Anthropology of Sports Proyecto Antropodinamia de la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo UNLa-UTDT ASU

• Social bounderies and goals

• Spatial expressions

Sport anthropology provides theoretical an practical grounds for academic reflection towards the study and understanding of sports

as cultural events.

MAPH 598-ST: Seminar Research Section: Riachuelo Arrabal Sporting Anthropology Player (Jugador de RASA). Instructor: Prof.

Dr. Lic. MNW Session I. September 17 th 2014: Sport Anthropology .

Study Abroad Program Buenos Aires Fall 2014 | The Design School, Arizona State University @ School of Architecture and Urban Studies, Torcuato Di Tella University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Seminar Class: Latin American Architecture & Public Interest Issues

Instructors: Assc. Prof. Claudio Vekstein, Dr. Prof. Marcelo Weissel

Dr. Marcelo Weissel

“Anthropology of Sports” Session II

Dr. Marcelo Weissel. Proyecto Antropodinamia de la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo Universidad Nacional de Lanús-UTDT ASU 2014. [email protected]

MAPH 598-ST: Seminar Research Section: Riachuelo Arrabal Sporting Anthropology Player (Jugador de RASA). Instructor: Prof. Dr.

Lic. MNW Session II. September 17 th: Sport Anthropology

• Find the proper words for architectural translation,

• How would you transcend money divisions?

• Can you catch up wisdom action schools?

• Try to locate the spirit loci of sport within long cultural traditions by making a draw.

Dr. Marcelo Weissel. Proyecto Antropodinamia de la Cuenca Matanza

Riachuelo Universidad Nacional de Lanús-UTDT ASU 2014. [email protected]

Anthropology of Sports

• Rituals

• Identity construction

• Rites de passage

• Body performances



Why Sport has not been studied?

• Because sports produce asymmetry between winners and loosers believed to be a product only in highly competitive industrial societies.

• Because in rites, asymmetry is given in advance, between the initiated and no initiated, or the sacred and the profane. The game consists to pass all the persons to the winning side.



“Therefore, anthropology, as the science of the non-modern and ‘primitive’, has in the past excluded the study of sports and

competitive games because they were correctly perceived as central features of modernity”.

Doc #5: Archetti. Anthropology of Sport.



Current Anthropology Views

• Anthropological perspective of Lévi-Strauss, • Critical tradition of social theory of Bourdieu • Historical sociology of Elias



Social theory of Norbert Elias

• Sport was defined as a key area in the development of the civilizing process of European societies, characterized by continuous state control of the legitimate use of force, the development of social organizations to reduce open conflict among social groups, and the elaboration of codes for social behaviour oriented towards the exercise of individual self-control.

• Modern sport is regulated by clear rules that assure equality among the contenders, make possible the maximization of inner pleasures and the relaxation of individual tensions, and contain the exercise of physical violence.

• Through Elias, sport is transformed into a major theme and becomes a privileged field for the analysis of individual and social tensions in modern societies.

Elias N 1986 Introduction in N Elias and E Dunning Quest for Excitement. Sport and Leisure in the Civilising

Process. Blackwell, Oxford.



Critical tradition of social theory of Bourdieu

• The practice of sports has been seen as an efficient state, and bourgeois, mechanism to indoctrinate youth with values of sexism, nationalism, fanaticism, irrational violence, the cult of performance and competition, the cult of idols, and the uncritical acceptance of the central values of capitalism.

• Bourdieu P 1984 Questions de Sociologie. Minuit, Paris.



Anthropological perspectives have in common:

• Sport is perceived as an important field of analysis for achieving a better understanding of the appropriate or contradictory functioning of modern societies.

• In the arena of sport, individual self-full filment is related to games producing winners and losers, to exalted nationalism in an age of international competition, to passivity and ideological domination, and, in some cases, to an abnormal quest for excitement and violence.



New type of research

• The key assumption is that sport is a ritual and a game at the same time, and is, as such, a cultural construction that makes symbolic communication among its participants possible.



• In every ritual, various types of participants can be distinguished:

the experts in knowledge, the central participants or players and the peripheral participants or audience.



• Maradona was early described as a “nature decision, a role of fate, where the only cirumstance outside the player, is to have been born in a country where skills and ball domain is a tradition”.



