Annual report - UiO

A N N U A L R E P O R T2 0 2 0Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene

Projects Research Outreach Publications People

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MISSION.................................................................4MANAGEMENT....................................................5CLIMATE, CORONA, AND TIPPINGPOINTS...................................................................6A WORD FROM SCIENTIFIC ADVISORTIM LENTON.........................................................8

1000, 80, AND 5 LAKES................................ 14PROBING TRENDS OF ENVIRONMENTALCHANGES WITH MODIS SATELLITEREMOTE SENSING .......................................... 15THE GREEN SHIFT: DAMNED IF YOU DO,DAMNED IF YOU DON’T? ............................. 16

FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY IN ACHANGING ARCTIC: FROMGLACIERS TO THE FAR NORTH ....10LINKING MICROBIAL COMMUNITIESTO LAKE METABOLISM.....................12

THAWING PERMAFROST PEATLANDS.. 20WINTERPROOF ............................................... 22THE DOUBLE PUNCH: OZONE ANDCLIMATE STRESSES ON VEGETATION.... 24HIGHER CO2 AND LOWER PLANTQUALITY ............................................................. 26SWEFIRE ............................................................ 28LAND SURFACE MODEL DEVELOPMENTAT CBA................................................................ 30HOW TERRESTRIAL CLIMATE CHANGEAFFECTS MARINE ECOLOGY...................... 32FENNOSCANDIAN SNOW COVER

PHENOLOGY FROM SPACE AND CLIMATEMODELS.............................................................. 34TIPPING POINTS.............................................. 36LAND-ATMOSPHERE EXCHANGE............ 39ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN TROPICALCLIMATES........................................................... 40LAKES, MICROBES & DOC ........................... 41AMINE EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCKPRODUCTION................................................... 42CONTRASTS IN TERRESTRIAL TOMARINE TRANSFER OF ORGANICMATTER AND NUTRIENTS BETWEENTWO FJORD SYSTEMS.................................. 44BROWNING WATER &BIODEGRADABILITY ..................................... 46

EDUCATION....................................................... 56OUTREACH........................................................ 58AWARDS............................................................ 60SEMINARS @ CBA .......................................... 60CBA PUBLICATIONS ...................................... 61PEOPLE AT CBA .............................................. 65

CAUSES OF PLANT MORTALITY FROMEXTREME WINTER EVENTS........................ 48SOIL CARBON MODELING .......................... 50VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROMLAKE WATER DURING EXPOSURE TO UVRADIATION AND OZONE ............................. 51CLIPT LAB 2020 .............................................. 52

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2 0 2 0 C B A A N N U A L R E P O R TProjects Research Outreach Publications People

Editors-in-chief:

Lene Liebe Delsett & Jan Heuschele

Cover page: Skaupsjøen / Hardangerjøkulen glacier

Image credit: Nicolas Valiente Parra

INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH

ABOUT CBA

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The leader groupDag O. Hessen, professor in biosciences is the centre leaderRolf David Vogt, professor in chemistryFrode Stordal, professor in geosciences – until June 2020Terje Koren Berntsen, professor in geosciences – from June2020

The boardBrit Lisa Skjelkvåle, head of Department of geosciences andCBA board leaderRein Aasland, head of Department of BiosciencesEinar Uggerud, head of Department of ChemistrySolveig Kristensen, vice dean for research, Faculty ofMathematics and Natural sciencesand the leader group

The scientific advisory groupTim Lenton, University of Exacter, Global Systems InstituteMarten Scheffer, Wageningen University of ResearchVigdis Vandvik, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research,University of Bergen

Centre coordinatorJan Heuschele was the centre coordinator from the start ofCBA until May 2020, when he moved on to a researcherposition at UiO. Lene Liebe Delsett took over as the newcentre coordinator.

MANAGEMENT

STRUCTURE

CBA is a jointoperation betweenthe Department of

Biosciences,Geosciences and

Chemistry.This important

interdisciplinaryelement of our centreis reflected in both

the leader group andthe board.

We study interactions and feedbacksbetween climate, carbon cycling andecosystems in northern latitudesWe assess and predict changes inglobal carbon cycling, which is acrucial requirement to developstrategies to counter anthropogenicclimate change.

We educate the next generation ofclimate scientists in the fields ofbiology, chemistry and geology.We engage the public to implementstrategies that help society andecosystems reverse or adapt toclimate and environmental changes

We want to achieve excellence through• Scientific rigorousness and openness• Ethical practices in all areas of our endeavor• Scientific accountability• Respect, professionalism and dedication• Sense of responsibility to transfer knowledge

to the public• Sharing of best practices and working as a

team

VALUES

Our shared vision is• to develop and deploy cutting-

edge science to understandbiogeochemical cycles in achanging anthropogenic world.

• to develop strategies to helpsociety and ecosystems reverseor adapt to climate andenvironmental changes.

VISION

MISSION

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C L I M A T E ,C O R O N A , A N DT I P P I N G P O I N T S

The Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene(CBA) entered 2020 in good pace – and then we were hitby Corona – as everybody else. As for the rest of thesociety, the consequences varied from modest to major.For the Master’s students, PhDs and Postdocs who werejust at the starting point of their projects, or just hadarrived Norway when universities closed down at March12, the effects have been severe. While some remedieshave been taken, contacts and lectures have beendigitalized and extensions given wherever possible, thishas clearly not compensation for all drawbacks. BecauseCBA is distributed over three different departments anddifferent research groups, the seminars and meetingplaces serves as an important glue – and these activitieshave suffered. Still, there has been an impressive amountof work done during 2020, as this annual report and listof arrangements and scientific outputs will witness.

The CBA activities cover a range of scales in space andtime, from molecular and genomic processes in microbialcommunities to large scale regional or even global modelsrelated to climate forcing and climate responses innorthern regions (covering atmosphere, tundra, borealforests, wetlands, lakes and coastal areas). The ideabehind CBA is thus to merge scales, projects, people andideas since the complex problems involved in climate,elemental cycling and feedbacks no doubt requires abroad multidisciplinary effort. CBA should thus provide anadded value and both deeper and broader insights.

Many people have been involved in field activities, and ahighlight in this context was the integrated sampling atFinnmark in fall, including the permafrost sites at Iškoras,where many people participated, thus fulfilling some of thekey goals of CBA. A more thorough presentation of this isprovided in the report. There has also been an impressivelist or scientific papers provided by CBA-relatedresearchers in 2020, several in top-ranked journals. The fulllist is to be found later in this report.

An important delivery from CBA is education, and the jointcourse in biogeochemistry that was first held in 2019 wasvery well attended and received also in 2020. Last but notthe least, CBA should be actively engaged indissemination, public debates and even political debates,popular science writing, public lectures and thus beinvolved in setting the agenda on relevant issues related toclimate, CO₂ sequestration and greenhouse gas release innatural systems, northern ecosystem processes and therisk of feedbacks or even tipping points from thesesystems. A large number of talks, popular outreach andbooks can also be found in this report, witnessing that CBAalready takes this task seriously.

Biogeochemistry is a complex and, to many, unknown field.It is truly interdisciplinary, covering physical, chemical,geological and biological process across systems andscales. A proper understanding these processes isimperative for understanding climate drivers andresponses, the resilience and robustness of natural

Dag O. HessenProfessor in Biosciences & Leader of CBA


systems and thus the risks we are facing in theAnthropocene. Central to this is the risk of feedbacks,abrupt changes or even tipping points. The annual andvery well attended CBA lecture in late fall 2019 by TimLenton, member of the CBA scientific board, addressedexactly these points under the topic “Climate tippingpoints”. This year another scientific board member,Marten Scheffer, presented the annual lecture digitally onthe really big picture of tipping points entitled: “Ancientcivilizations transformed when they reached a tippingpoint. Are we on the same track?”.This against brings us back to Corona. It has becomeharder to tell what the future will bring also in this context.The feeling of tipping-point times have become even

more pressing (read also article on page 36). We have justpassed the five-year anniversary for the Paris agreement,and while there indeed are positive signs and winds ofchange in society at large, including the finance andbusiness sector, we are currently heading towards a 3 °Ctemperature increased by 2100. As very many haspointed out, we are now in a state where we need to useresearch and scholarly insights to push change in theright direction, and CBA should help motivation thistransition. It is thus a great inspiration, and gives a senseof meaning, to be part of this. We look all forward to 2021and the years to come.

The carbon cycle in a Norwegian context (Painting by Adolph Tidemand & Hans Gude modified by Jan Heuschele

A W O R D F R O MS C I E N T I F I CA D V I S O RT I M L E N T O N

Lake in the Iškoras region, Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra

C B A A N N U A L R E P O R T

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It is great to see the progress of the Centre for Biogeochemistry in theAnthropocene over the extraordinary last year of the globalpandemic. Whilst our human movements were restricted the greatmovements of the carbon cycle carried on unawares, and the rise ofglobal temperatures continued to perturb them. Amidst all of this, theCentre has achieved an impressive and diverse range of outputs –from critical insights into how changing cloud feedbacks couldradically increase global warming, to new connections from dissolvedorganic matter flows off the land to cod spawning times in the ocean.The discovery of these new connections and feedbacks give us all abetter understanding of the Earth system. That in turn is crucial for usto be able to successfully navigate the turbulent waters of theAnthropocene. The pandemic has been an unexpected test of oursocieties and institutions – and one that the CBA has passed withflying colours. But it is unlikely to be the last unpleasant surprise weface together. The CBA’s commitment to studying our life-supportsystem and teaching others about it is only going to get moreimportant in the years ahead.

Director Global Systems InstituteUniversity of Exeter

F R E S H W A T E RB I O D I V E R S I T Y I N AC H A N G I N G A R C T I C : F R O MG L A C I E R S T O T H E F A RN O R T H

masl), is well known by many researchers of the CBA(e.g. LATICE project). Sampling of ponds and lakes wasconducted from along a transect fromHardangerjøkulen glacier front to the vicinity of Geilo(Viken), to incorporate into the study the influence ofthe glacier retreat. The preliminary data show howmicrobial diversity changes with increasing distance tothe glaciers and changes of nutrient status, reflectingthe outcomes of ecological succession.

Afterwards, our CBA researchers travelled to Alta(Finnmark) to conduct an intense 9-day fieldworkcampaign. More than 20 sites were chosen to bemonitored along almost 500 km from southernKautokeino (69º N), in the northern tip of Finland, toVardø (70º N), at the eastern end of the Varangerpeninsula. During this trip, there was not only time tomonitor biodiversity in lakes and rivers, but also to visitthe area of Iškoras (Karasjok), being possibly the most

iconic coordinated trip of CBA researchers during 2020.This area is affected by thermokarst processes, leadingto form ponds of high microbial activity. In collaborationwith CBA researchers, as well as NMBU researchers,permafrost samples were collected for furtherincubations. Permafrost thaw is one of the mostconcerning “tipping points” in the Arctic, and thereforeit is important to improve our understanding ofcommunity composition and ecosystem change from amicrobial perspective.

These fieldwork campaigns not only have provided abreath of fresh air in a difficult year, but also haveundoubtedly served as a valuable experience for nextsummer by increasing our knowledge of the changingArctic and strengthening interdisciplinary work withinthe CBA.

From 2019, researchers from the USA,Canada, Sweden, Denmark andNorway are developing a cooperativeeffort to fill gaps in Arctic freshwaterbiodiversity knowledge. This project(ARCTIC-BIODIVER: Scenarios offreshwater biodiversity and ecosystemservices in a changing Arctic)encompasses the study of a hugenumber of high Arctic ponds and lakes.ARCTIC-BIODIVER is granted fromboth Belmont Forum and The ResearchCouncil of Norway and is led by Dag O.Hessen on the Norwegian side.

