnologie des elements.d'armement trouves

· dans le castrum de Styrmen, region de Rousse. Bulgarie. A short account of weapons examine,d · metallographieally. Mainly arrow heads made of wrQught iron or medium steel, rarely of faggoted ... : ~etaJ. Styrme:p. is a hillfor~ of t~e 9th- 10th cent. A. D. in ~he east of . B~~gari3.. . '.' '.

" , 'J.. PRICE cf. J.LANG (obovc)

H. SCHMID: Die montangeologischen Voraussetzungen des ur- und frtibgeschichtlichen Eisen­hlittellwesens im Gebiet des mittleren Burgeulao.des (Becken van Oberpullendorf). Burgen~

·· landische Heimutbliitter 35 1973/3,97-109. A treatise on iron ons of the Burgenland (Austria). · : used formerly in bloomeries of the antiquity. There occur' mainly 'argilaceous spathic. ores , (in

· kidney-shaped Mocks), less . often also hematites ,and limonites mined in field~ of open cast pits . '(e: g. Djela-Wald). 12.000 tons of exploited ore are estimated whidl means approx. 200.0 tOll$,.

·of.irQll. The article does not take into accoun.t the chronology of this mining a,ctivi ty. . ' .' . . . ' ." ." . . . .' ...

"' BIBUOGRAPHY .1912, ,1973 (Supplements)

.. B. History of.iro .. 1l as 'mentioned i~ . othe~ public~.tions.

:'J, M. de NAVARRO: The Finds from the Site of La Tene 'l: Scabbards and Swords Found jll .the~ I- lI. London 1972. This work dealing exclusively with morphology and typology may

.be of ·use . to .~n.y ~i.~~.~~~.~~ . ~~ !r~!l . ~v~rki":g. ~~~D:~s to the ri~.~.~~~s. ~~ .t~~ ,iUustrated 1l1:sterial.

324

, .

'W. SZYMANSKI: SJowianczyzna wschodnia. In Polish: East Slav Countries. Wrodaw-War-· szawa- Krak6w-Gdansk 1973. General remarks on .smelting and ·working of iron among the · eastern Slays .<Gayvoron) during the early period. of the 6th-:-J~h centuries A. D. (P.P. 67-68) an~ th~ l~ter centuI'ie~ A. D. (p.p . .. 108:I~O).

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1974

A. SpeciaJized items

M. E. DINGLE - J. STANKO - D. -D. HOVlAT. An attempt to smelt iron in the Buisport type .of a furnace. Journa] of the South African Institute of Minjng and Metallurgy 74 1974 (6), 268 to ~69. Smelting experiments in a model of a native south Africa~ fUl'nace . pi.c;»duc~d small pieces

.of.forgc,a~~.~ iron. . After ~. M.

,P. HAMMER· H. KLEMM: Neue Hiitte 4 weighing 1532kgms (Q,I % C, 'O,02% Mn,

. '.: content, ...... P to .2.2 % .C. ' .

,D. D. HOWATef. M.E. DlNGLE (above)

1974, 241-243. A medieval wrought iron :bloom 0.244% P), 'unhom9geneously distributed carbon '

.. After .H. M.

D. A. KHAKHUTAISHVILI: A Contribution of the Cartvelian Tribcs to the Mastery of Iron .. Metallurgy in the Ancient Near. East. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 221974,

· 337- 348. Prelim.i.nary repo!'t on discoveries of carly bloomery sites in ancient Kolchis. the present West Georgia. USSR (cf. our Com. no. 16, AR 27 1975.686-687), bringing some doeu· mcnlary material but trcat,ing thc digs as a whole without giving the namcs of individualloeali·

·ties. Suggested dating: the 9th cent. B. C . . The .author ~e.l~ e~e$ in. iron having been .exploited on '. bellalf of Assyria .lInd ·Drart"!l'

H. KLEMM ef. P. HAMMER Jabove) .

. !\of. D. PRENDERGAST: Research into the ferrous metallurgy of Rhodesian Iron Age Societies . ..Journal of South African Institute of Mining Metallurgy 74 1974/6, 254-264. The present stage of research relating to the histo.rical a.nd metanurgi.~l.j,nvestjgation of Iron"Age in Rhode.sia

"and thc future -programme, .. After H. M.

