Ch. 21 PowerPoint - Mr. Glider

Chapter21

TheFurnaceofCivilWar,1861–1865

I.BullRunEndsthe“Ninety-DayWar”

• BullRun(ManassasJunction)– LincolnconcludedanattackonasmallerConfederateforcemightbeworthatry:• Ifsuccessful,woulddemonstratesuperiorityofUnionarms• MightleadtocaptureofConfederatecapitalatRichmond,100milestosouth• IfRichmondfell,secessionwouldbediscreditedandUnioncouldberestoredwithoutdamagetoeconomicandsocialsystemofSouth

I.BullRunEndsthe“Ninety-DayWar”(cont.)

– RawYankeetroopsleftWashingtontowardBullRunonJuly21,1861:• Atfirst,battlewentwellforYankees• ButforcesofThomasJ.(“Stonewall”)Jacksonheldfirm,andConfederatereinforcementsarrived• Uniontroopsfledinpanic• “Militarypicnic”atBullRun:

– Thoughnotdecisivemilitarily,boresignificantpsychologicalandpoliticalconsequences

– VictorywasworsethandefeatforSouthbecauseitinflatedanalreadydangerousoverconfidence

I.BullRunEndsthe“Ninety-DayWar”(cont.)

• Thinkingwarwasover,manySouthernsoldierspromptlydeserted• Southernenlistmentfelloffsharply• DefeatwasbetterthanvictoryforUnion:

– Dispelledillusionsofaone-punchwar– CausedNorthernerstobuckledowntostaggeringtask

• Setstageforawarthatwouldbewaged:– NotmerelyforcauseoftheUnion– Eventuallyforabolitionistidealofemancipation

II.“TardyGeorge”McClellanandthePeninsulaCampaign

• In1861GeneralGeorgeB.McClellangivencommandoftheArmyofthePotomac– Embodiedcuriousmixtureofvirtuesanddefects:• Superborganizeranddrillmaster• InjectedsplendidmoraleintoArmy• Hatingtosacrificehistroops,hewasidolizedbyhismen,whoaffectionatelycalledhim“LittleMac”• Hewasaperfectionist

II.“TardyGeorge”McClellanandthePeninsulaCampaign(cont.)

• Heconsistentlybuterroneouslybelievedenemyoutnumberedhim• Hewasovercautious

– AreluctantMcClellandecidedtoapproachRichmond• WhichlaywestofanarrowpeninsulaformedbyJamesandYorkRivers• Hencenamegiventohistoriccampaign:thePeninsulaCampaign(seeMap21.1)– McClellaninchedtowardConfederatecapital,spring1862,with100,000men


• AfteramonthtotakeYorktown;McClellancamewithinsightofRichmond• ButLincolndivertedMcClellan'sreinforcementstochaseJackson,whowasmovingtowardD.C• StalledinfrontofRichmond,“Jeb”Stuart'sConfederatecavalryrodecompletelyaroundMcClellan'sarmyonreconnaissance• GeneralLeelauncheddevastatingassault—theSevenDays'Battles—June26-July2,1862• ConfederatesslowlydroveMcClellanbacktosea


• ThePeninsulaCampaign:– UnionforcesabandonedCampaignascostlyfailure– LincolntemporarilyabandonedMcClellanascommanderofArmyofthePotomac

• Lee:– Achievedabrilliant,ifbloody,triumph– EnsuredthatwarwouldendureuntilslaverywasuprootedandOldSouthdestroyed

– Lincolnbegantodraftemancipationproclamation


– Unionnowturnedtowardtotalwar(seeMap21.2)– FinallydevelopedNorthernmilitaryplan:• SlowlysuffocateSouthbyblockadingcoasts• LiberateslavesandhenceundermineeconomicfoundationsofOldSouth• CutConfederacyinhalfbyseizingcontrolofMississippi• ChopConfederacybysendingtroopstoGeorgiaandCarolinas• DecapitateitbycapturingcapitalRichmond• Tryeverywheretoengageenemy'smainstrengthandgrinditintosubmission

Map 21-2 p441

III.TheWaratSea

– Theblockade:• 3,500milesofcoastimpossibletopatrolforUnionnavy• Blockadingsimplifiedbyconcentratingonprincipalportsandinletsusedtoloadcotton• Britainrecognizedblockadeasbindingandwarneditsshipperstheyignoreditattheirperil• Blockade-runningriskybutprofitable• Butlushdaysofblockade-runningpassedasUnionsquadronspinchedoffleadingSouthernports

III.TheWaratSea(cont.)

