Building Energy Audits using ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines

Building Energy Audits using ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines

Technical Seminar

01/06/2018

Konstantinos LaskosCivil Engineer, BEMP, BEAPEnergy Planning & Savings Consultant

www.energyandbuilding.gr

European Union Legislation

‘energyaudit’means a systematic procedure with the purpose

1. of obtaining adequate knowledge of theexisting energy consumption profile of abuilding or group of buildings, an industrialor commercial operation or installation or aprivate or public service,

2. identifying and quantifying cost-effectiveenergy savings opportunities, and

3. reportingthefindings;


‘smallandmedium-sizedenterprises’or‘SMEs’

meansenterpriseswhich

employmorethan250personsor

whichhaveanannualturnoverexceedingEUR50million,AndalsoanannualbalancesheettotalexceedingEUR43million;


‘energymanagementsystem’

meansasetofinterrelatedorinteractingelementsofaplan

whichsetsanenergyefficiencyobjectiveand

astrategytoachievethatobjective

(e.g.ENISO50001)

National Legislation

2015

2016

Νόμος4342/2015 (ΦΕΚΑ'143),άρθρο10

Αρ.Οικ.188343/23.12.2016απόφασητουυπουργούκαιαν.υπ.ΠΕΝ«ΣυστήματααναγνώρισηςπροσόντωνκαιπιστοποίησηςΕνεργειακώνΕλεγκτών.ΜητρώοΕνεργειακώνΕλεγκτώνκαιΑρχείοΕνεργειακώνΕλέγχων» [α΄παράταση]

2017 Αρ.Οικ.178679/10.7.2017απόφασητουυπουργούκαιαν.υπ.ΠΕΝ(τροποποίησητηςάνωθεναπόφασης)[β΄παράταση]

2018 Αρ.Οικ.175275/30.5.2018απόφασητουυπουργούκαιαν.υπ.ΠΕΝ(τροποποίησητηςάνωθεναπόφασης) [γ΄παράταση]


1. Το Πεδίο Εφαρµογής του Ενεργειακού Ελέγχου περιλαµβάνει την ενεργειακή κατανάλωση της επιχείρησης ανεξαρτήτως αν αυτή γίνεται σε ιδιόκτητα ή µη περιουσιακά στοιχεία της.

2. Ο ενεργειακός έλεγχος καλύπτει τουλάχιστον το ενενήντα τοις εκατό (90%)της συνολικής ενεργειακής κατανάλωσης της επιχείρησης. Η επιχείρησηυποδεικνύει, ως αντικείμενο του ενεργειακού ελέγχου, το σύνολο τωνεγκαταστάσεων, λοιπών συστημάτων και μέσων κατανάλωσης ενέργειας πουη ίδια χρησιμοποιεί. Για να καταστεί δυνατή η εστίαση στις κύριες χρήσειςενέργειας κατά τον ενεργειακό έλεγχο, πρώτα ορίζεται η ενεργειακή γραμμήβάσης.

Ενεργειακοί Έλεγχοι


ΚατηγορίαΑ

• κατοικίες

• γραφείακαιεμπορικάκτίριαέως 2.000m2

ΚατηγορίαΒ

• γραφείακαιεμπορικάκτίριαπάνωαπό2.000m2

• υπόλοιπακτίριατριτογενήτομέα

• βιοτεχνικάκαιβιομηχανικάμεεγκ.ισχύ έως1ΜW

ΚατηγορίαΓ

• βιοτεχνικάκαιβιομηχανικάμεεγκ.ισχύ μεγαλύτερηαπό1ΜW


Ιούλιος2017Αναθ.Νοέμ.2017

+3φύλλαεργασίαςEXCEL

What is Energy Audit ?

ASHRAE and other entities have defined energy audits as processes in whichengineering service providers identify and recommend efficiency opportunities toclients. The objectives of an energy audit are to identify and develop measuresthat:

1. will reduce the energy use and/or cost of operating a building

1. and/or will improve the indoor environmental quality experience by theoccupants.