J. STANKO ef. M. E. ,DINGLE (above)

. "J. P. WILD: Roman settlement in the Lower Nene Valley. Archaeological Journal 131 1974. 130- 170. Forest of Rockingham iron orc exploitation, fwnae.e.s, sites as: Bedford Purlieus, Thorn­ha.ugh, ~r~on ,~n.gueyi.1le , Ash~on .and Bulwhi~h. . . : After;- .H.~t

· . B.History of ·iron as mentioned i.n other pu.blications (1974)

: H.~.J. EN GELS: Materialhefte zur Ur~ und Friihgeschiehte der Pfalz. 1. Funde der Latenekultur I. Speyer 1974. The published list of archaeological sources from the above territory comprises

,hi-pointed iron bars from eight sites (Burrweiler. DeidesheilU~ Frankenthal.Eppstein, Kaisers­lautern. Knopp·Labach. Landau. Schifferstadt and Schmalenberg) giving their weighls .and o~her . ~ata as far as ~hcy .are u,:,.ai.lable. . . .

D. R. WILSON (ed.): Roman. Britain in 1973. Britalmia 5 1974,397-460. The following sites are connected with iron working: Ahertfrow. AngI~ssey - small scale iron works in Roman fort;

,Monmouth: iron working furnaces; M i~dlewich, Chu . . -,.,., smithing furnaces, forging blocs, slags;

325

· Witterton t Lincs.: iron working in villa during the "late 4th century; Wroxeter, ·Salop.: iron · working, militaria; Wakerley, Northants.: - Intge scale iron working. pre-Roman and Roman; .

Wendy - Cambr.: iron slag and objects; Hacheston, Suffolk - smithing furnace, 3rd cent. A. D.; Circencester, Glos. - slag, furnaces. :within the town; Gatscomhe. Som.-smithy, 2 rooms each with 'a furnace (3rd-4th centuries A. D.); Broadfields, Sussex - ore roasting, 36 shaft ·,

· furnaces, slag heaps, smithy with a stone-built forge, over ·.a 12 .ha I.lre$; Garden HiU, . .;Flartfield . . Sussex - iron~orking , .2nd century A .. D. . . . .. . .. ' .-

D. R. WILSON (ed.): Roman Britain 1972. Britannia 4 1974,271-331 . Sites of iron making or ' · working: Chesterbolm, Notthumberland - iron production in a vicu! of fort, bowl fwnaces;

Guexnmore, Lancs . - iron-roasting hearth , ht-2nd centuries A. D. , Northwieh, Cbes. - 6 ·. reducing furnaces in a vicu! of fort; Middlewick, Ches.: 5 fwnaces from the 2nd-3rd centuries, . serving presumably for smelting purposes; Waketley. Northants: ironsmclting furnaces,Broad­.fields, Sussex - 32 smelting furnaces; Brenley Corner, Kent: hearth and iron slag in ·Roman roadside settlement. Northchureh. Herts.: i.ron wo.rking site ~ith two bowl furnaces, pre.3rd .' century A. D.; Circeucester, Glos.: large amc,mot ~f iron slag in '2$Sociation with a .timber bllild.iflg

· 'of th~ catly ~.lit~ry period. . . . . . . ' . . .

· JlIBUOGRAPHY 1975

~. Specialized ite~s

B. BEVAN: Pt.. Magnetic Survey at Les Forges du Saint-Maurice. MA-SeA-Newsletter 11/2, Dec. 1975, 1. The caJnpaign concerned an industri.al site of the 18th up to the 19th cent. ·A. D. We quote same due to the suc(:essful .~se of a ~e6~um mag~~tometet' on behalf of the prospeetion .

'" o~ ir.o~, wor-king fe~t~res.

V. D .. GOPAK ef.M. P. K UCERA (below)

· N. M. KRAVCENKO ef. M.P. KUCERA (below)

· M. P. KUCERA· N. M. KRAVCENKO· P. O. YURA· V. D. GOPAK Zoachidka v " Zmiyovo· · ... mu valu". In Ukrainian: A finding in the ,.Viper walls'·. Archeolohiya (Kyiv) 18 1975, 108-110. · ·. "Viper waUs" are long lines of fortification systems in Ukrainian flat lands of an unsatisfactory · dating. In a section near Kblebc·Plesec'ka there was uncovered an axe head r~sembljng analogous " specimens from. the early Russian realm of Kyiv, 10th-11th centuries A. D. The meta~lograpt- .i~.

