City Sanitation Plan for Garhwa - Inception Report for Revised ...

Submitted to

JHARKHAND URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CO. LTD. (JUIDCO)

Prepared by

SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. (An ARCADIS Company)

March 2016

City Sanitation Plan for Garhwa

JUIDCO City Sanitation Plan – Garhwa

Page ii March 2016

List of Abbreviations

APL : Above Poverty Line

AUDA : Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority

BCC : Behaviour Change Communication

BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BPL : Below Poverty Line

CAPEX : Capital expenditures

CBO : Community Based Organisation

CC : Community Level Compositing

CDP : City Development Plan

COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand

COE : Centre of Excellence

CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO : Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

CSP : City Sanitation Plan

CSR : Corporate Social Responsibility

CSTF : City Sanitation Task Force

CSTL : Community/citizen Led Total Sanitation

CWR : Clear Water Reservoir

DEWATS : Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System

DI : Ductile Iron

DO : Dissolved Oxygen

DPR : Detailed Project Report

DRDA : District Rural Development Authority

DW&SD : Drinking Water & Sanitation Department

EO : Executive Officer

ESMF : Environmental and Social Management Framework

FGC : Focus Group Consultations

FGD : Focus Group Discussion

FR : Feasibility Report

GIS : Geographical Information System

GNP : Garhwa Nagar Panchayat

GoI : Government of India

HHs : House Holds

HPEC : High Powered Expert Committee

IEC : Information, Education and Communication

IHHL : Individual Household Toilet

IHSDP : Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme

JSPCB : Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board

JUIDCO : Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd

LPCD : Litre per capita per day

mbgl : Meter below Ground Level

MGD : Millions of Gallons per Day

MLD : Millions of Liters Per Day


Page iii March 2016

MODWS : Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation

MoEF : Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India

MoUD : Ministry of Urban Development

MoWR,RD&GR : Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga

Rejuvenation

MPN : Most Probable Number

MSW : Municipal Solid Waste

MT : Metric Ton

NBC : National Building Code

NGO : Non-Governmental Organisation

NGRBA : National Ganga River Basin Authority

NH : National Highway

NP : Nagar Panchayat

NRCD : National River Conservation Directorate

NRCP : National River Conservation Plan

NRW : Non-Revenue Water

NUSP : National Urban Sanitation Policy

O&M : Operation and Maintenance

O&M : Operation and Maintenance

ODF : Open Defecation Free

OHT : Over Head Tank

OPEX : Operating Expenses

OSS : On site sanitation

PHED : Public Health Engineering Department

PMAY : Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna

PPE : Personal Protective Equipment

PPP : Public Private Partnership

RDF : Refuse Derived Fuel

SBM : Swachh Bharat Mission

SBM-U : Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban

SC : Schedule Caste

SCP : Secondary Collection Point

SDI : Spatial Data Infrastructure

SLB : Service Level Benchmark

SPCBs : State Pollution Control Boards

Sq Km : Square Kilometre

Sq. km : Square kilometre

Sqm : Square Meter

ST : Schedule Tribe

STP : Sewage Treatment Plant

SWD : Storm Water Drainage

SWM : Solid Waste Management

TGA : Thermogravimetric Analysis

TPD : Ton Per Day


Page iv March 2016

UIDSSMT : Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium

Towns

ULB : Urban Local Body

VC : Vermi Composting

VGF : Viability Gap Funding

VSS : Volatile Solids

WTP : Water Treatment Plant


Page v March 2016

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Garhwa provides an integrated action plan to achieve

universal sanitation access as envisioned in Government of India’s National Urban Sanitation

Policy (NUSP). To address the sanitation issues of different Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the

state and in line with the Government policy of sanitation, Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure

Development Co. Ltd., Ranchi (JUIDCO), has prepared the City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for

24 towns of Jharkhand divided into two clusters; Cluster 2 with 10 towns and Cluster 3 with

14 towns. Garhwa town falls under cluster 3 in Garhwa district.

The CSP identifies issues, priorities and action plan for five major sanitation components and

other related components. The major components are i) water supply, ii) access to toilet, iii)

waste water management, iv) storm water drainage and v) solid waste management. In

addition to these, other components like crematoria, ponds, river front, slums and caracas

disposal identified under National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme were

also studied. During the preparation of CSP, city sanitation task force (CSTF) was constituted

and all the major discussions and decisions were appraised to them and their suggestions and

concerns were incorporated in the final CSP report.

The study also incorporated detail analysis of current policies and guidelines available for

preparation of CSP and funding of the CSP projects so that the final document adhere to the

Government of India (GoI) and Government of Jharkhand vision. Important documents

assessed for the study were National urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Guidelines for

preparation of project reports under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and National

Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme, The Municipal Solid Waste (Management

and Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules), Swatch Bharat Mission guidelines, Hazardous

Waste Management Rules 2008, The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,

2011, Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2011, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna or

Housing for All scheme and Jharkhand Water Policy.

Town Profile

Garhwa district is a part of

Palamu Commissioneriate

consisting of 14 blocks and two

subdivisions namely Garhwa &

Nagar-Untrai. Garhwa town is

located in Garhwa block of

Garhwa sub-division. Garhwa is

class II town spread over an area

of 12.45 sq. km distributed in 20

administrative wards with total

population of 46,059 as per

Census of India 2011. River

Danro (major tributary of River

North Koel) forms the eastern

boundary of the town.


Page vi March 2016

The population is projected using three statistical methods viz. Arithmetic Progression Method,

Incremental Increase Method and Geometric Progression Method. All these different methods

have different scope of applicability, depending upon the size and age of the town, current

population of the town, population growth pattern for last few decades and future anticipated

growth. Different methods give different accuracy level for population projection and it is

difficult to use one single method as accurate. Therefore, to project the future population of

Garhwa town, average values obtained from projecting population by the above three methods

are recommended in the present context. The projected population for the year 2025, 2035

and 2045 is 61,278; 74,335 and 89,970 respectively for Garhwa.

As per the information available from nagar panchayat, approximately 25% to 30% (i.e. 11,515

to 13,818) people in Garhwa are below poverty level. Ward wise data for the same is not

available nagar panchayat. There are total 16 slums identifies by Garhwa Nagar Panchayat

with total population of 8,658 with average HH size is about 5 persons. Total slum households

in the town are 1,681 scattered throughout the town area. . Almost 19% of the population is

residing in slum area.

Sanitation sectors

1. Water supply

Water supply in GNP consist of ground water and surface water supply. Ground water - There

are 750 – 800 hand pumps in the town area. Mostly hand pumps are installed near the slum

areas and the areas without piped water connections. In the fringe areas of the town, water

from wells is also used for drinking purpose.

Surface water - River Danro is the only reliable surface water source available in Garhwa. A

new dedicated water supply scheme for Garhwa town is at its construction work is going on.

River North is the source of water and a new WTP is constructed in ward no 16 having capacity

of 17 MLD. Presently, water is distributed via one overhead tank situated at ward no 8. At

present total 1,025 number of water connections are there i.e. is only 10% of the total HHs

(2015 projected HHs) in GNP.

As per the water quantity being supplied and number of connections in Garhwa, 80 lpcd of

water is provided. Water supply is intermittent; typically, water is supplied twice a day. The

duration varies from 2 hours, both in the morning and evening.

Key issues: One of the major key issue is delay in the construction work of water supply

infrastructure. Other major issues are, GNP has not yet initiated collection of revised water

charges for new connections as per the notification of state government in April 2015, shortage

of permanent man power and technical staff within DW&SD as most of the O&M staff are on

daily rated basis, tendency of making illegal connections from rising main is very severe in the

town and water supply duration in GNP is only 2 hours a day distributed in morning and

evening hours. Less duration of water supply results in to dissatisfaction amongst the

consumer, which is the main cause for lack in people commitment for getting new connections,

water theft, less revenue generation as there is no metering system etc.

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 liter per capita per

day including 15% of NRW, gross demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 13.97

MLD. It is observed that the capacity of water treatment plant i.e. 14 MLD is sufficient to meet

the demand of 2045 population.


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Water supply section has been assessed to get the status of existing water supply scenario

and future proposals. Water supply has direct impact on the sanitation and sewerage sectors,

therefore it decides the type of strategy to be planned for future years.

2. Storm Water Drainage System

In Garhwa, the storm water drainage system consists of natural drainage system / nallah and

major drains of the town. There are roadside open drains either pucca or kutcha. Open drains

are available along all most entire road network of the town. These drains are presently

discharging both storm water and waste water to major drains of town, which finally meet

mostly the natural drainage system / nallahs/ river Danro, and in some cases there are outfalls

into the local ponds or open fields.

Garhwa has two major drainage basins within the town. The town has undulating topography

with major part sloping towards Saraswatia Nallah. All the storm water and waste water flowing

into the tertiary drains meets directly to river Danro or via Tiloya/Saraswatia Nallah. Saraswatia

Nallah drains out all the water into River Danro flowing south eastern side of the town which

is tributary of River North Koel. Due to its undulating topography, water logging is not a major

issue in Garhwa, however, Absence of proper drainage facility in some of the wards e.g. ward

number 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14 and 16, causes water logging situation in open pits, vacant land

parcels and overflowing of ponds.

Key issues: Some of the key issues for storm water drainage system in Garhwa, Lack of

periodic maintenance of drainage causes choking of drains and water-logging. Carrying

capacity of the existing canals/drains has decreased due to heavy silt deposition, discharge

of solid wastes in the canals/drains and growth of vegetation in the canals/drains. Storm water

drains of GNP have converted into waste water carrying drains, flowing of waste water into

natural drains and Saraswatia Nallah which finally meet River Danro, leading to degradation

of river and contamination of water and absence of proper and efficient storm water drainage

system in the town.

Key Recommendations: As per the contours, natural drainage pattern and topography of

Garhwa, the entire town has been divided into two drainage districts. Drainage districts I (

zone I) is towards southern edge of the town with Tiloya or Saraswatia nallah and river Danro

are the primary drainage channel; whereas drainage district II (zone II) is towards northern

side of the town. River Danro is outfall point for all the natural drains flowing in the NP area.

To improve the drainage system in the town, there is urgent need to strengthen the existing

storm water network. To make the drain cleaning sustainable a system need to install which

can keep the drain water clean and prevent River Danro getting polluted. Root Zone Treatment

System has been proposed for all the major drains. The root zone chambers would be

constructed on drains. Alignment of the drains, desilting of drains is necessary to avoid the

overflowing of the drains. Apart from strengthening of existing system, there is a need to

construct major drains in the ward number 4, 6, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20; Rain water

harvesting for utilizing the primary source of water and preventing the run off from going to the

storm water drains should be encouraged. Recharging of the ground water using appropriate

technology should be done for Garhwa.


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3. Access to Toilet

Sanitation status and access to toilet is poor in GNP. In absence of underground sewerage

system, the sanitation systems are septic tank based. Some of the households in town have

individual toilets whereas most of the slum and non-slum households defecate in open.

Currently Onsite Sanitation System (OSS) prevails in Garhwa town whereby sewage is

collected and disposed-off near the point of generation without the use of underground

sewerage system. All the individual toilets and public toilet block in Garhwa are based on OSS

system. Pour flush toilet connected to septic tank is the predominant mode of toilets in

households. There are approximate 5,615 individual toilets in Garhwa town i.e. 65% (59.3%

as per census 2011) and rest 35% (40.7 % as per the census 2011) of the households are

dependent on public toilets or defecate in open. Septic tank is cleaned only after it gets filled

and the sludge from septic tank is dumped ward no. 9, 16, 17 and 20 along the bank of river

Danro. GNP has three functional suction machine and one time cleaning charges are Rs.

2,500. Manual scavenging is also practiced in some areas and many households take the

services of private labour for cleaning of septic tank sludge.

There is no community toilet in GNP for slum population and BPL population as of now.

Construction of 1 new community toilets is proposed under SBM. GNP records indicate that

there are four numbers public toilets are located at ward no. 10 alongside river Danro and

Garhwa Middle School, near bus stand in ward no. 14, near Police Station /Kachhari campus

in ward no. 8, Chamartoli at ward no.11 and Town Hall at ward no. 6. Due to lack of individual

toilet system in a large part of GNP and also due to lack of community toilets, practice of open

defecation prevails in whole of the town. Almost all schools and all government offices are

equipped with toilet facility in town. Survey and discussions also indicate that willingness to

pay for using public and community toilets is present. There is utmost need to create

awareness through IEC activities, to motivate people to stop open defecation so as to make

GNP open defecation free (ODF).

Key issues: Status of access to toilet is at very poor stage in Garhwa. Some of the key issues

are high percentage of people defecate in open (approx. 35%), absence of awareness among

people with respect to environmental implication of open defecation, houses in the slum areas

do not have space to construct the toilet, use of in-sanitary toilets mostly in slums and by the

BPL families, absence of mechanism for operation and maintenance of public and

community toilet and low water supply and non-availability of water for sanitation discourage

use of toilet facilities.

Key Recommendations

To make the system more efficient, desludging of septic tanks should be done every 2 -3

years.

In the twin pit system, exchange of pits should be done after every one year and cleaning

of pits should be done after every two years.

Water tank should be attached with individual toilet filled by the house owner in the

morning hours.

Proper signage navigating to the public toilet should be there.

Female attendant should be available to promote the use of toilet by female slum / BPL

/floating population.


Page ix March 2016

To make the toilets more usable and environment friendly, odour control / ventilation / day

lighting / solar lighting etc. and child friendly parameters should be adopted.

To improve the aesthetic value of the both community and public toilets, appropriate

landscaping with gardening (based on the availability of land) or tree plantation should be

planned.

To promote the use of community toilets, monthly user charges at affordable and agreed

rates should be considered by the GNP / private operator.

Litter bins should be provided near the hand wash stations.

All the toilet blocks and bathroom should be cleaned regularly with toilet cleanser /

disinfectant and should be wiped properly after every uses.

Cleaners should be equipped with proper tools (soap, rags, scrub brushes, mops, etc.)

and health safety gear.

Suggestion box / compliant filing register should be maintained in every toilet block.

Location of community toilets should be easily accessible, particularly by the physically

challenged people and at walkable distance from the settlements.

Demand gap Analysis

Total of 3,068 individual toilets need to be constructed with 20% targeted to be completed

every year. SBM has already been launched in Garhwa town and 241 toilets have been

approved for the first year. 23 community toilets (6 seat per toilet block) need to be constructed

in Garhwa, with 62 seats for men and 77 for women. Between the period 2015 and 2019,

proposed toilet blocks will be constructed in phase wise manner. There are almost 16 slum

pockets in Garhwa lacking toilet facilities. Location of identified places for construction of

community toilets are will be near all the slum pockets to be identified by the GNP officials.

Being an district town Garhwa attracts large number of population from nearby villages and

towns. Key locations lacking in public toilet facility are Majhia Mahalla in ward no. 1, Miskar

Mahalla in ward no 3, Bhunia Tola in ward no. 9, Sonpurwa in ward no. 15 and Tandwa in

ward no. 19. Currently, 2 public toilet blocks are required and 4 more toilet blocks would be

required between 2025 and 2045. Between the years of 2025 and 2045, location for these

blocks will be identified at later stage by nagar panchayat.

4. Sewerage System

Garhwa town does not have organized sewerage system in the town to collect and treat the

sewage generation in the town. There is no separate system for waste water and waste water

collection in the town as of now. All the waste water from the households (grey water) flows

into the open drains. There are open drain (pucca), covered drain (pucca) and kutchha drains.

It is observed during the site visit that the existing temporary drainage arrangement require

extensive repair and up-gradation work. The drains should have enough capacities in town to

cater the surface runoff of maximum rainfall of two year return period frequency. Surface runoff

quantity has to be worked out based on rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient and travel time to

design drains in the town.

Current drainage system comprises of open/covered drains (pucca drain, kutchha drain)

constructed in a haphazard way to meet temporary local conditions in different parts of the

town mainly built on as required and fund availability. As per census of India 2011,


Page x March 2016

approximately 70.8 % of the town is covered by drainage system, of which 39.9% open and

30.8% are covered drains; and rest 29.2% of the town has no drainage system.

Besides that many households having pit latrines (1.6%) or not having septic tanks facility for

the flush/ pour flush latrines (6.5%) discharges the effluent directly into the existing drains or

open plots. Approximately, 50.3 % households having septic tank connected to flush/ pour

flush latrines system do not clean the septic tank regularly as a result septic tank overflow and

direct raw sewage flows into nearby drains. Many septic tanks do not have soak pits and few

are in dilapidated condition with the top slabs and pipes broken.

In Garhwa, major quantum of sewage generated from the town finds its way into the road side

drains, which ultimately dispose waste water via Saraswatia nallah to River Danro flowing

through central and south eastern part of the town. The discharge of untreated sewage in to

river increasing organic loads, and thus affect water quality and harmful to human and

ecological health.

Key Issues: Due to absence of sewerage and sewage disposal system. The conservancy

system of sanitation, in other words, the rudimentary method of manual collection and disposal

of night soil in trenching grounds still prevails in the town. Apart from the sewerage system,

the town is not having proper drainage system which is essential service of the town. With the

result, the waste water which comes from NP area is over flowing towards the adjacent road

or sometimes low lying areas and meets with Saraswatia nallah. Even though some areas are

having proper drainage system, they are enduring by the poor maintenance of the NP

authority. Septage treatment and safe disposal are not practiced and also at present there is

no reuse and recycling of waste water in Garhwa NP.

Waste water demand projection

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 lpcd day (2020

onwards), net demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 13.97 MLD. Current water

demand is based on existing per capita supply of 80 lpcd. It has been assumed that by year

2020, water supply infrastructure work will be completed and per capita supply will increase

to 135 lpcd. As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, waste water

generation is 80% of water supply along with 15% of ground water infiltration, hence total

waste generation till the year 2045 would be 11.17 MLD.

Recommendation

Short term / interim measures

Conversion of single pit latrine to double pit (leach pit), construction of new toilets to cover

100% households and disposal of grey water are the focused area under initial phase of

planning. More than 35% people resort to open defecation in Garhwa town; increasing the

sanitation coverage from existing 65% to 100 % should be taken on priority basis. Household

having insanitary latrine are required to upgrade their toilets and connect to septic tank with

soak pits or construct a twin pit system for disposal of fecal sludge.

Sludge removal and proper septage collection and disposal is also part of the sanitation

system improvement. As per the national Building Code (NBC) of India, septic tanks should

be de-sludged as often as every year. As per the general good practice tanks should be

cleaned after every 2 years or so (standard practice in India). Records of de-sludging should

be maintained to get the idea of next round of cleaning. The records should include location


Page xi March 2016

of the tank or pit, septage characteristic (residential or commercial), volume of septage

removed and name of the house owner. For the twin pit system removal of material can be

done manually after keeping the pit undisturbed for a year to eighteen month. The removed

dried sludge can be used in gardens or agriculture fields or can be dumped at septage

management site. Treated waste water should be discharged into the river only after meeting

the water quality standards as prescribed by CPCB and SPCB.

Long term

After Garhwa achieve the per capita water supply of 135 liters and majority of the people have

access to toilet, all the waste water (black and grey) generating units such as individual, public

and community toilets, bathroom and kitchen can be connected to sewer network. A Sewage

treatment plant of capacity 11.5 MLD has been proposed for Garhwa town. The capacity of

sewerage treatment plant has been designed for the horizon year 2045.

The general topography of the town is undulating, therefore, conventional sewerage system

establishment would be a feasible option for Garhwa in long term. In addition, improvement

in per capita water supply and availability of power supply would support the optimum

functioning of the treatment facility. Based on the Garhwa topography, town has been divided

into three parts i.e. Zone I, Zone II and Zone III. Two alternative options are recommended for

long term sewerage system setup. Under the option I, Conventional sewage treatment system

has been proposed for Garhwa with two small STP, one left of river Danro having capacity 8

MLD and another on right portion of river Danro having capacity of 2 MLD. Under option II,

Zone I would have the conventional STP having capacity of 2 MLD to be located along the

bank of river Danro in ward no. 17 and another conventional STP in zone II having capacity of

8 MLD to be located along the bank of river Danro in ward no. 9. Waste water conveyance

system options are provided in following section, conventional sewerage system along with

zonal network and ‘decentralised’ treatment option is also feasible for Garhwa. However, the

town authorities may also look into feasible low cost options for development of sewerage

system.

5. Solid Waste Management System

Based on site visit and discussion with ULB officials it is understood that, the two tractors

available with GNP and four hired from outside are making 10 - 12 trips a day carrying solid

waste from the town to the designated dumpsite at Bhatti Mahalla in ward no.16, Safai

Karmacharitala in ward no.18 and Bhagalpur Road in ward no.20. There is no weighbridge

available at dumpsite; therefore no records exists for the quantum of solid waste transferred

daily to the dumpsite. In the absence of any records, the waste generated in Garhwa has been

assumed based on waste generation estimates derived from secondary sources.

As per the CPHEEO manual, per capita waste generation for a population range of 0.1 to 0.5

million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that waste generation

rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small towns / cities with population

below 2,00,000. As per the India Infrastructure Report 2006, Garhwa is a Class II town and

the per capita waste generation is 255 gm/capita/day. Therefore, with a projected population

of 50,263 in the current year, Garhwa should be generating 13 Tons per day (TPD).

Waste generation projection for Garhwa town has been done based on the projected

population and projected per capita waste generation. It has been assumed that per capita


Page xii March 2016

solid waste generated in Garhwa will increase with growth rate of 1.3 percent per annum1.

Waste generation projected for year 2020 (Short term), 2025 (mid-term) and 2045 (long term)

is 15 TPD, 18 TPD and 34 TPD respectively.

There is no door to door collection system and source segregation of waste in the town. About

10 – 15 containers totalling more than 200 nos are available in GNP and are kept at different

locations throughout the town area. Primarily waste is stored in bins, from where waste is

transported to dumping site. There is no transfer station in the town for secondary storage of

waste. To transport the waste from roads and bins, GNP has two tractors and four hired from

outside. Waste from road side bins is generally picked up once in every days in a week. There

is no treatment facility or scientific disposal of waste in GNP area. There are three waste

dumping sites situated at Bhatti Mahalla in ward no.16, Safai Karmacharitala in ward no.18

and Bhagalpur Road in ward no.20, also vacant plots or on the banks the river Danro.

Apart from municipal waste other category of waste have also been assessed to provide a

comprehensive waste management solution for Garhwa. the biomedical waste generated in

the Garhwa is very less and it is not feasible to develop a separate biomedical waste

management facility for the town, GNP should get associated with the biomedical waste

management facilities of the district headquarter in the vicinity.

Key issues in waste management system of Garhwa are acute shortage of man power;

mixing of waste is a common phenomenon in GNP, which has been observed not only at

dumping yard but also in open places; particularly the biomedical waste and slaughter waste

is getting mixed with municipal waste; loading and unloading of waste is done manually, and

safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any personal protective equipment (PPE),

at Bhatti Mahalla in ward no.16, Safai Karmacharitala in ward no.18 and Bhagalpur Road in

ward no.20, also vacant plots or on the banks the river Danro.

Recommendation: To improve the SWM system in Garhwa key areas require attention are

collection, segregation, transportation, disposal and processing of waste. Primary collection

will include tricycle rickshaws and auto tippers to collect waste from households and

commercial places. The choice of a rickshaw and auto tipper shall be adjusted on-site

depending on type of locality, density, road width, etc. The waste from the 16 identified slums

in Garhwa shall be collected in community bins. The waste collected through primary collection

shall be transferred to the secondary collection point (SCP), comprising of platform/ramp over

which containers are placed. MSW at every SCP shall be stored in covered containers of

required capacity, which shall be lifted by dumper placer. The size of container and frequency

of lifting shall be decided at the DPR stage by the ULB. The waste shall be transported from

the DP bins by the Dumper Placer vehicles to the new proposed treatment plant in ward no.16.

Separate bins shall be placed for collection of waste from vegetable markets/haats and major

construction sites. Source segregation is also targeted for the town in the long term measures

to attain 100% processing of waste and cost recovery from waste.

As per the Task Force report of Planning Commission, May 2014, towns with population below

100,000 including peri-urban areas generating less than 30 TPD waste with 30 to 65% of

biodegradable fraction, a combination of biomethanation, composting (VC/CC) and RDF

preparation is considered as the most suitable technological option for management of MSW.

Development of regional landfill along with other cities/ towns in the region can be other option

1 Reference : Guidelines for assessing funds for Municipal Solid Waste as per 12th Finance Commission


Page xiii March 2016

for Garhwa. The capital cost for development of landfill is quite high; therefore it is not

advisable for developing a decentralized landfill facility for GNP.

Other key measure apart from development of physical infrastructure is compliant redressal

cell with minimum of two (2) operational dedicated phone lines for receiving customer calls /

complaints and generating awareness among the citizens regarding the environmental

concerns associated with waste mismanagement.

6. River Front Development – River Danro

Garhwa town does not have any systematic development of river front along the 4.2 km stretch

of river Danro flowing through south eastern part of the town. The existing ghats (kutcha) serve

various purposes such as immersion of idols, cremation, performance of religious rites and

rituals, bathing and holy dips, leisure and recreation of citizens, occasional visit to historic and

heritage spots. There is one concretize crematorium in the town, which are wood based and

located in ward number 16 along the river. In addition, one more kutcha crematoria in the ward

no 9 within the GNP area and used by the residents for cremation. River Danro is very

important from cultural and religious point of view. The river plays a significant role in two

major festivals i.e. Chath Puja and Durga Puja.

The river is getting polluted due to presence of various sources of pollution categorized into

point and non-point sources of pollution. Point sources of pollution include Waste water

generated from entire ward no 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13 and 14 are discharged into river Danro

through Saraswatia nallah, whereas waste water generated from ward 17, 18, 19 and 20

directly meet with river Danro. Non-Point Source of pollution include presence of dhobi ghats,

crematoria, waste dumping, open defecation, immersion of idols and puja samagri during

festivals and agricultural run-off.

Key Recommendations

Development of 2 small ghats of about 50 - 100 mtr length with platforms and steps

leading to the river to facilitate a safe approach.

Changing rooms separately for males and females in all ghats.

Toilets, solid waste collection bins, washroom and drinking water facilities at the ghats.

It is also necessary to provide public toilet facilities for the floating population

assembling at such congregations. Provision of mobile toilet may be one of the way to

address this problem.

Adequate number of benches / sitting arrangements of people visiting river front.

Lighting and landscaping of 1 parks / areas with fountains, flowerbeds etc.

Development of approach roads, parking lots to facilitate easy access of beneficiaries

Provision of commercial activities like kiosks for sale of eatables, boating etc. These

facilities should operate on pay-and use/eat basis and, therefore, are expected to be

self-sustaining.

Given the size of congregations and diversity of the people assembling there suitable

enclosures / ‘mela ground’ for holding cultural and recreational programmes.


Page xiv March 2016

Afforestation along the banks of river, particularly the areas ecologically sensitive

across the town and beyond.

7. Crematoria

In Garhwa town, there is one concretised crematorium located at ward number 16 along the

river Danro and another one situated at ward no. 9. Approximately 4 - 5 dead bodies are burnt

per month. As observed during field visits, one cremation consumes approximates 250 to 350

Kg of wood generating approximately 300 Kg of ash per month. No waste management facility

is available at the crematoria and waste generated such as ashes, flowers, clothes etc. are

thrown along the bank of River Danro. There is proposal to set up an electric crematorium in

ward number 16 adjacent to existing wood based crematorium from GNP.

Key issues at the crematoria site are absence of waste management facility at the crematoria,

waste generated at the place such as flowers, ashes, burnt wood etc. are thrown near the

River Danro, absence of toilet and bathroom facility at the crematoria site, no boundary wall

is there at the crematoria complex and also there is absence of waiting halls, prayer hall,

satsang bhavan.

Key Recommendations: There is need to upgrade the exiting wood based crematorium as

‘improved wood based crematorium’ as per the project preparation guidelines under NGRBA

programme. As of now, only two sheds and one water connection is available at the facility

and there is immediate need to develop other required facilities such as waiting room, wood

storage room, care taker room, payer hall etc. In addition to these facility, there is urgent need

to improve the solid waste and ash management, availability of toilet/bathroom, drain

construction.

Apart from up-gradation of existing facility, construction of proper boundary wall at the

crematoria. Construction of cremation shed to protect the cremation of dead body and people

engaged in cremation from rainfall and bed weather conditions. Construction of waiting hall or

covered sheds with sitting arrangements for the people attending the cremation. Plantation of

shadow / bush type trees, gardening and development of open spaces at the facility. A storage

yard for woods at the crematoria complex. An office room for the care taker with basic facilities.

8. Dhobi Ghat

Data collected through field surveys and field observations indicated that presently there is no

dhobi ghat within the NP area. Only a few residents currently use the river for washing clothes

and baths particularly in the stretch of ward no. 9, 11, 16, 17, 18 and 20. Due to absence of

individuals’ bathroom facility and piped water connection, many of the people also wash their

clothes in the adjacent ponds. Washing and bathing activity is most commonly practiced in

almost in all the ponds within town area.

Key Recommendations

Construction of new dhobi ghats away from the river, for washer men in Garhwa.

The ULB should identify and take into account all washer men washing clothes, places

with numbers of cattle wallowing in the river while preparing the proposal. Based on

the information, facilities need to be created as per NGRBA guideline


Page xv March 2016

9. Ponds

There are 4 ponds in Garhwa located in various wards. These ponds are used for washing,

bathing, performance of chatt puja, idol immersion, cattle wallowing and car washing purpose.

Aesthetically, condition of ponds in Garhwa is not good and mostly they are not being

maintained. Steps are mostly not provided to access the ponds and timely cleaning is also not

done, wherever steps are constructed. In some of the ponds, dumping of solid waste on the

banks has been observed. In many area open defecation is also observed near the ponds.

Key issues for most of the ponds are all the natural ponds in the town are being used for

washing, bathing, cattle wallowing and car washing purpose, discharge of sewage through

drains, religious and cultural activities such as idol immersion and chath puja take place in all

the ponds, no steps available in the ponds and regular cleaning of ponds is also not done,

solid waste dumping in the banks of ponds and people living near the ponds go for open

defecation in areas adjacent to such ponds.

Key Recommendations: To improve the existing condition of ponds and make them

sustainable and hygienic there is urgent need to diversion of waste water flowing towards the

ponds and renovations / construction of ghats and steps along all the sides of pond. Selected

ponds in Garhwa can be renovated for scientific surface water management and also be

converted as recharge structures for rain water harvesting. There is also scope for

development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities.

Institutional Structure & Capacity Building

Sanitation is the state subject, and State Urban Development department and other state level

agencies guide and support urban local body, which is responsible for final implementation of

sanitation related schemes and projects at the local level. Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP) is

the key local body responsible for providing public amenities and services in Garhwa. Apart

from GNP, there are other parastatal and state level authorities which are directly or indirectly

involved in planning and policy formulation activities such as Urban Development Department

(UDD), Jharkhand is responsible for devolution of basic services in urban areas of the state,

Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DW&SD) responsible for planning, designing,

constructing and O&M of water supply schemes, and Water Resources Department engaged

in construction and maintenance of major, medium and minor irrigation schemes, flood control

works, ground water conservation and reclamation.

Key Issues faced by GNP and DW&SD to operate and maintain the infrastructure facility are

overlapping of functions and disintegration of responsibilities among the departments,

shortage of field level technical man power, lack in the inter-departmental coordination for

providing day to day services to the community and absolute lack of data management in GNP

and other major state government offices.

Key Recommendations: Improvement of institutional system in Garhwa include capacity

building of officials through increasing technical man power, frequent trainings of the existing

staff to cater to the needs of increasing burden on nagar panchayat and the technological

advancements, which could be required to cope up with present and future responsibilities.

Other than these recommendations, there is need to undertake the “activity mapping” for

nagar panchayat’s own departments and other para-statal departments to identify precisely

who is responsible for doing exactly what with sufficient clarity to achieve efficiency and

accountability in the provision of urban local services. Development of a central data bank will


Page xvi March 2016

be necessary to create a common platform for all the departments to effectively use such data

in planning and management of municipal services.

Stakeholder Consultations and Awareness Generation

To adopt a demand-based strategy and community participation in planning, implementation

and management of sanitation infrastructure stakeholder consultations and awareness

generation is very much needed. Stakeholder consultation also support in encouraging

community and private participation and define their role in creation and maintenance of the

sanitation infrastructure with possible involvement of several intervening and contributing

institutions like markets, hospitals, schools and thereby ensure a sense of ownership. To

integrate the views and concerns of all the sections of the society City Sanitation Task Force

(CSTF) was constituted as per NUSP guidelines. The aim of the constitution of CSTF was to

elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the mind of municipal agencies, government

agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the town.

Project Financing and Implementation Framework

This section identifies the mechanism for financing projects proposed under various sectors in City

Sanitation Plan for Garhwa town.

Financing options Source

14th Finance commission Pooling of the 14th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation

Services Improvement Projects

State finance commission The grants from State Finance Commission support the operational

revenue expenses of the corporation while funding the provision of

basic services to Urban Population including urban poor.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation

and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT)

Funding for the projects in urban areas including sanitation sectors

of water supply, sewerage and septage management and storm

water drains.

Swachh Bharat Mission

(SBM) Urban

For the period of five years i.e. till 2019, funds are being provided for

various sanitation components such as individual toilet, community

toilet, public toilet, solid waste management, IEC and public

awareness and capacity building and administrative & office

expense.

National Ganga River Basin

Authority (NRGBA)

NRGBA provide funding for 11 states including Jharkhand

particularly for the towns having impact on Ganga and its tributaries.

Key sectors covered under the scheme are solid ware management,

river front development, sewerage and sanitation system and

industrial pollution control initiative.

Integrated Low Cost

Sanitation (ILCS)

The scheme envisages conversion of dry latrines into low cost twin

pit pour flush latrines and construction of new individual toilets to

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) households who have no

latrines in the urban areas of the country. Under the scheme the

pattern of assistance is 75% Central Subsidy, 15% State Subsidy

and 10% beneficiary share.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(SSA), Ministry of Human

Resource Development

(MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the SSA

component. The SSA component has considerable funding for

school sanitation.

International Donors/Funding

Agencies

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be aimed

at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding to develop

sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.


Page xvii March 2016


Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Equity

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation services

improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the sanitation

services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of the property

tax; the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues hall be

directed to the sanitation department for utilization for funding

sanitation improving projects in the long-term besides tackling the

operation & maintenance costs.

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital investment

and finances required to develop basic sanitation services for the

urban population including the urban poor. The following PPP

options shall be considered to employ their services appropriately -

(a) service contracts; (b) performance-based service contract; (c) a

management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); (d)

BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e) Joint Ventures between State

Government/ULB and the private company. In the event of weak

financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal

Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity

contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.

Beneficiary Contribution -

Public Private People

Partnership (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to garner

support of the beneficiaries in both the capital investments and the

O&M investments. This shall aim at increasing the sense of

ownership and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In the

event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the

Municipal Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the

equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move

shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that

involves greater community participation and hence promote greater

accountability and transparency.

NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation services

sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate contract models

shall be developed to attract their contributions in both the

development and O&M activities.

Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector

Given the enormity of the investment requirements and the limited availability of public resources for

investment in physical infrastructure, it is imperative to explore avenues for increasing investment in

infrastructure through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

PPPs is an important mechanism to bring investments and improve municipal services in the state. The

private sector has the ability to provide waste services more efficiently than government on account of

following factors

can be more cost-effective through the impact of competition;

is less likely to be hampered by time taking administrative procedures and inflexible labour

practices;

can introduce more investment in the sector because it has wider and more rapid access to

capital financing than the public sector; and

has greater access to specialist skills and can benefit from clustering with other businesses or

business activities.


Page xviii March 2016

The Department of Economic Affairs is supporting Central Ministries, State Governments and Urban

Local Bodies in structuring PPP Projects in challenging sectors. The object of the initiative is to develop

robust PPP projects and successfully bid them to establish their replication potential in the sectors

concerned

Conclusion & Way Forward

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Garhwa has been developed aiming to maintaining a clean, safe

and pleasant physical environment in the town to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing of

all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in Garhwa

through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction

and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and

responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.

The next step would be to formulate a town-wide action plan in terms of short, medium and long term

goals indicated in the CSP and to transform the action plan by way of formulation of project proposals

in the shape of feasibility reports (FRs) and detailed project reports (DPRs). Such project documents

should conform to the relevant policy / programme / scheme of both the state government and the

central government to arrive at a techno-economically feasible option, which would be most suitable for

the town for in-time implementation as well as sustainable operation and maintenance.

Garhwa Nagar Panchayat should work with Government of Jharkhand to initiate the steps needed to

implement the actions recommended in the CSP. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) has already been

formulated in the town comprising representatives from CNP, officials of various department,

representing various public stakeholders to sheer implementation of the projects identified in the CSP

document. CSTF will provides useful platform to engage with public stakeholders and mobilise public

support and participation during the development and implementation phase of various project identified

in the CSP.

Most of the projects identified in the CSP document would be spread over the town in different locations

and land requirement for each of the projects should be assessed and the land parcels should be made

available to the concern implementing agencies in advance. It may be pertinent to mention that the

provision of basic amenities in Garhwa is not just important for environmental improvement but is also

desired for improved health and hygiene of residents and visitors and downstream towns using available

water resources for domestic purposes. Thus, the CSP is a first input into a long-term endeavor to

rehabilitate and later expand the coverage of the Urban Sanitation facilities in Garhwa.


Page xix March 2016

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviation

Executive Summary

1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Scope of the Work ........................................................................................ 3

1.3 Objective of the Study .................................................................................. 4

1.4 Approach and Methodology .......................................................................... 4

1.4.1 Concept Approach ......................................................................................... 5

1.4.2 Methodology .................................................................................................. 5

1.5 Structure of the Report ................................................................................. 9

2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES FOR CSP ......................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 National Urban Sanitation POLICY (NUSP) ................................................ 11

2.2 National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) ........................................................................... 12

2.3 Municipal Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ...................... 13

2.4 Swachh Bharat Mission Guidelines ............................................................ 14

2.5 Other Waste Management Rules ................................................................ 16

2.6 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (Housing for All) ............................................. 17

2.7 State level Policies ..................................................................................... 17

Jharkhand State Water Policy .......................................................................................... 17

3.0 REGIONAL SETTING AND OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN ....................................... 19

3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 19

3.1.1 Geographical Location of Town .................................................................... 19

3.1.2 History/Growth of the Town .......................................................................... 20

3.1.3 Soil Type and Geo-morphology .................................................................... 20

3.1.4 Topography and Hydrology .......................................................................... 22

3.2 Climate ....................................................................................................... 27

3.2.1 Temperature ................................................................................................ 27

3.2.2 Rainfall ......................................................................................................... 27

3.3 Flora and fauna .......................................................................................... 27

3.4 Linkages and Connectivity .......................................................................... 27

3.4.1 Road Connectivity ........................................................................................ 27

3.4.2 Bus/Rail and Air Connectivity ....................................................................... 27

3.5 Project Area Profile..................................................................................... 28

3.6 Administrative Set up .................................................................................. 28

3.7 Review of Existing Documents / Policies .................................................... 31

3.8 Land Use Pattern of Garhwa as per Reconnaissance Survey .................... 31


Page xx March 2016

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TOWN ............................... 34

4.1 Population Growth rate and Spatial Distribution .......................................... 34

4.1.1 Population Distribution ................................................................................. 35

4.1.2 Population Density ....................................................................................... 36

4.1.3 Population Projection ................................................................................... 36

4.2 Migration / Floating Population ................................................................... 38

4.3 Other Population Indicators ........................................................................ 39

4.3.1 BPL population ............................................................................................ 39

4.3.2 Gender ratio ................................................................................................. 39

4.3.3 Literacy rate ................................................................................................. 39

4.3.4 SC/ST population ......................................................................................... 39

4.4 Economic Profile ........................................................................................ 40

4.4.1 Workforce Participation Rate ....................................................................... 40

4.4.2 Economic base of the town .......................................................................... 41

4.5 Social Profile of the Town ........................................................................... 46

4.5.1 Education ..................................................................................................... 46

4.6 Health ......................................................................................................... 46

4.7 Public Places/Recreational Facilities .......................................................... 46

4.8 Slum Profile ................................................................................................ 47

4.8.1 Current Status of Slums ............................................................................... 47

4.8.2 Growth of Slums .......................................................................................... 49

4.8.3 Location of Slums ........................................................................................ 50

4.9 Schemes for Slum Improvement................................................................. 50

4.10 Health Indicators ........................................................................................ 52

5.0 WATER SUPPLY .................................................................................................... 54

5.1 Existing Status ............................................................................................ 54

5.1.1 Water Source, Treatment and Storage ......................................................... 54

5.1.2 Transmission and Distribution ...................................................................... 55

5.1.3 Service Level ............................................................................................... 58

5.1.4 Service Level Benchmarks ........................................................................... 58

5.1.5 Water Availability in Slums ........................................................................... 59

5.1.6 Water Charges and Cost Recovery .............................................................. 59

5.2 SWOT Analysis .......................................................................................... 60

5.3 Key Issues .................................................................................................. 61

5.4 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed projects .................................................. 63

5.5 Demand Projections ................................................................................... 64

5.6 Vision and Goals ........................................................................................ 65

6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................. 66

6.1 Existing Scenario ........................................................................................ 66

6.2 Storm water Drainage Network in slums ..................................................... 68

6.3 Water logging and Flooding ........................................................................ 69


Page xxi March 2016

6.4 Service Level Benchmarks ......................................................................... 69

6.5 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ............................................... 70

6.6 SWOT Analysis .......................................................................................... 70

6.7 Key Issues .................................................................................................. 71

6.8 Vision and Goals ........................................................................................ 72

6.9 Proposals ................................................................................................... 72

6.10 Other Recommendations ............................................................................ 74

6.11 Cost estimates ............................................................................................ 76

7.0 ACCESS TO TOILET .............................................................................................. 78

7.1 Existing scenario ........................................................................................ 78

7.1.1 Individual Toilets .......................................................................................... 78

7.1.2 Community Toilets ....................................................................................... 80

7.1.3 Public Toilets ............................................................................................... 80

7.1.4 Open Defecation .......................................................................................... 81

7.1.5 School Sanitation ......................................................................................... 82

7.1.6 Toilet Access in Slums ................................................................................. 82

7.1.7 Willingness to Pay for Public and Community Toilets ................................... 84

7.2 Service Level Benchmark ........................................................................... 84

7.3 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ............................................... 84

7.4 SWOT Analysis .......................................................................................... 85

7.5 Key Issues .................................................................................................. 86

7.6 Best Practices and Key Take a Ways ......................................................... 87

7.7 Vision and goals ......................................................................................... 89

7.8 Recommendations...................................................................................... 89

7.9 Demand gap Analysis ................................................................................. 90

7.9.1 Individual toilet ............................................................................................. 90

7.9.2 Community Toilet ......................................................................................... 91

7.9.3 Public Toilet ................................................................................................. 92

7.10 Cost Estimates ........................................................................................... 98

8.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 100

8.1 Existing Scenario ...................................................................................... 100

8.1.1 Domestic Waste Water .............................................................................. 100

8.1.2 Waste Water Generation ............................................................................ 102

8.1.3 Septage management ................................................................................ 103

8.1.4 Industrial waste water ................................................................................ 103

8.2 Service Level Benchmarks ....................................................................... 103

8.3 Ongoing Schemes And Proposed Initiatives ............................................. 104

8.4 SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................ 104

8.5 Key Issues ................................................................................................ 105

8.6 Best Practices & Key take Away ............................................................... 106

8.7 Vision and goals ....................................................................................... 106


Page xxii March 2016

8.8 Waste Water Demand Projection .............................................................. 107

8.9 Proposals and Recommendation .............................................................. 108

8.9.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures ....................................... 109

8.9.2 Recommendation Long term ...................................................................... 114

8.10 Cost Estimates ......................................................................................... 123

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ........................................................... 124

9.1 Waste Generation and Composition ......................................................... 124

9.1.1 Waste Generation ...................................................................................... 124

9.2 Waste Generation Projection .................................................................... 125

9.2.1 Existing Scenario ....................................................................................... 125

9.3 Industrial Waste ........................................................................................ 130

9.4 Biomedical Waste ..................................................................................... 130

9.5 Cattle and Dairy waste ............................................................................. 130

9.6 Slaughter House Waste ............................................................................ 131

9.7 Carcass Disposal ..................................................................................... 131

9.8 Service Level Benchmarks ....................................................................... 132

9.9 Ongoing Schemes and Proposed Initiatives ............................................. 132

9.10 SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................ 132

9.11 Key Issues ................................................................................................ 133

9.12 Vision and Goals ...................................................................................... 134

9.13 Best Practices .......................................................................................... 136

9.14 Proposals and Recommendation .............................................................. 137

9.14.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures ....................................... 138

9.14.2 Recommendation Midterm ......................................................................... 144

9.15 Cost Estimates ......................................................................................... 145

10.0 RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT – RIVER DANRO .............................................. 149

10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 149

10.2 Need for River Front Development / Management .................................... 149

10.3 Existing Scenarios .................................................................................... 150

10.4 Religious and Cultural Significance .......................................................... 150

10.5 River pollution ........................................................................................... 150

10.5.1 Point sources of pollution ........................................................................... 151

10.5.2 Non-Point Source of pollution .................................................................... 152

10.6 Justification of the Project for River Front Development / Management .... 154

10.7 Design Criteria for River Front Development ............................................ 154

10.8 Best Practices .......................................................................................... 155

10.9 SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................ 157

10.10 Key Issues ................................................................................................ 157

10.11 Vision and Goals ...................................................................................... 158

10.12 Options for River Front Development ....................................................... 158

10.13 Area Development and other management plan of River Danro at Garhwa ..................................................................................................... 159


Page xxiii March 2016

10.13.1 Outcome of proposed activities .................................................................. 159

10.14 Plan of Action ........................................................................................... 160

11.0 OTHER NON SEWERAGE WORKS ..................................................................... 162

11.1 Crematoria ............................................................................................... 162

11.1.1 Key Issues ................................................................................................. 162

11.1.2 Proposals & Recommendations ................................................................. 162

11.2 Dhobi Ghat ............................................................................................... 165

11.2.1 Recommendation & Proposal..................................................................... 165

11.3 Ponds ....................................................................................................... 165

11.3.1 Key Issues ................................................................................................. 167

11.3.2 Proposal and Recommendation ................................................................. 167

11.3.3 Cost Estimates for Other Non-Sewerage works ......................................... 169

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE & CAPACITY BUILDING .................................... 171

12.1 Existing Institutional System ..................................................................... 171

12.1.1 Urban Development Department, Jharkhand ............................................. 171

12.1.2 Drinking Water and Sanitation Department ................................................ 172

12.1.3 Water Resources Department .................................................................... 172

12.1.4 Garhwa Nagar Panchayat .......................................................................... 172

12.2 Institutional Structure for Sanitation .......................................................... 175

12.3 Human resource Capacity Assessment for GNP ...................................... 176

12.4 Key Issues of Institutional Mechanism ...................................................... 176

12.5 Capacity Building ...................................................................................... 177

12.5.1 Manpower Requirement ............................................................................. 177

12.5.2 Training ...................................................................................................... 179

12.6 Other measures for capacity building ....................................................... 180

13.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND AWARENESS GENERATION ........... 181

13.1 Stakeholder Consultation.......................................................................... 181

13.2 Objective of Stakeholder Consultation ...................................................... 181

13.3 Stakeholder Mapping ................................................................................ 182

13.4 City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) ........................................................... 182

13.5 Details of Stakeholder consultations in Garhwa ........................................ 184

13.6 Implementation of csp by cstf ................................................................... 186

13.7 Awareness Generation ............................................................................. 187

13.7.1 Strategy for awareness generation ............................................................ 188

14.0 PROJECT FINANCING AND IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK ....................... 190

14.1 Project Financing ...................................................................................... 190

14.2 Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector ......................................... 193

15.0 CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD ...................................................................... 200

15.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 200

15.2 Way forward ............................................................................................. 202


Page xxiv March 2016

List of Tables

Table No. Page No.

TABLE 1-1: LIST OF THE TOWNS UNDER CLUSTER 3 ................................................................... 2

TABLE 2-1: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IDENTIFIED BY THE CPCB IN JHARKHAND STATE . 13

TABLE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH TREND – GARHWA ............................................ 34

TABLE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION .............................................................. 35

TABLE 4-3: GARHWA TOWN DENSITY ...................................................................................... 36

TABLE 4-4: POPULATION PROJECTION TILL THE YEAR 2045 ..................................................... 37

TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED POPULATION ........................................................................................ 38

TABLE 4-6: GARHWA – SEX RATIO, SC, ST AND LITERACY RATE............................................ 39

TABLE 4-7: WARD WISE LITERACY RATE AND SEX RATIO ...................................................... 40

TABLE 4-8: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION DETAILS, GARHWA .................................................. 41

TABLE 4-9: WARD WISE SLUM DETAILS .................................................................................. 48

TABLE 5-1: MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER ..................................................................... 56

TABLE 5-3: SLB STATUS FOR WATER SUPPLY ......................................................................... 58

TABLE 5-2: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GARHWA .............................................. 60

TABLE 5-4: WATER SUPPLY PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045 .............................................. 64

TABLE 5-5: GOALS FOR WATER SUPPLY ................................................................................... 65

TABLE 6-1: WARD WISE DRAINS AND OUTFALL POINTS .......................................................... 67

TABLE 6-2: SLB STATUS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM .................................................................... 70

TABLE 6-3: GOALS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM ............................................................................. 72

TABLE 6-4: COST ESTIMATES FOR STORM WATER DRAINS ...................................................... 77

TABLE 7-1: WARD WISE STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL TOILETS ......................................................... 79

TABLE 7-2: ACCESS TO TOILET SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK ................................................. 84

TABLE 7-3: SUMMARY OF SANITATION SYSTEM IN GNP .......................................................... 85

TABLE 7-5: DEMAND OF COMMUNITY TOILET .......................................................................... 91

TABLE 7-6: DEMAND OF PUBLIC TOILET................................................................................... 92

TABLE 7-7: COST ESTIMATES FOR PROVIDING TOILET FACILITY FOR GARHWA TOWN ............ 99

TABLE 8-1: PRESENT CATEGORY WISE DRAINAGE LENGTHS ................................................. 100

TABLE 8-2: MAJOR DRAINS AND THEIR DISCHARGE POINTS .................................................. 101

TABLE 8-3: DOMESTIC WASTE WATER GENERATION IN GARHWA ........................................ 103

TABLE 8-4: SEWERAGE SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS .......................................................... 104

TABLE 8-5: ESTIMATED SERVICE COVERAGE BY HORIZON PERIOD ......................................... 107

TABLE 8-6: PROJECTED WASTE WATER GENERATION ............................................................ 107

TABLE 8-7: PROJECTED SEPTAGE GENERATION ...................................................................... 108

TABLE 8-8: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ....................... 120

TABLE 8-10: COST ESTIMATED FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT ...................................... 123

TABLE 9-1: WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION ....................................................................... 125

TABLE 9-2: SWM SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS FOR GNP .................................................. 132

TABLE 9-3: TIME FRAME FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS FOR SWM ....................................... 135

TABLE 9-4: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – COLLECTION AND

TRANSPORTATION .............................................................................................. 145


Page xxv March 2016


TRANSPORTATION (RS.LAKHS) .......................................................................... 146

COST HAS BEEN PROVIDED FOR BOTH THE PREFERRED OPTIONS I.E. COMPOSTING AND

BIOMETHANATION INCLUDING THE COST FOR SANITARY LANDFILL. .................. 147

TABLE 9-6: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

........................................................................................................................... 147

TABLE 9-7: WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDY ....................................................................... 147

TABLE 10-1: TENTATIVE PLAN OF ACTION ............................................................................. 160

TABLE 10-2: COST ESTIMATE OF RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT - GARHWA ............................ 161

TABLE 11-1: INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AT EXISTING CREMATORIA ............................ 162

TABLE 11-2: STATUS OF PONDS IN GARHWA .......................................................................... 165

TABLE 11-3: COST ESTIMATES FOR NON-SEWERAGE WORKS ................................................ 169

TABLE 13-1: AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION SECTORS .......................................... 175

TABLE 13-2: AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN RESOURCE AT GNP .................................................. 176


Page xxvi March 2016

List of Figures

Figure No. Page No.