Definition



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

energycosts salarycosts

officebuildingindicativeoperationalcosts [€/m2]

source: EffectofTemperatureonTaskPerformanceinOfficeEnvironment, LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory


In a Nutshell

1. How much energy are they using?

2. Where are they using it?

3. Are they using it effectively?

4. How can they use it more effectively?


Basic Steps

1. Collect and analyze historical energy use.

2. Study the building and gather data on its operational characteristics and indoor environmental quality.

3. Identify potential measures that will reduce the energy use and/or cost and/or will improve the occupants’ indoor environmental quality.

4. Perform an engineering and economic analysis of potential modifications.

5. Prepare a list of appropriate measures and group measures into bundles that will capitalize on potential synergies and cost reductions.

6. Prepare a report to document the analysis process and results.

energyaudit

Energy Audit vs Energy Labeling

Basic Differences

predefinedoperation realoperation

energylabeling

vs

Energy Audit vs Energy Labeling

Basic Differences

energyusefor“conditioned”spacesfor:

heating

cooling

ventilation

DHW

lighting

energylabeling energyaudit

vsheating

cooling

ventilation

DHW

interiorlighting

energyusefor:

exteriorlighting

plug-loads

motors

refrigeration

etc

ASHRAE Standard 211P Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audit

ASHRAE Standard 211P Standard for Commercial Building Energy Audit

Levels of Energy Audits

Level1:Walk-Through

Analysis

Level2:EnergySurveyAnalysis

Level3:DetailedAnalysisofCapitalIntensiveModifications

ASHRAE Standard 211P Preliminary Energy Use Analysis (PEA)

• Calculate the total annual building energy use, and divide by thegross floor area to obtain the Energy Use Intensity (EUI) i.e.kWh/m2.

• Calculate total annual building energy cost and divide by gross floorarea to obtain the Energy Cost Index (ECI) i.e. €/m2.

• Benchmark the building’s normalized energy consumption relative tothat of similar (peer) buildings for a minimum of 12 consecutive

months (up to three consecutive years shall be used as available).

Benchmarking

ASHRAE Standard 211P Level 1 Energy Audit

Review Historical Utility Data

Review unexpected or irregular patterns in monthly energy use that

may indicate abnormal building operation and identify possible causes.

Rate Structure Consideration

Review monthly utility bills for opportunities to lower costs. Considertaking advantage of different utility rate classes, accounting forelectric demand patterns and charges.


Facility Site Survey

• Conduct a walk-through survey of the facility to accompanied by thebuilding operator or maintenance staff member. Become familiar withits construction, equipment, operation, equipment schedules andmaintenance.

• Identify major energy-using systems, processes, and equipment. Gathercontrol strategies and equipment information of major componentsfrom nameplates, as-built drawings, or other means.

• Identify operating problems, malfunctioning equipment, maintenancecosts, and maintenance needs.

• Interview the owner and/or operator and occupants to identify currentspace usage, special problems (especially relating to thermal comfort orindoor air quality).


Identify Low-Cost & No-Cost Energy Efficiency Measure Recommendations

• Changes to lighting and HVAC (e.g., thermostats) controls, to reducelighting and HVAC in areas that are unoccupied or unused for substantialperiods of time.

• Implementation of routines (and logs) to improve the efficiency ofoperations, or maintenance of such improvements after tune-ups.

• Education of building operators and/or occupants.


Identify Potential EEM Capital Recommendations

Identify potential capital-expensed EEMs including a preliminaryqualitative estimate of the level of potential costs and energy costsavings.

Review EEMs with Owner’s Representative

Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list ofidentified measures, their brief descriptions, their qualitative impact,and approximate level of economic return. Receive feedback.


The Level 2 audit shall follow upon, and take into consideration the findings of, a Level 1 audit and also incudes the following additional steps*:

Breakdown of the annual total energy cost by component

*If no separate Level 1 audit has been conducted, shall comply with all the procedural requirements for a Level 1 audit.


