Business Law and Business Ethics

By:

Andi Dea Kamala Bonita

NIM. 29113066

Syndicate 1

Class YP49 A

Master of Business Administration

School of Business and Management

Bandung Institute Technology

Bandung

2013

11th Hour (Film) - Global Warming

Why does global warming happen?

The earth's climate is constantly changing. We have

recently been on a warming trend for approximately the past

half-century, although that seems to have changed within the

last decade. Many thing cause global warming. In this movie,

every expert interviewed stressed the fact that human

involvement in the fight against global warming is

mandatory.

When light from the sun enters our atmosphere it gets

converted to heat which gets trapped by greenhouse gases

such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. Global

warming has begun because since the industrial revolution,

humans have been putting large amounts of greenhouse gases

into the atmosphere and over time these have built up.

Before that time, human activity didn’t release

many greenhouse gases, but population growth, deforestation,

factory farming, and the widespread use of fossil fuels are

creating an excess of greenhouse gases in the atmosphereand

contributing to global warming.

This following are some of the human’s bad habbit that

can caused the global warming:

Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas).

This releases carbon dioxide that had been stored

underground for millions of years. This extra CO2 is

causing the enhanced greenhouse effect. Fossil

fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such

as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms.

The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil

fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes

exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high

percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum,

and natural gas. They range from volatile materials

with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to

liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of

almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can

be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with

oil, or in the form of methanecatharses. The theory

that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized

remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and

pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years

Cutting down the earth's forests without replanting.

Deforestation removes trees and vegetation that absorb

and store carbon. Half a tree's weight is carbon, but

when trees die they release their carbon and absorb no

more.Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees are

cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the

form of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is

used as pasture for livestock, plantations of

commodities and settlements. The removal of trees

without sufficient reforestation has resulted in

damage to habitat biodiversity  loss and aridity. It has

adverse impacts on bio sequestration of

atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is a

contributor to global warming,[32][33] and is often cited

as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse

effect.

Releasing other greenhouse gases.

Methane, a greenhouse gas twenty times more powerful

than CO2, is belched by cattle. The world's demand for

red meat means more and more cattle, and sometimes

forests cut down for pasture. As frozen lands warm,

from global warming, more methane is released. 

The world's growing demand for electricity.

Electricity causes pollution in many ways, some worse

than others. In most case, fossil fuels are burned to

create electricity. Some examples of fossil fuels are

oil and petroleum. Many pollutants (chemicals that

pollute the air, water and land) are sent into the air

when fossil fuels are burned. Some of these chemicals

are called green house gasses.

The scientists who construct the computer models that

analyze climate data believe that even if we stop dumping

greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, CO2 levels are already

so high that we are locked into a significant increase in

global temperatures.Disruptive climate change is a certainty

even if we make the economic shift away from fossil fuels.

The rapid rise in greenhouse gases is a problem

because it is changing the climate faster than some living

things may be able to adapt. Also, a new and more

unpredictable climate poses unique challenges to all life.

Global warming is likely to continue for centuries,

and that it is already too late to stop some of the serious

affecting it brings, such as:

It is affecting humans because as more and more fossil

fuels are burned, there is a higher is a higher risk

of pollution-induced asthma and other sicknesses.

Pollution can hurt our health, it can cause other

sicknesses. Also, the climate change makes it so much

easier to have ticks and mosquitoes reproduce. They

produce more because extreme weather can contaminate

water and helps bugs reproduce which can cause

bacterial diseases. Therefore, they spread around

sicknesses to humans. Global warming can also lead to

conditions that will increase really bad nutrition and

diarrhea; and increase heat waves and flooding.