• Unionnavyenforcedblockadewithhigh-handedpractices• SeizedBritishfreightersonhighseas,ifladenwithwar

supplies• Justificationwasobviouslytheseshipmentswere

“ultimately”destinedbydeviousroutesforConfederacy• Londonacquiescedindisagreeabledoctrineof“ultimate

destination”or“continuousvoyage”• Britainmightneedtousesameinterpretationinfuture

war(infacttheydidinWWI)


–MostalarmingConfederatethreattoblockadecamein1862

– ResourcefulSouthernersraisedandreconditionedaformerwoodenU.S.warship,theMerrimack:

– Plateditssideswitholdironrailroadrails– RenamedittheVirginia:– EasilydestroyedtwowoodenshipsofUnionnavyinVirginiawatersofChesapeakeBay– Threatenedcatastrophetoentireblockadingfleet


– TheMonitor:• Forfourhours,March9,1862,little”Yankeecheeseboxonaraft”foughtMerrimacktoastandstill• Afewmonthsafterhistoricbattle,ConfederatesdestroyedMerrimacktokeepitfromadvancingUniontroops

IV.ThePivotalPoint:Antietam

• SecondBattleofBullRun(Aug.29-30,1862):– LeeencounteredaFederalforceunderGeneralJohnPope• LeeattackedPope'stroopsandinflictedcrushingdefeat• LeedaringlynowthrustintoMaryland• Hehopedtostrikeablowthatwould:

– Encourageforeignintervention– Seducethestill-waveringBorderStateanditssistersfromUnion

• Marylandersdidnotrespondtosirensong

IV.ThePivotalPoint:Antietam(cont.)

– AntietamCreek,Maryland,acriticalbattle:• McClellanrestoredtocommand:

– FoundcopiesofLee'sbattleplans– SucceededinhaltingLeeatAntietamonSeptember7,1862,inoneofthebloodiestdaysofthewar

• Antietammoreorlessadrawmilitarily:– LeewithdrewacrossPotomac– McClellanrelievedofcommandforfailingtopursueLee– BattleofAntietamoneofthedivisiveengagementsofworldhistory;mostdivisiveCivilWarbattle


– Antietamlong-awaited“victory”LincolnneededforlaunchingEmancipationProclamation• Bymidsummer1862,BorderStatessafelyinfoldandLincolnreadytomove– LincolndecidedtowaitforoutcomeofLee'sinvasion– Antietamservedasneededemancipationspringboard– LincolnissuedpreliminaryEmancipationProclamationonSeptember23,1862

– AnnouncedthatonJanuary1,1863,Presidentwouldissueafinalproclamation


– Onschedule,hefullyredeemedhispromise• CivilWarbecamemoreofamoralcrusadeagainstslavery• OnJanuary1,1863,Lincolnsaid,

– “thecharacterofthewarwillbechanged.Itwillbeoneofsubjugation....The(Old)Southistobedestroyedandreplacedbynewpropositionsandideas.”

V.AProclamationWithoutEmancipation

– Lincoln'sProclamationof1863declared“foreverfree”slavesinConfederateareasstillinrebellion:• BondsmeninloyalBorderStatesnotaffected• NorwerethoseinspecificconqueredareasinSouth• Toneofdocumentwasdullandlegalistic• Lincolnconcludedproclamationas“anactofjustice”andcalledfor“theconsideringjudgmentofmankindandthegraciousfavorofAlmightyGod”

V.AProclamationWithoutEmancipation(cont.)

• Presidentialpendidnotformallystrikeshacklesfromasingleslave:–WhereLincolncouldfreeslaves—inloyalBorderStates—herefusedtodoso,lesthespurdisunion

–Wherehecouldnot—inConfederatestates—hetriedto

– Inshort,wherehecouldhewouldnot,andwherehewouldhecouldnot


• EmancipationProclamationstrongeronproclamationthanemancipation– Thousandsofdo-it-yourselfliberationsoccurred– ByissuingProclamation,Lincoln:• Addressedrefugees'plight• StrengthenedmoralcauseofUnionathomeandabroad• Clearlyforeshadowedultimatedoomofslavery(seeMap21.3)

Map 21-3 p445


– UltimateendofslaverywasratificationofThirteenthAmendment(seeAppendix)