FIGURE 1-1: SANITATION INDICATORS FOR CSP ......................................................................... 5

FIGURE 1-2: METHODOLOGY FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN ......................................................... 6

FIGURE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF GARHWA ..................................................... 35

FIGURE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – GARHWA ........................................... 36

FIGURE 4-3: VARIOUS METHODS OF POPULATION PROJECTION ................................................ 38

FIGURE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES - GARHWA .................................... 41

FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL SECTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET COMPLEX IN GNP ............................... 79

FIGURE 8-1: WASTE WATER OUTLETS .................................................................................... 101

FIGURE 8-2: PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING WASTE WATER FLOWING THROUGH OPEN DRAINS ..... 102

FIGURE 8-3: SUMMARY OF THE SHORT TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR GARHWA

........................................................................................................................... 114

FIGURE 8-4: SUMMARY OF THE LONG TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR GARHWA

........................................................................................................................... 115


Page xxvii

March 2016

List of Maps

Figure No. Page No.

MAP 1-1: LOCATION OF TOWN UNDER CLUSTER 3 ...................................................................... 2

MAP 3-1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF GARHWA TOWN ........................................................ 19

MAP 3-2: SOIL TYPE MAP OF GARHWA DISTRICT AND GARHWA ............................................. 21

MAP 3-3: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP FOR GARHWA ........................................................................ 23

MAP 3-4: HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP OF GARHWA DISTRICT ..................................................... 25

MAP 3-5: POST MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL ................................................................. 26

MAP 3-6: WARD MAP OF GARHWA ........................................................................................... 29

MAP 3-7: BASE MAP OF GARHWA ............................................................................................ 30

MAP 3-8: LAND USE MAP OF GARHWA TOWN ......................................................................... 33

MAP 4-1: MAP SHOWING INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL AREA IN GARHWA ........................... 44

MAP 4-2: LOCATION OF SLUMS................................................................................................. 51

MAP 5-1: MAP SOWING EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN GARHWA .................. 57

MAP 6-1: MAP SOWING DRAINS MEETING RIVER DANRO AND NORTH KOEL ............................ 68

MAP 6-2: MAP FOR GARHWA TOWN SHOWING PROPOSED DRAINS .......................................... 73

MAP 7-1: LOCATION OF OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN GARHWA .............................................. 83

MAP 7-2: LOCATION OF PROPOSED COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC TOILET IN GARHWA ................. 94

MAP 8-1: OPTION I -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT GARHWA ................................................ 117

MAP 8-2: OPTION II -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT GARHWA ............................................... 118

MAP 9-1: EXISTING AND PROPOSED DUMP SITE ..................................................................... 128

MAP 10-1: MAP SHOWING NON-PONT SOURCES OF POLLUTION ............................................ 153

MAP 11-1: LOCATION OF PONDS AND WATER BODIES IN GARHWA ........................................ 166


Page xxviii

March 2016

List of Annexure

Annex No. Page No.

Annexure 1 - Stakeholder Consultation 6 - Meeting with CSTF Members and Other Officials including MoM .......................................................................................... 205

Annexure 2 - Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 1 - with Nagar Panchayat and DW&SD ................................................................................................................. 213

Annexure 3 - Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 2 – with DW&SD ........................ 215

Annexure 4 - Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 3 - with Garhwa Nagar Panchayat ............................................................................................................. 216

Annexure 5 - Stakeholder Consultation 4– Slum Community ............................................ 217

Annexure 6 - Stakeholder Consultation 5– Sadar Hospital, Garhwa .................................. 218

Annexure 7 - Details of the treatment process................................................................... 219

Annexure 8 - Detailing of DEWAT system ......................................................................... 223


Page 1 March 2016

1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Sanitation for all has been considered as one of the top priority area for taking up schemes by

Government of India and sincere efforts are being made to address the deficits in provisioning

safe and sustainable sanitation facilities across India; and Jharkhand is no exception. The

status of sanitation facilities in India can be realized from the statistics available as per census

2011, which indicates that 49.2% of the households defecate in open and 36% households

have to go out to fetch water2. The situation is more alarming for the state of Jharkhand which

have 77%3 of the total households with no toilet facilities and tops the list of Indian states,

closely followed by the state of Orissa and Bihar. The inadequacy in sanitation and water

supply facilities along with inefficient management of solid and liquid waste has led to an

unhygienic environment in the urban areas of the state. The situation in slum areas with

congested living conditions is very grim. In most of the urban areas, the untreated municipal

waste water and solid waste find their place in the open drains and leads to contamination of

the rivers and other surface water sources. Poor sanitation not only impairs health but also

has a very large economic and social impact. The problem of sanitation has attained a larger

and complex dimensions, requiring integrated and sophisticated interventions in terms of

policies/rules and regulations and technologies.

The recent occurrences of flood due to torrential rain in Jammu & Kashmir, Tamilnadu,

Pandichery and many other part of the country, and its consequences on the sanitation sector

are the best lessons to be learned by the decision makers for comprehensive and holistic city

sanitation planning. To address the sanitation issues of different Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)

in the state and in line with the Government policy of sanitation, Jharkhand Urban

Infrastructure Development Co. Ltd., Ranchi (JUIDCO), is preparing the City Sanitation

Plan (CSP) for 38 ULBs in the state of Jharkhand along with State Sanitation Policy. SENES

Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. (An ARCADIS Company) has been appointed by JUIDCO to

prepare CSP for 24 towns of Jharkhand divided into two clusters; Cluster 2 with 10 towns

and Cluster 3 with 14 towns.

The objective to the task is to support various ULBs of Jharkhand, in preparing City Sanitation

Plan and achieve the objective of comprehensive sanitation as per the guidelines provided in

Swachh Bharat Mission, National Urban Sanitation Policy and National River Conservation

Plan etc. The proposed CSP will provide an integral solution addressing different aspects of

environmental sanitation, which include solid waste management, industrial pollution control,

waste water management, storm water drainage and overall management of all point and non-

point pollution for different ULBs of the state. CSP will also identify the sources for dovetailing

of funds for development of sanitation infrastructure from various Government of India /

Government of Jharkhand schemes .

The current report is for Garhwa town of Garhwa district and has been listed by JUIDCO in

cluster 3. The list of all the towns in cluster 3 is provided in Table 1-1 and locations with respect

to state and district is shown in Map 1-1.

2 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/article2991835.ece 3 https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2012/03/16/india-census-more-people-have-a-mobile-phone-than-a-household-toilet/


Page 2 March 2016

TABLE 1-1: LIST OF THE TOWNS UNDER CLUSTER 3

Sl. No. Towns Districts Population

2011

Area of the town in sq.

km

Class of towns4

1. Garhwa Garhwa 46,059 12.45 II 2. Majhion Garhwa 18,349 24.84 IV 3. Hussainabad Palamu 29,241 12.54 III 4. Bishrampur Palamu 49,925 40.0 II 5. Bundu Ranchi 21,054 11.0 III 6. Chakuliya East Singhbhum 16,306 15.0 IV 7. Saraikela Saraikela Kharsawan 14,252 6.52 IV 8. Lohardaga Lohardaga 57,411 35.0 II 9. Gumla Gumla 51,264 16.0 II 10. Simdega Simdega 42,944 49.40 III 11. Khunti Khunti 36,390 25.0 III 12. Chakradharpur East Singhbhum 56,531 9.85 II 13. Latehar Latehar 26,981 13.42 III 14. Ramgarh Ramgarh 88,781 26.45 II

Source: Census of India for 2001 and 2011 population

Map 1-1: Location of Town under Cluster 3

4 As per census:

Class I – Population greater than 100,000

Class II – Population between 50,000 – 99,999

Class III – Population between 20,000 – 49,999

Class IV - Population between 10,000 to 19,999

Class V - Population between 5,000 to 9,999

Class VI - Population less than 5,000


Page 3 March 2016

1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK

Following are the broad task outlines in the scope of work provided in the RFP document

Review of the baseline scenario

Review of available secondary information and relevant studies carried out for the

project towns from various agencies such as Water Resource Department, Ground

Water Department, Drinking Water & Sanitation Department (DW&SD, erstwhile

PHED) and Concerned Urban Local Bodies;

Review of National Urban Sanitation Policy, Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission

guidelines, guidelines for project preparation under NRCP and NGRBA programme,

CPHEEO Guidelines and Manuals for Sewerage and Solid Waste Management and

relevant rules for site selection for STP and Land Fill Site and other relevant guidelines.

Review of Census data, master plan reports, development plans, city development

plans (if available), annual statistics, etc.

Survey and Investigation

Undertake detail survey of the town and identify areas that are prone to open

defecation, informal dumping of municipal waste, open discharge of sewage and other

intervention causing environmental health hazard.

Survey of status of existing service providers, available solid waste management

facilities and recommend a series of actions, which can be implemented to mainstream

recycling of waste material and scientific management of municipal solid waste.

Survey in details the specific condition of slums in terms of open defecation, availability

of toilets, facilities for SWM, drainage and sewerage.

Identify the areas where manual scavenging is still carried out and providing

suggestive method for 100% removal of manual scavenging.

Mapping of all the data collected and proposed infrastructure for the town

Data analysis & option evaluation

Detail the roadmap for the town for achievement of goals explained in National Urban

Sanitation Policy.

Demand and gap analysis and identification of town specific strategies on both existing

and new developments.

Stakeholder Consultations & Recommendations

Stage 1 consultation: With the public representatives and stakeholders with the

available secondary data and information received from different departments.

Stage 2 Consultation: During this consultation, the Consultant will share the findings

of the base line data, secondary data and detailed survey carried out with the Town

level Implementation Committee/ public representatives and other stakeholders for

validation of findings and for soliciting their suggestions.


Page 4 March 2016

The Consultant will prepare a list of recommendations and decisions arrived at in the

consultation meeting

Undertake and present the outcome of consultations with public and other

stakeholders including NGO, CBO, self-help, women and child welfare organizations

Finalization of City Sanitation Plan:

Based on the analysis of the available information, consultations and

recommendations from the stakeholders, finalize the draft city sanitation plan for the

target town.

Suggestions from the city level consultative workshop on draft City Sanitation Plan will

be incorporated in the Final City Sanitation Plan and presentation to the City Sanitation

Task Force (CSTF).

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the proposed project is to promote sustainable environment and basic urban

infrastructure and sanitation facilities to the all citizens and visitors of the proposed towns and

to ensure effective abatement of pollution by adopting a river basin approach for

comprehensive planning and management, and to maintain minimum ecological flows in the

rivers with the aim of ensuring water quality and environmentally sustainable development.

CSP is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment

to promote social, economic and physical well-being of all sections of the population and the

environment in general. It encompasses

plan of action for achieving 100%

sanitation through demand generation

and awareness campaign, sustainable

technology selection, construction and

sustainable maintenance of sanitary

infrastructure, provision of services, O&M

issues, institutional roles and

responsibilities, public education,

community and individual action,

regulation and legislation.

The ‘National Urban Sanitation Policy’

seeks to address the gap in sanitation

infrastructure and move Indian cities

towards ‘Total Sanitation’ through a ‘Systems’ driven approach. Therefore equal or greater

importance has been awarded, in the City Sanitation Planning (CSP) process, towards

development of local institutions, a systematic process of community awareness generation

as well as long term monitoring and evaluation of sanitation status in the urban area.

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

Approach and methodology adopted to formulate CSP primarily focuses on achieving 100%

sanitation in Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP) area through a series of steps to be taken by

GNP. Garhwa is one of the fourteen towns selected under cluster 3, having variation from

PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF CITY-WIDE APPROACH –

Collection and scientific disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, human excreta, industrial wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes, and control of all point & non-point pollution;

Construction and management of storm water drainage system;

Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;

Environmental sanitation education;

Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;

Monitoring the observance of environmental issues


Page 5 March 2016

other cities on ground of urban character, population growth rate, economic activities, and

existing sanitation status. In the process of preparing the strategies and proposals the

outcome would be based on the demand and need, local context, availability of financial and

human resources and the opportunity for innovations.

Another considered factor while formulating the strategies would be consistency of CSP with

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP). The NUSP envisions CSP as a strategic framework

which can covert development inputs in a holistic approach to engage city administration and

stakeholders to crystallize vision, action and strategy to achieve NUSP goals. Keeping in mind

the foresaid factors, approach and methodology for CSP has been formulated.

1.4.1 Concept Approach

The formulation of CSP relies on information/data available and action-led multi-level

consultative approach. The CSP is prepared keeping in view the available financial and human

resources available with Garhwa town. The first target is towards improvement of existing

facilities and then moving further for creating new facilities. To make the approach integrated

it is necessary to look into all the aspects in a holistic manner. The diagram shown below

elaborates the integrated perspective on inclusive sanitation indicators.

FIGURE 1-1: SANITATION INDICATORS FOR CSP

1.4.2 Methodology

Three stages of development are proposed for the project and it has been ensured that logical

and implementable linkages at macro and micro level are provided for each stage.

The execution of activities is distributed across following three main stages:

ACCESS TO TOILET

•No Open defecation

•Individual/Shared connections

• Public area connections

•No manual handling of human

excreta

WATER SUPPLY

• Quality of portable water and

water bodies

• Reduction in water-borne

diseases

SWM

• Ratio of waste generation and

collection

• Ratio of waste generation and

safe disposal

• No environmental impact of

waste

WASTE WATER

Grey water

(Kitchen and bath)

Strom water

(Rainfall, flooding)

Black water

(Toilet waste)

Rec

yc

lin

g o

f w

aste

wa

ter

an

d u

se

fo

r

no

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ort

ab

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ate

r d

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Op

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tion

an

d m

ain

ten

an

ce

of th

e

sa

nita

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infra

stru

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pro

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Page 6 March 2016

Stage 1: Inception report

Stage 2: Draft City Sanitation Plan

Stage 3: Final City Sanitation Plan

FIGURE 1-2: METHODOLOGY FOR CITY SANITATION PLAN

Key Task 1 -Formulation of City Sanitation Task Force

The preliminary stage of the CSP incorporate consultant’s interaction with local agencies and

authorities responsible for providing sanitation services in towns. The first step is formation of

City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) which includes representatives from various field directly

and indirectly involved in city sanitation activities. The request for constitution of CSTF for

Garhwa has been made, which shall be formed including representatives from ULB, various

government departments (such as Drinking Water & Sanitation Department etc. NGOs,

eminent persons from civic affairs sectors, people from educational and health institutions and

private sectors.

Key Task 2 - Base line Study of Town

Reconnaissance survey was followed by basic study of the town to know its urban character,

sanitation status and urban dynamisms. The study is comprise of land use details, rainfall

data, climate type, demographic details (population growth rate with time series data, socio-

economic profile, in and out migration data, infrastructure and services available, share of

urban poor and slum population etc.) these details were gathered from the available town

documents such as GNP records / registers, survey reports, DPRs etc. The information which

is not documented has been obtained through stakeholder consultations including the

concerned officials.

Key Task 3 – Extensive Data Collection and Detailed Field Survey

PRELIMINARY STAGE SECONDARY STAGE FINAL STAGE

Initiation•Profiling ULB

•Starting up Task Force

Base line study•Primary and secondary data

collection

•Demography, socio-economic and

spatial study

•Service level; indicators

•Institutional understanding

Interactions•State level interactions

•Focused group discussion

•Multi level stakeholder consultation

Expected outcomes

• Understanding of the study area

and its dynamics

• preparation of pilot study area.

• Involvement level of various

agencies

Analysis•Demographic and spatial issues

•Sanitation infrastructure demand

gap assessment

•GIS mapping of Infrastructure

•Analysis of various policies and

organizations

•Financial status of the ULB

Strategic options for

achieving 100% target for

sanitation•Technical option to bridge the gap

•Options for funding of the

projects

•Special approach for urban poor

Finalization of options•Technology choice

•Funding option finalization

•Institutional setup

•Implementation schedule

Draft City Sanitation Plan•Discussion with concerned

agencies/authorities at state and

local level

Finalization of City Sanitation

Plan

Expected outcomes

• Clear understanding of gaps and

issues

•Identification of sector wise possible

options for filling the gaps (technical,

financial, institutional)

Expected outcomes

• Finalization of City Sanitation Plan


Page 7 March 2016

To assess sanitation status in the town, details data collection and survey of the sensitive

areas was conducted by SENES in consultation with nagar panchayat officials. Identification

of sectors and preparation of details checklist was done in consultations with the sector

specialists.

In the absence of base maps and infrastructure maps, SENES has done a detailed survey of

the town and marked the coordinates to prepare the relevant maps indicating important

available infrastructures such as markets, ponds, natural water bodies, major drains,

industries, solid waste dumping site, overhead tanks etc.

The baseline data has been collected across the following key components:

1. Water Supply

2. Access to toilets

3. Sewerage and Sewage Management (including sludge management)

4. Solid Waste Management

5. Storm Water Drainage

6. Others

a. River front development and management

b. Ponds

c. Dhobi ghat

d. Crematoria

e. Carcass disposal system

f. Cattle / Khatal – Diary waste

g. Industrial pollution

Special attention has been accorded to urban poor, particularly the slum dwellers. The sanitary

conditions in each of the slum with respect to access to toilets, drainage system, sewage

management and solid waste management has been conducted.

Key Task 4 - Demand-Gap-Need Assessment

Followed by data collection and stakeholder consultation the next step was to assess the

current status of sanitation infrastructure and related sectors e.g. governance, funding,

community involvement, awareness among the people on quantitative as well as qualitative

parameters. Mapping of the all the sanitation infrastructure has been done at this stage.

Spatial and quantitative assessment of the current service level paved the way in finding the

gaps in the system. At this level, it was mandatory to assess the financial and human

resources available with ULB to implement the project in the future. After assessing the

current demand supply scenario, need assessment for future demand was made based on

the population projections done by SENES.

Key Task 5– Stakeholder Consultation

The stakeholders comprise of representatives from CSTF, NGOs, Urban Local Body

members, media representatives, other public representatives and public in general . The


Page 8 March 2016

agenda of the meeting were to discuss about existing sanitation infrastructure available in the

town, demand gap assessment for the next 25 - 30 years and shortfall, if any, in the data

collected.

Stakeholder Consultation Number - 1

Key Task 6 - Identification of Sectoral Projects and Evaluation of Options

Demand gap assessment was followed with formulation of sector wise technical strategies

and proposals to fill the gaps. However instead of looking into one option, we tried to have

number of alternative options to meet the target and identification of the best model meeting

the town wide need in local context. In the same way there was need to explore more than

one funding sources for different projects discussed in the CSP, so as to make the whole plan

sustainable and working. To make the plan inclusive, participatory approach from all sections

of the society has been adopted and due consultations with urban poor and slum dwellers of

town have also been conducted.

Key Task 7 – Cost Estimates for the Project

Based on consultations with stakeholders, SENES has finalize the most feasible option to

derive the preliminary costing of different projects / project components. Costing is based on

the prevailing rates in the market and, SORs, state and central government manuals,

guidelines and benchmarking and SENES’s experience in preparing similar documents. The

process helps in refining the strategies for future and working out the financial aspect in vision

plan.

Key Task 8 - Implementation Schedule and Detail Action Plan

Apart from financial resource management, implementation strategies is another major

aspect. There would be no overlapping of functions in the various departments rather they

shall work closely to avoid any issues in planning and implementation process. Implementation

schedule has been framed out by the consultant into various phases of five years and one

year.

Key Task 9- Stakeholder Consultation 2

Identification of projects and strategies has been followed by the extensive stakeholder

consultation with CSTF members and other representatives from local agencies and

authorities. All the development strategies and options for the projects were discussed and

their recommendations were sought on the most feasible option. In addition, other focus area

of discussion were implementation schedule, project costing and funding pattern.

Stakeholder Consultation Number - 2

Deliverable 2: Draft City Sanitation Plan

Output: Second stage stakeholder consultation with CSTF is followed by submission of Draft

City Sanitation Plan report. The second stage of work involved collecting and compiling data

on the current status of sanitation in all the ULBs. This was the basis for analyzing the demand-

supply gap and for initial exploration on strategies and solutions.


Page 9 March 2016

The final stage/Conclusive phase

After incorporating suggestion received out of the recommendations made in town level

workshops, a final meeting would be organized by SENES to consult the JUIDCO officials and

take their concern. Suggestions and issues raised by JUIDCO officials would be included in

the report followed by submission of final city sanitation plan documents.

Deliverable 3: Final City Sanitation Plan

Output: Final City Sanitation Plan would include all the comments and suggestions provided

during state and town level workshops. .

1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

Project Background: The chapter deals with the project introduction, its background

and proposed approach and methodology for the project. Tentative list of the

departments, documents and data to be collected is also part of this chapter. The

chapter also details out the project mobilization details.

Review of Existing Policies, Guidelines and Legislation relevant for CSP: The

chapter briefs out the existing policies, schemes, legislations and guidelines available

for preparation of city sanitation plan across the country and with the state government.

Regional setting and Overview: The particular chapter details out the geographical

location of town and its connectivity with surrounding regions. A brief of town history

and its growth pattern over the decades are also discussed in the chapter. Apart,

climatic, rainfall and geological details have also been provided here.

Demographic & socio economic profile of town: The chapter provides an insight

into the demographic profile of Garhwa. Details such as growth rate, density,

population distribution, sex ratio, literacy, SC & ST population details etc. have been

analyzed at town and ward level. The chapter also discusses about the social profile

of the town in terms of health, education and recreational facilities.

Water supply: The chapter details out the existing status of water supply system in

Garhwa. Service level benchmarks pertaining to water supply are also discussed here.

Projection of water demand till the year 2045 are also given.

Storm water drainage system: This section of the report discusses the natural

drainage pattern of the town. Status of existing drainage system and gaps in dealing

with flooding &storm water discharge in the town. In addition, proposed alignment of

the major drains, recommendations to improve the existing system are part of the

report.

Access to toilet: Access to toilet in terms of individual toilet, community toilet and

public toilet is detailed out in the chapter. Issue and gaps are discussed followed with

projections and recommendations made for the future years.

Sewerage system: Waste water management in Garhwa and current status is

discussed in the chapter. Future proposals for waste water management in phase wise

manner along with technology options are detailed out.

Solid waste management: The section presents the details of solid waste

management system being practiced in the town. Apart from municipal waste, bio-


Page 10 March 2016

medical waste, dairy waste and slaughter house waste is also discussed. Proposal for

the next 25 - 30 years for SWM are given in the chapter.

Other non-sewerage works: This section discussed the status of crematoria, Dhobi

ghat and carcass disposal in Garhwa. Proposals for the same sections are also

detailed out.

Natural water bodies – river and ponds: Status of River Danro including natural and

man-made ponds in the town with their existing status is discussed in the chapter.

Recommendations to improve the condition of water bodies is also part of the chapter.

Financial assessment: Financial assessment of Garhwa Nagar Panchayat is given

in the chapter which details out the income and expenditure of the nagar panchayat

towards capital and revenue accounts.

Institutional arrangement & capacity building: Institutions involve in providing

sanitation related services to the citizens, and their functions are given in the chapter.

Capacity building of the human resource and recommendations to improve the

efficiency is also part of the section.

Stakeholder consultations & awareness generation: Detailing of stakeholder

consultations, their need, and agenda of the meetings and output of the discussions

are given in the chapter. Proposals for IEC campaign and awareness generation for

citizens is presented in the chapter.

Conclusion and way forward: This chapter discusses the conclusion of the city

sanitation plan giving reference to short, medium and long term goals indicated in the

CSP and also indicate the next steps required for development of sanitation facilities

in Garhwa.


Page 11 March 2016

2.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND GUIDELINES FOR CSP

Review of existing legislations, policies, and guidelines relevant to the preparation of City

Sanitation Plan has been done under this chapter.

2.1 NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY (NUSP)

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) has been formulated by Government of India in the

year 2008 with a goal to achieve total sanitation in different towns and cities of the country.

The vision statement for urban sanitation in India as per NUSP visualize that:

“All Indian cities and towns should become totally sanitized, healthy and liveable and ensure

and sustain good public health and environmental outcome for all their citizens with a special

focus on hygiene and affordable sanitation facilities for urban poor and women”.

The policy addresses not only the management of human excreta, associated public health

and environmental impacts; it also recognize that integral solution needs to take into account

other element of environmental sanitation i.e. solid waste management, management of

industrial and other specialized / hazardous waste, provisioning storm water drainage system

and management of drinking water supply in urban centers. The key sanitation policy issues

addressed in NUSP to achieve the vision include poor awareness, social and occupational

aspects of sanitation, fragmented institutional responsibilities, lack of integrated town wide /

pan city approach, limited technological choices, reaching the unserved and poor and lack of

demand responsiveness.

The specific policy goals identified include:

Awareness generation and behavioural changes

Open defecation free cities

Integrated town wise sanitation

o Reorienting institutions and mainstreaming sanitations

o Sanitary and safe disposal of human excreta and liquid waste from all

sanitation facilities

o Proper operation and maintenance of all sanitary installations

Milestones prescribed in the NUSP for totally sanitized town include:

Town must be defecation free

Must eliminate the practices of manual scavenging and ensure safe handling of waste

by sanitation workers

Municipal waste water and storm water should be safely and efficiently managed

Recycle and reuse of treated waste water for non-portable applications

Total and safe solid waste collection, transportation, processing and disposal

Sustainable services to urban poor

Improved public health out come and comply with environmental standards


Page 12 March 2016

The Union government recognizes sanitation as state subject and as per NUSP each state

should develop its own State level Sanitation Strategy; and ULBs are required to prepare City

Sanitation Plan addressing all aspect of sanitation to achieve the policy goals. NUSP also

addresses the key sanitation policy issues that need to be addressed. City Sanitation Plan is

a vision document on sanitation with 20-25 years horizon including five years short term town

level action plan.

2.2 NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION PLAN (NRCP) AND NATIONAL GANGA RIVER

BASIN AUTHORITY (NGRBA)

Guidelines for preparation of project reports under National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)

and National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme has been formulated by the

National River Conservation Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Forests in

December 2010. The guidelines were prepared to help state agencies in developing a holistic

approach to address river pollution problems with river basin as the unit. Subsequently,

NGRBA programme Framework has been developed in May, 2011 under Section 3 (3) of the

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in consultations with 5 (five) Ganga basin states on the

main stem of river Ganga and communicated to all the state governments including the state

of Jharkhand for implementation of the programme.

The guidelines as well as the framework indicates that project development for pollution

abatement is a three step process and includes preparation of City Sanitation Plan (CSP),

Feasibility Report (FR), followed by the Detailed Project Report (DPR). CSP shall be the basis

for planning and formulating projects. Its preparation has been considered as necessary first

stage documentation and all the preceding reports, which include FR and DPR for sewerage

and non-sewerage components admissible under the programme shall conform to CSP. In

regards to CSP , the guidelines outlined the components / items to be included in CSP,

including objective of CSP, details of the schemes that form part of CSP, contents of city

sanitation report and approval process for CSP. This CSP, as approved, should form the

basis of preparation of FR & DPR of sewerage schemes and the DPRs of non-sewerage and

other schemes.

Selection and priority of towns for implementation of projects under NRCP or NGRBA is done

based on the data collected regarding polluted stretches of rivers and the information on level

of pollution of such rivers / river stretches made available by Central Pollution Control Board

(CPCB) and other agencies such as State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs). So far, 150

Polluted stretches of different polluted rivers in the country have been identified by the CPCB.

This include stretches of the rivers, where water quality is not meeting the bathing standard

and is worse than the prescribed limits (BOD> 3mg/l, DO < 5 mg/l and Fecal coliform > MPN

2500). Annexure – VI of the guidelines present the list of the polluted river stretches identified

by the CPCB. In Jharkhand state, only two stretches of river Subarnarekha near Ranchi and

river Sankh at Bolba has been included in this list provided by CPCB. Table 2-1 provides detail

of the stretch identified by the CPCB in the state of Jharkhand for ready reference.


Page 13 March 2016

TABLE 2-1: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES IDENTIFIED BY THE CPCB IN JHARKHAND STATE

River Polluted Stretch Source/ Town Monitoring location BOD

Subarnrekha D/s of Ranchi

(Tatisilwal)

Industrial &

domestic waste

from Ranchi

1.Ranchi (tatisilwal)

2 Namkum Road bridge

10.5

6.8

Sankh Along Bolba Municipal Sewage

.Bolba 6.2

Hence, towns identified under Cluster 2 & Cluster 3 for the project may not qualify for

funding under NRCP / NGRBA as per the guidelines and the Framework. However, after

declaration of Jharkhand as model state under ‘Clean Ganga Mission’, towns / cities

polluting river Damodar and its tributaries will qualify for funding projects under

NGRBA programme.

2.3 MUNICIPAL WASTES (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) RULES, 2000

The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) establish

consistent regulations governing collection, segregation, transportation, and disposal of all

types of municipal solid wastes throughout India. The MSW Rules apply equally to every

municipal authority regardless of its size.

Collection of Waste: The Municipal Authority shall be responsible to provide waste collection

services in compliance with the MSW Rules, 2000. The authority shall notify the waste

collection schedule and likely methods to be followed by the generators. Littering of municipal

solid waste is prohibited and generators are responsible to utilize the collection systems

provided by the municipality and avoid littering.

Waste Segregation: The Municipal Authority must establish waste collection and segregation

(preferably at source) systems in consultations with waste generators. The MSW Rules

recommend segregating waste into three categories viz. Organic wastes, Recyclables, and

Others (inorganic / inert) to facilitate diversion and appropriate management.

Storage Facilities: The Municipal Authority shall establish and maintain municipal waste

storage facilities so that unhygienic and insanitary conditions are not created around such

locations.

Transportation: The MSW Rules specifies that vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall

be covered to avoid visibility of waste to the public and exposure to open environment

preventing possible trickle out on the roads during transportation.

Treatment and Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste: The MSW Rules, 2000 seek to minimize

the burden on landfills for the disposal of municipal waste by adopting appropriate waste

segregation and treatment technologies. The MSW Rules restrict landfill disposal to non-

biodegradable, inert, and other wastes that are unsuitable for either recycling or biological

processing. Residues of waste processing facilities, as well as pre-processing rejects, should

be land filled. Land filling of comingled waste should only be permitted in situations where the

waste stream is unsuitable for alternative processing or when additional fund and time shall

be required to establish appropriate waste diversion and treatment process and technologies.


Page 14 March 2016

Specifications for Landfill Sites: Only non-biodegradable and non-recyclable waste should go

to a landfill site. Municipal and hazardous waste should not be mixed by disposing them in the

same landfill.

Site for Landfilling: Site selection criteria based on examination of environmental issues has

been established in MSW rules 2000 for selection of a landfill site.

Landfill Site Facilities and Maintenance: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies guidelines for

maintenance of a landfill site including the procedures and specifications for landfilling.

Pollution Prevention: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies the measures in order to prevent

pollution and related environmental problems from landfill operations:

Air & Water Quality Monitoring: The MSW Rule 2000 specifies the requirement for regular air

and water quality monitoring in and around the site.

Landfill Gas Management: The MSW Rules 2000 specifies installation of landfill gas control

system including gas collection system to be made at the landfill site to minimize odour

generation, prevent off-site migration of gases and to protect vegetation planted on the

rehabilitated landfill surface.

Landfill Closure and Post-Closure Care: The post-closure care of landfill sites should be

conducted for at least fifteen years and long term monitoring or care plan shall be prepared.

Use of closed landfill sites after fifteen years of post-closure monitoring can be considered for

suitable development activities or otherwise only after ensuring that gaseous and leachate

analysis comply with the specified standards.

Composting and Treated Leachate Quality: In order to ensure safe application of compost, the

MSW Rules 2000 specify compost quality standards. Product that does not achieve the levels

set out in the following table should not be used for growing food crops. However, it may be

utilized for purposes other than producing food. In addition, specific standards have been

established for leachate quality control. The leachate quality standards depend on the disposal

method used with the most stringent criteria specified for disposal to surface water bodies.

2.4 SWACHH BHARAT MISSION GUIDELINES

Swatch Bharat Mission launched on 2nd October 2014 and will be in force till 2nd October 2019.

Swatch Bharat is being implemented by Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and Ministry

of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS) for urban and rural areas respectively. The

mission objective as listed in SWM guidelines include:

Elimination of open defecation,

Eradication of manual scavenging,

Modern and scientific municipal solid waste management,

Behavioral change regarding health sanitation practices,

Awareness generation about sanitation and its linkages with public health

Capacity augmentation for ULBs and

Create enabling environment for private sector


Page 15 March 2016

The main components of the mission include

Household toilets including conversion of insanitary latrines into pour flush latrines

Community toilets

Public toilets

Solid waste Management

IEC and Public awareness

Capacity Building and Administrative and Office Expense

The special focus group to be looked at as part of the mission include manual scavenger ,

informal sector working in waste management sector, scavengers (rag pickers), migrants and

homeless in the urban areas, construction labourers in urban area, households with vulnerable

sections.

Since the SBM (Urban) is applicable for the statutory towns5, all the projects towns under

Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 are covered under the scheme.

SBM guidelines for the urban sector acknowledges the fact that comprehensive sanitation

planning is requisite for objective of Swachh Bharat Mission and mandates the preparation of

City Sanitation Plan for each town of the state and State Sanitation Strategy as per NUSP

2008. The brief description of the targeted components under SBM (Urban) is provided in the

following section:

Household toilets: This components targets the construction of household toilets for i)

estimated 80% of the urban household engaged in open defecation, ii) all households with

insanitary latrines and iii) all households with pit latrines. The toilet should be connected to

either onsite treatment system or to an existing underground sewerage system. Central

government incentive for construction of household toilet will be Rs 4000.00 per household

toilet

Community toilet: Community toilets are estimated to be used by 20% of the household’s

currently practicing open defecation, who cannot construct individual household latrine due to

land and space constraint. The specifications for construction of community toilets and

tentative cost has been provided in the guidelines.

The central government support for construction of community toilets will be 40% grant / VGF

and balance will be procured from various sources which include private sector investment,

beneficiary charge, user charge , Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR ) fund, land

leveraging, market borrowing, external assistance.

Project for community toilets including sanctions (except central assistance) will be done at

ULB level. All community toilets constructed under SBM must have five years maintenance

contract.

Public toilets: Public toilets for floating and other population to be constructed under the

mission. The suggested technical specification, technologies and tentative cost has been

provided in the guidelines.

5 Statutory towns are urban areas defined by administrative units that have been defined by ‘Statute’ as urban such as municipal

corporation, municipalities , cantonment board , notified town area committee, town panchayat and nagar palika.


Page 16 March 2016

There will be no central government incentive support for construction of public toilets under

SBM. State and ULBs shall identify land parcel(s) and encourage the private sector to

construct and manage public toilet in PPP arrangements. All community toilets to be

constructed under SBM must have five years maintenance contract.

Solid Waste Management

DPRs for solid waste management are to be prepared by ULBs emanating from the needs

identified from City sanitation plan. Central government incentive for SWM projects will be in

the form of maximum 20% grant /VGF for the project. Remaining funds are to generated from

various other sources like private sector investment, beneficiary charge, user charge, CSR

fund, land leveraging, market borrowing, external assistance.

States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds for SWM projects to match 75% Central

Share.(10% in the case of North East States and special category states)IEC & Public

Awareness

This component includes behaviour change communication to mainstream sanitation as an

issue with general public at large, covering issues of open defecation, prevention of manual

scavenging, hygiene practice, proper use and maintenance of toilet facilities. A total 15% of

the central allocation will be earmarked for this component.

Capacity Building & Administrative and Office Expense

State to propose extensive capacity building activities to be implemented in mission mode

manner, which will enable progressive achievement of SBM in time bound manner. This will

be specified in the annual action plan prepared by each state.

Three percent of the total central allocation will be earmarked for capacity building and

administrative & office expense, with 2% being utilized at MoUD level for capacity building,

convening national and regional workshops, various awards and best practice recognition,

programme research, studies, international cooperation for capacity building and technology

development etc.

Financial Arrangements

Under Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission, projects in PPP mode are encouraged, to invite private

capital in urban infrastructure as well as to bring in private sector efficiency in delivery of urban

services including O & M. Government of India share .as per prescribed funding pattern will

be available for claiming VGF.

In case state government feels that a project is not suitable to be taken up in PPP mode, then

only the GoI share shall be provided as Grant to the ULB. It will be up to the state government

and ULB to arrange for the balance resources for the project, which must be ensured at the

time of approving a project.

2.5 OTHER WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES

Hazardous Waste Management Rules 2008 are notified to ensure safe handling, generation,

processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, defuse and disposal of Hazardous

Waste. Management and handling of all type of hazardous waste including radioactive, waste


Page 17 March 2016

chemicals and waste fuel from industrial, commercial and other units within the town is

governed by the Hazardous waste Rules 2008.

The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 have been notified by

the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) to ensure scientific and safe handling, treatment

and disposal of bio-medical waste being generated from all different sources including

hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, medicine manufacturing units and other sources including

the consumers,

There is a separate notification known as ‘Plastic Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,

2011 published by MoEF to ensure scientific and efficient management & handling of Plastic

waste both at manufacturer and consumers end.

2.6 PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJNA (HOUSING FOR ALL)

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna or Housing for All scheme will be implemented during 2015-2022.

Under the scheme, central assistance will be provided to the ULBs and other implementing

agencies through States/UTs for following components:

1. In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private

participation

2. Credit Linked Subsidy

3. Affordable Housing in Partnership

4. Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.

The scheme will cover entire urban area consisting of 4041 statutory towns with initial focus

on 500 Class I cities in three phases. The mission will support construction of houses up to 30

square meter carpet area with basic civic infrastructure.

The programme will provide flexibility to the States for choosing the best options amongst four

verticals of mission to meet the demand of housing in their states. Process of project

formulation and approval in accordance with the programme guidelines will be done at state

level. State will send proposals to the Ministry for inclusion of towns / cities in the programme

along with broad assessment of housing and resources requirement. Ministry will approve

inclusion of these cities considering availability of resources.

Slum redevelopment projects and Affordable Housing projects in partnership should have

provision for providing basic civic infrastructure like water, sanitation, sewerage, road,

electricity etc.

2.7 STATE LEVEL POLICIES

JHARKHAND STATE WATER POLICY

Government of Jharkhand came up with a new water policy in the year 2011 with a vision ‘to

ensure sustainable development and optimal use and management of the State’s water

resources to provide the greatest economic and social benefit for the people of the state of

Jharkhand in a manner that maintains important ecological values within rivers and adjoining

lands’.


Page 18 March 2016

The objective of the policy is an Integrated, Multi-sectoral and River Basin Approach and the

State has been stated to be divided into five major river basins (Subarnarekha, Damodar

Barakar, North Koel, Gumani & South Koel). The policy indicates for appropriate river basin

agencies/authorities to be established within each/or group of river basins. Integrated river

basin plan shall include a development plan, a long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, a

comprehensive watershed management plan, an efficiency improvement and water

conservation plan, a waste minimization and water quality management plan.

Based on the above, the State shall prepare a State Water Resources Plan to promote a

balanced development by proper coordination among diverse water uses which shall include

structural measures, operational measures, watershed management measures, demand

management measures such as conservation scheduling and efficient technologies, water

pollution control measures and monitoring measures that will assure comprehensive

sustainable management of the water resources and equality of water distribution for the

benefit of the State as well as to its people. Preparation of State Water Resources Plan will

require convergence of various departments and agencies of the State like State Environment

and Forest Department, Agriculture Department, Drinking Water and Sanitation Department,

State Watershed Development Agency, State Pollution Control Board, etc. The policy also

addresses the aspects on interstate water sharing, utilization of water, water quality, water

conservation, drought and flood water planning and priority of water usage having ecology

and drinking water needs of human beings and animals as the first priority on any available

water resource.


Page 19 March 2016

3.0 REGIONAL SETTING AND OVERVIEW OF THE TOWN

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Garhwa district is a part of Palamu Commissioneriate consisting of 14 blocks and two

subdivisions namely Garhwa & Nagar-Untrai. Garhwa town is located in Garhwa block of

Garhwa sub-division. Garhwa became a Notified Area Committee (NAC) in August 1957. Later

on this NAC got the status of Municipality on 15 August 1972 and was named as Garhwa

Nagar Palika. and subsequently renamed as Garhwa Nagar Panchayat in the year of 1986.

Garhwa is a class II town spread over an area of 12.45 sq. km with total population of 46,059

as per Census of India 2011.

3.1.1 Geographical Location of Town

Garhwa is situated 197 meters (average) above mean sea level and located at latitude 24.39°

North and longitude 83.22° East and is located on southwest corner of Palamu division. River

Danro, borders the town on the South side and later on meet with North Koel River which

ultimately meets with Sone River. National Highway (NH) No. 75 and State Highway (SH) No.

11 connects the town to other urban areas. Garhwa is an agriculture based town and key

crops of the regions are rice, wheat, gram, maize and horticulture crops.

MAP 3-1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF GARHWA TOWN

Source: Govt. of Jharkhand and Garhwa NP

India Jharkhand GarhwDistrict

Garhwa TownState – Jharkhand

District –GarhwaProject Town – Garhwa

Area 12.45 sq. km

Project Town –Garhwa

N


Page 20 March 2016

3.1.2 History/Growth of the Town

Development of Garhwa began as a small hamlet. The early history of Garhwa district

depends on the history of Palamu district. The district consisted mostly of forest tracts. The

territory seldom attracted the attention of invading armies. So the area remained outside the

pale of dominating empires. In the past the area was mostly in habited by tribal people. It is

believed that the three aboriginal races viz the Kharwars, the Oraons and Cheroes practically

reigned over this tract. The Cheroes reigned over Garhwa for nearly 200 years from sixteen

century to onwards.

As per the information available from Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP), in the year 1972

Garhwa was declared Nagar Palika and in the year 2008 it was made Nagar Panchayat.

Before the year 2008, Garhwa Nagar Palika was divided into 14 wards; however, after it was

made Nagar Panchayat all the 14 number of wards were re-distributed and divided into 20

wards although the total GNP area remained same. Currently GNP is planning to extract a

new ward in the town.

3.1.3 Soil Type and Geo-morphology

The Soil occurring in different land forms have been characterized during soil resource

mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and

Alfisols were observed in Garhwa district. Alfisols were the dominant soils covering 54.5

percent of Total Geographical Area followed by Entisols (29.7%) and Inceptisols (14.7 %).

The soil pH ranges from 4.9 to 8.4. The data reveals that neutral soils cover 27.3 % area of

the district followed by slightly acidic (25.7 % of TGA), slightly alkaline (16.0% of TGA) and

moderately alkaline soils (12.6 % of TGA). Strongly and very strongly acidic soils are found in

patches. The soil reaction classes with area are given in Map 3-2. Organic carbon content in

these soils ranges from 0.20 to 1.78 percent. Soils of 46.8 percent area have high organic

carbon content (above 0.75 %) whereas soils of 37.1 percent area are medium (0.50-0.75 %)

in organic carbon content.

Type of soil and its geo-physical and chemical properties have direct bearing on different

aspects related to sanitation. The porosity and moisture content influence movement of

pathogens through soil and thus safe distance of drinking water sources from source of

possible pollution (e.g. Soak pits, Landfill sites, pond based STP etc.) should be ascertained

during detailed designing / preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) of any sanitation

project / scheme.

Similarly, type of soil has direct bearing on the structural aspects (e.g. compaction, lining,

choice of construction material etc.) of landfill sites, pond based STPs, drying beds, Soak pits

etc. Also, the Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) and related physico-chemical parameters of soil

should be assessed at DPR stage for designing foundation of different structures of Sewage

Treatment Plants, Solid Waste Landfill sites, Pumping Stations & Sewer Network. Information

of Soil type also helps in determining the ‘Ground Water Infiltration’ while designing a sewer

network. Design of Storm Water Drainage system has also relevance with soil characteristics

in terms of ‘time of concentration’ / variation of Ground Water Table etc.


Page 21 March 2016

MAP 3-2: SOIL TYPE MAP OF GARHWA DISTRICT AND GARHWA


Page 22 March 2016

Legend

Source: National Bureau for Soil Survey & Land Use Planning, Department of Agriculture & Cane Development, Govt. of Jharkhand

3.1.4 Topography and Hydrology

Town is characterized with paddy fields inside the Nagar Panchayat and surrounded by hilly

area. The general topography of Garhwa is very undulating. The eastern part of the town is

surrounded by small hillocks and forest areas. Most part of the Jharkhand state comes under

the Chotanagpur Plateau region divided into three steps. Garhwa is in the north western part

of the Chota Nagpur plateau and a part of West Palamu Hills. Slope of the town is towards

northern to southern part. Topographical map of Garhwa and rivers crossing near the town

MAP 3-3.


Page 23 March 2016

MAP 3-3: TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP FOR GARHWA

Source: Survey of India


Page 24 March 2016

Danro is the main river flowing through the south eastern part of the town and meet with North

Koel flowing about 10 km away from the town in North eastern direction. Central Ground Water

Board (CGWB) has established a network of observation wells for monitoring of groundwater

level to know the behaviour of groundwater regime in the district. As per CGWB minimum

and maximum water level during pre-monsoon season observed at Bhawnathpur in Garhwa

district were 7.00 mbgl and 8.70 mbgl respectively. The water level during the post monsoon

season varies from 4.93 mbgl to 6.71 mbgl. However, Primary consultations with the officials

from nagar panchayat and other stakeholders indicate that ground water depth in the dug

wells is about 13 -15 m throughout the town area even in post monsoon season.

Categorization of hydrogeological map and depth to water level of post monsoon period for in

Garhwa district as depicted in Map 3-4 and Map 3-5.

There is sufficient scope of groundwater exploration for drinking and irrigation purpose in the

district. The shallow and medium dug wells are suitable extraction structures in the area to

meet the increasing demand of domestic water supply and groundwater irrigation. The net

annual groundwater draft in the district is 7264 mcm/yr. The stage of groundwater

development in the district is 29.42%.


Page 25 March 2016

MAP 3-4: HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP OF GARHWA DISTRICT

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Patna


Page 26 March 2016

MAP 3-5: POST MONSOON DEPTH OF WATER LEVEL

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Mid-Eastern Region, Patna


Page 27 March 2016

3.2 CLIMATE

The GNP area is characterized by humid sub-tropical climate with three distinct seasons.

Summer is usually from the month of March to May, the monsoon from June to September

and winter stretches from end of October to February. The district witnesses dust storms

between March and June associated with low humidity, high temperature and fast blowing

wind.

3.2.1 Temperature

The average temperature in the town is about 25.7 °C. The month of May is the warmest

month and temperature reaches up to about 40°C. The lowest average temperature in a year

occurs in the month of December, when it remains around 10°C and sometimes in winter the

temperature goes down to 8°C. The variation in annual temperature is around 32°C.

3.2.2 Rainfall

The monsoon sets in the middle of June and continues till the September. The maximum

precipitation occurs during in the month of July and August, with an average of 312 mm. The

average rainfall of the district as a whole is 1193 mm. The precipitation varies 309 mm between

the driest month and the wettest month.

3.3 FLORA AND FAUNA

As per information received from GNP officials, almost 10% of the town area comes under

forest area. Important forest products are Saal seeds, Kokun, Lac, Tendu leaves, Karanj,

Chiraunji etc. The major trees are Sal, teak, Siris, Mango, Gamhar, Jamom, Bamboo, Neem,

Amla etc. Bears, jackals, foxes, pig’s hares, sambhar, spoted deer, hog deer etc. are also

found here. Sankes and lizards are quite common here. Different varieties of birds visit the

district in the winter season only.

3.4 LINKAGES AND CONNECTIVITY

3.4.1 Road Connectivity

National highway 75 connects Garhwa to Rewa, Renukut, Daltonganj, Ranchi and other towns

and villages. Bishrampur is also connected to Garhwa town via SH 11 which further joins NH

75. Some of the major cities situated near Garhwa are Naga Untari (33.5 Km), Daltonganj

(30.76 Km), Bisrampur (30.37 km), Ranchi (175.65), Ambikapur (127.52 Km), Rajhara (24.28

Km), etc.

Other major roads in the town are Garhwa – Rajhara Road, Garhdevi Muhalla Road, etc. The

road between Garhwa and Nagar Untari is remarkable.

3.4.2 Bus/Rail and Air Connectivity

Garhwa Railway Station is a major railhead of the Eastern Railways. Garhwa is well

connected with roads and railways. One bus depot is available in Garhwa and daily 60 -70

buses going towards Bokaro, Dhanbad, Dumka, Daltonganj, Ranchi cities etc. of Jharkhand,

Bihar and Chhattisgarh. Road communication of this district is not at par with the other districts

of the state. For local public transportation, three wheelers and cycle rickshaw are also

available within the town. Nearest airstrip from Garhwa is at Birsa Munda Airport (Ranchi) is

165 Km from Garhwa.


Page 28 March 2016

Bus Depot at Ward o. 14 NH 75 at the Town

Auto stand Busy Road within the Town

3.5 PROJECT AREA PROFILE

Garhwa district has three urban centers namely Garhwa, Majhion and Sinduria. Garhwa is the

largest town and alone contributes 66% of the district urban population. Garhwa is spread over

an area of 12.45 sq. km with total population of 45,059 (census 2011) and average density is

3,700 persons per sq. km. The Nagar Panchayat area has 20 nos. of wards and responsible

for providing services to the NP area. The town is surrounded by lush green areas and small

hills and hillocks from northern side. River Danro forms the south eastern boundary of the

town and surrounded by villages from rest of the sides.

3.6 ADMINISTRATIVE SET UP

Garhwa is a district headquarter in Garhwa District. The local administrative body of town is

known as Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP). The Nagar Panchayat is responsible for

establishment and operation and maintenance of all basic amenities like water supply,

sanitation, sewerage and solid waste disposal. Nagar Panchayat is also responsible for

holding public meeting, function, fairs, public awareness programs and implementation of all

government schemes etc. For efficient development and convenient administration, the town

is distributed in 20 wards based on population, area and land use. Ward boundaries are

distinguished by roads, railway line, nallahs and river.


Page 29 March 2016

MAP 3-6: WARD MAP OF GARHWA

Source: SENES Field visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 30 March 2016

MAP 3-7: BASE MAP OF GARHWA



Page 31 March 2016

3.7 REVIEW OF EXISTING DOCUMENTS / POLICIES

During the site visits information regarding the available schemes, plans and policies were

collected by the team members.

A Master Plan is being prepared and the survey for the same is under process. Urban

Development Department, Government of Jharkhand has initiated the process of the

preparation of master plan for Garhwa.

Slum survey for the town was carried out in the year 2008 under Integrated Housing

and Slum Development Program (IHSDP). Revised survey for slums was conducted

in the year 2013 by Jharkhand Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. for Garhwa town, but no such

type of data are available with NP.

Provision has been made under SBM scheme for the first target year of 2015-16.

DPR for water supply for 17.5 MLD was prepared by UD Department, Govt. of

Jharkhand and the construction of WTP has going on.

3.8 LAND USE PATTERN OF GARHWA AS PER RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

As of now, no Town Development Plan or Master Plan is available for the town. However,

preparation of Master Plan is under process and inception report for the same has been

submitted by the consultant. Due to unavailability of land use map no records are available

showing the distribution of various categories of land uses such as residential, commercial,

recreational for Garhwa. Therefore to understand the spatial pattern and existing land use

pattern; the team has conducted a reconnaissance survey of the town and whatever data

available with NP, a land use map depicted in Map 3-8. As per the observations during the

town visit, the team assessed that there is no definite pattern of growth in Garhwa as most of

the development has taken place in haphazard manner.

This survey has enabled familiarization of the project team with the NP area in terms of its

location, accessibility, prominent physical features, etc. It also helped us to evaluate

availability of secondary data from different sources, which varies from site specific to regional

levels. This section presents the initial impressions of the study team, based on the

reconnaissance survey. The team went around the NP area, travelled along the major

corridors, inter‐connected roads. The team also visited all centres of the town, major

developments and industrial areas. They also observed the other major features such as

ponds, hills, rivers, temples, etc. Mostly mix land use can be seen in the town. The core of the

town is very congested and density reduces as one move away from the core to outer skirts.

Residential: Mostly mix land use pattern can be seen in town. As one moves to the

town area some double story houses are present in the central part of the NP area.