It is affecting animals such as coral reefs. Because

the earth is becoming warmer so are the oceans and

seas. The oceans becoming warmer are causing coral

reef bleaching which is causing many coral reefs to

die.  Also, there is becoming a higher level of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere, which changes the chemistry

of the seas and oceans. This makes it harder for

different species of coral to make up calcium

carbonate skeletons.  It is also hurting wildlife

communities. Their habitats are being destroyed; trees

are being cut down for energy, which destroys their

homes. Animals will have no shelter; this causes

animals to become extinct.

It is affecting environment.Global warming causes

smaller amounts in rainfall over areas where crops are

trying to grow. This may cause a shortage in crops,

which means there may be a shortage of food. Sea level

is rising, flooding hometowns and houses where people

live today. Storms such as hurricanes and tornadoes

are increasing in frequency and intensity. 

We call the effect of global warming, but it is

causing a set of changes to the Earth's climate, or long-

term weather patterns, that varies from place to place. As

the Earth spins each day, the new heat swirls with it,

picking up moisture over the oceans, rising here, settling

there. It's changing the rhythms of climate that all living

things have come to rely upon.The primary way humans cause

global warming is by burning fossil fuels. This increases

the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, which leads to an

increase in the Greenhouse Effect. 

Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is the warming that happens when

certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat. These gases

let in light but keep heat from escaping, like the glass

walls of a greenhouse. The greenhouse effect makes the earth

appropriate for people to live on. Without it, the earth

would be freezing, or on the other hand it would be burning

hot. It would be freezing at night because the sun would be

down.

First, sunlight shines onto the Earth's surface, where

it is absorbed and then radiates back into the atmosphere as

heat. In the atmosphere, “greenhouse” gases trap some of

this heat, and the rest escapes into space. The more

greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere, the more heat gets

trapped.

Scientists often use the term "climate change" instead

of global warming. This is because as the Earth's average

temperature climbs, winds and ocean currents move heat

around the globe in ways that can cool some areas, warm

others, and change the amount of rain and snow falling. As a

result, the climate changes differently in different areas.

What should we do? How to overcome these problems?

Humans do not realize that our luxuries can cause

suffering to our earth and other animals and humans.  We

think technology is making or lives easier but it is really

making our lives more complicated. We can do a lot to stop

global warming if people would pay attention to this major

problem. Global warming is even affecting our health. I

think that we should try to make a difference regarding

global warming and our earth. We should make more earth-

friendly products and try our best to make it the main

product. We only get one earth, we cannot go to another

planet and kill that planet too. We only get one chance and

one life to live it on planet Earth. We should be more

respectful to our animals that live on this earth. It is as

much our Earth as it is the animals' Earth. It is as much as

our earth as everyone else. We have to work together and

make this planet last as long as it can.

As a human being we can help to reduce the demand for

fossil fuels, which in turn reduces global warming, by using

energy more wisely.

1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Do your part to reduce waste by choosing reusable

products instead of disposables. Buying products with

minimal packaging (including the economy size when

that makes sense for you) will help to reduce waste.

And whenever you can, recycle paper, plastic,

newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. If there isn't

a recycling program at your workplace, school, or in

your community, ask about starting one. By recycling

half of your household waste, you can save 2,400

pounds of carbon dioxide annually.Recycling helps the

Earth by not producing more waste onto our planet. We

are throwing away far too much rubbish. 

Our landfills are filling up. Many towns and cities

have trouble finding new holes to dump rubbish in.

All sorts of paper and cardboard can be recycled

and turned into fresh paper and card. This uses far

less energy than making new paper from trees.

All glass bottles and steel and aluminum cans can

be recycled as well as all other metals, again

saving energy. When we save energy we don't emit as

much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, because

usually we make electricity by burning fossil fuels

like coal.

All plastics can be recycled, again saving energy.

In some places only certain kinds of plastics are

accepted, but all plastics can be recycled, even

styrofoam (polystyrene). 

We throw away food scraps and other organic

matter like leaves, cotton, animal manure etc.