Facility Site Survey - Determine key operating parameters

Determine Operations:Setpoints

• Space temperature

• Space humidity

• Space lighting levels

• Hot water supply setpoint controls

• Chilled water supply setpoint controls

• Supply air temperature setpoint controls

• DHW storage and delivery temperatures

• Fan system flow controls

• Economizer controls

• Minimum outdoor airflow rates

• Carbon dioxide levels


Facility Site Survey - Determine key operating parameters

Determine Operating: Schedules

• Occupied or unoccupied hours in controlled zones

• Space temperature setpoint schedules

• Lighting occupancy schedules and controls

• Warm-up and cool-down periods

Equipment efficiencies*:

*Equipmentperformancecharacteristicsshalltakeintoaccountpart-loadorseasonalefficiencies

• Combustion efficiency

• Cooling equipment efficiency

• Energy recovery efficiency

• Pump efficiency

• Fan efficiency


Conduct end-use breakdown

Based on:

1. A calculated method that estimates energyuse according to the size, load, method ofcontrol and efficiency of equipment, andits operating hours 1.

2. A building energy model 2.

3. Sub-metered energy use in the building.

1 Assumptions used in this analysis must be the same asthose used for calculations of energy and demand savings.

2 The same simulation must be used as is used forcalculation of energy and demand savings.


List Energy Efficiency Measures and Group Interactive Measures*

• Opaque Elements Insulation, Roof Painting• Windows Replacement, Glazing Replacement

• Reduce Distribution Losses (Insulation, VSD, Economizers)

• Replace HVAC

• Low Water Use Devices• Solar Systems

Envelope:

Lighting :

HVAC Systems:

DHW Water Heating

• Replace Fixtures, Replace Lamps• Daylighting Utilization• Occupancy Sensors

*Avoidthepotentialforoverstatingenergysavingsduetosavingsoverlapbetweenindividualmeasures


Calculate Savings (energy, demand)

Calculation Methods1,2,3: Stipulated values, engineering calculations, building energy model. Calculate before EEM & after EEM.

Interactions: Analysis of measures and/or measure groups shall include interactions

Weather data: Shall be long-term average data.

Equipment performance: Shall take into account part-load or seasonal efficiencies where applicable

1 The U.S. Department of Energy maintains a directory of building energy software tools on its Web site

2 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals Chapter 19 Energy Estimating and modeling methods

3 ASHRAE Guideline 14 (2014): Annex E Retrofit Isolation approach techniques


Estimate EEM Costs

• Material costs

• Labor costs

• Design fees

• Construction management

• Site-specific installation factors

• Permits

• Temporary services

• Test and Balancing

• Commissioning


Conduct Economic Analysis

𝑆𝑃𝑃 = $%&'()*'%)+%%,-.0-&1%2(

𝑅𝑂𝐼 = +%%,-.0-&1%2($%&'()*'%)

x100

Simple Payback :

Return of Investment :

• Identify the measures that meet the owner’s economic or other criteria, whether individually, or in aggregate.

• Note the ancillary benefits of each measure or group.


Quality Assurance Review

• Evaluate the feasibility and appropriateness of identifiedmeasures, as well as the reasonableness of energy savingsprojections, implementation cost estimates, and all observationsand findings of the energy audit report.

• Compare the energy savings, cost savings, costs, and ROIs for eachmeasure to expected ranges for the type of measure specified toverify reasonableness.

• Validate savings by calculating the percent savings of eachmeasure in relation to total energy use of the relevant end-usecategory.


Review EEMs with Owner’s Representative

• Provide to the owner or their appropriate representative a list ofidentified measures, their brief descriptions, energy, energy cost,and non-energy cost savings, available incentives, simple ROI, andsimple paybacks.

• Obtain from the owner or owner’s representative their commentsabout which measures are preferred for implementation or furtherstudy.

• After the review with the owner or owner’s representative, the auditshall be revised to show the recommended measures, measuregroups, and measures identified but not recommended.


Schematic diagram of each of the recommended EEMs

*If no separate Level 1 & 2 audit has been conducted, shall comply with all the procedural requirements for a Level 1 & 2 audit.

The Level 3 audit shall follow upon, and take into consideration the findings of, a Level 2 audit and also incudes the following additional steps*:

Review the accepted EEMs considering system interactions to create bundle of measures


The simulation software shall meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 140. Indicative software:

Annual building energy modeling is required for envelope measure analysis


The model shall be calibrated with respect to the building’s actual energy use per the methodology in ASHRAE Guideline 14.

