BJMC-5 - e-Gyanagar - OSOU

Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in

Journalism& Mass Communication

(BJMC)

BJMC-5

INTRODUCTION TO

BROADCAST MEDIA

Block - 4

WRITING AND EDITING TELEVISION

NEWS

UNIT-1 Basics of Camera

UNIT-2 Elements of Television News Bulletin

UNIT-3 Basics of Editing for TV

UNIT-4 Public Service Broadcasters

Course Writer Course Editor

Mr. Sambit Mishra Samanta Biswabhusan Dhir

Academic Consultant Academic Consultant

Odisha State Open University, Odisha State Open University,

Sambalpur Sambalpur

Material Production

Dr. Manas Ranjan Pujari

Registrar

Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur

(CC) OSOU, JUNE 2020. WRITING AND EDITING TELEVISION NEWS is

made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0

http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-sa/4.0

Printed by:

The Course follows the UGC prescribed syllabus for BA(Honors)

Journalism under Choice Based Credit System (CBCS).

http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-sa/4.0

Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur Page 1

UNIT-1: BASICS OF CAMERA

Unit Structure

1.1: Learning Objectives

1.2: Introduction

1.3: What is Camera

1.3.1: Different parts of Camera

1.3.2: Different types of Camera

1.3.3: Camera Accessories

1.4: Understanding the Visual grammar

1.5: Different types of shot

1.6: Camera Movement

1.7: Focusing

1.8: Perspective

1.9: Check Your Progress

References

1.1: LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completion of this unit you will be able to understand;

different types of camera;

support system for the camera;

the skills of handling the camera;

the types of shot;

the basic principles on which the camera functions; etc.

1.2: INTRODUCTION

Camera is most important tool for every individual now a day. People want to save

their memories forever. Camera was introduced hundred years ago. In this unit you will

learn various types of cameras. Starting from still cameras to the regular video cameras

which are also used for shooting video images, along with it the accessories required

with a camera such as use of different kinds of lenses and tripods, trolleys, cranes,

dolly, rigs and jimmy and many more.

.

1.3: WHAT IS A CAMERA?

Now-a-days everybody is a photographer and everyone knows how to shot a video. But

they really know what the camera is? Most of them can‘t answer! ‗What is a camera?‘

Camera is the first gateway to the world of video production or Electronic news

production.

A camera is a dark box with a lens and a small opening for the light to enter. But the


very first camera did not have a lens. Unbelievable! Yes the pinhole camera was the

very first still camera to portray an image on a wall of a dark room just through a tiny

hole. Such is the magical world of cameras or you can say you can create magic with

light through cameras in your hand.

Camera is a medium by which the actual moments or actions are captured in video

production or Electronics news gathering. All cameras are basically the same which

consist of Body, head, Lens, View finder, storage device (film or memory card), etc.

Camera helps the director or producer to capture the action of any event in different

frame rate. The ambiance audio, bites are also recorded by camera while shooting. It

helps the editors in post production to add effects.

1.3.1: Different parts of Camera

Like a human eye, camera is also built on the principle. It has a body, head, lens, view

finder, battery compartment, 3 rings like- focusing ring, aperture ring, and storage

section, view finder (LCD viewfinder and long viewfinder) etc.

Parts of a SLR Camera

- Photographic lens

- Focal plane shutters

- Photographic film

- Securing strap

- Shutter release

- Exposure counter

- Viewfinder

- Flash socket

- Focus ring

- Aperture ring etc.

Lens Hood:

It is used at the beginning of a lens to protect the lens from sun, rain and other light

source to prevent glare and lens flare.

Lens Cover:

A cap or cover is to protect the lens from direct sunlight or dust.

Lens adapter:

It is also known as step-ring, it helps to adapt the different size filters.


Flash Equipment:

Flash equipment includes light diffuser, stand, mount, soft box, cord and trigger etc.

Battery & Charger:

It includes rechargeable batteries and powerful chargers.

Care:

It includes camera case and cover, a maintenance tools and screen protector etc.

Parts of a Digital video Camera

All the components are meant to take the photos and record the videos. Some parts-

such as lens, viewfinder, shutter button, etc. are to be same in all types of camera.

Lens:

It is just an important part of a camera. It is designed to open briefly and capture the

image focussed on. It can be detached. Detachable lens can zoom and have control on

image. By using a zoom lens subject can be come closer. By using a macro lens we are

able to capture tiny bugs. A portrait shot can be produced by using a single

measurement lenses.

CCD:

Digital cameras does not have film compartment, but they have CCD. These CCD are

capable of capturing image and storing them in a memory card.

Viewfinder:

The viewfinder is the part in which you can see through the image. Cheap cameras have

a little window in left side of the camera and professional cameras have a electronic

view finder at the back of the camera.

Power unit:

Today most cameras use batteries as a power source. While professional cameras have

their own rechargeable units most armature cameras use over the counter batteries.

Some broadcast cameras come with an additional battery that can functions a s a second

handle to the camera.

Trigger:

The trigger is the magic key that tells the camera to capture the image. In other words

we can say that trigger is a small button that enables you to take the video.

Storage:

After clicking the camera a capture image is stored, this is known as Storage

chamber.


1.3.2: Different types of Camera

The most common camera types used by professionals and semi-professionals are

analogue and digital cameras. A still camera may be divided into a number of type‘s

like;

Autofocus camera, Box camera, Compact camera, Digital Camera, Field camera,

Instant camera, Pinhole Camera, Rangefinder Camera, Single-lens reflex camera,

Stereo Camera, Viewfinder camera etc.

Analogue Camera

The analogue cameras work on the principle of magnetic recording system. It

converts the light images into magnetic information.

The two presently used analogue cameras are DVCAM and BETACAM

DVCAM

DVCAM is a variation of the DV format

developed by Sony with an aim to function at

the semi-professional and lower-end

professional market. DVCAM uses the tape

format for recording images. Sony HVR-

Z7U is commonly used for this format. HD

cameras record the pictures and sounds on the

hard disc only.

BETACAM

BETACAM is a higher version of tape based

image recording device designed by Sony for

professionals with a half inch cassette. The

image recorded and produced by BETACAM

are superior in quality compared to DVCAM.

Digital cameras

The digital cameras work on the principle of pixels recording system. The light images

are converted into pixels form on the recording device.

Now coming to the digital world of cameras we have a number of options to try with.

Starting from daily use smart phones to highly sophisticated chip based cameras it‘s so

easy and fun to work with and bring out your creativity. The various digital cameras are

cinema cameras like RED, BLACKMAGIC, ARRI, then the studio and broadcast


cameras, and the familiar camcorders, the newly popular mirrorless and DSLR cameras

and nonetheless our mate in our pocket i.e. our cell phones.

RED

The RED camera is a 4K digital

cinema camera. It is initially aimed

at Cinema style shooting, meaning

that it is in many ways like a

traditional film camera. It uses

traditional film lenses and other film

hardware including matte boxes and

follow focus systems. But instead of

shooting film it shoots digitally

means it records images on hard disks or digital storage devices. The RED camera

comes in different models like ONE, EPIC, SCARLET

H.D. Cameras – These are High Dimensions Cameras presently used in various

shootings without the necessity of inserting DVD’s or cassettes.

Black magic

Black magic is an Australian digital cinema

company. Like RED camera it is also a direct

shoot and record camera. It provides a

incomparable range of lenses compatibility. It

also comes with an advantage that the

Company provides an editing platform to

support easy editing of the recorded materials.

It comes in 2K, 4K and 8K variants.

ARRI ALEXA

ARRI ALEXA, a very familiar name

among film makers aims at high class

video image production. ARRI who

was first into celluloid film cameras

manufacturing came up with a digital

version to cope up with the market

with ALEXA model. This is the first

camera of the Alexa product family.

The ARRI ALEXA‘s CMOS Super-35mm sensor is rated at 2.8K and ISO 800. That

sensitivity allows the camera to see a full seven stops of over exposure and another


seven stops of underexposure, an unprecedented Dynamic Range. To take advantage of

this, ARRI offers both industry-standard REC709 HD video output as well as the Log-

C mode that shows the entire range of the chip‘s sensitivity, allowing for an extreme

range of colour correction options in post. It is used mostly in shooting films along with

studio shoots and commercials.

Camcorders

The camcorders are the most user friendly device that can be operated by almost

anyone. The semi-professional

camcorders like Sony PWM and

Panasonic P2 series are in regular use

nowadays mostly in news and

documentary shoot sectors.

The ease of working and budget

affordability makes it a first choice. The

HD quality video images produced

without any extra lights are its plus points. One can just point and shoot with these

cameras.

Mirrorless & DSLR Cameras

In last few years the DSLR cameras have evolved as a handy medium of capturing still

as well as video images simultaneously. The

DSLR cameras which were thought to be only

still cameras are now a very effective video

capturing device too.