These can all be composted to become garden

fertilizer. Some will also generate methane

gas which is good if we collect it and use it for

heating, cooking or generating electricity. But

methane gas is bad if we just let it seep out of

landfills and into the atmosphere where it becomes

a dangerous greenhouse gas, twenty-one times more

deadly than carbon dioxide. And greenhouse gases

are causing global warming.

2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning

Adding insulation to your walls and attic, and

installing weather stripping or caulking around

doors and windows can lower your heating costs more

than 25 percent, by reducing the amount of energy

you need to heat and cool your home.

Turn down the heat while you're sleeping at night

or away during the day, and keep temperatures

moderate at all times. Setting your thermostat just

2 degrees lower in winter and higher in summer

could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide

each year.

3. Change a Light Bulb

Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs

with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs.

Replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb

with a CFL will save you $30 over the life of the

bulb. CFLs also last 10 times longer than

incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and

give off 70 percent less heat.

If every U.S. family replaced one regular light

bulb with a CFL, it would eliminate 90 billion

pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5

million cars off the road.

4. Drive Less and Drive Smart

Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving

gasoline, walking and biking are great forms of

exercise. Explore your community mass transit

system, and check out options for carpooling to

work or school.

When you do drive, make sure your car is running

efficiently. For example, keeping your tires

properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by

more than 3 percent. Every gallon of gas you save

not only helps your budget, it also keeps 20 pounds

of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products

When it's time to buy a new car, choose one that

offers good gas mileage. Home appliances now come

in a range of energy-efficient models, and compact

florescent bulbs are designed to provide more

natural-looking light while using far less energy

than standard light bulbs.

Avoid products that come with excess packaging,

especially molded plastic and other packaging that

can't be recycled. If you reduce your household

garbage by 10 percent, you can save 1,200 pounds of

carbon dioxide annually.

6. Use Less Hot Water

Set your water heater at 120 degrees to save

energy, and wrap it in an insulating blanket if it

is more than 5 years old. Buy low-flow showerheads

to save hot water and about 350 pounds of carbon

dioxide yearly. Wash your clothes in warm or cold

water to reduce your use of hot water and the

energy required to produce it. That change alone

can save at least 500 pounds of carbon dioxide

annually in most households. Use the energy-saving

settings on yourdishwasher and let the dishes air-

dry.

7. Use the "Off" Switch

Save electricity and reduce global warming by

turning off lights when you leave a room, and using

only as much light as you need. And remember to

turn off your television, video player, stereo and

computer when you're not using them.

It's also a good idea to turn off the water when

you're not using it. While brushing your teeth,

shampooing the dog or washing your car, turn off

the water until you actually need it for rinsing.

You'll reduce your water bill and help to conserve

a vital resource.

8. Plant a Tree

If you have the means to plant a tree, start

digging. During photosynthesis, trees and other

plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen.

They are an integral part of the natural

atmospheric exchange cycle here on Earth, but there

are too few of them to fully counter the increases

in carbon dioxide caused by automobile traffic,

manufacturing and other human activities. A single

tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon

dioxide during its lifetime.

What should the business do?

Planet Earth should in theory be capable of supporting

life, including human life, for thousands of years to come -

indeed, some estimates say millions. It all depends on the

human race. Not long ago the greatest danger seemed to come

from nuclear war between the superpowers now i can sai that

global warming was the dangerest issue for our earth.

Global Warming is not only an environmental issue or

an issue of social responsibility, it is now being looked at

from an ethical and religious sense.It has became a topics

that has been in the news, classroom, and discussed in many

media outlets.   This controversial topic has many wondering

if global warming is fact or if it is hype in order to

create demands in certain markets for product marketing and

profits.   Even the science community cannot come to an

agreement on the reality nor severity of global warming.

I believe that people across all continents of the

world regardless of their stance on global warming should

agree that we all have a moral responsibility for our

actions and to ensure that we are causing no harm for that

which the planet cannot bear. Certainly, we as people

understand that there are consequences, or rather re-

actions, to our every action.

