ANNUAL REPORT

25

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

Dona Paula-403 004Goa, India.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY

DirectorNational Institute of Oceanography

COMPILED AND EDITED BY

Publication and Reprography Section

EDITORIAL PERSONNEL

Shri V Kesava DasSmt R ThomasShri S P SharmaSmt C Rebeiro

PRINTED BY

Casa Pack Master,Diogo de Couto Road Panjim Goa

CONTENTS

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Director's, Report

Highlights

List of Projects

R & D Activities

Physical OceanographyChemical OceanographyGeological OceanographyBiological OceanographyMarine Corrosion & Materials ResearchIntegrated Studies of EstuariesOcean EngineeringMarine InstrumentationSurveys for Polymetallic NodulesAntarctic OceanographyMarine ArchaeologyData and InformationPublications and Public RelationsTrainingPlanningInternational/Bilateral Programmes

Contract Research Projects

Oceanographic Cruises

Infrastructure

Visitors

Awards and Honours

Deputations

Workshops/Seminars/Symposia held

Publications

Papers presented in Conferences, Seminars, etc

Budget

Composition of various Committees of NIO

Appointments/Transfers/Resignations

Scientific, Technical and Administrative Staff

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ORGANISATIONAL CHART

COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCHNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

RESEARCHCOUNCIL

MANAGEMENTCOUNCIL

DIRECTOR

HEAP QUARTERSDONA PAULA GOA

REGIONALCENTRES

RESEARCH &DEVELOPMENT

SHIPCELL

PLANNINGGROUP

LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION R. C. BOMBAY

CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION R. C. COCHIN

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION R. C. WALTAIR

GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION ESTABLISHMENTSECTION

OCEAN ENGINEERING DIVISIONACCOUNTSSECTION

MARINE INSTRUMENTATION ANDCOMPUTER DIVISION

MARINE CORROSION AND MATERIALSRESEARCH DIVISION

WORKS SECTION

DISPENSARY

TRAINING DIVISION

DATA & INFORMATION DIVISION

PUBLICATION & REPROGRAPHY SECTION

1989 90 N. I. O.

N I O ANNUAL REPORT 1989-90

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1989-90

DIRECTOR'S REPORTThe year 1989-90 has been another year of successful completion of most of the programmes

as planned. The seventh plan has come to an end in the year 1989-90. During the course of the seventhplan period, CSIR has resolved that CSIR laboratories should make efforts to earn more from outsideagencies to meet the R & D expenditure. The extent of external funding has also been considered as ameasure of the credibility of the laboratory. In this respect, it is worthwhile to mention that NIO has earnedan amount of Rs. 22. 92 crores from outside agencies against the CSIR grant of Rs. 24. 636 crores duringthe seventh plan period.

This year too, the oceanographic studies in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was the thrust areain the R & D programmes. Hence, most of the shiptime was utilised for the work in the EEZ. This year,efforts were mainly concentrated to cover the EEZ along the east coast of India. Apart from the thrust areaprogramme, the Institute has continued with the two national programmes, one on the Survey forPolymetallic Nodules (PMN) and the other on Antarctic Oceanography

Under the PMN project, surveys were carried out in the Central Indian Ocean. The focus, duringthe year, was on high resolution exploration in the Pioneer Area to generate data on abundance, grade andbathymetry which would form the basis for the first stage of relinquishing 20% of the pioneer area to theInternational Seabed Authority Four cruises on board the chartered vessel Nand Rachit were undertakenfor this purpose. Apart from this, collection of baseline data for the environmental studies was initiatedand a cruise on board ORV Sagar Kanya was undertaken for this purpose A significant addition to theexploration capability was the installation of the hydrosweep equipment, a state-of-the-art multibeam swathmapping system on board Sagar Kanya. This equipment will ensure the collection of real-time bathymetrydata from the Pioneer Area.

Participation in Antarctic research programme was continued Two scientists from the Instituteparticipated in the 9th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica and one scientist worked at Antarcticaduring the winter.

Three bilateral programmes progressed satisfactorily. Under the Indo-FRG programme on"Quaternary upwelling and climate in the Arabian Sea", the particle flux studies were extended to the Bayof Bengal where deep sea sediment trap moorings were deployed. This region is of particular importancebecause of the large river-borne sediment discharge from the Ganges. In addition, both the monsoonsplay an important role in the oceanic processes which contribute the particles. During the year, two cruiseswere undertaken for this study on board ORV Sagar Kanya and DSV Nand Rachit, for the deployment andretrieval of the moorings. An Indo-FRG Working Group meeting was held in Bremen in March 1990 todiscuss the progress and future direction of the ongoing programme.

Under the Indo-USSR collaborative programme, NIO scientists participated in 4 cruises on boardORV Sagar Kanya and Soviet research vessels in the Indian Ocean as part of the Trans-Indian OceanGeotraverses studies. The data collected were analysed and detailed upper crust structural maps have beenprepared. Under this programme 3 Soviet Scientists visited the Institute during the year Under the projecton "Air-sea interaction in relation to monsoon dynamics", data collected during 1988 were analysed andmodelling studies were carried out.

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The Indo-US project on "Bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean* also progressed satisfactorily.During the year, more emphasis was laid on the collection of marine organisms from the intertidal and subtidalregions along the southeast and southwest coasts and Lakshadweep islands. Identification and chemicalecology of the organisms collected have been carried out along with isolation and characterisation of a fewcompounds The Indo-US project on "Accelerated corrosion of metals and alloys in the marine environment"initially sanctioned for three years from 1986 to 1989 has been extended for two more years. Under thisproject; the effect of crude oil on the rate of corrosion of mild steel was evaluated.

The Institute has underaken a major programme known as the Caribbean OceanographicResources Exploration (CORE) project to assist the Caribbean countries at the initiative of the Common-wealth Science Council in collaboration with the Caribbean Commonwealth and Govt. of India. The objectivesof the programme are(1) to enhance the capability of Caribbean countries in investigating, understandingand utilising their living and non-living resources; (2) to train Caribbean Scientists in areas of oceanography;arid (3) to carry out the oceanographic resources survey in the Caribbean Sea". Under this project, 22Caribbean scientists were given training at NIO for a period of 3 months from October to December, 1989.

This year, the Institute has undertaken 18 new contract research projects for various agencies likeONGC, NPC, Calcutta Port Trust, several Central Govt. Departments, etc. The total contract value ofthese projects is Rs. 506. 54 lakhs. The cash flow during the year from external sources was Rs. 823. 617lakhs against CSIR grant of Rs. 523 lakhs.