– EmancipationProclamationfundamentallychangednatureofthewar:• Removedanychanceofanegotiatedsettlement• Bothsidesknewwarwouldbefighttothefinish


– Publicreactionstolong-awaitedproclamationof1863varied:• AbolitionistscomplainedLincolnhadnotgonefarenough• ManyNorthernersfelthehadgonetoofar• OppositionmountedinNorthagainstsupportingan“abolitionwar”• VolunteershadfoughtforUnion,notagainstslavery• Desertionsincreasedsharply


• Congressionalelectionsof1862wentheavilyagainstadministration—esp.NewYork,Pennsylvania,andOhio• SouthclaimedLincolntryingtoinciteslaverebellion• AristocratsofEuropeinclinedtosympathizewithSouthernprotests• Europeanworkingclasses,especiallyinBritain,reactedotherwise• GraduallydiplomaticpositionofUnionimproved

V.AProclamationWithout Emancipation(cont.)

• Northnowhadmuchstrongermoralcause:– InadditiontopreservingUnion,ithadcommitteditselftofreeingslaves

–MoralpositionofSouthcorrespondinglydiminished

VI.BlacksBattleBondage

• AsLincolnmovedtoemancipateslaves,hetookstepstoenlistblacksinarmedforces:

• Blackenlisteesfinallyallowed• By1865,some180,000blacksservedinUnionarmy,mostfromslavestates,butmanyfromfree-soilNorth• Blacksaccountedforabout10%oftotalenlistmentsinUnionforcesonlandandsea• TwoMass.Regimentsraisedlargelythrougheffortsofex-slaveFrederickDouglas

VI.BlacksBattleBondage(cont.)

• Militaryserviceofferedchancetoprovemanhoodandstrengthenclaimtofullcitizenshipatwar'send• Received22CongressionalMedalsofHonor• Casualtiesextremelyheavy:

– Morethan38,000died– Ifcaptured,oftenexecuted


– Confederacyandslaves:• Couldnotbringitselftoenlistslavesuntilamonthbeforewarended

– Tensofthousandsforcedintolaborbattalions:• Builtfortificationsandotherwar-connectedactivities• Slaveswere“thestomachoftheConfederacy”:

– Keptfarmsgoingwhilewhitemenfought

– InvoluntarylabordidnotimplyslavesupportforConfederacy


– InmanywaysSouthernslaveshamstrungConfederatewarefforts:• Fearofslaveinsurrectionnecessitated“homeguards,”keepingmanywhitemenfromfront• Slaveresistance(slowdowns)diminishedproductivity• WhenUniontroopsneared,slaveassertivenessincreased• SlavesoftenservedasUnionspies• Almost500,000revolted“withtheirfeet”• Slavescontributedpowerfullytocollapseofslaveryanddisintegrationofantebellumwayoflife

VII.Lee'sLastLungeatGettysburg

• LincolnreplacedMcClellanwithGeneralA.E.Burnside:

• BurnsideremovedafterrashfrontalattackonLee'sstrongpositionatFredericksburg,VirginiaonDecember13,1862costmorethan10,000Unioncausalities• BurnsideyieldedcommandtoJosephHooker• AtChancellorsville,VA,onMay2-4,1863,LeedividedhisforcesandsentJacksontoattachUnionflank.• VictoryoverHookerwasLee'smostbrilliant,butitwasdearlyboughtwithJackson'sdeath

VII.Lee'sLastLungeatGettysburg(cont.)

• LeenowpreparedtoinvadeNorthagain:– WinwouldstrengthenthoseNorthernerswhowantedpeace– Alsoencourageforeignintervention—stillaSouthernhope– Threedaysbeforebattle,UniongeneralGeorgeMeadeinformedhewouldreplaceHooker

• MeadetookstandnearquietlittleGettysburg,Pennsylvania(seeMap21.4):– His92,000menlockedinfuriouscombatwithLee's76,000– Battleseesawedacrossrollinggreenslopesforthreeagonizingdays—July1-3,1863

Map 21-4 p448


– Pickett'scharge:• FailureofGeneralGeorgePickett'smagnificentbutfutilechargebrokebackofConfederateattack—• AndbrokeheartofConfederatecause• Hasbeencalled“hightideoftheConfederacy”• NorthernmostpointreachedbyanymajorSouthernforceandreallastchanceforConfederatestowinwar• AsBattleofGettysburgraged,ConfederatepeacedelegationmovedunderflagoftrucetowardUnionlinesnearNorfolk,Virginia