The qualities of images captured are very high

and nowadays most DSLR are providing 1080

pixel quality video images. So any amateur can

also shoot great images with much ease. The

mirror less cameras are the same as DSLR but in the place of a mirror it comes with a

sensor which decides how much light information to catch for the image. Canon 5D,

Nikon D750 is most popular players. These cameras like other professional cameras

come with interchangeable lenses required for different needs.

Smart Phones

The present day Smartphone‘s , the one device

which replaced almost all other gadgets which

used to serve our daily needs starting from clock

to compass and T.V to radio has now also evolved

as a replacement to the cameras. The everyday

developments in Smartphone technology has made

Smartphone so capable of filming still and videos


that people are now shooting films with them. Pocket friendly device loaded with 20-30

megapixel camera and sensor are the most effective device for shooting. Nowadays

editing can also be done on a Smartphone. The advance technology has incread the

megapixel and high defination with this smartphones to attract cusomers.

Most Important- Whether indoor or outdoor recording, it is extremely essential to

have a white balancing, just before the shooting.

1.3.3: Camera Accessories

Now you are fully aware of different types of cameras, it‘s now time that you also get

to know about other accessories that are required for smooth and better shooting

experience. Most of the compatible accessories come along with the camera itself. The

accessories required with a camera such as use of different kinds of lenses and tripods,

trolleys, cranes, dolly, rigs and jimmy are also covered in this part.

There are other accessories which are available in the market. The main accessories

required for camera operation are lens, battery, microphone, tapes and micro cards or

hard disks, headphones.

Lens

Lens is the eye of the camera. The light after falling upon the target subject enters

through the lens and produces the image on the image plane. The lens contains an iris

which controls the amount of light. The lens is mainly categorized as fixed lens,

telephoto lens wide angle lens and normal lens.

Fixed Lens / Block Lens

A fixed lens also known as block lens and also

referred as prime lens. The fixed focal length

lens (FFL) has a focal length that is not

adjustable. Photographers are unable to zoom

in and out on a particular subject when using a

prime lens. In other words we shoot what our

normal eyes see from the specific position.

Mostly the block lenses are available in 50mm

and 85mm focal length.

Telephoto lens

A telephoto lens is called so because it

brings distant objects nearer to us through

zooming on it. A telephoto or zoom lens is

made up of number of lenses which helps

the cameraman to zoom in or zoom out on

a subject while not physically moving but


still concentrating on the subject from a fixed point. The lenses with a focal length

above 100mm are known as zoom lens. They may come up to 135-300mm.

Wide angle lens

In photography and cinematography,

a wide-angle lens refers to

a lens whose focal length is substantially

smaller than the focal length of a normal

lens for a given film plane. This type of

lens allows more of the scene to be

included in the photograph, which is

useful in architectural, interior and

landscape photography where the photographer may not be able to move farther from

the scene to photograph it.

Another use is where the photographer wishes to emphasise the difference in size or

distance between objects in the foreground and the background; nearby objects appear

very large and objects at a moderate distance appear small and far away.

Specialist lenses

Other than these 3 types of lenses some

lenses come with multi-function such as

super telephoto, macro and fisheye

shooting modes. They are collectively

called specialist lens. Their zoom range

may vary from 5mm-2000mm.

Tapes and Storage device

Depending on the cameras the images captured are recorded on tapes and digital

storage devices such as memory cards and solid state hard disks. The analogue

cameras usually use various kinds of tapes whereas digital cameras use digital

recording mediums.

Tapes

The tapes used in video cameras are

magnetic tapes on which the images shot

are recorded using a rolling magnetic head

which writes the visual and audio

information on the tapes. There are two

types of tapes mostly used in shooting

which are quarter inch and half inch tapes,

otherwise known as DV tape and BETA

tape.


DV Sony‘s variant of the DV (Digital Video) format. Developed for professional use,

DVCAM improves quality by increasing the tape speed and track pitch. The increased

track size uses more tape because DV tracks are recorded on the diagonal.

In addition, it "locks the audio," which prevents the audio from drifting out of sync

with the video.

DVCAM uses the same metal evaporated (ME) tape as does DV and DVCAM cassettes

can be played in DVCAM and DVCPRO tape decks. DVCAM VTRs can also play and

record DV cassettes.

Betacam is a high-quality videotape technology

introduced by Sony in 1982. Betacam evolved from

Sony's Betamax consumer format, but with a large

increase in tape speed and using component video

signal separation rather than composite video.

Betacam was designed for professional TV

recording.

Digital Storage Devices

Most of the present day digital cameras starting from

point and shoot to highly professional filmmaking

cameras use digital devices to store recorded visual and

audio materials as files in pixel formats. These devices

are categorized as solid state hard disks and memory

cards. These digital devices have an advantage that

unwanted files can be deleted on the spot itself releasing more space for shoot and they

are very sturdy as well as handy.

Tripod

A tripod is a portable three-legged frame or

stand, used as a platform for supporting the

weight and maintaining the stability of camera. A

tripod provides stability against downward forces

and horizontal forces and movements about

horizontal axes.

Tripods are used for both motion and still

photography to prevent camera movement and

provide stability. They are especially necessary

when slow-speed exposures are being made, or

when telephoto lenses are used, as any camera

shake while the shutter is open will produce a

blurred image. In the same vein, they reduce


camera shake, and thus are instrumental in achieving maximum sharpness. A tripod is

also helpful in achieving precise framing of the image, or when more than one image

is being made of the same scene, for example when bracketing the exposure. Use of a

tripod may also allow for a more thoughtful approach to photography. For these

reasons, a tripod of some sort is often necessary for professional photography. In

relation to film/video, use of the tripod offers stability within a shot as well as certain

desired heights.

1.4: UNDERSTANDING THE VISUAL GRAMMAR

All language has a grammar. Though Visual is a language so it has grammar. As we all

know we can also communicate to each other by showing some visual. If it is well

planned and creatively produced then it doesn‘t need any sound. It is possible due to its

grammar. Visual grammar consists of many things like- camera movement, types of

shot, angle of shot, perspective etc.

Whenever we watched TV we have seen much of visuals. Every visual is different to

each other. Each shot depicts something else. Change of shot creates psychological

impact on audience‘s mind.

1.5: DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOT

Before we go for different shots, let us understand what the shot is. Actually there is no

specific definition of a shot. In simple sense, we can say that - from the switch on of the

record button of camera to record off, whatever is recorded, that is known as shot.

Every shot has its own meaning and it is used specifically with a specific motive. Now

we can discuss the different types of shots.

Establishing shot: An establishing shot establishes the scene by showing the

relationship between its important figures and objects. It is generally a long or extreme-

long shot at the beginning of a scene indicating where, and sometimes when, the

remainder of the scene takes place.

Uses of an Establishing Shot

Location: Establishing shots may use famous landmarks like- big tower, Exterior of a

office building, bridge to indicate the city where the action is taking place or has moved

to, most probably it establishes the whole area where the shooting is going on or where

the story is based. It creates an idea in the mind of the viewer about the location of the

subject and other things going around in that particular location.

Long Shot

A long shot (sometimes referred to as a full shot or, and to remove ambiguity it will be

called a, wide shot) typically shows the entire object or human figure and is usually

intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings. These are typically shot now

using wide angle lenses. However due to the sheer distance establishing shots and

extreme wide shots can use almost any camera type.


Mid shot

Medium shot, mid shot (MS), or waist shot is a camera angle shot from a medium

distance. Medium shots are favored in sequences where dialogues or a small group of

people are acting, as they give the viewer a partial view of the background and also

show the subjects' facial expressions in the context of their body language. Medium

shots are also used when the subject in the shot is delivering information, such as news

presenters. It is also used in interviews. It is the most common shot in movies, and it

usually follows the first establishing shots of a new scene or location.

A normal lens that sees what the human eye see is usually used for medium shots.

Medium shots are divided into singles (a waist-high shot of one actor), group

shots, over-the shoulders or two-shots (featuring two people). A medium wide shot,

or American shot, shows a bit more of the background but is still close enough for

facial expressions to be seen, although these facial expressions would be better seen in

a waist-high shot.

Medium Long shot, mid shot (MLS)

It is the shot that falls between the long and close shots. It gives more information. It is

also kind of long shot that conveys the intimacy of the close up shots.

Master shot

A master shot is a shot which covers all the characters along with the location or

background. It is different from an establishing shot because in an establishing shot the

whole location or all the characters may not be revealed, just a portion could be used. It

may not establish the character to character relation.

Close-upshot

Close-upshot or close shot in television production, still photography is a type of shot,

which tightly frames a person or an object. Close-ups are one of the standard shots used

regularly with medium shots and long shots (cinematic techniques). Close-ups display

the most detail, but they do not include the broader scene. Moving in to a close-up or

away from a close-up is a common type of zooming.