The research vessels Gaveshani and Sagar Kanya have successfully completed 7 and 4 cruisesrepectively in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal during the year. Since R. V. Gaveshani was decommis-sioned in October, 1989, a vessel Nand Rachit was chartered for continuing the ongoing programmes.

128 research papers were published during the year. The Institute's regular publications likeMahasagar, Newsletter, Collected Reprints, etc. were Drought out. The journal Mahasagar was discontinuedas NIO's publication.

This year again, two of my younger colleagues Dr. Rajiv Nigam and Dr. V. Purnachandra Raoreceived the CSIR Young Scientist award and the UNESCO/ROSTSCA award respectively. Eight scientistsof the Institute have acquired Ph. D. awards

The Research Council (RC) had two sittings during the year. Apart from evaluating the ongoingprogrammes, the RC also finalised the 8th plan programmes during the meetings.

By the end of the year 1990, the Institute will be completing 25 years and therefore, year 1990is being observed as the Silver Jubilee Year.

I am thankful to the members of the Research Council and Management Council for theircontributions in successfully running the programmes of the Institute. I also thank all my colleagues whoseendeavour resulted in the contents of this report.

B. N. DESAI

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2. HIGHLIGHTSI. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES

(a) Polymetallic Nodules from the Central Indian Ocean

During the year, 629 freefall grab and 103 photograb operations were carried out at 140 stationsin the Central Indian Ocean for collecting nodule samples Maximum abundance of nodules was foundto be 27 kg/sq m.

The chemical analyses indicate that average moisture content of these nodules is 20% (range 16-25%) The Mn content in these nodules varies between 15 and 34%, and Fe content between 2 and 16%.From the analyses it is observed that 39% of nodule samples are marginal and/or paramarginal in grade(i. e combinedNi, Cu and Co values above 2%) while the rest are submarginal (Cu+Ni+Co<2%). The higherconcentration of Mn, Cu and Ni in nodules is found to be associated with siliceous sedimentary environmentwhile reverse is true in red clay sediments

Radiochemical and geochemical studies indicate thatdiscoidal nodules which are less vulnerableto rotation on the sealloor. unlike spheroidal nodules, show distinct differences in transition metal fluxes, 230Thcontents, 23OTh/232Th and Mn/Fe ratios between their top and bottom surfaces. These suggest two differentsources and procedures of ennchment for two sides Detailed studies of internal structure of nodules indicateclose relation between Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide precipitation and global palaeo-oceanographic conditions

Geochemical studies of sediment samples from nodules bearing environments reveal five importantsources for its content of major and minor elements Ba as dissolution residue, Na and Mg as seasalts, Sifrom biogenic source, Mn, Ni, Fe, Co, Cu from combined hydrogenelic and diagenetic sources and othermajor elements from detrital sources were suggested The oxidised manganese ratio (O/Mn) in the nodulesfrom different sediment types varies from 1 73 to 1 81 suggesting that Mn mostly occurs in the nodule inMn(IV) state Mn reduction occurs usually at a depth of 11-15 cm below the seafloor and presence ofmaximum solid phase Mn at the top of sediment column (0-3 cm) indicates diagenetic incorporation of Mninto the nodules. Regional geochemical study of nodules shows a marked difference in composition betweenthose from subequatonal part and basinal areas. Unusually high concentration of Mn, Ni and Cu in smoothnodules from subequatonal part suggests transportation of diagenetically rich trace metals by bottom waterfrom adjacent areas.

Studies on physical properties of nodules reveal that Indian Ocean nodules are anisotropic andfound to be denser, porous and display faster P-wave velocity in comparison to those from Atlantic and PacificOceans.

A programme for digitisation of seabed photographs to compute coverage and abundance ofpnlymetallic nodules isdeveloped. Photographs of nodule bearing areas of seafloorshowwidespread megabenthic activity. Sediments are the most preferred substrate for organisms followed by nodules.

(b) Antarctic Oceanography

NIO continued its participation in the Antarctic Expeditions. The Ninth Expedition had twoscientists from NIO. The studies on the data collected during the earlier expeditions revealed the following

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The observed decreasing trend in the SST (from -0 5°C to - 1 . 9°C) during January 1988 in the shorepolynya off Dakshin Gangotri has been mainly attributed to the processes of heat advection. The presenceof anomalous warm saline waters (>14 C°&35. 3 x 103 S) in the upper 1000 m of the southwestern IndianOcean sector of the Southern Ocean suggests the presence of eddies (300 km) that might shed outfrom the Antarctic Circumpolar Current due to topographic influence of Crozet Plateau

The planetary scale fronts (thermal and/or saline) in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Oceanhave shown considerable east to west variability in their characteristics on account of continental boundaryprocesses and bottom topographic effects.

Studies on watermass structure, productivity and nutrients reveal that nutrient rich warm deep wateris brought to the surface near divergence 85°S. Nitrate and phosphate isopleths reveal dominance ofphysical processes over biological processes. Phytoplankton productivity and biomass in Antarctic waterswas vanable but display its richness in coastal regions. Size fractionation of phytoplankton shows thatautotrophic and heterotrophic pico and nanoplankton form a substantial contribution to the turnoverrate of phytoplankton biomass and to the classic Antarctic food chain consisting of diatoms, krill and whales.The physical structure of water column, near-freezing temperature at ice edge combined with heavy grazingand rapid sinking are the most significant factors controlling phytoplankton production in the SouthernOcean.

Based on the analysis of the high resolution seismic reflection data of theAstrid Ridge of DronningMaudland, east Antarctica revealed seaward, prograded, technically controlled graben, about 20 km inwidth and 80 - 90 km in length and other structural elements in the southern Indian Ocean. Its three grabenstages —well developed, intermittent and deformed —identified have been explained due to horizontalforces of translation leading to states of compression and elongation across the diverging SWIR plateboundaries and the changes in relative motion of African, Indian and Antarctica continental plates duringthe Late - Middle Jurassic (120 Ma) to Oligocene (23 - 30 Ma. ).