– VictoryatGettysburgbelongedtoLincoln• RefusedtoletpeacemissionpassthroughUnionlines• Fromthenon,Southerncausedoomed,yetDixiefoughtfortwomoreyears• Infallof1863,whilegravesstillfresh,LincolnjourneyedtoGettysburgtodedicatecemetery– Followingatwo-hourspeechbyformerpresidentofHarvard,Lincolnreadatwo-minuteaddress

– GettysburgAddressattractedlittleattentionattime,butpresidentwasspeakingfortheages

VIII.TheWarintheWest

– UlyssesS.Grant• FirstsuccessinnorthernTennessee(seeMap21.5)• CapturedFortHenryandFortDonelsononTennesseeandCumberlandRiversinFebruary1862– WhenConfederatecommanderatFortDonelsonaskedforterms,Grantdemanded“anunconditionalandimmediatesurrender”

– Grant'striumphinTennesseecrucial:» RivetedKentuckytoUnion» OpenedgatewaytostrategicallyimportantregionofTennessee,GeorgiaandheartofDixie

Map 21-5 p451

VIII.TheWarintheWest(cont.)

– BattleatShiloh(April6-7,1862):• JustoverTennesseeborderfromCorinth• Grant'scounterattacksuccessful,butimpressiveConfederateshowingconfirmednoquickendtowarinWest

• Otherwesternevents:– 1862DavidFarragut'sshipsjoinedwithNorthernarmytoseizeNewOrleans

VIII.TheWarintheWest(cont.)

– Vicksburg,Mississippi:• South'slifelineforsuppliesfromwest• GrantcommandedUnionforcesatVicksburg:

• Hisbest-foughtcampaign– UnionvictoryatVicksburgcamedayafterConfederatedefeatatGettysburg

– ReopenedMississippiquelledNorthernpeaceadvocates– TwinvictoriestippeddiplomaticscaleinfavorofNorth– BritainstoppeddeliveryofLairdramstoConfederates(seeChap.20)

– Confederatehopeforforeignhelpirretrievablylost

IX.ShermanScorchesGeorgia

– GranttransferredtoeastTennessee:• ConfederateswonbattleofChickamauga,nearChattanooga,towhichtheylaidsiege• GrantwonseriesofdesperateengagementsinNovember,1863:– MissionaryRidgeandLookoutMountain– Chattanoogaliberated,stateclearedofConfederates– WayopenedforinvasionofGeorgia– Grantrewardedbybeingmadegeneralinchief

IX.ShermanScorchesGeorgia(cont.)

– Georgia'sconquest:• EntrustedtoGeneralWilliamTecumsehSherman• CapturedAtlantainSeptember1864• BurnedcityinNovember1864• Shermanwith6,000troopscutasixty-mileswathofdestructionthroughGeorgia• MajorpurposesofSherman'smarch:

– DestroysuppliesdestinedforConfederatearmy– Weakenmoraleofmenatfrontbywagingwarontheirhomes(seeMap21.6)

Map 21-6 p452

IX.ShermanScorchesGeorgia(cont.)

– Shermanapioneerpractitionerof“totalwar”:• Successin“Shermanizing”SouthattestedbyincreasingnumbersofConfederatedesertions• Althoughmethodsbrutal,Shermanprobablyshortenedstruggleandhencesavedlives• Butdisciplineofhisarmyattimesbrokedown• AfterseizingSavannah,hisarmyveerednorthintoSouthCarolina,wheredestructionwasevenworse• Sherman'sarmyrolleddeepintoNorthCarolinabytimewarended

X.ThePoliticsofWar

• Presidentialelectionscomebycalendar,notbycrisis:– PoliticalinfightingaddedtoLincoln'swoes• Factionswithinhisparty,distrustinghisabilityordoubtinghiscommitmenttoabolition,soughttotiehishandsorremovehimfromoffice• ConspicuousamongcriticswasoverambitiousSecretaryofTreasury,SalmonChase

X.ThePoliticsofWar(cont.)