' .... ·allaly~js, . $~O"'S mild .. carbo.n steel hea:v:ily c.arburi!l:ed, ed,ged, heat .treated. .

"J. R. MARECHAL: Procede d~ reduction des minerais de fer ~vec fours semicrcl,lSes et son extension en Europe au debut de notre ere - The process of iron smelting with ~,semi-sunk . :.: . ~ . 'CurnacesH giving slag blocs, and its distribution in Europe during the first centuries A. D. R evue ·

· de Metallurgie, Novembre 1975,849-855. The di scovery of first furnaces with slag pits in France dating from the 7tb century A. D. (cf. our communication no. 11 , AR 25 1973. 456, 461) made ,Possible some author's comments. They concern the history of finds and of personalities engaged ·in this matter before Mr. Piogcr had published the features and then the type it.self. The distribu­tion of slag pit furnaces and t~e bibliography might substantially be completed with the aid of the present knowledge. Mt. Marechal considers the mentioned type to be the One operated by ind\lced natu~al draught . The interest in this . furnace eo.~truetiol) is ·.docume:nted by the recent .a~ti.c~e. Qy. ,c. .. ~.i~I.~~~R (cf. p" 328 b~h).w) . .

326

" M. A. MARTIN BUENO - J. R. SALlS: The anchorage of El Cabo dc 'Higuer (Funt",nbia, Gui­puzcoa, Spain). Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4 1975/2 331-431. Iron ore cargo from tbe mines of Arditud (Roman) has been uncovered in a boat sunken at .the Bis,"ay, coast (1st-2nd ~enturies A. D .). . '. . Afte~ H. M.

J . PIASKOWSKl: l\letaloznawcze badania przcdmiotow zelazoych z cmcntarzysk kultury gra­bow klo8zowych ua terenie Mazowsza. Summary: MetaUograpbical examination of iron objects from cemeteries of the .,Cloche Grave" culture. Wiadomosci Archeologiczne 40/ 1 1975, 63- 84. Thirty analyses afiran objects from Masovie. Poland (fitst centuries A. D.); no tools but orna ments

.. and, metal parls of wearing apparel. Low phosphorus iron or heterogeneous sted interpreted , by the a~thor .·as impor.ted good.s. fro,:"- the. Holy Cross Mouf:ltai~~ centte.

J . R. SALIS cf. M. A. MARTIN, BU,ENO (above) .. '

· N. K. SANDARS: Thracians. Phrygi8ns and Iron. Thrucia Ill. Primus Congressus studiorum · Thracicorum. Scrdicae 1974 (Sofia [1975]) . Since the Bosporus was not a strict natural frontier the Phrygian tribes (in the author's opinion .ine!. the tribes of Musbki and Tubal from Asia Minor) iotcrmc.d,iat.ed th:e; . :kno~~edge of iron technology ·from. Ana,tolia ~irectly ._to Macedonia .

. , and Thracia . . : . .

,P . O. YURA, cf. M. P.KUCERA(above, p. 326)

· ··. B .. History of iron ,as .mentiop,ed in .!ltht?t: p~blicatio.ns (l~!5)

G. BERESFORD: The Medieval Clay-land village. Excavations at Goltho and Barton Blouod. Society for' Medieval Archaeological Monograph Series IlO. 6. London 1975, 106 pp. At Goltho .

',. there was a la te 14th up to early 15th ceotwy A. D. blacksmith's workshop, having been equip-· ped with ground-level hear~s. Among various iron and bronze objects some knives were ,sub- . . mitted to mctallographical investigation (sll:qdwie~ sc~ero.e l .w~lded-on steel edges. piled steel, ~ tee.l ~sllrfa~e~, .b~ade~ ":'i.th . ,a~ iron core). . Thr.ough .. ~ . . M . . ··

B. CUNLIFFE: I ron Age Communities in Britain. An Account of England, Scotland and \Vales from the 7th century B . C. until the Roman conqu~st. London 1975. Remark~ on iron using. smel ting and working see p. 267. First iron objects appear during the 7th century B. C. Some ancient finds mentioned (Uyn Fawr, Wa'lhamstQ\"" , Cold K~tcbcn Hill), furnaces.(Kestor •. W.e:s ~ ·

· Bran~on), and 11I..te.r currency. hars. . . -. .