Sport is a spot for understand:

• Gender and nationhood - sports and politics.

• Production and adoration of the heroes - representing mastery over mortality.

• Engaged audiences and supporters - in the arena of soccer the supporters ‘narrate’ social stories and even produce what he calls ‘ideologies of transformation’.



Oriard (1993) has shown that the athlete-hero in America embodies the ‘land of opportunity’ and is, therefore the most widely popular and most attractive self-made man. The hero sustains the American Dream, personifies the democratic ideal of open accessibility to prestige and allows all citizens to share his glory. Oriard M 1993 Reading Football. How Popular Press Created an American Spectacle.

Athlete-hero in America



• The cult of sport heroes provides a social model to perceive paradoxes and dramas in society, and to recognize and question key values.



Bromberger (1995) has shown that the narrative of the supporters of AC Torino, a soccer club from northern Italy, emphasises local suffering and extreme loyalty. On the contrary the narrative of the supporters of Juventus, the ‘other’ club in the city, is based on continuous victory, international accomplishments, discipline and efficiency.

Bromberger C 1995 Le match du Football. Ethnologied’une Passion Partisane à Marseille, Naples et Turin.

Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris.

Dr. Marcelo Weissel. Proyecto

Antropodinamia de la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo Universidad Nacional de Lanús-UTDT ASU 2014. [email protected]

Historical Anthropology of Sport in Argentina



Gaucho Games



• Throwing the Bolas, from 'Journal of Researches' by Charles Darwin (1809-92) published by Nelson & Sons, 1890 (engraving), English School, (19th century) / Private Collection / Ken Welsh / The Bridgeman Art Library



Harder Than It Looks

• In 1833, Darwin was impressed by how the gauchos hunted rhea by throwing bolas—two balls connected by a cord:

• “The Gauchos pursued at a reckless pace, twisting their horses about with the most admirable command, and each man whirling the balls round his head. At length the foremost threw them, revolving through the air: in an instant the ostrich rolled over and over, its legs fairly lashed together by the thong.”

• When Darwin tried to do the same, however, he ended up entangling the legs of his own horse.

• “The Gauchos roared with laughter; they cried they had seen every sort of animal caught, but had never before seen a man caught by himself.”

Dr. Marcelo Weissel. Proyecto


Gaucho Games

• el pato,

• la cinchada,

• la pechada,

• la corrida de la bandera,

• el juego de cañas



Angel Della Valle, Buenos Aires, Argentina (1852-1903). La vuelta del malón, 1892 Dr. Marcelo Weissel. Proyecto


En 1860 reuníanse en una pulpería tres o cuatro cientos criollos y a veces muchos más, todos en buenos caballos, bien aperados y luciendo sus mejores prendas. Los más conceptuados por su valor en las peleas a cuchillo, los más forzudos en los trabajos de campo, los que ostentaban mejores corceles y más relucientes chapeados formaban el centro de aquella reunión y decidían pedir el pato al pulpero. El pato, un verdadero pato casero y a falta de este palmípedo, un gallináceo cualquiera metido muerto dentro de un saco de piel cerrado por cuatro manijas corredizas, constituía el objeto sobre que se iba a probar la fuerza de los jugadores. Bien montados, firmes en los estribos, agrupaban las ancas de los cuatro caballos y cada uno de los jinetes agarraba con la diestra una de las manijas tomando las riendas en alto con la mano izquierda, para no apoyarla en el apero. De este modo, toda la resistencia estaba en los estribos. Cada uno de los justadores tiraba en su dirección con todas sus fuerzas, picando los caballos con las espuelas o animándolos con la palabra. Aquellos brazos se estiraban…, los jinetes se enardecían y cuando ya parecía que los tendones iban a estallar o a salirse el hombre del caballo, una mano se abría y soltaba la presa, luego una segunda y después de un nuevo esfuerzo el tercer brazo caía también y el pato quedaba en poder del vencedor. Un ¡viva! estruendoso lo saludaba, pero esto no era sino el principio de la victoria. Arrebatado el trofeo, cerraba las espuelas al caballo y llevándose todo por delante, se lanzaba a la carrera hacia el rancho más próximo, si no se dirigía hacia otra pulpería lejana. Detrás del vencedor volaban todos los demás gauchos allí reunidos para arrebatarle de la mano el pato. Si algún jinete alcanzaba a tomar el saco de una de sus manijas, que debían ir flotantes, tenía que luchar a la carrera y defenderlo contra éste y contra todos los que le seguían dando alaridos salvajes… Si el vencedor llegaba a la casa elegida por meta, sin perder el pato, lo arrojaba al patio y ya se declaraba victoriosa…La familia del rancho o la pulpería donde se arrojaba el saco, tenía el deber de quitar el ave muerta y poner otra en su lugar. Cerrando nuevamente el saco, recomenzaba el juego por los nuevos jugadores que procedían como los anteriores, siguiendo la corrida hasta que la noche envolvía en sus sombras la gigantesca y estrepitosa cabalgata… Desgraciados, empero, los caminantes, los rebaños de ovejas y todo lo que se presentaba delante de la feroz batida; todo rodaba a los pies de los caballos y los jinetes mismos quedaban muchas veces tendidos en medio de la rastrillada por donde había cruzado el pato con la violencia del huracán (Mariano Pelliza, escritor)