– CongressionalCommitteeontheConductofWarformedinlate1861:• Dominatedby“radical”Republicanswho

– Resentedwartimeexpansionofpresidentialpower– PressedLincolnzealouslyonemancipation

–MostdangeroustoUnioncausewereNorthernDemocrats:• Taintedbyassociationwithseceders• TragedybefellwhenleaderStephenDouglasdied


• Lackingaleader,Democratsdivided:– “WarDemocrats”supportedLincolnadministration– Tensofthousandsof“PeaceDemocrats”didnot– ExtremewereCopperheads—openlyobstructedwarby:

» Attacksagainstdraft» AgainstLincoln» Especially,after1863,againstemancipation» Denouncedpresidentas“IllinoisApe”» Condemned“NiggerWar”» CommandedconsiderablepoliticalstrengthinsouthernpartsofOhio,Indiana,Illinois


– NotoriouswascongressmanfromOhio,ClementVallandigham:» Publiclydemandedendto“wickedandcruel”war» Convictedbymilitarytribunalin1863fortreasonableutteranceandsentencedtoprison

» LincolnthoughtVallandighamlikedConfederatessomuch,heoughttobebanishedtotheirlines;thiswasdone

» VallandighaminspiredEdwardEverettHaletowritehismoving,fictionalstoryofPhilipNolaninTheManWithoutaCountry(1863)

» NolanayoungarmyofficerfoundguiltyofparticipationinAaronBurrplotof1806(seeChap11)

» CondemnedtolifeofeternalexileonAmericanwarships

XI.TheElectionof1864

• Electionof1864:– Lincoln'sprecariousauthoritydependedonretainingRepublicansupportwhilespikingthreatfromPeaceDemocratsandCopperheads.

– Fearingdefeat,Republicanpartyexecutedclevermaneuver:• JoiningtheWarDemocrats,itproclaimeditselftobetheUnionparty(seeFigure21.1)• ThusRepublicanpartytemporarilyoutofexistence

Figure 21-1 p454

XI.TheElectionof1864(cont.)

– Lincoln'srenominationatfirstencounteredopposition:• Factionwantedtoshelve“OldAbe”infavorofChase• But“ditchLincoln”movecollapsed• NominatedbyUnionpartywithoutseriousdissent• RunningmatewasAndrewJohnson,loyalWarDemocratfromTennessee:– Smallslaveownerwhenconflictbegan– PlacedonUnionPartyticketto“sewup”election

» WithlittleregardforpossibilitythatLincolnmightdieinoffice


• Democrats:– NominateddeposedandovercautiouswarheroGeneralMcClellan:• Plankdenouncedprosecutionofwarasafailure• McClellanrepudiatedthisdefeatistdeclaration

– Campaign:• Noisyandnastywithnumerousslogans• Lincoln'sreelectionatfirstgravelyindoubt


• Anti-LincolnRepublicanstriedagainto“dump”Lincolninfavorofsomeoneelse• AtmospherechangedbyseriesofNorthernvictories• Presidentpulledthrough,butnothingmorethannecessarylefttochance:– AtelectiontimemanyNorthernsoldiersfurloughedhometosupportLincolnatpolls

– Somesoldierspermittedtocasttheirballotsatfront– Lincolnachieved212electoralvotes– 21forMcClellan


• LincolnlostKentucky,Delaware,andNewJersey(seeMap21.7)• “LittleMac”rancloserracethanelectoralcountindicates• Nettedhealthy45%ofpopularvote,1,803,787toLincoln's2,206,938• CrushingdefeatforNorthernDemocratsin1864• RemovalofLincolnwaslasthopeforaConfederatevictory• AfterLincolntriumphed,Confederatedesertionsincreasedsharply

Map 21-7 p456

XII.GrantOutlastsLee

• WildernessCampaign:– Grantwith100,000menstrucktowardRichmond– EngagedLeeinseriesoffuriousbattlesinWildernessofVirginia,MayandJune1864• Grantsuffered50,000casualties(seeMap21.8)

– June3,GrantorderedfrontalassaultonColdHarbor:• Inaboutfiveminutes,seventhousandmenkilledorwounded

Map 21-8 p457

XII.GrantOutlastsLee(cont.)

• PublicopinioninNorth:– Criticscried“GranttheButcher”• Grant'sreputationundeserved,whileLee'soverrated• Lee'srateofloss(20%)highestofanygeneralinthewar;bycontrast,Grantlost10%tocasualties• Granthadintendedtofightbattlesoutinopen• Leeturnedeasterncampaignintowarofattritionfoughtintrenches


• Withfewermen,Leecouldnolongerseizeoffensive• DefensivepostureforcedGrantintobrutalarithmetic• Grantcouldtradetwomenforoneandstillbeatenemy• InFebruary1865Confederatestrieddesperatelytonegotiateforpeacebetweenthetwo“countries”– LincolnmetwithConfederaterepresentativesaboardUnionshipatHamptonRoad,Virginia,todiscusspeace