Close-ups are used in many ways and for many reasons. They are often employed

as cutaways from a more distant shot to show detail, such as emotions of characters, or

some intricate activity with their hands. Close cuts to characters' faces are used far more

often in television than in movies; they are especially common in soap operas.

Close-ups are used for distinguishing main characters. Major characters are often given

a close-up when they are introduced as a way of indicating their importance. Leading

characters will have multiple close-ups. Close-up shots do not show the subject in the

broad context of its surroundings. If overused, they may leave viewers uncertain as to

what they see.


Extreme Close-up

This shot can amplify emotional intensity. It puts the camera right in the making their

emotion huge. Extreme reaction is covered by this extreme close-up shot.

Bird’s eye shot

Just like the extreme long shot, this shot shows the abstract of shapes and lines. This

shots are used to show the grid of city lights, crowded overpass and clear night dazzle.

Over Shoulder Shot

In film or video, an over the shoulder shot (also OTS) is a shot of someone or

something taken from the perspective or camera angle from the shoulder of another

person. The back of the shoulder and head of this person is used to frame the image of

whatever (or whomever) the camera is pointing toward. This type of shot is very

common when two characters are having a discussion and will usually follow

an establishing shot which helps the audience place the characters in their setting. It is

an example of a camera angle.

Other than these basic shot there are two other shots depending on camera movement

i.e. Pan shot and Tilt Shot. In a Pan shot the Camera is moved from left to right or right

to left to cover a subject or location. Similarly when the camera is tilted from up to

down and vice versa the shot is called Tilt shot.

Knowing these shots, give your audience, think about how your scene is composed. By

using the wide shots feels distant and moving close is to catch the action and getting

more closer gives the audience to feels the emotion.

1.6: CAMERA MOVEMENT

Camera movement is very essential, whether it may be news or current affairs

programme. It creates visionary illusion in the mind of the audience. Every camera

movement develops dramatic impact.

There are types of camera movements like- Panning, Tilting, Tracking etc.

Panning- In a pan shot camera is moved from left to right or vice-versa. It is used to

showing the characters movements as well as the scenic beauties.

Tilting- Similarly when the camera is tilted from up to down and down to up the shot is

called Tilt shot. Sometimes it is used as establishing shot. It can show the superiority in

a single shot.

Tracking- Generally these types of shots are used for soap operas to show the faces of

the characters with a dramatic impact. These are not used in news. This shot is very

popular in current affairs programme. A straight track and a trolley are used to create

this shot.


Trolley in/out- This is just like the track shot. But the basic difference is laid with the

track used in it. Instead of straight track, a circular (half circle, full circle) track is used

in this shot. This shot is frequently used in soap operas, reality shows and current affairs

programme.

1.7: FOCUSSING

Focusing is very important for any visual. Because, no one of us is not ready to watch

blurred or soft focused visuals so clarity is needed in every visuals. And focusing can be

done with the help of focusing ring. Focusing ring is a ring attached to the lens section

of a camera. By rotating the focusing ring video became clearer. Each time the

adjustment is made for focusing the lens to get the sharp image of an object. The

distance of the image from the lens will depend upon the distance of the object from the

lens. If all points on the objects lie on the plane, so also all point images will lie on one

plane. If two object points lie on planes at different distances from the lens, so will the

image points. Each point can be brought into sharp focus in turn by the operation of

focussing and both points cannot be brought into sharpness simultaneously. When the

image of one point is sharp, the other will be represented by a disc or circle of confusion

and vice-versa.

1.8: PERSPECTIVE

While taking a photograph or recording videos, there is a choice of perspectives-

ranging from flat to sleep, but unusual perspective i.e. too flat or too steep is to be

avoided. Perspective effects created by different focal length should be pleasing.

Standing well back from the subject, good perspective in close-ups could be achieved

for which a lens of relatively long focal length is required.

1.9: CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

1- What do mean by camera?

2- List out the accessories needed for still photography.

3- Describe the importance of long shot.


UNIT-2 : ELEMENTS OF TELEVISION NEWS BULLETIN

2.0: Unit Structure


2.2: Introduction

2.3: Characteristics of Television news

2.4: Style of Television news

2.5: Rules of Television news

2.6: Elements of Television news



After completion of this unit, you will be able to understand;

Characteristics of TV news;

Style of TV news;

Rules of TV news;

Elements of TV news; etc.

2.2: INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, the visual media are universally popular. Everywhere TV is one of

the best entertaining media for the people. So television is known as theatre of the home.

In consideration to other media, the popularity of TV is too high. The rapid growths of

television programmes have changed the lifestyles within few decades. Television and

films affects the minds of the people, they ultimately sense and a feeling of actual

participation in national affairs. The presentation of news and other programs can be a

powerful motivator of behaviour change. And in this unit we will know the

characteristics, its style, rules and elements of news.

It is important to know that news in TV is prepared like any other medium. While the

news is presented the corresponding news script is to be matched with the covered

visuals.

2.3: CHARACTERISTICS OF TELEVISION NEWS

TV news is more emphasized on different stories and by the way it is written and

spoken. It creates an impact on the listeners and viewers. Preparation of TV news is

done with proper planning and scripting of the thought according to the visual, which is

time taking. The visuals and bites collected from the site of incident are carefully

incorporated in a way of story. News bulletin prepared for TV is always concerned


about both visual and audio. TV brings updates about the present happenings around the

world. Hence preparing news bulletin for a TV news channel is done in war footing.

News and visuals are collected from different places in the country and abroad either

through representative or the electric gadgets. The importance of every news input is

examined to decide as to make headline or inside news. It is done by direct supervision

of ―New Head‖ and visual editor finalize the transmission materials.

- While the news is fundamentally the same in any medium, the presentation

of news in TV is different from other medium.

- Stories for the TV generally are shorter than those for the print.

- Time in TV has equal value is same as in newspaper.

- The language of TV news must also be shorter and conversational.

- Length of a TV news story is not as long as in print.

- As transmission time is limited the length of the story has to be limited.

- The importance of story in electronic media is different than that in print

media.

- Electronic media brings the news instantly where print media brings the news

to the reader next day.

- TV also tries to answer to answer 5W & 1H like print media. Every story

must be able to answer the six questions. Visuals are very influencing to the

views rather than printed pages.

- The visuals or spoken words should have purity not only in pronouncement;

it should give importance to spelling also.

- Though visuals tell all part of the story, scripting part is short in story.

- Along with news, the person concerned is studied with name, face,

personality and rank. Hence the visual is made authentic reliable.

- Visuals are presented to the viewers with meticulous editing and refining

which of not possible with print news.

- The story prepared for visual media, should be soothing to both eyes and

ears.

2.4: STYLE OF TELEVISION NEWS

A news bulletin is usually of 30 minutes duration. So the content of the package and the

script should be made keeping in mind the topics to be discussed within the available

time frame. Besides while preparing the script of the news bulletin. Besides, following

some basic and simple principles, a good news bulletin can be prepared.

- Every news story should tell what, why, how, who, where and when.

- Since the news remains in the air for very less time, the language should be as

simple as possible.

- The viewers of all intellectual levels should be kept in mind while preparing script.

- Always use simple and easy sentences.


- Each sentence should contain 13-14 words long and difficult composite words

should be replaced by small, simple words. It attracts the listeners.

- Script should be in the commonly used language, local language appeals more

than official language.

- The use of present tense makes it lively and novel. If required the language be

modified to ‗now‘ instead of present tense. Word ―Today‖ is avoided. Direct

speech is preferred Figured can be written in words rather than figures as ten

thousand should be written ten thousand.

- The final news strip is written in capital letters. When age is to be written, first age

is written and then event is written.

- Name, place, address should not be written in short, it should be written –Full.

While, writing abbreviation, each letter is in capital followed by a dot like OCA,

CBI, CDA, CMC, IIT.

- Word with difficult pronunciation should not be used rank, designation, post; etc is

ensured before putting them in telecast.

- Script should be fully read, the mistakes correction the gist of news should be in

the headline.

2.5: RULES OF TELEVISION NEWS

TV is the best audio-visual medium. It has specialty and superiority over news paper and

radio transmission. Preparation of news script for TV requires meticulous thinking and

time. Therefore the headlines are prepared after due thought. The news for far and near,

bites, visual etc, are compiled. The employees in the news room have to work hard to

prepare a full and informative news bulletin. The bulletin producer, copy editor,

presenter, chief editor, and other employee have to be careful and alert to prepare a good

news bulletin.

The news from every nook and corner of the world, collected through the reporters,

bites, statements connected through the international news agencies are complied in the

newsroom by full priority. The news head considers the importance of each material

collected. He decides which items are to be made headlines and which part are to be

given on less important news. He discusses the matter directly or indirectly with the

bulletin producer. Then the visual editor takes out useful visuals and edits them. The

newsroom processing is done under full co-operation all sections of newsroom starting

from bulletin producer to the final presenter or telecast/ anchor.