In August 2019, our CBA researchersmade their first contact in ponds fromSvalbard and Finse. In 2020, whenCovid-19 allowed it, it was the time togo deeper into the Hardangerjøkulenglacier (Finse) and travel to thenorthern tip of Scandinavia (Finnmark).Both campaigns included the collectionof samples to analyze pH, nutrients,dissolved organic carbon, chlorophyll,zooplankton, phytoplankton, eDNA,stable isotopes and dissolved gases(inc. greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ andN₂O).The Finse area, supported by the FinseAlpine Research Center (60º N; 1222

Lake close to Hardangerjøkulen (Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra)

Roavatjohka river close to Kautokeina (Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra)

Iškoras close to Karasjok (Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra)

Nicolas Valiente ParraDepartment of Biosciences

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While boreal lakes are numbered in themillions and important contributors togreenhouse gas emissions to theatmosphere, the microbial systemscatalyzing chemical transformationprocesses are widely unknown. In thecurrent project we perform detailed’meta’omics analysis along redoxgradients and combine the molecular

data with chemical measurementsacross numerous lakes representative ofthe boreal landscape. The genomic datahas already revealed the presence ofiron- and sulfur-oxidizing phototrophsand chemolithotrophs as well asmethanotrophs in the anoxic portion ofthe studied boreal lakes.Chemolithotrophic and anoxygenicphotosynthetic genomes predict thepotential for active sulfur and ironcycling likely driving greenhouse gas

L I N K I N GM I C R O B I A LC O M M U N I T I E ST O L A K EM E T A B O L I S MAlexander EilerDepartment of Biosciences

Sesvolltjernet, Eidsvoll .Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra.

emissions. As a next step we will performexperiments and model the contributionof anoxygenic photosynthesis, methaneand nitrogen cycling to ecosystemmetabolism in the diverse lakes and theirrole in future greenhouse gas emissions.We are now waiting for spring to finalizeour annual sampling of six lakes. Wintersampling has been a success withmultiple high-resolution depth profilesalready under analysis.

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Sampling at Sesvolltjern during summer andwinter. This lake is characterized byextremely high iron concentrations (2.9 mgl-1) and an average of TOC (5.8 mg l-1), thusa good spot to hunt for photoferrotrophs.Photoferrotrophs thrived in the ArcheanOcean and are hypothesized to have been theEarth’s early primary producers driving lifebillions of years ago. As remains of ancientphotosynthesis they may give insights intoearly evolution of photosynthesis and theappearance of oxygenic photosynthesis.Photoferrotrophs may still play animportant role in iron-rich boreal lakesdriving iron-oxidation and thus oxidized-iron dependent processes such as anaerobicrespiration and methane oxidation.

In the vast, northern, boreal forests the processes onland are also major determinants of the properties oflakes, rivers and coastal ecosystems. Carbon as CO₂ istaken up by vegetation, and forests stores C in biomassand soils. A fraction of this C enters surface waters asdissolved organic carbon (DOC), providing a distinctbrown staining. DOC reduced transparency and thusprimary production, and also provide substrate forproduction of CO₂ and CH₄. Thus, lakes and rivers areimportant for processing and cycling carbon, andimportant conduits of greenhouse gases.

Lakes and rivers may serve as sentinels of terrestrialprocess, not only in terms of C, but other key elementsline nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, silicate, iron, sulfurand others. They also provide information aboutanthropogenic impacts such as acidification, elevatednitrogen deposition, application of fertilizers and landuse. In 1986, a large number of lakes was sampled andanalyzed for a wide range of water quality parameters,and in 1995 this was extended in a nation-wide “1000lake survey” in concert with other Nordic countrieswhere additional thousands of lakes were sampled. In

fall 2019 these 1000 lakes were again sampled byNorwegian Institute for Water Research in a synopticsurvey by helicopters, offering a unique opportunity tocheck for changes in water quality.

As a subset of these, we aimed to sample 80 lakes foradditional parameters, not the least eDNA andgreenhouse gases (see text from Nicolas Valiente Parrain this report), and as a subset of these again weselected a subset of 5 lakes that we follow on aseasonal basis, also covering additional data to get adeeper understanding of temporal and spatial relationsbetween microbial communities, water qualityparameters, bacterial greenhouse gas production andalso other metabolic properties of the microbialcommunities during the year (see text by AlexanderEiler).

Altogether, these data offer new insights into changedwater quality of northern freshwaters, how this s linkedto climate and terrestrial processes, and how this mayfeed back to the atmosphere and climate systems.

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1 0 0 0 , 8 0 , A N D5 L A K E S . . .Dag O. HessenDepartment of Biosciences

P R O B I N G T R E N D S O FE N V I R O N M E N T A L C H A N G E SW I T H M O D I S S A T E L L I T ER E M O T E S E N S I N G

You-Ren WangDepartment of Biosciences

MODIS remote sensing productsprovide valuable data for assessingtrends of environmental changesfrom year 2000 onwards with globalcoverage and fine spatial resolution.Among all the products, I am inparticular interested in LST (LandSurface Temperature) and NDVI(Normalized Difference VegetationIndex) data, as they have thepotential to reveal physical andbiological trends of evolution in thepast two decades worldwide. Thestudy is still ongoing, and above andto the right you see some of the LSTdata maps for the Fennoscandiaand the Arctic.

Lake close to Hardangerjøkulen. Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra

T H E G R E E N S H I F T :D A M N E D I F Y O UD O , D A M N E D I FY O U D O N ’ T ?Heleen de WitNIVA

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The green shift has the lofty aim to transform societiestowards a more circular bio-based economy, from useof fossil fuels towards renewable resources. The EUand the Nordic countries view this as absolutely key toachieving a more climate-friendly and sustainablesociety. This implies – among others - an increaseddemand for biomass production, which is, in a Nordiccontext, by and large expected to come from forests(Marttila et al. 2020).While avoiding deforestation is perhaps the biggestland-use related challenge for tropical rainforest andfor the planet as a whole, afforestation on marginal

agricultural land for climate mitigation purposes is anofficial strategy in Norway (Haugland et al., 2013). Inmanagement strategies, forests are thus being viewedas instruments for carbon storage, but also as sourcesof organic carbon to replace fossil fuels. However, it isdifficult to manage forests both for maximizing carbonstorage and for production of fuelwood. To assessstrategies for using forests for climate mitigation, thereturn time of carbon back to the atmosphere key(Holtsmark 2013; Holtsmark 2015). Return time, orturnover time (Carvalhais et al. 2014) can be estimatedas pool size divided by flux (input or output per time

unit). Biomass used for production of biofuels willreturn to atmospheric CO₂ more quickly than timberused for building houses. However, forests are ofcourse more than instruments for carbon storage orproducers of timber. Forests are habitats for insects,birds, mammals, destinations to walk and camp, fishand hunt and retainers of excess rainwater whichprevent flooding. Thus, forests are important to Nordicsocieties in many ways beyond their capacity to storeatmospheric carbon.Afforestation will lead ultimately lead to mature or oldforest (Framstad et al. 2013), unless it is harvested,burned or is killed by insect attacks or thrown down by

Forest soils are rich in carbon in northern forests – farricher than in agricultural soils (Strand et al. 2016).Thus, it seems reasonable to assume that planting offorest will lead to increased carbon storage in soils. It issurprisingly difficult to find studies that provide simpleevidence for this assumption. This is in part becausecarbon accumulation in soils is notoriously difficult tostudy: soil carbon accumulation rates are slow, soils areheterogenous and soil sampling is destructive: there isno going back to exactly the same place to measurechange over time in the same way you can with trees.Eddy covariance towers such as those used at CBA-sites Finse and Iškoras (measuring land-atmosphereexchange of CO₂) are helpful, but don’t present theentire answer: the fluxes that are measured do notdifferentiate between vegetation and soils, and theyneed to be corrected for lateral export of carbon fromsoils to water.

In a recent study (Strand et al. 2021), we found aseldomly used opportunity to test effects ofafforestation: neighboring fields with different ownerswere very similar in soil properties but had a differentland use history. On one field, spruce forest had beenplanted in 1967 while on the other field, grazing hadbeen continuously practiced since before 1967. Soilsamples were taking according to well-establishedprinciples, 50 years after planting. We expected inincrease in soil organic matter stock, given the largeincrease in litter addition to the soil from the forest.However, no such difference was found. Ourexplanation is that a higher bulk density in the pasture,from grazing cattle, has led to higher soil moisture andless favorable conditions for degradation of organicmatter.

wind - where the stored carbon in trees can bemobilized back to the atmosphere by forest fires orpossibly remain in the forest as dead wood fromwindfalls, slowly decaying and thereby releasing CO₂.However, the natural carbon cycle is a much slowercycle than the cycle by which biomass used for biofuelsis returned to the atmosphere. Thus, to what extentforests can mitigate increases of atmospheric CO₂ultimately depends on the duration of lockedatmospheric CO₂ in ‘safe storage’. A safe way to lockdown atmospheric carbon is in soils at northernlatitudes. Carbon in soils in northern forests as aturnover time of 250 years, compared with vegetationwhich has a turnover time of less than two decades(Carvalhais et al. 2014; Knorr et al. 2005).

Soil sampling in the pasture. The planted spruce forest is viewed in the background (Photo by L.T. Strand).

Sampling the soil from the forest (Photo H. de Wit)

Sampling the soil from the pasture (Photo H. de Wit)

Marttila H et al. (2020) Potential impacts of a futureNordic bioeconomy on surface water quality. Ambio49(11): 1722-1735

Strand LT et al. (2016) Carbon and nitrogen stocks inNorwegian forest soils - the importance of soilformation, climate, and vegetation type for organicmatter accumulation. Can. J. For. Res. 46(12): 1459-1473

Strand LT et al. (2021) Afforestation of a pasture inNorway did not result in higher soil carbon, 50 yearsafter planting. Landscape and Urban Planning 207:104007

Haugland H. et al. Planting av skog på nye arealer somklimatiltak, Egnede arealer og miljøkriterier(Afforestation for climate mitigation, suitable areas andenvironmental criterias) in Norwegian Miljødirektoratet,Oslo (2013)

Another factor that matters to evaluate the effect ofafforestation on climate is the albedo effect: in regionsthat have seasonal snow cover, forests reflect less solarradiation than tundra or grassland (de Wit et al. 2014).

Returning to the green shift, where forests arepresented as important instruments to move towardsmore sustainable and climate-friendly societies, it istempting to conclude that afforestation hardly seemseffective.

However, forests in the Nordic countries haveincreased in biomass in the past fifty to a hundredyears and in Norway, have compensated for circa 30%of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions (de Wit et al. 2015).Increased forest growth is partly rebounding fromintense use of forest resources in the start of the 20thcentury while climate warming and nitrogen depositionmay have also stimulated forest growth. Still,intensification of forestry cannot be done without somecosts for the environment (e.g. (de Wit et al. 2020)).

The larger issue at hand, of course, is how to balancethe ways that we use our environment – avoidingecosystem degradation while mitigating climatechange. The longer term answer appears to be thatpeople and societies should reduce their environmentalfootprint and substitute reliance on fossil fuels withrenewable energy sources. One of the shorter termanswers that Nordic societies provide is the green shift.Damned if you do, and damned if you don’t? A moreintegrated approach to study effectiveness of climatemitigation in relation to forests could be provide somenecessary answers to these complicated questions.

ReferencesCarvalhais N et al. (2014) Global covariation of carbonturnover times with climate in terrestrial ecosystems.Nature 514(7521): 213-217

de Wit HA et al. (2015) A carbon balance of Norway:terrestrial and aquatic carbon fluxes. Biogeochemistry123(1-2): 147-173

de Wit HA et al. (2014) Climate warming feedbackfrom mountain birch forest expansion: reduced albedodominates carbon uptake. Glob. Change Biol. 20(7):2344-2355

de Wit HA et al. (2020) Land-use dominates climatecontrols on nitrogen and phosphorus export frommanaged and natural Nordic headwater catchments.Hydrological Processes 34(25): 4831-4850

Framstad E et al. (2013) Biodiversity, carbon storageand dynamics of old northern forest.