II. THRUST AREA — OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE EEZ OF INDIA

(a) Ocean Dynamics

Most of the coastal currents that arise along the eastern boundaries of the ocean basins flow withthe local winds. The coastal current off western India during the northeast monsoon, however, behavesdifferently. It flows northward against southward winds. The analysis of data suggests that the momentumto overcome the winds is supplied by a pressure gradient that arises along the coast during the season.Interestingly, the results further suggest that as the southwest monsoon sets in, the pressure gradient dropsand the winds begin to play the leading role. During this season the surface flow is equatorward and thereis a deeper flow in the opposite direction — the coastal undercurrent. This means that the region duringthe southwest monsoon behaves like a typical wind-driven eastern boundary coastal upwelling system.These results suggest that the region is unique because of the dramatic changes it exhibits from season toseason.

The southernmost section of the west coast of India showed occurrence of upwelling duringsouthwest monsoon, the nearshore surface temperature being about 2. 5°C lower than that in the fartheroffshore. The intensity of upwelling, the signatures of the surface current and the undercurrent'reportedearlier was found to grow weaker progressively from the south to the north and ceased to be noticeableat about 20°N. The width of the surface current was about 150 km and the undercurrent about 40 km. A

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distinct feature of the thermal structure along the entire west coast during northeast monsoon was thatthe conditions symptomatic of downwelling existed at the continental slope At the surface a northwardcurrent, moving against the winds, carried low salinity Equatorial Surface Water. In this region both thenorthward flow and the downwelling appear to be the consequence of thermohaline-driving. By 20°N, off thewide shelf of the Saurashtra coast, the flow turned into a jet located just off the shelf break with colder wateron the shelf

Currents at approximately 1000 and 3000 m depth, along the 15°N latitude have been studied inthe mid Arabian Sea during May 1986-May 1987. Though the spectra for the six time-series measurementshave similar shapes, their energy levels differ. At the western side the energy in the deeper currents washigher than that at the upper level. The increase in energy from upper to deeper level was marginal at thecentral mooring and was not significant at the eastern mooring The energies dropped from the west to theeast both at the upper and the lower levels, but the drop was much larger in the deeper currents. Therewasno significant coherence between upper and lower currents at any location, nor between currents at adjacentlocations.

Most western boundary regions of the ocean basins show the occurrence of western boundarynurrenls (the Somali Current, the Gulf Stream, etc) that are forced not just by local factors like the coastalwinds, but by mechanisms that arise from forcing over the entire basin. The western boundary region of theBay of Bengal, the region off the east coast of India, during the southwest monsoon appears to be anexception to this widely observed phenomenon. Analyses of the hydrographic data collected during July-August 1989 suggest that the upwelling and the narrow northward current that most of the coastlineexperiences during this season are controlled solely by the local winds.

The spatial spread of freshwater is seen upto 10°N in the central and upto 6PN in the eastern Bayof Bengal Its dominance is noticed upto a depth of 10 m in the northern Bay, upto 75 m in the eastern Baycompared to 40 m in the central Bay. Studies of potential vorticity show that the depth of penetration of windforcing is limited to the upper 300 m in the southern Bay and increases northwards to about 600 m in thecentral Bay.

(b) Air-Sea Interaction

The evaporation characteristics of the Indian Ocean in relation to the summer monsoon havebeen investigated. The evaporation from the Arabian Sea is nearly the same whether monsoon is goodor bad. Southern hemisphere evaporation in August, a break monsoon period over India, showedconsiderable interannual variations. Study of the annual meridianal energy transport has confirmed theearlier estimates.

(c) Acoustic tomography

The processed, oceanographic data of the Bay of Bengal during 1988 enabled identification ofthe depth of minimum sound speed to be at 1700 metres. Assuming a sound source situated at this depth,the ideal locations of the acoustic receiver(s) that provide the best information of the oceanic environment,have been computed using the software developed indigenously. The analysis enabled to build up the datakernel consisting of travel time perturbations of the acoustic eigen rays and ray path length in different(tomographic) layers of the medium, determined based on the sound speed gradients in the vertical.

Computer simulation studies enabled reconstruction of sound speed profiles (utilising the data kernel

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consisting of acoustic ray path lengths in tomographic layers obtained following ray theory) through theuse of singular value decomposition (SVD) technique under generalized inverse method. The results arewithin the acceptable limits of variance (99%) The impact of noise, either ambient or through mooringmotions, incorporated by way of travel time differences has been found to improve the space resolutionsin the model.

Development of a multipurpose recorder activated by a micro controller to log the marine ambientacoustic noise has been completed. This unit consisting of an omni-directional sensor, an amplifier anda common casette system controlled by a microprocessor, has a depth capability of 400 db This unit hasbeen successfully tested in the shallow environs off the coast of Goa, wherein acoustic noise over differentfrequency bands have been recorded and analysed.

d) Modelling

A one-dimensional model of marine atmospheric boundary layer that could predict the verticalstructure of wind, temperature and moisture has been developed and tested for a region in the ArabianSea. The model predicted reasonably well the vertical structure of wind and temperature field.

A three-dimensional model of circulation in the Arabian Sea has been developed The model has31 layers in the vertical and takes into consideration the actual bottom topography Numerical experimentshave been performed for a one-degree spatial resolution model using climatic data of wind field,temperature and salinity The model simulated well the climatic circulation in the Arabian Sea for variousmonths.

The reflections of Rossby and Poincare waves from continental edges have been studied.The presence of new, roughness-generated trapped waves is predicted in both cases. An incoming Rossbywave is shown to transfer energy to a set of Rossby waves with wave numbers covering a wide range. Inthecase of Poincare wave scattering, a sink of energy exists at the coast which is attributed to the presence ofa natural trapped mode, the Kelvin wave.

(e) Coastal Oceanography

Problems of thermal pollution posed by the proposed Nuclear Power stations on the coastal regionsof Jaitapur and Tarapurhave been studied. The thermal structure of the waters off Jaitapur during summer,corresponding to the worst condition, has been established. A nearshore circulation model, which takesinto consideration the bathymetry and flow due to wave, has been tested.

A coastal thermal front which propagates from south to north has been identified along the west coastof India. This is found to be associated with the upwelling in the region.