Houses are generally single story semi-permanent structures, and mud houses are

there in the fringe area of the town. As one moves to the wards adjacent to rural areas,

some village like habitation, surrounded by agrarian fields can be seen within the town.

Commercial: All the key commercial area is situated along Garhwa Main Road.

Garhwa Main Road are the major commercial centre of the town accommodating all

kind of shops, local and whole sale market. Apart, there is a daily market at ward 3,

Sahina more bazar at ward 8 & 9, Chowdharana market at ward 13 and weekly market


Page 32 March 2016

situated are in the ward 2 & 3. One shopping complex named B P Plaza at ward 3 is

also available in the town.

Industrial: As information gathered from NP, there are no industrial units within the

NP area as of now.

Institutional: Institutional setup in town include Nagar Panchayat Office, DW&SD

Office, Police Station, Block Office, Post Office, Electricity Office, and Employment

Exchange etc. Garhwa has 4 -5 nursery, 6 private schools and 21 government schools

categorized into senior secondary schools, higher secondary school and middle

schools. Some of the famous schools in the town are Govind High School, Wheel View

Public School, Shanti Niwas Bidyalaya, D.A.V. Public School, South Point School, C.

P. Memorial High School and R.K. Pvt. School. Though the area is well connected to

the other regions by roads and railway lines from the town, the inter‐regional

connectivity in the rural belt are well defined.

Recreational: There are not much public spaces available for local people. One small

stadium is available in the town located in ward number 4. Other community facilities

available in the town are Town Hall located in ward no. 6, two park (ward no. 6 & 8).

Others are one Cinema Hall and on Central Library are in Garhwa town. There are

three numbers marriage hall, which are maintained by private party.

Transportation: Railway line crosses the town from west to north eastern side and

NH 75 is crosses towards west to east of Garhwa. Garhwa railway station is located in

the northern middle part of the town catering to Garhwa town. There are one bus

stands in the town providing facility for inter-town travel.

Water Body: There is Major River flowing through the town, named river Danro.

Swarasatia nallah is flowing through the NP area and meet with river Danro. In

addition, there are four natural ponds in the town primarily used for bathing and

washing purpose. One of the major pond located at ward number 14 (Rambandh pond)

and other three other located at ward 3, 9 and 16.

Agriculture: There are few patches of agriculture land in the town located in north

western, north eastern and south eastern part of the town. All these area are located

near the boundary of the town. As per the information received from the nagar

panchayat, almost 25 - 30% of the land area is under agricultural uses. Key crops

grown in the town are rice, wheat, gram, sesame, arhar, moong and other vegetables.


Page 33 March 2016

MAP 3-8: LAND USE MAP OF GARHWA TOWN



Page 34 March 2016

4.0 DEMOGRAPHIC & SOCIO ECONOMIC PROFILE OF TOWN

Demography analysis includes details on size, structure and distribution of populations, and

spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death. The

analysis helps in analyzing the previous and present conditions of population, growth,

development and uses of natural resources. The existing data used for demographic analysis

would be utilized for the population projection till the year 2045.

4.1 POPULATION GROWTH RATE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

Garhwa being the one of the Nagar Panchayat in Garhwa district is a hub of employment,

trading activities, commercial activities, social facilities like education, health etc. The

presence of various facilities and services has resulted into migration of people from nearby

villages to Garhwa.

As per the data available from Census of India (1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011) population

growth trends of Garhwa have been analyzed. Population growth rate of Garhwa has been

fluctuating over the decades. 1971-1981 has witnessed the highest growth rate, which

decreased to 30.81% in 1981-1991. But in 1991 -2001, the growth rate again increase, which

is due to migration of people from nearby villages to Garhwa. The possible reasons for such

migration were the employment opportunities, trading and migration from settlements. During

the decade 2001 – 2011, population growth rate has been 25.55% which is less than the

previous decade as well as district population growth rate.

As per the data available from Census 2011, total population of the town is 46,059 with

average household size is more than five persons.

TABLE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH TREND – GARHWA

Year Population Total Decadal Change Decadal Growth Rate (%)

1971 15,228

1981 21,514 6,286 41.28

1991 27,751 6,237 28.99

2001 36,686 8,935 32.20

2011 46,059 9,373 25.55

Source: Census of India and Stakeholder Consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 35 March 2016

FIGURE 4-1: DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH OF GARHWA

4.1.1 Population Distribution

The spatial distribution of population has been examined, based on the ward population. The

population of Garhwa town is unevenly distributed to 20 wards. Ward no. 8 has the highest

population share in the town with 6.89% of the total population; whereas ward no. 12 has the

lowest population share in the town i.e. 3.68% of total population. The ward-wise population

distribution of GNP is shown in Table 4-2.

TABLE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Ward No. Population in 2011 Household Share in town

1 2,612 494 5.67%

2 2,172 364 4.72%

3 2,681 491 5.82%

4 2,210 465 4.80%

5 2,038 407 4.42%

6 2,869 576 6.23%

7 2,982 539 6.47%

8 3,172 634 6.89%

9 2,817 582 6.12%

10 1,964 336 4.26%

11 1,785 343 3.88%

12 1,696 321 3.68%

13 1,890 321 4.10%

14 2,274 407 4.94%

15 2,742 506 5.95%

16 2,076 360 4.51%

15,228

21,514

27,751

36,686

46,059

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Gro

wth

Rate

iin

%

Po

pu

lati

on

Population Total Decadal Growth Rate


Page 36 March 2016

Ward No. Population in 2011 Household Share in town

17 1,848 340 4.01%

18 1,890 323 4.10%

19 1,899 344 4.12%

20 2,442 482 5.30%

Total 46,059 8,635 100.00%


FIGURE 4-2: WARD WISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – GARHWA

4.1.2 Population Density

Area of Garhwa town has not increased since NP formation, and therefore, population density

of GNP is continuously increasing over the decades, though the rate of increase is almost

constant with a mild trend of decadal decrease. In the last five decades the density of the town

has increased more than three times. However, density pattern throughout the town varies a

lot. The central and south western part of the town accommodates most of the population and

surrounding area comes under agriculture area. Town density between the year 1971 and

2011 is provided in Table 4-3.

TABLE 4-3: GARHWA TOWN DENSITY

Year Area in sq. km Population Density – persons per sq. km

1971 12.45 15,228 1223

1981 12.45 21,514 1728

1991 12.45 27,751 2229

2001 12.45 36,686 2947

2011 12.45 46,059 3700


4.1.3 Population Projection

Population growth of any place not only depends upon natural increase but also on in-

migration. In addition to Garhwa slow and steady socio-economic development that had a

2,6

12

2,1

72 2

,681

2,2

10

2,0

38

2,8

69

2,9

82

3,1

72

2,8

17

1,9

64

1,7

85

1,6

96

1,8

90 2,2

74 2

,742

2,0

76

1,8

48

1,8

90

1,8

99

2,4

42

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Po

pu

lati

on

in

Nu

mb

er

Ward Number


Page 37 March 2016

significant impact on the urbanization in the town, future growth is governed to a large extent

by the development patterns in the town.

The population of Garhwa Nagar Panchayat has been projected up to the horizon year 2045

taking into consideration the decadal population trend of Census of India from 1991 to 2011.

There are several standard methods of population projection such as arithmetical increase

method, geometrical increase method, incremental increase method, and graphical method.

All these different methods have different scope of applicability, depending upon the size and

age of the town, current population of the town, population growth pattern for last few decades

and future anticipated growth. Different methods give different accuracy level for population

projection and it is difficult to use one single method as accurate. Therefore, to project the

future population of Garhwa town, average values obtained from projecting population by the

above three methods are recommended in the present context. The average decadal

population growth rate of Garhwa town has been 32% between the year 1971 and 2011. Table

4-4 given below shows the various population projection methods for Garhwa town.

TABLE 4-4: POPULATION PROJECTION TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Census

Population Arithmetic

Progression Incremental

Increase Geometric

Progression Average

Population Growth Rate

(%)

1971 15,228

1981 21,514 41.28

1991 27,751 28.99

2001 36,686 32.20

2011 46,059 25.55

2015 49,142 50,258 51,391 50,263 9.13

2020 52,996 54,703 58,931 55,543 10.50

2025 56,850 59,406 67,578 61,278 10.32

2030 60,704 64,366 77,494 67,521 10.19

2035 64,558 69,583 88,864 74,335 10.09

2040 68,411 75,058 101,903 81,791 10.03

2045 72,265 80,790 116,856 89,970 10.00

Source: Projection Analysis, SENES Consultants


Page 38 March 2016

FIGURE 4-3: VARIOUS METHODS OF POPULATION PROJECTION

Average of all the three methods i.e. Arithmetic, Incremental and Geometric progression

methods are recommended in the present context. The projected population for the year 2025,

2035 and 2045 is 61,278; 74,335 and 89,970 respectively for Garhwa.

TABLE 4-5: PROJECTED POPULATION

Year 2015 2020 2025 2035 2045

Projected Population 50,263 55,543 61,278 74,335 89,970

Source: Projection Analysis, SENES Consultants

4.2 MIGRATION / FLOATING POPULATION

Permanent migration has reduced over the years as most of the people are migrated to big

cities these days due to development of transportation linkages. Presently temporary

migration is happening whereby approximate 2,500 to 3,000 people daily basis come to

Garhwa town area for employment as information gathered from NP. These people are

generally engage in proving informal services to the town people such as labour, masons,

carpenters, rickshaw pullers, cobblers etc. from neighboured villages. However, for the

purpose of the CSP, about 5% floating population has been considered as per SBM

guidelines.

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

1,00,000

1,20,000

1,40,000

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045

Population Projection for Garhwa

Arithmetic Progression Incremental Increase Geometric Progression Average


Page 39 March 2016

4.3 OTHER POPULATION INDICATORS

4.3.1 BPL population

As per the information available from nagar panchayat, approximately 25% to 30% (i.e. 11,515

to 13,818) people in Garhwa are below poverty level. Ward wise data for the same is not

available nagar panchayat.

4.3.2 Gender ratio

Gender ratio in Garhwa has been improved from 864 in 2001 to 892 in 2011 which is below

the state gender ratio of 947. At present total population of Garhwa is constituted of 53% of

male and 47% of females. The improvement in gender ratio points up two reasons:

Male from families are migrating to other cities in search of work leaving females

behind at home.

Society is opening up to broader mind set of respecting the significance of females in

society.

4.3.3 Literacy rate

In Garhwa, the literacy rate has been improved to 80.57% as per the 2011 census which was

72.21% in 2001. Both male and female literacy rate has improved to 87.43% and 72.81 % in

2011 as compared to 81.27% male literacy and 61.54 % female literacy as per 2001 census.

The town has good number of government and private schools, but efforts need to be made

to raise literacy rate of town.

4.3.4 SC/ST population

In 2011 Garhwa population is composed of 12.46% SC population and 2.61% ST population.

In Total about 15.07% of population was in SC/ST categories. The share of SC and ST

population has increased from 18.20% and 3.45% respectively in 2001 census.

TABLE 4-6: GARHWA – SEX RATIO, SC, ST AND LITERACY RATE

Sr. No.

Name 2011 2001

Total Male Female Total Male Female

1 Population 46,059 24,342 21,717 36,686 19,686 17,000

2 Literates 31,682 18,242 13,440 21,894 13,332 8,562

3 Literacy Rate 80.57 87.43 72.81 72.21 81.27 61.54

4 Gender ratio 892 864

5 SC Population 5,740 3,079 2,661 4,856 2,650 2,206

6 ST Population 1,204 634 570 1,164 651 513

7 Share of SC 12.46% 13.24%

8 Share of ST 2.61% 3.17%

Source: Census of India 2001, 2011

Ward wise summary of the literacy rate, SC/ST population, sex ratio is provided in Table 4-7.

As per the data available from Census 2011, ward no. 16 has maximum share of ST population

i.e. 21.58% of the total ward population and ward no. 20 has maximum share for SC population

i.e. 28.42% of ward population. Literacy rate among all wards ranges between 60.22% and


Page 40 March 2016

93.96% whereas there are huge variations for sex ratio between the wards which ranges

between 711 and 946, lowest in ward no. 7 (711) and highest in ward no. 19 (946).

TABLE 4-7: WARD WISE LITERACY RATE AND SEX RATIO

Ward No.

Population in 2011

Literacy Rate in %

Sex Ratio

SC Population

Share of SC Population

ST Population

Share of ST Population

1 2,612 74.24 915 323 12.37% 3 0.11%

2 2,172 78.14 821 12 0.55% 2 0.09%

3 2,681 79.20 937 610 22.75% 0 0.00%

4 2,210 74.56 922 376 17.01% 6 0.27%

5 2,038 86.17 943 113 5.54% 12 0.59%

6 2,869 93.14 875 664 23.14% 27 0.94%

7 2,982 89.03 711 316 10.60% 173 5.80%

8 3,172 93.09 907 24 0.76% 134 4.22%

9 2,817 78.26 878 444 15.76% 7 0.25%

10 1,964 88.59 912 4 0.20% 0 0.00%

11 1,785 87.54 877 320 17.93% 0 0.00%

12 1,696 93.96 919 8 0.47% 17 1.00%

13 1,890 91.54 925 28 1.48% 0 0.00%

14 2,274 77.95 897 17 0.75% 287 12.62%

15 2,742 66.12 943 569 20.75% 75 2.74%

16 2,076 60.22 896 125 6.02% 448 21.58%

17 1,848 66.11 917 356 19.26% 2 0.11%

18 1,890 75.43 921 437 23.12% 0 0.00%

19 1,899 75.67 946 300 15.80% 0 0.00%

20 2,442 74.03 889 694 28.42% 11 0.45%

Source: Census of India 2011

4.4 ECONOMIC PROFILE

Garhwa is developing town and its economy is majorly depending on service, trade,

agricultural and its allied activities. Other driving factors of town’s economy growth are

commercial and trading activities. Town is growing as a transition town and works as a

marketing centre for the nearby villages. The main economy of the town is agriculture and

trade. The place is regularly visited by the floating population. Commercial establishments

have also come up and further growth is taking place in the town.

4.4.1 Workforce Participation Rate

As per census data 2011, analysis for working profile of the town has been done. As per 2011

census only 27.74% (12,778) of population is working, out of which 87% and 13% are male

and female respectively. Main workers population was 21.04% of total population, 6.71% were

marginal workers and 72.26% was non-working population. In 2011 census, the economic

profile of workers was defined in 4 sectors which clearly indicate that major portion of the main

workers i.e. 88.81% are engaged in various activities such as service, commercial activities

etc. followed by cultivators, agriculture labours and household industries with 4.94%, 3.37%

and 2.87% share respectively. This concludes that the town is gradually growing towards


Page 41 March 2016

commercial, service and construction sector and dependency on agricultural activities is

reducing.

TABLE 4-8: WORK FORCE PARTICIPATION DETAILS, GARHWA

Category Number of Person %

Main workers

Cultivators 479 4.94%

Agricultural Labours 327 3.37%

HH industries 278 2.87%

Other services 8,605 88.81%

Sub Total Main Workers 9,689 21.04%

Marginal Workers 3089 6.71%

Total Workers 12,778 27.74%

Non Workers 33,281 72.26%

Grand Total Population 46,059 100.00%


FIGURE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT CATEGORIES - GARHWA

4.4.2 Economic base of the town

This section deals with the key sectors that drive Garhwa town economy. With a preliminary

assessment of town’s economy and detailed discussion with NP officials, following factors can

be characterized as key economic drivers and there are no medium and large scale industry

present as of now. Basic pillars for the economic drive are agriculture. The land is quite fertile

here and farmers have adequate source of water supply throughout the year through river

Danro. The farmers employ rotation of crops and their major income depends on rice and

wheat.

Marginal working

7%

Non working72%

Cultivators1%

Agriculture1%

HH Industries0%

Other Workers

19%

Main Workers…


Page 42 March 2016

Agriculture and Forest Product

The existing land use pattern of Garhwa reveals that a certain portion of the total area of the

NP area still coming under agricultural. As per the information received from the GNP, almost

25 - 30% of the land area is under agriculture. Agricultural activities and forest produce is the

major source of income for the residents of Garhwa. The farmers mainly sale paddy,

vegetables, pulses and produces based on forest products. Agriculture is predominant in the

northern, eastern and south-eastern of the town along the entire coast of river Danro.

Industries

As per information gathered from the NP officials, the town does not have any major industrial

activity currently.

Trade and Commercial Activities

Commercial activities are all along the major roads i.e. along Sisai - Garhwa Road (bazaar

tard and Garhwa bazaar). Garhwa Main Road are the major commercial center of the town

accommodating all kind of shops, local and whole sale market. Apart, there is a daily market

Uchri market at ward 3, Sahijna more bazar at ward 8 & 9, Chowdharana market at ward 13

and weekly market situated are in the ward 2 & 3. One shopping complex named B P Plaza

at ward 3 is also available in the town Commercial activity comprises of retail shops, stationary

shops, motor repair shops, computer training centers, furniture shops etc.

Sabji mandi B P Plaza Shopping Complex

Nagar Panchayat Market Bazar Samity at ward no 2


Page 43 March 2016

Main Market Area

Agricultural Land within Town Area


Page 44 March 2016

MAP 4-1: MAP SHOWING INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL AREA IN GARHWA

Source: SENES Field visit and Stakeholder Consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 45 March 2016


Page 50 March 2016

4.5 SOCIAL PROFILE OF THE TOWN

4.5.1 Education

Garhwa has numbers of educational institutes and colleges to support the existing population.

Garhwa has 4 -5 nursery, 6 private schools and 21 government schools categorized into senior

secondary schools, higher secondary school and middle schools. Some of the famous schools

in the town are Govind High School, Wheel View Public School, Shanti Niwas Bidyalaya,

D.A.V. Public School, South Point School, C. P. Memorial High School and R.K. Pvt. School.

There are no degree as well as technical training institute available in Garhwa. Apart, there

are 22 anganwari center within the Nagar Panchayat area.

4.6 HEALTH

There are few hospitals, private clinics and dispensaries in Garhwa to support the population.

Some of the key hospitals are Sadar Hospital in ward no. 3, Saraswatya Nursing Home in

ward no. 9, Tandwa Nursing Home in ward no. 19 and Dr. Yasin Ansari Nursing Home in ward

no. 7. Apart, there are some private clinics, government community health center, primary

health center and sub health centers within the town.

4.7 PUBLIC PLACES/RECREATIONAL FACILITIES

The town lacks in public and recreational spaces. The citizens of the town and the general

public visiting the town are primarily find pleasure by taking part in different recreational

facilities. Some of the public and recreational places in Garhwa, one small stadium at ward 4

and Town Hall are located in ward no. 6, two park (ward no. 6 & 8). Others are Cinema Hall

and one Central Library are in Garhwa town. There are three numbers marriage hall, which

are maintained by private party.

Cinema Hall Town Hall


Page 50 March 2016

Nilambar Sitamar Park at Ward No. 6 Pond at Ward No. 9

Nursing Home Middle School

Sadar Hospital Stadium in ward o. 4

4.8 SLUM PROFILE

4.8.1 Current Status of Slums

Garhwa Nagar Panchayat doesn’t have any notified slum area, Although, there are 16 slum

like areas in Garhwa with total population about 8,658 located in ward number 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9,

11, 15, 17, 18, 19 and 20. As informed by GNP, average house hold size of the slum area is

5 - 8. All the slum like areas houses are kutcha and made of thatched roof and mud wall.

Infrastructure conditions for physical and social services in the slum areas is very poor. At


Page 50 March 2016

present there is no slum like rehabilitation scheme available in Garhwa. Ground water is one

of the source for water supply in the slums. Individual or community toilets are not available in

the HHs resulting in open defecation. Waste collection system is also absent from these areas

as all the waste generated is thrown in open areas. List of ward wise number of slum

households and names is provided in the table below.

TABLE 4-9: WARD WISE SLUM DETAILS

Sl. No.

Ward No.

Name of the Slum Ward

Population Slum

Population No. of Slum Household

Share of Slum Population (%)

1 1 Majhiaon Road 2,612 490 88 18.76

2 2 Sonepurwa 2,172 530 97 24.40

3 3 Miskar Mahalla 2,210 625 115 28.28

4 4 Paswan Tola 2,038 510 95 25.02

5 6 Dhobi Mahalla 2,982 480 88 16.10

6 9 Bhunia Tola 1,964 520 95 26.48

7 11 Chamartoli 1,785 485 110 27.17

8

15

Dom Toli

2,742

720 135 26.26

9 Sonepurwa 490 95 17.87

10 Maharam Tola 524 92 19.11

11 17 Koiri Mahalla 1,848 605 125 32.74

12 18

Chamartuli 1,890

735 155 38.89

13 Dom Mahalla 426 82 22.54

14 19 Tandwa 1,899 550 110 28.96

15 20

Mahato Mahalla 2,442

530 112 21.70

16 Bhagalpur Mahalla 438 87 17.94

Total 8,658 1,681

Source: Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 50 March 2016

Slums in Garhwa

4.8.2 Growth of Slums

Garhwa NP is characterized by a very significant presence of the urban poor, with growing

challenges of maintain day to day livelihood. Slum like settlements have multiplied over years

and the living conditions of the poor have not improved much. Inadequate basic services and

infrastructure hit poor the hardest. Slums are scattered across the town in different wards

as shown in


Page 50 March 2016

. It is estimated that many slums are located on private lands without access to basic services.

The poor, not only habitat the slums of the town but are spread in squatters and informal

settlements in small groups of colonies in most of the wards in the town. Between the year

2008 and 2015 there has been no growth records with the NP, although at present about

18.8% total slum population within the town area.

4.8.3 Location of Slums

Most slum dwellers located in all wards of the nagar panchayat area along the bank of River

Danro and heart of the town area. More than 80% of the slums are on private land. Rest of

the slums are situated on Govt. land.

4.9 SCHEMES FOR SLUM IMPROVEMENT

As of now, no scheme for slum improvement programme is available in GNP. Slum survey

report has been prepared under IHSDP scheme was conducted in 2013 by Garhwa Nagar

Panchayat with support of a private consultant; however, no data is available with NP.

Currently Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) has been launched in Jharkhand for

construction of houses for urban poor including slum dwellers, but in Garhwa town, there is

no such type of schemes under implementation.


Page 51 March 2016

MAP 4-2: LOCATION OF SLUMS

Source: SENES Field visit and stakeholder consultation in August and September, 2015


Page 52 March 2016

4.10 HEALTH INDICATORS

As per the WHO report, 80 % of the diseases in human beings are water-borne and water-

related. It is mainly due to water pollution or water contamination and water logging. The

indiscriminate disposal of human excreta or sewage from habitations may contain hazardous

micro-organisms (pathogens) for water pollution and harbouring vectors which act as carriers

of pathogens.

The names of diseases mentioned in Table below might appear to be conventional which

occur in many parts of the country. The occurrence of such diseases depends upon various

factors relating to illiteracy, personal hygiene, standard of living, malnutrition, adulteration of

food items, lack of community awareness among all stakeholders and other factors related to

environmental pollution. The Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years (DALY) is a measure of overall

disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill health, disability or early

death.

Burden of water related diseases in India, 1990

Source: World Bank, 1993

There is no doubt that these factors play an important role in the occurrence of diseases but

unsafe disposal of untreated or partially treated sewage plays a vital role in aggravating the

chances of occurrence of these communicable diseases.

According to CPHEEO, reduction in morbidity from better water supply and sanitation including

safe disposal of municipal solid waste is estimated to be 26 % for diarrhoea, 27 % for

trachoma, 29 % for ascaris, 77 % for schistosomiasis and 78 % for dracunculiasis. Mean

reduction in diarrhoea-specific mortality can be 65 %, while overall child mortality can be

reduced by 55 %.

Few of the health indicators that were assessed by the Annual Health Survey (AHS) 2012-13,

have been examined in the published ‘Human Development Report with reference to various

districts of the state. These health indicators and a few other malnutrition indicators for the

districts have been presented below:


Page 53 March 2016

o Jharkhand has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) among the nine states covered

by the AHS 2012-13. In Jharkhand, Garhwa has IMR at 40 (Jharkhand 41). While the

Neo-natal Mortality Rate (NNMR) is 24, the post NNMR is 16.

o Jharkhand accounts for the second lowest Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) among

the nine AHS states. Garhwa has U5MR of 55 which is lower than the state number of

59. 55 children dying before reaching their fifth birthday per 1000 live births (53 among

the males and 56 among the females).

The values of some of the health indicators released by the Annual Health Survey, 2012-13

and few malnutrition indicators for all the districts of the state present the unhealthy state of

all such districts. This un-healthiness is supplemented by the huge shortage of health care

infrastructure in the district.

The aforesaid report has however, indicated that availability of safe drinking water and

sanitation facilities to the people, especially those living in remote areas, would prevent them

from most of the diseases that these people contract. Most of the common diseases the

residents of this district suffer from are directly or indirectly related to use of unsafe water for

drinking and even for cleaning.


Page 54 March 2016

5.0 WATER SUPPLY

5.1 EXISTING STATUS

Water supply in GNP is primarily being serviced by two sources, both ground water and

surface water supply. Presently the pipe water supply scheme from river Danro source exists

for Garhwa town which is inadequate to cater the demand. In the fringe areas of the town,

water from the tube wells is also used for drinking purpose. River Danro, major tributary of

River North Koel is the major water body from GNP flowing in the north eastern side of the

town. The present water supply system consists of a conventional WTP of 2 MLD (which is

fed by river Danro) and 17.5 MLD capacity (proposed new one which is fed by river North

Koel). As per demand estimation of this zone, these WTPs would be able to cater to the

demand as required. The raw water is transmitted through a 200 mm. dia CI pipe (old one)

and 450 mm DI K-9 (proposed new one) from intake chamber to WTPs.

5.1.1 Water Source, Treatment and Storage

Ground Water: Hand pumps have been installed by Garhwa Nagar Panchayat at various

places of the town to meet the demand, by tapping and supplying the ground water.

Information collected during the stakeholder consultations indicate that there are 750 - 800

hand pumps in the town. Most of the hand pumps are installed near the slum areas and the

areas which lacks piped water supply. As per the information from nagar panchayat, ground

water table of Garhwa has gone down in the last few years and iron content in the water is

also very high.

Surface Water: A scheme was commissioned for piped water supply in the year 1967 almost

45 years ago. Under the scheme, an infiltration well was constructed in river Danro about 100

m downstream of the existing infiltration well along with temporary sump chamber and

pumping system. In addition to that, another scheme was commissioned in the year 1977 and

1987 from river Danro as a source. Currently the total supply of water is 2 MLD for the

population of 46,059 of Garhwa town. There is not sufficient yield from the infiltration well to

cope up the present requirement of the town. At that time, the system was designed for the

mainly market area and old town. As the piped water system is very old, losses are more that

20% and per capita supply is about 80 lpcd. Total 35 - 40 numbers of Public stand Post (PSP)

are available in Garhwa for market area, slum dwellers and urban poor as informed by the NP.

During the summer season tankers are also used for water distribution to general public on

request only. Whereas, water tankers are also sent to slum areas without any charges, if there

is deficiency of water supply or on demand of the public. In summer season, NP hires more

than 50 nos. of water tanker from outside of the NP area for supplying the water to the

residents particularly for slum areas. Map 5-1 indicate the present location of Intake point and

Water Treatment Plant within the town area.


Page 55 March 2016

OHT in Ward No.8 Tube Well

Intake Well with River Danro Clariflocculator

Source: SENES field visit in August and September, 2015

5.1.2 Transmission and Distribution

The transmission mains carry water from the source to the water treatment plant and

subsequently to the reservoirs. For convenience the distribution network the NP having a

reservoir and from that reservoir water will be pumped to distribution system by the existing

pipeline network. The total storage capacity available within the municipal limits is 80, 000

gallon ( 0.3 MLD).

The present storage capacity is inadequate for the quantity of water supply available for

providing as well as planning for continuous water supply. The total length of the distribution

system is 13.60 km, comprising of pipes with diameter ranging from 80 mm to 300 mm of CI

pipe.

Category wise water supply sources available for households data is presented in Table 5-1

based on census of India 2011. The table suggest that 17.6% of the households in Garhwa

are getting water from treated piped water supply source followed by uncovered well, tap water

from untreated source, hand pumps with share of 6.7%, 3.0% and 23.7 % respectively, but as

per NP officials at present, the total coverage of piped water supply more than 20% of the

households within the NP area.


Page 56 March 2016

TABLE 5-1: MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER

Town / Ward

Tap water from

treated source

Tap water from un-

treated source

Covered well

Un-covered

well

Hand pump

Tube well/

Borehole Spring

River/ Canal

Tank/ Pond/ Lake

Other sources

Garhwa 17.6 3 2.5 6.7 44.7 23.7 0 0.5 0.1 1.2

Ward 1 24.6 1 1.4 13.4 46.4 13.2 0 0 0 0

Ward 2 36 4.4 0 1.8 52.9 5 0 0 0 0

Ward 3 21.5 2.8 3.3 4.3 49.2 17.7 0 0.4 0.8 0

Ward 4 48 4.4 1.5 0 40.5 5 0 0.4 0 0.2

Ward 5 2.4 1 0.7 1 40 46.5 0 8.2 0 0.2

Ward 6 0.2 0.2 0 1 48.3 47.1 0 0 0 3.1

Ward 7 51.5 0.4 0 0.8 12.5 34.7 0 0 0 0.2

Ward 8 11.4 0.2 0.2 1.4 25.8 60.9 0 0 0 0.2

Ward 9 2 0.8 3.3 2.5 69.9 21.4 0 0 0 0

Ward 10 30.7 0.9 0.6 0.6 26 32.8 0 0 0 8.4

Ward 11 7 10 0 0 54 29 0 0 0 0

Ward 12 3 10.3 0.9 1.5 31.2 51.2 0 0.3 0 1.5

Ward 13 47.2 0.3 1.6 5.3 16.8 19.3 0 0 0 9.6

Ward 14 1.6 0.2 25.1 21.3 18 28.8 0 0 0 4.9

Ward 15 6.9 1.2 1.5 18.1 70.7 1.5 0 0 0 0

Ward 16 0.6 4.1 2.9 20.9 65.5 5.3 0.3 0 0.3 0

Ward 17 19 1.1 0 20.7 57.2 1.1 0 0.6 0.3 0

Ward 18 22.5 0.3 2.8 0.3 61.9 12.2 0 0 0 0

Ward 19 11.7 3.1 0 6.6 67.7 10.9 0 0 0 0

Ward 20 14 16.9 3.1 14.2 43.1 7.4 0 1 0.2 0

Source: census India 2011

Note: All data provided in the table are in percentage


Page 57 March 2016

MAP 5-1: MAP SOWING EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE IN GARHWA

Source: SENES filed visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 58 March 2016

5.1.3 Service Level

Coverage and connections: As per the information gathered from NP officials, at present

total 1,025 number of household pipe connections are there in GNP.

Per Capita Water Supply: Current supply is 80 lpcd of water as per the information gathered

from GNP during field visit in August and September, 2015. The final per capita supply is

calculated after deducting 15% of non-revenue water.

Supply Hours: Water is supplied only for 1 hour in the morning and 1 hour in the evening as

information gathered from NP during field visit in August and September, 2015 .

Metering: At present there is no metering system of water connection in GNP.

Non-Revenue Water: Non-Revenue water (NRW) due to commercial losses and physical

losses in the system, leads to loss of revenue. Non-revenue water accounts the supply of

water for slum areas through the tankers, stand posts, for public purposes like fire and

horticulture, leakages in the distribution network and some illegal tap connection. Out of total

2.0 MLD from the source, average water losses during the transmission and distribution are

more than 15 % in Garhwa as information gathered from DW&SD.

Water Quality: The quality of water for drinking purposes is an important aspect in the

provision of this service. It is observed that the raw water, which is carried by pumping mains

from the source, is quite suitable for domestic as well as commercial and other needs. But due

to some illegal extractions, leakages in the pipelines, solid waste disposal near distribution

and other liquid wastes are causing serious effects to the people.

As informed by GNP and DW&SD officials, disinfection of potable water is being carried out

by using of bleaching powder having chlorine compounds to destroy pathogenic bacteria,

amoebic cysts, viruses, algae particularly during the rainy season only. No laboratory report

regarding the quality of supplied water could be obtained from DW&SD.

Complaint redressal system: Water supply complaint redressal system is available at water

treatment plant. People can file their complaints through phone calls and letters. Within a

period of 2-3 days NP tries to address the complaint. Complaint redressal efficiency is only

35% as against the standard of 80%.

5.1.4 Service Level Benchmarks

The Service Level Benchmarks (SLB) established by the Ministry of Urban Development,

Government of India, for the sector of Water Supply attempts to compare the service levels

against the nine (9) key parameters as indicated in the table . The table demonstrates the

desired level of service in the water supply sector against the nine (9) key parameters vis. a

vis. the existing level of service.

TABLE 5-2: SLB STATUS FOR WATER SUPPLY

Sl. No. Water Supply Indicators Benchmarks GNP Status

1 Coverage of water supply 100% 20%

2 Per capita supply of water 135 lpcd 80 lpcd

3 Extent of metering of water connection 100% 0%

4 Extent of non-revenue water 20% 15%


Page 59 March 2016

Sl. No. Water Supply Indicators Benchmarks GNP Status

5 Continuity of water supply 24 hours 2 hours

6 Quality of water supplied 100% NA

7 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

80% 35%

8 Cost recovery in water supply services 100% NA

9 Efficiency in collection of water related charges

90% 40%

Source: SLB, MoUD and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015

5.1.5 Water Availability in Slums

Ground water (hand pumps) is the primary source for water supply in the slums. In some

places public stand posts has been installed to supply the surface water. No individual pipe

connection to the slum households is there. In some places wells are also used as water

source, however, the quality of water is not reliable for drinking purpose. In some cases water

is supplied through tankers by GNP free of charges during summer on request by the

community.

Water Tanker Hand Pump in Slum Area

5.1.6 Water Charges and Cost Recovery

New water connection charges in Garhwa are Rs. 90 for all the category of population.

Revised rates as per the state government circular are not applied in Garhwa as of now.

Monthly water user charges are only Rs. 10 per households. These water charges are being

collected by GNP. There is plan to revised monthly charges to Rs.135 from the current rate of

Rs.10. Average user charges collection in the town is 40% of the total bill raised. For any water

supply scheme, the pricing structure should be such that 100 percent cost recovery should be

ensured with a minimum burden on the poor.

Factors such as capacity to pay, benefits derived and proportionate cost of the service

has to be considered.

The rate must be enough to fetch the necessary revenue and at the same time not so

excessive as to discourage consumers from making use of water or opting for

alternative sources, which ultimately affect the pricing.


Page 60 March 2016

Pricing system should be quite attractive; otherwise beneficiaries will explore the

possibilities of alternative arrangements.

Non-domestic users such as industries and institutions could be utilized for the purpose

of cross-subsidizing the weaker sections.

While fixing the price structure, year wise fixed and variable cost should be taken into

account government subsidies if any.

Water tariff should be designed after taking into account all the policy scenarios,

whether only O&M costs are to be recovered or debt and interest are also to be

realized.

The summary of water supply system in Garhwa as shown in Table 5-3.

TABLE 5-3: SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN GARHWA

Components Status / Remark

Water supply source Ground water – Bore well, tube well

Surface water – River Danro

Ground water table levels 7.0 – 9 m pre monsoon

5 – 7 m post monsoon

Quantity of water supplied 2.0 MLD

LPCD At present less than 80 lpcd

Treatment Water treatment plant is located at ward no. 9

Water storage 1 Over Head Tank

Transmission and Distribution Via CI pipelines, from WTP – OHT - HHs

Number of water connections 1,025 Nos

Water charges New Connection – Rs. 90

User Charges – Rs. 10

Water supply duration 1 hour morning and 1 hour evening

Complaint redressal system Available, generally complaints are addressed within 1-2 days

Organisation DW&SD and GNP

New water supply schemes Yes, construction work is under process

Source: CGWR, MoWR, Govt. of India, DW & SD, Govt. of Jharkhand and Garhwa Nagar Panchayat

5.2 SWOT ANALYSIS

The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues

and opportunities facing a sector. SWOT Analysis is the foundation for evaluating the internal

potential and limitations and the likely opportunities and threats from the external environment.

It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the sector that affect the success.

A consistent study of the environment in which the sector operates helps in

forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including them in the decision-

making process.

Strength Weakness

Declared State Water Policy of Jharkhand Town does not have comprehensive water supply system as on today


Page 61 March 2016

No shortage of water, dependable source of water is available from the perennial river Danro

Implementation of newly sanctioned project to upgrade the water supply system in Garhwa

No coverage with metered connection.

More than 80% of population is not connected with piped water supply network.

Poor maintenance of water sources and infrastructure

Intermittent water supply for a duration of about 1-2 hours

Lack of awareness regarding water conservation among the citizens.

Opportunity Threats

Metering will allow charging for water consumed and will also help for water audit and to increase revenue.

Reliability on metered water supply to ensure that bills raised are commensurate with the amount of water consumed.

Improving water quality and resulted reduction in occurrence of water borne diseases

Rehabilitation of the existing pipe lines

Constant vigilance to control illegal connections

IEC campaign to overcome illegal connections from rising main and usage of untreated water leading to contamination

IEC to bring forth change in the mind-set to go for Individual metered connections

Noticeable quantity of NRW

Lack of interest for willingness to pay

Tariff revision may face opposition from the citizen after provision of supply through pipe

Poor service in some areas

Pollution concerns in the water sources in the context of rapid urbanization and lack of sewerage systems

Contamination of ground water and surface water due to discharge of waste water into open drains / open fields.

Lack of awareness to establish willingness to pay

Shortage of technical man power and fund both at ULB & State level for the Water Supply scheme of GNP

Shortage of fund / less revenue generation for sustainable O&M.

5.3 KEY ISSUES

As per the data analysis (both primary & secondary) and stakeholders’ consultations at several

time, SENES has identified following issues pertaining to water supply system in GNP, which

need to be addressed by DW&SD and GNP to make the water supply system self-sufficient

and sustainable:

Less number of water connections: As informed by the DW & SD and NP, the

growth rate in number of connections has been very slow in GNP area. People are not

ready to take up take up the connections as they get water from public stand posts and

hand pumps.

Inadequate service delivery: Although Garhwa does not have an intrinsic water

resource constraint, water supply is intermittent and restricted to a 1-2 hours a day and

quality of water inconsistent, imposing high coping costs on consumers and increasing

health risks as household distribution systems often involve DK-7 pipes that have been

laid across drains to save cost. It has observed during field visit, leakages are high,

which affects service delivery negatively and deprives the water agencies of revenue.

Though few slums have access to water but they depend upon stand posts but the

number of beneficiaries per stand post is very less, which is need to be increased.

Connection charges: Garhwa Nagar Panchayat has not yet initiated collection of

revised water charges for new connections as per the notification of state government


Page 62 March 2016

in April, 2015. Still water charges at the pre-revised rate are being paid by the

consumers, which hampers the O&M of the water supply infrastructure.

Manpower: There is shortage of permanent man power and technical staff within DW

& SD. Most of the O&M staff are on daily rated basis. Lack of manpower is a huge

constraint in the management of water supply infrastructure.

Funds shortage: Shortage of funds is another major issue in O&M. The user charges

are being collected by GNP only and no fund is being transferred to DW & SD.

Willingness to pay: There is lack in awareness amongst the people and often are not

willing to pay user charges for water supply. Due to less collection of water charges,

O&M process gets hampered. Currently, only 40% of the user charges are being

collected during the FY 15-16.

Billing and collection: Billing and collection is manual, and information related to the

collection efficiency of the water charges and cost recovery is not made available as

water supply to GNP is undertaken by the state DW & SD. The GNP is covered under

the local water supply scheme and thus it is difficult to assess the separate operation

and maintenance cost and the amount of tax collected for the GNP area.

Illegal connection: Tendency of making illegal connections from rising main is very

severe in the town. This reduces the required water pressure in rising main and thereby

reduces the quantum of water supply.

No Metering in current system: Currently there is no metering in the water supply

system in GNP resulting into huge wastage by consumers. Unaccounted for Water is

reported / observed as 15%. This has an adverse implication on revenue collection for

water supply by the GNP.

Frequency of water supply: Water supply duration in GNP is only 1-2 hours a day

distributed in morning and evening hours. Less duration of water supply results in to

dissatisfaction amongst the consumer, which is the main cause for lack in people

commitment for getting new connections, water theft, less revenue generation etc.

Intermittent supply of water is also resulting to pipe bursting due to frequent water

hammer. The intermittent water supply is also resulting to contamination of water due

to development of negative pressure followed by suction of pollutants inside the pipes

through linkages and ill maintained stand posts during non-supply hours.

Low water pressure at various places: Problem of low water pressure has been

observed at many places in GNP and most of the complaints are generally being

registered by the consumers for this purpose. Other, reasons of low water pressure is

leakage in pipelines at various places and illegal connections from rising main.

Water quality testing, monitoring and surveillance system: At present there is no

integrated system for water quality testing, surveillance and monitoring system with

required infrastructure (Software and hardware support). With growing demand to

ensure consistent water quality, providing an integrated system is very much essential.


Page 63 March 2016

5.4 ONGOING SCHEMES AND PROPOSED PROJECTS

Construction of new WTP work under Sahri Jallapurti Yojna scheme is ongoing in Garhwa.

Under the new scheme construction of WTP, distribution network comprises of entire NP area

with 4 new OHT with the existing OTH.

The existing supply has been augmented. The proposed Water Treatment Plant has been

constructed under Sahri Jallapurti Yojna in 2012 for supplying safe, reliable water to the people

living within the NP area. The proposed water supply system networks consists of a

conventional WTP of 17.50 MLD capacity located at Sonpurwa in ward no. 16 to meet the

demand of populations for 2041 (considering all losses). The raw water intake well and

pumping main has constructed at Belchampa village across River North Koel which is about

10 km from the GNP. The estimated cost for this proposal is Rs 36.86 crores. The water from

this WTP will be then pumped to propose MBR and water will be supplied by gravity to existing

OHT in the DW&SD campus (old one) and proposed four nos. of OHTs. All the OHT are

proposed to be filled by pumping main. Currently water supply infrastructure is being

constructed to covering all the wards in Garhwa and new OHT are being constructed at four

different places.

The proposed scheme as follows –

Intake Arrangement

The intake arrangement is located on the left bank of the River North Koel just before the

junction of Koel and Danro. It consist of following sub works

a) Infiltration Well – It is proposed to construct RCC intake well of dia. 5 m and depth 8 m

each

b) Connecting pipe – It is proposed to lay one 700 mm dia. RCC slotted connecting having

length 100 m and laid at 1:100 slope each from either well.

c) Jack Well and Pump House - It is proposed to construct 8 m dia. RCC Jack well and

overhead pump house at left bank junction of Koel river

o Raw Water Pumping Machinery

o Raw Water Pumping Machinery is proposed to be installed in the pump house

above the Jack well.

Raw Water Rising Main

Raw Water Rising Main has been proposed from Jack well to WTP near railway station in

Garhwa town. It consist of 450 mm dia. DI K-9 pipeline having length 10.05 km

Water Treatment Plant

Water Treatment Plant will have following units-

a) Aeration Fountain

b) Flume Channel

c) Flash Mixture

d) Clariflocculator


Page 64 March 2016

e) Rapid Sand Filter

f) Chemical House

Sump and Pump House

The treated water is proposed to store in sump and pump house near WTP by gravity.

Pure Water Pumping Machinery

It is proposed to pump water to Master Balancing ESR proposed to be constructed near

100 m away from pure water sump and pump house

Pure water rising main from WTP to elevated MBR

Pure water rising main is proposed from pure water sump and pump house of capacity 5,

00,000 L near WTP to elevated MBR

Pure water Gravity network system

Water through the MBR is proposed to be distributed to all the ESRs by DI K-7 pipe gravity

network

Distribution System

It is proposed to lay the new distribution line in the town, as existing lines are very old and

totally unserviceable. The total distribution system will consist of DI K-7 pipes. The

diameters will be vary from 450 mm dia. to 100 mm dia.

5.5 DEMAND PROJECTIONS

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 liter per capita per

day including 15% of NRW, gross demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 13.97

MLD. From 2015 to 2045 water demand after every five year has been given in Table 5-4. It

is observed that the capacity of water treatment plant i.e. 17.5 MLD is sufficient to meet the

demand of 2045 population.

TABLE 5-4: WATER SUPPLY PROJECTIONS TILL THE YEAR 2045

Year Population Per capita water

supply Water demand in

MLD Water demand

including 15% NRW

20151 50,263 80 4.02 4.62

20202 55,543 135 7.50 8.62

2025 61,278 135 8.27 9.51

2030 67,521 135 9.12 10.48

2035 74,335 135 10.04 11.54

2040 81,791 135 11.04 12.70

2045 89,970 135 12.15 13.97

Source: SENES Projections based on CPHEEO Manual

Note: 1 Assumption being 80 lpcd, as there is intermittent water supply 2 Assumption being 135 lpcd, considering that piped water supply will be start by 2020


Page 65 March 2016

5.6 VISION AND GOALS

Vision:

Goals: To achieve the targets and translate the vision into reality, certain goals have been

marked as per water supply service level benchmarks. These goals are bifurcated within 10

years of time frame in three phases, i.e. short term goals till three year, medium term till five

years and long term till ten years.

TABLE 5-5: GOALS FOR WATER SUPPLY

Parameters Unit Benchmarks Baseline Short term 5 years

Medium term 10 years

Long term 30 years

Coverage of water supply

% 100 20% √

Per capita supply of water

lpcd 135 80 √

Extent of metering of water connection

% 100 0 √

Extent of non-revenue water

% 15 15% √

Continuity of water supply

Hrs 24 2 hrs √

Quality of water supplied

% 100 NA √

Efficiency in redressal complaints

% 80 NA √ √

Cost recovery in water supply services

% 100 NA √

Efficiency in collection of water related charges

% 90 40% of

the raising bill

√


“Equitable distribution of quality water to all the HHs with minimisation of T&D losses”


Page 66 March 2016

6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

6.1 EXISTING SCENARIO

In Garhwa, the storm water drainage system consists of natural drainage system / Nallah and

major drains of the town. There are roadside open drains either pucca or kutcha. Topography

of the land in planning area of Garhwa is flat in character except some elevated/low lying lands

within the town. The general slope of land towards south eastern side. In Garhwa the storm

water drainage system consists of natural drains and tertiary drains. Open drains or closed

drain are running all along the major roads. The town has undulating topography with major

part sloping towards Saraswatia Nallah. There is no separate collection system for sewage

and storm water. The drains in the NP area, which were constructed during different periods

are not lined in all stretches and generally have irregular shape/section. Further, being mostly

open, they are heavily silted and extremely inadequate. The drains also passes through the

thickly populated and congested localities and encroached by permanent and semi-permanent

structures/buildings, which significantly affected the carrying capacity of the drains. Drainage

coverage in the town is very low; most of the areas suffer from water logging during rainy

season. In some areas, outfall points are not well defined.

Drain in NP area Saraswatia Nallah

During the field investigation, the study team found that most of the drains in the town were

blocked by garbage and waste materials. Inadequate maintenance of existing natural and

man-made drains due to lack of comprehensive and planned maintenance program,

equipment’s, adequate budget, staffing, proper monitoring program and institutional set up to

effectively operate and maintain the drainage network. Therefore in the rainy seasons, these

drains are unable to drain out the rainwater and the rainwater accumulates in the adjacent

areas and creating waterlogging situation;

Some rainwater is also drained though small drains towards south-west direction of the

relatively plain plateau on which the town is situated. Some low lying localities face the

problem of waterlogging during rainy season. Table 6-1 provide ward wise detail of drains in

Garhwa.


Page 67 March 2016

TABLE 6-1: WARD WISE DRAINS AND OUTFALL POINTS

Ward number Drainage system

Ward number 1 All the storm water goes to Tiloya nallah

Ward number 2 Storm water and underground water is directly discharged into Tiloya nallah through a major natural drain

Ward number 3 and 4

Water from these wards directly discharged into Swarasatia nallah through a constructed drain/kutcha drain

Ward number 5, 6 and 7

Secondary drain is constructed in those wards which carries all the storm water to the Swarasatia nallah through market area or accumulated in open vacant land.

Ward number 8 A drain is constructed in the ward which carries all the storm water to the river Danro directly or accumulated in open vacant land.

Ward number 10 and 13

Most of the water drain out and the accumulated in open vacant land, also some of the drain meets directly with Swarasatia nallah.

Ward 11 and 12 Water from these wards directly discharged into Swarasatia nallah through a natural drain

Ward number 14, 15 and16

Due to poor drainage system most of the storm water drains out in open vacant land or ponds, also some of the drain meets directly with river Danro


Poor drainage condition resulting into discharge of storm water into open vacant fields or directly discharged to river Danro.

Ward number 18 Secondary drain/ kutcha drain are constructed in those wards which carries all the storm water to the river Danro or accumulated in open vacant land.

Ward number 20 Most of the water drain out and the accumulated in open vacant land, also some of the drain meets directly with river Danro

Source: Stakeholder consultation during field visit in August & September, 2015

Water logging is a major issues in the town, during the monsoon season; low lying areas get

water logged. Many of the vacant plots and pits also gets filled with water and become

breeding grounds of the mosquitoes. There is no water draining pump available with GNP.

Water Logged Drains Choked by Garbage


Page 68 March 2016

Saraswatia Nallah Stagnant Water

MAP 6-1: MAP SOWING DRAINS MEETING RIVER DANRO AND NORTH KOEL

Source: Drainage channels taken from Survey of India topographical sheets marked on satellite image

6.2 STORM WATER DRAINAGE NETWORK IN SLUMS

Surface drainage forms an important aspect in the context of Garhwa town since improper

design or blockage to the natural drainage pattern can result in water logging and unhygienic

conditions in some part of the town. Many of the slums lack in proper storm water drainage

system. Only road side open drains are available in some of the slum pockets, which are

carrying both waste water and storm water. Mostly these drains find their way in open land

and agriculture fields, in absence of any linkage with the major drains.


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Drain Condition in Slum Area

6.3 WATER LOGGING AND FLOODING

Due to undulating topography, water logging is not a major issue in Garhwa. However, during

rainy season some part of the NP area are water logged during heavy downpour. Absence of

proper drainage facility in some of the wards e.g. ward number 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14 and 16,

causes water logging situation in open pits, vacant land parcels and overflowing of ponds. In

these wards all the storm water drains into the ponds. There is a need to undertake a

comprehensive study of current storm water drainage system and improve the storm water

system in a scientific manner. However, absence of proper drainage facility in few of the wards

e.g. ward number 4, 6, 14 and 16, causes water logging situation in open pits, vacant land

parcels and overflowing of ponds. In these wards all the storm water drains are into the ponds

or stagnant in low lying areas.

Water Logged Area

6.4 SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

Water logging water is not a major issues in the town, especially during the monsoon season

when heavy down pour occurred, the low lying areas get water logged. Some of the vacant

plots and gets filled with water and become breeding grounds of the mosquitoes. There is no


Page 70 March 2016

water draining pump available with GNP. As discussed with the officials from nagar panchayat,

there are 8 major water logging points in Garhwa located in ward number 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14

and 16. Service level benchmark and its status with respect to the town is shown in Table 6-2

TABLE 6-2: SLB STATUS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Sl. No. Drainage System Benchmarks GNP Status

1 Coverage of storm water drainage network 100% NA

2 Incidents of water logging/flooding 0 8

3 Proportion of roads with pucca drains 100% NA


6.5 ONGOING SCHEMES AND PROPOSED INITIATIVES

As of now, there is no scheme or work for storm water drainage is under execution. One

detailed project report for Storm Water Drainage and Sewerage is planned for preparation by

the ULB.

6.6 SWOT ANALYSIS

The. Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis is necessary to get the

complete picture of the town and forms the basis for formulation of vision. The analysis helps

to get the clear picture of the existing situation as well as possible scenarios and potentials for

the development of the town.