Holtsmark B (2013) The outcome is in the assumptions:analyzing the effects on atmospheric CO₂ levels ofincreased use of bioenergy from forest biomass. GlobalChange Biology Bioenergy 5(4): 467-473

Holtsmark B (2015) Quantifying the global warmingpotential of CO₂ emissions from wood fuels. GlobalChange Biology Bioenergy 7(2): 195-206

Knorr W et al. (2005) Long-term sensitivity of soilcarbon turnover to warming. Nature 433(7023): 298-301

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Source: Strand et al. 2021 (open access) Landscape and Urban Planning.

Permafrost peatlands are wide-spread features throughoutthe sub-Arctic and contain large amounts of organic carbon.In Northern Norway, permafrost peatlands are thawingstrongly, so that we can directly observe the impact ofpermafrost thaw on the carbon balance. In September2020, we conducted fieldwork at three peat plateau sites inFinnmark. We collected a number of cores from both theactive layer and the permafrost for analysis at theNorwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Thelaboratory work includes incubations under both oxic andanoxic conditions to investigate the degradability andgreenhouse gas production potential of the permafrostmaterial. It is part of the MSc theses of Sigrid Kjær Trier andNora Nedkvitne

Field work participants: Nora Nedkvitne, Sigrid Kjær Trier,Peter Dörsch (all NMBU), Sebastian Westermann (UiO)

Sebastian WestermannDepartment of Geosciences

T H A W I N GP E R M A F R O S TP E A T L A N D S

Sampling in Finnmark. Photo by Peter Dörsch.

C B A A N N U A L R E P O R T

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W I N T E R P R O O F

One of the potentially largest climate feedbacks in theEarth system is a release of carbon from the Arctic tothe atmosphere. This high northern region is the fastestwarming part of our planet, and this can alter thecarbon uptake by vegetation and increase the releaseof greenhouse gases from permafrost soils. Thesebiogeochemical processes may be particularlyinfluenced by autumn and winter weather conditions,since this part of the year experiences the strongestwarming. To illustrate: warmer air temperatures lead toa delay in the freezing of soils, which prolongs theactivity of microorganisms that respire carbon into theatmosphere. Also, extreme winter events, such as rain-on-snow, have been on the rise in recent years andthese intrusive events can lead to extensive vegetationdamage. This reduces photosynthesis and net carbonuptake in the following summer. The amplifiedwarming of the cold season affects biogeochemicalprocesses that can cause a net increase in the releaseof greenhouse gases from the Arctic to the atmosphere.

Biogeochemical process models fail to make reliableprojections of these perturbations of the carbon cycle,despite the large potential for change due to the largecarbon stocks stored in arctic soils. This limits ourability to project arctic carbon release into the future,and to assess the strength of this climate feedback. Inthe CBA, we tackle this problem under the umbrella ofthe WINTERPROOF project, a collaboration betweenthe University of Oslo and Lund University in Sweden.

This project, funded by the research councils of Norwayand Sweden, supports two PhD students: MariusLambert in Oslo and Alexandra Pongrácz in Lund.Marius focuses on wintertime damage to vegetation,and how this links to the greening and browning ofarctic ecosystems. Alexandra studies how winterconditions influence the release of greenhouse gasesfrom permafrost soils.

So far, the project has shown that an improvedrepresentation of snow is paramount to not onlycorrectly simulate soil temperatures and permafrostextent, but also to achieve realistic soilbiogeochemistry and vegetation distribution. Moreover,by using the latest plant hydraulics scheme, we havebeen able to show that deeply frozen soils can induceplant mortality through root water loss. For theremainder of the WINTERPROOF project, we aim tofurther improve the transfer of greenhouse gases fromsoils to the atmosphere, to implement survivalstrategies by plants to extreme cold, and to explore therole of winter warming on the arctic carbon cycle undercurrent and future climate change scenarios.

Frans-Jan ParmentierDepartment of Geosciences (UiO) / Department of Physical

Geography and Ecosystem Science (Lund University)


Browning pine tree needles.Photo by Frans Jan Parmentier

Vegetation is being hit by a doublepunch; air pollution and climate change.Ground level ozone is a problemreducing yield and growth of plants innatural vegetation all over the world. Inour project, the effects of Arcticconditions with midnight sun areexamined, as there are indications thatlack of nighttime darkness can enhancethe ozone sensitivity of the plants. Weuse experimental equipment forexposing plants to ozone under

controlled environment conditions, making us able todescribe and quantify the effects of ozone on the plantspecies of interest. We have found that ozone affects thefungal community around the roots, including mycorrhiza,which is important for mineral nutrient uptake in the roots.One important goal for our work is to model plant responsesto ozone exposure at high latitudes more precisely. In thefield, we have done measurements of photosynthesis andtranspiration rates for parameterization of vegetation formodel work. We have chosen to place emphasis on studyingdiurnal variations in plant activity in the field during themidnight sun period. Through climate modelling, we have

T H E D O U B L EP U N C H : O Z O N EA N D C L I M A T ES T R E S S E S O NV E G E T A T I O NAne VollsnesDepartment of Biosciences

Photo by Irene Davila on Unsplash

found that the levels of tropospheric ozone in NorthernScandinavia during the summer of 2018 were 5-8 % higherthan expected from the climatology. Currently, we areinvestigating how large the combined effects of climate andozone may have been on the vegetation in 2018 and 2019.

People working in the project:Ane V. Vollsnes (BIO), Stefanie Falk (GEO), Aud B. Eriksen(BIO), Frode Stordal (GEO), Terje K. Berntsen (GEO) andHåvard Kauserud (BIO)Master student: Åshild F. Kapperud (NHM/BIO).


Ozone damagedTrifolium repensleaf

Normal Trifoliumrepens leaf

H I G H E R C O ₂A N D L O W E RP L A N TQ U A L I T YChristina Seljebotn, Anne Hope Jahren,William Hagopian, Ane Vollsnes and DagO. HessenDepartment of Biosciences & Department of Geosciences

thaliana under ambient (~400 ppm) and elevated (~700ppm) CO₂. The chambers made it possible to monitor andadjust CO₂ levels precisely while also tracking the light,temperature and relative humidity. Two separateexperiments were run; experiment 1 with saturated (~170µE) light and experiment 2 with increased (~350 µE) lightto test the effects of elevated CO₂ and light on plants. Weweighed the plants and analysed the tissues forchlorophyll, C, N and P levels to test if there was acorrelation between CO₂, light and element composition.With elevated CO₂, the average dry shoot biomass wasreduced in both experiments. The clearest changes werebetween experiments, biomass and C increased, and N, Pand chlorophyll decreased with elevated light. Whenadding elevated CO₂, the trends were even more profound.This resulted in a large increase in the C:P and C:N ratios.The results largely suggest that elevated CO₂ togetherwith the corresponding changes in climate have a cleareffect on the element composition of plants. The effect ofelevated CO₂ and light on plant quality (nutrient andprotein content) could have negative impacts on small andlarge herbivores - and humans.

ReferencesCotrufo MF, Ineson P, Scott A (1998) Global ChangeBiology, 4(1), 43-54.Finstad, A.G. Andersen, T., Larsen, S, et al. (2016) ScientificReports. DOI: 10.1038/srep31944.Friedlingstein et al., (2019) Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1783–1838.Hessen DO, Anderson TR (2008) Limnology andOceanography, 53(4), 1685-1696.Hessen DO, Elser JJ, Sterner RW, Urabe J (2013) Limnologyand Oceanography, 58(6), 2219-2236.Loladze I (2002) Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17(10),457-461.Loladze I (2014) eLife, 3, e02245.Taub DR, Miller B, Allen H (2007) Global Change Biology,14(3), 565-575.Wang, S. et al. (2020) Science 370, 1295–1300.Zhu C, Kobayashi K, Loladze I, et al. (2018) Science, 4(5),eaaq1012.Ziska LH, Pettis JS, Edwards J, et al. (2016) Proceedings ofthe Royal Society B, 283(1828), 20160414.

Elevated CO₂ not only act as a greenhouse gas and anagent of ocean acidification, it is also an essential plantnutrient constituting nearly 50 % of plant dry-weight.Plants are typically subsaturated on CO₂ and thepotential CO₂-fertilization effect (CFE) has thus gainedconsiderable interest and also led to the misconceptionthat more CO₂ is beneficial to ecosystems and society.An enhanced plant productivity also serves as animportant negative feedback on atmospheric CO₂ andclimate warming (Friedlingstein et al. 2019), but thereare now clear signs of a slowing down of this CFE(Wang et al. 2020). This may partly be related toincreased temperature and hydrological stress, but alsothe fact that over time vegetation needs a balancedsupply of various elements. With continued CO₂-enrichment there will be shortage of other elementscausing skewed elemental ratios. This again maycause a stoichiometric mismatch across the plant-herbivore boundary. In brief, this means that whileherbivores may have access to plenty of plant mass,the growth efficiency or even the growth rate maydecline because of relative shortage of P (to buildnucleic acids, notably ribosomes) or N (to buildproteins). In other words, there is a situation with C inexcess to herbivores, in which less C is diverted intosomatic growth or reproduction, and more C is excretedor respired (Hessen and Anderson 2008; Hessen et al.2013). Increased release of CO₂ and organic C by rootswill also promote weathering as well as increased fluxof dissolved organic C to soils and water, therebycausing a widespread “browning” of surface waters inboreal areas (Finstad et al. 2016). Thus the CO₂-

mediated responses in vegetation have widespreadecosystem consequences for cycling of C and otherelements, and links atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphereand hydrosphere together.

Since plant matter typically has somewhat lowerconcentration of N and P than animal tissue, the trophicefficiency is often low for herbivores, but will likely befurther reduced if elevated CO₂ promotes even moreprotein-poor plant matter (Cotrufo et al. 1998; Taub etal. 2007). Elevated CO₂ also skews C:P ratios, whichmay be detrimental to herbivores that frequently facedietary N- or P-limitation. Increased CO₂ may thus haveprofound impacts on the flow of energy andproductivity across ecosystems. In addition, protein-rich structures like pollen may be particularlysusceptible to C:N imbalance, and thus affectpollinators and pollen feeders by reduced proteincontent in their diet (Ziska et al. 2016). Indeed,comparisons with herbarium specimens as well asexperimental studies demonstrated a strongcorrelation between ambient CO₂ and C:N of plantfloral tissue, with almost a 40 % decrease in N relativeto C and protein content from 280 to 400 ppm CO₂based on herbarium samples, a trend that wasconfirmed and extended to 500 ppm in experimentalstudies (Ziska et al. 2016).

These trends have raised concerns that elevated CO₂may also negatively impact human nutrition. ElevatedCO₂ effects on plant quantity (productivity and totalbiomass) have been extensively studied and showhigher agricultural yields for crops, including wheat,rice, barley, and potato, given sufficient nutrientsupplies. However, CO₂ effects on plant quality, notablyprotein content, is also a concern for human nutrition(Zhu et al. 2018), as for domestic and wild herbivores.In C3 plants (e.g. rice, wheat), elevated concentrationsof CO₂ reduce N and thus protein concentrations, andcan increase the total nonstructural carbohydrates,mainly starch and sugars. In addition, lowered levels ofessential vitamins and micronutrients have beendemonstrated (Loladze 2002, 2014).

We tested this in a recent masters project, where plantgrowth chambers were set up to grow Arabidopsis

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The C:N ratio of leaves, stems and flowers of Arabidopsis plants cultivated under ambient (aCO2, 400 ppm) orelevated CO2 (eCO2, 700 ppm) and low or elevated light intensities (170 or 360 µmol m-² s-¹, respectively).