Newsroom activity is dependent on many technical processing. To start with, the

camera visuals are preserved in the computer. The editors connect the particular news

audio to the concerned visual along with the name of story, date, reporter‘s name and

place of incidence. The ingest room of a news channel is equipped with high power

computers, with video capture, card reader, VTR, sound system, different types of

cables, connectors and specific software for capturing. The materials collected by

camera recorded in cassettes or memory card, are connected to card reader or VTR and


through the specific computer software is engaged for the capture. Every captured

visual is sent through the server for news purpose.

Since the news channels work round the clock, every channel has more than one editor

working in shift duty. Sometime they postpone the transmission if required due to delay

or technical snag. The editing is done on the basis of voice over and hence level, fad

and command cutting are easily done. Later, visual is pasted on the voice over and bites

are cut to adjust in storyline. After this rigorous process of editing and compilation the

news item is added in the background music and visual effect, graphics etc.

2.6: ELEMENTS OF TELEVISION NEWS

When we talk about a book, matters like sentence, chapter, letters, words, pages and

layout come for discussion. Likewise news bulletin has some vital topics, the most

important among them are: (a) Story, (b) Anchor (c) Super (d) Sound bite (e) Stand up

(f) voice over (g) package etc. These topics can be discussed here according to their

importance.

(a) Story: It is the most important part of the news item. Events with specific

importance are called a story. So many topics are presented simultaneously. Every topic

bears a story. Every story is transmitted in TV inside the news.

(b) Anchor: The person who directly came before the audience is called

newsreader/anchor/newscaster or talking head. The anchor appears before the TV

screen and explains nicely the news the views are going to see. If due to same reason,

the visuals fail to appear or delayed due to technical reason, the news presenter explains

in lucid language to fill the gap, as if he has an eyewitness to the event. If the words and

style of presentation is effective, the viewers believe the story as the true consumers do

not get a hint of any topic.

(c) Super: This description about a person or place or event is done through any

available old relevant visuals, photographs is called ―super‖. This describes the past

activity of the person.

(d) Sound bites: In every news bulletin, the comment/opinion of some prominent

persons is transmitted. When many details are not available about an event or

development, the persons connected in the subject are asked to give their statement

orally shortly to make the program lively. It is called sound bite. It only supplements to

the factual aspect of the happening.

(e) Stand-up: Sometimes live news is presented in presence of news reporter or

journalist. It is done by the anchor being in front of the camera sequentially describing

on the news spot. Then he discusses the matter with the available press reporters and

takes bite for onlookers and finally links with the news item. Since the anchor presents it

by standing, it is called a ―stand up‖.


(f) Voice-over: During transmission of news, in addition to the voice of news reader,

some other voices are also added in the news bulletin. When a voice is super added to

the visual or photograph, it is called a ‗voice over‘. It is different for different type of

news.

(g) Package: When news is transmitted in the form of a story, it is called a ―package‖.

If package includes different visuals, PTC, voice over and bite etc, usually a package

runs for 1.5 minutes to 2 minutes. The anchor prepares the package in his own style and

presentation.

(h) PTC: It stands for Piece to camera. PTC can be effective way of describing any

critical issues or concepts. It can act like a bridge from two different locations. PTC can

be of three type‘s like- Opening, Mid and END PTC. PTC can be used as placement of

voiceover. It is used to show something special or to demonstrate something. PTC can

be used as beginning fold of a story. PTC enhanced the credibility of the story by

placing both the journalist and video journalist at the spot. It can used as an ending to

summarise the story.

(I) Graphics: It can be used to illustrate statistics, trends and chronological events,

useful tips and tricks. Off screen comments of victim or interviewees can turn into

graphics. Graphics used for TV news are of mainly two type‘s like- still plates and

motion graphics. Semiotics of accidents, court orders, terror attacks, calamities are can

be used as visuals in absence of recorded video. Graphics used in TV news are like-

(J) Phone-in: Phone-in can be used when more information is supposed to come later,

breaking news situations, absence of visuals. Phone-in is used in TV news are of two

types like- LIVE phone-in or recorded phone-in.


1- Write down the characteristics of TV news.

2- Describe the style of TV news.

3- How the rules are to be followed for making TV news?

4- What are the elements of TV news?


UNIT-3: BASICS OF EDITING FOR TV – SOFTWARE’S AND

TECHNOLOGIES

Unit Structure


3.2: Introduction

3.3: Why editing

3.4: Role of an Editor

3.4: Process of editing

3.5: Software used for TV editing

3.6: Basic principles of TV editing



After completion of this unit you will be able to understand;

Editing for TV news;

Types of TV news editing;

Skills in editing TV news;

Elements of TV news; etc.

3.2: INTRODUCTION

The most important and magical stage in news making is editing. All responsibility

rests with the editor. As a skilled garlanded, the editor beautifully combines voiceover,

music, and scenes to create an attractive garland. As a result, the news comes to life

through editing. The editor carefully examines all the shots that have been shot, making

them a complete story based on time, pace and rhythm. Previously, editing news was a

time-consuming process. Now, with the end of the cellular age, editing is expected to

be completed in just a few minutes. The advanced nonlinear editing process has made

many of the most complicated and time-consuming editing tasks simpler and easier. Let

us talk about that.

3.3: WHY EDITING

In a very classical sense, editing is an essential part of storytelling, because it

is the process by which the scenes and sounds are being arranged and the time is

determined which put the results to some songs, money, and morale.


Russian filmmaker, Pudovkin describes it as a deliberate process of guiding audience

thinking and organization. Editing is a lifeline in the visual communication process; it

are no longer misunderstood as the simple addition of scenes or the removal of ‗bad

paste‘, which only contains good substances. Editing is the technique by which the

necessary shots are put back and forth to develop the story with the help of visuals on

par with the times. The art and craftsmanship develop the artistic form of a complete

story. An editor gives the full shape to a news story. Non-linear editing is an excellent

example of the advanced editing process of the modern age. This type of editing saves

money and time for both the output producer and the reporter. Editing is important for

the visual storytelling process because it mimics the sailor in the mind. We all "edit"

reality with our own eyes and minds. The art of editing is both misleading and new

reality, creating new relationships and encouraging and controlling emotions. If the

goal of television news is to tell a story that captures a moment and communicates a

sense of experience, then everyone - a journalist, photographer, writer and narrator - is

an editor. This is because it is only through editing that a story and storytelling process

can enhance, emphasize, reveal, move, structure, guide, tantalize, juxtapose, select,

ignore, and enhance. The editing story then begins at the beginning, not at the end of

the process.

Editing looks more complicated than it looks. It is also more complicated that each

studio is different in the structure of the brand and equipment (how the equipment is

hooked). The best way to learn this stage of machine work is to learn the underlying

concepts of editing and be acquainted with some standards for design layout.

3.4: ROLE OF AN EDITOR

Television news editing is a demanding work. News is always happening and

journalists are calling for stories as they happen. It is the job of the news editor to write

texts quickly, edit videos and prepare spots for news programs. News editors will keep

their ears and eyes open. They will check with beat reporters, manage news crews on

the street and gather news stories from their desks. The task can be stressful when they

have to manage personalities, choose stories to prioritize, and make decisions quickly.

TV news editors work with journalists and producers to create the final videos and

stories that appear during a news broadcast. By reviewing the table below, you can find

the general skills needed to work as a TV news editor, as well as learn about education

options and salary information.

Qualification required Bachelors Degree

Key Skills Computer proficiency,

creativity, communication,

time management

Minimum salary ₨15.000/month


The TV station news sections consist of a variety of editors: news and programme

editors who manage the footage, or assignment editors working with journalists.

Although different, each of these roles is important for the success of the broadcast

As a video editor for a TV news station, you receive order from Production Crew.

Responsible includes but are not limited to:

Pitching a shot to create a final clip,

Follow the script for production,

Editing content on a specific time slot,

Use of computer editing software.

If you are an assignment editor for a TV station, your duties may include:

Managing journalists and news crews

Choosing which story to cover

Maintaining professional and community relationships

Monitoring scanners and police reports

Following local, national and world news

Develop unique content ideas

Checking resources

3.4: PROCESS OF EDITING

Photographer's shot and composition choices are a form of editorial selection

Importance is possible only through selection The order in which the shots appear is a

form of the editorial system Shot length is a form of editorial time, a way to quickly cut

or control dramatic tension through a more relaxed attitude that allows the eyes to

wander around the screen until the heart and mind are full.

Even for the matching work of photographers and journalists and the change in content

and presentation through time and space will make it hard and eye-catching or easy and

―silent‖. Finally, when reporting, writing, photography and editing are invisible to the

audience, a story can communicate a sense of experience and realism.