Strength Weakness

Undulating topography of the town to provide easy passage to storm water in drains and nallas / river

Topography allows several parts to be drained off within reasonable time period

State water policy for Jharkhand state is available

Absence of storm water drainage network in the slums

Black and gray water not treated

Household and commercial waste directly lead to open drains and nallas

Dumping of solid waste / plastic waste /garbage in storm water drains / tertiary drains- leading to clogging of drains

Absence of linkages between secondary and primary drains

Encroachments on the banks of natural drains

Water logging in several areas / pockets in the town

Opportunity Threats

Prevention of dumping of solid waste, discharge of sewage from households and related issues.

IEC campaign against throwing garbage in storm water drains

Financial resource generation from storm water management

Opportunity to utilize natural drains as recreation spots

All nallas/drains discharging in water bodies

Stagnated water bodies are major source of pollution and health hazard

Untreated sewage running through the open drains and disposed to either Tiloya or Swarasatia nallah and ultimately to river Danro

Removal of encroachment from storm water drain and construction of Storm water


Page 71 March 2016

drainage network in narrow streets of the town is challenge

Huge investment required for development of key storm water drains

6.7 KEY ISSUES

No reuse and recycling of storm water: At present there is no reuse and recycling

of waste water is happening in Garhwa NP.

Absence of proper storm water drainage network: In the existing situation GNP

lacks in proper and efficient storm water drainage system in the town.

Lack of periodic maintenance: Lack of periodic maintenance of drainage causes

choking of drains and water-logging. Carrying capacity of the existing canals/drains

has decreased due to heavy silt deposition, discharge of solid wastes in the

canals/drains and growth of vegetation in the canals/drains.

Uncontrolled urbanization: The issue that is seen as hampering any attempt at

rational planning of the drainage system is uncontrolled urbanization in some areas

which has been evident in some parts of Garhwa in the past few years.

Mixing of storm water and waste water: Storm water drains of GNP have converted

into waste water carrying drains. Due to absence of proper sewerage system and

public ignorance HH waste water is discharged into the drains. Mixing of waste water

and storm water drain is one of the major problem faced by the town.

Degradation of natural water bodies: Flowing of waste water into natural drains and

Tiloya nallah or Saraswatia nallah which finally meet River Danro, leading to

degradation of river and contamination of water.

Absence of proper storm water drainage network: In the existing situation, GNP

lacks in proper and efficient storm water drainage system in the town.

Awareness Campaigns: There are lack of conduct awareness programs at the town

level to cover all classes including slum of the residents to highlight the function of

storm water drains, prevention of encroachment of the storm water drain areas,

prevention of dumping of solid waste and discharge of sewage/sullage from

households and other related issues.

Choked drains: Most of the drains are choked with solid waste / plastic waste and

causing localised water logging situation in many of the residential areas.

Silting in drains: Regular and proper cleaning of drains is not being done. Major

drains are cleaned as per requirement only or if any complaint is there. Heavy silting

of drains resulting into overflow of water and temporary water logging in rainy season

Absence of regular cleaning & maintenance mechanism: There are lack of proper

cleaning and maintenance of the storm water drain.

Inadequate or no drainage facilities in many areas

Most of the drains in the town is in dilapidated condition and/or choked due to silting.

A comprehensive plan for repair, revamping and de-silting of drains is required.


Page 72 March 2016


Vision

Goals

Garhwa Nagar Panchayat should aspire to provide a town wide drain network to cover both

sides of 100% of all roads in the NP area that takes into account the town’s topography and

flooding areas within a 5 – 10 year time frame. Table 6-3 indicates targets to be achieved in

short, medium and long-term. Since SWM and Waste-water management actions to be

achieved are a pre-requisite to achievement of service levels, it is likely that service level

norms for storm water drains are likely to be achieved only in the long term, though the

required infrastructure development has been plan to achieved in the short, medium term and

long term.

TABLE 6-3: GOALS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Parameters Unit Benchmarks Baseline

Time frame for Achievement of Goals

Short term 5 years


Long term 10 -30 years

Desilting of drains % 100% 0% √

Incidents of water logging/flooding

No. 0 8 √

Convert unlined drains to lined drains

% 100% 0% √ √

Construction of storm water drains

% 100% 70.8% √ √ √


Note: These parameters are not as part of MoUD SLB indicators and have been introduced to complement the SLB indicators

6.9 PROPOSALS

As per the natural drainage pattern and topography of Garhwa, the entire town may be divided

into two drainage districts. Drainage districts I ( zone I) is towards southern edge of the town

with Tiloya or Saraswatia nallah and river Danro are the primary drainage channel; whereas

drainage district II (zone II) is towards northern side of the town. In drainage district I, there

is requirement to construct some major drain connecting to Saraswatia nallah.

In drainage district I, waste water is either drained in open vacant land or river Danro is the

outfall point for all the natural drains flowing in this zone. There is a needs to construct some

major drains in the wards 17, 18, 19 and 20 which will be directly connected either to major

drains in the area or River Danro.

All the proposed drainage alignment is subject to land availability and other techno-economic

analysis to be carried out during pre-feasibility study/ PFR stage. The proposed drains in the

Garhwa town as depicted in Map 6-2.

“Strengthening and revitalisation of existing drainage network and construction of new

drainage network to capture the entire storm water of Garhwa”


Page 73 March 2016

MAP 6-2: MAP FOR GARHWA TOWN SHOWING PROPOSED DRAINS

Source: SENES filed visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 74 March 2016

6.10 OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

1) Strengthening of the Existing Storm Water Network for Garhwa Town:

Topography of the town makes drainage situation relatively better in Garhwa. The

general slope of the town is towards central and eastern direction. However, some of

the natural drains are heavily silted and thus, are inadequate to accommodate and

transport the storm water. Also, some of the storm water corridors also run through

thickly populated and highly congested localities and as such are encroached by

permanent and semi-permanent structures / buildings, significantly affecting the

carrying capacities. Thus strengthening of storm water drainage channel is

recommended. The strengthening is primarily comprise of following activities

a. Desilting of existing drains to increase the carrying capacity. To make the drain

cleaning sustainable a system need to install which can keep the drain water

clean and prevent River Danro getting polluted. Root Zone Treatment System

has been proposed for all the major drains. The root zone chambers would be

constructed on drains.

b. All the natural drains flowing through Garhwa need to be converted into

constructed drains. All the drains will also be covered with iron net to prevent

from waste dumping and open defecation.

c. All the major storm water drains flowing through Garhwa need to be re-

constructed with proper size, shape and alignment based on detailed study at

FR / DPR stage.

d. Removal of encroachment from the some existing drains is required.

2) Construction of New Storm Water Drainage system: Review the status and efficacy

of the primary and secondary drainage in Garhwa and suggest the construction of new

drains as required.

a. There is absence of natural drains in ward number 4, 6, 14 and 16 which leads

to draining of storm water into natural ponds along with waste water. Natural

drains connecting to Saraswatia nallah need to be constructed which can carry

storm water to the nallah.

b. There is absence of natural drains in ward number 17, 18, 19 and 20 which

leads to draining of storm water into natural low lying areas along with waste

water. Natural drains connecting to River Danro need to be constructed which

can carry storm water to the river.

3) Integration of existing ponds and water bodies in the town in the storm water

drainage network: Some of the drains in the town carries storm water and waste

water to the ponds/nallas and pollute the water. These drains should be rerouted and

either connected to other natural drains or should be connected to River Danro or

Tiloya/Saraswatia nallah.

4) Source Control and Ground water recharge initiatives to be developed for storm

water drains:


Page 75 March 2016

Urbanization and development of hard pavement and dedicated storm water drainage

system leads to high surface runoff to bigger drains and finally to rivers. Rain water

harvesting for utilizing the primary source of water and preventing the run off from

going to the storm water drains should be encouraged. Recharging of the ground

water using appropriate technology should be done for Garhwa. Central Public Works

Department. Government of India has developed a technical manual for rain water

harvesting and conservation. Garhwa Nagar Panchayat can refer to the manual for

design details of rain water harvesting structure (refer

http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/rain_wh.PDF). The Central Ground Water Board has

also prescribed various measures for scientific rain water harvesting

(www.cgwb.gov.in).

Some of state governments has been proactive in development of legislations for rain water

harvesting. Jharkhand state water policy also gives due consideration to rain water harvesting

in planning water resources. However, the state of Jharkhand can look into the aspect of

developing legislation for appropriate rain water harvesting in the state of Jharkhand, which

shall also be helpful to cater the problem of draught.

http://cpwd.gov.in/Publication/rain_wh.PDF

http://www.cgwb.gov.in/


Page 76 March 2016

6.11 COST ESTIMATES

The capital estimates for development of storm water drains for Garhwa town has been

estimated taking into account as strengthening of the existing network about 40 km and

development of new storm water network about 75 km for the town. However, detailed cost

estimate followed by feasibility survey at FR / DPR stage and detailed design of storm water

drainage system should be carried out by GNP.

LEGISLATION ON RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Many states and cities have passed legislation regarding the implementation of rain water

harvesting to conserve the water. Some of the legislation examples are given below:

Ahmedabad

In 2002, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) had made rainwater

harvesting mandatory for all buildings covering an area of over 1,500 square meters.

According to the rule, for a cover area of over 1,500 square meters, one percolation well

is mandatory to ensure ground water recharge. For every additional 4,000 square meters

cover area, another well needs to be built.

Bangalore

In order to conserve water and ensure ground water recharge, the Karnataka government

in February 2009 announced that buildings, constructed in the city will have to compulsorily

adopt rain water harvesting facility. Residential sites, which exceed an area of 2400 sq ft

(40 x 60 ft), shall create rain harvesting facility according to the new law.

Chennai

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in three storied buildings (irrespective of

the size of the rooftop area). All new water and sewer connections are provided only after

the installation of rainwater harvesting systems.

Kerala

The Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 was amended by a notification dated January

12, 2004 issued by the Government of Kerala to include rainwater harvesting structures in

new construction.

Indore (Madhya Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 250

sq m or more. A rebate of 6 per cent on property tax has been offered as an incentive for

implementing rainwater harvesting systems.

Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Rainwater harvesting has been made mandatory in all new buildings with an area of 1000

sq m or more.

Source: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm

http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/policy/legislation.htm


Page 77 March 2016

TABLE 6-4: COST ESTIMATES FOR STORM WATER DRAINS

Sl. No.

Short Description

Cost (Lump Sum)

(Rs. In Lakhs)


Short term

5 years

Medium term

10 years

Long term

10 - 30 years

1 Conduct Topographical Survey for the NP area to recognize the current condition of the sites etc.

200.00 200.00

2 Cost estimate for construction of new pucca storm water drain

3000.00 2000.00 1000.00

3 Cost estimate for strengthening the storm water drain

1200.00 800.00 400.00

Base Cost Total 4400.00 200.00 2800.00 1400.00

Add 2% External Development Works 88.00 4.00 56.00 28.00

Sub Total 4488.00 204.00 2856 1428.00

Contingencies 3% 134.64 6.12 85.68 42.84

Total of Capital cost (CAPEX for the base year of 2015)

4622.64 210.12 2941.68 1470.84

Cost escalation @ 5% per annum (compounding rate)

2624.92 21.54 1353.17 1250.21

Grand Total (CAPEX with cost escalation) 7247.56 231.66 4294.85 2721.05

Source: Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs and CPWD / State schedule of rates.

Note:

1. Actual cost estimation of projects to be carried out at FR / DPR stage.

2. O&M for storm water drains to be budgeted by NP under revenue fund.

3. Short Term: Considering implantation to start in 2017 - Cost escalation of 10.25% for 2 years from 2015.

4. Medium Term: Considering implantation to start in 2023 - Cost escalation of 46% for 8 years from 2015.

5. Long Term: Considering implantation to start in 2028 - Cost escalation of 85% for 13 years from 2015.

6. Land cost not included


Page 78 March 2016

7.0 ACCESS TO TOILET


Sanitation status and access to toilet is poor in GNP. In absence of underground sewerage

system, the sanitation systems are septic tank based. Most of the households in town have

individual toilets or have accessibility to public toilets, whereas most of the households in the

slums either use public toilet or defecate in open.

On site sanitation (OSS): Currently OSS prevails in Garhwa town whereby sewage is

collected and disposed-off near the point of generation without the use of underground

sewerage system. All the individual toilets and public toilet in Garhwa are based on OSS

system. OSS consist of two main structures, one is toilet (pan and water closet) and another

is treatment unit i.e. septic tank, twin pit, soak pit etc. However, many of the individual units

contains only first components i.e. toilet block and lacks the treatment / disposal unit.

7.1.1 Individual Toilets6

Pour flush toilet connected to septic tank is the predominant mode of toilets in households.

There are approximate 5,615 individual toilets in Garhwa town i.e. 65% (59.3% as per census

2011) and rest 35% (40.7 % as

per the census 2011) of the

households are dependent on

public toilets or defecate in open.

Field investigation revealed that

most of the toilets in the town do

not have soak pits and sewage

from septic tanks (as depicted in

Figure 7-1) is discharge directly

in to the drain.

Septic tank is cleaned only after

it gets filled and the sludge from

septic tank is dumped ward no. 9, 16, 17 and 20 along the bank of river Danro. GNP has three

functional suction machine out of four for clearing of septic tank sludge, and one time cleaning

charges are Rs. 2,500. Manual scavenging is also practiced in some areas and many

households take the services of private labour for cleaning of septic tank sludge. In addition

to the above mentioned households and people have access to different types of individual

toilets, there are also certain portion of population, i.e. from the primary survey analysis shows

that there is a number of households in non-slum including the slums people defecate in open.

Ward wise status of individual toilets and open defecation status from Census of India 2011

for Garhwa town is provided in Figure 7-1.

6 There is slight variation in the data provided by Garhwa Nagar Panchayat and Census of India 2011 on individual toilets. The

data from Nagar Panchayat was provide on assumption basis, therefore, for the purpose of future projections and proposal identification, we have considered toilet records available from Census of India 2011.

59.3

1.1 0

39.6

0

20

40

60

80

100

Household Public Toilet Community

Toilet

Open

Defecation

Type of Toilet


Page 79 March 2016


FIGURE 7-1: TYPICAL SECTION OF INDIVIDUAL TOILET COMPLEX IN GNP

TABLE 7-1: WARD WISE STATUS OF INDIVIDUAL TOILETS

Town/ Ward

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

ha

vin

g l

atr

ine

wit

hin

th

e p

rem

ises

Flush/pour flush latrine connected to

Pit latrine

Nig

ht

so

il d

isp

os

ed

in

to o

pe

n d

rain

Service Latrine

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

no

t

ha

vin

g l

atr

ine

facilit

y

wit

hin

th

e p

rem

ises Alternative

source

Pip

ed

sew

er

syste

m

Sep

tic t

an

k

Oth

er

syste

m

Wit

h s

lab

/ ven

tila

ted

imp

roved

pit

Wit

ho

ut

sla

b/

o

pe

n p

it

Nig

ht

so

il

rem

ov

ed

by

h

um

an

Nig

ht

so

il

serv

iced

by

an

imal

Pu

bli

c latr

ine

Op

en

Garhwa 59.3 6.5 50.3 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.3 0 0.1 40.7 1.1 39.6

Ward 1 43 0.2 42.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 57

Ward 2 64.6 2.9 57 0.6 0.6 2.3 1.2 0 0 35.4 10.5 24.9

Ward 3 57.1 3.7 50.2 0.8 1.8 0.4 0.2 0 0 42.9 1 41.9

Ward 4 27.5 5.2 18.7 2.3 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 72.5 0 72.5

Ward 5 70.9 20.8 47.7 1 1.5 0 0 0 0 29.1 0.7 28.3

Ward 6 85.5 0.9 84.1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 14.5 0.2 14.3

Ward 7 99.2 46.6 52.1 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0.8

Ward 8 83.2 0.2 82.7 0.2 0 0.2 0 0 0 16.8 0 16.8

65

35

Toilet Facility available

Yes No

651

34

Type of Toilet

Household (with/without water/with septic tank)

Public Toilet

Open Defication (in the drain, low lying area etc.)


Page 80 March 2016

Town/ Ward

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

ha

vin

g l

atr

ine

wit

hin

th

e p

rem

ises

Flush/pour flush latrine connected to

Pit latrine

Nig

ht

so

il d

isp

os

ed

in

to o

pe

n d

rain

Service Latrine

Nu

mb

er

of

HH

no

t

ha

vin

g l

atr

ine

facilit

y

wit

hin

th

e p

rem

ises Alternative

source

Pip

ed

sew

er

syste

m

Sep

tic t

an

k

Oth

er

syste

m

Wit

h s

lab

/ ven

tila

ted

imp

roved

pit

Wit

ho

ut

sla

b/

o

pe

n p

it

Nig

ht

so

il

rem

ov

ed

by

h

um

an

Nig

ht

so

il

serv

iced

by

an

imal

Pu

bli

c latr

ine

Op

en

Ward 9 49.1 0.3 48.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 50.9 0 50.9

Ward 10

74.9 6.5 65.3 0.3 0.6 1.9 0.3 0 0 25.1 1.5 23.5

Ward 11

75.1 5.6 68.9 0 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 24.9 5.3 19.6

Ward 12

84.2 0.6 83.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.8 0 15.8

Ward 13

92.2 6.8 75.5 1.9 2.2 1.6 4.3 0 0 7.8 0 7.8

Ward 14

56.2 2.3 45.7 1.9 3.5 1.2 0.2 0 1.4 43.8 0.9 42.9

Ward 15

43 1.2 36.6 2.3 1.3 1.5 0 0 0 57 0 57

Ward 16

27.7 0.6 22.1 0 5 0 0 0 0 72.3 0 72.3

Ward 17

12.4 0 10.1 0.6 1.1 0.3 0.3 0 0 87.6 0 87.6

Ward 18

56.6 8.1 45 0.6 1.6 1.2 0 0 0 43.4 0.3 43.1

Ward 19

54.9 14.6 40.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 45.1 6.9 38.3

Ward 20

24.1 2.7 20.6 0.4 0.4 0 0 0 0 75.9 0 75.9


Note: All data in percentage

7.1.2 Community Toilets

There are no community toilets in GNP for slum population and BPL population as of now.

Construction of 1 new community toilets is proposed by the NP under Swachh Bharat Mission,

however land for the same needs to be identified.

7.1.3 Public Toilets

At present there are four toilet blocks in Garhwa are operational out of six which are maintained

by private party or Nagar Panchayat. The blocks are both eight seaters and ten seater. All the

blocks are septic tanks and have pour flush system. Public toilets are located two numbers at

ward no. 10 alongside river Danro and Garhwa Middle School, near bus stand in ward no. 14,

near Police Station /Kachhari campus in ward no. 8 (yet to start), Chamartoli at ward no.11

and Town Hall at ward no. 6. One of the urinal is also available in the town located at Auto

(Three wheeler) stand in ward no. 15. The toilets are equally divided for men and women and

proper privacy is maintained in the blocks. All the toilet blocks are properly functional. User

charges is being collected at the rate of Rs. 1 for using toilet and Rs. 5 for bathing.


Page 81 March 2016

Sulabh at Bus Stand Suction Machine

Public Toilet at ward no 11 Public Toilet at Auto Stand

7.1.4 Open Defecation

Due to lack of individual household toilet (IHHL) facilities in GNP and also due to lack of

community toilets, practice of open defecation prevails in the whole town area. All the slums

and majority of the BPL households in the town does not have toilet in their house premises

and defecate in open. As informed by the GNP officials, most of the ward are more prone to

open defecation as depicted in Map 7-1. Majority of them defecate along the river bank, major

drains and vacant plots etc., which ultimately pollute River Danro and other water bodies /

ponds in GNP.


Page 82 March 2016

Open defecation area along River Danro Open defecation area along open field

7.1.5 School Sanitation

Garhwa has 4 -5 nursery, 6 private schools and 21 government schools categorized into senior

secondary schools, higher secondary school and middle schools. A survey was conducted

with GNP officials and it is found that all the schools are having toilet facilities. Only few schools

where toilets are quite poor and far below the expectations because there is no arrangement

of water supply and regular upkeep and maintenance. Moreover in these schools, there is

provision of separate toilets for the female students.

7.1.6 Toilet Access in Slums

None of the Slum household has individual toilets within their premises. Community toilets are

also not available near the slum area. In the absence of individual and community toilets,

people are bound to defecate in open. Mostly people defecate in agriculture fields, open

vacant land, along the river, near the ponds and along the major drains. Both black and grey

water drains from these drains and finds its way in open land and agriculture fields.


Page 83 March 2016

MAP 7-1: LOCATION OF OPEN DEFECATION AREAS IN GARHWA

Source: SENES field visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 84 March 2016

7.1.7 Willingness to Pay for Public and Community Toilets

Based on the preliminary level discussion, it was observed that there is general willingness to

pay by the community for using community / public toilet . People are agreed to pay if the

facilities and services could meet their requirements and are constructed closer to their

household settlements. Willingness to pay for public toilet is also present. There is utmost

need to build up a proper mechanism to provide the facilities as well as create awareness

through regular IEC activities to motivate people to stop open defecation so as to make GNP

open defecation free (ODF) within shortest possible time in line to the SBM guidelines.

7.2 SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK

As per the current status the toilet coverage in town is only 59.3% (as per stakeholder

consultation 65%) for individual households and rest of the people defecate in open. Status of

Garhwa with respect to service level benchmark for access to toilet facility is indicated in Table

7-2.

TABLE 7-2: ACCESS TO TOILET SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK

Sl. No. Component Bench Mark Status

1 Household Sanitation

Coverage 100% 59.3%

Toilet Connected to Sewer / Septic Tank 1 per household 0%

2 Community Toilets 0%

Accessibility 24×7

Toilet Seats, if not used in the night 1 seat per 50 users

Toilet Seats, if used round the clock 1 seat per 35 users

Bathing Units 1 seat per 50 users

Urinal Units 1 seat per 200 - 300 users

Clothes Washing Area 4-5 m2 per 10 toilet seats

3 Public Toilets 2.5%

Toilet Seats 1 seat per 100 users

Bathing Units, not used in the night 1 seat per 50 users

Bathing Units, if used round the clock 1 seat per 70 users

Urinal Units, not used in the night 1 seat per 200 - 300 users

Urinal Units, if used round the clock 1 seat per 300 - 500 users

Clothes Washing Area, not used in the night 4-5 m2 per 10 toilet seats

Clothes Washing Area, if used round the clock 4-5 m2 per 30 toilet seats

Source: SLB, MoUD, GoI, Guidelines for Community Toilets, Ministry of Urban Affairs & Employment and Stakeholder consultation during field visit in August & September, 2015


Presently Swachh Bharat Mission is under implementation in Garhwa town. The mission is

applicable for construction of individual, public and community toilets. Under the mission, five

years (2015-2019) of time period has been considered for construction of toilets distributed

into annual plan. For the first year total 968 number of applications were received from the

public for the construction of IHHLs. Out of 968, only 241 toilets have been approved for the


Page 85 March 2016

first year. Along with individual toilets, Land parcel for community and public toilet still needs

to be identified. Summary of the sanitation system in Garhwa is provided in Table 7-3.

TABLE 7-3: SUMMARY OF SANITATION SYSTEM IN GNP

Components Status / Remark

Individual Toilets Septic tanks

Community toilets Not available

Public toilets

Three public toilets

Eight/Ten seater in each

Septic tank based with pour flush

Private ownership

Urinals One available

Suction machine 4 available with GNP and 3 functional

One time cleaning charges – Rs. 2500

Open defecation Most of the 20 wards

Toilets is slums Not available, throughout open defecation

Organisation GNP

Source: SENES Field Survey and Stakeholder consultation during field visit in August & September, 2015

7.4 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Availability of government land at various places in the town for construction of community and public toilet.

Declared State Water Policy of Jharkhand

Lower socio-economic strata people face budgetary constraints and cannot build

Lack of community toilets and public toilets

Lack of space to construct toilets especially in slums.

High percentage of people defecate in open (approx. 40%)

Absence of awareness among people with respect to environmental implication of open defecation.

Manual scavenging prevent in certain areas

No coverage with sewerage system

Flow of untreated sewage in natural drains

Absence of adequate on-site sanitation facilities in the slums

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to avail funding under new central government schemes ( SBM) for construction of Individual, Public and community toilets

Opportunity to provide sewer network as a green field project

BOT models in community toilets have high chances

IEC & Behavioral Change campaign can bring down the cases of open defecation

Absence of mechanism for operation and maintenance of public toilet

Low water supply and non-availability of water for sanitation discourage use of toilet facilities.

Mind set up for construction of community or public toilets.

Willingness to pay is not there among the people for public and community toilets.


Page 86 March 2016

Untreated sewage flowing through open drains and released in River Danro and in ponds / vacant land

Possible difficulties in laying of sewer network in narrow streets of the town

Mosquitoes leading to several diseases and instances of skin diseases

7.5 KEY ISSUES

Shortage of community/public toilets: There is no community toilets in the town for

slums and urban poor which result into defecate in open. Public toilets are also less in

number as per the existing demand.

Open defecation: Number of people defecating in open is very high. Open defecation

by slum and non-slum dwellers can be seen throughout the town. Most affected areas

are river bank, along drains, railway line, near the ponds and vacant areas.

Pollution of river: The town is still suffering from open defecation along the river bed,

which is seriously polluting the river water.

Willingness to Pay: There is absence of willingness to pay by the community for using

community / public toilets, if the facilities are and services could meet their

requirements and is easily accessible.

Condition of Public toilets: Three public toilet in the town are in dilapidated condition

with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no

electricity or maintenance person. These are to be need to be rebuilt.

Unawareness to Sanitation: Unawareness among people with respect to health

issues related to sanitation. Waste from public toilet facilities and urinals is drained

directly into drains or low-lying area


Page 87 March 2016

7.6 BEST PRACTICES AND KEY TAKE A WAYS

Awareness Campaign- Case Study

Hamirpur District, Himachal Pradesh - “A Journey from ‘Exploring What to Do’ to ‘Explaining What

We Have Done’”

Hamirpur is the smallest district of Himachal Pradesh. With an area of 1,118 sq km, it is located on the

western side of the district, close to the Punjab border. There are four administrative sub-divisions, six

development blocks, 229 Gram Panchayats, and 1,694 revenue villages in the district. Hamirpur’s total

population was 454,000 as of the 2011 Census. The population is predominantly rural, at 93 percent.

The project proposal for the Total Sanitation Campaign was approved in 2002, at which point close to

44 percent of the households had toilets. There was practically no progress in this area until the

beginning of 2006-07; less than 1 percent of the target of 57,000 home toilets had been installed over

the five years. Hamirpur was among the low-performing districts in the state in terms of TSC progress.

The district-level nodal agency (DRDA) used to wonder what could be done to motivate communities

to make progress in the Total Sanitation Campaign; they had explored many conventional approaches

but none was particularly successful. It was at this time that the state government introduced training

programs on Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS), with the support of the World Bank’s Water and

Sanitation Program (WSP). Hamirpur volunteered to become one of the first districts to organize the

training program. The CLTS training put an end to quandaries over ‘what to do,’ as it provided an

effective strategy and tools through which to motivate communities to change deep-rooted behavior

and to achieve Open-Defecation Free (ODF) communities. Since then, there has been no looking back.

The nodal agency (DRDA) devised and institutionalized a community-owned campaign that produced

incredible results. The district once considered as a ‘low performer’ could claim almost half of the Nirmal

Gram Puraskars (NGPs) that were awarded to Himachal Pradesh in 2010.

Source: “Pathway to Success” Compendium of Best Practices in Rural Sanitation in India, 2014, Govt.

of India, www.mdws.gov.in

http://www.mdws.gov.in/


Page 88 March 2016

Success Stories

Changing behaviour instead of building toilets, Cambodia “Village decides to bring

sanitation closer to home”

‘In the past’, according to Dr. Chea Samnang, Health Care Director of the Ministry of Rural

Development, ‘our aim was just to build latrines, not to change behaviour — this was the reason

for our failure. There was no involvement from the community, no encouragement and no clear

picture of what to do next. What made a big difference in this project was the participation of the

villagers in discussing the problem and analyzing the solutions themselves.’ Dr. Samnang was

surprised at the speed of change in the village — which shows that attitudes and knowledge are

more important drivers of new behaviour than cash inducements and crude exhortation.

Toilets were not entirely unknown in Slaeng before the project arrived. Some people (especially

women) valued privacy, or felt that they could not entertain guests from Phnom Penh unless their

household had a proper amenity. But the health importance of confining ordure had not been

previously well-understood. ‘We did not know the consequences of defecating outdoors — it was

simply our habit,’ said Mr. Chan. ‘We were not educated on the importance of good hygiene. But

now, we are very excited to have our latrines. Mine is almost full and I’m ready to dig a new pit.’

Mr. Chan spent 10,000 riels (US$2.50) to build his first home toilet. His was among the first 15

families to do so; after this, it was easier for him to motivate others.

The support of other influential villagers was important. Ms. Heu Lon, a convert of household toilets

from before the project, believes that having your own facility is far more hygienic than using the

fields. ‘Open defecation is inappropriate because you spread diseases.’ Such diseases include not

only diarrhoea, but fevers, respiratory infections, and parasitic worms. Ms. Heu was among the

village personalities who went house to house to convince villagers that ‘if we want our village to

be clean, everybody should participate and build their own toilet.’

Source: UNICEF, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA, www.unicef.org/wes

Technological Options – Urban Sanitation

To overcome the problem of safe disposal of human waste, in 1970, Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak,

Founder, Sulabh Sanitation and Social Reform Movement, invented, innovated and developed two

technologies. The first technology of two-pit, pour-flush, compost toilet, popularly known as Sulabh

Shauchalaya, is scientifically appropriate, economically affordable, and culturally acceptable and

conserves water, requiring only 1 to 1.5 litre of water for flushing. No scavengers are required to

clean the pits. The other technology is for recycling and safe reuse of human wastes from public

toilets through biogas generation. Biogas can be used for lighting mantle lamps, cooking food,

warming oneself during winters and power generation. The water discharged from the biogas

digester is treated through Sulabh Effluent Treatment technology, which is simple and convenient,

for its safe reuse as bio-fertilizer or discharge into rivers/water bodies, without polluting them.

With the implementation of Sulabh on-site technologies scavengers have been liberated,

rehabilitated in other occupations with educational and vocational training and brought into the

mainstream of society. Sulabh has been able to change the attitudes and behaviour of the Indian

people towards toilets and 'untouchable' human scavengers.

Sulabh has contributed significantly in improvement of urban health in India by providing 1.2 million

household toilets in 1499 Indian towns/cities and also by maintaining 'pay and use' public toilets,

both of which are used by more than 10 million people daily. Improvement of the urban

environment will promote healthy life for the millions of citizens living in urban areas, particularly

the poor and the under-privileged.

Source: Abha Bahadur, Senior Vice President, Sulabh International Social Service Organization, New Delhi

email: [email protected]


Page 89 March 2016


Vision

Goals

The key challenge looming large at the town is devising an implementation strategy for the

City Sanitation Plan (CSP). The development of the implementation strategy entails detailed

planning; initiatives supported by incentives, guidance system / sound financial systems;

innovations; context specific solutions, prioritization; supportive context; and most importantly,

ownership and leadership.



Short term 5 years


Long term 10-30 years

% of population practicing open defecation

% 0% 40.7% √ √

Individual toilets coverage

% 100% 59.3% √ √ √

Community toilet coverage

% For 20% of the

population defecating in open

0% √ √

Public toilet coverage

% 5% of the floating

population 2.5% √ √ √

Source: SENES Field Survey and Stakeholder consultation during field visit in August & September, 2015

Note: These parameters are not as part of SLB indicators, MoUD and have been introduce to complement the SLB indicators

7.8 RECOMMENDATIONS

Individual toilet

Individual toilets will be constructed by households themselves but the GNP needs to ensure

that adequate technical and monitoring support – promoting low cost toilet models

(Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India, 2008), licensing trained masons and

ensuring technical supervision and advice to households, is mobilized.

To make the system more efficient, de-sludging of septic tanks should be done every

2 -3 years.

In the twin pit system, exchange of pits should be done after every one year and

cleaning of pits should be done after every two years.

Water tank should be attached with individual toilet filled by the house owner in the

morning hours.

“Make the town open defecation free through provision of equitable and efficient access to

individual, public and community toilet”


Page 90 March 2016

Public toilet/ Community toilet

As a growing town adequate public toilet facility is an urgent need of the town as the problem

of open defecation is increasing day by day mainly along the area of railway lines, open places

and it is becoming difficult to stop this kind of nuisance because most of open defecation is

being practiced due to lack of public toilet. Providing adequate public toilet is therefore a critical

requirement for maintaining sanitation in public places. There are total 10 toilet blocks required

in the NP area. The NP have already 6 toilet blocks and there are 4 more toilet block have to

construct. For CSP implementation under Swachh Bharat Mission, it is estimated that about

767 households will need to be served through community toilet blocks.

Proper signage navigating to the public toilet should be there.

Female attendant should be available to promote the use of toilet by female slum / BPL

/floating population.

To make the toilets more usable and environment friendly, odour control / ventilation /

day lighting / solar lighting etc. and child friendly parameters should be adopted.

To improve the aesthetic value of the both community and public toilets, appropriate

landscaping with gardening (based on the availability of land) or tree plantation should

be planned.

To promote the use of community toilets, monthly user charges at affordable and

agreed rates should be considered by the GNP / private operator.

Litter bins should be provided near the hand wash stations.

All the toilet blocks and bathroom should be cleaned regularly with toilet cleanser /

disinfectant and should be wiped properly after every uses.

Cleaners should be equipped with proper tools (soap, rags, scrub brushes, mops, etc.)

and health safety gear.

Suggestion box / compliant filing register should be maintained in every toilet block.

Location of community toilets should be easily accessible, particularly by the physically

challenged people and at walkable distance from the settlements.

7.9 DEMAND GAP ANALYSIS

7.9.1 Individual toilet

The projection on the individual toilets has been done taking census data as the baseline. As

per census 2011, 50.3% of households have individual toilets (septic tank), 2.5% have

insanitary latrine7, 6.5% have piped sewer system and rest 40.7% of the HHs either defecate

in open or are dependent on public toilets. Plan for toilet facilities is in line with the government

vision to make all town open defecation free by year 2019.

This section identifies the gaps in the individual toilets which needs to be covered between

the years of 2015 - 2019 in a phase wise manner. Total of 3,068, IHHLs need to be constructed

7 As per SBM guidelines: Insanitary latrine means a latrine which requires human excreta to be cleaned or otherwise handled

manually, either in situ or an open drain or pit into which the excreta is discharged or flushed out, before the excreta fully decomposes in such manner as may be prescribed


Page 91 March 2016

in the town, with a target of 20% (614) IHHLs to be completed in every year for a period of 5

years till 2nd October, 2019.

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) being implemented by MoUD is providing funding for the

construction of individual toilets (applicable till 2nd October 2019). SBM has already been

launched in Garhwa town and 241 toilets have been approved for the first year.

The details demand analysis of Individual toilet is provided in

Table 7-4.

Table 7-4: Demand of Individual Toilet

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Projected population 50,263

Projected house holds 9,423

Existing individual toilet 5,588

Households defecating in open 3,835

80% of households defecating in open need toilet 3,068

% of toilets to be constructed in each of the year 20% 20% 20% 20%

Gap in toilet construction 614 614 614 614 614

Construction in 2015 241

Actual requirement 986 614 614 614

Source: SENES assessment based on SBM guidelines and existing gaps in Garhwa

7.9.2 Community Toilet

At present, no community toilets are available in Garhwa. Based on the standards provided

under SBM, 20% of the population defecating in open area require community toilets;

accordingly, demand for community toilets have been calculated. Demand gap analysis

indicates that 23 community toilets (6 seat per toilet block) need to be constructed in Garhwa,

with 62 seats for men and 77 for women. Between the period 2015 and 2019, proposed toilet

blocks will be constructed in phase wise manner. Table 7-5 presents the number of toilet

blocks to be constructed each year.

TABLE 7-5: DEMAND OF COMMUNITY TOILET8

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Projected population 50,263

Projected house holds 9,423

Existing individual toilet 5,588

Households defecating in open 3,835

20% of the HHs defecating in open need community toilet

767

20% of total population defecating in open

4,091

53% of mal population 2,168

8 Standards for construction of community toilets as per SBM guidelines –

1 seat – 25 women ; 1 seat – 35 men


Page 92 March 2016

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

47% of female population 1,923

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 35 men 62

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 25 women

77

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block) - man

10

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block) - women

13

Total number of toilet blocks 23

% of toilets to be constructed in each of the year

25% 25% 25% 25%

Number of Community toilet to be constructed

6 6 6 6


As discussed with officials from Nagar Panchayat office, community toilet blocks need to be

constructed in the slum areas. There are almost 16 slum pockets in Garhwa lacking toilet

facilities. Location of identified places for construction of community toilets are Majhia Mahalla

in ward no. 1, Miskar Mahalla in ward no 3, Bhunia Tola in ward no. 9, Sonpurwa in ward no.

15 and Tandwa in ward no. 19. Each of the toilet block contains 6 seats for which a water tank

with capacity of 5,000 liters would be required. Along with toilet block, one bathroom is also

required in the block. Area requirement for each of the block would be approximately 35 - 40

sq. m.

7.9.3 Public Toilet

At present there are three public toilet in Garhwa, which is not sufficient to cater the demand

for the floating population, particularly during festive days. Being an industrial and mining town

Garhwa attracts large number of population from nearby villages and towns. Key locations

lacking in public toilet facility are Garhwa Main market, near Garhwa Police Station, near Krishi

Utpad bazar. Based on the standard provided in SBM guidelines, 5% of the total population

has been assumed as floating population for which public toilets need to be constructed.

Demand for public toilets on the projected floating population till the year 2045 are given in

Table 7-6.

TABLE 7-6: DEMAND OF PUBLIC TOILET9

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045

Projected population

50,263 51,285 52,324 53,380 54,453 55,543 61,278 74,335 89,970

Floating population @5%

2,513 2,564 2,616 2,669 2,723 2,777 3,064 3,717 4,499

9 Standards for construction of public toilets as per SBM guidelines –

1 seat – 50 women ; 1 seat – 100 men


Page 93 March 2016

Particulars 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045

Men - public toilet for 2/3 of the floating population

1,684 1,718 1,753 1,788 1,824 1,861 2,053 2,490 3,014

Women - public toilet for 1/3 of the floating population

829 846 863 881 898 916 1,011 1,227 1,485

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 100 men

17 17 18 18 18 19 21 25 30

No. of toilet seats (@ 1 seat per 50 women

17 17 17 18 18 18 20 25 30

Total number of seats required for public toilet

33 34 35 35 36 37 41 49 60

No. of toilet blocks (@ 6 seat per toilet block)

6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 10

Actual number of public toilet blocks required

6 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2

Existing number of public toilet

4

Phase wise construction of public toilet

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 2


Currently, 2 public toilet blocks are required and 4 more toilet blocks would be required

between 2025 and 2045.

Location and area requirement: As per the discussion with Garhwa Nagar Panchayat officials,

locations of proposed public toilet has been finalized. To meet the existing demand at

immediate basis for public toilets till the year 2019, 3 locations have been identified given as

follows:

1. Near Bhagalpur Road in ward no. 20

2. Near Nagar Panchayat office in ward number 8

3. Garhwa main market area

Between the years of 2020 and 2045 four more toilet blocks will be required, location for these

blocks will be identified at later stage by nagar panchayat.

Each of the toilet block contains 6 seats for which a water tank with capacity of 5,000 liters

would be required. Area requirement for each of the block10 would be approximately 36 sq. m.

The proposed location of community and public toilet is shown in Map 7-2.

10 Detail design and specification can be referred from Guidelines on Community Toilets by Ministry of Urban Affairs and

Employment, Government of India


Page 94 March 2016

MAP 7-2: LOCATION OF PROPOSED COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC TOILET IN GARHWA

Source: SENES field visit and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 95 March 2016

Namma Toilet Namma toilet is an option to develop community and public toilet which is user friendly universal

toilet, sustainable and can be successfully used by the people across all socio economic spectrum.

Namma Toilet is a Modular Toilet solution that has been designed to eradicate open defecation,

keeping in mind the requirements of Indian sanitary practices. A series of user studies, interviews

and follow up presentations have resulted in a specific set of requirements based on which Namma

Toilet has been designed.

Namma Toilet can be configured to many different complexes based on the requirement at the site,

as they are modular. One is the basic toilet module. This is available in 4 options. Male Physically

Challenged (EWC), Ladies Physically Challenged (EWC), Male Regular (IWC) and Ladies Regular

(IWC). There is a Urinal Module (2 People can use at same time), there are standalone modules

for hand wash, Partitions for separating the women sections from the men, End partitions designed

to keep stray animals away, Overhead Water tank structure and Canopies (Privacy Screens) for

the individual toilet modules. In addition to these, the Solar based lighting module varies according

to the design or size of the toilet complex. In rural areas where power is a problem or remote areas

an additional option is available for having the bore motor run of solar power. The system is

designed so that there is light from sunset to daybreak without any manual intervention. The system

is designed with a backup of 3 days. This means if there is cloud cover or rainfall the backup will

work for 3 days. A toilet complex can be designed with a combination of these individual modules

to best fit the requirements of the site selected. In Urban areas where Underground drainage connections are available, the system can connect

the waste to these lines. In areas where this option is not available septic tank with a bio-enzyme

based treatment system can be opted. This helps control the COD/BOD levels and Ecoli in the

waste. Additionally, in areas which have a very sensitive ecological system, batch waste treatment

system can be provided which totally controls the waste water let out and this water can be used

for watering nearby trees. Each module is 3.5ft x 4ft in size and 7.5ft height.

Namma Toilets Complex at Srirangam Trichy

Namma toilet in Ooty outside Botanical Gardens View


Page 96 March 2016

Promotion of public / community toilet roof tops with solar panels

Solar cells, also called photovoltaic (PV) cells by scientists, convert sunlight directly into

electricity. Today, thousands of people power their homes and other utilities with individual

solar PV systems. Utility agencies (both government and non-government sector) are also

using PV technology for different projects and installations. Solar panels used to power

homes and utility services are typically made from solar cells combined into modules that

hold about 40 cells. A typical home will use about 10 to 20 solar panels to power the home.

The panels are mounted at a fixed angle facing south, or they can be mounted on a

tracking device that follows the sun, allowing them to capture the most sunlight. Many

solar panels combined together to create one system is called a solar array. For large

electric utility or public / industrial applications, hundreds of solar arrays are interconnected

to form a large utility-scale PV system.

Traditional solar cells are made from silicon, are usually flat-plate, and generally are the

most efficient. Second-generation solar cells are called thin-film solar cells because they

are made from amorphous silicon or nonsilicon materials such as cadmium telluride. Thin

film solar cells use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick.

Because of their flexibility, thin film solar cells can double as rooftop shingles and tiles,

building facades, or the glazing for skylights.

Third-generation solar cells are being made from a variety of new materials besides

silicon, including solar inks using conventional printing press technologies, solar dyes, and

conductive plastics. Some new solar cells use plastic lenses or mirrors to concentrate

sunlight onto a very small piece of high efficiency PV material. The PV material is more

expensive, but because so little is needed, these systems are becoming cost effective for

use by utilities and industry. However, because the lenses must be pointed at the sun, the

use of concentrating collectors is limited to the sunniest parts of the country.

The CSP towns are in general suffering from huge power cut, particularly during the peak

hours. Hence, promotion of solar energy utilisation has been considered essential, for all

the upcoming projects in general and particularly for the community / public toilet blocks

proposed for the town under SBM. Such solar panels may be erected on the rooftop of

the community / public toilet blocks, or on the top of the rooftop water reservoir placed on

the toilet blocks suitably. Such solar panels are available in the market along with

necessary arrangements / structures for erecting, and hence separate cost involvement

for making any structural arrangements shall not be there. One unit of solar panel of 250

watt / 24 Volt capacity powered with LED lights and having backup battery shall be enough

for a toilet block housing 10 units (@ 25 Watt per unit) and such unit cost shall be around

Rs. 12,500.00 in the present market value. Hence, a toilet block to accommodate 20 units

(combining urinals and WCs) shall be feasible to be provided with solar power at an

estimated cost of Rs. 25,000.00 only.


Page 97 March 2016

Specification for Community or Public Toilet Block

Community or public toilet is a shared toilet facility provided for group of residents or for an

entire settlement. Whereas public toilet facility is also shared toilet provided for floating

population. Along with toilet blocks the facility also include bathroom component. Septic tank

with soak pits is the most preferred option for Garhwa town. In the later phase of planning,

all the public and community toilets will be connected to sewerage network. Key features of

toilet block are as follows:

Area requirement for a block is approx.36 sq. m for 6 number of toilet seats and one

bathroom.

Toilet seat for children in the women section.

A store room sum caretaker room should be provided within the complex.

A separate space for clothes washing should be provided in the community toilet

complex to sop the clothes washing at ponds or river.

Soak pits should be made mandatory in the public/community toilet complex to drain

out the water coming from washing and bathing activities.

The toilet block system can be based on septic tank, leach pit or digester (to generate

biogas) form.


Page 98 March 2016

7.10 COST ESTIMATES

Phase wise cost estimates for the individual toilets, community toilet and public toilet are

provided in Table 7-7.

Case Studies on Elimination of Open defecation

Bikaner district has witnessed an unprecedented campaign by the name of ‘Banko Bikano’ to

eliminate open-defecation completely.

The Banko Bikano campaign is progressing at a rapid pace, with more and more communities

coming forward to embrace change. Within four months, 81 Gram Panchayats have become ODF

and more are pledging their commitment all the time. Key steps taken by the administration to make

the GPs open defecation free were:

Any Gram Panchayat can join the campaign, as long as there is demand from either the

Sarpanch or the community. The campaign should be truly demand-driven.

People were expected to construct toilets using their own resources and labor, as per their

choice. There will be no standard size for toilets, nor will any NGOs be engaged for

construction.

Constitution of nigrani committee in each village for regular follow-up, particularly during

the morning and evening hours when people normally resort to open-defecation.

It was the women of Bikaner who showed the greatest support for the Banko Bikano

campaign, turning out in large numbers for every meeting and taking a lead role in the

construction of toilets in their respective households.

The campaign’s success is additionally due to the support and guidance of elected

representatives, such as Zilla Pramukh, MLA s, Sarpanchs, as well as leaders of all parties,

irrespective of political divides.

The District Collector, Zilla Pramukh, CEO, ACEO, SDMs, and BDOs hold regular meetings

of key officers at their respective levels with the express purpose of discussing the

sanitation campaign. Moreover, these officers visit villages on a regular basis to review the

campaign’s progress.

The mobile application ‘Outcome Tracker’ developed by WSP has been used by the

district-level verification team to survey households, schools, and Anganwadi centers in

Gram Panchayats having claimed ODF status. The application, featuring photographs and

GPS coordinates, provides reliable information.

A team of 21 people known as District Resource Committee motivated the people to

remove the practice of open defecation bring change in the behavior towards sanitation.


Page 99 March 2016

TABLE 7-7: COST ESTIMATES FOR PROVIDING TOILET FACILITY FOR GARHWA TOWN

Particulars 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2035 2045 Total

Individual Toilet

Number of toilets required 986 614 614 614 2,827

Cost estimate - @12,000

per toilet ( Rs in Lakh) 118 74 74 74 339

Total number of insanitary latrine

140 140

Insanitary to sanitary latrine - @9,000 per toilet

13 13

Public Toilet

Number of seats required 6 6 - - - 6 6 12 42


per toilet ( Rs in Lakh) 5 5 - - - 7 12 39 68

Community Toilet

Number of seats required 36 36 36 36 144


per toilet ( Rs in Lakh) 23 23 23 23 - - - - 94

Total estimated cost in

INR lakh 146 102 102 97 - 7 12 39 512

Source: SENES calculation based on SBM guidelines

Note :

1. Cost for each of the components has been referred from SBM guidelines for Individual, Community and Public toilet seats.

2. States will contribute a minimum of 25% funds towards community toilet projects to match 75% Central Share as per SBM guidelines. (10% in the case of North East States and special category states).

3. All the cost are excluding land cost.

4. For conversion of insanitary latrine into sanitary latrine 75% cost of individual toilet has been considered

5. For medium and long term periods cost escalation@ 5% per annum has been considered.


Page 100 March 2016

8.0 SEWERAGE SYSTEM


8.1.1 Domestic Waste Water

Garhwa town does not have organized sewerage system in the town to collect and treat the

sewage generation in the town. There is no separate system for waste water and waste water

collection in the town as of

now. All the waste water from

the households (grey water)

flows into the open drains.

There are open drain (pucca),

covered drain (pucca) and

kutchha drains. It is observed

during the site visit that the

existing temporary drainage

arrangement require

extensive repair and up-

gradation work. The drains

should have enough

capacities in town to cater the

surface runoff of maximum rainfall of two year return period frequency. Surface runoff quantity

has to be worked out based on rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient and travel time to design

drains in the town.

Current drainage system comprises of open/covered drains (pucca drain, kutchha drain)

constructed in a haphazard way to meet temporary local conditions in different parts of the

town mainly built on as required and fund availability. As per census of India 2011,

approximately 70.8 % of the town is covered by drainage system, of which 39.9% open and

30.8% are covered drains; and rest 29.2% of the town has no drainage system. The brief

status of the drainage system in Garhwa is provided in Table 8-1.

TABLE 8-1: PRESENT CATEGORY WISE DRAINAGE LENGTHS

Sl. No. Category of Drain % of HHs connected

1 Closed drainage 30.8

2 Open drainage 39.9

3 No drainage 29.2

Total 100%


Source: Census of India, 2011

6.30

29.90

63.80

Waste Water Outlet Connected to

Covered drainage Open drainage No drainage


Page 101 March 2016

FIGURE 8-1: WASTE WATER OUTLETS

The Census report 2011 indicates that few households having pit latrines (1.6%)11 or not

having septic tanks facility for the flush/ pour flush latrines (6.5%)12 and discharges the black

water directly into the existing drains or open plots.

Approximately, 50.3% households are having septic tank connected to flush/ pour flush

latrines system, however do not clean the septic tank regularly. Most of the septic tanks do

not have soak pits, while few soak pits are found in dilapidated condition with broken top slabs

and pipes. As a result, septic tanks generally overflow and discharge into nearby drains.

Thereby, major quantum of sewage generated from the town finds its way into the road side

drains, which ultimately dispose waste water into Saraswatia nallah and River Danro flowing

through central and south eastern part of the town. The discharge of untreated sewage in to

river increasing organic loads, and thus affect water quality and harmful to human and

ecological health.

Major drains flowing through the town carrying both waste water and waste water with their

disposal points are given in the table below.

TABLE 8-2: MAJOR DRAINS AND THEIR DISCHARGE POINTS


Ward number 1 All the waste water goes to Tiloya nallah

Ward number 2 Waste water and underground water is directly discharged into Tiloya nallah through a major natural drain

Ward number 3 and 4

Water from these wards directly discharged into Saraswatia nallah through a constructed drain/kutcha drain

Ward number 5, 6 and 7

Secondary drain is constructed in those wards which carries all the waste water to the Saraswatia nallah through market area or accumulated in open vacant land.

11 Based on data provided in census 2011(Refer Table 6-1 of the report for details) 12 Based on data provided in census 2011(Refer Table 6-1 of the report for details)

30.9

39.9

29.2

Waste Water Outlet Connected to

Covered drainage Open drainage No drainage


Page 102 March 2016


Ward number 8 A drain is constructed in the ward which carries all the waste water to the river Danro directly or accumulated in open vacant land.


Most of the water drain out and accumulated in open vacant land, also some of the drain meets directly with Saraswatia nallah.

Ward 11 and 12 Water from these wards directly discharged into Saraswatia nallah through a natural drain

Ward number 14, 15 and16

Due to poor drainage system most of the waste water drains out in open vacant land or accumulated in the pond


Poor drainage condition resulting into discharge of waste water into open vacant fields or directly discharged to river Danro.

Ward number 18 Secondary drain/ kutcha drain are constructed in those wards which carries all the waste water to the river Danro or accumulated in open vacant land.

Ward number 20 Most of the water drain out and accumulated in open vacant land, also some of the drain meets directly with river Danro


FIGURE 8-2: PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING WASTE WATER FLOWING THROUGH OPEN DRAINS

8.1.2 Waste Water Generation

The current domestic water supply system is based on surface water source from river Danro

and also ground sources like tube well, hand pump and dug well in Garhwa town. In addition,

private tube wells, bore wells and hand pumps are also being used by the citizens within the

town. There is no accurate estimate of per capita water consumption available with DW&SD.