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S W E F I R EA waste storage site at Botkyrka, Sweden had caughtfire and thousands of tons of unsorted constructionwaste had been burning for weeks. There was aconcern that the smoke could contain highly toxicorganic compound, thus the Swedish authoritiesrequested UiO’s Atmospheric Chemistry Group toanalyze the chemical content of the smoke.

Over 100 000 tons of unsorted waste had been burning since 23of December, 2020.

In addition to real-time analysis with the mobile laboratory,we also collected samples of the smoke for further analysis atUiO.

Alexander Håland (CBA PhD-student, left) and Felix Piel (Postdoc,right) posing with the group`s new mobile PTR-ToF-MSlaboratory.

For safety reasons, the Swedish authorities had prohibited accessto the area in the immediate vicinity of the fire.

Earth System Models (ESMs) are our primary tool forprojecting future climate change. They integrate theatmosphere, ocean, land surface and ice, and traceheat, water, carbon and nitrogen as it moves throughthe different spheres. A major component of ESMs isthe Land Surface Model (LSM), which has developedfrom simply providing energy fluxes to the atmospherein the 60’s and 70’s, to today’s complex models withadvanced vegetation, soil, river and urbanrepresentation (Fig. 1). This massive development ofLSMs reflect the important and complex role that theland surface plays in the Earth’s climate system.However, many of the unique features of the Arcticregion is still poorly represented and needs furtherdevelopment.

In CBA, we work to develop the land component of theNorwegian ESM (NorESM), which is the CommunityLand Model (CLM). This model, which has often been atthe forefront of LSM development, is primarilydeveloped at the National Center for AtmosphericResearch (NCAR) in the US, but with a broadcommunity working on developing different aspects ofthe code. Here members of CBA work together withcollaborators at NCAR to assess and improve theprocesses that are particularly important in Arctic andalpine regions.

On the vegetation side, the CBA (through the NFRfunded EMERALD project) is working on addingspecific representation of moss and lichen, which havecurrently just been treated as “Arctic grass” in CLM. Asthe carbon is transferred from the above ground to the

soil, CBA members are developing a new soil carbondecomposition model that explicitly represent theinteraction between plants and mycorrhizal fungi,replacing a much simpler turnover-time-based soilcarbon model. Finally, through the GreenBlue project,the CBA is working to add representation of dissolvedorganic matter (DOC) to trace leaching of soil carbonthrough the river system to the ocean, which is anentirely new feature in CLM.

Other CLM related efforts at the CBA includes testingand improving the snow and permafrost componentsof the model. The highly heterogeneous nature of thecryosphere is currently poorly represented in LSMs, andCBA (through LATICE and EMERALD) is testing themodel at field sites and on a regional scale, utilizingfield observations and high-resolution remote sensing

products. This will eventually lead to betterrepresentation of snow and permafrost, which are bothinvolved in important feedback loops in the climatesystem.

Finally, through collaboration with the National HistoryMuseum in Oslo and University of Bergen (Prof VigdisVandvik and her group) and Norwegian Institute ofNature in Tromsø (Dr. Jarle Bjerke and his group) wehave set up a user-friendly one-dimensional version ofthe model to allow easy comparison with field datafrom Norwegian sites. This novel modeling platformbrings together climate modelers and field ecologists ina new way, making it possible to draw upon theexperience in the different groups of the CBA centerand external collaborators in a completely new way.

Kjetil Aas, Terje Berntsen and Hui TangDepartment of Geosciences

L A N D S U R F A C EM O D E L D E V E L O P M E N TA T C B A

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Figure by Rosie A. Fisher & Charles D. Koven in Perspectives on the Future of Land Surface Models and the Challengesof Representing Complex Terrestrial Systems (doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001453)

With climate warming, a widespread expectationis that events in spring, like flowering, birdmigrations, and insect bursts, will occur earlierbecause of higher temperature. However, inNorwegian coastal waters, a gradual delay inNorth-Atlantic cod spawning time by 40 daysoccurred between 1870 and 1980, after whichthe trend reversed. Cod spawning is expected tobe linked food availability to the cod larvae,which again is linked to the phenology of the

H O W T E R R E S T R I A LC L I M A T E C H A N G EA F F E C T S M A R I N EE C O L O G YTom AndersenDepartment of Biosciences

Photo by Ricardo Resende on Unsplash

seasonal plankton cycle. The spring bloom ofphytoplankton triggers this annual cycle.Sverdrup’s critical depth is a classical explanationfor the onset of the spring bloom: positive netphytoplankton growth is only possible when thecritical depth exceeds the mixing depth of thesurface layer. The critical depth is dependent onmany factors, some related to celestial mechanicssuch as day length and solar elevation angle, andsome to the optical properties of the water column.The light attenuation caused by colored dissolvedorganic matter (CDOM) is the main contribution tothe latter. CDOM in coastal waters is typicallyexported from land. For the Norwegian coastalcurrent, CDOM is contributed both from the BalticSea and by runoff from the Norwegian mainland.Several CBA researchers participate in a projectled by Anders F. Opdal from the University ofBergen to investigate possible chains of eventsleading to the observed changes in cod spawningtime. There are very few contiguous time series ofrelevant environmental factors covering the timespan from 1870 to 2020. We therefore need tomerge information from several sources, all withtheir strengths and weaknesses, such as modelhindcasts of terrestrial CDOM exports, proxiesfrom sedimentary archives, and time series withshorter coverage. One particularly promising proxyis stable carbon isotopes in organic matter fromdated sediment cores. Since terrestrial organicmatter will be more deplete in the ¹³C isotope thancarbon fixed by aquatic plants, we think we see asignal reflecting an increased load of terrestrialorganic matter to the Oslofjord-Skagerrak region inthe last hundred years. For time series of watertransparency (Secchi disk reading) from the last50-70 years in the same region, we try todisentangle effects of changes in phytoplanktonbiomass due to coastal eutrophication fromchanges in terrestrial CDOM exports. We also workwith researchers in Finland to investigate changesin optical properties and spring bloom timing in theBaltic Sea, since this is the source of around half ofthe freshwater in the Norwegian coastal current.

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F E N N O S C A N D I A N S N O WC O V E R P H E N O L O G YF R O M S P A C E A N DC L I M A T E M O D E L S

The snow cover is an essential part of the climatesystem in cold regions through its effects on landsurface processes influencing the terrestrial water,energy, and carbon budget. Climate scientists useseveral tools in order to better understand the climatesystem at the local, regional, and global scales. Amongthese, Earth System Models (ESMs) are widelyemployed to simulate complex processes and makefuture climate projections. Our ability to improve therepresentation of these processes in the ESMs and toreduce the uncertainty in the climate projections leansheavily on the accuracy and representativeness of the

primarily for multidisciplinary research in boththe LATICE and EMERALD projects. Additionally,the processed satellite-based snow productswill be shared with the wider scientificcommunity under the FAIR principles (Findable,Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable).

Having representative snow cover mapsenables us to better evaluate the terrestrialcomponent of the Norwegian Earth SystemModel (NorESM), namely the Community LandModel (CLM5). With a focus on snow processes,we are conducting an analysis using satellite-based estimates of snow-covered area (MODIS,Sentinel-2, and Landsat 8), snow simulationsfrom a land surface model (CLM5), and snowvariables from several climate reanalyses(ERA5, ERA5-Land, MERRA-2, and GLDAS).We are investigating the trends in the snowcover phenology, which we characterizeprimarily using snow cover duration, first andlast days of the snow cover, and consecutivesnow cover days for each snow season over thelast two decades. This contribution is anexample of how the ESM community canimprove model evaluation efforts in high latituderegions using the emerging long-term satelliteclimate data record.

This ongoing study is supportedby the LATICE (Land-ATmosphereInteractions in Cold Environments)strategic research initiativefunded by the Faculty ofMathematics and NaturalSciences at the University of Oslo,and the project EMERALD(294948) funded by the ResearchCouncil of Norway.

observational data sets used for model evaluation.Having independent data sources for benchmarking istherefore vital for improving the ESMs.

Earth observations from satellites have a big potentialfor climate research given that some of the missionsprovide multi-decadal observations for essentialclimate variables. In our work, we are currentlyexploiting the available satellite-based estimates ofsnow-covered area from different satellite sensors overthe Scandinavian region. One of our aims is to producerepresentative snow cover maps over this region

Yeliz A. YılmazDepartment of Geosciences

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Sentinel-2 true color image over Jotunheimen sensed on 24.06.2020 (Credit: European Union, contains modified Copernicus Sentineldata 2020, processed with SentinelHub EO Browser)

Automatic camera image at the Iskoras flux site on 29.03.2019 at16:29 (Credit: Norbert Pirk)

Snow cover index over Fennoscandia from MODIS-Terra on15.04.2019 (Credit: NASA Worldview)

Snow cover days from MODIS and CLM5 (Credit: Yeliz A. Yılmaz)

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The concept of tipping points became central tomany of the CBA activities in 2020, and was set onthe agenda by prof. Tim Lenton (in the scientificadvisory board) in the annual CBA-talk in fall 2019.Also, the annual CBA-lecture of 2020 was devotedto this topic, and held in October by one the“forefathers” of the concept, prof. Marten Scheffer -also a member of the CBA scientific board

A ‘tipping point’ occurs when a small change inforcing triggers a large response from a system,qualitatively changing its future state. Several‘tipping elements’ have been identified in the Earth’sclimate system that may pass a tipping point due toclimate change this century. For example, Steffen etal. (2018) explore the question: “Is there a planetarythreshold in the trajectory of the Earth System that,if crossed, could prevent stabilization in a range ofintermediate temperature rises?” They highlight theself-reinforcing feedbacks that could push the EarthSystem on to a “Hothouse Earth” trajectory, andfocus on biophysical feedbacks such as permafrostthawing, weakening of carbon sinks, Amazon andBoreal forest dieback, and decreased C-sequestration in the oceans.

The concept may however also be used about social,normative, economic or technological tipping point.Scheffer has in his previous books explored societaltipping points, and his 2020-lecture was entitled“Ancient civilizations transformed when they

reached a tipping point. Are we on the same track?»Some may be familiar with Malcolm Gladwellsfamous book from 2000 “The Tipping Point: HowLittle Things Can Make a Big Difference».

The major question today is how we can use insightsin risks (and fear of) tipping points in nature andclimate to motivate societal tipping points. Cai et al.(2016) explore causal interactions among tippingpoints and their implications for society, asmeasured by an economic indicator of the social costof carbon. They find that the costs increasedramatically, sometimes quite abruptly. They furtherconclude that the possibility of multiple interactingtipping points causing irreversible economic damageshould be provoking strong mitigation action.Similarly, Steffen et al. (2018) argue that avoidingdangerous feedbacks and climatic tipping points“requires that humans take deliberate, integral, andadaptive steps to reduce dangerous impacts on theEarth System, effectively monitoring and changingbehavior to form feedback loops that stabilize thisintermediate state.” Along the same lines, Lenton etal. (2019) argue that “… the consideration of tippingpoints helps to define that we are in a climateemergency and strengthens this year’s chorus ofcalls for urgent climate action - from schoolchildrento scientists, cities and countries.”

These feedbacks and tipping point risk are central tomany of the CBA-activities, notably related to

sudden climate changes. CBA is also involved in anapplication for an SFF (Center of Excellence) onfeedbacks and sudden change in high latitudeclimate systems. In was also the title of the awardedand well recognized book “Verden på vippepunktet”(The world at the Tipping Point) authored by CBA-leader Dag Hessen.

2020 will enter history as the year of Covid-19. Thishas more than ever accentuated the feeling of aworld at the tipping point, and with the risingawareness of the risks we are facing, the rise newtechnologies and not the least a growingunderstanding of need for economic and societalchange, there are possibilities that the currentsituation may push the planet in the right direction.