(1) Remote Sensing

The water vapour flux divergence over the Arabian Sea dunng 1987 summer monsoon season wasstudied using the INSAT-1B precipitation data and the Indian Daily Weather Report (IDWR) data Thenet water vapour flux divergence values were found to be positively and significantly correlated with themonsoon rainfall along the west coast of India. The mean annual moisture flux divergence over the tropical

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Indian Ocean showed that the conditions of the Bengal region are highly conducive for large scaleconvergence

A technique has been developed to process optical datacollected in thesea Using this technique,marine optical properties for both downwelling and upwelling light at spectral intervals of 4 nm can becomputed for application in optical remote sensing

A software package to process Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) data that removesatmospheric eflects and generates chlorophyll distribution has been developed Several scenes over theIndian Ocean for 1980 85 are analysed and studied using the newly developed software

AVHRR data pertaining to Indian Ocean have been processed to retrieve SST using the newlydeveloped software Error estimates of MCSST retrievals in the Arabian Sea were made by theintercomparison of SSTs from ARGOS dnfting buoys and SSTs retrieved from NOAA/AVHRR data usingthe newly developed software

Geosat altimeter data for January 1987 for the north Indian Ocean was processed to retrieve seasurface winds and waves and maps of winds and waves were prepared This work was carried out incollaboration with SAC, Ahmedabad

Although upwelling along the west coast of India commences around June and weakens by August,its effects on biological productivity as evaluated from ocean colour data recorded by the CZCS and seatruth measurements are observed to be present even through September and October Further as opposedto earlier reports that upwelling weakens towards the north implying low biological production, high biologicalproductivity was observed along the entire coast associated with cold water pockets

The analysis of Ocean Colour Images generated from data obtained using the CZCS on the NASANimbus 7 satellite gives useful biological parameters CZCS provides a synoptic view of phytoplanktondistribution over large areas (1000 x 1000 km) which was not possible in the past Available CZCS datawas used to study the annual cycle of chlorophyll distribution in the Indian Ocean Several CZCS scenesalong the west and east coast of India have been processed for atmospheric correction The compositesused for the study of the annual cycle have been obtained from NASA These chlorophyll annual timeseries data have been used to determine the attenuation coefficient in the Arabian Sea using a spectralirradiance model The annuaj cycle of derived attenuation coefficient shows a peak around September andOctober These satellite derived chlorophyll time series data are also being used to try and quantify thebiological impact which was hitherto practically neglected on the upper ocean dynamics

(g) Chemical Studies

The cycling of the Greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) has been examined in the northern IndianOcean Its ocean-atmosphere flux has been quantified Evaluation of the mechanisms of N2O productionin the ocean led to suggest that a novel nutrification - denitrification couple, NH4- NO N2O could be thedominant mechanism for N2O production

Enzymatic measurements involving the activity of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS)have been made for estimating the oxygen consumption and denitnficatron rates in the Arabian Sea Theseled to respiration rates which are among the highest observed anywhere in the ocean Its sustenance bydissolved organic carbon (DOC), in addition to sinking particles, has been suggested through observations

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on DOC cycling within the oxygen minimum layer. The ETS data established the Arabian Sea as the singlelargest denitrification site with a very short turnover time of intermediate watermasses.

Balance of the cycle of iridium in the oceans have been computed. A negative balance indicatesthe possibility of significant input through aerial transport.

A link has been established between the surface circulation and the development and intensity ofthe sub-surface oxygen minimum This has implications on the long-term geochemical cycling of nitrogenand possibly climate in that the intense north-east monsoon during the ice ages could have led to theweakening of the winter stratification resulting in disturbed intermediate oxygen balance.

Budgets of carbon and nitrogen in the Arabian Sea have been computed. A negative trend in carbonsuggests input through Antarctic deep water; while a positive balance in nitrogen would indicate its contributionto the atmosphere.

(h) Marine Pollution

Studies indicate that the Chaliyar river in Kerala with no effluent discharge from the Mavoor Rayonsfor two years has recovered from the impact of the pollution. Nearly 40-80% of the nitrogen and phosphateswere found in bound form.

Studies on the Sewree mudflat (Bombay Harbour) area which receives variety of industrial effluentsand untreated domestic wastewater from nearby shore establishments reveal that the BOD is 8 to 12ppmindicating high degree of organic pollution. Evidently dissolved oxygen was low and often reduced to zero.The levels of NO3-N falling close to zero when dissolved oxygen was absent suggest critical anoxic conditionsin certain portions of the mudflat.

Environmental studies in mid-estuarine stretch of Hooghly between Haldia river and Diamondharbour in dicated high dominance of riverine freshwater flow upstream of Haldia Tides in the mouth causedsurface gradients which resulted in propagation of gravity waves into the estuary. The water quality of Ihelower estuary did not reveal any serious contamination, though Hooghly in its upper reaches is consideredto receive 93 x 104m3/day of waste water. Although substantial waste of hydrocarbon origin is consideredto be entering Hooghly through port operations and industrial/domestic waste water discharges, the levelsof residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in the water column were fairly low.

Mapping of pesticides residue in the surficial sediments along thecoastof India has been completed.Concentrations of organochlorines in the east coast sediments are about an order of magnitude higher thanthose in the west coast sediments. This is due to the use-pattern ol pesticides in the country.

Analyses of organochlorine pesticides in edible fishes indicate higher concentration of themetabolite DDE in relation to total DDT. This indicates either a decreasing input of DDT to the Indian coastalmarine environment or faster rate of conversion of DDT to DDE due to higher metabolic activities inmigratory fishes.

Participation in an international intercalibration workshop by analysing the samples of sediment andfish-tissue homogenates both in the laboratory at NIO and in the laboratory of the coordinating agencyin Perth, Australia, by the same bench-level scientists indicated that our values on Pb, Cd, Cu and Hg werewell within the acceptable error limit of ± 15%.

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(i) Biological Studies

Time series mapping of primary, secondary and benthic production in the EEZ along the west coastof India was completed and delineation of the demersal fishery resources has been carried out.

The quantum yield is a measure of the amount of carbon fixed per number of photons, absorbed Untilrecently, estimates of quantum yield never accounted for the absorption of light by the non-pigmentedcomponents A new technique has been developed which makes it possible to distinguish betweenabsorption by pigmented and non-pigmented components of phytoplankton and thus paves way forpreciseness in productivity estimates studies

Resulls of recent studies on picoplankton indicate that they can tolerate high intensity light Thisis contrary to the earlier view that picoplankters were low-light adapted This finding implies that we haveto revise the existing understanding of the food chain with a simple progression from phytoplankton •zooplankton fish so as to include an alternate grazing pathway via microflagellates, since picoplankton arenot a preferred food source for zooplankton.

Studies undertaken on light absorption efficiencies in phytoplankton through laboratory cultureshave generated evidence that the specific absorption coefficient varies 4-fold, depending on the size of phyto-plankton cell, their growth-light environment and nutrient status. The existing algorithms for estimatingchlorophyll and primary production from ocean colour data (CZCS) implicitely assume that the opticalproperties of phytoplankton are conservative. Results of the present study have direct implications in realisticassessment of biological productivity from CZCS data and, therein, the pelagic fish resource potential

Based on the analysis of the zooplankton samples, a monograph of Pelagic Potychaetes ofthe World and Keys to the identification of (a) Flat Fishes and (b) Planktonic Amphipods have beencompleted.