However, based on discussion with DW&SD officials, it was assessed that approximately 80

lpcd of water is being consumed by the residents both from government and private sources.

Waste water generation for the town is calculated considering 80% of the water

consumed (i.e. 64 lpcd) , comprising of 30% black water (19.2 lpcd) and 70% grey water

(44.8 lpcd). Data from secondary sources indicate that waste water generation from pour flush


Page 103 March 2016

toilet is approximately 10 -25 lpcd per day[1], which was further confirmed by the residents

during field visit that 10 -15 lpcd of water is used for flushing toilet facilities. An estimate of the

total waste water being generated for the town is presented in Table 8-3

TABLE 8-3: DOMESTIC WASTE WATER GENERATION IN GARHWA

Total Population

Total Households1

Total Water

Supplied @ 80 lpcd

(m3)

Total Waste Water

generated @64 lpcd2

(m3)

Total Households Connected to Septic

Tank3

Total Black Water

transferred to the Septic Tanks2

@19.2 lpcd (m3)

Total grey water

generated @

44.8 lpcd2

( m3)

46,059 8,635 3,685 2,948 4,344 445 2,064

SENES Analysis based on CPHEEO manual

Note:

1 As per Census data 2011

2 Waste water assumption - 80% of water supplied (60 lpcd); black water 30% of total waste water and grey water 70% of total waste water

3 As per data obtained from Census data 2011, 50.3% household connected to septic tank

4 Assuming average household size of 5.3 (as per Census 2011)

It is important to note that due to less water supply, the number of household having toilet

facilities with septic tank is very low and 40.7% of the household still defecate in open.

8.1.3 Septage management

GNP has four suction machine for maintenance of the septic tanks, which is inadequate to

cater to the needs of entire town. On requisition of the house owner, suction machine is being

provided by the ULB for cleaning purpose at the rate of Rs. 2,500 per trip. Collected septage

is often disposed in places near the existing dumping site at ward no. 16, 17 and 20 along

river Danro, which poses serious threat to the human health and the environment. There are

no records available with GNP regarding the number of trips of suction machine generally

being made in one year and for septage collection and disposal.

8.1.4 Industrial waste water

As discussed with Garhwa NP officials, no heavy or medium industry within the NP area as of

now. Consequently no industrial effluent have been generated.


Service level benchmarks for sewerage status for Garhwa is provided in Table 8-4. Although

the town does not have the integrated sewerage system, the service level benchmarks have

been provided to indicate the level of service expected in the long term.

[1] Source : Technology options for Urban Sanitation in India, September 2008


Page 104 March 2016

TABLE 8-4: SEWERAGE SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS

Sl. No. Sewerage and Sanitation Benchmarks GNP Status

1 Coverage of sewage network services 100% 0%

2 Collection efficiency of the sewage network

100% 0%

3 Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity 100% 0%

4 Quality of sewage treatment 100% 0%

5 Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage 20% 0%

6 Complaint Redressal 80% 0%

7 Extent cost recovery in sewage management

100% 0%

8 Efficiency in collection of sewage related charges

90% 0%



Currently, no scheme or work for development of sewerage system at Garhwa is there.

However, ULB has plan for preparation of detailed project report for Sewerage and Drainage

system for Garhwa town.

8.4 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness


Low ground water level makes on site sanitation with soak pits feasible

Town's topography is ideal for laying of sewer lines as the sewage would flow by gravity without pumping, except some pockets

Low ground water level makes on-site sanitation with soak pit feasible

Lack of sewerage network and Sewage Treatment Plant (STP).

High percentage (40.7%) of people defecate in open

Septage management (treatment and safe disposal) not practiced.

Household and commercial waste directly released to open drains and nallas

Discharge of untreated sewage in natural drains

Most of the drains discharging in River Danro or Saraswatia nallah

Mixing of untreated sewage in natural drains

Relatively flat topography of the town – pumping may be required

Opportunity Threats

Opportunity to provide sewer network as a green field project

Funds available for development of onsite sanitation facilities

Untreated sewage flowing through open drains and released in River Danro

Possible difficulties in laying of sewer network in narrow streets of the town

Huge investment required for development of sewerage system

Operation and maintenance of sewerage system with limited resources (both human and financial)


Page 105 March 2016

8.5 KEY ISSUES

Absence of sewerage system: Garhwa town do not have any sewerage and sewage

disposal system. The conservancy system of sanitation, in other words, the

rudimentary method of manual collection and disposal of night soil in trenching grounds

still prevails in the town. The effluent, which is left out from the existing drains, is

causing further deterioration of the environment of the town.

Lack of proper drainage system: Apart from the sewerage system, the town is not

having proper drainage system which is essential service of the town. With the result,

the waste water which comes from NP area is over flowing towards the adjacent road

or sometimes low lying areas and meets with Saraswatia nallah.

Silting in nallahs: The nallahs which carry storm water discharge, need to be de-silted

and cleaned. Increasing their cross section will improve their cap town.

Lack of maintenance: Even though some areas are having proper drainage system,

they are enduring by the poor maintenance of the NP authority. The drains are

completely obstructed with the garbage and roadside waste.

Mixing of waste water and waste water: Waste water drains of GNP have practically

converted into waste water carrying drains. Due to absence of proper sewerage

system and public ignorance HH waste water is discharged into the drains. Release of

waste water in road side drains is one of the major problem in the town.

Degradation of natural water bodies: Flowing untreated waste water into natural

drains and finally to the River Danro lead to degradation of quality and eco-system of

water bodies and causing pollution of river and pond water. There is threat to human

health and environment due to degradation of water quality.

No reuse and recycling of waste water: At present there is no reuse and recycling

of waste water in Garhwa NP.

Environmental Degradation: The discharge from toilets and septic tanks are let into

the open drains, which is finally discharge into either Tiloya or Saraswatia nallah or

directly river Danro flowing throughout the town. Flow of such polluted sewage in the

open drains cause environmental degradation.

Institutional Strengthening for Programme Implementation: Capacity building

measures need be taken in the form of information dissemination among the poor and

slum dwellers about the importance of safe disposal facilities. While such mediums like

audio-visual communication shall be adopted for the purpose, community gatherings

and meetings shall also be given importance. Since the new programmes are

envisaged towards community participation in operation and maintenance, such

measures will strengthen the institutional setup.

Asset Management Plan – It is it is necessary that an asset management plan be

prepared for drainage system in the town.

Mapping & GIS – It is to address the issue of drainage system rehabilitation, mapping

and establishing a GIS system is pertinent to detail out system location, characteristics,

age and condition. This would enable identifying dilapidated sections of the drainage

network and those that require replacement.


Page 106 March 2016

8.6 BEST PRACTICES & KEY TAKE AWAY


Vision

“100% treatment of black and grey water to the prescribed standards and reuse of waste water

for non-potable application”

Goals

The main goal is to develop sewerage system, by providing the sufficient sewer network,

surface drains and suitable treatment plants, which will improve the quality of town’s

environment. All the waste water generated in the town shall be collected and conveyed

through an appropriate sewer network to treatment plants, treated to acceptable quality levels

and disposed, recycled or reused by the year 2019. Considering the above key challenges,

the following goals for different horizon years have been identified.

A three-phase approach to implement the plan has been proposed in this report, namely,

short-term, medium-term and long-term to provide appropriate waste water management

system for the town. Each term would be spread over a certain number of years to complete

the targeted tasks. It has been considered that financial approval of the scheme would

probably be completed by year 2016 and construction activities for implementation of the IHHL

& community / public toilets with septic tanks under Swachh Bharat (Urban) Mission having a

projected time period of 3 years, i.e. by 2019 are expected to be completed. In the long term,

all the waste water generated in the town shall be collected and conveyed through an

appropriate sewer network to treatment plants, treated to acceptable quality levels and

disposed, recycled or reused. The sewerage coverage and access in GNP limits needs to be

enhanced to at least 50% by the year 2020, 70% by the year 2025 and 90% by the year 2030.

The estimated service coverage for sewerage system is depicted in Table 8-5.

SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AT MUSIRI, TAMILNADU

Musiri is a panchayat town at Tiruchirappalli district in Tamil Nadu. To prevent the nuisance due to sludge in the water bodies, Sludge Treatment Plant (STP) is constructed in Musiri. It is operating since July 2010 and is based on constructed wetland model. To treat the sludge from the septic tanks, a vertical flow constructed wetland is built as a Pilot cum Demonstration Unit. The treatment unit consist of three compartments for rotation of sludge application. All the three compartments have a common feed channel for loading of sludge and a common under drain for removal of percolates. The feed channel is located on the one side of the beds and the percolate channel at the centre. At the bottom of the beds, a slope of 1/8 is provided towards the channel. The media in each compartment is supported by a stainless steel mesh laid on the top of the channel. The beds are planted with locally available species of reeds namely Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia. Preventative measures are also proposed to prevent the inconvenience caused due to the foul odour emanated from the anaerobic digested sludge. Steps like: loading of the beds only during night time, usage of dilute lemon grass oil spray to mask bad odour as well as for vector control and planting of trees along the periphery of the unit to provide a green belt has been contemplated.It is estimated that 75-80 percent of the volatile solids (VSS) in the sludge will be reduced by this process. Source: Policy paper on Septage Management in India, centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, May 2011


Page 107 March 2016

TABLE 8-5: ESTIMATED SERVICE COVERAGE BY HORIZON PERIOD



Short term 5 years


Long term 30

years

Coverage of sewage network services

% 100% 0% √

Collection efficiency of the sewage network

% 100% 0% √

Adequacy of sewage treatment capacity

% 100% 0% √

Quality of sewage treatment

% 100% 0% √

Extent of reuse and recycling of sewage

% 20% 0% √

Complaint Redressal % 80% 0% √

Extent cost recovery in sewage management

% 100% 0% √

Efficiency in collection of sewage related charges

% 90% 0% √


8.8 WASTE WATER DEMAND PROJECTION

Based on the population projections and assuming a water demand of 135 lpcd day (2020

onwards), net demand for water supply till the year 2045 would be 13.97 MLD. Current water

demand is based on existing per capita supply of 80 lpcd. It has been assumed that by year

2020, water supply infrastructure work will be completed and per capita supply will increase

to 135 lpcd.

As per CPHEEO manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, waste water generation is 80% of water supply, hence total waste generation till the year 2045 would be 11.17 MLD. Table 8-6 provides the projected waste water generation details ffrom 2015 to 2045.

TABLE 8-6: PROJECTED WASTE WATER GENERATION

Year Population Net Water demand at Consumers’ end

Waste water generation including 15% Ground Water Infiltration

20151 50,263 4.62 3.70

20202 55,543 8.62 6.90

2025 61,278 9.51 7.61

2030 67,521 10.48 8.39

2035 74,335 11.54 9.23

2040 81,791 12.70 10.16

2045 89,970 13.97 11.17

Source: SENES Projections based on CPHEEO Manual and Population Projections

Note: 1 Assumption being 80 lpcd, as there is intermittent water supply

2 Assumption being 135 lpcd, considering that piped water supply will be start by 2020


Page 108 March 2016

TABLE 8-7: PROJECTED SEPTAGE GENERATION

Particular Unit 2016 2017 2018 2019

Population No. 51,285 52,324 53,380 54,453

No of households No. 9,444 9,463 9,482 9,501

Households having septic tank No. 5,869 6,997 8,125 9,253

No of septic tank to be cleared every year – 50% of the total

No. 2,935 3,499 4,063 4,627

Septage generation @ 2.5 m3 per septic tank

m3 7,336 8,746 10,156 11,566

No of cleaning vehicles required

No. 5 6 7 8

Suction machine available with ULB

3

No of cleaning vehicle to be

procured No 2 1 1 1

Source: SENES Calculation based on population projection

Following assumptions were made for above calculation

Average volume of septage produced by emptying one septic tank – 2.5 m3.

Septic tank is cleaned once in two years. On an average 50% of the septic tank gets

cleaned in a year.

Each vacuum desludging vehicle will clear 4 tanks in a day

After 2020, with the development of sewerage system the septage generation will

reduce.

Percentage of the households having septic tank in year 2015 is considered same as

census 2011.

It has been assumed that vacuum de-sludging vehicle will be in function for 300 days

in a year.

8.9 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATION

Waste water disposal service for the town has been planned as a phased development

programme with short term and long term projections / plans. Following factors have been

considered for deciding the most suitable waste water management strategy

Quantity of water supply and waste water generated

Topographical and hydrogeological details which include soil type, ground water depth

and general topography of the town

Housing density and available space

Status of the existing sewerage and drainage system of the town


Page 109 March 2016

Garhwa town has a very level of water supply (approximately 80 lpcd) and also dependence

on ground water. Waste water generation is low approximately of 64 lpcd. Hence,

Conventional off site underground sewerage system for waste water management cannot be

proposed for the town and on site waste water management seems to be the best options for

Garhwa in short term. The shift from onsite offsite will be decided based on the factors such

as sufficient water supply ( at least 135 lpcd) is made available for the town, In addition

other factors like availability of uninterrupted electricity, peoples’ acceptability of sewerage

system and high capital and operation cost are other factors which will decide on the time

frame for shifting from on site to integrated sewerage collection and disposal facility.

Currently, the electric power supply is unstable in GNP, which is crucial for operation and

maintenance of sewerage system. Integrated sewerage system usually involves a long

interception sewer necessitating laying of sewers at considerable depth and installation of

intermediate pumping stations. These require stable electric power and in case of shortage of

electricity, standby arrangements in the form of DG sets have to be provided, which further

increases the operation and maintenance cost. Also, narrow roads and dense development

might affect the efficiency of laying the sewer network.

In Garhwa, the BPL population and slum population is 25 -30% and 19% percent respectively,

who may not afford high cost of maintenance of conventional sewerage system. In addition,

the majority if population having already constructed septic tank may take longer time for

connection of toilets to the sewerage system. Therefore, utmost care should be taken in the

decision making process / in DPR stage to avoid any wasteful investment in the sector.

It is, therefore, necessary to consider cost effective / decentralized sewerage system in the

town, which maybe affordable and operated in a financially sustainable manner.

8.9.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures

During the initial year, focus should be on improving the existing sanitation system and filling

the gaps in existing scenario. Under the short term measures on site sanitation system for

black water has been proposed. The sullage (grey water) from the kitchen or households can

be treated on site or offsite as feasible. Short term recommendations for Garhwa are provided

in following section

1) Increase sanitation coverage

More than 40% people resort to open defecation in Garhwa town; and therefore, increasing

the sanitation coverage from existing 60% to 100 % should be on the 1st priority of GNP.

Coverage of 100% households under the system will reduce the risk from contamination of

surface water due to open defecation. This become more important as there are ground

sources of drinking water in the town and phenomena like open defecation may contaminate

such water sources, if necessary precautions are not engineered in the town, Various options

for 100 % sanitation coverage and effective management of waste water of the town is

provided in the following section.

Since the ground water table is varies 12 -15 m in Garhwa, any of the foresaid options can be

proposed for on site management of sewage.

Till the proposed long term measures for treatment of waste water is implemented, the grey

water or sullage can be either diverted to the soak pit or can be collected through improved


Page 110 March 2016

drainage system. There should be provision of cleaning and improvement of drains in areas

where they do not function properly and with treatment facilities at selected locations within

the town. Such arrangement is suggested as an interim arrangement till the appropriate

sewerage system is developed. After the development of sewerage system, the sullage can

be combined with the sewage (black water) and transported through the sewerage system.

2) Improvement of the existing Sanitation infrastructure

As per census data, approximately 2.4 % households have insanitary latrines which requires

improvement and conversion to sanitary latrines. 59.3% of the households have toilet within

house premises, however, out of it; 7.1% do not have connection with the septic tank and

dispose the fecal sludge in open drains or other sources. These household are required to

upgrade their toilets and connect to septic tank with soak pits or construct a twin pit system

for disposal of fecal sludge. The improvement options suggested for Garhwa are provided in

the following section.

Onsite Sewage Management Technologies – Available Options

Twin Pit latrines: Twin pit latrines consist of two underground pit to hold fecal sludge. Waste water is

discharged to one chamber until it’s full of fecal sludge. Discharged is then switched to the second chamber.

Pits are exchanges at regular interval so that before removal of sludge pit contents decomposes and

pathogens die off. Minimum land requirement for twin pit system is 40 sq. ft. to 60 sq. ft.

Septic tank with soak pits: Septic tank is a buried chamber that collects, stores and partially treat the

waste water under anaerobic conditions. Sediments and solids are settled in septic tank and waste water

is discharged into soak pit or dispersion trenches. Soak pits are ideal for the areas with water table depth

of 2 meter or more. Septage from septic tank is removed once in 2- 3 years and transported to off-site for

disposal and treatment. The design of a septic tank and soak-away system can considered to take load of

the entire household wastewater (black as well as grey water). Existing septic tanks may not have been

designed for this.

Twin soak pits (leach pits): Wastewater from latrine is discharged into soak pits. Domestic waste water

from bathing, washing, cooking, cleaning, etc. is also disposed into another soak pit.

Bio digester toilets: Bio digester toilet is an anaerobic multi compartment tank with inoculum which digest

organic matter biologically. Can be used for individual, community or public toilet. In this process there is

no sludge formation and there is no need for desludging and treatment. For 5-6 user the land requirement

for bio tank is 25 Sq ft and the total toilet cost is in between 12000 to 15000.

Aerobic bio tanks: Bio tank process involves different multi strains of bacteria which break down the waste

matter through oxidation (Aerobic Process). The process is relatively faster and digestion happens within

24 hours with end product as carbon di oxide and water. This process also eliminates the need of periodic

sludge removal. Limitation of the process include requirement of temperature control (4-55 0 C) and

dysfunctional toilets if timely inoculation not done. Land requirement 16 sq ft and total cost of toilet is

approximately Rs 2000.

For more details, please refer to Swachh Bharat Mission – Guidelines for Urban Areas ( www.moud.gov.in)

Improvement of the existing Sanitation infrastructure – Available Options

1) Conversion of insanitary latrines into sanitary latrines

2) Conversion of single pit latrines to Twin pit

3) Construction of soak-away for existing WCs with septic tanks

4) Upgrading other latrines to WCs connected to septic tank with soak pit


Page 111 March 2016

3) Proper collection, treatment and disposal of sludge/ septage from onsite

sanitation facilities

In the current scenario, there is no management system for fecal sludge including no treatment

and proper disposal. Sanitation system up-gradation, periodic removal of fecal sludge and

septage from the pits along with proper septage management is required to avoid manual

scavenging and overflowing of the septic tanks.

Fecal sludge/ septage from septic tank requires treatment before due to high concentration of

pollutants and pathogens

Sludge removal: As per the National Building Code (NBC) of India, septic tanks

should be desludged as often as every year. As per the general good practice tanks

should be cleaned after every 2 years or as prescribed in the approved design of septic

tank (standard practice in India). NBC also suggests that, disinfectants should not be

used in the toilets attached with tanks as they kill the organism digesting sewage.

Sludge removal from twin pit system should be done after prescribed time interval

according to the design of the pits. Before filling of second pit with sludge to its ultimate

capacity, the contents of first pit should be allowed to dry to get converted to natural

manure and dug out from pit.

Recordkeeping - Records of desludging should be maintained to get the idea of next

round of cleaning. The records should include location of the tank or pit, septage

characteristic (residential or commercial), volume of septage removed and name of the

house owner. Mapping of all such record in GIS platform should be aimed for efficient

management of septage.

Safety gear – Garhwa Nagar Panchayat need to provide prescribed safety gears for

sanitary workers. The mandatory items are masks, gloves and boots etc. to be

provided to all the workers to ensure no health risk and general safety.

Septage collection and disposal – For the twin pit system the removed dried sludge

can be used in gardens or agriculture fields as natural manure along with cow dung or

can be disposed at septage management site.

Fecal sludge from Septic tank is to be collected by vacuum de-sludging equipment

only. The removed sludge from septic tank shall require treatment before final disposal.

A case study of the sludge / septage treatment plant in Tamil Nadu is provided for

ready reference. Various options for septage management are discussed in the

following section.


Page 112 March 2016

Septage Management Technology Options

Land Application after Stabilization: It is widely used septage management system particularly

for town where land availability is not an issue. The method is less capital intensive with low O&M

cost.

Surface application – Spreading of sludge on the soil by suction machine which is used

for disposing and transporting the sludge. The system has high odor potential during

application and possibility of pathogen dispersal.

Sub surface – In the system, untreated septage is placed just below the soil surface,

reducing odor and health risk while fertilizing and conditioning the soil. The method allows

better odor control than surface spreading and reduce the risk of pathogen dispersal.

Burial – The method include disposal of septage in holding lagoons almost 6 feet deep),

trenches use of multiple chambers) and sanitary landfills. High odor during septage

application until a final cover is placed on the top.

Independent Septage treatment facility

Independent septage treatment facilities use processes like stabilization lagoons, chlorine oxidation, and aerobic and anaerobic digestion, biological and chemical treatment. Solid residual can be sent to a landfill, composted, applied to the land, or incinerated. The remaining effluent can be released to another treatment works where it can undergo further treatment and then finally can be discharged. Composting: Another feasible option is composting where bulking agents are easily available. The humus is produced after composting which can be used as a soil conditioner.

Treatment at waste water treatment plant:

Co-treatment of septage along with domestic sewage at a sewage treatment plant is a feasible and acceptable alternative for septage treatment. Though septage is much concentrated in its strength than the domestic sewage, its constituents are similar to municipal wastewater. For co- treatment of septage with waste water facility, it may be necessary to increase treatment plant aeration capacity as a result of direct septage discharge

Non-conventional septage management technologies

Improved septic tank/ Anaerobic Baffle reactor: In this case a baffle walls is introduced

in the existing septic tank design to have a multi chambered baffled septic tank. This increase movement of wastewater inside the tank helps in creating the turbulent flow which causes enhanced mixing of the raw sewage with already existing activated sludge and accelerates the decomposition of the solids because of intensive contact between the activated sludge and fresh influent. Anaerobic filters are provided in the penultimate chamber of the improved septic tank. Hence by increasing the retention time of the incoming sewage, sludge accumulation problem can be significantly reduced and overall efficiency of septic tank can be greatly improved. Constructed wetlands: In the areas where water table is shallow, the effluent from the

septic tank/improved septic tank could be connected to constructed wetlands to prevent ground water contamination. Constructed Wetlands are a biological wastewater treatment technology designed to mimic processes found in natural wetland ecosystems. These systems use wetland plants, soils and their associated micro-organisms to remove contaminants from wastewater. They act as a filter removing sediments and pollutants such as nutrients and other heavy metals from waste water and septage. These systems require land but offer very effective biological treatment response in a passive manner so that mechanical equipment, energy and skilled operator attention are minimized. Source: “Policy Paper on Septage management in India” by Centre for Science and Environment, May 2010


Page 113 March 2016

Most suitable septage treatment technology for Garhwa can be burial in the landfill after drying

the septage in the septage drying bed. The total areas requirement for septage drying for

Garhwa would be 1600 m2 (0.4 acres approx.).

The septage drying bed can be located adjacent to the solid waste processing and disposal

site. This arrangement has low capital and operating cost. However, land requirement is

slightly higher than other technologies. A detailed feasibility study / life cycle cost analysis

should be carried out at FR / DPR stage by GNP / DPR Consultant.

The septage drying bed can be located adjacent to the solid waste processing and disposal

site. This arrangement has low capital and operating cost. However, land requirement is

slightly higher than other technologies. The summary of the short term sanitation system

prescribed for Garhwa is provided in Figure 8-3.

CASE STUDY : SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT AT MUSIRI, TAMILNADU

Musiri is a panchayat town at Tiruchirappalli district in Tamil Nadu. To prevent the nuisance due to sludge in the water bodies, Sludge Treatment Plant (STP) is constructed in Musiri. It is operating since July 2010 and is based on constructed wetland model. To treat the sludge from the septic tanks, a vertical flow constructed wetland is built as a Pilot cum Demonstration Unit. The treatment unit consist of three compartments for rotation of sludge application. All the three compartments have a common feed channel for loading of sludge and a common under drain for removal of percolates. The feed channel is located on the one side of the beds and the percolate channel at the centre. At the bottom of the beds, a slope of 1/8 is provided towards the channel. The media in each compartment is supported by a stainless steel mesh laid on the top of the channel. The beds are planted with locally available species of reeds namely Phragmites karka and Typha latifolia. Preventative measures are also proposed to prevent the inconvenience caused due to the foul odour emanated from the anaerobic digested sludge. Steps like: loading of the beds only during night time, usage of dilute lemon grass oil spray to mask bad odour as well as for vector control and planting of trees along the periphery of the unit to provide a green belt has been contemplated.It is estimated that 75-80 percent of the volatile solids (VSS) in the sludge will be reduced by this process. Source: Policy paper on Septage Management in India, centre for Science and

Environment, New Delhi, May 2011


Page 114 March 2016

FIGURE 8-3: SUMMARY OF THE SHORT TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR GARHWA

8.9.2 Recommendation Long term

Once Garhwa achieve the per capita water supply of 135 liters and cent percent or most of

the people have access to toilet, waste water (black and grey) generating units such as

individual, public and community toilets, bathroom and kitchen can be connected to sewer

network.

A Sewage treatment plant of 11.5 MLD capacity has been proposed for Garhwa town. The

capacity of sewerage treatment plant has been designed for the horizon year 2045. Long term

recommendation for waste water treatment Garhwa are provided in Figure 8-4.

Source Sanitary units Output Collection /

storageTransportation

Urine

Flush water

Cooking

Bathing

Washing

Toilet

Bathroom

Kitchen

Black water

and fecal

sludge

Grey water

Collection of

grey and

black water in

septic tank /

twin pit

Storage of

fecal sludge

in twin pit /

septic tank

Disposal of

waste water

from septic

tank and twin

pit to the

ground

Transportation

of fecal sludge

from septic

tank / pit to

septage

management

site

SHORT TERM / INTERIM MEASURES


Page 115 March 2016

FIGURE 8-4: SUMMARY OF THE LONG TERM SANITATION IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM FOR GARHWA

1) Development of Sewerage system along with treatment plant

The general topography of the town is undulating, therefore, conventional sewerage system

establishment would be a feasible option for Garhwa in long term. In addition, improvement in

per capita water supply and availability of stable electric power supply would support the

optimum functioning of the treatment facility. About 80% of the town area drains out in River

Danro flowing towards south eastern side of the town directly or through nallahs. Rest 20% of

the area either drains out in open land or in ponds. Based on the Garhwa topography and land

use pattern, town has been divided into three parts i.e. sewerage Zone I, Zone II and Zone III.

Waste water conveyance system options are provided in following section, conventional

sewerage system along with zonal network and ‘decentralised’ treatment option is also

feasible for Garhwa. However, the town authorities may also look into feasible low cost options

for development of sewerage system. The options for development of sewerage systems is

provided in following section.

LONG TERM MEASURES

Source Sanitary Units OutputCollection/

TransportationTreatment

Urine

Black water and

fecal sludge

Flush Water

Toilet

Option I

Collection by

wide network of

sewer lines by

pumping form

zone I and Zone

II

Cooking

Bathing

Kitchen

Grey water

Washing

Bathroom

Option II

Collection by

wide network of

sewer lines

separately in

zone I, zone II

and zone III)

Treatment of

waste water by

Sewage

Treatment Plant

for zone I and

zone II – (2+8) 10

MLD

Treatment of

waste water by

STP (for zone I - 2

MLD and zone II -

8 MLD) and

Treatment with

community septic

tank or DEWAT in zone III


Page 116 March 2016

Alternatives to set up sewage collection and transportation system for Garhwa are discussed

as option I and II.

Option I - Conventional sewage treatment system has been proposed for Garhwa with two

small STP, one left of river Danro having capacity 8 MLD and another on right portion of river

Danro having capacity of 2 MLD. The proposed system consist of closed system of pipes,

manholes and pumping station. Grey and black water generated from town will be collected

by the sewerage system and transported to STPs for treatment. However, the only concern

for this option is that sewage from western part of zone I and central part of zone II has to be

pumped or may provide syphon due to sewer network crossing the National Highway and

Saraswatia nallah.

Waste water conveyance System – Low Cost Options

Conventional sewerage system: Conventional sewerage system is centralized waste water treatment system consist of closed system pf pipes, manholes and pumping station. The underground sewer network conveys black and grey water from individual households to centralized treatment facility. The underground sewer line are categorized into primary, secondary and tertiary networks. The main line or primary line runs through the center of the system and all the other lines empty into it. Shallow Sewers: Shallow sewers are conventional sewers constructed to relaxed standards. Shallow depth made possible by low traffic loads and short connection lengths allows the use of inspection chambers rather than manholes. Since these are not designed for entry of persons, they can be much smaller and cheaper than manholes, thus considerably reducing the cost of sewerage. Small-bore sewerage: All waste water is diverted to an on-plot septic tank. Households constructing new individual sanitation facilities should be encouraged to construct septic tanks. Some households could use pit latrines. Only gray water may be connected to sewers. Septage is removed for further treatment and final disposal. Small diameter sewer pipe (< 200 mm) is laid at a flatter gradient to carry the effluent from septic tanks. Combined system: The combination includes both on-site sanitation arrangements and off-site sanitation systems.


Page 117 March 2016

MAP 8-1: OPTION I -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT GARHWA

Option II - Another feasible option to set up fully off-site sewerage system is combination of

STP and decentralized treatment units dividing the town in three zones based on location of

railway track crossing the town, natural topography and gravity flow of sewage. In this option

decentralized sewerage system has been proposed.

Zone I - Zone I would have the conventional STP having capacity of 2 MLD to be located along

the bank of river Danro in ward no. 17. All the generated waste water in zone I would be tapped

via sewer lines and will be transported to STP for disposal and treatment. As the slope of the

town is towards river Danro, the sewage would flow with gravity, therefore installation of

pumping station is not required in this zone. Whereas, another conventional STP in zone II

having capacity of 2 MLD to be located along the bank of river Danro in ward no. 9.

Zone III- In this option, the internal wastewater collection is modified to divert all household

liquid wastes (including bathing, washing, cooking and latrine waste) and disposed off to an


Page 118 March 2016

on-plot septic tank. Households constructing new individual sanitation facilities may

encouraged to construct interceptor tanks. It would be necessary to install/construct a small

grit and grease trap before the wastewater (other than latrine wastewater) disposes into the

septic tank or soak pit community based septic tank or DEWAT system (Annexure 8). The

septage (sludge from septic tanks) is removed for further treatment and final disposal. A small

diameter sewer pipe is laid at a flatter gradient to carry the effluent from septic tanks. Since

the sewer pipes do not carry solids, flatter gradient and smaller diameter are sufficient. The

flatter gradient also saves from deeper excavations hence resulting in substantial cost

reduction.

In both the systems the sewage will flow with gravity to the treatment site and will be drain out

in river Danro or natural ponds/low land.

MAP 8-2: OPTION II -WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT GARHWA

The selection of most suitable technology is guided by factors such as effluent quantity and

quality, availability of land and location and capital and operation cost and operational

requirements. Garhwa has low level of water supply, technology which promotes reuse of


Page 119 March 2016

waste water can be most feasible technology. Treated wastewater, if handled properly, can

be of high value as it contains several nutrients and is a vital source of fertiliser. The different

sustainable ways of disposing the treated wastewater are discussed below.

Application on land for ground water recharge - Recharge of groundwater is one

of the way of reusing wastewater particularly since the groundwater table tends to

lower each and every year. A crack-free, 3 m thick soil layer above groundwater is

sufficient to prevent organic pollution. Pollution by mineral deposition is far more

frequent, as salts like nitrate and phosphate being soluble in water cannot be removed

by physical filtration when passing through soil or sand layers.

Application on land for irrigation - Treated domestic wastewater is ideal for irrigating

community parks, flower beds in gardens and other farm lands/agricultural areas. For

an irrigation rate of 2 m per year (20,000 cum/ha) which is commonly required for semi-

arid areas, even well-treated wastewater with concentrations as 15 mg/l of total

nitrogen and 3 mg/l total phosphorous provides 300 kg N and 60 kg/hectare via

irrigation without additional cost; at the same time the same amount of groundwater is

saved.

Discharge into lakes/ponds/water bodies - Wastewater is full of nutrients, which can

directly be used by algae, water plants and lower animals, which then could become

fish feed.

Use of treated waste water for construction activities - Water if treated upto the

required standards can effectively be used for construction purposes. However, it is

the general perception noticed among the architects, builders, engineers and other

construction companies that the recycled water cannot be used for construction

activities viz., mixing, curing, etc. due to its hardness and recommend only fresh (soft)

water for these purposes. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have outlined a code for

construction water quality (IS 456:2000).

The CPCB has developed National Standards for effluent under the statutory powers of the

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. These standards have been approved

and notified by the government of India, Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF),

under section 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and National River Conservation

Directorate Guidelines.

Detailed feasibility report followed by detailed project report should be prepared for

development of sewerage system along with treatment facility in Garhwa. However for ready

reference, various sewage treatment process are compared in Table 8-8.


Page 120 March 2016

TABLE 8-8: COMPARISON OF VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Particular

Treatment Technologies

Activated

Sludge

Process

(ASP)

Tricklin

g Filters

BIOFOR

(Biological

Filtration &

Oxygenate

d Reactor)

Up-flow

Anaerobic

Sludge

Blanket

(UASB)

Fluidize

d Bed

Reactor

( FAB)

Sequent

ial

Batch

Reactor

(SBR)

Rotating

Biological

Contractor

Up flow

Anaerobi

c Filter

Waste

Stabilizati

on Ponds

Aerated

Lagoons

Oxidation

Ponds

Duck

weed

ponds

Shallow

Sewerage

Reed Bed

/Construc

ted

Wetlands/

root zone

Land

requireme

nt

0.15 - 0.25

Hectares /

MLD

0.25 -

0.65

Hectares

/ MLD

0.08

Hectares /

MLD

0.2 - 0.3

Hectares /

MLD

0.06

Hectares

/ MLD

0.1 -

0.15

hectares

/ MLD

NA NA

0.8 - 2.3

Hectares /

MLD

0.27 - 0.4 Hectares/ MLD

0.27 - 0.4 Hectares/ MLD

1.5 - 2 Hectares / MLD

NA NA

Energy

requireme

nt

180 - 225 Kwh

/ MLD

180 Kwh

/ MLD

220 - 335

Kwh / MLD

10 -15 Kwh/

MLD

99 - 170

Kwh /

MLD

150 -

200 Kwh

/ MLD

high medium

Negligible,

only for

Screen &

Grit

chamber

18 Kwh /

MLD 18 Kwh / MLD

Negligible

Negligible Negligible

Resource

requireme

nts and

associate

d costs

Moderately

high (require

skilled

manpower)

Moderat

ely high

(require

skilled

manpow

er)

High capital

cost

(require

less skilled

manpower)

Moderately

high (require

moderately

skilled

manpower)

High

(require

highly

skilled

manpow

er)

High

(require

highly

skilled

manpow

er)

High (require

highly skilled

manpower

Moderatel

y high

(require

moderatel

y skilled

manpowe

r

Very low

(not

require

skilled

manpower

)

Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpowe

r)

Moderately

Low (require

semi-skilled

manpower)

Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpow

er)

Moderately

Low (require

semi-skilled

manpower

Moderatel

y Low

(require

semi-

skilled

manpower

Resource

Recovery

Feasible

(High)

Moderat

ely high

(margina

lly lower

than

ASP)

High

(higher than

ASP)

Medium

(much less

than ASP,

but more

than pond

based

systems)

High

(50%

higher

than

ASP)

High

(much

higher

than

ASP)

High high

Lowest

(Periodica

l

maintenan

ce of

ponds

required)

Moderate

ly Low

Moderately

Low

(Comparable

to Lagoons)

medium Moderately

Low high

Annual

(O&M)

cost

5.2lakhs/year/

MLD NA Na

1.5

lakhs/MLD/a

nnum

Moderat

ely high

High Rs.14,000/pm

/MLD NA NA

3.4

lakhs/MLD/an

num

NA Rs.215/m3 less

Capital

Cost 48 lakhs/MLD

1.3

crores/M

LD

35

lakhs/MLD

5-20

crores/M

LD (vary

dependin

g on

capacity)

33 lakhs/MLD

15

lakhs/ML

D

4.8

crores/MLD

1.8

lakhs/M

LD

Rs.50,000/m3/

day

Rs.13,

00/m2 for

horizontal

flow and

Rs.2,

100/m2 for

vertical

flow beds.

Source: A Guide to Decision making – “Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India” Sept, 2008

Note: Description of the each system in Annexure 7


Page 121 March 2016

Detailed feasibility report followed by detailed project report should be prepared for

development of sewerage system along with treatment facility in Garhwa.

Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System (DEWATS)13 – DEWAT is a decentralized

waste water treatment system with low capital cost, simple technology, less energy

consumption and minimum O&M cost. It is based on the various natural water treatment

techniques which are combined accordingly as per the characteristics of the waste water. It is

based on the aerobic (horizontal planted gravel filters and polishing pond) and anaerobic

treatment process (settlers, baffle reactor, anaerobic filters).

Primary Treatment (Pre-treatment)

1. Grease traps are used as pre-treatment steps to retain oil and grease by flotation, while

clearer water underneath is discharged in to the following treatment module. The

wastewater is retained in this unit for 2 to 4 minutes.

2. Settled (sunk) organic matter is retained in the tank, while all the rest (dissolved and

suspended matter) passes untreated to the following treatment module. The wastewater

is retained in this unit for 1.5 to 2 hours.

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

Tertiary treatment Polishing pond

3. Biogas is formed due to the decomposition (digestion) of settled organic particles; called

anaerobic digestion. All the rest (dissolved and suspended particles) pass untreated to the

following treatment module. The wastewater is retained in this unit for 12 to 24 hours.

13 Source: Advisory on Septage Management in Indian Cities: Preparation and Implementation of a Septage Management sub-

Plan (SMP) as a part of the City Sanitation Plan (CSP)


Page 122 March 2016

Secondary treatment

1. Baffle reactors ensure anaerobic degradation of suspended and dissolved solids by mixing

wastewater with active sludge blanket – these are naturally occurring bacteria that

accumulate in the bottom of each chamber. The wastewater is retained in this unit for 1 to

2 days.

2. Anaerobic fixed bed filters make use of anaerobic digestion process with fixed bed filter—

these are stones or other material in chambers. Active bacterial mass grows on the filter

material (carrier). These units treat whatever is dissolved in the wastewater by bringing it

in close contact with active bacteria mass. The wastewater is retained in this unit for 1.5 to

2 days.

Tertiary treatment

1. Horizontal Planted Gravel Filter: The horizontal gravel filter is a shallow tank filled with

graded gravel or pebbles, and special plants are planted in this gravel filter. The normal

depth is 60cm. The main removal mechanisms are biological conversion, physical filtration

and chemical adsorption. Plants commonly used are canas indica, reed juncas, phragmites

etc.

The filters clean the wastewater by retaining particles and digesting them with the help of

bacteria growing naturally on the gravel/ pebbles. Important is the intake of air (oxygen)

into the filter body. The plants help with transporting oxygen through their roots.

Wastewater is retained in this unit between 5 to 10 days.

Post Treatment

1. Polishing Pond: The polishing pond is a shallow pond where pathogen removal takes

place. The main purpose of ponds is oxygen enrichment and elimination of pathogen

germs through sun‘s radiation. Floating aquatic plants can help control algal growth

and make it a pleasant landscape feature if desired. Wastewater is retained in this unit for

1 day.

1) Recycling/Re-Use of treated waste water for non-portable applications

Recycling of wastewater is essentially, reusing treated waste water for beneficial purposes

such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, toilet flushing and replenishing a ground water

basin. Recycling and reusing are both aimed at conservation and reduction of wastage. Action

plan for recycling and reuse of waste water should be developed along with the development

of sewerage system and sewage treatment plant. Reuse is especially critical for Garhwa since

water supply is relatively low and high cost of getting piped water supply for the town.

Waste water can be recycled to industries, commercial and institutional establishments. This

will entail a direct saving to the consumer of water and a direct saving for the town authorities

which continuously struggles to find or locate new sources of water to meet the growing

demands of the town population.

2) Proper operation and maintenance of sanitation infrastructure

Sewerage System need to be maintained as per the guidelines provided in CPHEEO Manual

on Sewerage and Sewage treatment. Both preventive and the emergency maintenance

should be done regularly for the proposed sewerage system.


Page 123 March 2016

Operation and maintenance requirements are simple but essential to ensure system

performance. Removal of excess weed, occasional scraping of the top layer of filter media,

and removal of the floating scum layer, plastic and other debris. Insect and odour problems

should not be a problem as long as the wastewater remain sunder the gravel and sand.

Otherwise insecticide spray should be used to control mosquitoes and other insects. Inlet and

outlet structures should be cleaned periodically. The filter media will eventually become

clogged and should be changed every 8 to 15 years.

8.10 COST ESTIMATES

Capital cost for development of onsite and offsite sewerage system has been discussed in

Table 8-9.

TABLE 8-9: COST ESTIMATED FOR WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT

Sl. No. Particular Total

Cost Estimate ( Rs. are in lakhs)

2017 - 2020 2020-

2025 2025-

2045

A Short term

1 Septage collection and conveyance infrastructure

68.00 40.00 14.00 14.00

2 Septage treatment facility 600.00 300.00 200.00 100.00

B Long term

1 Site Development works 50.00 50.00

2 Cost for development of sewerage system

5760.00 2880.00 2880.00

3 Cost for development of Sewage Treatment Plant (11.5 MLD)

1440.00 720.00 720.00

Base Cost Total (APEX) 7918.00 340.00 3864.00 3714.00

Add 2% Architectural Works 158.36 6.80 77.28 74.28

Sub Total 8076.36 346.80 3941.28 3788.28

Contingencies 3% 242.29 10.40 118.24 113.65


8318.65 357.20 4059.52 3901.93

Grand Total (CAPEX with cost escalation of 5%)

13637.64 393.82 5997.76 7357.67

O & M Cost for 5 years (10% of CAPEX)

1363.76 39.38 599.78 735.77

Source: CPHEEO Guideline and A Guide to Decision making – “Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India” Sept, 2008; and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme

Note: 1.Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs.


3. Cost for development of onsite sanitation facilities have been considered in chapter on ‘access to Toilet’.

4. Short Term: Considering implantation to start in 2017 - Cost escalation of 5% per annum from 2015 for 2 years.

5. Medium Term: Considering implantation to start in 2023 - Cost escalation of 5% per annum for 8 years from 2015.

6. Long Term: Considering implantation to start in 2028 - Cost escalation of 5% per annum. for 13 years from 2015

7. Land cost not included in the above cost

8. All the costs are excluding land cost


Page 124 March 2016

9.0 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) has always been a great challenge to the urban

local bodies (ULBs) in India and Garhwa Nagar Panchayat being no exception. Municipal solid

waste in Garhwa is being managed inefficiently, as the systems adopted are primitive in

nature, tools and equipment outlived their life & also inadequate, and there is absence of

skilled manpower, hence productivity is low. Processing and treatment of waste is not

practiced and final disposal is being made unscientifically in a dumpsites, posing threats of

ground and surface water contamination and air pollution. GNP is yet to comply with Municipal

Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000.

Existing waste management scenario with respect to waste generation, storage, collection,

transportation, treatment and disposal for Garhwa has been discussed in the following section

along with the proposed recommendation for effective management of waste.

9.1 WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION

Knowledge about the quantum of waste generation and composition of MSW is essential for

determining collection, transportation, processing and disposal options that could be adopted

for GNP. These factors are dependent on the population, demographic details, principal

activities in the town, income levels and lifestyle of the community. Studies carried out in Indian

cities by NEERI indicates that waste generation and its composition is strongly dependent on

the local socio-economic condition, lifestyle & behavioral pattern, and available infrastructure

for solid waste management (SWM) in the urban center. It has been well established from

such studies that waste generation of an area is directly proportional to average income of the

people of that area.

9.1.1 Waste Generation

Based on site visit and discussion with ULB officials it is understood that, the two tractors

available with GNP and four hired from outside are making 10 - 12 trips a day carrying solid

waste from the town to the designated dumpsite at Bhatti Mahalla in ward no.16, Safai

Karmacharitala in ward no.18 and Bhagalpur Road in ward no.20. There is no weighbridge

available at dumpsite; therefore no records exists for the quantum of solid waste transferred

daily to the dumpsite. In the absence of any records, the waste generated in Garhwa has been

assumed based on waste generation estimates derived from secondary sources. The waste

estimation is based on Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation,

2000 (CPHEEO) Manual on SWM and India Urban Infrastructure Report, 2011 by High

Powered Expert Committee (HPEC14).

CPHEEO Manual on SWM, 2000

As per the CPHEEO manual, per capita waste generation for a population range of 0.1 to 0.5

million is 210 gm/capita/day. Other studies and observations indicate that waste generation

rate is found to be between 200 and 300 gm/ capita /day in small towns / cities with population

below 2,00,000.Based on the above, the per capita waste generation of 210 gm/capita/day

14 This Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services is a result of over two years’ effort on the part of the High Powered

Expert Committee (HPEC) for estimating the investment requirement for urban infrastructure services. The HPEC was set up by the Ministry of Urban Development in May, 2008.


Page 125 March 2016

may be considered for GNP. Accordingly, for the current year’s projected population of 50,263,

the solid waste generated in Garhwa is 10.56 Tons per day.

India Infrastructure Report 2011

As per the India Infrastructure Report 2006, Garhwa is a Class II town and the per capita waste

generation is 255 gm/capita/day. Therefore, with a projected population of 50,623 in the

current year, Garhwa should be generating 12.91 Tons per day (TPD).

Based on above two estimations, the waste generation for the town of Garhwa has been

assumed as 13 TPD and same shall be used as base data for all necessary calculations

carried out in this chapter.

9.2 WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

Waste generation projection for Garhwa town has been done based on the projected

population and projected per capita waste generation. It has been assumed that per capita

solid waste generated in Garhwa will increase with growth rate of 1.3 percent per annum15.

Table 9-1 shows the waste generation projection for Garhwa.

TABLE 9-1: WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION

Year Population gm/capita/day Waste Projected(TPD)

2020 55,543 272 15

2030 67,521 310 21

2045 89,970 376 34

Source: SENES Calculation

Based on the Table 9-1, the waste generation projected for year 2020 (Short term), 2030 (mid-

term) and 2045 (long term) is 15 TPD, 21 TPD and 34 TPD respectively.

9.2.1 Existing Scenario

Barring a few progressive municipal corporations in the country, all other municipalities suffer

due to non-availability of adequate expertise and experience; thereby the solid waste is not

properly handled resulting into creation of environmental pollution and health hazards. Most

of the small ULBs in Jharkhand like Garhwa have lack of technical, managerial, administrative,

financial resources and adequate institutional arrangements for effective solid waste

management.

Waste generated in the town include waste from residential, market, commercial, institutional

and industrial areas, and includes construction & demolition waste and street sweeping &

green waste. The residential, market and commercial sources contribute the maximum

quantum of waste in Garhwa. GNP is responsible for the solid waste management system in

Garhwa. Brief status of current waste management system is outlined in the following section.

Residential Waste: Waste from the residential areas is collected in the containers kept along

the road side in each ward about 10 – 15 nos. totalling about more than 200 nos., but mostly

15 Reference : Guidelines for assessing funds for Municipal Solid Waste as per 12th Finance Commission


Page 126 March 2016

dumped at Bhatti Mahalla in ward no.16, Safai Karmacharitala in ward no.18 and Bhagalpur

Road in ward no.20, also vacant plots or on the banks the river Danro.

Market & Commercial Waste: The commercial areas in GNP are located all along the main

Garhwa road on both the sides, densely established central part of the town. Vegetable weekly

market is also organized in different areas of the town. These areas are comprising of both

commercial (shops and markets) and residential areas. Waste from these markets are kept in

open area or thrown in cemented containers/dhaloas kept along the roads, from where the

sweepers collect waste and get transferred to the dump yard.

Institutional Waste: Waste from offices and schools is collected in containers, but also mostly

thrown in open vacant land or find its place in open drains and near water bodies. There is no

separate system of collection of solid waste for institutions.

Industrial Waste: Due to absence of any major industrial activity, no specific type of

hazardous waste is generated as of now. However, waste from small scale industries is getting

mixed with residential and other type of waste being generated in the town.

Drain silt: Drain silt typically comprises of market & commercial waste, household waste,

waste from street sweepings, construction waste, etc. The major portion of drain silt is

generated by way of disposal of different type of waste in open drains. After de-silting drains,

silt is kept along the drain on the road sides, allowed for getting naturally dried up, which is

later picked up by waste collectors and transferred to the dumping yard.

Construction and demolition waste: Construction and demolition waste is the sizeable part

of the total waste being generated in GNP. However, the quantum varies from time to time

depending on the construction or demolition activities. There are no standard practices being

followed for disposal of construction waste in GNP area. A major portion of this waste is

generally used in reconstruction activities or for filling up low-lying areas or constructing

temporary (kutcha) roads. The left over waste lies unattended on the road sides.

Open Dumping


Page 127 March 2016

Tipper Tractor for waste transportation

Tricycle Broken Handcarts and Tricycle

Waste Segregation & Primary collection: There is no door to door collection system and

source segregation of waste in the town. About 40 - 42 (forty to forty two) cemented bins are

found available in GNP and are kept at different locations in different wards throughout the

town area.

Waste storage & Secondary Collection: Primarily waste is stored in bins, from where waste

is transported to dumping site. There is no transfer station in the town for secondary storage

of waste.

Waste Transportation: To transport the waste from roads and bins, GNP has four tractor and

two tipper. Waste from road side bins is generally picked up once in everyday from few wards

and every 2-3 days in a week rest of the wards.


Page 128 March 2016

MAP 9-1: EXISTING AND PROPOSED DUMP SITE

Source: SENES Field Survey and Stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015


Page 129 March 2016

Willingness to pay: As of now no user charges are being collected from the public. However, willingness to pay minimal charges have been generally expressed by the residents and commercial establishments, if present conditions are improved both aesthetically and hygienically.

Waste Treatment and Disposal: There is no treatment facility or scientific disposal of waste

in GNP area. There are three waste dumping sites situated in the town, Bhatti Mahalla in ward

no.16, Safai Karmacharitala in ward no.18 along the bank of river Darnro and Bhagalpur Road

in ward no.20.

Open Dumping at Road side Construction and Demolition waste

Existing Dustbins Dumping on the drain

Waste dumping along river Danro


Page 130 March 2016

Street Sweeping: Street sweeping on the major roads such as Garhwa Main road, Garhwa

Rajendra road along commercial & market area, sabji mandi is done once in a day during

morning hours. While, street sweeping is carried out most of the days in a week, whereas the

other roads in different ward roads once in a week or more.

Rag Pickers: Approximate presence of 15-20 rag pickers, including women and children, were

reported in the GNP officials. These rag pickers generally collect resalable from waste in the

town area and being purchased by the Waste iterant buyers (Kabadi Walas).There are few

shops (approx. 5 - 7 as per GNP officials), who are engaged in this business. The resalable

items primarily include disposed household appurtenance, discarded equipment, machinery,

furniture, metals and plastic products. There is no organized recycling unit in the town.

9.3 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Due to absence of any medium or major industrial activity, no specific type of hazardous waste

is generated as of now. However, waste from small scale industries (such as garment

stitching, plastic toy making etc.), situated in different part of the town, is getting mixed with

residential and other type of waste being generated in the town, and therefore, any specific

adverse impact to the environment due to industrial waste could not be established.

9.4 BIOMEDICAL WASTE

There is one primary health centre (PHC) i.e. Sadar Hospital and 5 (five) private nursing

homes in Garhwa. A multispecialty hospital has been set up in Garhwa. It has facilities for eye

check-up, CT-Scanning, physiotherapy etc. Medical practitioners from various places come

here every month. As discussed with these private organizations as well as govt. institutes like

hospitals, ULBs it is being surmised that no proper waste management system is available to

deal with the bio medical waste in the GNP area.

As per standard, approximately 1.25kg/bed of hospital waste is generated per day inclusive of

biomedical waste being approximately 0.380 kg/bed/day. Biomedical waste need to be

handled as per Biomedical Waste Management and Handling rules 1998.