The fastest way to save the world is for every

business to take action now. Itias the “right” thing to do

and makes great business sense. Ignore this issue and your

business could auto-destruct. Take the message, boost your

sales and grow your profits.

Faced with an unimaginable catastrophe, the business

response to global warming will dwarf anything ever seen

before in the history of the world, in numbers of companies,

research efforts and sales.

Somehow there a lot of disagreement among scientists

about whether or not global warming is happening. When

climate change is discussed, mainstream outlets sometimes

strive for a false balance  that elevates marginal voices and

enables them to sow doubt about the science even in the face

of mounting evidence.There are some documents suggest that

there has been a concerted effort by global warming

researchers to prevent a vocal minority of scientists who

disagree with their conclusions from getting published.

Climate change has been described as a "perfect moral

storm" because it brings together three major challenges to

ethical action in a mutually reinforcing way:

The first challenge stems from the fact that climate

change is a truly global phenomenon. Once emitted,

greenhouse gas emissions can have climate effects

anywhere on the planet, regardless of their source.

The second challenge is that current emissions have

profoundly intergenerational effects. Emissions of the

most prominent greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide,

typically persist in the atmosphere for a long time,

contributing to negative climate impacts for

centuries, or even millennia.

The third challenge to ethical action is that our

theoretical tools are underdeveloped in many of the

relevant areas, such as international

justice,intergenerational ethics, scientific

uncertainty, and the appropriate relationship between

humans and the rest of nature 

Climate change involves serious ethical issues,

especially in its global, intergenerational, and ecological

dimensions. Despite challenges owing to underdeveloped

theories and pragmatic issues, there is an important initial

consensus concerning the need for, and the overall shape of,

serious action and the relevance of key ethical concerns,

such as fairness and responsibility. Climate ethics is an

emerging field that has much to offer, but within which much

more work remains to be done.

There are challenges and opportunities that

businesses should be preparing for as we look forward to a

destabilizing climate thanks to the effects of global

warming, such as:

Uncertainty.Without a doubt, the number one impact on

business will continue to be uncertainty. Businesses

will need to become far more agile and far more

strategic, with contingency plans in place that must

look bravely into the upcoming crisis without blinking

and relegating as little as possible to the realm of

the unthinkable.

Crowded. It’s likely that there will be some negative

feedback effect.

Disrupted. All of this dislocation will put a

tremendous strain on all kinds of services unless

action is taken in advance that anticipates the

challenges. Robust and resilient systems need to be

put in place that can withstand the weather impacts

while building in enough capacity to serve all of

those who will be in need. Heavy weather events will

cause injuries, deaths, days of work missed, as well

as damage to infrastructure such as bridges, tunnels,

roads, power lines, hospitals, power plants, etc.

Wet and dry. Water will be the primary vector through

which climate change will make its presence known.

Because a warmer atmosphere can hold more water,

precipitation patterns will change dramatically, with

the trend being towards more water coming down at

once, leading to increased runoff and flooding, with

less water being absorbed into the ground. Other areas

will be deprived of rain altogether, becoming deserts

as a result. There is a saying, “You don’t miss your

water till your well runs dry.” The same can also be

said for the precipitation patterns that until now,

made such a large portion of the planet viable for

human activity.

Hungry.In addition to existing farmland falling prey

to heat waves and drought, low lying coastal regions

also face contamination from salt water. All of this

will place tremendous stress on our ability to feed a

steadily growing population. This, in some regions of

the world, has already led to social unrest.These will

be the primary impacts. The secondary impacts, which

are the human responses to these conditions, could

potentially be even more severe, depending on our

abilities to navigate through these challenges.

Secondary impacts will include.

Civil unrest. People are going to be unhappy. They

will protest, they will demonstrate, they will riot,

they will sue. As Admiral Locklear said, “If it goes

bad, you could have hundreds of thousands or millions

of people displaced and then security will start to

crumble pretty quickly.” People will want someone to

do something about all of the things that are making

them unhappy.