Take a look at the essential elements and steps involved in digital video editing.

Working method on editing software

Mainly editing software does the basic three things:

1. Capture

2. Edit

3. Output

This implies the software controls the capturing (recording) of the footage, gives an

approach to edit the footage, and enables the completed item to be output to a recording

device, for example, a VCR or DVD.


On the off chance that you like, you can utilize isolate software for catch or output, yet

at first, you will presumably think that its more helpful to utilize a similar program for

all assignments.

What is a project?

The term ―project‖ may vary on non linear editing software to another. A project is a

compilation of different elements like- video clips, audio clips, titles, gfx, animations,

sound effects, still images etc from start to finish.

The project likewise incorporates data about how these components are orchestrated in

the edit. As a result, a project comprises of all the individual components and directions

on how they are assembled. When you make a video project, you import or catch the

components you require, at that point mastermind them in the request you need

(including effects and different treats on the off chance that you like).

What to look for in editing software?

1. Make beyond any doubt it is good with your hardware and operating system.

2. Check the catch, import and fare alternatives. Ensure it can deal with the

configurations and determination you need to utilize.

3. Does the software take into account layering and effects? What other

propelled highlights does it have?

4. Is there some other software packaged with the bundle (e.g. sound editing)?

5. Is it perfect with other regular software (e.g. Adobe Photoshop)?

Digitizing Video on Computer

Once your edit system is set up effectively, you have to record (catch) the footage from

the source machine (e.g. camera or VCR) onto the PC's hard drive. The catch procedure

goes this way:

Turn everything on and dispatch the video catch software. Precisely how these

functions will rely upon your software, yet by and large you will have a menu choice to

open a catch window.

Press "play" on the source machine. In the event that fortunes are your assistant, the

catch window will demonstrate the photo originating from the source. If not, counsel

your software enable record to perceive what you to need to do.

Search for a record or catch in the catch window. Essentially click this catch to record

(similarly as you would press the record catch on a VCR). Continue recording until the

point that you have all the footage you need. As a rule you will need to catch just the

footage you are probably going to require, however it is smarter to catch more footage

than less — you can dispose of undesirable clips later.

When you have caught every one of the footages, spare the video file(s) to your hard

drive.


The Editing Workspace:

Once you have done your capturing of footages, you can ready to start your project.

Almost every professional/amateur non linear editing software have same type interface

like- project window, monitor window, Timeline, effects controls etc. But the

terminology may be varied.

The most straightforward approach to organize components on the course of events is

to move them from the project window. You would then be able to modify the

components, for instance, trim video clasps to make them shorter or decrease the

volume of sound clasps. You can adjust components as much as you prefer and review

the outcomes previously finishing them.

Any great software bundle will likewise enable you to include different layers of video,

sound and graphics which can be mixed and superimposed to make different effects.

Before you start editing you should read the manual of that software carefully.

Creating Video Output:

Since you have wrapped up your artful editing and you have your timeline all

concluded, you are prepared to output the video record. The two most normal

approaches to do this are:

1. Encode the video to a computerized arrangement, for example, MPEG-4 and record

it specifically to DVD or other optical disk.

2. Output the video through your PC's video card to a recording device, for example, a

VCR.

Once more, you should counsel your software/hardware manual for particular

guidelines.

Since news channels run all 24 hours, the visual editors are often more than one. They

are mostly working in the head office. Both new and experienced visual editors work

together. Visual editing has special courses of study. In this they teach about artistic

and technical editing. The visuals are needed to be technically perfect, artistic and

should create interest among viewers. Hence much care should be taken while editing

every news item. Single news can be transmitted in different styles. News items are

named according to its importance, like AVO or OCVO, Bite or Shot, AVO bite or

OCVO shot or package, VOSOT etc.

Visual editing depends upon how much time for transmission is allotted for the

story.

Visual editing is done only when written or printed copy of the story, visual,

voice over and graphics are available in editing desk.


After going through the story, it is planned how to edit the visuals.

Software is opened and story is named as new project.

Visuals and voice-overs are arranged according to the available story.

Visuals and voice over are connected to copy of script/story.

After going through the visuals, the bulletin producer is contacted for any short

fall in the materials. In the electronic media, time is very precious. Hence a

story with deficiency may be kept in hold.

Voice over is edited as per the copy. In this audio cable, fading at the last part,

commands etc. are included.

Visual paste is made over the voice over.

Bites are arranged in the stores by cutting them to pieces.

After visual editing, background music, visual effect, graphics are attacked for

attracting the viewers.

Action play is added to bites.

Before putting to server, the whole bulletin is reviewed and all major faults are

corrected.

EDITING OF BITES:

Bites are taken in period of 20-30 seconds.

Bites are edited carefully.

If a bite can be splitted to add some important in form.

Bites are complemented with one or more than one flush.

White flashes duration is limited to 15 frames.

Bites are first listened, understood and then the starting and finishing points are

determined.

It is done by visual editor, but if required, the same can be done by bulletin

producer or output head. His direction becomes final.

In every bite, the name of person and designation given in the Aston plates.

The person for bite and astron plate should tally accurately.

In sensitive issues like gang rape victim‘s name and face is covered with

‗mosaic‘.

In some news the reputation of the victim is protected by using false name.

If the quality of auditory part is bad, it is cleared by filtration and made fit for

transmission.

If the audio quality is bad, it is declared by writing in the screen.

As per rule audio level should be within (-) 12 decibel.

Audio should be faded in the beginning and end of the bite, otherwise it will be

attractive to the viewer.

If required the bites of so many persons of divergent views can be fitted in

window.

The duration of bite may last up to one minute.

SOME PRINCIPLES OF EDITING

Use the visual shootings to make the story lively. But avoid any objectionable

words.

Good visuals and soothing sound can attract the viewers.


Do not make the story obscene by complex editing.

Visual effects are used as per requirement

3.5: SOFTWARE USED FOR TV EDITING

Digital camcorders, DSLRs and digital audio recorders have made changes to video

production. It is now possible to get high quality footage for less money than before

But, the progress of the hardware will not tell the whole story Improvements in video

software are equally important - tools used for video editing, processing and publishing.

The center of this software ecosystem has a digital editing program. This is the software

that helps turn the footage into a story. This is a tool that structurally distinguishes clips

in a logical order. This is the best way to polish the footage and bring together a lot of

assets - video, images, voice over, on-location audio, titles, animations and more.

Several software have gained prominence over the years like- AVID media composer,

Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere Pro, DPS Velocity, SONY Vegas, Canopus Edius etc.

AVID Media Composer- This has long been a choice for professional video editors,

and it is found in most TV and film production houses.

Final Cut Pro- FCP is Apple's flagship video editing software, and it is widely used in

radio, TV and online newsrooms, including editing studios.

ADOBE Premiere Pro- It is cross platform editing software that recently very popular

among the editors and gaining popularity across the world.

Linear vs Non Linear Editing System:

First, video editing software is offline. This has the facility to jump from one place to

another, forward or backward. Along the way, it is possible to cut and paste footage by

changing the order of shots and scenes in a story very quickly.

With linear editing, edits are made on a regular basis. It is unreasonable to go back and

re-create a single edit, and it is a challenge to anticipate how things are progressing

until all edits are complete.

In linear editing, the editor has to look at each one of the shots, while in the non-linear

editing; the editor is able to see all the shots at once. If you want to remove any shots in

the middle and want to add some extra shots, it can be added to the exclusions. Non-

linear editing is possible only with the help of a computer.

Nowadays, widely available with low-cost digital editing software, we can take all

benefit from the power of non-linear tools.


3.6: BASIC PRINCIPLES FOR TV EDITING

While editing these principles are generally taken into consideration to get the best out

of what is being edited. They can be used as ―rules‖ but are not unbreakable as it is

possible for it to work very well by going against these conventions.

1. Continuity Editing

This refers to arranging the sequence of shots into a progression of events. It is used a

lot in both television and film as it allows the story to progress in the right order making

it easier to understand. Confusion could appear if it was not the case although in some

cases this works really well by fracturing the narrative. Continuity editing aims for the

editing to be virtually invisible, it is now universally used but was previously associated

with Hollywood. It uses a smooth and seamless style of narrating the story which is

done through a variety of techniques.

2. The 180 Degree Rule

The 180 degree rule is a basic guideline that states two characters or elements in the

same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If the

camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects would be shown

from the opposite side and therefore in reverse angle. Sometimes so that the audience

doesn‘t get confused by the position of the characters the camera doesn‘t cross this line.

3. The eye-line match technique

The eye-line match technique is used as well during continuity editing. One shot shows

a character looking off screen and then the next shot shows what the character or

subject that it is looking at. This is used to help make cuts smoother as the viewer

expects the cuts to happen and is eager to find out what is next.