ReferencesCai, Y., et al.. (2015) Environmental tipping pointssignificantly affect the cost−benefit assessment ofclimate policies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112: 4606-4611Gladwell, M. (2000) The Tipping Point: How LittleThings Can Make a Big Difference. Little Brown andCompany.Lenton TM et al (2019). Climate tipping points – toorisky to bet against. Nature Vol 575 | 28 November2019Scheffer, M. (2011) Critical Transitions in Nature andSociety. Princeton University Press.Steffen, W. et al. (2018) Trajectories of the EarthSystem in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences; doi/10.1073/pnas.1810141115.

T I P P I N G P O I N T SDag O. HessenDepartment of Biosciences

L A N D -A T M O S P H E R E

E X C H A N G ENorbert Pirk

Department of Geosciences

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In March 2019, the groups of Sebastian Westermann andHanna Lee (Norce) established measurements of theland-atmosphere exchange of energy, CO₂ and CH₄ atthe Iškoras palsa mire in Finnmark, using the mobile fluxtower of the LATICE initiative. Its instruments arepowered by an off-grid power supply and use the eddycovariance technique to continuously estimate thesurface fluxes. The preliminary analysis shows spatialdifferences in carbon cycling between the palsa-dominated areas and the adjacent fen, which futuremodelling studies can be validated against.Photo by Norbert Pirk.

O R G A N I CP O L L U T A N T S I NT R O P I C A L C L I M A T E S

L A K E S ,M I C R O B E S& D O C

Over the past few decades, lakes have beenundergoing a shift in water colour fromrather clear to brown as a consequence ofincreased input of coloured dissolved organiccarbon (DOC) from the terrestrialsurroundings. This increase in DOC loadingscan partly be explained by climate change.Higher temperatures yields enhancedbiomass production in the catchment andtogether with intensified precipitation andrun-off, more DOC enters the lakes.Enhanced concentrations of coloured DOC,affects the CO₂ concentrations in lakes. CO₂production increases when bacterioplanktonconsume the DOC and respire CO₂ and whenthe coloured DOC absorbs sunlight andphotochemical processes converts it to CO₂.Sunlight absorption by DOC also shades thephytoplankton and hinders photosyntheticCO₂ uptake. Lakes with high concentrationsof DOC therefore often act as net sources ofCO₂ to the atmosphere.In a study published in Limnology andOceanography, we studied the CO₂production in 70 lakes along a wide gradientin DOC concentrations. From physical,chemical and biological variables, weestimated microbial as well asphotochemical CO₂ production. We wereespecially interested in whether the amountof photochemical CO₂ production in lakesdepended on the DOC concentration.Microbial CO₂ production was stronglydependent on DOC concentrations withmore production in brown than in clear lakes.To the contrary, photochemical CO₂

production did not depend on colour but was similar in all lakes. Thereason for this is that regardless of lake colour, all incoming solarradiation was absorbed in the water column. The largest differencebetween brown and clear lakes was at which depth the photochemicalreactions took place. In the brownest lakes, close to all thephotochemical CO₂ production happened at the surface, within only acouple of cm. In the clearest lakes, on the other hand, photochemicalCO₂ production took place down to around five meters. This also impliesthat photosynthetic activity was restrained to the top few cm in brownlakes but could occur in a larger part of the clear lakes. CO₂ was mainlyproduced through respiration, and photochemical processes accountedfor only a small fraction of lake CO₂ production. Increased sunlightabsorption because of brownification therefore mainly affects lake CO₂concentrations through inhibited photosynthesis and not throughenhanced photochemical processes.With the ongoing climate warming, we can expect DOC input to lakesto keep increasing and by that lakes becoming browner. As they do, CO₂production in lakes will increase, mainly because of increasedrespiration, and most probably photosynthetic CO₂ consumption willdecrease, turning more lakes net sources of CO₂ to the atmosphere.

Allesson, L., Koehler, B., Thrane, J.‐E., Andersen, T. and Hessen, D.O.(2021), The role of photomineralization for CO2 emissions in boreallakes along a gradient of dissolved organic matter. Limnol Oceanogr,66: 158-170.

To gain a better understanding of this,we have collected samples from air andsoil from a range of urban and rurallocations in Tanzania, which we haveanalysed for some POPs which arecurrently in use. The results from ourstudy show that the currently usedPOPs are present in Tanzanian soil andair in high levels, even if these chemicalswere never produced or used on thecontinent. The spatial trends show thatthere are differences in sources for thedifferent POPs, where some appear torelate to electronic waste, while someare found wherever there is humanactivity.In addition to soil and air samples, wehave collected a sediment core inTanzania which, when sliced anddated, show how the levels of POPshave changed in the local environmentover time, and how the time trendsdiffer for currently used POPs andhistorically used POPs. The sedimentcore data show that POPs have beenpresent in the Tanzanian environmentfor some time, however, the levels ofmost of the POPs we looked at areincreasing, and some at an exponentialrate. This is not just a concern for thelocal population and environment, butalso for the rest of us, given the globalnature of these pollutants.

In my PhD project, I am studying a group of chemicals known aspersistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are used in a range ofconsumer products like plastics, building materials and electronics.Once these pollutants are released to the environment, their uniqueproperties give them the potential to distribute between air, soil, water,sediment, and organisms, and they can travel globally as a passengeron wind and ocean currents. They can also travel globally with humanassistance, embedded in traded products and waste. How thesedistribution processes play out depend on a range of environmental andhuman factors. Most research on POPs have been conducted intemperate or arctic areas, but little is known about their presence andenvironmental behaviour in tropical regions. Issues regarding wastehandling, and limited capacity to enforce environmental regulationcould indicate different sources of POPs in these regions, while elevatedtemperature and different soil properties could indicate differences inenvironmental behaviour.

Maja NipenDepartment of Chemistry

Lina AllessonDepartment of Biosciences

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Lina Allesson and Jing Wei processing water samples in Finnmark(Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra)

Soil sampling forPOP analysis (Photoby Maja Nipen)

As a PhD-student in atmospheric chemistry, I investigatethe emission, transport and fate of organic trace gasesreleased into the atmosphere from various sources. Thefocus of my work is on amines, which are reducednitrogen compounds that play an important role inatmospheric particle formation. Even with the mostadvanced chemical-analytical instrumentation it isdifficult to measure amines in the air. One reason is thatamine concentrations are typically very low, in the low

parts-per-trillion (pmol/mol) range. Another reason is thatamines are “sticky” molecules that are easily lost tosurfaces in inlet tubes and inside the analyzer. Not much isthus known on sources and fate of atmospheric amines.The first part of my project was to contribute to thedevelopment and characterization of a novel massspectrometer that is able to measure amines down to ppt-levels and with fast time response.

After many trials and errors in the laboratory, we finallysucceeded in developing a novel instrument that can betaken to the field for studying emissions of amines fromindustry, agriculture and vegetation. Currently, we areconducting a study at the Livestock ProductionResearch Centre of the Norwegian University of LifeSciences (NMBU) in Ås where we are measuringamines along with other important trace gases

(methane, ammonia) that are emitted to theatmosphere. Agricultural production is indeed a majordriver of the Earth system exceeding planetaryboundaries, and while atmospheric research has beenmostly focused on greenhouse gas emissions, muchremains to be learned about agricultural emissions ofother environmentally important gases.

The barn at the Livestock Production Research Centre of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) where weare studying livestock emissions to the atmosphere. Photo: A. Håland

Figure 4: Time series of trimethylamine volume mixing ratios as measured inside the barn over the course of three days. Theconcentrations are three orders of magnitude higher than usually observed in the atmosphere, demonstrating that cattle arestrong amine emitters. Data: A. Håland

Our fully automated mobile laboratory which is taking continuous air samples from the barn. Photo by A. Håland.

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Alexander HålandDepartment of Chemistry

A M I N E E M I S S I O N SF R O M L I V E S T O C KP R O D U C T I O N

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The massive ongoing global environmental changesincluding climate change and transformation in land-use lead to alterations in distinct systems as well as toshifts in transfer dynamics of interconnected systems.One prominent example affecting the land-to-oceanconnection is a documented increase in inputs ofterrestrial derived dissolved organic matter for severalnorthern coastal estuarine systems. The impact ofthese inputs depends on both its chemicalcomposition (“quality”) as well as its fate whenentering more saline waters. As part of my PhD I haveassess organic matter and nutrient dynamics alongtwo different river-to-fjord systems, including theboreal Storelva-Sandnesfjord (a narrow southernNorwegian river-to-fjord system) and the subarcticMålselva-Målselvfjord (a broad subarctic Norwegianriver-to-fjord system) in 2015/2016. The initial organicmatter and nutrient concentrations in rivers andreceiving marine waters and the type of fjord (narrowvs. broad, exchange with the open marineenvironment, degree of tidal influence) had a strongeffects on water-chemistry patterns along thetransect from land to sea and the freshwater-marinetransfer in these systems. The narrow boreal systemwith little tidal influence and high riverine organiccarbon and nutrient concentrations was structuredmainly by the freshwater-marine salinity gradient,followed by season. In contrast, in the broad subarcticsystem, nutrient and organic carbon concentrationswere not primarily structured by the salinity gradient,reflecting the lack of strong difference inconcentrations between the river and deeper marine

waters paired with stronger tidal mixing andexchange with the open marine system.Dissolvedorganic carbon (DOC) overall mixed conservatively inthe narrow boreal system. POM of different sources,reflected in the δ13C values, also mixedconservatively. Total phosphorus also mixedconservatively in the narrow boreal system, whilesilicate was the only nutrient with conservativemixing patterns in the broad subarctic system. In bothestuaries, the deep waters were decoupled from the

surface waters, being very similar between the twosystems and likely reflecting the compensatory deepinflow of Atlantic water. These results highlight thekey role played by river chemistry and discharge,estuarine morphometry, and exchange with the openocean in structuring transport, fate and potentialimpacts of terrestrial inputs of nutrients and organicmatter in the coastal environment.

C O N T R A S T S I N T E R R E S T R I A L T OM A R I N E T R A N S F E R O F O R G A N I CM A T T E R A N D N U T R I E N T S B E T W E E NT W O F J O R D S Y S T E M SSabrina SchultzeDepartment of Biosciences

2 km

10 km

Broadsubarcticsystem

Narrowborealsystem

Norway

Målselvfjorden . Photo by Petr Brož on Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 3.0)

B R O W N I N G W A T E R &B I O D E G R A D A B I L I T Y

diameter under 0,45 um), called “dissolved”, are themain source of food for the heterotrophic bacterialcommunities in soils and lakes. Unlike photosyntheticplants, heterotrophic bacteria cannot use atmosphericCO₂ as a source of carbon to sustain their metabolism.They assimilate some ready-made organic compoundsto build themselves and they oxidize some others toproduce energy by respiration: they use O₂ todecompose organic compounds into CO₂ and H₂O,producing energy. This breaking down process controlsthe availability of energy and nutriments for the rest ofthe ecosystem, as well as the production of greenhousegases. We already know that proportion of organicmatter that bacteria can degrade depend on the kind oforganic matter and its origin. But we know little on howfast they can degrade it, and which are the factor thatwill make the bacterial community go faster or slower.

“The impact of climate change on thebiodegradability of organic matter in boreal lakes”This is the goal of my PhD thesis: explain whatinfluences the biodegradability of organic matter. Is itthe characteristics of the organic matter (light, heavy,coloured)? Is it the nutrient status of the lakes: eutrophic(with a lot of nutriments), oligotrophic (clear water),dystrophic (with a lot of organic matter)? Is it the pH? Inorder to answer that question, I measured the evolutionof oxygen concentration in 73 samples collected in2019 in 73 boreal lakes. The rate of consumption ofoxygen, or respiration rate, gives an indication on themetabolic activity of the bacteria, and therefore on thespeed of consumption of organic matter. By analysingthis data together with a large variety of parametersmeasured on the same samples, I will investigate thesehypotheses and, hopefully, contribute to understandthe bacterial processes in lakes in our changingenvironment.