Government action. Given the increasing severity of

these impacts, and in some cases, you might

say, finally, governments around the world will have no

choice but to issue increasingly stringent regulations

in an attempt to manage continuing emissions, as well

as any scarcities of food and water and other services

that might be occurring, while at the same time

maintaining security. These regulations will

undoubtedly add to the unhappiness of a great many

people. It will certainly strain our leaders’ ability

to lead, far beyond anything that is being seen today.

Longer summers. This will not only provide more time

for outdoor recreation, but more importantly, given

the increasing population, a longer growing season.

This could well prove to be critical in meeting the

demands of feeding all these people.

Milder winters. According to some studies, warmer

winters will mean lower mortality from disease. One

Stanford study says, “Most people would enjoy higher

temperatures, and the evidence supports the

proposition that humans would live longer and avoid

some sickness.”

Open trade route.A melted Arctic will provide an open

trade route from the Atlantic Ocean to Asia. This will

allow much shorter transit times and will, somewhat

ironically, save energy.

It’s not too late to try and avoid the collision, or

at least reduce its severity, and at the same time, it’s not

too soon to start bracing for the impact, either. As Admiral

Locklear said, “The ice is melting and sea is getting

higher. I’m into the consequence management side of it.”

Globally Go Green

Not only the human being but also the people from

business are trying to make some action to stop it.The new

normal undoubtedly means companies will have to move server

rooms, reinforce supply chains, and reposition those backup

generators. But that’s only treating a symptom. Real

resilience means attacking the cause. And that’s going to

require everyone even business includedto embrace a longer

view of their place in the world, and start acting

accordingly. Fortunately, there are plenty of good examples:

Walmart has promised to eliminate 20 million metric

tons of greenhouse gas emissions from its global

supply chain by 2015, on the road to a larger goal to

be supplied by 100% renewable energy. For five

years, Environmental Defense Fund has been working

with the relentlessly cost-conscious retailer to

identify strategies to improve environmental

performance across the company and to push those

solutions out to thousands of vendors.

Unilever, the global consumer products company that

announced plans in 2010 to cut its greenhouse

emissions, water use and waste in half over a decade--

all while doubling sales. CEO Paul Polman attributes

the company’s record share price strong earnings

directly to its sustainability vision.

Microsoft decided to make each of its business units

financially accountable for their own greenhouse

emissions, and created an internal accounting price

for carbon--based on market rates for renewable energy

and carbon offsets--that will serve as the incentive

to drive energy savings in data centers, labs and

offices in more than 100 countries. Proceeds from the

internal “fees” will go to company-wide emissions

reduction efforts.

These companies aren’t doing this out of the goodness

of their hearts. They are doing it because this is the

business model that fits the world as it is becoming. No

single company can cut enough emissions on their own to hold

back the rising seas, or stop the climate from warming. But

every ton they don’t emit is a cost savings as well as a

step to safer, stronger and more prosperous environment and

economy.

Which industries and companies causeof the global warming?

Many industrial processes emit CO2 through fossil fuel

combustion. Several processes also produce CO2 emissions

through chemical reactions that do not involve combustion,

for example, the production and consumption of mineral

products such as cement, the production of metals such as

iron and steel, and the production of chemicals.

Before the Industrial Revolution, the greenhouse

effect was a natural process in which gases, like carbon

dioxide and water vapor, trapped some of the sun's heat

within the atmosphere, allowing life to exist on Earth.

Human-caused pollution, from factories, fossil fuel

combustion and other activities, is contributing to an

enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming.

Power plants, industrial facilities and vehicles are

the main producers of carbon dioxide.Commercial

buildings and homes also release carbon dioxide.

Factories or industial facilities involved with

industrial processes, like manufacturing metals or

chemical solvents, contribute to ground-level ozone

production.