4. Cross-cutting

Cross-cutting is also used in continuity editing. Like the previous two techniques (180

degree rule and the eye-line match technique) it is used to establish smooth continuity.

During cross-cutting the camera will cut away from one action to another action.

Through doing this it suggests that both of the actions shown are happening at the same

time. During these shots, the viewer will generally compare them for this reason. Cross-

cutting is mainly used to build up suspense. During the cross-cutting the viewer will

form expectations which will eventually be shown or fulfilled.

5. Jump Cuts

These are confusing cuts as they go from one shot to the next which do not follow the

obvious form of cause and effect which makes this confusing for the viewer as it would

not be what they are expecting. They are generally used to disrupt the audience‘s

attention to create shock. You can see an example of the jump cut in Godard‘s

Breathless. This film is a perfect example to see how the jump cut works best.


6. Fade Out

This is when the image on screen fades out to black.

7. Fade In

This is when the screen fades from black to an image. Both fading out and fading in can

be used to suggest an amount of time passing, this can also be used to give the audience

a short break to allow them to prepare for the next scene. It is also used in some films at

the ending.

8. Dissolve

This is when the image on screen slowly disappears as the new image appears.

Dissolves are generally used to indicate the end of a shot or scene and to introduce the

beginning of the next one.

9. Wipes

These are when one part of the screen literally wipes over the rest of the screen. These

aren‘t generally used in film of television as they look comic-bookish and so do not

necessarily fit with a lot of film and television. A montage of the wipes can be seen in

Star Wars III. The film uses a lot of this transition for the relation to the comic-book

themes that this transition gives off. It works well with this film because of the comic

book origins of the film.

3.7: TECHNIQUES OF EDITING

Here we are going to discuss about the Open source software namely ―Open Shot video

editor software‖. Because, it is free for user and user friendly for beginners. While

diverse programs have distinctive features, the basics of most software are quite

similar. Indeed, even straightforward programs have a considerable measure of tools

and buttons, yet there are three

main parts to every video

program that you should know.

The Timeline: This is the place

you arrange, alter, and trim your

footage into the final video.

Here and there known as a

"sequencer" or "storyboard

editor" this is the place you do

the majority of your work.

Most programs indicate both

audio and video in the timeline. It is usually near the bottom of your window.

http://www.openshotusers.com/help/1.3/en/



The Preview Screen: This is the place you watch the draft of your motion picture

while you alter. It usually starts out as a black box with play, rewind, and stop buttons

underneath it. It is usually in the upper right quadrant.

The Library/Collection: This is the place all of your imported audio, video, and

pictures are arranged, allowing you to drag and drop them into your timeline for

editing. It usually accompanies a search function and some labeling tools. It is usually

on the left side of the window.

Different areas may incorporate audio controls, a "toolbox," special effects, a place to

add titles, and a moment video screen to check imported footage. Know the essential

tools for editing


In spite of the fact that each program has distinctive names for them, there are just a

modest bunch of tools that are obligatory for basic editing. Drift over an icon to

perceive what it is named in your program.

1. Add Track: Add a new track to the top of the stack.

2. Select Mode: Select mode allows you to click and move clips.

3. Razor Mode: Razor mode allows you to split a clip where ever you click. If

snapping is enabled, clicking near the play-head (the red line), will slice the

clip exactly on the play-head.

4. Resize Mode: Resize mode allows you to grab the edges of a clip and drag to

resize (or trim) the clip.

5. Snap Mode: Snap mode allows clips to snap (or jump) to the nearest clip or

play-head (if any are close) when you drop them. Transitions will snap to

nearby clips. Also, clips and transitions will snap to the play-head's position.

6. Add Marker: Add a new marker, which allows you to quickly jump back to

this exact point while previewing.

7. Previous Marker: Skip to the previous marker (if any).

8. Next Marker: Skip to the next marker (if any).



Organise your Footage

Regardless of whether you are producing a simple video or a feature to film, the well-

organized footage is significant to forestall misfortune, streamline your editing process,

and help other team member's hop into the venture without confusion. Despite the fact

that it might be an issue at to start with, completely naming and documenting your

video footage will spare endless cerebral pains later on.

1. Organize folders by project and the date it was shot. Ex. E:\ Movie\ Project_2-

22-17.

2. Organize clips by scene and take. Ex. E\ Movie\ Project_Scene1_Take1.

Create a New Project

Depending on your footage

several options will appear

here, but standard digital

video quality will be

720x480 or 1080x720

(High Definition) at 25

frames per second. These

settings are called PAL

standard and are used in

most countries. If you are in doubt, ask the cinematographer or director what settings

they shot the video on.

If you're still lost, look up your

camera's settings on the internet --

it should tell you what sort of

video you are editing. Many

modern programs will

automatically confirm project

settings to your footage,

eliminating this headache for less

experienced editors.

Import Your Footage

Though all programs are different, you can usually bring your film clips into the project

under File-->Import. This does not make your movie or order your clips, it simply tells

the program which videos you will be editing and allows you to access them.

http://www.openshotusers.com/help/1.3/en/ar01s05.html#sect2_21


1. Some programs let you drag and drop footage from another window into your

editing window.

2. Importing footage allows

for Non-Linear-Editing

(NLE): the process of

editing video out of order without changing the original footage. All modern

editing is Non-Linear.

Dragging and Dropping of clips in timeline

Start building the skeleton

of your movie by ordering

your clips and choosing

which shots you like the

most. You can always drag

clips into new spots after

you place them. Start

working on a few minutes

of the video at a time to

prevent becoming

overwhelmed. Click on a

file, drag over the timeline

and drop it. The clip will now be added to the timeline.

Splice the scenes together

Once you have the scenes in

order you need to trim the

beginning and ends so they

line up cohesively. While

sometimes this is as easy as

eliminating the initial

"Action!" you'll have to make

artistic decisions here too. To

splice, find the "razor" or cut

tool to break the footage up

into smaller parts, and then

delete the parts you don't like

from the timeline.

Many programs let you drag the beginnings and ends of clips to shorten or lengthen

them.

http://www.openshotusers.com/help/1.3/en/ar01s06.html

Dragging and Dropping of clips in timeline http://www.openshotusers.com/help/1.3/en/ar01s03.html#sect2_5

Splice the scenes together

https://www.kurup.org/blog/2011/08/10/openshot-video-editor


Never permanently delete any footage-- you never know what will come in handy,

even if only for the "blooper reel!"

Add transitions and effects to footage

Though these are essential to most movies, they can only be effective once you have

the footage completely organized and cut. Most programs have dedicated windows

and menus for titles and transitions, and you should play around to see which fit your

project.

The most common transitions are "fade-ins" and "fade-outs," which is when the

image slowly appears or disappears from the screen.

For more complicated special effects, transitions, or animations, editors often rely on

separate post-production programs like Blender.

Add Music

To make the Video

more interesting, you

need to add some

music. You should have

imported a music file.

Click on the music file,

and drag it onto Track 1

on the timeline.

Balancing of Sound

It appears like each video editor has their own particular feelings about what your

audio levels ought to be, so the accompanying suggestions are in no way, shape or

form law. Notwithstanding, in case you're experiencing some difficulty getting your

audio without flaw, simply take after these speedy recommendations and start

changing your audio from that point.

Overall Mix Level: -10db to -14db

Dialogue: -12db to -15db

Music: -18db to -22db

Sound Effects: -10db to -20db with occasional spikes up to -8db.

Add Music

https://www.openshot.org/static/files/userguide/quick_tutorial.html


By the day's end, your ears should be the judge. Your audio may take after these tips

consummately; however in the event that it sounds awful… it's terrible.

Adjust the colour

Not all movies need to take this step, but if you want to look professional you'll need to

balance audio and video so that the shots all look alike and there are no jarring volume

shifts. Luckily, many programs have an "auto color-correct" function and "volume

equalizer" built in. For a professional looking film you'll need to do this manually.

Color correction is the way toward getting your footage to a color baseline. Regardless

of how incredible your footage looks on set, you will quite often need to do some

fundamental post-preparing to get the greater part of your footage reliable. The greater

part of the major NLEs have fundamental color correction effects worked in that make

it simpler than ever to perform essential color correction. However, you might be

somewhat constrained on your capacity to control colors on the off chance that you are

given a highly compressed codec. Remember this when shooting your footage on set.

Record groups like RAW and ProRes will be simpler to control than h.264 and AVC-

HD.

Titles and Graphics

After you've edited your video,

included music, and color graded, it's

an ideal opportunity to include the

graphics. While it's anything but

difficult to spot awesome motion

graphic work when you see it,

great graphics are shockingly

hard to create yourself. It's extremely best to keep things simple.

Once the title editor dispatches, you have to choose a template and tap the Create New

Title button. The will make a duplicate of the template SVG title, and add it to your

Project Files. Enter the name of the record, as it will be spared to your hard-drive.