𝐶𝑉 𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 = 100×

∑ 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖A 2��𝑛 − 1

�

𝑦E

𝑁𝑀𝐵𝐸 = 100×∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖A�� )

(𝑛 − 1)×𝑦E

CVRMSE = coefficient of variation of the root mean square error

NMBE = normalized mean bias error

𝑦= measured value𝑦J = model predicted value𝑦E = mean value of the measured datan = number of data points in sample

data CVRMSEmax NMBEmax

Monthly 15% 5%

Hourly 30% 10%


Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)

CashFlows

Outflows

InitialInvestmentReplacement

CostsMaintenance

Costs

Taxes

EnergyAuditCosts

M&VCosts

Inflows

EnergyCostSavings

DemandCostSavings

WaterCosts


𝑁𝑃𝑉 = -∑ 𝑃𝑉�� K-(LM,)N.OP(+∑𝑃𝑉K-(L$%N.OP(

�� =

= −R𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠

(1 + 𝐷))%

)^_ + R

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠(1 + 𝐷))

%

)^_

where: D = Discount Raten = Lifespan of the projectt = Time of cash flow

Net Present Value (NPV)


-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

-20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

NPV

[€]

CHANGEFROMBASEINPUTVALUE

SensitivityNPV[Project1]

P1investmentP1savingsP1taxrateP1discountrate

2N+1calculations

Risk Assessment

Low of diminishing results CO

ST

EFFORT

Performance Measurement Protocol for Commercial Buildings & Best Practices

Performance Measurement Protocol for Commercial Buildings & Best Practices

BasicEvaluationProcedures

DiagnosticMeasurementProcedures

AdvancedAnalysisProcedures

Six Performance Categories:• energy • water • thermal comfort• IAQ • lighting • acoustics

ASHRAE Guideline 14 (2014): Measurement of Energy, Demand & Water Savings

The purpose of this document is toprovide guidelines for reliably measuringthe energy, demand, and water savingsachieved in conservation projects.


OptionA

• RetrofitIsolation:AllParameterMeasurement

OptionB

• WholeFacility

OptionC

• CalibratedSimulation


AnnexE:RETROFITISOLATIONAPPROACHTECHNIQUES

E1.RETROFITISOLATIONAPPROACHFORPUMPS

E2.RETROFITISOLATIONAPPROACHFORFANS

E3.RETROFITISOLATIONAPPROACHFORCHILLERS

E4.RETROFITISOLATIONAPPROACHFORBOILERSANDFURNACES

E5.RETROFITISOLATIONAPPROACHFORLIGHTING

E6.RETROFITISOLATIONAPPROACHFORUNITARYANDSPLITCONDENSINGEQUIPMENT

AnnexA:PHYSICALMEASUREMENTS


Savings=(BaselinePeriodEnergy- ReportingPeriodEnergy)± AdjustmentsSameforDemandandWaterSavings


y=-58465x+1E+06R²=0.8666

y=-7723.9x+352584R²=0.86707

0

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10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0

κατανά

λωση

ΦΑ[kWh]

μέσημηνιαίαθερμοκρασία


0

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μέσημηνιαίαθερμοκρασία

Savings

ANNEX D: REGRESSION TECHNIQUES


Relevant ASHRAE Guidelines and Standards

• Standard105-2014:StandardMethodsOfDetermining,Expressing,AndComparingBuildingEnergyPerformanceandGreenhouseGasEmissions

• Standard180-2012:StandardPracticeForInspectionAndMaintenanceOfCommercialBuildingHVACSystems

• Standard189.1-2014:StandardforDesignofHigh-PerformanceGreenBuildings

• Standard62.1-2016:VentilationforAcceptableIndoorAirQuality

• Standard90.1- 2016:EnergyStandardforBuildings

• Guideline11 - 2009: FieldTestingofHVACControlComponents

• Guideline22 - 2012:InstrumentationforMonitoringCentralChilled-WaterPlantEfficiency

Q&A

ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines for Building Energy Audits

Technical Seminar

01/06/2018

Building Energy Audits using ASHRAE Standards & Guidelines

Documents

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