Freshwater is one of the most abundant resources ofNorway. With more than 243 000 lakes and 70 000 m³available per inhabitant per year, Norway is the water-richest European country. Depending on theirlocalisation, Norwegian lakes reflect the variety of themain climatic regions of Norway (artic, atlantic, alpineand boreal) and they also reflect the environmentalchanges of these regions. One example is thephenomenon called “browning”, that boreal lakes (insouth-eastern Norway) have been experiencing in thelast decades. In these lakes, the water becamebrowner and browner, due to an increasing quantity oforganic matter in suspension. Organic matter iscomposed of dead organic compounds like proteins,lipids and carbohydrates, that are the bricksconstituting all living organisms. It originates fromplants and animals’ secretions and decomposition andhas a brown colour. Heterotrophic bacteria, at the basisof the food chain, feed on organic matter: this processis called biodegradation. An increasing concentrationof organic matter is likely to impact the biodegradationprocesses. “To which extend?” This is the question I amtrying to answer during my PhD.

From greening to browningSeveral factors explain the increasing concentration oforganic matter in lakes. On the one hand, borealregions used to suffer from acid rains, that lowered thepH of surface water and reduced the solubility oforganic matter. After European regulations on acidemissions, acid rains stopped, and organic matterremained in the water. On the other hand, the forestssurrounding the lakes are becoming greener due tohigher temperatures and longer growing seasons, butalso less human harvesting and more availablenutriments, such as nitrogen. When more tree andbushes grow on the watershed, more organic matterwill be exported to the lakes when it rains, adding up tothe organic matter produced in situ by algae andphytoplankton.

Why is organic matter so important?Organic matter can have harmful impact on lakecommunities. First, organic matter can transport bothpollutants and nutriments from the catchment to thelake. If it brings too much nutriments, eutrophicationcan happen: blue-green algae will over-develop andtake over the ecosystem. If it brings too muchpollutants, the lake can become unsuitable for life.Second, it absorbs the sunlight, creating a warmsurface layer of water under which neither light norheat will be available. This layer also contains moreoxygen and nutriments. Consequently, algae(depending on sunlight to do photosynthesis), fishesand other living organisms will pack in there.

But organic matter is at the bottom of the food chain.The smallest molecules of organic matter (with a

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Camille Marie Crapart sampling surface water from Kviteseidvatn, Telemark(Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra)

Camille CrapartDepartment of Chemistry

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C A U S E S O F P L A N TM O R T A L I T Y F R O ME X T R E M E W I N T E RE V E N T S

The Arctic has seen its vegetative cover flourish in thelast decades. Plants grow bigger, progressively expandnorthwards and move upwards along mountain slopes.But as the overall living biomass goes up, significantareas across the Arctic showed a decrease invegetation productivity in recent years. Thisphenomenon, called "Arctic browning" is driven by agrowing number of wildfires, insect outbreaks andextreme weather events, all associated with climatechange. Extreme events can initiate icing, loss of freezetolerance, frost droughts and several othermechanisms inducing damage and ultimately death oftissues. Frost droughts, although poorly understood,are the reason of a considerable proportion of observeddamage. They strike when the association of freezingsoils due to the lack of snow and high irradiance reachcritical values preventing plants from replacingtranspired water. Until recently, regional and globalmodels couldn't simulate frost droughts. Terrestrialbiosphere and other large scale models tended torepresent plant water transport as one singleresistance term, or ignore plant hydraulics completely.Nowadays, most of them incorporate much moredetailed plant water modules, based on tissue (root,stem, leaf) level traits. For my PhD I am using the Fates-hydro model driven by high resolution COSMO-REA6 to

evaluate how frost droughts impact vegetationmortality in northern Norwegian landscapes. Wealready established a clear link between snow depthand drought intensity. Indeed, the snow pack is crucialto insulate the soil from cold atmospheric temperaturesduring winter. A shallow snow layer will result in coldersoils and hence less available liquid water for plants.We found out that root water exudation (water leavingthe roots) at low soil water potentials rather thantranspiration at high vapor pressure deficit explainedtissue desiccation during shallow snow coveredwinters. We are now expanding our research to thewhole northern Norwegian area to see if this is stillobserved at larger scales, and to identify if someregions have been strongly hit by droughts over theperiod 2012-2020.

Marius LambertDepartment of Geosciences

Model insights into desiccation processes duringfrost droughts


Schematic view of the experimentalset-up. A gas unit free of VOCs wascoupled to an ozone generatorwhich can be turned on and off. Thegas flow then splits and flows intotheozonemonitoraswellas into thesample vessel. The flow in thesample vessel carries any gas phaseVOCs produced into the PTR-MSfor detection.

S O I L C A R B O NM O D E L I N G

V O L A T I L E O R G A N I CC O M P O U N D S F R O M L A K EW A T E R D U R I N G E X P O S U R E T OU V R A D I A T I O N A N D O Z O N E

In my PhD project, the aim is to developa model for soil carbon and nitrogendynamics, with a special focus onmicrobial activity. We want to betterunderstand the role of decomposingsaprotrophs and symbiotic mycorrhizalfungi during carbon and nutrient cyclingbelow ground.Through interdisciplinary collaborationwe search to improve modelparameters to better represent howmicrobes react to changes in theenvironment.

Our long term goal is to integrate thismodel into an Earth System Model, tostudy the possible effects climatechange on microbial activity, andthereby on soil-atmosphere carbonexchange.

The uppermost layer of water in lakes is the sectionwhere a lot of interesting chemistry happens. Thissection of the water is the only one in direct contactwith the atmosphere, and it is the most exposed toUV radiation from the sun. Photooxidation of theorganic carbon in the surface layer is an importantmechanism in the degradation of plants andorganisms, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)are often formed in the process and lost to theatmosphere. Studying the photooxidation andozonolysis processes that happen in the water-airinterface can improve our understanding of howcarbon is lost to the atmosphere, as well as thequantity lost. In a study of 10 lakes in the Oslo area,the aim was to characterize and quantify the VOCsemitted from the lake water during exposure toultraviolet (UV) radiation and ozone using proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). ThePTR-MS allows for rapid on-line measurements.Three different exposures were executed on all 10lake samples: UV radiation, UV radiation + ozoneexposure, and ozone exposure. The UV radiation

had intensities and wavelengths similar to that ofbright sunlight in the range 290-800 nm. The ozoneconcentration was kept at 40 ppb, which is in therange of normal tropospheric ozone levels.

Most of the VOCs observed were formed during UVexposure, which indicates that sunlight may be oneof the main drivers of organic carbon emissionsfrom lakes. A large fraction of the compoundsobserved were saturated and unsaturatedaldehydes, which can be formed during thephotooxidation or ozonolysis of the humic matterfound in lakes. Heptadecene was emitted from thelakes during UV exposure only, and this compoundcan be produced by cyanobacteria as a stress-response to UV radiation. Surface waters make upa small percentage of the Earth’s surface, but someof the chemical processes observed in this studymay also occur in the oceans, which is of higherglobal significance.

Overview over soil carbon processes. 1. Plant material turns into litter, 2.mycorrhizal fungi receives C from the plant in return for N, 3.mycorrhizal necromass turns into SOM, and 4. Saprotrophs decomposesthe SOM.

Elin Cecilie Ristorp AasDepartment of Geosciences

Hanne Ødegaard NotøDepartment of Chemistry

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MycorrhizasSaprotrophs

Soil OrganicMatter

Litter Plant

Cuptake from air(photosynthesis)

Heterotrophicrespiration

1

2

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5

C L I P T L A B2 0 2 0

The CLIPT lab is a stable isotope laboratorycollaborating with researchers from across theuniversity in a diverse array of fields. While this pastyear has been challenging due to COVID-19, the CLIPTlab has remained optimistic and committed toproviding support for CBA researchers by adapting tothe modified work environment and developing onlineresources. The CLIPT lab video series launched inSeptember and currently provides researchers andstudents with remote access to important informationabout the CLIPT lab, preparation protocols, andeducational videos on stable isotope analysis.After the unexpected shutdown in March, the CLIPT labresumed sample analysis, prioritizing student projects

and research activities that were under timeconstraints. By closely coordinating with our users, wehave been able to continue with consultations andanalyses throughout the remainder of 2020. This pastyear we have supported 24 different projects, andcontributed to 3 published papers, 4 manuscripts inreview, and 6 completed thesis projects. We lookforward to supporting the exciting CBA projectscoming up in 2021 and are exploring the possibility toexpand our analytical capabilities to include enrichedstable isotope analyses, which would open up manyCBA opportunities in carbon and nitrogen cyclingresearch.

Josh Bostic inspecting wood with hand lens (photographer Gunhild M. Haugnes/UiO)

COVID-safe info for CLIPTlab users: A new video serieson Youtube!

Examples of substrates the CLIPT lab has analyzed this year (clockwise from top left): geologic sedimentarylayers, fruit fly embryo, modern soil, lake sediments, killer whale, arabidopsis, human blood, Viking agewood. Photo credits: William Hagopian (all except fruit fly embryo and killer whale)

William Hagopian & Anne Hope JahrenDepartment of Geosciences

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Warming Stripes for Oslo from 1838-2019Professor Ed Hawkins (University of Reading)https://showyourstripes.info/.

E D U C A T I O N

BIOS5411 Toxicants in ecosystems and humans:effectsThe course gives insight into how toxicants affectshumans and the environment, with a particular focuson individual effects. Toxicants affect many of the sameprocesses in different organisms and the course willdiscuss similarities and differences between differentspecies, using mammalian toxicology as a startingpoint. The course includes aspects of bothecotoxicology and human toxicology.

BIOS5412 Toxicants in Ecosystems and Humans:Exposure and AccumulationThe course gives insight into how toxicants aredistributed in the environment and accumulated byhumans and other organisms. The course focuses onmechanisms and processes that are important tounderstand distribution and accumulation of toxicantsand how these processes are affected by otherstressors, physiological and ecological adaptations, lifehistory traits and the phylogenetic history of theorganism. The course encompasses both differentecosystems, including organisms, and humans.

GEO9915 Ecological ClimatologyThe course provides an overview of the relationshipsbetween climate and ecology, with focus on climaterelated feedbacks within boreal, alpine and arcticterrestrial ecosystems. Through the program, studentswill understand the connections and interactionsbetween land and atmosphere, with an emphasis onterrestrial vegetation ecology and dynamic vegetationmodeling. The main focus will be on processes atnorthern latitudes.

GEO4904The course deals with the basic processes that governthe composition of chemically active species in theatmosphere (gases and aerosols). This is crucial inunderstanding trends in short-lived greenhouse gases,aerosols, ozone depletion in the stratosphere,acidification and regional air pollution. The course givesan introduction to modelling of atmospheric chemistryin e.g. Earth System Models.

KJM1700 Environmental and climate challengesThe course provides a basic scientific introduction tothe environmental challenges and several of the UN'ssustainability goals, and how environmentalauthorities use scientific insights. A group projectassignment provides an in-depth look at a chosenenvironmental theme and training in scientificpublishing. The course has an interdisciplinaryapproach that makes it suitable for students from otherdisciplines who need basic knowledge of theenvironment and climate in the academic community.

BIOS3070/KJM3070 BiogeochemistryThe global environment is tightly linked to the globalcycles of carbon and other key elements like nitrogen,phosphorus and iron. These elements are also closelyrelated to the hydrological cycle as well as biologicalproduction, diversity and ecosystem services, andchemical properties of the environment. The course willfocus on couplings between biological, geological andchemical processes, on the interactions betweenclimate and the environment, and human impacts onthese processes.