Preview video at various point

You may need to rehash this stage

five, ten, or even fifty times relying

upon the project, and it will feel

monotonous. Welcome friends, co-

workers, or other crew members to

watch the project with you and give

feedback. Take takes note of each

time you watch it about what you

need to settle. Removing a couple of

http://www.openshotusers.com/help/1.3/en/ar01s17.html


days from the project before watching can help gather new bits of knowledge.

Export your Video

Once you have completed a project, the next step

is export video. This will convert your Open Shot

project into a single video file, which should work

on any media player. Open Shot has many

predefined formats to simplify this process. There

are two modes to export a video in Open Shot,

Simple Mode and Advanced Mode. Both modes

share a common area at the top of the screen,

General Options. Name your video file (no

extension) and choose an export folder.

Click on the Export Video icon at the top of the

screen (or use the File > Export Video... menu).

Choose from one of the many preset export

options, and click the Export Video button.


1. State the role of an editor?

2. Differentiate between linear and non linear editing.

3. Identify the primary tools for editing?

4. Name the tool which is used for cutting a video clip?

5. Describe how to import video in project?

6. Audio overall mix level is---?

7. Dialogue level is-----?

http://www.openshotusers.com/help/1.3/

en/ar01s03.html#sect2_7


UNIT-4: PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTERS- AIR & DD NEWS

Unit Structure


4.2: Introduction

4.3: Public Service broadcasting

4.4: All India Radio (AIR)

4.4.1: Organisational structure of AIR

4.5: DD News

4.5.1: Objective of DD News


4.7: References


After completing this unit, you will be able to understand;

The Public Service Broadcasters of India

The structure of AIR;

Functions of DD news; etc.

4.2: INTRODUCTION

Public broadcasting is associated with radio, television, and other electronic media

outlets, the primary mission of which is public service. In many countries of the world,

broadcasting is not free. Government collect money comes from the public, especially

through the fees levied on annual receipts. In the United States, public broadcaster may

receive some money from both federal and state sources, but usually most of their

financial aid comes from foundations and small business undertakings (from small

shops to corporations). A large number work as private non-profit corporations.

Depending on the country and station, the broadcast may be national or local. In some

countries, one organization broadcasts publicly. In other countries, multiple public

broadcasting organizations operate in regional or different languages. Historically,

public broadcasting was once the dominant or only one form of broadcasting in many

countries. Commercial broadcasting now exists in most of these countries; Only in the

late twentieth century did the number of countries decline significantly with only public

broadcasting.

But in India Public Broadcasting is completely free of cost for all citizen. Prasar Bharati

(Doordarshan and All India Radio) is the public broadcaster of India. Yet it has


commercial advertisements. It consists of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting

(India), an autonomous government corporation of the Government of India and the

Dordarshan Television Network and All India Radio. Prasar Bharati was established on

November 23, 1997, which demanded that the government grant independence to

Indian-owned broadcasters in India. In 1990, the Indian Parliament passed a law

granting independence, but it did not take effect until 15 September 1997.

4.3: PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING

Prasar Bharati is a statutory autonomous body established under the Prasar Bharati Act

and came into existence on 23.11.1997. It is the Public Service Broadcaster of the

country. The objectives of public service broadcasting are achieved in terms of Prasar

Bharati Act through All India Radio and Doordarshan, which earlier were working as

media units under the Ministry of I & B and since the above said date became

constituents of Prasar Bharati.

The Directorate General, All India Radio functions under Prasar Bharati. Director

General is the Head of the Department and is responsible for the overall administration

and supervision of the entire AIR network.

Doordarshan is an autonomous public service broadcaster founded by the Government

of India, which is one of two divisions of Prasar Bharati. It is one of India's largest

broadcasting organisations in terms of studio and transmitter infrastructure, having been

established on 15 September 1959. It also broadcasts on digital terrestrial transmitters.

DD provides television, online and mobile services throughout metropolitan and

regional India, as well as overseas, through the satellite network.

4.4: ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR)

The Directorate General, All India Radio functions under Prasar Bharati. Director

General is the Head of the Department and is responsible for the overall administration

and supervision of the entire AIR network. In performance of his duties and functions,

the Director General, AIR is assisted by officers of the following wings.

4.4.1: Organisational structure of AIR

PROGRAMME WING

Additional Director Generals (ADGs) at the Headquarters and in the Regions assist the

Director General in proper supervision of the stations. The Headquarters of the

Regional ADGs are situated at Kolkata (Eastern Region), Mumbai (Western Region-I),

Lucknow (Central Region-I), Bhopal (Central Region-II) and Guwahati (North Eastern

Region), Chennai (South Region-I), Bangalore (South Region-II), Delhi (North Region-

I) and Chandigarh (North Region-II). Another office of ADG is to be set-up at

Ahmedabad (Western Region-II).


ENGINEERING WING

In respect of the technical matters, Director General is assisted by an Engineer-in Chief

and ADG (Engineering) at the Headquarters and by the Zonal Chief Engineers in zones.

In addition, there is a Planning and Development Unit at the Headquarters in respect of

the Development Plan Schemes of All India Radio. For the civil construction activities,

the Director General is assisted by the Civil Construction Wing (CCW) of AIR, which

is headed by a Chief Engineer. The CCW caters to the needs of Doordarshan also.

ADMINISTRATIVE WING

Additional Director General (Administration) and Additional Director General

(Finance) assist the Director General on all matters of the administration and finance

One Director each looks after the Engineering Administration, Programme

Administration and financial matters.

SECURITY WING

The Director General is assisted by a Deputy Director General (Security), an Assistant

Director General (Security) / Deputy Director (Security) on the matters relating to the

security and safety of AIR installations viz., transmitters, studios, offices, etc. The

Security requirements of Doordarshan are also looked after by these officers.

AUDIENCE RESEARCH WING

There is a Director (Audience Research) to assist the Director General in carrying out

feedback studies on the programmes broadcast by the stations of All India Radio.

Director (Audience Research) is assisted by a Joint Director (Audience Research).

ACTIVITIES OF SUBORDINATE OFFICES OF AIR IN BRIEF

There are a number of subordinate offices of All India Radio performing the distinct

functions. The broad activities of these offices / divisions are summarised as under:

NEWS SERVICES DIVISION

The News Services Division works round-the-clock and it broadcasts over 607 news

bulletins both for Home and External Services. The bulletins are in Indian languages

and various foreign languages. The Division is headed by the Director General (News).

There are 46 Regional News Units in AIR. The bulletins vary from region to region

according to the news worthiness of national, regional and local affairs.

EXTERNAL SERVICES DIVISION

The External Services Division of All India Radio broadcasts in 27 languages i.e., 15

foreign and 12 Indian languages. These services are radiated for an aggregate duration

of 72 hours daily and are projected to over 100 countries.


TRANSCRIPTION & PROGRAMME EXCHANGE SERVICE

This service looks after the exchange of programmes among the stations, building up

and maintenance of sound archives and also the commercial release of prestigious

recordings of music maestros.

RESEARCH DEPARTMENT

The functions of the Research Department include Research and Development of

equipment required by AIR and Doordarshan, investigation and studies relating to AIR

and Doordarshan, development of prototype models of R&D equipment for limited use

field trials in AIR and Doordarshan network.

CENTRAL STORE OFFICE

AIR‘s Central Store Office, located at New Delhi, performs the functions relating to

procurement, stocking and distribution of the engineering stores required for the

maintenance of technical equipment at All India Radio Stations.

COMMERCIAL BROADCASTING SERVICE CENTRES &

VIVIDH BHARATI SERVICE (VBS)

There are 41 Vividh Bharati-cum-Commercial Broadcasting Service (CBS) Centres

including the exclusive VB Centres. The work relating to CBS is performed by two

Wings i.e. Sales Wing and Production Wing. An independent Central Sales Unit along

with 15 main Commercial Broadcasting Service Centres looks after the marketing of

broadcast time in AIR.

Three-tier Broadcasting System

AIR has a three-tier system of broadcasting. These three levels of programmes are the

National, Regional and Local each having distinct audiences.

National programmes are broadcast from Delhi for relay by the Capital, Regional and

Local Radio Stations. Some of these are the National Programme of Talks and Features

in Hindi and English, the National Programmes of Drama and Music.

The National Channel of All India Radio located in Delhi broadcasted programmes

which were heard on Medium Wave and also on Short Wave. Started on 18th May

1988, this channel worked as a night service from 6.50 PM to 6.10 AM the next

morning. Broadcasting in Hindi, Urdu and English, the programme composition of the

channel had been designed to make it representative of the cultural mosaic and ethos of

the country. It has been closed on January, 2019

The Regional Stations in different States form the middle tier of broadcasting. They

originate programmes in the regional languages and dialects. Regional Channels are


located in the major linguistic-cultural region of every state. 116 Regional Channels are

spread over 29 states & 6 Union Territories including the North-Eastern Service at

Shillong that projects the vibrant cultural heritage of the North-Eastern region of this

country. The Regional Channels, broadcast largely on the Medium Wave frequency,

follow a composite programme pattern comprising of music - classical, light, folk and

film, News and Current Affairs, Radio plays, features, Farm and Home programmes,

programmes on Health & Family Welfare and programmes for Woman, Children etc.