Towards the biomedical preparation of lysate, a breakthrough in thecontrolled breeding and hatchingof young ones of horse-shoe crab (Trachypleusgigas)—a living fossil was achieved. The whole life-cycleof the living fossil, has successfully been studied under laboratory conditions This is done for the first time,anywhere in the world The implications of results, have significance in the production of Lysate AmoebocyteLimulus (LAL) — a commercially important import substitute.

On the basis of remote sensing data authenticated through ground truth testing, maps of coastalzones of Maharashtra, Goa and Kamataka have been prepared, by using the coastal vegetation as baseparameter -Maps have immense application in coastal land use planning for industries, aquaculture, tourism,afforestation and conservation.

A detailed study of the estuanne fungi of the Cochin backwaters covering systematics, ecologyand biochemical activities has been completed. It was found that they play a major role in the microbialdegradation of biopolymers of plant origin Potential role of yeasts in combating estuarine pollution wasalso indicated by their ability to grow in diesel and kerosene.

Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) are those anaerobes responsible for the terminal phases of bi-odegradation. Studies on ecology and physiology have revealed the qualitative and quantitativecontribution of SRBs in the breakdown of toxic compounds viz phenolics and nutrient cycling Oxidativecounterparts viz. sulphur oxidising Thiobacillus, isolated from offshore waters have been trained in the

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laboratory to mitigate sulfide production in the offshore oilfields

Experiments carried out on the mixed culture of anaerobic Thiobacilli-like strains and sulfatereducing bacteria (SRB) showed that the two strains could grow together without much net H2S productionprovided the substrate concentration was kept low.

Microbiological samples collected from the central Indian Ocean showed more colony forming unitsof aerobic than anaerobic bacteria in the abyssal depths (4800 - 4900 m)

132 nearshore and offshore bacterial strains from waters of the Arabian Sea were tested for theirtolerance against 9 metals (Cd, Pb, Mo, Co, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni) and 6 antibiotics (Tetracycline, Penicillin,Neomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamycm and Chloromaphenicol). Though most of the strains were resistant toPenicillin, offshore strains showed higher tolerance to metals and antibiotics. They also exhibited multipledrug resistance Among the pigmented strains, the offshore strains were found to be more resistant Jo metalsthan their coastal counterparts and were also comparatively more tolerant to metals and antibiotics at higherconcentration than the non-pigmented isolates.

Nitrification by reef corals is quantitatively important with an average rate of 9. 4 to 6. 0 n mol(mg coral tissue N) 'nr1 This is a new finding and is a novel mechanism of N recycling within a coral reefAmmonium utilization rates are equal to inorganic N production rates and nitrate production rates are equalto zooxanthollar uptake rates, demonstrating a dose Coupling between these processes

The technique of starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to determine the geneticstructureof fish population. Results indicate a mixing of genetically differentiated population of the same speciesalong the west coast, east coast and the Andaman Sea. This is due to the formation of new genotypesthrough genetic recombination, a characteristic of introgressed populations. Findings, besides providingan insight into the annual variability in the success and failure of the mackerel fishery, further provide leadin gene-manipulation towards evolving an appropriate strain of commercially important mackerel.

Chromosomal studies were initiated in bivalve molluscs Saccostrea cucullata and Crassostreagraphoides. Methods were developed for artificial fertilization and analysing the chromosomes in thelarval cells. An apparatus was designed for irradiation experiment to induce gymnogenesis.

(j) Geological and Geophysical Studies

As part of engineering pre-design investigations, high resolution geophysical surveys were carriedout in and around Bombay harbour. The seabed topography is smooth over the day covered areas andis uneven where either the bedrock outcrops or the seafloor is formed of stiff clay. Recent sediments,comprising mostly of unconsolidated day (max 16 m) overlie generally on a fractured, weathered/erodedbedrock which is the continuation of the onshore Deccan flood basalts. Buried channels, interbeddedsand bodies, small scale ripples, scouring of the seabed and gas charged sediments were identified.

Detailed bathymetric, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetic surveys were carried outoff Karwar and suitable suggestions have been made for planning and design for the construction ofthe proposed naval base (Sea Bird Project), the biggest in Asia. • '

Sediment cores collected in Kalbadevi on the coast of Maharashtra using vibro corer incollaboration with Geological Survey of India were analysed for ilmenite content. The results indicate that

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1989-90 NIO

the ilmenite concentration varies from 4. 5 to 45% confirming the results of earlier investigatjons on the surfacesediments of the bay Further, these studies reveal that this mineral occurs upto a depth of 3 m below theseabed

Quaternary black shales have been reported for the first time in a core collected off Pennar Riveron the eastern continental margin of India at a water depth of 1200 m The mineralogical, geochemicaland sedimentological studies carried out on Ihe core have indicated changing sedimentary environmentsdunng Pleistocene and Holocene and the boundary between the two occur at a depth of 94 cm in the coreas evidenced by the presence of vivianite and brecciated dolostone. Organic geochemical studiesusing Rock-Eval Pyrolysis indicate that the organic matter content in the black shales is of dispersed natureand is not oil prone.

Study of physical properties, sound velocity and density for core samples along a transect parallelto 15°N latitude across the Bay of Bengal indicates that sound velocity ranges from 1482 to 1679m/sec. anddensities between 1338 to 1757 kg/m3 The dark coloured clays and sandy clays showed higher values ofsound velocity and density than the average values (1583 m/sec, 1527 kg/m3).

A prominent E-W trending lineament with a NW offset across the shelf and a thick consolidatedsediment layer deposited over the horst and graben like features within the granitic layer were observed offKarwar as a part of geophysical studies of the western continental margin.

Study of magnetic anomalies in the Central Indian Ocean Basin between 9° and 16°30'S resultedin the identification of E-W trending seailoor spreading anomalies numbered 21 to 25 and a new FractureZone at 75°45'E trending N12°E. The differential offsets observed across the new fracture zones areexplained in terms of the evolution of the Indian Ocean Triple Junction

The linear magnetic anomalies across the central Indian Ridge near tnple junction were mappedand seafloor spreading anomaly numbers 2, 2A, 3, 3A and 4 with 2. 2 cm per year as half spreading ratewere identified. A new left lateral transform fault offsetting the ridge axis about 50 km and an abandonedridge axis and ridge jump between anomalies 2 and 2A at about 2. 5 million years ago were identified.