GEO4161 Contaminants in the geoenvironmentContaminants in soils and ground water pose a threatto our society and the limited land and water resources.The course covers types of contaminants, both organic

and inorganic; physical/ chemical distribution amongphases/media; biogeochemical processes in soils andgroundwater; transport of contaminants; riskassessment and natural attenuation.

BIOS4500 General ToxicologyThe course will cover basic toxicology andecotoxicology, including how toxic substances aretaken up in the organisms, distributed, biotransformedand excreted, how toxic substances react withbiomolecules and downstream consequences for theorganism, as well as knowledge about toxicsubstances, e.g. metals, organic contaminants andpesticides. The course aims to provide a holistic view ofthe topic by bridging human toxicology andecotoxicology.

KJM5700 Environmental Chemistry IIThe course provides an integrated description of thechemical processes and equilibrium systems thatdetermine mobility, transport, turnover and effects ofchemical contaminants in air, soil and water. It alsoprovides an introduction to natural chemical processesin the environment. The lectures are given by externaland internal researchers with examples from our owncurrent research.

GEO5900 Chemical processes in soil and groundwaterThe main geochemical reactions controlling thechemical composition of soil and ground water aretreated in detail, and how these can be quantified andused in interpreting different processes effecting thewater quality. Equilibria and kinetics in water-mineral-gas systems are covered, with special emphasis on CO₂- carbonate reactions, mineral weathering, redox-reactions, ion exchange, sorption, and pollution oforganic chemicals. An understanding of theseprocesses and a corresponding quantification isrequired to predict the effect of contaminant spill andhuman influence. Lectures and home works areaccompanied by training in computer modeling ofgeochemical reactions and transport of solutes ingroundwater.

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KJM3070 / BIOS3070 sampling at Kolbotntjernet, Oslo

ICP-MS laboratory at the Dpartment of Chemistry

CBA's researchers teach several courseson topics related to biogeochemistry.

O U T R E A C HCBA's researchers engage with the publicthrough books, newspaper articles,interviews, and public talks.

Newspaper pieces• Andrea L. Popp, Caitlyn A. Hall, and Yeliz A. Yılmaz

How to Combat Bullying and Discrimination in theGeosciences 24.11.20. https://eos.org/opinions/how-to-combat-bullying-and-discrimination-in-the-geosciences

• Anders Bryn, Dag Hessen, og Frode Stordal. Førdet bikker over. Klassekampen. 11.05.20

• Frans-Jan W. Parmentier. Tampen Brenner,Column in Klassekampen, 24.07.2020. Parmentieris a regular columnist in Klassekampen, theNaturligvis column

• Heleen de Wit (NIVA og CBA) og MarianneBechmann (NIVA). Det grønne skiftet kan gi ossgrønt vann. Aftenposten Viten. 15.12.20.

• Dag O. Hessen. Effektiviseringstvangen, Pan-Harvest Magazine 18.12.20

• Dag O. Hessen. Tenk på et tall. Klassekampen.18.11.20

• Dag O. Hessen.Klima – hvor står vi og hvor går vi?Fagbladet, 15.10.20

• Dag O. Hessen. 2020 skulle bli klimahandlingensår. Så kom korona. Aftenposten 11.05.20

• Dag O. Hessen. Uthuling, underminering oguforstand. Morgenbladet 29.05.20. https://morgenbladet .no/ ideer/2020/05/uthul ing-underminering-og-uforstand

• Dag O. Hessen. Klima, korona og kriser. HarvestMagazine, 13.03.20.

• Dag O. Hessen. Drømmen om «frikobling». Harvest,09.03.20. https://www.harvestmagazine.no/artikkel/drommen-om-frikobling

• Dag O. Hessen. Innlegg: Dette må til om klima ogkapital skal bli en god allianse. 27.02.2020.Dagens Næringsliv

• Dag O. Hessen, Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson. Hva ernaturen verdt? NRK Ytring. 24.09.20.

Books• Hessen, D.O. Verden på vippepunktet. Res Publica• Wiik-Nielsen, Mathismoen, O., Hessen, D.O, J. Tett

på insekter og andre småkryp. Fontini/CappelenDamm

• Hope Jahren. The Story of more. Vintage.

Interviews• Can We Really Combat Climate Change by

Consuming Less? Maybe. Smithsonian Magazine.02.03.20. Interview with Anne Hope Jahren

• Nei til klimagasser er ja til framtida, Titan,31.03.2020. Interview, Dag .O. Hessen

• 5 interviews for broadcasting related to climateand writing with Dag O. Hessen

• Slik vil miljøkjemikerne bidra til en bedre verden.Titan 15.9.2020 Rolf D. Vogt Torgersen, Eivind.

• Mol - en måleenhet til glede og frustrasjon. Titan23.10.2020 Interview with Rolf D. Vogt

• Mixed-phase clouds slow down global warming,but only up to a certain point. Titan, 26.10.20.Interview with Trude Storelvmo

• Ny labteknologi skal redde fisk fra pest ogparasitter, Titan. 29.10.20. Interview withAlexander Eiler

• Nytt miljøproblem i Norge: Klimaendringer gjørhavet mørkere. NRK.no. 31.10.20. Interview withDag .O. Hessen

• Vaksinerer med vitenskap. Dagsavisen 28.11.Interview, Dag .O. Hessen

• Menneskenes ting veier mer nå mer enn alt levendepå jorda. 09.12.20. Interview with Dag O. Hessen

• ARCTIC-BIODIVER project: a changing Arctic (inSpanish). Interview with Nicolas Valiente Parra forthe Researchers around the World

Talks & Presentations• Frans Jan Parmentier: talk on Arctic Ecosystems:

The thin green line between the soil and theatmosphere . Geo Wednesday. Realfagsbiblioteket

• Dag O. Hessen Blå skog i natur- og klimakrisens tid– et fugleperspektiv på Blå skog-uka

• Rolf David Vogt, & Camille Marie Crapart .Pressures governing dissolved natural organicmatter. The Norwegian Environmental ChemistrySymposium 2020; 2020-09-14 - 2020-09-16 UiO

• Jørgensen, Susanne Jøntvedt; Nipen, Maja; Vogt,Rolf David. Spatial trends of heavy metals in soilfrom a tropic region. The NorwegianEnvironmental Chemistry Symposium 2020; 2020-09-14 - 2020-09-16 UiO

• Nipen, Maja; Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla; Borgen,Anders; Borgå, Katrine; Jørgensen, SusanneJøntvedt; Mmochi, Aviti John; Mwakalapa, EliezerBrown; Schlabach, Martin; Vogt, Rolf David;Breivik, Knut. Spatial trends of chlorinatedparaffins and dechloranes in soil and air fromTanzania. Norwegian Environmental ToxicologySymposium (NETS2020); 2020-11-04 - 2021-01-05 NILU UiO

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Verden påVippepunktet byDag O Hessen

The Story of Moreby Anne HopeJahren

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• Nicolas Valiente Parra - Best dissertation inLimnology for the period 2018-2019 from IberianAssociation of Limnology

• Trude Storelvmo - University of Oslo's award forYoung researchers for 2020

• Camille Crapart - Best poster prize at the TheNorwegian Environmental Chemistry Symposium,NECS 2020

• Dag O Hessen - Brageprisen for beste sakprosa ogHedersprisen - ENG: Brageprisen for best non-fiction and the honorary award

A W A R D S

S E M I N A R S@ C B A

• Tipping points and possible effects of Covid-19. Talk byDag O. Hessen. 18.6.20

• CBA annual meeting 6.-7.11.20 in Drøbak with talksfrom 27 CBA researchers. External talk from BjørnSamset, CICERO: Climate change as of 2020: We knoweverything, and therefore not nearly enough

• Organic pollutants in air and soil in a tropical climate.Talk by Maja Nipen. 10.11.20

• The annual CBA lecture: Lost Attraction. Howcivilizations transform. Talk by Maarten Scheffer.19.11.20

• Knowledge from fossils. Talk by Lene Liebe Delsett.24.11.20

• The projects EMERALD (Terrestrial ecosystem–climateinteractions of our EMERALD planet) and LATICE (Land-ATmosphere Interactions in Cold Environments). Talk byLena Marie Tallaksen. 8.12.20

Camille Crapart (2nd from left) receiving the NECS poster prize.

C B AP U B L I CA T I O N SAndersen, T., Hessen, D.O., Håll, J.P. et al. 2020.Congruence, but no cascade—Pelagic biodiversity acrossthree trophic levels in Nordic lakes. Ecology and Evolution10: 8153 – 8165, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6514

Anderson, T.R, Raubenheimer, D., Hessen, D.O et al.2020. Geometric stoichiometry: unifying concepts ofanimal nutrition to understand how protein-rich dietscan be “too much of a good thing”. Frontiers in Ecologyand Evolution, doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00196

Antonsen, S. G., A. J. C. Bunkan, T. Mikoviny, C. J.Nielsen, Y. Stenstrøm, A. Wisthaler, E. Zardin. 2020.Atmospheric Chemistry of Methyl Isocyanide – anExperimental and Theoretical Study, J. Phys. Chem. A124(32), 6562-6571, doi: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05127

Antonsen, S. G., A. J. C. Bunkan, T. Mikoviny, C. J.Nielsen, Y. Stenstrøm, A. Wisthaler, E. Zardin. 2020.Atmospheric chemistry of diazomethane - anexperimental and theoretical study, Mol. Phys. 118(15),doi: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1718227.

Allesson, L., Koehler, B., Thrane, J-E., Andersen, T. &Hessen, D.O. 2020. The role of photomineralization forCO₂ emissions in boreal lakes along a gradient ofdissolved organic matter. Limnology andOceanography https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11594

Allesson, L., Andersen, T. Dörsch, P., Eiles, A., Wei, J. &Hessen, D.O. 2020. Phosphorus availability promotesbacterial DOC-mineralization, but not cumulative CO₂-production. Frontiers in Microbiology 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.569879

Bishop, K., J. B. Shanley, A. Riscassi, H. A. de Wit, K.Eklöf, B. Meng, C. Mitchell, S. Osterwalder, P. F.Schuster, J. Webster and W. Zhu. 2020. Recentadvances in understanding and measurement of

mercury in the environment: Terrestrial Hg cycling.Science of The Total Environment 721: 137647.

Bjordal, J., T. Storelvmo, K. Alterskjær and T. Carlsen.2020. Equilibrium climate sensitivity above 5 °Cplausible due to state-dependent cloud feedback.Nature Geoscience 13(11): 718-721.

L.-E. Cassagnes, L. Zaira, A. Håland, D. Bell, L. Zhu, A.Bertrand, U. Baltensperger, I. El Haddad, A. Wisthaler,M. Geiser, J. Dommen, Online monitoring of volatileorganic compounds emitted from human bronchialepithelial cells as markers for oxidative stress, J. BreathRes., doi: 10.1088/1752-7163/abc055, in press (2020)

Chadburn, S. E., Aalto, T., Aurela, M., Baldocchi, D.,Biasi, C., Boike, J., Burke, E. J., Comyn‐Platt, E., Dolman,A. J., Duran‐Rojas, C., Fan, Y., Friborg, T., Gao, Y.,Gedney, N., Göckede, M., Hayman, G. D., Holl, D.,Hugelius, G., Kutzbach, L., Lee, H., Lohila, A.,Parmentier, F. J. W., Sachs, T., Shurpali, N. J. andWestermann, S.: Modeled microbial dynamics explainthe apparent temperature-sensitivity of wetlandmethane emissions, Global Biogeochemical Cycles,e2020GB006678, doi:10.1029/2020GB006678, 2020.