As discussed with officials from ULB and nursing home staff, also field level discussion

indicated that biomedical waste is buried in a pit in the backyard of a hospital premises.

Whereas, non-hazardous waste is dumped in the road side bins. Private clinics in town do not

have any system to manage their waste, therefore it gets mixed with the municipal solid waste.

Since the biomedical waste generated in the Garhwa is very less and it is not feasible to

develop a separate biomedical waste management facility for the town, GNP should get

associated with the biomedical waste management facilities of the district headquarter in the

vicinity. All the hospital and clinics including the government and private hospital should be

directed to mandatorily dispose their biomedical waste safely under guidance of the State

Pollution Control Board to a suitably identified associated facility.

9.5 CATTLE AND DAIRY WASTE

Number of cattle population is not very high in Garhwa. Although, ward number 17, 18 and 20

have maximum number of cattle population. Total number of cattle population including cow

and buffalo in Garhwa is about 1,500 – 1,600 in the individual households. As per NP officials,


Page 131 March 2016

more all less each and every ward having cattle population varies 60 - 90. There is no

recognized dairy unit in the town. Milking is generally being done within individual households,

and there is no dairy waste generated as such in the town.

For management of Cattle and Dairy waste generated in the NP area, there is no systematic

plan being practiced by the owner of the cattle. Most of the waste is stored in open and is

exposed to environment. As discussed with house owners, most of them sell the majority of

left over dung to local farmers at Rs.800 - Rs.1,000 per tractor. Some portion of the dung is

used to make fuel cakes. Waste water (generated after cattle washing) along with left over

waste and urine of the cattle coming from cattle’s house is also discharged into open drains

and fields without any treatment.

9.6 SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE

There is no established slaughter house in the town. However, many shops (approximate 45-

50 shops) can be found in the town selling chopped meat and poultry. All the waste generated

at these shops is thrown in the vacant place near the shop.

9.7 CARCASS DISPOSAL

At present there is no system established for carcass disposal in GNP. As informed by the

official, dead animals are being disposed at the dumping site located at Bhatti Mahalla in ward

no.16, Safai Karmacharitala in ward no.18 and Bhagalpur Road in ward no.20.

Cattle in Garhwa

Cattle House in Garhwa


Page 132 March 2016


Comparison of service level benchmarks with current status of GNP indicates very poor solid

waste management services with respect to collection, segregation, treatment etc. Existing

town status with respect to standards is provided in Table 9-2.

TABLE 9-2: SWM SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARKS FOR GNP

Sl. No. Solid waste management Benchmarks GNP Status

1 Household level coverage of solid waste management services

100% 0%

2 Efficiency in collection of municipal solid waste

100% 55% - 60%

3 Extent of source segregation of municipal solid waste

100% 0%

4 Extend of municipal solid waste reused, recycled and recovered

80% 0%

5 Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

100% 0%

6 Efficiency in redressal of customer complaint

80% 0%

7 Extent of cost recovery in SWM services

100% 0%

8 Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

90% 0%



To address the issues of SWM in the town, detailed project report for Solid Waste

Management of Garhwa town need to be prepared. But, as told by the GNP Officials and

Councilors it is yet to be prepared. The officials and councilors of GNP also told that they are

in search of suitable land parcel for Solid Waste Dumping and Treatment.

9.10 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness

Due to high percentage of organic waste setting up of compost plant / vermi-composting / manure pits would be successful in GNP.

Citizens willingness to pay

Ready Availability and ownership of land for development of waste processing facility

No door to door collection of waste in GNP.

Waste is being dumped in open places leading to environmental degradation.

Segregation of waste is not practiced. People are not aware of the consequences of mismanaging the waste.

Unhygienic conditions at containers are creating unhealthy conditions in the nearby residential areas.

No system in place for tracking the collection and transportation of the waste

Opportunity Threats


Page 133 March 2016

Opportunity to develop a complete new waste management system for the town

Involvement of rag pickers in organised waste source-segregation system can provide them permanent employment.

User charges can be one of the source of income for ULB.

Effective IEC campaign to illustrate and explain the hazards of unscientific disposal of municipal waste can stop the citizens from dumping the garbage in open

CBOs are more than willing to participate in any sort of campaign to improve the quality of life

Involvement of rag pickers in organised waste collection system can provide them permanent employment.

Between generation and collection has let huge amount of garbage in the town leading to public health hazards

Ignorance of public towards scientific solid waste management.

Continuous dumping of waste in open areas is polluting the environment and water bodies including river Danro in particular.

Open dumping sites are major public health hazards

Dumping of waste in drain and water bodies lead to over flow of drains and water logging in some areas.

Dumping sites are vulnerable to fire incidents and ground water contamination within the town

9.11 KEY ISSUES

Inadequate Bins: Due to inadequate bins at some areas public and even some tricycle

workers who are collecting waste from households are throwing the waste in low lying

areas, adjacent to roads and sometimes water bodies. During the field visits it was

observed that, even though dhallaos bins are available, the public were dumping the

waste into vacant sites and open spaces.

Door to Door Collection: Door to Door collection system is initiated only few parts of

town, and the rest of the areas do not have collection system on daily basis. Waste

was dumped outside the bin and got dispersed due to wind and rains creating ugly and

unhygienic conditions. These wastes are choking the drains and creating stagnant

conditions for the proliferation of mosquitoes.

Segregation of Waste: Households, shops and commercial establishments in

Garhwa are yet to start the practice of segregation of recyclable waste at source. Such

waste on the streets or in the community bins are found going to disposal sites un-

segregated. The people are found throwing the wastes on the streets and expecting

the sanitary workers of the Garhwa NP to clean leading to an ugly and unhygienic

atmosphere prevailing in the NP area.

Collection of Waste: The major sources of street wastes are natural wastes, road &

traffic wastes and behavioural wastes. Natural wastes and road & traffic wastes are

unavoidable and have to be cleaned by street sweeping process and the behavioural

wastes are largely avoidable through efficient refuse collection service.

Manual handling of waste: Manual Handling of waste is prevalent which may have

serious impact on health of sanitary workers. The loading and unloading of waste are

done manually, and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any personal

protective equipment (PPE).

Transportation of Waste: Around 55 to 60 % of the total waste is going to be dumped

sites, adjacent to water bodies and the main roads with collection vehicles. There is

no adequate no. of vehicles for the transportation waste from primary collection points

to dumpsites or disposal sites.


Page 134 March 2016

Waste mixing: Co-mingling of waste is a common phenomenon in GNP, which has

been observed not only at dumping yard but also in open places; particularly the

biomedical waste, waste from coal mines and slaughter waste is getting mixed with

municipal waste.

Street Cleansing: The major sources of street wastes are natural wastes, road &

traffic wastes and behavioural wastes. Natural wastes and road & traffic wastes are

unavoidable and cleaned by street sweeping process and the behavioural wastes are

largely avoidable through efficient refuse collection service.

Lack of Sanitary landfill site: Currently, there is no sanitary engineered landfill, and

MSW is dumped in open area leading to ground & surface water and soil pollution,

vector nuisance, etc.

Transportation of solid waste in open vehicles: Solid waste is transported primarily

in open trucks, tippers and cycle rickshaw. It is also observed that these vehicles are

overloaded with waste, resulting in the littering of roads during transportation without

any top cover.

Lack of awareness: There is absolute lack of awareness among people about

scientific handling and management of waste.


Vision

Goals

The goals indicated by the Ministry of Urban Development should be based on service level

benchmarks for solid waste management. The service level benchmarking provides a

standardized framework for performance monitoring and assists State level agencies and local

level service providers to initiate a process of performance monitoring and evaluation against

agreed targets.

Short Term

Awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Providing household level solid waste management services

Efficiency of source segregation, collection and disposal of municipal solid waste

Increased recovery from municipal solid waste

Mid Term

Continuous awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Extensive household level coverage of solid waste management services

Increased efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste

Extensive source and secondary segregation of municipal solid waste

“100% source segregation, collection, transportation, treatment and safe disposal of solid waste along with capacity building of all stakeholders.”


Page 135 March 2016

Extensive recovery from municipal solid waste

Efficiency in grievance redressal

Extensive cost recovery in SWM

Long Term

Continuous awareness generation amongst the stakeholders for scientific SWM

Extensive segregation of municipal solid waste

Extensive recovery of municipal solid waste

Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

Efficiency in grievance redressal

Extensive of cost recovery in SWM services

Efficiency in collection of SWM Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

Table 9-3 shows the baseline scenario against benchmarks and also depicts the time frame

for achievement of various goals.

TABLE 9-3: TIME FRAME FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS FOR SWM

Parameters Definition

Ben

ch

ma

rks

Baseli

ne


Immediate ( 2015-2020)

Medium term

(2020- 2025)

Long term

( 2025-2045)

Household level of coverage of solid waste management services

Percentage of households and establishments that are covered by a daily doorstep collection system.

100% 0% √ √

Efficiency of collection of municipal solid waste

The total waste collected by the ULB and authorized service providers versus the total waste generated within the ULB, excluding recycling or processing at the generation point.

100% 55% -

60%

√ √

Extent of segregation of municipal solid waste

Percentage of waste from households and establishments that is segregated.

100% 0% √ √

Extent of municipal solid waste recovered

Quantum of waste collected, which is either recycled or processed expressed in terms of percentage of waste collected.

80% 0% √ √ √

Extent of scientific disposal of municipal solid waste

The amount of waste that is disposed in landfills that have been designed, built, operated and maintained as per

100% 0% √


Page 136 March 2016

Parameters Definition

Ben

ch

ma

rks

Baseli

ne


Immediate ( 2015-2020)

Medium term

(2020- 2025)

Long term

( 2025-2045)

standards laid down by Central agencies.

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaint

The total number of SWM-related complaints redressed within 24 hours of receipt of the complaint, as a percentage of the total number of SWM-related complaints received in the given time period.

80% 0% √ √

Extent of cost recovery in SWM services

The total annual operating revenues from SWM as a percentage of the total annual operating expenses on SWM.

100% 0% √ √

Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

Efficiency in collection is defined as current year revenues collected, expressed as a percentage of the total operating revenues, for the corresponding time period.

90% 0% √ √


9.13 BEST PRACTICES

The management of waste in semi-urban areas like Garhwa should be much easier due to

low population density, thus better control over the entire system could be possible. It may

also be a small scale business opportunity for a group of people due to the high percentage

of biodegradables and less chances of contamination in the recyclables and sellable by-

products. Some of the successful case studies are presented below:

SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Mudichur Village Panchayat, Kanchipuram District has a Population of 20,000 and collects

approximately 2,000 kg of waste per day. In the year 2005, Mudichur Panchayat contacted Hand

in Hand/SEED Trust, a Kanchipuram-based NGO, and negotiated a 4-year memorandum of

understanding (MoU) by which the panchayat provides land and buildings for vermicompost

production and waste sorting, and the NGO manages the waste collection and processing

system. The Kanchipuram collectorate provided Rs. 4.8 lakhs for the purchase of waste buckets

and tricycles, and the construction of physical facilities. The NGO collects a monthly user fee of

Rs. 20 from every household, and also earns revenue from the sale of compost and recyclable

material. The panchayat officials were actively involved in raising public awareness about the

new waste collection system, and painted 109 large yellow notices throughout the village. Waste

is sorted into 15 categories before being sold to scrap merchants. The NGO earns Rs. 3,000 per

month from the sale of vermicomposting, and Rs. 6,500 per month from the sale of recyclable

material. The NGO also collects Rs. 68,000 in user fees each month.


Page 137 March 2016

9.14 PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATION

The proposals and recommendations for the town has been planned to achieve the goals in a

systematic and phased manner over a period of 5 years, 10 years and 30 years. The proposals

and recommendations

are based on the

following:

Status of the

existing SWM

system of the

town

Solid waste

generated and

projections

Waste

composition

Area available for

treatment &

disposal of waste

with the ULB

SUCCESSFUL CASE STUDIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Musiri a Special Grade Town Panchayat in Trichy District with a population of 30000 collected

approximately 6,000 kg/day of waste. In 2005, Musiri's 4 acre dump was filled to 70% of its

capacity. Panchayat officials realized that they either had to find a new dump yard, or dramatically

change the way that they manage the town's waste. They approached SCOPE, a Trichy-based

NGO that specializes in sanitation, and requested help to develop a system to better manage the

town's solid waste. SCOPE trained the residents of 6 wards to sort their waste at home, and

organized a tour for officials to study solid waste management systems in Vellore and Bangalore.

With Rs. 4 lakhs from the 12 Finance Commission, the town cleared 1.5 acres of its dump, and

constructed a compost shed. They further constructed a concrete platform for vermin compost

production from their own resources. SCOPE designed and donated a machine for sieving the

compost. The township also received Rs. 1.5 lakhs from Exnora International and Rs. 3 lakhs

from the DRDA to construct a decentralized wastewater treatment (DEWATS) facility for a

community toilet in the compost yard.

Currently, the facility treats 4,000 liters of water per day, which is sprayed on the compost

windrows. House to house collection of waste has been extended to all 18 wards. Annual

Revenue of Rs. 70,000 from sale of compost and Rs. 40,000 from sale of mixed plastic is

generated from the project.

HIERARCHY FOR AN INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT

Source: www.seas.columbia.edu

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/faq.html


Page 138 March 2016

The existing waste collection system has done by the Tractor Trolley’s and collected from 20

-25 nos. cemented bins and 100 -125 nos. containers located at different places of the NP

area and 2 nos. Auto Tipper used for commercial area. A new waste disposal site has been

identified by the NP officials in ward number 16.

9.14.1 Recommendation Short term / interim measures

1) Increase in waste collection infrastructure and waste collection efficiency

Primary Collection

Tricycle Rickshaws and Auto Tippers shall be used to collect waste from households and

commercial places. The choice of a rickshaw and auto tipper shall be adjusted on-site

depending on type of locality, density, road width, etc. The household level collection shall be

introduced in a phased manner eventually covering all the households and commercials in the

municipal limits.

Major efforts are required from the ULB towards public awareness campaigns on solid waste

management and establishing its link to public health, hygiene and the environment through

various means including - radio, social media, documentaries, plays, workshops, etc. People

should be made aware not to throw their garbage in the drains or open plots or any

undesignated points instead it should be handed over to the person appointed by the ULB.

The waste from the 16 identified slums in Garhwa shall be collected in community bins.

Secondary Collection & Transportation

The waste collected through primary collection shall be transferred to the secondary collection

point (SCP), comprising of platform/ramp over which containers are placed. MSW at every

SCP shall be stored in covered containers of required capacity, which shall be lifted by dumper

placer. The size of container and frequency of lifting shall be decided at the DPR stage by the

ULB.

The secondary waste collectors should be well equipped to avoid direct contact with waste.

The existing infrastructure for secondary collection of waste should be upgraded to comply

with MSW Rules 2000 and additional secondary collection locations will be developed to

ensure that no primary collection staff has to travel more than 375m for dumping of waste.

This density of placement of bins can be adjusted on-site depending on type of locality,

density, road width, etc.

The waste shall be transported from the DP bins by the Dumper Placer vehicles to the new

proposed treatment plant in ward no.16. Separate bins shall be placed for collection of waste

from vegetable markets/hats and major construction sites. Efforts shall be made to prevent

mixing of drain and solid waste.

2) Processing/Recovery

Management of municipal solid waste and adoption of processing technologies are dependent

on the quantity and characteristics of the total waste generated in a local authority, the financial

resources available and in-house capability of local authorities to oversee project

implementation.


Page 139 March 2016

Various components of MSW have an economic value and can be recovered, reused or

recycled cost effectively. Currently, the informal sector picks up part of the resources from the

streets and bins to earn their living. However, a sizeable portion of organic waste as well as

recyclable material goes to dumpsite untreated. Over 81% of MSW annually is disposed at

open dump sites without any treatment. With planned efforts to Reduce, Reuse, Recover ,

Recycle and Remanufacture (5R’s) and appropriate choice of technology, the country can

profitably utilize about 60% of the waste in producing energy and/or compost and another 10

to 15% to promote recycling industry and bring down the quantity of wastes going to landfills/

dumps under 20%.

Recycling is the process by which materials that are otherwise destined for disposal are

collected, processed and remanufactured or reused. Recycling diverts a significant fraction of

municipal, institutional and business waste away from disposal and, thereby, saves scarce

resources as well as reduces environmental impacts and the burden of waste management

on public authorities. If appropriate market mechanisms are established, recycling can

generate revenues, contributing to the overall cost recovery for municipal solid waste service

provision.

Recyclables mainly consist of paper, plastic, metal, and glass— and can be retrieved from the

waste stream for further recycling. Since, the quantity of waste is less than 30 TPD, recovery

of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) may not be the most feasible option as recovery is less than

20%. RDF recovery involves involvement of shredders and dryers in the processing line

leading to an increase in the per ton processing cost of waste

As per the Task Force report of Planning Commission, May 2014, towns with population below

100,000 including peri-urban areas generating less than 30 TPD waste with 30 to 65% of

biodegradable fraction, a combination of biomethanation, composting (VC/CC) and RDF

preparation is considered as the most suitable technological option for management of MSW.

A small scale treatment plant is suggested for the segregation of recyclables and processing

of biodegradables in Garwha with an initial capacity of 15 TPD for the short term and mid-term

i.e. 2015-2030 and another module of 15 TPD for the long term i.e. 2030-2045. The treatment

plant shall require an area of 2 acres along with pre-sorting plant. The following considerations

shall be taken into account before deciding upon any technology for GNP:

1) The technology is suitable to treat the waste characteristics of GNP area, in an

environmentally sustainable manner;

2) The technology meets the regulatory requirements (i.e., confirms to the MSW Rules,

2000 requirements/CPCB/Manual on SWM by MoUD) and is socially acceptable with

minimum impacts to the environment and citizens; and

3) The technology is economical and commercially available.

4) Innovative and decentralized technology e.g. Vermi-composting, manure pits etc. may

be other options for consideration

Based on above criteria, the following relevant options for treatment of biodegradable waste

are provided in the following section.


Page 140 March 2016

20 Municipal Wards

Door To Door

Primary Collection

Through Wheel

Barrow Or Tata Ace

Waste Dumping at

Dhalao/Transfer Station

Waste Transportation

Though Dumper Places,

Tipper, Tractor

Primary

Collection From

RC Bins and DP

Bins

Landfill site/ Composting yard

Current Practice

Municipal Wards

Waste dumping in bins/road

Municipal workers carry

waste to dumping yard

Segregation during

collection


Page 141 March 2016

OPTIONS FOR TREATING BIO-DEGRADABLES COMPOSTING: Composting is a natural micro-biological process where bacteria break down the organic

fractions of the MSW stream under controlled conditions to produce a pathogen-free material called “Compost” that can be used for potting soil, soil amendments (for example, to lighten and improve the soil structure of clay soils), and mulch. The microbes, fungi, and macro-organisms that contribute to this biological decomposition are generally aerobic. A mixture of organic materials is placed into one or more piles (windrows), and the natural microbial action will cause the pile to heat up to 65-80°C, killing most pathogens and weed seeds. Systematic turning of the material, which mixes the different components and aerates the mixture, generally accelerates the process of breaking down the organic fraction, and a proper carbon/nitrogen balance (carbon to nitrogen or C/N ratio of 20:1) in the feedstock insures complete and rapid composting. The composting process takes from 17 to 180 days. VERMICOMPOSTING: Vermicomposting involves the stabilization of organic solid waste through

earthworm consumption which converts the material into worm castings. Vermicomposting is the result of combined activity of microorganisms and earthworms. Microbial decomposition of biodegradable organic matter occurs through extra cellular enzymatic activities (primary decomposition) whereas decomposition in earthworm occurs in alimentary tract by microorganisms inhabiting the gut (secondary decomposition). Microbes such as fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa etc. are reported to inhabit the gut of earthworms. Ingested feed substrates are subjected to grinding in the anterior part of the worm’s gut (gizzard) resulting in particle size reduction. BIOMETHANATION: In this process, organic fraction of the wastes is segregated and fed to a closed

container (Biogas digester) where, in the presence of methanogenic bacteria and under anaerobic conditions, it undergoes bio-degradation producing methane-rich biogas and effluent. Biogas mainly consists of methane (about 60-75%), carbon dioxide (about 25-40%) besides small quantities of NH3 and H2S and has a Calorific Value of about 5000 kcal /m3. Depending upon the waste composition, the biogas production ranges from 50-150m3/tonne of wastes. The biogas can be utilized either for cooking / heating applications, or for generating motive power or electricity through dual-fuel, gas engines, low pressure gas turbines or steam turbines. The sludge from anaerobic digestion, after stabilization, can be used as a soil conditioner, or as manure depending upon its composition, which is determined mainly by the composition of the input waste

IN VESSEL COMPOSTING: The in-vessel composting process is a closed reactor process with aeration

and automated process flow. In-vessel composting is a completely enclosed and odour controlled system

with continuous loading facility and is available in customizable capacity. The waste can be loaded and

discharged either by an automated mechanical system or by simply using a front loader. For loading, a

tunnel loading machine or a system of conveyor belts can be used. The most common discharging method

is either by a pushing floor system or front loader. The technology is a continuously loading, fully enclosed,

flow-through process that transforms food and other organic material into compost with a 14-28 day retention

period. The process output is a soil conditioner suitable for agricultural and horticultural purposes.

Temperature and moisture levels inside the vessel's air zones are monitored constantly, and airflow is

independently controlled in the composting zones to assure optimum composting conditions. The mixing

zones (between each composting zone) assure proper mixing and aeration for bacterial growth. As the

waste travels inside the vessel, it passes through composting zones and mixing zones.


Page 142 March 2016

Home composting:

Compost is organic material that can be added to soil to help plants grow. Food scraps and yard

waste currently make up 20 to 30 percent of what we throw away, and should be composted

instead. Making compost keeps these materials out of landfills where they take up space and

release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

All composting requires three basic ingredients:

Browns - This includes materials such as dead leaves, branches, and twigs.

Greens - This includes materials such as grass clippings, vegetable waste, fruit scraps,

and coffee grounds.

Water - Having the right amount of water, greens, and browns is important for compost

development.

Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio

All compostable materials are either carbon or nitrogen-based, to varying degrees. The secret to a

healthy compost pile is to maintain a working balance between these two elements.

Carbon - carbon-rich matter (like branches, stems, dried leaves, peels, bits of wood, bark

dust or sawdust pellets, shredded brown paper bags, corn stalks, coffee filters, conifer

needles, egg shells, straw, peat moss, wood ash) gives compost its light, fluffy body.

Nitrogen - nitrogen or protein-rich matter (manures, food scraps, green lawn clippings and

green leaves) provides raw materials for making enzymes.

A healthy compost pile should have much more carbon than nitrogen. A simple rule of thumb is to

use one-third green and two-thirds brown materials. The bulkiness of the brown materials allows

oxygen to penetrate and nourish the organisms that reside there.

Simplest Composting Methods (also called "No-turn" composting):

The biggest chore with composting is turning the pile from time to time, which may not be a suitable

option for home composting in such semi-urbanised area / town of the state of Jharkhand. However,

with 'no-turn composting', compost can be aerated without turning and this may be practiced

successfully by the individual households with the support of the ULB.

The situation analysis of the ongoing ‘Solid Waste Management (SWM)’ in the ULB indicates that

100% coverage with scientific SWM may require adequate funding and would be achievable

through appropriate capacity building and institutional development at town level. Till that time

‘home composting’ with such simple method should be promoted by the ULB.

The secret is to thoroughly mix in enough coarse material, like straw, when building the pile. The

compost will develop as fast as if it were turned regularly, and studies show that the nitrogen level

may be even higher than with turned compost.

With 'no-turn' composting, add new materials to the top of the pile, and harvest fresh compost from

the bottom of the pile. This can be easily done in compost pit or in an artificial Aerobin Composter,

or a compost pot. However, thin earthen cover after every 5-6 days of piling should be made in

‘no-turn’ composting to break the life-cycle of eggs of insects including flies and mosquitos to end

their natural breeding process. The pile will compost in 4 - 6 months, with the material being dark

and crumbly.


Page 143 March 2016

Any one of the options or a combination of option described above can be adopted by the

GNP for the treatment of the waste.

3) Disposal of rejects

As per MSW Rules 2000, landfilling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing. Assuming 365 days of operation, the landfill rejects @20% for next 30 years is 60,000 m3.After setting up the waste treatment facility, the land required for GNP for scientific disposal of rejects is 3.10 acres. The maximum height of the landfill shall be 10 meters with a slope of 1:3.5. Therefore, the total land requirement for the integrated waste processing facility is 5.10 acres. However, the following siting criteria should be adhered before selecting the site for

development of processing and disposal facility.

Promotion of unemployed youth:

The unemployed youths may be provided with basic training of ‘home composting’ so as to promote

this method in household level under the short term plan. Such youths may also be provided with

training on ‘Vermi-composting’, which may be practiced at community level in a decentralised

manner by the ULB. The CPHEEO manual (Chapter -16) on Municipal Solid Waste Management

may be referred for the purpose of introducing such technology through engagement of

unemployed youths by the ULB. Another emerging technology prescribed in this chapter for ‘Bio-

gas’ generation from SWM may be best suitable for the market waste generated in such towns and

such units may be installed within the market complexes and operated & maintained by the

unemployed youths. The departments responsible for developing new & renewable energy support

such endeavours and may be accessed by the town authority.

Apart from these, the unemployed youth may also be trained up for recycling and reuse of solid

waste. For this, the scavengers, rag pickers, ‘Kabadi-wallas’ and the middlemen may be engaged

through such youths for taking up a comprehensive recycling and reuse (including reduce and

reproduce) campaign in the town.

The ULB may support such youths for organising door to door campaign along with organising road

shows, street dramas, puppet shows, sit & daw etc. competitions etc. in the town during the short

and medium term plan period, and even thereafter, till the town get fully covered with a scientific

solid waste management system. Such youth may later on be involved in the main stream of solid

waste management in the town by the authority.


Page 144 March 2016

9.14.2 Recommendation Midterm

Midterm measures are suggested for the period 2020 -2025. It is expected that GNP shall

achieve 100 % collection efficiency within next 5-7 years and shall have a treatment plant for

processing of both biodegradables and non-biodegradables. The following additional

measures shall be taken during this period to make the facility more efficient and self-

sustainable.

1) Segregation of Municipal Solid Waste

Source segregation of recyclables and wet (organic waste) will not only provide an efficient

way for resource recovery, but will also substantially reduce the pressure and pollution at

landfill sites. It is understood that implementation of such practices takes time and requires

significant cooperation from the public. However, initiation should be made and efforts should

be diverted to progressively increase the segregation practices with an increase in public

participation for the management of MSW. Waste segregation at source can be achieved by

storing dry and wet fraction of MSW in two different bins/

bags and dispose them separately. Value addition to

recyclables like paper, plastics, rubber, wood, metal,

leather and glass in an organized manner shall attract

residents to adopt best practices of segregation at

source.

Locational criteria for the selection of Landfill Facility as per CPHEEO manual

1. Lake or Pond: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of any lake or pond. Because of concerns

regarding runoff of waste water contact, a surface water monitoring program should be established if a landfill

is sited less than 200m from a lake or pond.

2. River: No landfill should be constructed within 100 m of a navigable river or stream. The distance may be

reduced in some instances for non-meandering rivers but a minimum of 30m should be maintained in all cases.

3. Flood Plain: No landfill should be constructed within a 100 year flood plain. A landfill may be built within the

flood plain of secondary streams if an embankment is built along the stream side to avoid flooding of the area.

However, landfills must not be built within the flood plains of major rivers unless properly designed protection

embankments are constructed around the landfills.

4. Highway: No landfill should be constructed within 200 m of the right of way of any state or national highway.

This restriction is mainly for aesthetic reasons. A landfill may be built within the restricted distance, but no

closer than 50 m, if trees and berms are used to screen the landfill site.

5. Habitation: A landfill should be at least 500 m from a notified habituated area. A zone of 500 m around a

landfill boundary should be declared a No-Development Buffer Zone after the landfill location is finalized.

6. Public Park: No Landfill may be constructed within the restricted distance if some kind of screening is used

with a high fence around the landfill and a secured gate.

7. Critical Habitat Area: - No landfill should be constructed within critical habitat areas. If there is any doubt then

the regulatory agency should be contacted.

8. Wetlands: - No Landfill should be constructed within wetlands. It is often difficult to define a wetlands area.

Maps are available for some wetlands, but in many cases such maps are absent or incorrect. If there is any

doubt, then the regulatory agency should be contacted.

9. Ground water Table: A landfill should not be constructed in areas where water table is less than 2 m below

ground surface. Special design measures to be adopted, if this cannot be adhered to.

10. Airports: No landfill should be constructed within the limits prescribed by regulatory agencies

(MOEF/CPCB/Aviation Authorities) from time to time.

11. Water Supply Well: No landfill should be constructed within 500m of any water supply well. It is strongly

suggested that this location restriction be abided by at least down gradient wells. Permission from the

regulatory agency may be needed if a landfill is to be sited within the restricted area.

12. Coastal Regulation Zone: A landfill should not be located in potentially unstable zones such as landside prone

areas, fault zone etc.

13. Buffer Zone: A landfill should have a buffer zone around it, up to a distance prescribed by regulatory agencies.


Page 145 March 2016

However, it is not easy to implement source segregation practices immediately therefore it is

recommended in midterm. A prolonged campaign by GNP shall be required with adequate

budgetary provisions under Information Education and Communication Programs, taken up

with the help of RWA’s and Non-Governing Bodies.

2) Customer complaint / Grievance redressal Cell

A customer complaint / Grievance redressal cell shall be established by the ULB in its

jurisdiction. Compliant redressal cell would have a minimum of two (2) operational dedicated

phone lines for receiving customer calls / complaints. Mobile application for grievance

redressal is also a popular option. The telephone numbers of the customer complaint cell are

to be clearly reflected on all Street Corner Bins and transportation vehicles. Establishing

wireless communication network between “customer complaint cell” and the supervisory field

staff of the ULB. The “customer complaint cell” shall be kept operational at all times on all

seven days of a week throughout the year. Efforts shall be made to attend all customer

complaints within 24 hours of receipt of the complaint.

3) Cost recovery from SWM services and efficiency in collection of SWM charges

The success of a cost recovery system16 in SWM is dependent on user satisfaction. The users

should be convinced that they are being charged fairly for the SWM services, and that the

collected fees are being spent towards improving/sustaining the SWM services. Moreover, the

users’ expectations of quality of the SWM service should also be met in order to attain their

approval. User satisfaction could be further enhanced through a system that takes into

consideration the socio-economic background of the user and thus the affordability of the

service. User fee can be worked out for different categories of households, commercial

establishment and institutions in Garhwa to make the waste management facility sustainable.

User fee for slum households and BPL households should be worked out based on their

affordability.

9.15 COST ESTIMATES

Capital cost and Operation & Maintenance for development of solid waste management

system has been discussed in Table 9-4,Table 9-5 and Table 9-6 respectively.


TRANSPORTATION

Year Population Waste

Projected (TPD)

Bins Auto

Tipper Tricycle

Rickshaw DP

Vehicle Capex ( Rs in Crores)

2020 55,543 15 17 2 47 3 167.69

2030 67,521 21 24 6 44 4 354.12

2045 89,970 33 37 13 34 6 840.30

Source: Cost estimates has been done based on previous experience in preparing similar documents, DPRs and CPWD / State schedule of rates.

Note:

16 Task 4: Application of the Regional Guidelines for Solid Waste Management Financing and Cost Recovery Mechanisms, July

2005


Page 146 March 2016


Apart from above mentioned infrastructure, the following optional infrastructure may be

considered:

1. Back Hoe Loader

2. Tractor Trolley for collection of construction debris/drain silt/carcass disposal

The following assumptions has been considered for calculation of Operation & Maintenance:

Component Remarks

Auto Tipper Maintenance Cost @ 10 % of Vehicle Cost &

Operation Cost – Mileage of 30 Km/Litre and Fuel @ Rs.75/ liter

for base year 2015 and assumed travel of 15 km/ day and 365 days

of operation

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each auto tipper at a

monthly salary of Rs.9000 and Rs.5000 respectively

DP Bins 10% of Total Cost

Tricycle Rickshaw for

primary collection

Maintenance Cost @ 10% of tricycle Cost

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each Tricycle at a


Dumper placer(DP)

vehicle

Maintenance Cost @ 10% of Vehicle Cost

Operation Cost -Mileage of 6 Km/Litre and Fuel @ Rs. 44.05/liter

and assumed travel of 30 km/trip and 365 days of operation

1 driver and 1 helper has been assumed for each DP vehicle at a



TRANSPORTATION (RS. LAKHS)-O&M

SN ULB Bins Auto

Tipper Tricycle

Rickshaw DP

Vehicle

1 Gharwa 1.07 6.01 97.64 21.71


Page 147 March 2016

Cost has been provided for both the preferred options i.e. composting and biomethanation

including the cost for sanitary landfill. Some of the waste to energy case studies for similar

plant capacity is provided in Table 9-7.

TABLE 9-6: COST ESTIMATED FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT – TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Capacity Treatment

process 2015-2020

2020-2030

2030-2045

Remarks

15 TPD Biomethanation 300.00 Cost for treatment

plant for first 15

years.

Annual O&M cost is

Rs.1lakh/TPD

Composting 150.00

15 TPD Biomethanation 0 624.00 Cost for treatment

plant for next 15

years. Composting 0 312.00

60000 m3 Sanitary Landfill

30.00 80.40 196.50

Landfill cost has

been divided into 3

phases

Total 480.00 80.40 508.50

Assumptions-

Base year 2015

Escalation is considered at 5% (year on year)

Per capita is assumed at 255 per person/gm/day

Auto Tipper considered 25% in short term, 50% in midterm and gradually going upto 75% in long term.

Tricycle rickshaw considered 75% in short term,50% in midterm and gradually going down to 25% in long term

Number of trips considered for Auto Tipper is 2 trips and for Rickshaw is 3 trips

First module in short term (2015-20) and second module in long term(2030-2045)

Waste density is 0.45 T/m 3 for fresh waste and 0.85 T/m3 for inerts.

SLF capacity assumed with 365 days operation and 20% inerts

Slope of landfill is 1:3.5

SLF area has been assumed for 30 years

Cost of land is not included

TABLE 9-7: WASTE TO ENERGY CASE STUDY


Page 148 March 2016

S.no Parameter Firm/ Location and Performance

Katol, Mah.

2010-2014

Bharuch,

Anlakeshwar,

2006-2014

Pune Municipal

Corporation,

2010-2014

Kottayam

Medical

college, 2009-

2014

Auro Textile, HP,

2010-2014

1 Capacity 2 MT/day 5 MT/day 5 MT/day 2 MT/day 2 MT/day

2 Installation (month) December 2010 June 2006 December 2009 June 2009 June 2010

3 Full Potential (month) February 2011 September

2006

March 2010 September

2009

October 2010

4 Quantity of waste

processed

Kitchen waste

from households

and hotels 800

MT

Kitchen waste

from

households

and hotels

4000 MT

Hotel Kitchen

Waste 9000 MT

Hotel Kitchen

Waste 2000

MT

Kitchen waste 485

MT. (Bio Sludge,

7% solids from

ETP) 1510 MT =

1995 MT

5 Number of Working

days

1200

(approximate)

2500

(approximate)

1200

(approximate)

1400

(approximate)

1150 (approximate)

6 Quantity of Biogas

Generated

60,000 m3

(approximate)

3, 20, 000 m3

(approximate)

6, 00, 000 m3

(approximate)

1, 20, 000 m3

(approximate)

63, 200 m3 (meter

installed on day-1)

7 Utility of Biogas Biogas provided

free to few

families that are

below poverty

line

Biogas

provided for

boiler

40 KVA

Generator

installed,

electricity of

captive use and

200 street lights

Hostel Kitchen Factory Kitchen

8 Quantum of Manure

Generated

50 MT (Used for

city gardens)

350 MT

(Manure is

sold)

20 MT ( manure

not recovered

due to space

problem)

150 MT (

nearby farmers

use it)

70 MT

9 LPG saved Equivalent to 31000

kg ( 1632

commercial

cylinders of 19 kg)

10 Plant Address Katol Municipal

Council, Nagpur

District

Bharuch

Environmental

Infrastructure

Limited,

Gujarat

Pune Municipal

Corporation,

Model Colony,

Shivaji Nagar,

Pune-4

Kottayam

Medical

College,

Kottayam,

Kerala.

Auro Textiles,

Vardhaman Group

of Mills, Baddi, H.P


Page 149 March 2016

10.0 RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT – RIVER DANRO

10.1 INTRODUCTION

River Danro being one of tributary of North Koel is feeding various urban and rural areas in

Garhwa district. The river Danro comes from the south western side of the Garhwa town and

flows through the town. This is the primary drainage channel for southern, central part, south-

eastern and eastern part of Garhwa. Nagar Panchayat covering wards 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,

16, 17,18, 19 and 20. The basin area for Garhwa town is about 20 – 25% of the total NP area.

The river acts as primary drainage for the town and drains discharge their water into the river

North Koel at a distance 10 km.

Jharkhand, being one of the Ganga river basin states, has been declared as model state by

the Union Government under ‘National Mission for Clean Ganga’ for implementation of the

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) programme, by taking up various river

pollution abatement schemes in the Ganga basin. River Sone one of the tributaries of the river

Ganga.

At present, no river front development / management (RFD/M) scheme has been implemented

in Garhwa town. The river front of the town is highly polluted due to anthropogenic activities

in the town and in the residential areas near the river in particular.

10.2 NEED FOR RIVER FRONT

DEVELOPMENT / MANAGEMENT

A river attracts people; hence riverfronts

have emerged as lively Urban Centers

of towns - their socio-cultural,

intellectual and economic centers.

Today, everyone recognizes the value

of public access to the river fronts. A

renewed river front offers investors a

promising return on capital. Most

importantly, a vital and vibrant river front

serves to unite residents and visitors in

a shared experience of the town, just as

the town public places and streets.

Residents gain new recreation

opportunities and an expanded

awareness of the natural marvels of

river life. The, riverfront development of

Garhwa Nagar Panchayat through

provisioning necessary infrastructure

shall provide good quality life to the

citizens in an integrated, equitable and

sustainable manner.

Source:Water Resource Deptt., Govt. of India


Page 150 March 2016

10.3 EXISTING SCENARIOS

Garhwa town does not have any systematic development of river front along the 4.2 km stretch

of river Danro flowing through the town, as shown in Map 10-1. The existing ghats (kutcha)

serve various purposes such as immersion of idols, cremation, performance of religious rites

and rituals, bathing and holy dips, leisure and recreation of citizens. There is one crematorium

in the town, which is wood based and located in ward number 16 along the river. In addition,

one more stretch within the boundary of GNP area and the river bank in general are also used

by the residents for cremation.

Bathing Ghats along Danro are not clearly established and are makeshift in nature, depending

upon availability of access to the river front by the people from time to time. Bathing facilities

in the shape of kutcha ghats developed near the banks of the river. Due to lack of proper

maintenance, all of such facilities need appropriate intervention by GNP. The river front shall

also require protection from meandering through strengthening of banks like block/ stone

pitching etc. and such facilities should be made available to the citizens by the state authorities

as well as the district authorities, with necessary technical support from the Water Resource

Department, Govt. of Jharkhand.

10.4 RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

River Danro is very important from cultural and religious point of view in Garhwa. The river

plays a significant role in two major festivals i.e. Chath Puja and Durga Puja. During the Chath

Puja, women offer Arti to the river and puja samagri like flowers, sweets, sindoor are immersed

in the water. All along the bank of the river this activity is performed during the months of

October & December. Another major festival is Durga Puja, and after celebration of puja, idols

of Maa Durga are immersed into the river. Due to presence of industries activities, Vishkarma

Puja is also one of the important one.

10.5 RIVER POLLUTION

At present the supply of water to the town is around 2 million liters per day by the existing

treatment plant and rest are covered by hand pump and in some places well. The generated

sewage presently finds its way into the open drains, which ultimately get discharged into the

river Danro, thereby polluting the river and posing a potential environmental hazard.

The river Danro passing through the town is the primary drainage channel for southern, central

part, south-eastern, and eastern part of Garhwa. Apart from these, there exist a large number

of surface drains which discharge waste water directly to the Swarasatia nallah which is

ultimately meet with river Danro. Swarasatia nallah flows through the ward no. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

10, 13 and 14. Due to slope towards Swarasatia nallah sides all the major drains of the town

drains into the nallah and ultimately drains to River Danro within the NP area and ultimately

meet with river North Koel north eastern side about 10 km from the town..

River Danro are reported to be grossly polluted due to discharge of untreated sewage and

solid waste disposal. These wastes usually contain a wide variety of organic and inorganic

pollutants including solvents, plastics, plasticizers, heavy metals, pesticides and suspended

solids. The indiscriminate dumping and release of wastes containing the above mentioned

hazardous substances into rivers might lead to environmental disturbance which could be


Page 151 March 2016

considered as a potential source of stress to biotic community. Solid waste including plastic

waste is also being dumped on the river bank causing further degradation of the sanitary

condition along the river bank.

Description of various point and non-point sources in Garhwa causing pollution to the River

Danro is provided in following section

10.5.1 Point sources of pollution17

Waste water: Waste water generated from entire ward no 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 13 and 14

are discharged into river Danro through Saraswatia nallah, whereas waste water

generated from ward 17, 18, 19 and 20 directly meet with river Danro.

Industrial pollution: There is no industrial unit within the NP area, as of now. As a

result there is no point source of pollution from industry.

Drain meet with Saraswatia nallah Drain meet with River Danro

Drain Condition before meet with Saraswatia nallah

Saraswatia nallah meet with river Danro

Source: SENES Field visit during August and September, 2015

17 Point Source Pollution is when sources of pollution come to the river at one point. e.g. surface drains carrying municipal sewage

or industrial effluents, sewage pumping stations and sewerage systems, trade effluents from industries, etc


Page 152 March 2016

10.5.2 Non-Point Source of pollution18

Crematoria: Crematoria is located in ward number 16 along the bank of River Danro.

Ashes generated after the cremation and puja samagri is thrown inside the river.

Solid waste dumping: Solid waste dumping site is located in ward number 16, 18 and

20 along the river Danro bank. Apart, indiscriminate open dumping of waste material

including plastic waste along the river bank has been observed during the city survey.

Open defecation: There are slums in ward number 8, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 near

River Danro. Due to absence of sanitation facilities within the households including

slum dwellers are defecating in open along the river.

Festivals: Immersion of flowers and puja samagri into River Danro during Chatt puja

and Idol immersion during Durga puja in River Danro is major non-point source of

pollution.

Agricultural runoff: Storm water from ward no 8, 16, 17, 18 and 20 directly meet with

river Danro.

Point source of pollution as shown in Map 6-1 and. Map showing non-point sources of pollution

is provided as Map 10-1.

18 Nonpoint pollution occurs when the source of pollution cannot be easily pinpointed. Such as run-off from agricultural fields

carrying chemicals and fertilizers, run-off from solid waste dumps and areas used for open defecation, dumping of un-burnt/half-burnt dead bodies and animal carcasses, dhobi ghats, cattle wallowing, etc.


Page 153 March 2016

MAP 10-1: MAP SHOWING NON-PONT SOURCES OF POLLUTION

Source: SNES Field visit and Stakeholder consultation during August and September, 2015


Page 154 March 2016

10.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT FOR RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT / MANAGEMENT

With the emergence of SLBs being mandated by the Ministry of Urban Development,

Government of India, several Indian cities are now either taking or in the process of initiating

necessary steps to clean up their existing drainage courses. Such drainage courses are mostly

nallah, small stream or river, or usually natural drainage courses which have been polluted to

an extent where restoration is of paramount interest to maintain normal flow in the river and

have acceptable water quality.

One such stretch of river has now been identified as that of North Koel, which is the main

tributary of Sone. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has already identified polluted

stretches of river Ganga and its tributaries, as river Sone also a tributaries of river Ganga. The

directions issued by the CPCB to restore these two rivers is basically aimed at achieving the

following important objectives that would benefit the stakeholders and maintain an acceptable

environmental condition in and around the river are as follows:

All households in Garhwa delineated catchment to have individual toilets on their

premises with adequate water supply and ensure that the relevant population have

access to toilets in the form of community toilets.

All major public places have an adequate number of public toilets in fully serviceable

condition.

The quality of river water is improved.

All the waste water generated in the influence area is collected and conveyed through

an appropriate sewer network to treatment facilities, treated to acceptable quality levels

and then disposed of or reused.

All households as well as non-residential users have access either to a door-to-door

collection of garbage or to a municipal collection facility within easy walking distance.

All the solid waste generated in the households is segregated, collected, transported

and either processed for reuse or disposed of in a sanitary landfill.

The entire sanitation system as visualized above is socially, environmentally and

economically sustainable and effectively managed by a capable team in the

municipality, maintaining adequate standards of safety for the workers.

To maintain safe and hygienic environmental conditions in the catchment of river North Koel,

it is mandatory to have a properly planned sanitation and municipal solid waste management

system to be implemented by the State Government for town like Garhwa, which are in the

catchment of North Koel, one of the tributary of Sone.

10.7 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT

The design criteria for River Front Development accentuate environmental aspects, social &

aesthetic impact, generating opportunities for revenue generation.

Sl. No.

Criteria Description

1 Beautification of river reserves

According to the NGRBA programme framework and project preparation guidelines, developers are required to provide recreation and beautification plan for river reserves


Page 155 March 2016

Sl. No.

Criteria Description

Maintaining river reserve as a buffer zone to control environmental problem such as soil erosion.

Utilization river reserve for green areas and recreational use are allowed to the developers

2 Development of Permanent infrastructure

According to the aforesaid framework and guidelines, development of permanent building and infrastructure are not allowed within river and river reserves, unless facilities for recreational purposes such as boating, development of parks and playground etc.

3 Riverfront development concept

According to the framework and guidelines, planning for development close to river area must include the riverfront development concept. Main access of facilities must facing to river

4 Public access According to the framework and guidelines, any activity which not allow public access to the river and their reserve are prohibited

5 Conservation According to the framework and guidelines, development close to river areas is requires to maintain the green zone along the river reserves as habitat for flora and fauna

Construction of concrete structure along the river banks is limited and the design does not disturb the natural ecology, habitats, forests, mud-flats, river hydraulics and flows due to any construction or sub-project activity. In sub-projects where the river front includes undisturbed environmentally sensitive habitats, forests, or natural landscapes, these should be preserved or conserved appropriately.

6 Preservation of historic value of river

According to the framework and guidelines, maintaining and preserving the historic value of river and including historical building along the river is required

7 Water restoration According to the framework and guidelines, municipal wastewater and industrial effluent should be treated as per prescribed norms for restoration of river water quality

10.8 BEST PRACTICES

The studies on river front development while taking into account the practices adopted in

different cities that have engaged in successful river front development are considered for

referring as the best practices. Both enlightened citizens and various environmental groups

are sensitive to environmental issues; therefore, development should notice best practices to

ensure that river front development does not cause any harm to the environment.


Page 156 March 2016

Best Practices

Sabarmati riverfront development, Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad, seventh largest populous city of India and the Commercial Capital of Gujarat State has a unique

identity recognized by the River Sabarmati. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation established the Sabarmati

River Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL) in the year 1997 for the development of the

riverfront in the city. The SRFDCL was provided with a seed capital of Rs. 1 Crore and charged with the

responsibility of developing the Sabarmati riverfront. A detailed plan is being worked out on the development

of the project and is in the process of implementation. The proposed development is a mix of commercial,

recreational and residential developments along both the banks of the river from Gandhi Bridge to Sardar

Bridge. It is proposed to reclaim about 30 hectares of land, of which a part would be sold or leased for

commercial development. The proposal showed that the entire development could be self-financing.

The major components of the Project include embankment & reclamation works, construction of roads &

installation of infrastructure such as water, sewer network, storm water drainage, etc, resettlement &

rehabilitation works, construction of promenades & gardens and maintenance of public spaces. The Project

could be implemented by hiring in-house staff, or by entering into a partnership with a real estate

development firm or by contracting out the development and O&M of services to a private contractor.

Hussain Sagar Lake Development, Hyderabad:

Hussain Sagar Lake in the city of Hyderabad is now a major tourist attraction in the city. The lake was source

of water for the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secundrabad but the condition of lake deteriorated and got

polluted due to industrialization and immersion of Ganesh idol during Ganesh Chaturthi. It was the HUDA –

Hyderabad Urban Development Authority which came forward for the conservation of the lake and turning it

to a tourist attraction. Over a period of time Hussain Sagar Lake has got a lot of attractions driving local and

tourists to visit the place. The surroundings of lake has aesthetically built Andhra Pradesh Secretariat

buildings, NTR Memorial, Lumbini Park, Prasads IMAX, Hyderabad Boat Club, Sri Venkateswara Temple

(Birla Mandir), Telugu Thalli Flyover, Secunderabad Sailing Club, Sanjeevaiah park, Hotel Marriott and

Hazrat Saidani Ma Saheba. Lumbini Park features a musical fountain and well landscaped garden, NTR

Gardens on the Necklace road is a good place to hang out in the evenings for the young as well as the old.

Necklace road has been opened to public which passes round the Hussain Sagar Lake. "Eat Street", a place

with several eatery outlets, has been built on the banks of the lake.

Hooghly River Front Development, Kolkata:

An ambitious riverfront development project has been drawing many visitors in Kolkata. The Millennium Park

runs along Strand Road, for a kilometer on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River and has been a successful

attempt to bring it back to the forefront of the city's landscape. Two sections of the park, stretching over 750

m, were opened to the public on January 1, 2000, while the final section, 300 m in length and was made

accessible to public on January 1, 2006. Attractions on the riverfront are: Lily pools, herbal and cosmetic

gardens, food kiosks, an amphitheater, a promenade, amusement rides and a children's park. An added

attraction is the access to the Silver Jet Jetty and Fairlie Jetty for those who fancy a boat ride. In addition,

Kolkata Municipal Development Authority organizes festivals, with musicians and actors performing at the

amphitheater.

Source: – The National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) under Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF)


Page 157 March 2016

10.9 SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength Weakness


Model state under Clean Ganga Mission

Declared NGRBA programme framework and project preparation guidelines

Presence of river Danro within the town boundary

No comprehensive policy and integrated plan at NP level

No clear accountability / regulation for present infrastructural works

Polluting River Danro because of discharge from various sources viz. un-treated sewage flowing through drain on the bank of river.

The articles used in puja including flowers and other waste including plastic waste found floating in the River Danro

Opportunity Threats

Scope for setting up of decentralized or centralized waste water treatment facility of treatment up to tertiary level to recycle and reuse of waste water thereby reducing pollution load on river

Rehabilitation/IEC campaign to discontinue the existing practices of causing river pollution

Potential for reuse of recycled of waste water for industrial, agricultural and horticultural purposes including flushing of public toilet complexes etc.

Non-existence of solid waste management facility along the entire stretch of river

River water contamination due to household & commercial waste directly leading to open drains

Periodical growth of weeds in the river,

Uncontrolled discharge of waste water from slums, poorly maintained septic tanks and poor waste management practices

Huge investment required for river front development for a long stretch of 4.2 Km.

10.10 KEY ISSUES

Pollution:

All the point and non-point sources of pollution are affecting the water quality of River Danro.

Waste water discharge, waste dumping, open defecation are the major sources of pollution.

Alternative site for immersion of idols in Pond /River- Case Study for Bhopal

The Bhopal Upper Lake, the main source of potable water for Bhopal city, received more than

15,000 Ganesh idols and 1300 Durga idols in 2000. As the idols have grown in number & size over

the years, the lake was facing an increasing nutrient laod. Idols are made of clay, but non-

biodegradable thermocol and paintscontaining heavy metals are also used. The immersion

practice leads to degradation of water quality.

An alternative imersion site, well connected with road, was developed on the spill channel of Upper

lake. The flow of the spill channel being towards the outflow, the pollutants would not flow back

into the main body. To build a consensus amongst openion makers, local legislator, coporates,

NGOs and leaders of religious communities were taken to siite, their suggestions recorded and

approval obtained. After three years of communication and education programmes, the immersion

shifted to the new site completely.