B . DOSTAL: Breclav Pobllnsko. Velkomoravskyvelmozsky dvorec. Summary: Bfeclav-Pohausko · . IV - Grossmahrischer Herrenhof. Brno 1975. Detailed publicat ion of a princely site in the

south of Moravia. the heavy point of it s function being in the 9th century A. D. (the realm of Great Moravia). It was an important centre baving belonged to a noble family with n numerous

· .suite. Differ en t economical aspects ate also treated in the book, among them the iron working craft. Remains of an iron sme1ting furna ce are presupposed on hand of feature no . 48 (neverthe­lcss, it could be a teheating hearth or forge). The featlU'e 0.78. too, was in connecti.on. with .iro!) . wor,king (iron hars •. !!lag. ser~p iron) , Cr. pp, .213-219. 25~2? 1 , ~86, 302,

· ". M. GRENIER: A ]a recherche du passe antique de Chailly en Brie-Calagum. Bulletin de la Societe nrcheologique chllmpenoise 68/4 1975. 50-57. During excavations of a Gallo.Roman

·· -vicus of Chailly en Brie-Calagum (Seioc-et-Marne) there was discovered n smithy dating from ' · tbe 2nd-3rd centuries A. D .: foundations of a small house with a slag pile and a hearth in its .

, , .... c.ell.t,re."and with bla.c~s.mith~s. JC)ols~(h~mm~r,J:old .clds.el, dr.i£l),,, Cf ... P'" S~. ,-Jo:ig , .. S, : 7~lO... .. . ,

" , :)27 ,

. O. M. PRICHODNYUK: Slov'jany na Podilli (VI-VII .t. N. E.). ID Ukrairuan: Sla"" in the Padal region (6th-7th centuries A. D.). Kyiv 1975. Material culture of the earliest Slavs in the western Ukraine. As to the iron working there are mentioned besides the well known Gayvoron ~ite, 7 further localities with iron slog. The slPelti.f.l:~ furn~ce .fr.o.m Bakoti is described (dome 8~!lp~d , sto~e-and-cJay w~Us) . ~.e.,. pp. 5:4-56.

A. WALLANDER: Elt 3mDcsjarnsfynd frAn Eketorps borg pA ()la.ld. Summary: A find of Iron .Blanks ftom Eketorp fort, Gland. }"'otnvannen 70 1975. 147- 155. A hoard of 15 V-shaped iron .,rods o~ bars found in the floor of house II of the Eketorp fortified site. The average length of tha above pi~c~s: 520 mm. Dis,:ussion ontbe meaning of th~ ~~rm "garb4~ . wh~ch probably <:\eQ.o.ted. a bu~dle. .. .... .... . .

·L. E . WEBSTER - J. CHERRY: Medieval Britain in 1914. Medieval Archaeology 19 1975, · : 220-260. Iron working sites see sub Bedford (some evidence on iron smelting at Midland Road,

p. 243), Norwich, Norfolk (industrial activity with iron objects and slag, 11th-12th centuries · . at Colegate, p. 247), and sub Godmanchestet, Cambridgeshire (Huntingdonshire) - 13th century

buildings. the front one served as a b]lIc~smlth's shop . . Remai.Ps of 4 .shaft furnaces IoJ;' ~melting iron ore in the .!.ear. of the complex. ·· .... .

D. R. WILSON (Ed.): Roman Britain in 1974. Britannia 6 1975. 221-283. With the Roman iron working are concerned: Castleford, Yorks. - smithing hearth and possible small bowl furnace in the buildings alongside the Roman road. - Wilderspool. Ches. - smithing hearth

.. in a workshop acea; Derby: hearth and furnace for iron working; Thornhaugh. Cambs. - smelting shaft furnace and smithies with .. 5 furnaces, stone-lined .water ·.ta~. ·blo.~ksmi~·s tools. ~lUil~ ,

· .. 2nd c-:ntury A . .0..