J. Chen, D. Yin, Z. Zhao, A. P. Kaduwela, J. C. Avise, J. A.DaMassa, A. Beyersdorf, S. Burton, R. Ferrare, J. R.Herman, H. Kim, A. Neuman, J. B. Nowak, C. Parworth,A. Jo Scarino, A. Wisthaler, D. E. Young, Q. Zhang.2020. Modeling Air Quality in the San Joaquin Valley ofCalifornia during the 2013 DISCOVER-AQ FieldCampaign, Atmos. Environ.: X 5, 1000067, doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2020.100067.

Cui, Y., B. A. Schubert and A. H. Jahren. 2020. A 23 m.y.record of low atmospheric CO₂. Geology 48 (9): 888–892. https://doi.org/10.1130/G47681.1

de Wit, H. A., A. Lepistö, H. Marttila, H. Wenng, M.Bechmann, G. Blicher-Mathiesen, K. Eklöf, M. N. Futter,P. Kortelainen, B. Kronvang, K. Kyllmar and J. Rakovic.2020. Land-use dominates climate controls on nitrogenand phosphorus export from managed and naturalNordic headwater catchments. Hydrological Processes34(25): 4831-4850.

Eshun-Wilson, F., Wolf, R., Andersen, T., Hessen, D.O.& Sperfeld, E. 2020. UV radiation affects antipredatorydefense traits in Daphnia pulex. Ecology and Evolution,

Fernandez, L., S. Peura, A. Eiler, A. M. Linz, K. D.McMahon and S. Bertilsson. 2020. DiazotrophGenomes and Their Seasonal Dynamics in a StratifiedHumic Bog Lake. Frontiers in Microbiology 11(1500).

Halvorsen, R., O. Skarpaas, A. Bryn, H. Bratli, L.Erikstad, T. Simensen and E. Lieungh. 2020. Towards asystematics of ecodiversity: The EcoSyst framework.Global Ecology and Biogeography 29(11): 1887-1906.

Heimdal, T. H., M. T. Jones and H. H. Svensen. 2020.Thermogenic carbon release from the Central Atlanticmagmatic province caused major end-Triassic carboncycle perturbations. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences 117(22): 11968-11974.

Heuschele, J., T. Lode, T. Andersen and J. Titelman.2020. The Hidden Dimension: Context-DependentExpression of Repeatable Behavior in Copepods.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 39(5): 1017-1026.

Juottonen, H., L. Fontaine, C. Wurzbacher, S. Drakare, S.Peura and A. Eiler. 2020. Archaea in boreal Swedishlakes are diverse, dominated by Woesearchaeota andfollow deterministic community assembly.Environmental Microbiology 22(8): 3158-3171.

Kaste, Ø., K. Austnes and H. de Wit. 2020. Streamwaterresponses to reduced nitrogen deposition at four smallupland catchments in Norway. Ambio, 49:1759–1770

S. Kim, R. Seco, D. Gu, D. Sanchez, D. Jeong, A. B.Guenther, Y.-R. Lee, J. E. Mak, L. Su, D. B. Kim, J. Ahn, J.Sullivan, T. Mcgee, R. Long, W. H. Brune, A. Thames, A.Wisthaler, M. Müller, T. Mikoviny, A. Weinheimer, T.Mikoviny, M. Yang, J.-H. Woo, S.-Y. Kim, H. Park, Theroles of suburban forest in controlling vertical trace gasand OH reactivity distributions – a case study for SeoulMetropolitan Area, Faraday Discuss., 10.1039/D0FD00081G, accepted (2020)

Li, Chengtao; Cui, Qian; Zhang, Min; Vogt, Rolf David;Lu, Xueqiang (2020) A commonly available and easilyassembled device for extraction of bio/non-degradablemicroplastics from soil by flotation in NaBr solution.Science of the Total Environment 2020 ;Volum 759.

Li, Jinxing; Song, Yuchao; Vogt, Rolf David; Liu,Yuankun; Luo, Jipeng; Li, Tingqiang. (2020)Bioavailability and cytotoxicity of Cerium- (IV), Copper-(II), and Zinc oxide nanoparticles to human intestinaland liver cells through food. Science of the TotalEnvironment. Volum 702.

Menchén, A., Espín, Y., Valiente, N., Toledo, B., Álvarez-Ortí, M., & Gómez-Alday, J. J. (2020). Distribution ofEndocrine Disruptor Chemicals and Bacteria in SalinePétrola Lake (Albacete, SE Spain) Protected Area isStrongly Linked to Land Use. Applied Sciences, 10(11),4017.

M. Müller, F. Piel, R. Gutmann, P. Sulzer, E. Hartungen,A. Wisthaler. 2020. A novel method for producingNH4+ reagent ions in the hollow cathode glowdischarge ion source of PTR-MS instruments, Int. J.Mass Spectrom. 447, 116254.

Myers-Smith, I., Kerby, J. T., Phoenix, G. K., Bjerke, J. W.,Epstein, H. E., Assmann, J. J., John, C., Andreu-Hayles, L.,Angers-Blodin, S., Beck, P. S. A., Berner, L. T., Bhatt, U.S., Bjorkman, A., Blok, D., Bryn, A., Christiansen, C. T.,Cornelissen, J. H. C., Cunliffe, A. M., Elmendorf, S. C.,Forbes, B. C., Goetz, S. J., Hollister, R. D., Jong, R. de,Loranty, M. M., Macias-Fauria, M., Maseyk, K.,Normand, S., Olofsson, J., Parker, T. C., Parmentier, F. J.

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Preparing for winter sampling in Sætertjenn(Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra)

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Sønstevatn, Telemark. Photo by Nicolas Valiente Parra.

First name Last name Nationality Position Department Section

Dag Olav Hessen Norwegian Professor /centre leader Biosciences Aquatic Biology

and Toxicology

Terje Berntsen Norwegian Professor /leader group Geosciences Meteorology and

Oceanography

Rolf David Vogt American Professor /leader group Chemistry Environmental

Sciences

Brit Lisa Skjelkvåle NorwegianHead ofdepartment /board

Geosciences

Rein Aasland NorwegianHead ofdepartment /board

Biosciences

Einar Uggerud NorwegianHead ofdepartment /board

Chemistry

Solveig Kristensen Norwegian Dean / board

Lene Liebe Delsett Norwegian Centrecoordinator CBA

L E A D E R G R O U PA N D B O A R D

P E O P L E A T C B A

Participants of the annual meeting 2020 at Reenskaug hotel in Drøbak.

P U B L I C A T I O N S


Trude Storelvmo Norwegian Professor Geosciences Meteorology andOceanography

Anders Bryn Norwegian AssociateProfessor

Natural HistoryMuseum

Geo-EcologyResearch Group

John Burkhart Norwegian AssociateProfessor Geosciences

Alexander Eiler Austrian Professor Biosciences Aquatic Biologyand Toxicology

Helge Hellevang Norwegian Professor GeosciencesSection of Physicalgeography andHydrology

Sebastian Westermann German AssociateProfessor Geosciences

Section of Physicalgeography andHydrology

Katrine Borgå Norwegian Professor Biosciences Aquatic Biologyand Toxicology

Anne Hope Jahren American Professor Geosciences Earth Evolution andDynamics

Kirstin Krüger Norwegian Professor Geosciences Meteorology andOceanography

Lena Merete Tallaksen Norwegian Professor GeosciencesSection of Physicalgeography andHydrology

Tom Andersen Norwegian Professor Biosciences Aquatic Biologyand Toxicology

Kjetil Schanke Aas Norwegian Researcher Geosciences Meteorology andOceanography

Elisabeth Alve Norwegian Professor Geosciences Geology andgeophysics

Eddy Walther Hansen Norwegian Professor Chemistry EnvironmentalSciences

Jon Petter Omtvedt Norwegian Professor Chemistry EnvironmentalSciences

Armin Wisthaler Austrian Professor Chemistry EnvironmentalSciences

Heleen de Wit Dutch AssociateProfessor NIVA

Frans-Jan Parmentier Dutch Researcher Geosciences &Lund University

Meteorology andOceanography

Norbert Pirk German Researcher GeosciencesSection of Physicalgeography andHydrology

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S E N I O R R E S E A R C H E R S


Frode Stordal Norwegian Professoremeritus Geosciences Meteorology and

Oceanography

Knut Breivik Norwegian Professor II Chemistry EnvironmentalSciences

Kari Kveseth Norwegian Senior ExecutiveOfficer Chemistry Environmental

Sciences

Jan Heuschele German Researcher Biosciences Aquatic Biologyand Toxicology

Heidi Konestabo Norwegian Researcher Biosciences Aquatic Biologyand Toxicology

Ane Victoria Vollsnes Norwegian Researcher BiosciencesGenetics andEvolutionaryBiology

Henrik Svensen Norwegian Researcher GeosciencesCentre for EarthEvolution andDynamics

Yeliz Yilmaz Turkish Postdoctoralfellow Geosciences

Section ofPhysicalgeography andHydrology

Thea Heimdal Norwegian Postdoctoralfellow Geosciences

Centre for EarthEvolution andDynamics

Nicolas Valiente Parra Spanish Postdoctoralfellow Biosciences Aquatic Biology

and Toxicology

You-Ren Wang Taiwanese Postdoctoralfellow Biosciences Aquatic Biology

and Toxicology

Andrea Popp German Postdoctoralfellow Geosciences Geology and

geophysics

William Hagopian American Engineer GeosciencesCentre for EarthEvolution andDynamics

R E S E A R C H E R S ,P O S T D O C T O R A LR E S E A R C H E R S ,A N D E M E R I T I

Alexander Håland preparing to process some samples.


Lina Allesson Swedish DoctoralResearch Fellow Biosciences Aquatic Biology

and Toxicology

Sara Marie Blichner Norwegian DoctoralResearch Fellow Geosciences

MeteorologyandOceanography

Camille Crapart French DoctoralResearch Fellow Chemistry Environmental

Sciences

Ane Haarr Norwegian DoctoralResearch Fellow Biosciences Aquatic Biology

and Toxicology

Maja Nipen Norwegian DoctoralResearch Fellow Chemistry Environmental

Sciences

Elin Cecilie Ristorp Aas Norwegian DoctoralResearch Fellow Geosciences


Sabrina Schultze German DoctoralResearch Fellow Biosciences Aquatic Biology

and Toxicology

Jing Wei Chinese DoctoralResearch Fellow Biosciences Aquatic Biology

and Toxicology

Lars-André Erstad Norwegian DoctoralResearch Fellow Geosciences

Section ofGeology andGeophysics

Laurent Fontaine Canadian DoctoralResearch Fellow Biosciences Aquatic Biology

and Toxicology

Alexander Håland Norwegian DoctoralResearch Fellow Chemistry Environmental

Sciences

Aleksandr Berezovski Lithuanian DoctoralResearch Fellow

Marius Lambert Belgian DoctoralResearch Fellow Geosciences


Christina Nadeau Norwegian DoctoralResearch Fellow

Juditha Schmidt German DoctoralResearch Fellow Geosciences

Physicalgeography andHydrology

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D O C T O R A LR E S E A R C HF E L L O W S

Master student ElisabethEmilie Syse performing afield calibration with aminesolution (Photo by AlexanderHåland)

INCOME NOK

Transferred from 2019 63169Contributions from thedepartments (BIO, GEO, &CHEMISTRY)

661590

Overhead from projects 256229

Total income 980988

COSTS

Salary (centre coordinator) 416144

Other running costs 233795

Total expenditure 649939

NET RESULT 331049

E C O N O M Y2 0 2 0

CBA is financed through overhead from

research projects and contributions from the

three departments involved:

Biosciences, geosciences and chemistry.

CBA started running in 2018, and has had its

two first complete running years in 2019 and

2020. So far, most of the projects as well as

staff are housed at the individual departments.

The aim is to attract funding for a growing

number of projects housed at CBA, through

2021 and the years to come.

Centre for Biogeochemistry in the AnthropoceneThe Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of OsloP.O.Box 1066 BlindernNO-0316 Oslo, Norwaywww.mn.uio.no/cba

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