Page 158 March 2016

Ignorance:

Ignorance of the local administration and people of the town towards the river pollution is major

issue in Garhwa. As of now, no pollution abatement measures have been taken from the

administration to manage the source of pollution. Local public is also not aware of the

consequences of the river water pollution which is the only reliable source of water supply to

the town.


Vision

Goals

It is essential to keep in mind the inherent public interest in the river front, which is reflected in

the public ownership and management of the water. River front planning should be long-range,

comprehensive and holistic and should incorporate all relevant disciplines. It should use all

appropriate technologies and encourage a system of sustainable growth and operation.

Meaningful community involvement is integral to valid riverfront planning and development. It

should begin early and be continuous. River front work is not just about economic

development, is not simply a landscape design or only about environmental issues. Rather it

is a combination of these and related disciplines that should be required to bring the river in

the ‘Drawing room and not in the backyard’.

10.12 OPTIONS FOR RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT

The river front development would include the following stages:

This would first involve in-situ relocation of the slums areas within a designed distance

and with focus of provision of waste water management system to avoid open

defecation and also discharge of drains in to the river. This may involve provision of

septic tanks etc. for proper sanitation.

Open spaces and visual access to the riverfront would allow a connection between the

river front and a large segment of the population whose only chance for contact may

come while driving along one of the major road along the river. The ecologically

sensitive areas adjacent to river front would be protected from development activities

/ for recreational uses such as water sports, parks, walkways etc.

Major roads through these areas will become river boulevards with enhanced views of

the water and natural landscape. A preservation ethic will encourage restoration of

existing vegetation, stabilized slope areas, scenic overlooks along river boulevards

and continuous nature promenades along river.

A detailed study is to be carried out for identification of the river front walkways with

sitting arrangements and development of the possible recreational areas along the

river front.

“River Front Development from economic, social and cultural perspective to improve the

economy and quality of life for the entire town”

social, and cultural benefits

to improve the economy

and quality of life for an

entire region.””


Page 159 March 2016

The areas around the jetties may be developed with small commercial establishments

to encourage recreational use and also provision of boating facilities.

10.13 AREA DEVELOPMENT AND OTHER MANAGEMENT PLAN OF RIVER DANRO AT GARHWA

The major efforts to be undertaken in developing the river front along the River Danro have to

be underlined in the River Front Development Project of Danro which are as follows:

Development of 2 small ghats of about 50 - 100 mtr length with platforms and steps

leading to the river to facilitate a safe approach.

Changing rooms separately for males and females in all ghats.

Toilets, solid waste collection bins, washroom and drinking water facilities at the ghats.

It is also necessary to provide public toilet facilities for the floating population

assembling at such congregations. Provision of mobile toilet may be one of the way to

address this problem.

Adequate number of benches / sitting arrangements of people visiting river front.

Lighting and landscaping of 1 parks / areas with fountains, flowerbeds etc.

Development of approach roads, parking lots to facilitate easy access of beneficiaries

Provision of commercial activities like kiosks for sale of eatables, boating etc. These

facilities should operate on pay-and use/eat basis and, therefore, are expected to be

self-sustaining.

Given the size of congregations and diversity of the people assembling there suitable

enclosures / ‘mela ground’ for holding cultural and recreational programmes.

Afforestation along the banks of river, particularly the areas ecologically sensitive

across the town and beyond.

10.13.1 Outcome of proposed activities

The basic object of the project to give the town a clean greenery pollution free,

environment along the bank of river Danro.

To improve pedestrian accessibility to the river edges both for physical access as well

as visual permeability.

To develop the river front side as interactive pedestrian cross-over points and premises

for multi-functional destinations for surrounding communities.

To create new facilities to accommodate public amenities and recreation facilities.

To distribute and encourage complementary tourism functions as appropriate for

distinct stretches of the riverfront

Recognize the riverfront as a repository of heritage which is to be conserved as a

means of revitalizing the riverfront.

To recognize the areas where the local population through cultural activities can give meaning to the historic areas and thus enhance the areas.


Page 160 March 2016

10.14 PLAN OF ACTION

The system shall be designed under the broad framework as per the guidelines for a design

period of 25 years (with 5 years’ time lag); however, the planning shall entail the

implementation of the design within the time lag period of 5 years in an organised and phased

manner to meet the ultimate goals of the CSP. In this regard, the planning horizon has to be

taken with respect to the base year for which the sewerage system to be prepared for the

entire Garhwa town to make the plan compatible with that project. The other phases of this

project are proposed to be framed up to converge to an ultimate design year of 2045, again to

be compatible with the sewerage plan. A tentative realistic schedule for phase-wise

implementation of the river restoration works has been presented as Table 10-1.

TABLE 10-1: TENTATIVE PLAN OF ACTION

Phase/Year

Infrastructure Facility

Short-Term

5 years

Medium-Term

10 years

Long-Term

10-30 years

Assumption

Efforts initiated towards public out-reach programme and public education initiatives.

Efforts initiated to generate awareness campaigns to promote better hygiene and sanitation practices.

Citizens adopt the better hygiene and sanitation practices.

Citizens are adequately educated about river protection measures being implemented.

Efforts initiated to regularize the participatory planning and budgeting

Participatory planning institutionalized

Plan of Action

River Cleanliness Works (De-silting, De-weeding and De-sludging)

Initiate cleaning of river banks and bed of the legacy pollution and restricting access to river by creating mass awareness and introducing barriers at certain eco-sensitive locations.

Citizens are adequately aware about the river restoration projects and the barriers to the riverfront are removed

Only periodic river restoration works is undertaken to de-silt without disturbing the natural siltation process

River Front Development

Defining the extent of river along its complete stretch and securing it against any possible future encroachment.

Implementation of various river front development works in collaboration with relevant authorities with a sustainable framework.

Regular maintenance of river front and improvement projects /works implemented within the town boundary.


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TABLE 10-2: COST ESTIMATE OF RIVER FRONT DEVELOPMENT - GARHWA

Sl No.

Particulars Cost Estimates ( Rs in Lakhs)

Cost (Lum Sum) (Rs. In

Lakhs)

Short-Term

5years

Medium-Term 10

years

Long-Term 10-30 years

1 Development of 2 small ghats on the right bank of about 50 - 100 mtr length with platforms and steps leading to the river to facilitate a safe approach.

2000.00 500.00 500.00 1000.00

2 Changing rooms separately for males and females in all ghats.

40.00 20.00 20.00

3 Toilets, solid waste collection bins, washroom and drinking water facilities at the ghats including public / mobile toilets.

100.00 50.00 50.00

4 Benches / sitting arrangements of people visiting river front,

Lighting and landscaping of 1 parks / areas with fountains, flowerbeds etc

200.00 100.00 100.00

5 Development of approach roads, parking lots for 2 ghats and 2 crematoria

200.00 25.00 75.00 100.00

6 Provision of kiosks for sale of eatables, boating facilities etc.

200.00 50.00 50.00 100.00

7 Enclosures / ‘mela ground’ for holding cultural and recreational programmes.

100.00 75.00 25.00

8 Afforestation along the banks of river, particularly the areas ecologically sensitive across the town and beyond.

75.00 50.00 25.00

Total Base Cost 2915.00 575.00 920.00 1420.00


Sub Total 2973.30 586.50 938.40 1448.40

Contingencies 3% 89.20 17.60 28.15 43.45


3062.50 604.10 966.55 1491.85


1774.61 61.92 444.61 1268.07

Grand Total (CAPEX with cost escalation)

4837.11 666.02 1411.16 2759.92


483.71 66.60 141.12 275.99

Source: SENES Estimates and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme





5. Long Term: Considering implantation to start in 2028 - Cost escalation of 85% for 13 years from 2015


Page 162 March 2016

11.0 OTHER NON SEWERAGE WORKS

11.1 CREMATORIA

In Garhwa town, there is one concretised crematorium located at ward numbers 16, but one

other crematorium at ward no 9, but not a fixed location. Approximately 4 - 5 dead bodies are

burnt per month. As observed during field visits, one cremation consumes approximates 250

to 350 Kg of wood generating approximately 300 Kg of ash per month. No waste management

facility is available at those crematoria and waste generated such as ashes, flowers, clothes

etc. are thrown along the bank of river. Details of the infrastructure available the existing

crematorium are provided in Table 11-1.

TABLE 11-1: INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY AT EXISTING CREMATORIA

Location in ward no.

Number of bodies cremated per month

Cremation sheds

Boundary wall and waiting

hall

Availability of hand pump or

PSP

SWM Availability if toilet or bathroom

9 NA No No No No

management No

16 NA Yes No No No

management No

Source: Field visit and stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015

Wood based Crematorium at ward 16 along river Danro

Crematorium at ward 9

11.1.1 Key Issues

Absence of waste management facility at the crematoria, waste generated at the place

such as flowers, ashes, burnt wood etc. are thrown near the River Danro.

Absence of toilet and bathroom facility at the crematoria.

No boundary wall is there at the crematoria and also there is absence of prayer hall,

satsang bhavan.

11.1.2 Proposals & Recommendations

There is need to upgrade the exiting wood based crematorium as ‘improved wood based

crematorium’ as per the project preparation guidelines under NGRBA programme. As of now,


Page 163 March 2016

there is immediate need to develop other required facilities such as waiting room, wood

storage room, care taker room, payer hall etc. In addition to these facility, there is urgent need

to improve the solid waste and ash management, availability of toilet/bathroom, drain

construction.

Garhwa Nagar Panchayat would be implementing and operating authority for both the

crematoria. Cleaning of the facility twice a day should be ensured by the nagar panchayat.

Official(s) should be designated in the nagar panchayat for regular monitoring of the facilities

as per prescribed norms and design of the crematoria. Following are the recommendation

suggested for the crematoria in Garhwa, which are based on the discussion with the key

stakeholder.

Recommendations from environmental perspective

Up-gradation of existing wood based conventional facility to improved technology such

as improved wood based / electric based/ gas based crematoria as per the aforesaid

guidelines. Setting up new improved facility certainly reduce the environmental impact

of the existing crematoria on the river.

The new facility should have toilet facility separately for male and female and one

washroom at the crematoria complex.

One water supply connection with proper drainage facility should be provided and

linked with major drain for carrying storm water and grey water from the washroom.

General cleaning of the crematoria complex, preferably twice in a day (morning and

evening) by the nagar panchayat workers should be made mandatory.

Facility should be made available at the site to collect and dispose the remaining ashes

and left over burnt woods in conjunction with solid waste management system.

Recommendations from facility perspective

Construction of proper boundary wall at the crematoria.

Construction of cremation shed to protect the cremation of dead body and people

engaged in cremation from rainfall and bed weather conditions.

Construction of waiting hall or covered sheds with sitting arrangements for the people

attending the cremation.

Plantation of shadow / bush type trees, gardening and development of open spaces at

the facility.

A storage yard for woods at the crematoria complex.

An office room for the care taker with basic facilities.


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Options for Improved methods of cremation

Electric cremation

The electric cremation was commissioned in January 1989 as a part of the Ganga Action Plan. The

basic idea was to serve the purpose of river friendly cremation. The advantages of Electric

Cremation can be assessed on compare with traditional funeral. The traditional funeral pyre

requires around 400 kg of firewood, three liters of kerosene and some prefer desi ghee, and 300-

400 cow dung cakes per dead body. The total costs turn around Rs. 2,000 – 3,000 in total. Mortal

remains can be taken only after 24 hours.

On the other hand, electric cremation is comparatively less expensive. Relatives can take the mortal

remains within a few hours of cremation. In electric cremation, wood is not burned and there are no

gas emissions. It is no doubt an unconventional way of cremation but it helps in saving resources

like wood, kerosene, etc. It is the most economical option for funeral.

Gas Based cremation

Crematorium is designed to have a cremation of one body at a time and the time taken for the

completion of one cremation is approximately one to one and half-hour time. The Cremation

Process is like the body is kept in a moveable trolley and finally places the body in the cremation

platform in cremation furnace. Combustion blowers and air blowers are switched on and then the

primary and secondary burners in the cremation chambers switched on to get the furnace

temperature at about 9000 C. By the moveable trolley the body will be placed upon the cremation

platform in the cremation chamber. The cremation door would then keep closed. The body would

incinerate in the primary and in the secondary chamber between the temperature 800 0 and 11000

C.

The hazardous gas and other substances are piped out from cremation chamber and cleaned by

ventury scrubber with water treatment and finally the hot air is being discharged in to the 130m

height chimney. ETP system takes care of treated water. The system has the ash removal system

to collect the ash and remains for further custom. The system has necessary controls, auto on-off,

cutoff switches and other necessary controls for a safety.

LPG Gas Crematorium. The total consumption of LPG would be around 12 ± 2 kg.

Minimum of 21780 sq. ft. of land is the basic requirement for Gas Crematorium. The Plant should

be established at the center portion of the land. A garden or lawn may be developed in the front

portion. A minimum of 50m distance may be maintained with nearest house in order to minimize

nuisance to nearby inhabitants.

Improved wood based cremation

Improved wood based crematorium cuts the amount of wood required and ensuing carbon dioxide

emissions by more than 60%. The prescribed design can burn a body using a mere 220 pounds

i.e. 150 kg of wood. That leads to save million trees, and tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. In the

traditional, wood-intensive cremation process, layers of wood are piled a metre high on the ground.

The open-air funeral pyre burns for around six hours. It takes another three hours for the ashes to

cool, after which a handful of burnt bones and ashes are collected to be immersed later in the river.

The Mokshda crematorium is a high-grade, stainless steel and man-sized bier with a hood and

sidewall slates that can withstand temperatures of up to 800 degrees Celsius. Its thermal and shock-

resistant steel structure makes it easy to wash once cremation is completed and is ready to be used

again just 30 minutes later. This system is in use in Delhi, Maharashtra, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.


Page 165 March 2016

11.2 DHOBI GHAT

Data collected through field surveys and field observations indicated that presently there is no

dhobi ghat within the NP area. Only a few residents currently use the river for washing clothes

and baths particularly in the stretch of ward no. 9, 11, 16, 17, 18 and 20. Due to absence of

individuals’ bathroom facility and piped water connection, many of the people also wash their

clothes in the adjacent ponds. Washing and bathing activity is most commonly practiced in

almost in all the ponds within town area.

11.2.1 Recommendation & Proposal

Construction of new dhobi ghats away from the river, for washer men in Garhwa.

The ULB should identify and take into account all washer men washing clothes, places

with numbers of cattle wallowing in the river while preparing the proposal. Based on

the information, facilities need to be created as per NGRBA guideline.

11.3 PONDS

There are 4 key ponds in Garhwa located in various wards. These ponds are used for washing,

bathing, performance of chatt puja, idol immersion, cattle wallowing and car washing purpose

etc. Esthetically, condition of ponds in Garhwa is not good and mostly they are not being

maintained. Steps are mostly not provided to access the ponds and timely cleaning is also not

done, wherever steps are constructed. In some of the ponds, dumping of solid waste on the

banks has been observed. In many area open defecation is also observed near the ponds.

TABLE 11-2: STATUS OF PONDS IN GARHWA

Name of the pond / Area

Ward number

Use of pond Availability of constructed

steps

Activities along the pond

Makarsha Road 3 Cattle wallowing

Chatt puja

Idol immersion

Bathing

Clothes washing

Car washing

Settlements

Sahijna 9 Not available Settlements

Rambandh Talab 14 Not available Settlements

Sonpurwa 16

Not available Vacant land, pond full of water hyacinth

Source: Field visit and stakeholder consultation in August & September, 2015

Rambandh Talab at ward no 14


Page 166 March 2016

MAP 11-1: LOCATION OF PONDS AND WATER BODIES IN GARHWA

Source: SENES Field visit during August and September, 2015


Page 167 March 2016

11.3.1 Key Issues

Pollution: All the natural ponds in the town are being used for washing, bathing, cattle

wallowing and car washing purpose. These are the major causes of pollution in the

pond water.

Sewage inflow: Discharge of sewage through drains is another key issue in Garhwa.

Waste water generated from the settlements is discharged into the ponds.

Idol immersion: Religious and cultural activities such as idol immersion and chath

puja take place in all the ponds. Immersion of idols, puja samagri etc. pollute the pond

water.

Maintenance: Only one pond are available constructed steps in Garhwa. Rest 3 ponds

are not maintained as there are no steps available in the ponds and regular cleaning

of ponds is also not done. Due to non-maintenance ponds, these are covered with

water hyacinth.

Waste dumping: Solid waste dumping in the banks of ponds is another major issue in

Garhwa. People residing near the ponds often throw solid waste into the ponds. This

is also due to lack of awareness among the people regarding the ill effects of waste

dumping in water.

Open defecation: As more 40% (as per 2011 cesus) of the town population restore to

open defecation. People living near the ponds go for open defecation in areas adjacent

to such ponds.

11.3.2 Proposal and Recommendation

The grey water from the households should be allowed to flow in the roadside drains

and not to the ponds. The black water should be diverted to the septic tank in the short

and immediate term period of the plan. All the waste water should be diverted to the

proposed sewerage system in the long term plan period.

Selected ponds in Garhwa can be renovated for scientific surface water management

and also be converted as recharge structures for rain water harvesting.

Scope for development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities along with

provisions for walkways in the banks for morning walkers and visitors should be

explored.

Alternate source of spot water supply to the people living on the banks of the ponds

should be developed to meet the emergent situation during non-supply period of piped

water supply in the town.


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Liquid Waste Management through Pond Renovation- Case of Punjab

Punjab Water Supply and Sanitation Project for liquid waste management through pond

renovation is being implemented in various towns of Punjab with the active participation of the

community. The supply of piped water and private submersible pump sets in households has

exponentially increased the generation of waste sullage. Each village has a pond, which was

typically used for recreation and as a rain water harvesting and recharge structure. The waste

water now being generated in villages has been channelized to these traditional village ponds,

choking them and creating unsanitary environments.

Project involve collection of grey water through the drainage system which is fed into existing

ponds. In these systems, grey water is stabilized, its pathogenicity is reduced, and the water is

made useable. The grey water is stabilized by natural processes involving algae, bacteria, and

natural oxidation. The hot climate, with solar radiation and light, makes this an ideal region in

which to implement this process. The advantages of pond renovation include the use of existing

ponds, low capital costs, low and affordable O&M costs, the ability to use unskilled manpower to

manage the process, and the avoidance of surface water pollution.

The intervention involved emptying the pond, desilting, and dividing it into four compartments by

using earthen embankments. These compartments are the anaerobic-cum-sedimentation pond,

the facultative pond, the maturation pond, and the polishing pond. Overflow from one tank goes

to the next, and so forth. The use of all four compartments may vary from season to season, being

less frequent in summer and more necessary in winter. It was observed that a pond of about 3

acres was able to harvest 2,000 m3 of water.

Anaerobic-cum-Sedimentation Tank

The depth of water in the pond is kept at 10 feet for the sedimentation of suspended solids and

decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions to reduce BOD/COD. The surface

area of the tank shall be equal to approximately 15 percent of the area of the existing pond and

support a five-day retention period.

Facultative Pond


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11.3.3 Cost Estimates for Other Non-Sewerage works

TABLE 11-3: COST ESTIMATES FOR NON-SEWERAGE WORKS

Facility Total

Phase

Short Term 5 years

Medium Term 10 years

Long-Term 10 - 30 years

A - Crematoria

Up gradation of existing crematoria

Toilet / Bathroom

Room for caretaker – 4X3 meter

Wood storage room

Waiting room/prayer cum assembly hall – 10X6 meter

Lighting

100.00 50.00 50.00

New crematoria – electric based – 30X20 meter

* (Rest of the infrastructure will be common for wood based and electric based crematoria as both the facilities are at same place).

600.00 200.00 400.00

B - Dhobi Ghats

In this tank, the overflow of the anaerobic pond is being discharged and BOD/COD is reduced under

aerobic conditions. The water depth is kept at 1.5 m. The tank’s outlet is fixed at 1.5 m from its bed to

ensure that water depth does not exceed 1.5 m. Its area is 25 percent of the existing pond area.

Maturation/Polishing Pond (2 Numbers)

In this tank, the overflow of the facultative pond is being discharged; in this phase any pathogen load

will be reduced. The depth of water is kept at 1.5 m. The tank’s outlet is fixed at 1.5 m from its bed to

ensure that the water depth does not exceed 1.5 m. Its area should be 25 percent of the existing pond

area.

Outflow

Normally, in addition to evaporation, treated water is absorbed into the pond. It is also used for

irrigation purposes by farmers.


Page 170 March 2016

Facility Total

Phase

Short Term 5 years

Medium Term 10 years

Long-Term 10 - 30 years

Construction of dhobi ghats and providing, stoned platform for washing bhatties, drying places, sheds for pressing of clothes, with water supply, electricity, toilet facilities, waste water disposal arrangement, boundary wall etc.

100.00 100.00

C - Pond Restoration

Diversion of waste water from ponds, renovation and de-silting for conversion to recharge structure for rain water harvesting

200.00 100.00 50.00 50.00

Development of local tourism by introducing boating facilities along with provisions for walkways in the banks

300.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Setting up of Cafeteria, Public toilets for the local tourists and visitors (to be constructed away from the ponds)

300.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Base Cost Total 1600.00 550.00 800.00 250.00


Sub Total 1632.00 561.00 816.00 255.00

Contingencies 3% 48.96 16.83 24.48 7.65


1680.96 577.83 840.48 262.65


669.10 59.23 386.62 223.25

Grand Total (CAPEX with cost escalation)

2350.06 637.06 1227.10 485.90


235.01 63.71 122.71 48.59

Source: SENES estimates and Guidelines for project preparation under NRCP & NGRBA programme





5. Long Term: Considering implantation to start in 2028 - Cost escalation of 85% for 13 years from 2015


Page 171 March 2016

12.0 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE & CAPACITY BUILDING

12.1 EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM

Sanitation is the state subject, and State Urban Development department and other state level

agencies guide and support urban local body, which is responsible for final implementation of

sanitation related schemes and projects at the local level. Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP)

is the key local body responsible for providing public amenities and services in Garhwa. Apart

from GNP, there are other parastatal and state level authorities which are directly or indirectly

involved in planning and policy formulation activities. This chapter discusses the role of various

state and local level agencies responsible for providing sanitation related services in the state

of Jharkhand.

12.1.1 Urban Development Department, Jharkhand

Urban Development Department (UDD), Jharkhand is responsible for devolution of basic

services in urban areas of the state as per the provision of Municipal Corporation/ Municipality

Act. The UDD administratively controls the organizations related to urban development,

including providing state’s support to municipal corporations, councils and nagar

panchayats/Panchayats. This department is also responsible for implementing various

schemes for providing urban services and town planning, regulation of land use, planning for

economic and social development, safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society

including the physically challenged and mentally retarded persons, Slum improvement and

upgradation, housing, urban poverty alleviation, promotion of cultural, educational and

aesthetic aspects.

The UDD has the following functions:

a) Constitution / reconstitution of ULBs in the state based on the census population and

growth of an urban area.

b) Coordinating elections to ULBs.

c) Facilitating amendments to the Municipal Acts based on the Model Municipal law that

has been prepared by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.

d) Administrative Reform of ULBs.

e) Financial Strengthening of ULBs

f) Anchoring the planned process of development of ULBs through various Government

of India and Government of Jharkhand initiatives / programmes.

g) Administering State Government Schemes on urban development and infrastructure

development

o Water Supply Schemes

o Road Construction, provision of Street lights, urban transportand Bus stand etc.

o Construction of road side drains and storm water drainage system

o Solid Waste Management


Page 172 March 2016

o Total sanitation including conversion of dry latrines, construction of community

toilets

o Development of slum settlements

o Social Amenities

h) Administering Central Government Urban Poverty Alleviation (UPA) Schemes

12.1.2 Drinking Water and Sanitation Department

Drinking Water and Sanitation Department (DW&SD) Drinking formerly known as Public

Health Engineering Department is the main state agency responsible for providing safe

drinking water and sanitation facilities in the state of Jharkhand. The department is responsible

for providing water supply facilities in both rural and urban areas of the state. The sources are

mostly ground water based by way of construction of tube-wells / drilled tube-wells / sanitary

wells in rural areas for covering villages / hamlets those t are partially or not covered. Execution

of piped water supply schemes in urban, semi urban and rural areas; relocation of spot

sources; water quality testing, monitoring and remedial measures are also undertaken by the

department. Implementation and operation & maintenance (O&M) of major urban water supply

schemes, providing water supply and sanitary services including plumbing in government

buildings are also under the jurisdiction of the DW&SD. In Garhwa, the DW&SD is responsible

for planning, designing, constructing and O&M of water supply schemes. The fund for capital

and O&M cost of urban water supply schemes are routed through the Urban Development

Department to the DW&SD. GNP is responsible for providing household level connections for

piped water supply and for collecting water tax.

12.1.3 Water Resources Department

Water Resources Department, formerly known as Irrigation Department is one of the major

establishments of Government of Jharkhand. It protects the right of State in sharing water of

inter State Rivers/Basins. The Water Resources Department, Government of Jharkhand is

involved in the management of the water resources of the state in a sustainable way to provide

optimal benefit to the people of the State. The Department is engaged in construction and

maintenance of major, medium and minor irrigation schemes, flood control works, ground

water conservation and reclamation. The department is also responsible to provide permission

for drawl of water from ground and surface water sources by the stakeholders including

DW&SD and industries. The Department is also working in the field of Interlinking of various

river basins and water ways in order to supply water to water starved areas from water surplus

basins.

12.1.4 Garhwa Nagar Panchayat

Garhwa town administration is structurally divided into two wings i.e. elective wing headed by

chairperson and administrative wing headed by executive officer. In addition to nagar

Panchayat there are other parastatal bodies (e.g. Ward Office) working for sanitation related

aspects.

A. Elective wing

The elective body is headed by Chairperson supported by vice-chairperson and 20 councilors,

one for each of the 20 wards. Chairperson and vise-chairperson in GNP are selected by


Page 173 March 2016

councilors. The tenure of the elected body of GNP is for five years and first election in GNP

was held in the year 2008. The elective body is responsible for making policy decisions at

town level for implementation of various town / citizen services including sanitation, and

oversee the implementation process for successful execution of such schemes.

As per Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011, the Standing Committee shall consist of the

Chairperson; the Vice- Chairperson, and 20 elected councilors to be elected by the Council.

The councilors at their first meeting elect the Standing Committee, Consisting of 20 councilors,

after the general election. The Standing Committee essentially governs the functioning of the

Nagar Panchayat on behalf of the 20 councilors. It is the policy making body of the Nagar

Panchayat and makes all decisions with respect to the establishment and finances of the

nagar panchayat area.

B. Administrative wing

Garhwa Nagar Panchayat19 (GNP)’s administrative body was constituted in the year 2008. It

consists of 20 nos. of ward having total area of 39.54 Sq. Km. GNP is responsible to provide

basic infrastructure including roads, drainage and sewerage, water supply, street lighting and

services covering education, housing, poverty alleviation, slum improvement, urban forestry,

environmental protection and conservation, primary health etc.

GNP is headed by one executive officer and is responsible for operational planning and

management of nagar Panchayat. Other officials in the GNP such as municipal engineer,

health officer, accounts officer etc. directly report to executive officer.

The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 defines organizational structure of Municipality as follows:

a) Executive Officer,

b) Municipal Finance Officer/Municipal Accounts Officer,

c) Municipal Engineer,

d) Municipal Health Officer,

e) Environmental Engineer (for solid waste management),

f) Information and Technology Officer,

g) Municipal Secretary, and such other officers as prescribed by the Government:

Roles and Responsibility of Garhwa Nagar Panchayat

The Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 defines the scope and extent of responsibilities of the

Municipality. The functions of the nagar panchayat are divided into core functions and general

functions.

A) Municipal Functions

(A) Core Functions

i. Urban planning including town planning,

19 Nagar panchayat - is a transitional area that is to say, an area in transition from a rural area to an urban area to be a Nagar

Panchayat.


Page 174 March 2016

ii. Regulation of land-use including protection of public land from

iii. encroachment and construction of buildings,

iv. Planning for economic and social development,

v. Roads including footpath and road crossing facilities for

vi. Construction of culverts and bridges,

vii. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes,

viii. Public health, sanitation including storm water drains, conservancy and solid and

liquid waste management,

ix. Fire services,

x. Urban forestry, protection of the environment, promotion of ecological aspects and

maintenance of environmental hygiene,

xi. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the

handicapped and mentally retarded,

xii. Slum improvement and up-gradation including providing basic facilities,

xiii. Urban housing and poverty alleviation,

xiv. Provision and maintenance of urban amenities and facilities such as parks,

gardens, playgrounds, public markets, bathing and washing ghats, waiting sheds

for travellers, night shelters etc.

xv. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects,

xvi. Establishment and maintenance of burial and burning grounds, cremations,

cremation grounds and electric crematoriums,

xvii. Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals,

xviii. Collection and updating of vital statistics including registration of births, deaths and

marriages,

xix. Provision and maintenance of public amenities including street lighting, parking

spaces for vehicles, bus stops and public conveniences like toilet facilities at public

places,

xx. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries and sale of meat, fish and other

perishable food stuffs etc.

B) General Functions

i. Organising voluntary workers and promote community participation in all

development activities,

ii. Organise campaign for thrift,

iii. Awareness building against social evils like alcoholism, consumption of narcotics,

dowry and abuse of women and children,


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iv. Organize legal awareness campaigns among weaker sections, campaign against

economic offences, adherence to civic duties, and promoting communal harmony,

v. Provision of public transport,

vi. Organise relief activities during natural calamities and disasters; maintain relief

centres like hospitals, dispensaries, asylums, rescue homes, maternity houses and

child welfare centres, etc.,

vii. Mobilising local resources in cash or in kind,

viii. Organise and promote resident welfare associations, neighbourhood groups and

committees, and self-help groups with focus on the poor,

ix. Disclosure and dissemination of information of public interest,

x. Maintenance of public properties,

xi. Issue of licences to dangerous and offensive trades and industries,

xii. Issue of licence to domestic pet animals and destruction of stray dogs,

xiii. Conservation and preservation of water bodies,

xiv. Conservation and preservation of places and buildings of heritage having historical

and cultural importance,

xv. Promoting green energy and energy efficiency, build awareness on climate change

and its adoption,

xvi. Promote uses of Information Technology, digitization and e- Governance in the

working of the Municipality.

12.2 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR SANITATION

As per the municipal act Public health, sanitation including storm water drains, conservancy

and solid and liquid waste management are the core function of Garhwa Nagar Panchayat.

However, there are other departments like DW&SD involved in planning and management of

the infrastructure related to water supply and irrigation department looking at river

management aspect. The list of the agencies responsible for sanitation sector in Garhwa is

provided in Table 13.1

TABLE 12-1: AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR SANITATION SECTORS

Sector Planning and Design Construction O&M

Water supply DW&SD DW&SD GNP

Storm water drainage GNP GNP GNP

Non-sewerage sanitation /Sewerage system

GNP GNP GNP

Solid waste management GNP GNP GNP

Community and public toilet GNP GNP GNP

River front development WRD WRD WRD/GNP

Ponds GNP GNP GNP

Crematoria GNP GNP GNP


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Carcass disposal GNP GNP GNP

Note: GNP is yet to take over the responsibility for O&M of water supply scheme in Garhwa from DW&SD.

12.3 HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY ASSESSMENT FOR GNP

Functional and operational management of departments is based on the available human

resource. Since GNP is the constitutionally established organisation providing sanitation

services in Garhwa, The human resource capacity of the GNP has been analysed in details.

During field visit it was observed that there are huge gaps between sanctioned posts and

actual availability of man power. Category wise availability of man power in GNP is presented

in the Table 13.2.

TABLE 12-2: AVAILABILITY OF HUMAN RESOURCE AT GNP

Category Sanctioned posts Existing post

Executive Officer 1 1

Head Clerk 1 1

Clerk 1 1

Tax Collector 1 1

Sanitary Inspector 1 Nil

Coak Sodhak 1 Nil

Electrician 2 2

Health Assistant 1 Nil

Peon 2 2

Sweeper and Helper 35 78*

Driver 1

Computer Operator 1

City Manager 2

City Mission Manager 1

Community Organiser 1

Source: Stakeholder Consultation in August and September 2015

*Note: 12 permanent, 65 contractual and 1 driver

As per the act, the appointment for above positions may be made either on a regular basis or

on contract basis for such term as the state Government may prescribe or as outlined in scope

of respective sanctioned schemes / projects. As of now, there is acute shortage of man power

in GNP.

12.4 KEY ISSUES OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM

Overlapping in functions: There is overlapping of functions and disintegration of

responsibilities among the departments. This issue is more prominent for water supply

infrastructure. DW&SD is responsible for planning, designing and construction of water

supply infrastructure including distribution network. Whereas, provision of water supply

connections to households, water tax collection and O&M is the responsibility of GNP

(After construction of water supply infrastructure, the entire scheme is supposed to be

transferred to GNP for day to day O&M purpose).


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In the current situation, provision of water connections and water tax collection is being

done by GNP whereas, O&M for water supply is still being managed by DW&SD As

understood after discussions with DW&SD officials, GNP is not yet prepared to take

over the responsibility of O&M due to shortage of technical man power. It is observed

from the situation that, due to conflict between the multiple authorities with respect to

day to day decision making in providing water supply yo the citizens creates

dissatisfaction at the user end, resulting in mismanagement of the infrastructure.

Shortage of human resource: There is shortage of field level technical man power

both in GNP and DW&SD. Most of the sanctioned posts are lying vacant for quite a

long time, whereas the working field staff are mostly engaged on daily basis and or

contract basis. Irregular payment of wages / salary to the temporary workers is one

of the main reasons for mismanagement of O&M

Lack of interdepartmental coordination: It has also been observed that there is a

lack in the inter-departmental coordination for providing day to day services to the

community. There is an absolute necessity of horizontal integration of various

departments’ offices established within the nagar panchayat to provide basic services

to the people and GNP should take lead in the desired interdepartmental integration.

Lack of central data platform: There is absolute lack of data management in GNP

and other major state government offices including WS&SD. Almost no old records of

the existing infrastructures and related status reports are found available with the

respective offices. Various data such total length of road, drain, number of public stand

posts, individual household toilets etc. are made available verbally during stakeholder

consultations, mostly based on assumptions. Various municipal records are also found

not available as per municipal account format provided by state. Due to non-availability

of authentic data, planning and data analysis for preparing CSP of the town likely to

lose realistic approach.

Jurisdictional Issues: It is very difficult to arrive at a common boundary for all

services. The geographical Area required for internalizing the costs and benefits of a

service like transport, water supply, storm water drainage etc. If such matching is not

ensured, there will be perennial problems of service revenues falling short of service

costs, increased cost of public administration, and lack of integrated development and

imposition of high social cost on the public. Thus it is important that the jurisdictional

issues are sorted out carefully.

12.5 CAPACITY BUILDING

Capacity building of GNP by way of providing necessary periodical training to the available

and future human resource and immediate filling up of all vacant posts should be carried out

in a planned and phased manner. Application of technology to improve the abilities of the

personnel in particular and the organisation in general shall make GNP more efficient and

effective in day to day working and management of services.

12.5.1 Manpower Requirement

The manpower requirement for achieving 100% sanitation in the town shall include the sectors

of both water supply and sanitation (along with solid waste management).


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Water Supply

Situation analysis indicates that the available manpower in the town responsible for water

supply is inadequate and shall require immediate upscaling to meet the future demand

outlined in the CSP. The CPHEEO manual on Water Supply and Treatment (Appendix 13.1

to 15.12) has prescribed the required manpower for different capacity water supply schemes

including day to day operation and maintenance of the Pump house (Intake well), Raw water

rising main, treatment works and clear water pump, clear water rising main, service reservoir,

gravity mains, distribution system, billing, day to day repairing, water works laboratory etc.

Apart, the CPHEEO manual on ‘Operation & Maintenance of Water Supply System’ (Chapter-

17) has emphasised on the need ‘Human Resources Development’, which include training

needs assessment, quantification of training, On-the-job training, Training of trainers, training

schedule, training budget etc. The department of Drinking Water & Sanitation should adhere

to these for improving quality of service so as to provide 24X7 water supply in the town to the

best satisfaction of the consumers.

Sanitation (Sewerage):

At present there are no dedicated staffs available for sewerage system in the town, obviously

due to non-existence of the system in the town area. However, the future need should be

assessed for staffing including their capacity building based on the recommendations made

in the CPHEEO manual on ‘Sewerage and Sewage Treatment’ - Part C (Chapter – 3).

Sanitation (Solid Waste Management):

The CPHEEO manual on ‘Solid Waste Management’ – Chapter 19 has prescribed the

organisational set up (prescribed set up for towns below 1,00,000 population to be followed

for the town) and need for human resource development. The ongoing SWM is being looked

after by the ULB, and the situation analysis indicates inadequacy in staffing headed by one

Sanitary Inspector and supported by Junior Engineer and skeletal field staff.

Quite often, multiplicity of agencies and overlapping of responsibilities are the reasons for

ineffective and poor operation and maintenance of the assets created by ULBs. In the light of

74th Amendment under the 12th Schedule of the Constitution, the role and responsibility of

the ULBs have increased significantly in providing these basic facilities to the community on a

sustainable basis. The new Amendment has enabled ULBs to become financially viable and

technically sound to provide basic amenities to the community.

Consequent to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (74th CAA), the States are expected

to devolve responsibility, powers and resources upon ULBs as envisaged in the 12th Schedule

of the Constitution. The 74th CAA has substantially broadened the range of functions to be

performed by the elected ULBs. The 12th Schedule brings into the municipal domain among

others such as urban and town planning, regulation of land-use, planning for economic &

social development and safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of the society.

The Constitution thus envisages ULBs as being totally responsible for all aspects of

development, civic services and environment in the cities going far beyond the traditional role.

The focus should not only be on the investment requirements to augment supplies or install


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additional systems in sanitation and water supply. Instead, greater attention must be paid to

the critical issues of institutional restructuring, managerial improvement, better and more

equitable service to citizens who must have a greater degree of participation. The 74th CAA

also focuses on achieving sustainability of the sector through the adoption of adequate

measures in O&M, the financial health of the utilities through efficiency of operations and levy

of user charges, and conservation & augmentation of the water resources.

12.5.2 Training

It is observed that to cater to the needs of increasing burden on nagar panchayat and the

technological advancements, which could be required to cope up with present and future

responsibilities, there is urgent need for organising planned training programmes for the all

category nagar Panchayat staff and elective representatives. Key measures to be taken up

for training are as follows:

Allocation of training fund for staff members in the municipal budget.

Orientation training about the functioning of nagar panchayat and service delivery

mechanism at city and ward level to GNP officials and all the councillors.

Workshops and tour programme should be conducted very frequently on best

practices, case studies, new technology options to make sanitation components (water

conservation, waste water treatment, waste management, toilet options, pond

reclamation etc.) more advance, sustainable, acceptable to community and

environment friendly.

Training to take over responsibility of O&M not only for water supply but for other

sanitation components by GNP. Regular monitoring of the sanitation related facilities

in Garhwa such as crematoria, dhobi ghat, ponds, SWM etc. should be undertaken by

GNP.

In order to maintain a high quality service deliverance, introduction of performance

tracking mechanism for the officials, which is as important as the tracking and

monitoring of the projects and services.

Case study -Capacity building of Human Resource at Kanpur Municipal

Corporation

Kanpur Municipal Corporation established Centre of Excellence (COE) to cater the training

/ Capacity Building requirement of the KNN staff.

The objective of providing knowledge and skills to KNN officers and staff to perform the

job effectively, COE to cover three kinds of Administrative reforms like Human Resource

Development and Personal Management Internal Systems and Processes

Citizens Interface system and Process.

The outcome of the COE is for Qualitative and fast services, Courtesy towards citizens,

Listening skills, Flexibility in dealing with citizens and other department, Empathy with

Public at large, Effective implementation of Public grievance handling mechanism,

Decentralization of zones etc.


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12.6 OTHER MEASURES FOR CAPACITY BUILDING

Activity mapping

There is need to undertake the so-called “activity mapping” for nagar panchayat’s own

departments and other parastatal departments to identify precisely who is responsible for

doing exactly what with sufficient clarity to achieve efficiency and accountability in the

provision of urban local services. It is necessary to prepare an exhaustive list of all the

obligatory and discretionary functions of each of the departments, which are functioning in

providing services within the GNP area.

Creation of Central Data Bank

Development of a central data bank will be necessary to create a common platform for all the

departments to effectively use such data in planning and management of municipal services.

There is also an urgent requirement of linking future data base of all the departments with

each other so that they can effectively pool their data on a central data bank suitably linked to

each department.

Introduction of appropriate technology

A variety of new technology options are presently available, which are very helpful in improving

the capacity of an organisation for high quality e-governance. Introduction of mobile

application for grievance redressal, GIS teamed with SDI (Spatial Data Infrastructure) etc. can

lead to a high level of transparency in the e-governance system. By SDI a central data platform

can be created where all the daily functioning of a department can be up-linked to the central

data bank, which can be made readily available to share on an inter-departmental level linked

with the high precautionary security clearance system.


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13.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND AWARENESS GENERATION

13.1 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) emphasis on improvement of personal hygiene and

good sanitation practices in Indian towns and cities through awareness generation and

behavioral change. Effective Stake holder consultation is the key to generation of awareness

about sanitation and its linkages with public and environmental health amongst communities

and institutions. Stakeholder consultation also promotes mechanism to bring about and

sustain behavioral changes aimed at adoption of healthy sanitation practices. The on ground

successful implementation of the city sanitation plan to achieve long term goals also requires

strong city level institutions and stakeholders.

The Stakeholder Consultation for Garhwa will eventually work as the basis of the City

Sanitation Planning and its implementation. To keep the present City Sanitation Plan

compatible with the existing National Programmes on sanitation and attuned with the National

Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Stakeholders Consultation is an inevitable way to make it

more people oriented and practicable.

13.2 OBJECTIVE OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

To adopt a demand-based strategy and community participation in planning,

implementation and management of sanitation infrastructure;

To adopt locally suitable and sustainable methods, technologies and materials, and

provide necessary facilitation support to the locals ULBs;

To create and ensure ownership among the staff and chair holders of ULB and various

concerned departments who play key role in smooth running of the system that is

required to retain the ideal Sanitation Mechanism;

To encourage community and private participation and define their role in creation and

maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure with possible involvement of several

intervening and contributing institutions like markets, hospitals, schools and thereby

ensure a sense of ownership;

To ensure coordination and integration amongst various departments working and

indirectly involved in the field of water supply and sanitation, such as health, education,

drinking water & sanitation, water resources, industries, science & environment,

transport, pollution control board, etc.;

To ensure optimal and best use of funds dovetailed from various sources;

To promote novel and innovative ideas in mobilization of funds from government,

public and private sectors including funding under corporate sector responsibility,

possible reforms in tax regime, scope for public private partnerships, exploring the

scope of involving private market players & development of special purpose vehicle in

execution and management of infrastructure projects, periodical review and

enhancement of user charges, beneficiary contribution, etc. ;


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To know the current status and physical verification of the existing scenario and based

on the needs enumerated by them; and

To identify the problem areas and bottlenecks in the existing system.

13.3 STAKEHOLDER MAPPING

Stakeholder mapping being the foremost task while formulating the need based Sanitation

Plan for Garhwa Town, and has been carried out through identification of key stakeholders.

Thus, stakeholders in Garhwa Town has been identified and classified in three categories:

Stakeholder Level 1- Garhwa Nagar Panchayat ; DW&SD and other relevant govt.

departments

Stakeholder Level 2- Citizens of Garhwa Nagar Panchayat Area

Stakeholder Level 3- Intervening and Contributing Institutions like Schools, Colleges,

Hospitals, Markets, Industry and Commerce Organizations, NGOs, CBOs etc.

13.4 CITY SANITATION TASK FORCE (CSTF)

NUSP necessitates the constitution of CSTF to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in

the mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the

people of the city. As discussed with Garhwa Nagar Panchayat the probable members of the

CSTF will be as follows:

a) Representative from Urban Local Body (Chair holders- inclusive of Chairperson, Vice

Chairperson and Executive Officer of the Nagar Panchayat)

b) Elected Members of the Legislative Council

c) Other government departments –DW&SD, Drainage and Irrigation / Water Resources

Department, Ground Water Board

d) Residents including Slum dwellers

e) Media - Print , Audio, audio-visual ( television)

f) Civil society organizations - NGOs, CBO, Women and self-help group

g) Industry and Commerce Organizations

h) Town planning authorities

i) Pollution Control Board

Following table provides key responsibilities of key stakeholders during the formulation of City

Sanitation Plan for Garhwa:

Sl. No.

Stakeholder Roles & Responsibilities of various Stakeholders

during CSP preparation

1 Urban Local Body –Nagar Panchayat

Constitution of City Sanitation Task Force

Generate awareness among the citizens and the stakeholders

Organize meetings and workshops for presentation of CSP various stakeholders including CSTF members.


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Sl. No.



Appraisal and approval of CSP document for the town, Issue briefing to the press/ media, JUIDCO and the state government about progress.

Support SENES for necessary alignment of CSP with the current / pending project ( under various programme) and for incorporation in the CSP

2 Other Government Department –DW&SD, Drainage and Irrigation / Water Resources

Department, Ground Water Board

Data support to the CSP team

Provide views / comments and suggestion during different stages of CSP formulation

Suggest possible sites /locations for development of future Sanitation infrastructure including water supply (water treatment plant & reservoirs etc.) , sewerage system (sewage treatment plan, pump house etc.), solid waste management (transfer stations, landfill /processing & disposal site etc.) for further evaluation

3 Member of legislative

council

Ward wise data on socio economic and sanitation infrastructure

Provide comments and suggestion during different stages of CSP formulation

Approval of various provisions made in CSP document

4 Residents including Slum dwellers

Support during demand gap assessment of sanitation infrastructure & facilities.

Support in identification of most suitable location for CTCs to maximize utilization

Adopt good sanitation practices and discourage open defecation,

Provide details on their affordability and willingness to pay for improved sanitation facilities

5 Industry and commerce

Organisation

Provide input on industrial pollution related issues, and particularly related to sanitation of the town and pollution abatement of river

Suggestion for development of sanitation infrastructure which would handle industrial waste and waste water

Provide details on affordability and willingness to pay for improved sanitation and river water quality

6 Media Reporting on the salient features of the city sanitation plan

Public awareness generation on sanitation and related health issues

Educate and encourage the residents on social commitment and social obligations for sanitation

7 Civil Society Organisation - CBOs, Self-help groups, women and child welfare groups etc.

Awareness generation on best sanitation practices and communication on significance of town level sanitation plan to residents and other stakeholders

8 Town Planning Authorities

Provide information of land use- existing and proposed

Support in identification of suitable land, in conformity to the town master plan, for development of sanitary landfill facility, transfer stations, sewage pumping stations, sewage treatment plant, water treatment and storage facilities etc.


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Sl. No.



Earmark the land for above facilities on the proposed or revised land use map / town master plan

9 Pollution control board Provide information on pollution status of various river, water bodies in the town

Provide comments and suggestion at different stages of CSP formulation

CSTF will identify the implementing agency (ies) for the possible interventions identified in the

CSP, which normally be the respective urban local body, and GNP in the present case. CSTF

will continue to monitor and support GNP during the implementation of the City Sanitation

Plan.

During the time of undertaking various consultation with the town level authorities including

the Executive Officer, Chairman, Vice Chairman of GNP and with the DW&SD Officials, the

need and essentiality of formation of CSTF was repeatedly communicated by the team

members. The CSTF has been formulated by the town authority on 16.12.2015 (Annexure

6).

Roles and Responsibility of CSTF

Launching the City 100% Sanitation Campaign

Generating awareness amongst the citizens and stakeholders

Approving materials and progress reports provided by the implementing agency, other

public agencies, as well as NGOs and private parties contracted by the Implementing

Agency, for different aspects of implementation (see below)

Approving the City Sanitation Plan for the city prepared by the Sanitation

Implementation Agency after consultations with citizens

Undertaking field visits from time to time to supervise progress

Issue briefings to the press / media and state government about progress

Providing overall guidance to the Implementation Agency

Recommend to the ULB fixing of responsibilities for city-wide sanitation on a

permanent basis

13.5 DETAILS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS IN GARHWA

Stakeholder Consultation with City Sanitation Task Force

Date: 18th December, 2015

Attendees: CSTF members and others officials

Venue- Garhwa Nagar Panchayat office

Agenda:

1. Presenting data collection till date and data assessment

2. Demand gap analysis for the period of next 30 years


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3. Proposal, recommendations and suggestion on all the sectors.

Proceedings of the Meeting have been annexed in Annexure 1

1st Stakeholder Consultation – with Nagar Panchayat and DW&SD

Date: 5th August 2015

Venue: Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP) Office, Garhwa

Attendees: Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Executive Officer and Officials from GNP,

DW&SD and Team Members, SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company)

preparing the CSP.

Agenda

Introduction of the CSP Team Members with the ULB Chair holders and Staff and

DW&SD Officials.

Orientation of the ULB Staff and Chair holders and DW&SD Officials about CSP, its

utility and essentiality.

Introduction of the town, its extent, demographic pattern, socio- cultural traits etc. by

the ULB Officials.

Brief introduction on existing scenario of the CSP Components by ULB and DW&SD

Officials.

Planning of the Field visits.

Output:

The members were apprised about CSP and its essentiality and its utility in future propositions

for the development of the town.


2nd Stakeholder Consultation with Community

Date: 13th – 14th August 2015

Attendees: Community at large, local institutions, industries, hospitals and the Floating

Populace

Venue- Different areas of the entire town

Agenda:

Orientation and introduction on CSP and information on existing scenario to the

Community and physical verification of the existing scenario.

Support for demand gap assessment of sanitation infrastructure.

Support in identification of most suitable location for CTCs to maximize utilization

Adoption of good sanitation practices and discourage open defecation.

Output:

The community residing in different pockets of the town at large was intimated about

the importance of CSP, different components of CSP and their necessity.


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The CSP Team Members of the Consultants were informed about the existing scenario

followed by physical verification of available CSP components in the town.

3rd Stakeholder Consultation

Date: 9th September, 2015

Venue: Board Room, Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP) Office, Garhwa

Attendees: Members of Board of Councilors, GNP; Executive Officer, Garhwa Nagar

Panchayat and Team Members of SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company)

preparing the CSP.

Agendas:

Ward wise data support on socio economic and sanitation infrastructure for

documentation in CSP

Inputs, comments and suggestions from GNP on required infrastructure improvisation

in Sanitation Sector

Output:

All the Councilors were apprised on the importance of CSP components and its

essentiality.

Ward wise information on different components of CSP and other relevant data / inputs

were gathered.

Importance and necessity of CSTF formation and its functionality was communicated

and suggestions were received.

Huge gap within the middle structure and between the top and the bottom

Work is pushed to the top of the middle structure such that they have to do /supervise

/decide on the final outcome

Parts of the middle structure, especially at the lower level acting mostly from the

operating core

Lower levels unable to take up responsibilities

Coordination between staff at some level standardized-e.g. collection of SWM-work

process standardized. However, work gets done only though mutual adjustment


13.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF CSP BY CSTF

CSTF shall identify the urban local body as key agency responsible for implementation

of CSP

CSTF shall support the consultants in developing the CSP for the town by providing

suggestions on sanitation improvement plans.

CSTF shall support the ULB in promoting awareness through campaigns among the

community.

Alignment of CSP with the current / pending project under various programmes /

schemes and difference highlighted for resolution in the CSP


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Appraisal and approval of the CSP and the schemes proposed for sanitation

improvement of the town.

Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPR) on Sewerage and Non sewerage

schemes identified in the CSP document

Arrangements of funds for development of sanitation infrastructure as per the various

programmes / schemes launched by the central and state government.

Development of implementation framework and selection of implementation agency

Provide guidance to the implementation agency

Launching the 100% sanitation campaign

Generating awareness among citizens and stakeholders with support from local

NGOs, CBOs and other related agencies

Regular field visit and getting structured feedback from the community organizations

and citizen groups.

Develop procedure for periodic evaluation to achieve 100% sanitation status and

provision for revision.

Update the State Government / state agencies on the progress.