¡El pato! juego fuerte del hombre de la pampa que marca las costumbres de un pueblo varonil! Para avispar los nervios para tender los músculos como el convulso joven en el dolor febril. Bartolomé Mitre.



En 1938 el gobernador de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Dr. Manuel Fresco, levanta su prohibición y en 1941 se forma la primera Federación Argentina de Pato. En 1953 es declarado por Ley como el deporte Nacional, jugado por cuatro jinetes por bando, con reglas claras y precisas. En la foto: “Preparativos en el Campo” (1939)



Lo que antes era un pato verdadero, es ahora una pelota de cuero blanco, con cámara de goma, y con seis asas de cuero, con un diámetro de 40 centímetros de asa a asa, con un peso total de 1.250 gramos (futbol 440 g). Los jugadores son cuatro por bando, los períodos de juego son de 8 minutos (Polo 7) y la duración máxima es de 6 períodos ( Polo 8), con un intervalo entre cada uno, de 5 minutos. El pato debe ser recogido y lanzado con la mano derecha (Zurdos abstenerse), en el polo es igual y tiene que ver con la seguridad.



XX Century Games

Rurban status (rural urban) Arrabal state.



El primer partido de fútbol se jugó el 20 de junio de 1867, en el Buenos Aires Cricket Club, ubicado en los Bosques de Palermo



Alexander Watson Hutton (who is considered the "father" of Argentine football



British Games Range

British were proud of having brought to the country not just capitals, new technology, new catle and sheep breeds, but also the taste and passion for sports that allowed youth moral development.

It has been argued that modern european national male stereotypes (and non europeans as the Argentine case) depend upon, not just the moral imperative definition, but also of the imperative of beauty and physical condition.



Polo became The ranch owners sport, car racing became a farmers passion, boxing a popular and marginal asset, and soccer a multi class event , altogether a broad combination of images build the

national imaginery.

Polo does not exclude soccer and viceversa



Argentinian boxer Luis Ángel Firpo throwing Jack Dempsey out the ring. September 14, 1923 Dr. Marcelo Weissel. Proyecto


XX Century Games

Two models compete:

• Gymnastics, of german and nordic influence, and the one of sports where colective aspects ad to the individual competition y team sports.

• In Argentina, the first one will have schools and military barracs as sites of expression. While the second is associated to the creation of regulated public spaces (parks and plazas) or non regulated spaces (empty lots - baldíos, potreros – paddock / pasture) and the appearance of clubs or municipal sport facilities.



http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/m2/10-2516-2013-06-02.html

http://www.evitaperon.org/education_eva_peron-es.htm



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTgYpNIqaDY&index=3&list=PLNh1OI5N5YiPYIYCgochN8X96Pl6BcYHe

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2ZNeSSavus



http://www.deportes.gob.ar/



During peronism there was an important investment in sport infrastructure by building, el Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez, el Velódromo Municipal, el Circuito KDT y el Centro Recreativo Ezeiza, and by sponsoring international events such as Fórmula 1 racing, the World Basketbol Championship of 1950, the first Panamerican Games of 1951, the visit of great northamerican boxers and the cicle tour of República Argentina.