BIBliOGRAPHY 1976 .(as in Septemb., 1916)

A. Specialized items

K. BIELENIN cf ... Festscbrift fiir ~ichard .. Pitti.ooi (below)

C. W. BREWER: Metallographic examination of six ancient steel weapons. Historical Metallurgy 10/ 1 1916,1-10. Iton objects of.different periods, from the British pre-Roman time up to the New Age Jap_anese piled sword . An Anglo-Saxon scrama~ax is · remarkable due to ~e p.attern • ..

... ",~lded ·.inlay stI:ip; the edge .has. Dot been ~r:tvestil>ated . . ..

.: D. CHAKRABARTI: The beginning of iron in· India. Antiquity SO no. 198, 1976. 114- 124. The author sees the coincidence between .the rapid social developmell.t in India after 800 B. C. and the introduction of iron. Relying on some :.lfC data of the MaJwa Cwtuce in Central India and from the South (Hallur) he suggests that this part of the SubcontlDent "Was an independent birthplace of iron technology. No impact from the West or Northwest seems to he probable in his eyes. However, the use of iroo in agriculture . ac~ording 1.0 the . Taittiriya .'Samhita 5.2.5 may be a very free inter,Pretation of the text. . ... .

. FESTSCHRIFT FtJR RICHARD PITTIONI ZUM SIEBZIGSTEN GEBURTSTAG, Vol. If. · . ·Wien- Horn 1976. 'Ihe second volume of papers in honour of Professor Piltioni contains contri­

butions dealing with ancient mining and metallurgy activities. The foHowing ones are concerned : .with iton: K. Bielenin: Eingetiefte Rennofen der friihgeschichtlichen Eisenverhuttung in Europa. 13-27. A new survey discussing the slag pit furnace type in Europe and giving several illustra­tions. R. Pleiner; Nacbbildung einer spatkaiscneitlichen wurmbunten Schwertklinge au!. Nord-

328

ostbohmen, 130- 141. Metallographic analysis .of a pattern-welded sword blade equipped with simple ,wrought iron edges. Late Roman period, site: PJotiste, NE Bohemia, from a chieftain's grave. E. Plockinger: Untersuchungen .an hallstattzeitlichen Eisenwerkzeugen, 142- 152. TWD tDols analyzed baYing their origin in graves of tbe, Frogg cemetery, Austria, They both bave hard ~t.eel parts hut the que~tion of carJJUrization .or welding-on reql.ains uns.o~v.e~., About 600 B.C. . '.

-V, D. GOPAK: Teehnika kuznecnogo remesIs u vostocnych Slavyan vo vtOTDY polovine I tysya­celetiya n. c. (Dneprovsko-Dncstrovskoye mezdureciye). Summary; La technique de l'art du fotgeron chez les Slaves de 1'Est dans la dcuxieme moitie du p:r milh!naire (Dans la region CDm­prise enire le Dniepr et le Dniestr). Sovetskaya archeologiya 1976/2, 46--56. Summarizing report on investigation of 148 iron artifacts mainly by -various tools of the 7th-10th cent. A. D. date.

·. Unfortunately, the documentation is not well systematicaUy arranged. Pl'acticaUy all methods . . of tool constructio_n were already known from the beginning of the discussed period. Besides

.8 ~umbe.r of wrough.t iron artif~ct~ . our a.ttentio~ deserve th~ .r~ath~~dy numerou~ all·steel blades .

. '. v. V. KROPOTKIN - V. E. NAKHAPETYAN: Novyiy centr zelczodclatel'nogo proi~vodstva · HI-IV vv. n. e. basseyne yuznogo Buga. Sovetskaya archooIDgiya.1976/3, 317-324. Summary: A new centre of iron smelting dated into tbe 3rd-4th centuries A. D. in the south Bug river

·basin. In 1971 , tbere was discovered a smelting furnace with a slag pit at the village Sinica, near Kbristinovka, West Ukraine. Diameter of the bearth 80 em!:', preserved depth 50 cms. In the