Local Radio is relatively a newer concept of broadcasting in India. Local radio stations

serve small communities, showcase local culture and broadcast area specific

programmes for the benefit of the community. The transmission is in the FM mode.

The programming is flexible and spontaneous and the stations function as the mouth

piece of the local community. At present there are 86 Local Stations spread across the

country.

Growth & Development

Broadcasting in India actually began about 13 years before AIR came into existence. In

June 1923 the Radio Club of Bombay made the first ever broadcast in the country. This

was followed by the setting up of the Calcutta Radio Club five months later. The Indian

Broadcasting Company (IBC) came into being on July 23, 1927, only to face

liquidation in less than three years.

In April 1930, the Indian Broadcasting Service, under the Department of Industries and

Labour, commenced its operations on an experimental basis. Lionel Fielden was

appointed the first Controller of Broadcasting in August 1935. In the following month

Akashvani Mysore, a private radio station was set up. On June 8, 1936, the Indian State

Broadcasting Service became All India Radio.

The Central News Organisation (CNO) came into existence in August, 1937. In the

same year, AIR came under the Department of Communications and four years later

came under the Department of Information and Broadcasting. When India attained

independence, there were six radio stations in India, at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta,

Madras, Tiruchirapalli and Lucknow. There were three in Pakistan (Peshawar, Lahore

and Dacca). AIR then had a coverage of just 2.5 % of the area and 11% of the

population. The following year, CNO was split up into two divisions, the News

Services Division (NSD) and the External Services Division (ESD). In 1956 the name

AKASHVANI was adopted for the National Broadcaster. The Vividh Bharati Service

was launched in 1957 with popular film music as its main component.

The phenomenal growth achieved by All India Radio has made it one of the largest

media organisations in the world. With a network of 262 radio stations, AIR today is

accessible to almost the entire population of the country and nearly 92% of the total


area. A broadcasting giant, AIR today broadcasts in 23 languages and 146 dialects

catering to a vast spectrum of socio-economically and culturally diverse populace.

Programmes of the External Services Division are broadcast in 11 Indian and 16

foreign languages reaching out to more than 100 countries. These external broadcasts

aim to keep the overseas listeners informed about developments in the country and

provide a rich fare of entertainment as well.

The News Services Division, of All India Radio broadcasts 647 bulletins daily for a

total duration of nearly 56 hours in about 90 Languages/Dialects in Home, Regional,

External and DTH Services. 314 news headlines on hourly basis are also being

mounted on FM mode from 41 AIR Stations. 44 Regional News Units originate 469

daily news bulletins in 75 languages. In addition to the daily news bulletins, the News

Services Division also mounts number of news-based programmes on topical subjects

from Delhi and its Regional News Units.

AIR operates at present 18 FM stereo channels, called AIR FM Rainbow, targeting the

urban audience in a refreshing style of presentation. Four more FM channels called,

AIR FM Gold, broadcast composite news and entertainment programmes from Delhi,

Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai. With the FM wave sweeping the country, AIR is

augmenting its Medium Wave transmission with additional FM transmitters at Regional

stations.

In keeping with the Government decision for transition to the digital mode of

transmission, AIR is switching from analog to digital in a phased manner. The

technology adopted is the Digital Radio Mondiale or DRM. With the target of complete

digitization by 2017, the listeners can look forward to highly enhanced transmission

quality in the near future.

4.5: DD NEWS

DD News is the only terrestrial cum satellite News Channel of the country. The News

Channel of India's Public Service Broadcaster has been successfully discharging its

responsibility to give balanced, fair and accurate news without sensationalizing as well

as by carrying different shades of opinion. DD-News channel was launched on 3

November 2003 by converting DD-Metro into a 24-hours news channel. Its satellite

footprint is available across the country. DD News terrestrial reach is 49% by

population and 25% by area of the country. DD News is currently producing news

content in Hindi, English, Urdu and Sanskrit languages. Over 17 hours of LIVE

transmission include telecast of more than 30 news bulletins in these languages.

Besides this 14 Regional News Units of DD News are producing four regional shows in

a day which are aired on DD News. The channel also telecast daily three sports

bulletins, one business show, daily current affairs programme. Special shows on Health,

Youth issues, Cinema, Art & Culture, flagships schemes, communal harmony,


employment opportunities, international events, market developments etc are produced

in-house by the News Channel. The news channel is also scrolling news round the

clock in Hindi & English with stock tickers (BSE/NSE) and commodity tickers. News

Wing of DD News is also producing news content for its sister channels i.e. DD

National, DD India and DD Urdu. Five bulletins in Hindi/English of 15 mts duration

are being produced daily by news wing for DD National Channel. Recently news wing

started producing 10 LIVE bulletins and news scrolling for DD Urdu. DD News has 31

functional Regional News Units / Bureaus which are broadcasting over 170 news

bulletins in 23 languages/dialects. RNUs besides producing regional news also cater to

DD News in Reporting, Visual feeds & Special Programming. DD News is also very

active on the social media platforms. Its Twitter handle @DD News Live is tweeting

news and updates round the clock. The Youtube channel of DD News youtube.com/DD

News Official is putting out headlines, videos and special programmes for netizens

regularly.

4.5.1: Objectives of DD News

• Inform freely, truthfully and objectively the citizens of India on all matters of public

interest, national and international.

• Provide adequate coverage to the diverse cultures and languages of the various region

of the country through appropriate Programmes in the regional languages/dialects.

• Provide adequate coverage to sports and games.

• Cater to the special needs of the youth.

• Promote social justice, national consciousness, national integration, communal

harmony, and the upliftment of women.

• Pay special attention to the fields of education, and spread of literacy, agriculture,

rural development, environment, health and family welfare and science and technology.

• Provide a comprehensive TV coverage through the use of appropriate technology.

• Undertake at regular intervals auditions for classical dance forms.

• Ensure that the programmes telecast on its channels are in full compliance of the

AIR/Doordarshan programme and advertisement code.

• Place basic data about its network, Acts and guidelines, list of

commissioned/sponsored programmes, defaulting agencies, and tender notices in the

public domain through its website www.ddindia.gov.in.

http://www.ddindia.gov.in/



1- Describe the term Public service broadcasting.

2- Who are the public service broadcasters of India?

3- Elaborate the different wings of AIR.


4.7 REFERENCES

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_HVR-

V1U_3CMOS_1080p_HDV_Camcorder.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Betacam_SP_camera.jpg

https://www.flickr.com/photos/roge/14289690222/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_EPIC_camera.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Blackmagic_Cinema_Camera

_front_2013_CP%2B.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARRI_ALEXA_SXT_Plus.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panasonic-AF100.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EOS_60D_01.jpg

https://pixabay.com/en/lens-camera-round-technology-team-3095743/

https://pixabay.com/en/sony-a7r-camera-mirrorless-dslr-1328082/

https://pixabay.com/en/lens-wide-angle-tokina-photograph-2115686/

https://pixabay.com/en/camera-lense-photography-zoom-1272791/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DV_tape_sizes_2.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lexar_Professional_1000x_128GB

_SDXC_UHS-II_Card_(tidied).jpg




https://en.wikipedia.org/

http://ddnews.gov.in/

http://prasarbharati.gov.in/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_HVR-V1U_3CMOS_1080p_HDV_Camcorder.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sony_HVR-V1U_3CMOS_1080p_HDV_Camcorder.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Betacam_SP_camera.jpg

https://www.flickr.com/photos/roge/14289690222/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_EPIC_camera.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Blackmagic_Cinema_Camera_front_2013_CP%2B.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2012_Blackmagic_Cinema_Camera_front_2013_CP%2B.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARRI_ALEXA_SXT_Plus.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Panasonic-AF100.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canon_EOS_60D_01.jpg

https://pixabay.com/en/lens-camera-round-technology-team-3095743/

https://pixabay.com/en/sony-a7r-camera-mirrorless-dslr-1328082/

https://pixabay.com/en/lens-wide-angle-tokina-photograph-2115686/

https://pixabay.com/en/camera-lense-photography-zoom-1272791/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DV_tape_sizes_2.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lexar_Professional_1000x_128GB_SDXC_UHS-II_Card_(tidied).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lexar_Professional_1000x_128GB_SDXC_UHS-II_Card_(tidied).jpg




https://en.wikipedia.org/

http://ddnews.gov.in/

http://prasarbharati.gov.in/

BJMC-5 - e-Gyanagar - OSOU

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