Bathymetric, magnetic and gravity data obtained over a seamount located in the Arabian Sea werestudied, his inferred that the seamount is isostatically compensated. The seamount was possibly formedby two volcanic episodes. The normally magnetised base of the seamount was formed during the UpperPaleocene (58 Ma) while the Indian Rate was moving over Reunion hotspot The reversely magnetised upperpart of the seamount was formed by renewed volcanism during early Oligocene (36 Ma).

Continuous seismic profiler, magnetic and bathymetric data collected over the EEZ of east coastof India were analysed. Magnetic data has presented a broad magnetic low over the shelf edge betweenParadeep and Visakhapatnam It was interrupted by a magnetic high off Chilka Lake. The magneticanomalies in the Krishna-Godavari basin are fairly smooth but also presented isolated magnetic lowsover the continental shelf and a linear anomaly parallel to the coast over the continental slope. Thebathymetric contours have revealed the presence of a ridge off Godavari river which was not reportedearlier. It runs perpendicular to the coast and extends upto about 3000 m water depth. Similar ndge butof less relief was also recorded to the south of Visakhapatnam.

N. I. O. 1989-90

28

(k) Palaeoclimatic Studies

The Inter-relationship between mean proloculus size (MPS), 18O and 13C variations in benthicforaminiferal species Cavarotalia annectens (Parker and Jones) and their relation with temperature (T) andsalinity (S) have been studied in samples from the inner shelf of the west coast of India. Results show thatonly MPS has significant relationship (r = —0 8) with temperature and salinity.

(I) Marine Biodeterioration

Methods to evaluate microfouling have been developed. Implication of suspended matter andparticulate organic carbon of seawater on microfouling was reported for the first time.

A' new approach to characterize microfouling material based on sugar monomer ratios wassuggested.

A technique has been developed and tried to measure shear force required for removal ofcalcareous fouling biomass from different surfaces with the help of electronic UTM. The results obtainedfor different thickness of fouling assemblage suggest that more force is required for removal of fouling inwet condition than in dry condition.

Observations on the corrosion of reinforcement in concrete under varying stresses in marineenvironment indicated increase of corrosion with increased stress

In a laboratory experiment, it was found that thick micro- algal (diatoms) mat (consisting of algaldensity more than 700 Nos/cmz) could reduce the corrosion rate of mild steel initially.

Samples of fouling algae collected from the coastal waters of Goa and Maharashtra showed widevariations in the abundance of species.

(tn) Ocean Engineering

Software to retrieve and analyse the raw data on heave/pitch/roll time series to obtain directionalwave spectra has been developed.

Estimation of 100 year wave height (Hs) has been made based on the directional wave data so farcollected off Karwar

Wave hindcasting numerical model "DOLPHIN" has been implemented on IBM PC and ND-500 computer and model is being tuned for both uniform and varying wind fields.

A software for dynamic analysis of single point surface buoy mooring has been developed.

Effect of salinity on the permeability of soil samples collected off Mauritius has been evaluated.

Online data aquisition system for Aanderaa weather station and self recording currentmeter has beendeveloped.

Nearshore wave transformation model has been developed to study the change in wave charac-teristics off Karwar coast.

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1989-90 N. I. O.

Seventy-live field stations have been established along Maharashtra, Goa and Karwar coasts, toconduct the daily littoral environmental programme.

(n) Marine Instrumentation

Final design aspects of the optics for the In-water Spectral Radiometer (UNDP Project) has beencompleted Electronics for the radiometer is in the design stage. The initial design was presented at aninvited paper at Friday Harbor, Seattle, USA in September 1989 and has evinced keen interest fromthe oceanographic community. It is presently the only type of instrument with its specified range andresolution now being developed in an oceanographic laboratory.

An integrated Data Acquisition System for a coastal research vessel has -been developed Thesystem consists of personal computers dedicated for acquisition of data from various shipboardequipments.

The technical knowhow of the automatic tide gauge was released to the Dept. of Science andTechnology, Govt. of India who are in turn preparing to release it to'M/s. AIMILfor full scale production Thisunit will be used as a standard one at Survey of India tide gauge stations along the Indian coasts

(o) Marine Archaeology

Dwarka Expedition: Underwater search lor the submerged city of ancient Dwarka on Gujarat coastconducted in December, 1989 brought to light hitherto unknown protection walls, bastions, etc., in 6 to 10metre water depth 1 km west of the temple of Sea God thereby confirming that the ancient port-city of 1500B. C. was built on both banks of the river Gomati. The structures, stone anchors and other artifacts weredocumented. The Geophysical Survey of an area of 5 x 10 km upto 20 m depth yielded useful datafor determining the limit of the ancient city. The submerged channel ol the Gomati was also traced andits steep gradient suggests that light artifacts were transported into the then sea about 1. 75 km off theSamudranarayana Temple.

Shipwreck in Goa waters: The marine archaeological surveys led to the discovery of a shipwreckin the shallow waters of Amee Shoals The ship carried at least 3 cannons and a considerable quantity ofdressed granite blocks. The ill-fated ship must have been struck in bad weather against the reef andfoundered. From the shape, size, etc. of the cannon the wreck seems to be 300 years old. An iron anchorof a later wreck was also recovered.

III. BILATERAL PROGRAMMES

(a) Indo-USSR Programme in Oceanology

Data on air-sea interaction processes in relation to monsoon dynamics were collected using Russianand Indian vessels. A one dimensional model that could predict the vertical structure of wind, temperatureand moisture has been developed and tested for one point in the Arabian Sea. Using the data collected duringMonex-79 expedition as initial, profile, simulation has been carried out for one day. The model predictedreasonably well the vertical structure of wind and temperature field.

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N. I. O 1989-90

(b) Indc-FRG Project on Quaternary Upwelling and Climate in the Arabian Sea related tomonsoonal events

Seasonality in lithogenic sedimentation rates was observed with high fluxes during the SW monsoonperiod during times of high biological productivity. The lithogenic flux correlated well with organic carbonflux providing strong evidence for biological control on lithogenic sedimentation.