· furnace as well as in the pit situated near by, clay tuyere nozzles were found. The finding dates from the 3rd-4th,centuries A, D. (ctJltu,re of _Cernyakbovo). Forl'Q.~rly another 10-15, furnaces .' ~ad .h~en disturb~~ in t~e vici,nity~

.H. Ln.~ET: Les origines du travail du fer en 'Mesopotamie ancienne. Presences. Hevue bime­strielle de l'Associatioll royale de.~ ingenieurs commerciaux. licencies et docteurs de Mons-War­coque. no. 92 1976, 3-16. The author of "Le travail du metal au pays de Sumer (Paris 1960)" presents 11 concise survey of the most ancient lexicographical sources of the Near East containing

- the terms related to ,.ironu• He suggeS;18 th.~ lexical deve.lopment or tbis.word to .have .taken place

in the perio<l, about 2000 _B. C.. ' .... '. '<.~ . .

A. E. LEONTYEV; Klassifikaciya nouy Sarskogo gorodisca. Summary: La classification des · couteaux du goroditche de Sarskoie. Sovetskaya archeologiyn 1976/2, 33- 45. The poper deals with the . typology of knives found at the hill-fort of Sarskoye (near Rostov Velikij . NE from Moscow, 8th-11th cent. A. D.) in re1ation to their technology. Among the 153 datable objects 20 pieces were examined metallograprucaJly. Oue group was made by simple techniques (wrought ·

· iron), the other by a complex technology involving iron~to- steel-welding. The latter group mighl have been brought in. the course of the "lOth century. A . . p .. by immigrating cratfsmenfroUl the ~~~_~t~~ '. '. H. MAMZER: Z probleOlatyki badnii. nad starozytnq i wczesnosrcdniowieczn<t metalurgil} zelaza v Bulgarii. Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Matcrialnej 24/2 1976, 295- 305, In Polish: Problems relating to ancient and early medieval metallurgy of iron in Bulgaria. A critical review concerning 'the conference on the history of technology beld in Bulgaria in 1972 (cf. p. 323 in this issue), No considerable attention was paid to the. metallurgy of iron. Written sources of the Thraciall and Roman periods mainly were treated. The Saxon influence on iron ore mining in the 13th ccnt. A. D. Unfortunately,the period of the 9th-lOth centuries escaped the attention ,of t~H~

. _~~po_r,t~,~~." , .

329

A. MAZUR - Z. MAZUR: Badania znalezisk zelaznyeh przy uzyeiu nowoezesnej mikr'oskopii ~Iektronowej transmisyjnej i optycznej. Summary: Modern observation of the structure of . ancient iron finds by means of the transmission electron and optical microscopy methods. Archeo­

"'logia Polski 21 / 1 1976, 11-37. Three specimens were submitted to the transmission electron . mieroscopical analysis: hi-pointed bar from Maszkowicc (Late Hallstatt period), shield boss from .. Opatow (hammered sheet work, barbarian Roman period). nail from Inchtu~hil (Roman, Scotland). The results of a very laborious procedure brought some completion of classical investigation, especia.lIy what concerns the shape of cementite plates in the pearlitic structures of the .nail and of the type o~ nitrides, (Fe1SN2) b.ejn~p~e :ptQ~ud. ota. l~ng termed ageing pf material.

, . Z. MAZUR. cf. A. MAZUR (above) ,

. A. MUTZ: Romisches Schmiedehandwerk. AugsterMuseumshefte 1. Augst 1976. A jolly booklet demonstrating the Roman blacksmith's work on examples found at Augst-Colonia Augusta in

·Switzerland. Blacksmith's tools: hammers, anvil, tongs, files, rods, bars. Iconographical represen • . tations of blaclc,smit.hs (Terra Sigillata ft()m ll.heinzaberIl, smit~y fTomthe · Domiti.IJ~,·~tacombs .

~.t ,Rome).

V. E. NAKHAPETYAN ef. V. V. KROPOTKIN, (above. p.329)

.. J. PIASKOWSKI: Metaloznawcze badania przedmiotow zelaznych kultury jastorfskiej i grtlpy lubuskiej wczesnego okresu rzymskiego. Summary: Die metallkundlichen Untersuchungen der Eisengegenstande der '1astotf· Kultur und Lebusgruppe del fruhtomischen Kaiserzeit. Materialy ;lachodniopomorskie 18 1972 (1976), 59-80. The publication of ·investigation re~ults of 27 iron objects as belt-hooks, spears and knives (one sword). Dating: first centuries A. D. Predominantly simple techniques .. of working catbor;t poor material~ with anelevated P:-contenl.. .