– LincolncouldacceptnothingshortofUnionandemancipation– Southernerscouldacceptnothinglessthanindependence– Tribulationworeontoterribleclimax


• AppomattoxCourthouse:– Endcamewithdramaticsuddenness:• NortherntroopscapturedRichmondandcorneredLeeatAppomattoxCourthouse,Virginia,April1865• GrantmetwithLeeonApril9th,PalmSunday

– Grantedgeneroustermsofsurrender– HungryConfederatesallowedtokeephorsesforspringplowing– TatteredSouthernveteransweptastheytookleaveoftheirbelovedcommander


• LincolntraveledtoRichmondandsatinDavis'sevacuatedofficejustfortyhoursafterConfederatepresidentleftit

XIII.TheMartyrdomofLincoln

• Lincoln'sdeath:• OnApril14,1865(GoodFriday)onlyfivedaysafterLee'ssurrender,Ford'sTheaterinWashingtonwitnesseditsmostsensationaldrama• Pro-Southernactor,JohnWilkesBooth,slippedbehindLincolnandshothiminthehead• GreatEmancipatordiedfollowingmorning

– Expiredinarmsofvictory,atverypinnacleofhisfame– Dramaticdeatherasedmemoryofhisshortcomingsandcausedhisnoblerqualitiestostandoutinclearerrelief

XIII.TheMartyrdomofLincoln (cont.)

– FullimpactofLincoln'sdeathnotatonceapparenttoSouth:• Astimeworeon,increasinglyLincoln'sdeathwasperceivedascalamityforSouth• Belatedly,theyrecognizedhiskindlinessandmoderation• AssassinationincreasedbitternessinNorth,partlybecauseofrumorthatJeffersonDavisplottedit

XIII.TheMartyrdomofLincoln (cont.)

• Lincoln'smurdersetstageforwrenchingordealofReconstruction.

• LincolnwouldhavehadclasheswithCongressafterwar,buthewasavictoriouspresident,andthereisnoarguingwithvictory.

• UnlikeJohnson,Lincoln'spowersofleadershiprefinedinwarcrucible:– Possessedinfullmeasuretact,reasonablenessandanuncommonamountofcommonsense

XIV.TheAftermathoftheNightmare

– CivilWar'sgrislytoll:• Morethan600,000mendiedinactionorofdisease• Overamillionkilledorseriouslywounded• Deadamountedto2%ofentirenation'spopulation

XIV.TheAftermathoftheNightmare(cont.)

– Directmonetarycosts:• Totalcost—$15billion• Notincludecontinuingexpenses—pensionsandinterestonnationaldebt• Intangiblecosts—dislocations,disunities,wastedenergies,loweredethics,blastedlives,bittermemories,andburninghates—cannotbecalculated


– GreatestConstitutionaldecisionwritteninbloodandhandeddownatAppomattoxCourthouse:• Extremestates‘rightscrushed• Nationalgovernmentemergedunbroken• Nullificationandsecessionlaidtorest• CivilWarsupremetestofAmericandemocracy• PreservationofdemocraticidealssubconsciouslyoneofmajorobjectivesofNorth


• VictoryforUnionprovidedinspirationtochampionsofdemocracyandliberalism• ReformBillof1867,underwhichEnglandbecameatruepoliticaldemocracy,passedtwoyearsafterCivilWarended– Americandemocracyproveditself– AnadditionalargumentusedbydisfranchisedBritishmassesinsecuringsimilarblessingsforthemselves


– “LostCause”ofSouthwaslost:• Shamefulcancerofslaveryslicedawaybysword• AfricanAmericansatlastinpositiontoclaimrightstolife,liberty,andpursuitofhappiness• Nationonceagainunitedpolitically• GreatdangersadvertedbyUnionvictory:

– Indefiniteprolongationof“peculiarinstitution”– UnleashingofslavepoweronweakCaribbeanneighbors– TransformationofareafromPanamatoHudsonBayintoanarmedcampwithheavilyarmedandhostilestatesconstantlysnarlingandsnipingatoneanother


• Americastillhadlongwaytogotomakepromisesoffreedomarealityforallitscitizens,blackandwhite• Emancipationlaidnecessarygroundwork:

– UnitedanddemocraticUnitedStatesfreetofulfilldestinyasdominantrepublicofhemisphere—andeventuallyofworld

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