Power plants, vehicle emissions and burning fossil

fuels also produce ozone. Although these processes do

not directly release ozone, they produce nitrogen and

volatile organic chemicals. When these chemicals

combine in the presence of sunlight, they form ozone.

Landfills, livestock manure, coal mining and fossil

fuel combustion also produce significant quantities of

this greenhouse gas. 

Cement Industry, cement is a crucial component in

buildings and roads, which is why some 80 percent of

it is made and used in emerging economies.But making

cement means making pollution, in the form of carbon

dioxide emissions. Cement plants account for 5 percent

of global emissions of carbon dioxide.

Oil Companies VS Global Warming

We all know oil companies make an amazing amount of

money by selling gasoline and other petroleum products to

the world. The oil companies spend big to keep the system

running this way.They fund organizations  and people that make

the case for denial and inaction. So this is an industry

that profits from products that science shows will change

the climate, and then spends money on cover-up.Actually,

though, it gets even stranger. When it comes to protecting

their profits, oil companies explicitly acknowledge that

climate change poses a threat to their bottom line.

The oil companies with the highest profile on the

climate change issue are BP, Shell and ExxonMobil. While all

three companies now publicly admit that climate change

exists (a marked change for ExxonMobil in recent years),

their level of commitment to pursuing alternatives remains

extremely low.ExxonMobil noted that the company’s

‘operations around the world include remote and offshore

areas that present challenges from existing climate extremes

and storms. These severe weather events may disrupt supplies

or interrupt the operations of ExxonMobil facilities

Most of the world largest carbon dioxide emitting

companies are failing to assess, disclose and address the

financial risks posed by climate change. Such strategies

leave them and their shareholders especially vulnerable to

the increased financial risks and missed market

opportunities posed by climate change.The open question is

why the industry persists in denial in the face of an

endless body of fact showing climate change is the greatest

danger we have ever faced. So according to Exxon, climate

change could disrupt their business model. It’s easy to see

through the rhetoric when giant fossil fuel companies

financially react to the risk of disruption and damage from

climate change.

Part of its simple enough, the giant energy companies

are making so much money right now that they can not stop

gorging themselves. ExxonMobil, year after year, pulls in

more money than any company in history. Chevron’s not far

behind. Everyone in the business is swimming in money.Still,

they could theoretically invest all that cash in new clean

technology or research and development for the same. As it

happens, though, theygot a deeper problem, one that’s become

clear only in the last few years. Their value is largely

based on fossil-fuel reserves that will not be burned if we

ever take global warming seriously.

The fossil fuel companies are not trying to do what

they say needs to be done to solve climate change. Instead,

they are preparing for its impacts, with profits gained from

our pockets.

 Our individual efforts are important, but the biggest

impact on climate change will come from large-scale in

international, national, and regional policies,

thoughtfulsystematic efforts to reduce polluting fossil fuel

energy sources and unsound land use practices and steady

progress toward a green, sustainable future.

''Climate change is an issue which raises fundamental questions about

the relationship between companies and society as a whole, and between one

generation and the next.''

''Companies composed of highly skilled and trained people can't live in

denial of mounting evidence gathered by hundreds of the most reputable

scientists in the world.''

It is our capacity for hope that distinguishes “The

11th Hour” and that speaks so powerfully, in part because it

is the human quality that may finally force us to fight the

good fight against the damage we have done and continue to

do.

As a human being, we tend to follow the trends. This

leads us to consumerism lifestyle, which needs a large

amount of resources and generally polluting the ecosystem.

It began from the industrial revolution, the amount of

resources they used is is increasing and the resource is

depleted too fast.

The government also has massive influence in the cause

of global warming. Generally they create policy which

benefits the industrial organization and the government

itself without considering the environment. However,

sometimes the government is being controlled by private

sector by bribing to gain advantages for themselves.

If you are holding this review in your hands, do not

forget to recycle the paper.