J. PIASKOWSKI: Technologia wyrobu krysow malajskich. Summary: La technologie de la production des criss malais. Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki 20 1976. 515-531. A specimen

.'kept in the Polish Military Museum was submitted to a detailed me~allographical examination in order to verify the rare investigations carried out previously and to compare the r~sults with some of the written reports describing the production of this type of weapon. The technology

.- basically consisted in faggoting or piling thin secondarily carburized iron strips. The carbon rich parts show a considerable nickel content (1.8- 2 %, up to 3,9% Ni). In the so-called pamor- .. -steel making this fact is hardly to be explained. The effect of ~.he sutf~c~ patte.ru. is due to depres- -

' sio~ mad.e ·wi.th the . aid of a hammer-p~ne and etching.

J. PIASKOWSKI: Technologia zelaza na Pomorzu Zachodnim W okr'esie Iloznolatenskim i wczes* '.' norzymskim. Sununaty: Die Eisentechllologie in Westpomrnern aus der spatiatenen (sic) und f~iihtomischen Kaiserzeit. Materialy Zachodniopomorskie 1972 (1976), 81-135. General remarks on the technology of iron objects of the nort~ Polish groups (Late La Tene, Early Homan periods), based on 22 investigated specimens (Iow carbon metal worked by simple technologi.es, high P.content). Differences b~t~een ~1;te Oksywie, and · Jas~orf cultures , and between ,the P(ze~orsk '

cultUI'e of ,south Pola~d.

'>J. PIASKOWSKI ef.E. C. SCOTT, (below, p. 331) "

. R. PLEINER: StI'uska z zelezarny v DubCi a jeji 'vYpoved" 0 hutnickem pochodu. Summary: Die hiittentechnische Aussage der Eiscnsehlacken aus den Schmelzofen von Dubec, Bijhmen. Archeologicke rozhledy 28 1976. 276-278. The chemical composition of iron slag taken from furnaces VI and VII at Duhec (cf. S. Vend- N. Venclotni.. J. Zaddk, p. 332 be1ow) indicates l~e

. produeti9n of a relatively , ~of~ ~n~ ,n:talleable wr~ught iton ~H,~. 19~ p . a~d: Mn contents.. .

330

· R. ~LEI~EJ;l. cf. Fests~~rift fur R:ichard ~ittioni (u,b~ve p . 328) .

, E. PLOCKINGER, ,ibidem

R. PUSCH: Die Geschichte der MctaHogtaphic. Diisscldorf 1976. This hook deals wi.th the modern histoty of 8 scientific me thod. Because oftbe fact that metallography serves us daily while i.nvesti- ' gating ancient i ron artifacts it has to he enregistercd in our bibliography. In fact , ~t is ,a pendant

' to ,C. S. Sml~h's famous .. History of Metal~ogfaphy. 1960' ,196.5. " . . .

B. G. SeOT1': Analiza post~pu techniczoego w prchistorii. Di.skusja oraz tozwlDlecie teorii J. Piaskowskiego (Network analysis of technologica l progres& in ·prehistory. Discussion and development of .. be theory by J. Piaskowski). Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniky 21 / 2 1976.

· 295-311. The author of the present article cons'idets Mr. Piaskowski's proposal of the network ·analysi.s of the technological progress as applied to prehistory to be unsatisfactorily simple (cf. our Corn, no. 15. AR 27 1975, 463). He mentions various factors which are unavoidablc even in the earliest phases of technical development, .c. g. social and e.conomical, which do influence .not

.. only. the production but also the technology. . , '.