Part'culate matter collected at 732 and 2914 m during a time-series sediment trap experiment(sampling interval 13 days) in the Central Arabian Sea (14°29'N 64°46'E; water depth 4016 m) was analysedfor its fatty acid and organic carbon contents. Contents of organic carbon and. fatty acid decrease withincreasing particle fluxes. At 732 m fatty acids account for 0. 6-2% of organic carbon. Particulate organicmatter collected during high-productivity and high-flux periods exhibits signs of less intense degradationwithin the surface layers. Furthermore, loss rates of organic carbon and fatly acids between 732 and 2914m increase with increasing particle flux, which suggests that water column degradation is intensified duringthis period. Selective degradation of fatty acids diminishes their contribution to organic carbon in the deepertrap (0. 3-0. 7%). Despite this, the seasonality in fatty acid flux is maintained down to the deep ocean.Differences in fatty acid composition between the two depths are indicative of the organisms involved in thedegradation of participate organic matter in the water column especially bacteria. Biological alteration ofsinking particulate matter appears to occur mainly on particles.

(c) Indo-US Project on Bioactive Substances from the Indian Ocean

Chemicals indicating analgesic, spermicidal, oxytoxic and hypotensive activities in a mangroveplant, a seaweed and a soft cora! have been identified, isolated and characterized. They are beingsynthesised in the laboratory The synthetic chemical indicating spermicidal activity is in the process ofconfirmatory tests. Eleven new species of gorgonians, soft coral, zoantharians and seven new speciesof sponges have been discovered.

Fifteen new and repeat samples of organisms were collected from the inlertidal and subtidal regionsalong Tuticorin and Mandapam for biological screening and detailed chemical investigations. Subtidalflora from the southeast coast of India and Lakshadweep Island have been studied through SCUBA diving.Total of 12 species of seagrasses and 97 species of marine algae were recorded. 206 species of variousorganisms mainly from subtidal region were studied for taxonomy. 18 species of sponges and 21 speciesof coelenterates are new to science.

The active analgesic compound in the mangrove plant Acanthus illicifolius has been identified as 2-Benzoxalinone. This hasbeen synthesised inadequate quantityandisawaitingathoroughpharmacologicalscreening. The aquantityctive anti-implantation compound in the seaweed Acanthophora spicifera has been identifiedas aurantiamide. This is being synthesised in adequate quantity.

Active compounds have also been isolated from the extracts of (i) algae Amphiroa fragilissima—amino compound with oxytoxic activity and (ii) sponge Haliclona sp. —coloured aromatic compound withhypotensive activity. After receiving their confirmed spectral data, attempts will be initiated onsynthesisation of the compounds.

IV. DATA AND INFORMATION

(a) A "two level" quality check method has been developed to check MBT data This is based on two

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N. I. O.1989-90

basic standards of temperature distribution viz vertical temperature profile andwatermass property. Thetwo levels ot check are temperature inversion and intracruise variability. The procedure has beensuccessfully tested with MBT data base at INODC This package flags the spurious MBT data

(b) The following data products have been brought out

— MBT data reports — 2 volumes, Vol. 1 contains data from 944 stations of 40 cruises of R V.Gaveshani for the period 1976-86 and Vol II contains data of 454 stations from 10 cruises of OR VSagar Kanya for the period 1983-86

— BT data atlas — shows profiles in each one degree square.— Nansen cast datareport—Thiscontamsnansen cast data collected onboard R V. Gaveshani dunng

the years 1976-80

— Surface meteorological data report

— Inventory report of 13 geophysical cruises and 6480 fixes of R. V. Gaveshani contains information onbathymetry, magnetics, seismics and side scan sonar for about 26, 000 Ikm

— Cruise inventory forthe period September 1986 - August 1988 (Cr 21-50 oi FORV Sagar Sampada)

— Report on coverage of oceanographic studies and gaps in the EEZ of India

(c) A system for microbiological data storage has been developed based on numerical coding and canaccomodate any microbiological analysis.

(d) Following Software are developed.

(1) Microcomputer based online oceanographic inventory information system for station data(2) dBASE III software for geophysical data handling(3) CHEMER for chemical data(4) NAVCR for preparation of geophysical cruises catalogue(5) NAVFX for geophysical fixes catalogue(6) BT-PRT for merging various level information & printing(7) PLOT for plowing geophysical coverage map(8) BT-QC for quality control programme for MBT DATA

V. PUBLICATIONS AND PUBLIC RELATIONS

(a) Publications

Published the quarterly journal Mahasagar and NIO Newsletter regularly besides CollectedReprints, Annual Report and other project reports NIO ceased to be the publisher of Mahasagar afterthe December 1989 issue.

(b) Exhibitions

The Institute participated in several exhibitions during the year including the All India Science &Technology Demonstration Campaign at Ottapalam in Kerala and the 77th Indian Science CongressExhibition at Cochin Also organised exhibitions at NIO on CSIR Foundation Day and National Science Day

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N. I. O. 1989-90

An open house for a week was organised for the public onboard R. V. Gaveshani in October 1989, when theship lay alongside the Panjim jetty

VI. TRAINING

(a) Training for Caribbean Scientists

A training programme in oceanography for 22 scientists from 9 Caribbean Commonwealth countrieswas organised at the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, from October to December, 1989 Thisprogramme was developed by the Commonwealth Science Council (CSC) in collaboration with theGovernment of India (CSIR and DOD) and the Caribbean Commonwealth The objectives of the CaribbeanOceanographic Resources Exploration (CORE) Project are: to enhance the capability of Caribbeancountries in investigating, understanding and utilising their living and non- living resources; to train Caribbeanscientists in the classroom, laboratory and onboard ship in areas of oceanography and to cany out theoceanographic resources survey in the Caribbean Sea.

(b) Shipboard Training

Several University graduates/post graduates/teachers and scientists have been provided on boardtraining on the research vessels on handling and operation of oceanographic instruments

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1969-90 N. I. O.