• After 1955 the relation of sport and nation is given outside the state organization.



For Archetti, argentine fútbol simbolism rest upon two pillars: la gambeta (dribbling as an expression of individual genius) and passing as a measure of talent, colective coordination and strategic sense.

There is a music metonimia: the one of a team as an orchestra. There is another of futbol as a machine. Passing becames of great effectivity, and the idea of beuty can be sinchronized, not just spontaneous, regarding that a machine can play in an almost perfect memory based game.



• Cesar Luis Menotti consagrates a philosophy not sustained by sacrifice regarding day futbol as just a job, will stop being a game. And the game is another thing, thinking that you cannot price the game is showing a pretty ugly value scale”.



Daniel Santoro Dr. Marcelo Weissel. Proyecto


XXI Century Games Connected Arrabal state.



Two futbol connected cultural geography stories 1 Maradona´s potrero today. 2 Futbol T - shirt identity.

Materiality and urban sites



Maradona´s potrero today

1



RIACHUELO DEATH

1. La primera es la de los saladeros desde el siglo XVIII hasta mediados de siglo XIX,

2. La segunda durante la división internacional del trabajo hasta la década de 1930,

3. La tercera con la industria pesada y sustitución de importaciones (1930-1976),

4. Llegando a la muerte a causa de la desindustrialización y la globalización. Villas autopistas y shoppings…

Masificación del mensaje. Clarín junio 2008.



PATRIMONIO

“Memory is basic for individual personality, just like

tradition is basic for the collective personality of people. We live in and for remembrance, and our

spiritual life is within the esfuerzo we make to pepetrate our memories and become hope, for our

past becomes future.” (Miguel de Unamuno).



Futbol T - shirt identity.

2



Fotos: gentileza Patricia Frassi



Club Atlético Victoriano Arenas



Club Atlético El Porvenir



Club Atlético Peñarol



http://www.colegiomariareina.edu.ar/web/component/k2/item/23-historia.html



COI - Comité Olímpico Internacional Official website of the Olympic Movement www.olympic.org

ENARD - Ente Nacional de Alto Rendimiento Deportivo Juan A. Buschiazzo 3060 - C1425FPB Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires República Argentina Teléfonos: +54 11 4774-6518 / 8967 / 4779-1500 www.enard.org.ar

Secretaría de Deportes de la Nación Miguel B. Sánchez 1050 (Alt. Av. del Libertador 7500) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires República Argentina Teléfonos: +54 11 4704-1600 Fax: +54 11 4704-1651 www.deportes.gov.ar

IPC - Comité Paralímpico Internacional Official website of the Paralympic Movement www.paralympic.org

COPAR - Comité Paralímpico Argentino Ransay 2250 - C1428ZAA. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires República Argentina Teléfonos: +54 911 154073-9142 www.coparg.org.ar

APAOA - Asociación de Participantes de la Academia Olímpica Argentina www.apaoa.com.ar

125° Sesión del Comité Olímpico Internacional 3 al 10 de Septiembre de 2013 www.buenosaires2013.com

III Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud de Verano - Nanjing 2014 16 al 28 de Agosto de 2014 www.nanjing2014.org

XVII Juegos Panamericanos - Toronto 2015 10 al 26 de Julio de 2015 www.toronto2015.org

XXXI Juegos Olímpicos - Río de Janeiro 2016 5 al 21 de Agosto de 2016 www.rio2016.org

III Juegos Olímpicos de la Juventud - Buenos Aires 2018 11 al 21 de Septiembre de 2018 www.jojba2018.org Dr. Marcelo Weissel. Proyecto


http://www.olympic.org/





http://www.enard.org.ar/







http://www.deportes.gov.ar/







http://www.paralympic.org/





http://www.coparg.org.ar/







http://www.apaoa.com.ar/







http://www.buenosaires2013.com/






http://www.nanjing2014.org/






http://www.toronto2015.org/






http://www.rio2016.org/






http://www.jojba2018.org/






Anthropology of Sports Proyecto Antropodinamia de la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo UNLa-UTDT ASU

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Transcript of Anthropology of Sports Proyecto Antropodinamia de la Cuenca Matanza Riachuelo UNLa-UTDT ASU