The reply has been published as a subsequent article by J. Piaskowski: 0 zastosowaniu . . :. analizy sieciowej w badalliach wczesnych faz tozwoju techniki (odpowicdi oa uwagi B. G. Scotta),

.in Polish: On the use of netwotk analysis in the process of investigating ear1y phases of the ': !levelopment of technology, ibidem pp. '313-316. J. Piaskowski states that B. G. Scull does .not take into account any quantitative or nwnerieal factors (this being in itself very difficult in case of archaeological evidence which uses to be: very fragmentary). The incorporation of social and economical factors, in fact , precludes any mathematical analysis. J. Piaskowski refuses

·to hold B. G. Scott's proposnl as a further DIode of application ofthe network, an~lysis. As a mo.d.el !n. the.se PC? lerni~s stryes. th(C sys tem of ptime,,~l iro~ m aking and wocking ~ .· .

,.,' .' . ,... . . ." . ...... .

B . G. 5C01'T: A note on the. application of X.radiograpby in the conservation and study of archaeological ;ironwork. Irish Archaeological Research Forum IlI/ l '1976, 1-8, Examples of screened iron artifacts from Clogher, Co. Tyronc. and from Green Castle, Co. ·Dow. Adapted ': ~a~iogr~phy Ull!t from .a hospi~al. · Par~met~rs ~o all ~-ray ·pla.tes ~dded. . ' . . ,

.. ~ ..

H . GEISLER: Ein Gerlitdepot der spiitcn r6mischen Kaiserzeit aus Breslack, Kr. Eisenhutten­'. stadt. Veroffentlidmngcn des Museums fUr Ur- und Ftiihgeschichte Potsdam 10 1976, 141- 158. · A hoard of iron work buried in a sunken-floored hut of the late Romano-Barbarian period (Eggers

C 2. 250-400 A. D.) consisting of 17 objects , 15 of which are of iron: 2 axes, 1 spear. knives. rods, · sheet , e tc . ~ll iroo coulter and ;mother speaT. head .wt.~e f~und in the filling Iyi~g asic,le .of tQe hoard .. '

R ESUMES DES COMMUNICATIONS d. I,,'Cong' " UISPP, Nice 1976. CLpp. 321 ~ in ,bi, :, . issue .

.RESUMtS DES RAPPORTS ,ET COMMUNICATIONS du H ' Congres, IUlerua'ional de ,hra. , , colo~ie , BU.C<lrCSl 1976. Cf. 1!P. 321, - 322in this !ssue. , .

· V. 50UCHOpovA (Mrs.); Vesnicke osidleni z lO. stol. v Bofitove. trat Niva. Summary in , German. no titlc: A village of the 10th century A. D. ot Boritav. Arcl18coiogia Historica 1. Bruo 1976. 153-157. Sunken-floored huts, one of which contained a considerable quantity of smithing cinder. Thc presumed affinity to ·the iron smelting centt'e nenr Olom.oucauy (wester-Il MOI:avia)

. .lie-ems .to be .. t!.vidcu.t .. The.site lay on an importullt south~north communication. ,

'. 331

S. VENCL· N. VENCLOvA (M.: •. ) - J. ZADAK: O,idleni z doby fim,kc v Dubci. okol" Sum­mary: Eine romerzeitliche Besiedlung in Duhec uDd Umgehung. Archeologicke rozhJedy 28 1976, 247- 276. The article contains the publication of a bloomcry from the early Roman (Batbarian)

.' period at Dubec, near Prague. It consisted of at least 7 furnaces with sIng pits which is n relatively high number in a 8unken~floored workshop .(about 5 m in diameter). The bloomery belongs to

". one of the settlements, the chain of which runs upstream a brook. (Ana1rses of iron .. slags and ' their interpretation cf. R.Pleiner" p, 330). Cf. ARXXI 19~9, SS3.

, N.VENCLovA cf. S. VENCL.(above)

J.ZADAK cf. S. VENCL (above)

J. ZIOMECKl: Le!> representations d'artisans sur les vases aujques. Wroclaw- Warszawa­Gdansk-Krak6w 1975. The author has already treated this theme in the article enregistered

. in our Corn. 17 (AR 28 1976,335). The monograph gives a list of iconographic SOUl'ces representing :various crafts. They were . most frequent in the period between 52~460 .JJ •.. C:Scenesdep.icling · :smiths .. ~n~ lll~tal1urgical to.pic.s l'el8t~ mostly .to ~~e Heph~~~us~myth. ... .

. Edited. by .. ·~.Pl.eil1tr. :

"" .