13.7 AWARENESS GENERATION

For implementation of City Sanitation Plan a well-planned and incessant awareness campaign

is particularly essential. It will acts as catalyst in successful implementation of any initiative

related to sanitation in the town. It also boost the morale of the people dealing with it by making

them more aware and responsible towards their own responsibilities and role play. Awareness

campaign for city sanitation plan includes following activities:

1. Orientation of Citizens at large and bringing up responsible Stakeholder at all levels of

the Society; creating a favorable ambience for successful implementation of any Plan

or Initiative;

2. Orientation and Capacity Development of the ULB

3. Capacity Development of the Workers and Officials involved in preparation of CSP and

implementation of CSP components;

4. Ensuring introduction of integrated management system that addresses SWM, Water

Supply, Waste and Storm Water Management and Total Sanitation (i.e. 100% access

and utilization of Toilet facilities);

5. Ensuring right practices among the stakeholders at all levels (ULBs, Citizens and

intervening & contributing agencies like industries, commercial establishments &

markets, hospitals, educational institutions, recreational centers like cinema halls,

parks etc. );

6. Developing a continuous and sustainable awareness process that will facilitate the

successful implementation of the proposed programmes pertaining to safeguard of

health and hygiene; and


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7. Developing a continuous and sustainable monitoring and evaluation process that may

help maintaining permanent vigilant system.

It requires specific programmes that will help developing an enduring right practice for a better

civic life.

13.7.1 Strategy for awareness generation

To build a pollution free and hazard free environment and for acceptance of the facilities to be

created in accordance of the City Sanitation Plan require continuous and regular persuasion;

and necessary Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) strategy would be adopted after

critical review and assessment of the needs and requirements of the town. The CSTF will be

responsible for assessing and reviewing these as per local unique needs. Following the

Behavior Change Communication strategy, a road map need to be created considering the

followings as the major activities:

1. Advocacy with the Municipal Authorities and Major Decision Makers inclusive of the Chair

holders like Municipal Chairperson, Members of Board of Councilors, Executive Officer

etc. The purpose is to engage the decision makers and officials of the ULBs to extend

support towards the successful implementation of the plan.

2. Linkage with the concerned and responsible municipal and government officials, ward

committee members and other social institutions like ICDS, Health and locally influential

groups, local NGOs & CBOs etc.; so as to interact and share amongst themselves about

the proposed development works and to ensure their support at all level of implementation

through continuous awareness campaign.

3. Community Dialogues & Focused Group Discussions are group interactions to

mobilize different Grass Root Groups from the community, focused citizens and influential

people for interactive communication targeting behavioral change with respect to Health,

Hygiene and Environment. These need to be taken up for a longer period of time.

4. Larger Mobilization Programmes (e.g. Rallies, Public Meetings, Seminars,

Workshops, Awareness Programmes during different festivals and fairs etc.): Social

Mobilization programmes are instrumental to reach out the larger community with the

messages involving various facets of hygiene and sanitation. Institutions like Schools,

Colleges, Youth Clubs, Health Workers, Local Artists etc. could be communicated and

utilized by organizing rallies, mass meetings etc. to ensure greater visibility of the

objectives and activities, so as to turn the entire activities in to a mass movement toward

‘total sanitation’..

5. Preparation of IEC materials for Advocacy & Linkage, Community Dialogue, IPC, Social

Mobilization etc. numbers of IEC materials like Fliers, flexes, posters, banners, leaflets,

contents of advertisement through local media, local TV etc. have been prepared and

distributed.

6. Environmental Education Programmes in the Institutions:

To promote and ensure a sustainable and ideal sanitary ambience all educational

institutions will be contacted to share different aspects of the project to make the students

aware about the ideal practices and to generate interest among them.


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The following issues should be dealt with during the interactive sessions with students:

General idea on all the components pertaining to Sanitation and Hygiene and their

impact on human health

3 ‘R’s that help promoting a pollution free environment (Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)

Different factors that are root causes for Pollution (air, water, soil, sound and visual

pollution)

Potential health hazards caused by indiscriminate disposal of waste, and insanitary

practices

Role of the Citizens -severally and collectively- Role of students in conveying the

message of Behaviour Change to themselves and to the community at large.

7. Workshop on ‘Clean Environment’ at institutions and organizational levels.

The CSTF with the support of ULB, DW&SD and other implementing agencies will take

initiatives to organize Workshops & Seminars to take up ‘Clean Environment’ campaign

periodically, particularly during local festive time. Budget for the same could be arranged

by GNP by mobilization of funds from different schemes.


Page 190 March 2016

14.0 PROJECT FINANCING AND IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK

14.1 PROJECT FINANCING

This chapter identifies the mechanism for financing projects proposed under various sectors in City

Sanitation Plan for Garhwa town. Brief discussions of the ongoing schemes by the central and the state

government which may be suitable for funding the projects included in the CSP have been included in

Chapter – 2. In this chapter we will further elaborate on possible scopes for funding projects in different

sector, finance sources and most suitable implementation framework.

Fund requested by the State government for the 12th Five year Plan period (2012-17) for Rs.

3,35,106.00 lacs under Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and for Rs. 3,37,820.00 lacs under State

Plan Schemes indicates intention of the State to avail funds under various old and new government

schemes which include JnNURM (for earlier sanctioned projects), Affordable Housing in Partnership

(AHP), USHA, Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP), Rajiv Awas Yojna

(RAY) (for earlier sanctioned project), Basic Services to Urban Poor (BSUP), Swarna Jayanti Shahari

Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS), National Urban Livelihood

Mission, National River Conservation Directorate, National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP), National

Ganga River Basin Authority and others including GoI ACA from CSS; and also under continuing

schemes for urban water supply, sewerage and drainage, solid waste management, city sanitation etc.

of the State Plan component. It may be relevant to mention about the new central sector / centrally

sponsored schemes like SBM, AMRUT, Smart Cities, Namami Gange, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna

etc., which are also being utilised by the State since 2014-15.

Following section discusses the general finance source currently available for funding of various

infrastructure projects.


14th Finance commission Pooling of the 14th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation

Services Improvement Projects

State finance commission The grants from State Finance Commission support the operational

revenue expenses of the corporation while funding the provision of

basic services to Urban Population including urban poor.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation

and Urban Transformation

(AMRUT)

Funding for the projects in urban areas including sanitation sectors

of water supply, sewerage and septage management and storm

water drains.

Swachh Bharat Mission

(SBM) Urban

For the period of five years i.e. till 2019, funds are being provided for

various sanitation components such as individual toilet, community

toilet, public toilet, solid waste management, IEC and public

awareness and capacity building and administrative & office

expense.

National Ganga River Basin

Authority (NRGBA)

NRGBA provide funding for 11 states including Jharkhand

particularly for the towns having impact on Ganga and its tributaries.

Key sectors covered under the scheme are solid ware management,

river front development, sewerage and sanitation system and

industrial pollution control initiative.

Integrated Low Cost

Sanitation (ILCS)

The scheme envisages conversion of dry latrines into low cost twin

pit pour flush latrines and construction of new individual toilets to

Economically Weaker Section (EWS) households who have no

latrines in the urban areas of the country. Under the scheme the

pattern of assistance is 75% Central Subsidy, 15% State Subsidy

and 10% beneficiary share.

http://envfor.nic.in/division/national-river-conservation-directorate-nrcd

http://infoxin.com/tag/national-ganga-river-basin-authority-nrgba

http://infoxin.com/tag/national-ganga-river-basin-authority-nrgba


Page 191 March 2016


Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

(SSA), Ministry of Human

Resource Development

(MOHRD), GOI

MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the SSA

component. The SSA component has considerable funding for

school sanitation.

International Donors/Funding

Agencies

Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be aimed

at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding to develop

sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.

Urban Local Bodies (ULB)

Equity

ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation services

improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the sanitation

services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of the property

tax; the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues hall be

directed to the sanitation department for utilization for funding

sanitation improving projects in the long-term besides tackling the

operation & maintenance costs.

Public Private Partnership

(PPP)

PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital investment

and finances required to develop basic sanitation services for the

urban population including the urban poor. The following PPP

options shall be considered to employ their services appropriately -

(a) service contracts; (b) performance-based service contract; (c) a

management contract for operations and maintenance (O&M); (d)

BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e) Joint Ventures between State

Government/ULB and the private company. In the event of weak

financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal

Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity

contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.

Beneficiary Contribution -

Public Private People

Partnership (PPPP)

PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to garner

support of the beneficiaries in both the capital investments and the

O&M investments. This shall aim at increasing the sense of

ownership and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In the

event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the

Municipal Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the

equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move

shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that

involves greater community participation and hence promote greater

accountability and transparency.

NGO

NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation services

sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate contract models

shall be developed to attract their contributions in both the

development and O&M activities.

Based on the above financing option discussed above, key funding options for different sectors

proposed under current CSP has been evaluated in the following section:

Water Supply:

Most of the town identified for the study has population being less than 1,00,000 (as per census 2011),

the water supply project shall not qualify to draw fund under the programme for Smart cities & AMRUT

(Except towns having population of more than 75,000 situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga,

qualifying for funding under AMRUT) under the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Govt. of India.

However, the town shall well qualify for funding under UIDSSMT, for completion of all the ongoing

projects. The State may also seek for Additional Central Assistance (ACA) from GoI (including 14th


Page 192 March 2016

Finance Commission) for completion of ongoing projects and also for taking up new projects for water

supply. Besides, the State plan funding for urban water supply should be dovetailed to meet the

additional fund requirement for completion of all ongoing and new water supply projects. The State may

also explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under Corporate

Social Responsibility etc.

Sanitation (On and Offsite including conventional sewerage scheme):

As discussed above, the town is well qualifying for funding under AMRUT (when 2011 census

population is more than 75,000 and situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) and definitely

under SBM for taking up projects for 100% sanitation coverage through construction of IHHL,

Community & Public toilets across the town including for the weaker section, slums etc. Funds available

from many other schemes earmarked for the purpose of sanitation may be dovetailed, as indicated in

the SBM guidelines. However, SBM is not having any provision for funding conventional sewerage

projects, and therefore, the State may seek for ACA from GoI including 14th Finance Commission (and

under NGRBA including Namami Gange, if situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga; under

NRCP, if situated beyond River Ganga basin area) for taking up such projects, being the model state

declared by GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. Besides, the State plan funding for sewerage

& drainage should be dovetailed to meet the additional fund requirement new sewerage projects. The

State may also explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under

CSR etc.

Sanitation (Solid Waste Management):

The prime source of funding SWM project is SBM, however funding under NGRBA including Namami

Gange (if situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) and AMRUT (when 2011 census population

is more than 75,000 and situated on the bank of tributaries of River Ganga) is also possible for taking

up such projects.

Under SBM, main fund sources are the central government funding, the state government funding and

the ULB share. The balance funds is proposed to be generated through various other sources of fund

which include following

a. Private Sector Participation

b. Additional Resources from State Government/ULB

c. Beneficiary Share

d. User Charges

e. Land Leveraging

f. Innovative revenue streams

g. Swachh Bharat Kosh

h. Corporate Social Responsibility

i. Market Borrowing

j. External Assistance

In addition to the above, the State plan funding for solid waste management should be dovetailed to

meet the additional fund requirement new SWM projects. The State may seek for ACA from GoI

(including 14th Finance Commission) for taking up such projects, being the model state declared by

GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. The State may also explore possibilities for taking up

projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under CSR etc.

River Front Development and other projects for tackling Non-point pollution:


Page 193 March 2016

The prime source of funding such projects is NGRBA including Namami Gange, if situated on the bank

of tributaries of River Ganga; and otherwise under NRCP, if situated beyond River Ganga basin area.

The State may seek for ACA from GoI (including 14th Finance Commission) for taking up such projects,

being the model state declared by GoI for pollution abatement of River Ganga. The State may also

explore possibilities for taking up projects in PPP model and by dovetailing funds under NLCP (presently

known as NPCA – National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystem, Ref: Advisory on

‘Conservation and Restoration of Water Bodies in Urban Areas issued by CPHEEO, MoUD in August,

2013); CSR etc.

Detailed Project-wise review of possible funding sources should however, be carried out at FR / DPR

stage for each and every projects, so as to explore all feasible options for funding and sustainable

operation and maintenance of such projects both in short and long term plan period indicated in the

CSP.

14.2 Public Private Partnership in Sanitation Sector

Given the enormity of the investment requirements and the limited availability of public resources for

investment in physical infrastructure, it is imperative to explore avenues for increasing investment in

infrastructure through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs).

PPPs is an important mechanism to bring investments and improve municipal services in the state. The

private sector has the ability to provide waste services more efficiently than government on account of

following factors

can be more cost-effective through the impact of competition;

is less likely to be hampered by time taking administrative procedures and inflexible labour

practices;

can introduce more investment in the sector because it has wider and more rapid access to

capital financing than the public sector; and

has greater access to specialist skills and can benefit from clustering with other businesses or

business activities.

The Department of Economic Affairs is supporting Central Ministries, State Governments and Urban

Local Bodies in structuring PPP Projects in challenging sectors. The object of the initiative is to develop

robust PPP projects and successfully bid them to establish their replication potential in the sectors

concerned

A range of contractual options are possible for financing various project under PPP. BOOT (build, own,

operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in which a private organization

conducts a large development project under contract to a public-sector partner, such as a government

agency. A BOOT project is often seen as a way to develop a large public infrastructure project with

private funding. BOOT is sometimes known as BOT (build, own, transfer). Variations on the BOOT

model include BOO (build, own, operate), BLT (build, lease, transfer) and BLOT (build, lease, operate,

transfer). BLOT (build, lease, operate, transfer) is a public-private partnership (PPP) project model in

which a private organization designs, finances and builds a facility on leased public land. The private

organization operates the facility for the duration of the lease and then transfers ownership to the public

organization.

Viability Gap Funding: The Government has created a Viability Gap Funding Scheme for PPP projects.

Infrastructure projects are often not commercially viable on account of having substantial sunk

investment and low returns. However, they continue to be economically essential. Accordingly, the

Viability Gap Funding Scheme has been formulated which provides financial support in the form of

grants, one time or deferred, to infrastructure projects undertaken through public private partnerships

with a view to make them commercially viable. The Scheme provides total Viability Gap Funding up to

twenty percent of the total project. The Government or statutory entity that owns the project may, if it so


Page 194 March 2016

decides, provides additional grants out of its budget up to further twenty percent of the total project cost.

Viability Gap Funding under the Scheme is normally in the form of a capital grant at the stage of project

construction.

Following section provides case studies of selected PPP projects in Sanitation sector. The cost benefit

analysis of individual project have been analyses in the case studies


Page 195 March 2016

Case study for Alandur Sewerage project

The Alandur Municipality has entered a contract on STP of 24 MLD in 2 modules of 12 MLD each, developed on

Finance, Design, Construct, Operate & Maintenance basis with a private operator (M/s IVRCL Infra Structures

& Projects Ltd Hyderabad in technical collaboration with Va Tech Wabag Technologies Ltd.) for design,

construction of the above mentioned STPs followed by maintenance and operation of Alandur Sewerage Project

(ASP) for 5 years from the date of completion of construction.

To plan this complex and politically challenging project, the AM worked in partnership with the Tamil Nadu Urban

Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL), the state asset management company and with USAID’s

Financial Institution Reform and Expansion (FIRE) Project. The important features are as under:

The funding pattern included upfront deposition of connection charges by the residents for an amount of Rs.

12.40 crores (on which interest earned for Rs 2.46 crores), besides loan taken by the municipality for Rs 16.00

crores and capital infusion by IVRCL for Rs 4.00 crores.

The contract also provides the characteristic of inflow and outflow of the waste water. The contractor is liable to

operate the facility in consonance with the SPCB guidelines and various other rules & regulations framed there

under.

Penalty clause has been provided for non-fulfillment of the guaranteed parameters as per the contract.

Payment to the operator is based on the sewage quantity received in MLD & rate (Rs. 3772.00 per MLD) as per

the agreement.

The monthly user charges are being able to meet the loan annuity and the monthly payment to IVRCL and this

is thus a self-sustaining model.

As per the Agreement the date of completion was 31st March 2003. By end 2001, the laying of the sewer pipes

and main sewers was completed, as also the construction of the Pumping Station, Pumping Mains and the

Sewerage Treatment Plant. The overall date of completion was October 2003.

Of the 23,000 households who paid for the services, 8,350 households were connected in the first phase, i.e. by

2005. Nearly 500 slum households out of 7,000 had sewerage connections, and 43% of slum dwellers had opted

for and paid for individual sewerage connections. By 2010, of the 30,600 households who paid for the services,

29,300 households were connected; 14 community toilets were constructed to serve poor clusters.

This was the first project in the municipal water sector to be taken through the Public Private Partnership route

in India.

Key Learning and Observations made by a team of experts:

Beneficiary participatory approach: People’s participation in the project, including the fact that almost 29% of the

project cost was garnered from public contributions, was the most outstanding aspect and learning from the ASP.

The project established that mobilising people’s participation for infrastructure projects is possible through

collective efforts and transparent procedures. The success of the project from the outset depended highly on

effective collection of connection charges and monthly sewer fees as also public acceptance of engaging a

private BOT participant. Community awareness, support and on-going cooperation was, therefore, critical. The

aggressive public outreach campaign conducted by the municipality and GoTN and the engagement of

stakeholders was essential to assure the lending agencies and city officials that repayment provisions would be

met.

Stakeholder involvement and interdepartmental coordination: Continued involvement of stakeholders throughout

the project ensured timely completion of the project and addressing of issues even as they arise. To maintain

support for the project, a citizen’s committee was formed and it met frequently to review the status of the project,

monitor performance of the BOT contractor and provide a forum in which citizens could air their concerns. The

ASP established that close involvement of all stakeholders/departments at the key decision-making stages of

the project, as also for review and monitoring, is critical to ensuring that the project stays on-track.

Political will and strong decision making, especially at the grass-root level: The ASP demonstrated that

‘political will and quick decisions make projects happen’. The political leadership and strong advocacy

for the project provided by the chairman and council of the municipality proved to be critical element of

the success. While strong support for the sewerage system within Alandur existed, political will was

essential to convince the customers and citizens to pay a significant share of the cost and accept the

entry of the private sector. Throughout the project decision making stages, the members of the

municipality maintained full support for the project.


Page 196 March 2016

Acceptance of fiscal discipline: The term lenders, TNUIFSL and TUFIDCO, placed strict lending

conditions on the municipality, requiring the municipality to accept and implement strong fiscal

discipline measures. TNUIFSL required the municipality to establish a separate sewer account

distinct from the general budget of the municipality, forcing discipline and transparency on the officials

managing the system. The municipality was also required to limit new debts to a certain percentage

(typically 30%) of their revenue. GoTN, which provide loan guarantee, stipulated that any payment

made to these entities on account of default by the municipality would be recovered from the annual

transfer of payments from the municipality to the state government. Similarly the contractual

obligations between the municipality and the BOT operator forced the municipal government to

ensure timely payment for management and waste water treatment services. Thus, the loan as well

as contractual obligations ensured strong fiscal discipline by the municipal body, by making it take

difficult decisions on capital priorities, closely oversee the sewer system management, and ensure

budgeting of sufficient funds to meet payment schedules.

Implementing an effective fee system: Despite the willingness to pay survey that indicated that public

willingness was far below the tariff requirement to meet the capital and operational cost of the project,

the municipal council, through its rigorous public outreach measures, managed to impose reasonable

levels of connection charges and sewer fee on the public. The municipality also managed to collect

the connection charges fairly well in time to pre-empt the need for the TNUIFSL loan. A large part of

the success of the municipality in this aspect sprung from the fact that they provided sympathetic

measures that addressed the concern of the public. For example, the connection deposits were

collected in two installments as per the convenience of the consumers; the local branch of the Punjab

National Bank also offered financial support to the citizens of Alandur by creating a scheme for

lending the connection deposit amount to them.

Assurances on payment to the Private Sector Participant: The municipality agreed to provide the

BOT operator a minimum level of income by accepting the ‘take or pay’ condition in the Agreement.

Thus, the municipality assumed the risk of minimum payment to the operator while the private partner

assumed all other responsibilities and risks of financing, constructing and operating the STP for a

period of 14 years.

Access to finance for the municipality: An important aspect of the success of the project stemmed

from concession financing and subsidies from the Government and public-private entities,

established specifically to meet the credit needs of the municipalities without access to private capital,

due to a low or non-existent credit rating. Though almost 30% of the capital was generated by the

municipality from connection fees, grants from GoTN and loans from TUFIDCO were crucial. The

loan agreement from TNUIFSL, while proving to be unnecessary in the end, was imperative for

participation in the finance package by all the parties.

Technical and financial assistance: The expertise needed to plan and manage the technical and

financial aspects of the project far exceeded the capacity of the municipality. Assistance from the

other government bodies in the state, the Chennai Corporation, and sources, such as the USAID’s

FIRE project, was critical. TNUIFSL and FIRE played a substantial role in structuring the project,

managing the feasibility studies, and preparing the bid and contract documents crucial to project

success. The review and approval of the engineering reports by the management committee,

consisting of senior officials of the AM, the Tamil Nadu Water supply and Sewerage Board, Chennai

Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and TNUIFSL, were essential for successful project

management.

Transparency in bidding and contracting procedures: The transparent approach to the project, right

from inception to selection of contractor/operator and implementation, was critical to providing the

necessary assurance to the private sector bidders on the professional approach of the municipality.

This included strict application of World Bank and FIDIC processes, oversight and approval of the

process by the World Bank. Public participation in the deliberations of the management committee

overseeing the tendering process execution was also important.


Page 197 March 2016

Case Study - Salt Lake Water Supply And Sewerage Network, Kolkata, West Bengal

The Government of West Bengal (GoWB) had identified Sector V, Salt Lake City in Kolkata as the

IT & ITeS (Information Technology / Information Technology Enabled Services) hub of West Bengal

and intended to upgrade Sector V to international standards. This site was spread over an area of

300 acres in the eastern fringes of Kolkata. The consumer mix at Sector V included office spaces of

the IT companies, government institutions, and office spaces owned by other private firms. However,

Sector V was devoid of an organized water supply and sewerage system. Due to the lack of proper

water supply and sewerage systems, the industrial units of Sector V had to depend on ground water

for water supply and developed on-site sanitation facility at their own costs. This practice resulted in

indiscriminate extraction of underground water.

In the absence of a developed supportive civic infrastructure, the up-gradation of the IT sector in

Sector V was considered to be difficult. In 2005, the Urban Development Department of the GoWB

appointed the Kolkata Municipal Development Authority (KMDA) to lay out a comprehensive plan for

the development of basic infrastructure services in the industrial township of Nabadiganta.

Accordingly, the KMDA along with the Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority (NDITA) planned

a combined water supply-cum-sewerage project. This project was planned to be implemented under

the Built-Operate-Transfer (BOT) PPP arrangement. The project was developed with financial

assistance under the central government’s scheme of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal

Mission (JNNURM).

The project involved the design, construction and commissioning of all the water supply and

sewerage facilities on a PPP basis. Specifically, for the water supply infrastructure, the project

required the construction of an Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR), a rising main, an Underground

Reservoir (UGR), and the laying of pipelines along individual roads which would be connected to the

dedicated main. With respect to the sewerage sector, the project required the construction of a

sanitary network and a pumping station and the development of a waste treatment system. KMDA

and NDITA selected a private developer on a competitive basis. The private developer formed a SPV

– the Nabadiganta Water Management Limited (NBWML). The SPV was required to undertake part-

financing; design the specified components of the water supply and sewerage system; plan;

undertake its construction; and operate and manage the system including the purchase of water,

generation of bills and collection for the concession period. The project infrastructure was planned

to be developed within a total time period of 18 months. Post completion of the construction works,

the SPV was to undertake the operation and maintenance of the water supply system for a

concession period of 30 years.

PPP structure of the Project - The PPP contract for the project is a Concession Agreement for the

development of the project on a BOT basis. The contract involves the following parties, viz., KMDA,

NDITA and the consortium of private developers. As per the Concession Agreement, the private

developer is required to undertake the development, design, engineering, financing, procurement,

construction, completion, commissioning, implementation, management, administration, operation

and maintenance of the Water Supply Network, Sewerage Network and the Sewage Treatment Plant

(STP) at the site, viz., Sector V. Against the capital investment made, the private developer is

permitted to charge the consumers a water supply-cum-sewerage tariff. The Concession Agreement

requires the private developer to operate and manage the water supply and sewerage system for a

time period of 30 Years.

Source: Public Private Partnership Projects in India - Compendium of Case Studies, Ministry of

Finance, Govt. of India, December, 2010


Page 198 March 2016

Case Study - Latur Water Supply Project, Maharashtra

Located in the Maratwada region, Latur city is a district headquarter covering an area of 32.56 sq

kms and a population of 3.5 lakhs (2001 census). The city is anticipated to witness a significant

decadal growth in population of about 52%.

The Latur Municipal Council (LMC) is responsible for water supply to Latur City. Prior to May 2005,

the primary sources of water supply to the city were 2 weirs on Manjra river that supplied about 35

million liters per day (mlpd) of water. LMC operated two water treatment plants and a distribution

network covering 350 kms. In addition, the city was also drawing about 3 mlpd of ground water

through bore wells and open wells. Historically, Latur city has faced acute water scarcity. LMC was

supplying water to the city through individual connections as well as public stand posts. Of the 26,000

regularized water connections, majority were unmetered connections alongside a significant number

of illegal connections. In addition to limited availability of water, the demand coverage was also low

with only 70% of the population receiving water once a week. The situation was further aggravated

during the summer season. LMC took over this scheme from MJP in 2005 but was unable to operate

and maintain it optimally. Despite ample availability of water, LMC was unable to manage its

distribution network and Latur city was receiving water only once a week. Consequently the

percentage of Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which is the difference between the quantity of treated

water in the distribution system and the quantity of water that is actually billed to consumers, was

also very high for LMC. In addition to such operational issues, LMC was also plagued by low

collection efficiencies and constraints on revenue growth through revisions in water tariffs. Given

LMC’s existing liabilities

and its inability to raise

additional resources of `

17.17 crores for

completing the existing

water supply system,

LMC initially decided to

transfer the Stage V

Water Supply scheme to

MJP. Subsequently, LMC

resolved to transfer the

existing water supply

scheme for the entire

Latur city to MJP. Based

on the resolution passed by LMC, MJP was given the right to operate the water supply scheme for

Latur city for a period of 30 years.

PPP structure of the Project - The PPP structure for the project is a performance based

management contract for integrated source to tap water supply management for the Latur city. The

project contracting structure deployed is shown in Figure.

Source: Compendium on Public Private Partnership in Urban Infrastructure - Ministry of Urban

Development, Confederation of Indian Industry, Government of India, 2010.


Page 199 March 2016

Case Study - Timarpur Okhla Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Project

Delhi generates 7,000 metric tonnes (MT) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) daily, which is expected

to increase to 18,000 MT by 2021. The present landfill sites that are being utilized for disposing the

garbage are approaching their full capacity and even with the envisaged capacity addition, the

situation is unlikely to improve.

The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) has thus embarked on a project to reduce the amount of

MSW being disposed in the landfill sites and utilizing the waste for productive purposes such as

generation of power from waste. MCD has identified two locations, namely Timarpur and Okhla, for

implementing this project.

The following facilities are to be developed as a part of the integrated municipal waste handling

project:

Plants for converting MSW to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), capable of processing 1300 TPD at Okhla and 650 TPD at Timarpur.

A bio-methanation plant capable of handling of 100 TPD of green waste at Okhla.

A water recovery plant capable of handling up to 6 MLD of treated sewage at the Okhla site for recycling into process water and cooling water.

A Power plant with a generation capacity of 16 MW at Okhla.

Transportation of RDF from Timarpur to Okhla for combustion in the boiler of the power plant mentioned above.

The project is registered with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to earn 2.6 million Certified Emission

Reductions (CERs) over a ten-year period.

PPP structure of the Project - The project has been undertaken on Built, Own, Operate and

Transfer (BOOT) basis. IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (IL&FS – IDC) was

mandated to structure the project, evaluate various technologies, carry out project development

activities and select suitable developer through competitive bidding. IL&FS IDC and the Andhra

Pradesh Technology Development & Promotion Board established an SPV known as the Timarpur-

Okhla Waste Management Company Private Limited (TOWMCL).

The successful bidder M/s Jindal Urban Infrastructure Limited (JUIL) acquired 100% equity in the

SPV - TOWMCL. The following were the agreements executed by the SPV for this project-

The SPV signed the main concession agreement for the development, construction, operation and maintenance of an integrated municipal waste processing plant with NDMC.

The SPV signed a lease agreement with the Delhi Power Company Limited (DPCL) for the land at Timarpur. DPCL, the owner of the Timarpur site, is a holding company with shares in Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited (the electricity generation company), Delhi Power Supply Company Limited (the electricity procurement, transmission and bulk Supply Company) and in the three power distribution companies (Central & East Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd., South and West Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd. And North and North West Delhi Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd.)

The SPV signed a lease agreement with New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) for the land at Okhla for 25 years. NDMC had taken this land on lease from the Delhi Development Authority.

The SPV entered into agreements with the MCD and NDMC for the supply of municipal waste.

It entered into an agreement with the Delhi Jal Board (DJB) for receiving sewage and disposing treated effluent.

The SPV entered into a Power Purchase Agreement with BSES Rajdhani Power Limited. Source: Public Private Partnership Projects in India - Compendium of Case Studies, Ministry of

Finance, Govt. of India, December, 2010


Page 200 March 2016

15.0 CONCLUSION & WAY FORWARD

15.1 Conclusion

The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Garhwa has been developed aiming to maintaining a clean, safe

and pleasant physical environment in the town to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing of

all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100% sanitation in Garhwa

through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction

and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and

responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.

The City Sanitation Plan for Garhwa discussed in different chapters of this report has been developed

considering the guidelines provided in National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), Swachh Bharat

Mission, National River Conservation Plan, Municipal Solid waste management & handling Rules 2000

and other relevant guidelines and include following components for develop wide approach include:

a. Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta,

industrial wastes, bio-medical and other hazardous wastes;

b. Storm water drainage;

c. Environmental up-gradation of thoroughfares, markets and other public spaces;

d. Abatement of environmental pollution in river front, other non-point sources;

e. Environmental sanitation education;

f. Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;

g. Monitoring the observance of environmental standards.

The priority areas for sanitation coverage considered in the CSP include the following:

h. Serving the un-served urban poor / BPL population including the urban slums;

i. Serving the un-served public areas;

j. Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring;

k. Rehabilitation of existing facilities; and

l. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities

CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications in terms of technical,

capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made

depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation.

Following section summarises the short term, medium term and long term plan for Garhwa town.

Sector Short term (2017-2020)

Water supply

Finalization of DPR for water supply / completion of water

supply works

Detail survey of the town to identify water source

contamination points and mapping.

Augmentation of surface water source

Drainage network

Strengthening of the Existing Storm Water Network.

Desilting of existing drain.

Removal of encroachment from existing drains.

Integration of existing ponds and water bodies in the town in

the storm water drainage network.

Access to toilet

Detail survey of the town to identify actual coverage of toilets.

Initiate IEC and awareness campaign

Conversion of single pit latrine to twin pit latrine


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Conversion of insanitary latrine to sanitary latrine

100% coverage of individual toilets based on septic tanks

Construction of community toilets for slum areas and urban

poor

Construction of public toilet for existing floating population

Procurement of suction machines

Development of septage management site

Waste water management

100% on site sanitation coverage – individual and community

toilets.

Industrial effluent management.

Proper collection, treatment and disposal of sludge/ septage

from onsite sanitation facilities.

Solid waste management

Increase in waste collection infrastructure and waste

collection efficiency for primary and secondary waste

collection.

Promote home composting.

100% collection of waste from bins.

100% transportation of waste to the dumping site.

Finalization of SWM DPR.

Sector Medium term (2020-2025)

Water supply

Finalization of water supply construction works.

Increasing number of water connections.

100% collection of water supply charges as per new

regulations provided by Government of Jharkhand.

Per capita water supply of 135 LPCD

Initiate metering of water supply connections.

Drainage network

Integration of minor and major drains.

Detail topographic survey of the town.

Finalization of DPR for storm water system.

Finalize procurement of the maintenance equipment

Construction of New Storm Water Drainage system.

Access to toilet

100% coverage of individual toilets.

100% disposal of fecal sludge.

Construction of public toilet for increasing floating

population


Preparation of DPR for extensive sewerage system.

Finalization of collection & Conveyance System

Initiate the Treatment and Disposal mechanisms –

sewerage zone wise.

Initiation of sewerage network construction work.

Construction of DEWAT system for slum areas.


Initiate door to door waste collection system.

Segregation of waste at the dumping site.

Augmentation of waste collection and transportation

equipments and vehicle.

Formation of Customer complaint / Grievance

redressal Cell


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Initiate waste collection charges.

Initiate works for transfer station and sanitary landfill

site.

Sector Long term (2025-2045)

Water supply

100% coverage of water supply connections

Per capita water supply of 135 LPCD

100% coverage of water supply meters.

24X7 water supply to households.

Drainage network

Augmentation of the SDM system to meet the demands

of developing city

Replacements of components as per the maintenance

plan

Source Control and Ground water recharge initiatives to

be developed for storm water drains.

Access to toilet

100% coverage of individual toilets.

Construction of public toilet for increasing floating

population


Construction of centralized sewerage system connected

to households.

Initiate collection of sewer charges.

Augmentation of the sewerage system to meet the

demands of developing city.

Replacements of components as per the maintenance

plan


100% door to door waste collection.

Waste segregation at sources.

Scientific disposal and processing of waste at landfill

site.

Cost recovery from SWM services and efficiency in

collection of SWM charges

15.2 WAY FORWARD

The next step would be to formulate a town-wide action plan in terms of short, medium and long term

goals indicated in the CSP and to transform the action plan by way of formulation of project proposals

in the shape of feasibility reports (FRs) and detailed project reports (DPRs). Such project documents

should conform to the relevant policy / programme / scheme of both the state government and the

central government to arrive at a techno-economically feasible option, which would be most suitable for

the town for in-time implementation as well as sustainable operation and maintenance.

Garhwa Nagar Panchayat should work with Government of Jharkhand to initiate the steps needed to

implement the actions recommended in the CSP. City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) has already been

formulated in the town comprising representatives from CNP, officials of various department,

representing various public stakeholders to sheer implementation of the projects identified in the CSP

document. CSTF will provides useful platform to engage with public stakeholders and mobilise public

support and participation during the development and implementation phase of various project identified

in the CSP.


Page 203 March 2016

Most of the projects identified in the CSP document would be spread over the town in different locations

and land requirement for each of the projects should be assessed and the land parcels should be made

available to the concern implementing agencies in advance. It may be pertinent to mention that the

provision of basic amenities in Garhwa is not just important for environmental improvement but is also

desired for improved health and hygiene of residents and visitors and downstream towns using available

water resources for domestic purposes. Thus, the CSP is a first input into a long-term endeavor to

rehabilitate and later expand the coverage of the Urban Sanitation facilities in Garhwa.


Page 204 March 2016

ANNEXURE


Page 205 March 2016

Annexure 1 - Stakeholder Consultation 6 - Meeting with CSTF

Members and Other Officials including MoM


Page 206 March 2016


Page 207 March 2016


Page 208 March 2016


Page 209 March 2016


Page 210 March 2016


Page 211 March 2016

CSTF Members and other officials during draft CSP report presentation at Garhwa NP on 18.12.2015


Page 212 March 2016

News Published in “Prabhat Kharbar” dated 19.12.2015

News Published in “Dainik Jagaran” dated 19.12.2015


Page 213 March 2016

Annexure 2 - Proceedings of Stakeholder Consultation 1

- with Nagar Panchayat and DW&SD

Date: 05th of August 2015

Venue: Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP) Office and DW&SD office, Garhwa

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from GNP, DW&SD and representative

from SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants

is provided in the following section:

1) Mr R L Prashad, Head Clerk, GNP

2) Mr N Singh, GNP

3) Mr P K Singh, AE, DW&SD

4) Mr A K Pal, SENES

5) Md. Masood, SENES

The main points discussed during the meeting are highlighted in the following section

A stakeholder consultation was organised with public representatives of GNP and DW&SD

officials. During the meeting representatives from SENES consultants appraised the brief of

the project and objectives to prepare the City Sanitation Plan to the officials. Detail data

checklist was also shared with them. All the officials cooperated with SENES team in providing

the secondary data. SENES team also conducted a reconnaissance survey of the city with the

officials. Head Clerk of Garhwa accompanied SENES team for discuss in details of GNP. Key

points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Head Clerk of Garhwa provided the information regarding the extent of the city and

key economic activities taking place in Garhwa.

He appraised the team members that Garhwa is mixed culture based city like

business/service/agricultural based city. In the year 1972 Garhwa was declared Nagar

Palika and in the year 2008 it was made Nagar Panchayat

Mr. Prashad depute Mr. R Singh, GNP staff for site visits to various environment

critically areas of Garhwa. Key areas visited by SENES team along with Mr. Singh are

Bazar area, Crematorium, Open Dumping Site, Agriculture areas, Slum Areas,

constructed WTP and Location of OHTs etc.

During the meeting, they were informed regarding the water supply scenario of the city,

current supply and demand gaps, key issues and proposed projects, details of which

are provided in main report chapter 5.

All major roads and railways run through the city and significant problem due to

drainage congestion. Although the generated storm water and waste water of the town

meet with river Saraswatia.

Waste management system in Garhwa and its shortcomings were also discussed with

the officials. For street sweeping and waste collection also most of the labours are


Page 214 March 2016

contract basis, although street sweeping within the city area are very miserable

condition.

They were told that health facilities in the city are not upto the mark and often people

have to go to Dultonganj, Dumka for getting health facilities.

During the meeting with DW&SD officials, all the relevant information regarding the

water supply system such as source of water supply, schemes for water supply, OHTs

and their capacities, water connection charges, issues in water supply system,

proposed works, ground water levels, distribution network etc. was provided.

Apart from environmental sensitive areas, other areas visited by team was schools,

health centres, community toilets, railway station, bus stand, market areas, daily

market, town hall, parks etc.


Page 215 March 2016


– with DW&SD

Date: 12th August, 2015

Venue: DW&SD Office, Garhwa

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from GNP, DW&SD representative from

SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants is

provided in the following section:


2) Mr. Sikandar, JE, DW&SD

3) Mr. R Singh, Official, GNP




A stakeholder consultation was organised with public representatives of GNP and officials of

DW&SD at DW&SD office, Garhwa. The agenda of the meeting was to gather information

about the existing status of drinking water availability and proposed ongoing projects for

supplying water to Garhwa Nagar Panchayat. The major issues discussed were source of

water supply, augmentation of new WTP, storage facilities of water, distribution of water supply

and time line of completion of the project. SENES team also conducted a detail survey of the

city with the officials. Honb’le Chairman GNP, Executive Officer GNP and officials of DW&SD

supported SENES team for data collection. Various councillors and junior engineer of GNP

accompanied SENES team to visit the WTP site, OHT site and major distribution line in

Garhwa. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Officials of DW&SD provided detail information of drinking water supply status of

Garhwa. They informed that River Danro is the source of water supply in Garhwa.

Detailed about the ongoing (proposed in the year of 2011) Water Treatment Plant and

the source of water from River North Koel which is situated 10 km away from the town

area.

During meeting it was told that the ongoing project is delayed from its target time line.

The main reason of delay is length of distribution pipe line has increased. Due to these

issues the budget of the project has increased from the actual cost.

The construction of WTP is in final stage and it will be ready by December, 2015.

The major issue is laying of pipe line of distribution line as the new WTP is more distant

from the previous site so it require more budget for the same.

Once the said project is completed, it will fulfil the demand of water supply within the

GNP area.


Page 216 March 2016


- with Garhwa Nagar Panchayat


Venue: Garhwa Nagar Panchayat (GNP) Office, Garhwa

Attendees: The meeting was attended by Officials from GNP, DW&SD representative from



1) Mr. H S Barik, Executive Officer, Garhwa

2) Mr R L Prashad, Head Clerk, GNP

3) Mr. A K Padey, Vice Chairman, GNP

4) Mr N Singh, GNP

5) Mr Arshad, GNP





A stakeholder consultation was organized with public representatives of GNP. The agenda of

the meeting was to gather all the ward wise information for sanitation aspects. Issues and

requirement for future years with respect to toilet coverage, drainage, sewerage, solid waste,

crematoria, dhobi ghat etc. were also discussed during the meeting. SENES team also

conducted a detail survey of the city with the officials. Honb’le Executive Officer and Vice

Chairman of Garhwa supported SENES team for review the collected data. Various councilors

and junior engineer of GNP accompanied SENES team to visit the environmental sensitive

areas of Garhwa. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

Honb’le Vice Chairman of Garhwa provided the information target of the toilet

construction under SBM in Garhwa and also targeted community toilets to be

constructed in the year 2015 - 2016.

Apart from getting new data from GNP, data gathered during the previous visit was

also verified with the GNP officials.

Detail of ward wise availability of water bodies and their status in terms of surrounding

activities, use of pond and ownership of ponds were given.

Detailed out about the water logging areas within the town boundary.

Detailed status of the public toilet within the NP area.

Availability of household piped water supply connections, public stand post and hand

pumps in the town.

Solid waste generation in Garhwa and existing collection, transportation, treatment and

disposal system.


Page 217 March 2016

Annexure 5 - Stakeholder Consultation 4– Slum Community


Venue: Various wards of Garhwa

Attendees: The discussion was held between washer slum community and representative

from SENES Consultants India Pvt. Ltd (An ARCADIS Company). The list of the participants

is provided in the following section:

1) Mr R Singh, GNP

2) Slum Peoples of the NP area




A stakeholder consultation was organised with slum community. The agenda of the meeting

was to gather all information related infrastructure development. Availability of water,

sanitation and its drainage were also discussed during the meeting. SENES team also

conducted a detail survey of the town and along bank of River Danro with the NP officials.

Honb’le Vice Chairman of Garhwa supported SENES team for data collection. Various

councillors of GNP accompanied SENES team to visit the environmental sensitive areas of

Garhwa. Key points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

The group of slum community informed the status of source of water and sanitation

condition of their localities.

It was asked during the meeting about the community toilet construction in their vicinity

Common source of water mainly drinking water source only depends upon the tube

well or well and only a few places they avail PSP.

During the summer season, they face the “what is the value of water” and the crisis of

water during that time.


Page 218 March 2016

Annexure 6 - Stakeholder Consultation 5– Sadar Hospital, Garhwa


Venue: Sadar Hospital of Garhwa

Attendees: The discussion was held between hospital staff, doctors and representative from



1. Doctor & Nursing staff ( Govt and Private), Garhwa

2. Mr A K Pal, SENES

3. Mr Md. Masood, SENES


A stakeholder consultation was organised with public doctor of hospital in Garhwa. The

agenda of the meeting was to gather all information for sanitation aspects like safe disposal

of medical waste and related issues. SENES team also conducted a detail survey of the city

with the officials of GNP to find out the ongoing practice for disposal of bio medical waste. Key

points discussed during the meeting were as follows:

There is one Sadar hospital in Garhwa which provide only outdoor and indoor facilities.

The doctors of hispital told that as there is no inpatient facility in hospital so almost

negligible bio medical waste is generated. Whatever is generated it is thrown in open

space from where GNP vendor transported it with solid waste.

The major source of generation of bio medical waste is private nursing home which

provides all type of surgical facility and inpatient facility.

No proper waste management is available to deal with bio medical waste in GNP.

The doctors of the hospital told that the bio medical waste is collected transported to

with the municipal waste.

But in case of the nursing homes thrown their bio medical waste in open place near by

their location.


Page 219 March 2016

Annexure 7 - Details of the treatment process

Sewage/ Wastewater Treatment Technologies

1. Activated Sludge Process (ASP)

Technology: The most common process used for municipal wastewater treatment is the

activated sludge process, tested and proven technology over 7-8 decades across the World.

Widely practices in Indian conditions.

Energy requirement: High

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately high

Resource Recovery: Feasible (High)

2. Trickling Filters

Technology: A proven technology, in use for more than 100 years across the World. A trickling

filter or bio-filter consists of a basin or tower filled with support media such as stones, plastic

shapes, or wooden slats. Commonly practiced in India Industrial towns / industries.

Energy requirement: Moderately high (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: moderately High (double than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately high (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high, better if combined with ASP)

3. BIOFOR (Biological Filtration & Oxygenated Reactor) Technology

Technology: A two stage high rate filtration method through a biologically active media and

high rate filtration. The primary treatment system is enhanced with addition of coagulants and

flocculants. Pilot project implemented under Yamuna Action Plan has not yielded very

satisfactory performance for various managerial failures / setback.

Energy requirement: High (almost double than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High capital cost (require less numbered skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low (much lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (much higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Gas generation through post treatment of primary sludge)

4. Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Process

Technology: UASB is an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge and

suspended in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed by

the anaerobic microorganisms. Pilot project implemented under Yamuna Action Plan / Ganga


Page 220 March 2016

Action Plan have not yielded satisfactory performance for various technical (particularly for

non-availability of required BOD level in sewage) & managerial failures / setback.

Energy requirement: Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond based systems)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately high (require moderately skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately low (comparable to ASP), but moderately high (with polishing

tank, require to improve efficiency)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Medium (much less than ASP, but more than pond based systems)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high for gas recovery); however, require re-

aeration for agricultural and aqua cultural reuse.

5. Fluidized Bed Reactor

Technology: Aerobic fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) are used as a new technology in

wastewater treatment in small Sewage Treatment Plants for treating decentralized city

wastewater, industrial sewage treatment plant from food waste, paper waste and chemical

waste etc. Success rate is satisfactory in India, particularly for small scale plants / units.

Energy requirement: High (Slightly lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High (require highly skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Low (much lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (50% higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (Moderately high)

6. Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)

Technology: In this process, the raw sewage free from debris and grit shall be taken up for

biological treatment for removal of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus. In this form, the

sequences of fill, aeration, settle and decant are consecutively and continuously operated all

in the same tank. No secondary clarifier system is required to concentrate the sludge in the

reactor. The return sludge is recycled and the surplus is wasted from the basin itself. The

technology is gaining popularity in India, however, demand high technical and managerial skill

for O&M.

Energy requirement: High (marginally lower than ASP)

Resource requirements and associated costs: High (require highly skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Low (Lower than ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: High (much higher than ASP)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (High)

Low Cost Options:

7. Waste Stabilization Ponds

Technology: Waste water stabilization pond technology is one of the most important natural

methods for wastewater treatment. Waste stabilization ponds are mainly shallow man-made


Page 221 March 2016

basins comprising a single or several series of anaerobic, facultative or maturation ponds. The

treatment is achieved through natural disinfection mechanisms. It is particularly well suited for

tropical and subtropical countries because the intensity of the sunlight and temperature are

key factors for the efficiency of the removal processes. It is simple to construct and maintain.

This is one of the most commonly practiced technology in India since introduction of

wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the country, however losing its popularity due to

constraints in getting required land parcel.

Energy requirement: Negligible

Resource requirements and associated costs: Very low (not require skilled manpower)

Land requirements: Very High (3 to 4 times of ASP)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Lowest (Periodical maintenance of ponds required)

Resource Recovery: Feasible for agricultural and aqua cultural reuse (if followed by fishing

tanks)

8. Aerated Lagoons

Technology : In this system, the mechanical - biological purification of the waste water takes

place in one or more aerated lagoons according to the size of the plant, which are followed by

an non-aerated sedimentation and polishing pond. This is also one of the practiced technology

in India since introduction of wastewater treatment in urban sectors in the country, however

not being practiced commonly at present as it requires large land parcel.

Energy requirement: Moderately Low (comparable to UASB)

Resource requirements and associated costs: Low (require semi-skilled manpower)

Land requirements: High

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately Low


tanks)

9. Oxidation Ponds

Technology: Oxidation Ponds are also known as stabilization ponds or lagoons. They are used

for simple secondary treatment of sewage effluents. Oxidation ponds also tend to fill, due to

the settling of the bacterial and algal cells formed during the decomposition of the sewage.

Overall, oxidation ponds tend to be inefficient and require large holding capacities and long

retention times. This is another practiced technology in India since introduction of wastewater

treatment in urban sectors in the country, however not being practiced commonly at present

as it also requires moderately large land parcel.

Energy requirement: Moderately Low

Resource requirements and associated costs: Moderately Low (require semi-skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Moderately High (less than Waste stabilisation pond)

Annualised (O&M) cost: Moderately Low (Comparable to Lagoons)


Page 222 March 2016


tanks)

10. Karnal Technology

Technology: The Karnal Technology involves growing tree on ridges 1m wide and 50cm high

wand disposing of the untreated sewage in furrows. The amount of the sewage/ effluents to

be disposed off, generally depends upon the age, type of plants, climatic conditions, soil

texture and quality of effluents.

Though most of the plants are suitable for utilizing the effluents, yet, those tree species which

are fast growing can transpire high amounts of water and are able to with stand high moisture

content in the root environment are most suitable for such purposes. Eucalyptus is one such

species, which has the capacity to transpire large amounts of water, and remains active

throughout the year. Not being practiced in urban sector in India at present, due to very large

land requirement.

Energy requirement: NIL

Resource requirements and associated costs: Very low (Except land cost) (not require skilled

manpower)

Land requirements: Highest

Annualised (O&M) cost: Very Low (Periodical land & plant management required)

Resource Recovery: Feasible (through marketing wood & wood products)


Page 223 March 2016

Annexure 8 - Detailing of DEWAT system

Decentralized waste water treatment system (DEWATS):

Development of sewerage network would take a longer time frame and would depend on

external factors such as availability of funds for implementation of cost intensive sewerage

and wastewater treatment systems, the objective of this project component is to address the

immediate need of treating the wastewater (black water) that are discharged into the surface

drains and to minimize pollution on the surface water bodies, in the interim period.

Decentralized waste water treatment system (DEWATS) system is cost effective, both in terms

of capital investment and maintenance needs. The system should also be capable of taking

variable loads considering the proposed development of wastewater infrastructure within the

town that over the time will reduce the wastewater load into the drains. These DEWATS would

be established in various locations of slums and one module would treat waste water from

approximately 300 HHs. Treatment plant would be set up in the low lying area but above the

flood level so that gravity flow can be maintained. Not only in the slum area but new developed

colonies can have this system of waste water treatment. Locally treated water can be further

utilized for other purposes such as gardening, road cleaning and washing. A short note on the

system is provided in following section.

Relatively simple wastewater treatment techniques can be designed to provide environmental

protection while providing additional benefits from the reuse of water. These techniques use

natural processes of pollutant removal including sedimentation, bio-filtration, followed by

nutrient removal using aquatic and terrestrial systems. These can be successfully used to treat

a variety of wastewaters and function under a wide range of weather conditions. Terrestrial

systems make use of the nutrients contained in wastewaters. Plant growth and soil adsorption

convert biologically available nutrients into less-available forms of biomass, which can be

harvested for a variety of uses. The advantages of decentralized approach are:

1. Water quality protection of a greater length of waterway

2. Lower Capital and O&M costs of individual treatment units

3. Lower environmental impacts

4. Lower risk of overall system failure

5. Compatibility with a staged approach to implementation

6. Less or no power requirements by adopting units such as bio-filters and constructed

wetlands, etc.

The proposed wastewater treatment facility is divided in three major components.

i. Primary unit, for the removal of grit and large objects by physical separation. The main

elements of this component include screen chamber and grit chamber

ii. Secondary unit, for converting organic components into stable end products through

microbiological process

iii. Tertiary unit, for removal of pathogens and nutrients (especially nitrogen and

phosphorous) through anoxic microbiological process


Page 224 March 2016

FUNCTIONING OF DEWATS SYSTEM

MODULE OF DEWATS SYSTEM

Raw Waste Water

Screens

Physical Removal of large size particles/objects

Removal of Inert Solid by Gravity

Primary Settling Tanks

Primary Sludge

Preliminary residuals

(i.e. grit, rags etc.)

Biological Treatment

System

Removal of suspended solid by gravity

WetlandsRemoval of residual organic

matter and nutrients (constructed wetlands)

Treated wastewater effluent discharge to natural drain

Grit removal

Removal of organic matter(attached growth filter e.g.

Trickling Filter)

For disposal


Page 225 March 2016

MODEL OF DEWATS SYSTEM

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