3. LIST OF PROJECTS1. THRUST AREA PROGRAMME

1. 1 Oceanography of the EEZ of India

1. 1. 1 Physical oceanography of the EEZ of India

1. 1. 2 Chemical and environmental studies in the seas around India

1. 1. 3 Bioacttve substances from the seas around India

1. 1. 4 Integrated studies of the estuaries

115 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian coast

1. 1. 6 Biological resources of the seas around India

1. 1. 7 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimatic studies of the continentalmargins of India

1. 1. 8 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastalworks

1. 1. 9 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys

2. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES

2. 1 Surveys for polymetallic nodules

2. 2 Oceanographic studies of Antarctic waters

3. INHOUSE PROGRAMME

3. 1 Oceanography of the northern Indian Ocean

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1989-90N IO

4. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

4. 1 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4. 1. 1 Physical oceanography of the Exclusive Economic Zone ol India (J. S. Sastry)

(a) Large scale circulation off the west coast of India (S. R. Shetye, A. D Gouveia, SSC. Shenoi,

D. SundarA G. S. Michael)

A hydrographic survey during southwest monsoon, off the west coast of India, showed occurrenceof upwelling in the southernmost section. The nearshore surface temperature was about 2. 5°C lowerthan farther offshore There was a shallow (approximately 75 m to 100 m deep) equatorward surface current,below which there were signatures of downwelling indicative of a poleward undercurrent hugging thecontinental slope The undercurrent carried low salinity water found in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. Theintensity of upwelling, and the signatures of the surface current and the undercurrent grew weakerprogressively from the south to the north and ceased to be noticeable at about 20°N T he width of the surfacecurrent was about 150 km, while the undercurrent was about 40 km The transport in the equatorwardsurface current increased from less than 0. 5 x106m'/s to about 4 x 10R m3/s from the north to the southernend of the coast The circulation is dynamically similar to the wind-driven eastern boundary currents foundelsewhere in the oceans.

A distinct feature of the thermal structure along the entire coastline was the existence of conditionssymptomatic of downwelling at the continental slope during northeast monsoon. At the surface a northwardcurrent moving against the winds, earned lowsalinity Equatorial Surface Water The transport of the currentwas in the range of 7-10 x 10° m3/s The structure of the surface current changed from the south to the northSouth of about 15°N, the flow was approximately 400 km wide and 150 m deep In this region, both thenorthward flow and the downwelling appear to be the consequence of thermohaline-driving A southwardmoving undercurrent below the surface flow was inferred from the distribution of salinity, temperatureand dynamic topography North of approximately 15°N the surface current got narrower. Near20°N, offthe wide shelf of the Saurashtra coast, the flow turned into a jet located just off the shelf break The widthof the jet was less than 100 km, it was about 400 m deep, and was marked by a temperature front parallelto the shelf break, with colder water on the shelf.

(b) Circulation in the Bay of Bengal (D. P Rao, V S. N Murty, Y. V. B Sarma, A. Suryanarayana S M. T

Babu)

The investigations on the oceanographic conditions in the Bay of Bengal during 1984 summermonsoon revealed that the freshwater spreads from the head of the Bay upto 10°N over the central Bayand upto 6°N in the eastern Bay. The dominance of freshwater is noticed upto a depth of 100 m in the northernBay, upto 75 m depth in the eastern Bay and 40 m over the central Bay. Signatures of the freshwater dischargeand wind stress field appear on the topo-maps of the mixed layer thickness and isothermal surfaces.The regions of shoaling/deepening on these topo-maps appear to coincide with those of positive/negative curlof the wind stress. From th ' distributions of potential vortteity, the depth of penetration of wind influenceis found to be limited to the upper 300 m in the southern Bay and 600 m over the central Bay.

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1989-90 NIO.

Geostrophic circulation and the mean climatological wind stress curl for November-Decemberindicate a strong equatorward western boundary current in the Bay of Bengal A cold core gyre was observedin the central Bay associated with the western boundary current The magnitude of this western boundarycurrent, primarily driven by the wind stress curl, was enhanced by the cross shore density gradient.

(c) Dynamics of the coastal currents along the west coast of India (M K. Antony)

Analysis of the data collected on coastal currents has revealed, to some extent, ents taking placeduring the reversal of the currents. With the weakening of the SW monsoon the southward coastal currentsalong this coast weakens. Subsequent northward wind near the coast induces a northward current andupwelling is replaced by weak downwelling The cross-shore density structure still favours a southwardflow A continued northward wind, which spreads towards offshore by now, induces stronger downwellingand slowly forces the density structure to be in phase with the northward flow and finally, both the wind andthe density field favour a northward current. The current reversal along the west coast of India was felt nearthe coast first and was triggered by the wind. It then spreaded towards offshore.

An upwelling front was identified during the September, 1987 observation period with a thermalgradient of about 6°C over a distance of 45-70 km. The front lying just below the surface was found to extendto a depth of 75 m (A. S. Unmkrishnan)

(d) Coastal currents off Goa (S. S. C. Shenoi)

The analysis ofcurrentsrecordedoffGoa(15°08'E& 73"16"E), for8to15 daysduration representingtwo seasons revealed the ineitial currents with a period of 46 hour concentrated near Jhe surface (15 m)as a major contributor to the currents apart from diurnal and semi-diurnal components.

(e) Hydrography of tne shelf off central east coast of India (B. Prabhakara Rao & V. Ramesh Babu)

Examination of the shelf hydrography of central east coast of India during the pre-monsoon monthsenabled qualitatively the influence of the freshwater discharge from the Godavari River to suppress theprevailing coastal upwelling.

(f) Diurnal variability of wind stress, heatfluxes and heat content atafew locations in the CentralBay of Bengal (Y. Sadhuram, B Prabhakara Rao, V Subba Rao & TV Narasimha Rao ofR. C.Wattair)

The thermal structure in the coastal waters is more influenced by the advection and interiorphysical processes rather than heat exchange. It was noticed that the incoming radiation measured atIMD was 280 and 290 W/m2 whereas the values obtained from Smithsonian meteorological tables were 326and 328 W/ms respectively. The mean heat content varied between 4 0 to 4 5 (x 10Wm2)

(g) Seasonal variability of heat flux divergence in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam (B.Prabhakara Rao & Y. Sadhuram of R. C. Waltmr)

Heat flux divergence in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam was estimated during differentseasons. The mean heat loss from the oceanic column was found to be about 19 8 WS/ma annually

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N. I. O. 1969-90

(h) Mixing in Visakhapatnam Harbour and nearshore waters (VS Rama Raju, V. V. Sarma & V.Subba Rao of R. C. Waltair)

The replacement times (T) and flushing times (t) were computed for different seasons tounderstand mixing in Visakhapatnam harbour and nearshore waters. The calculated replacement timeswere about 115, 64, 155 6 hour for premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons respectively. Thereplacement times are higher than the flushing times 46, 28 and 70 hours for respective seasons indicatingthat the transverse mixing in the tidal flow in the Visakhapatnam harbour probably occurs relatively slow.

(i) Hydrographicleaturesol the coastal watersoff Kakinada (B. PrabhakaraRaoS V. S. RamaRajuo1R. C. Waitair)

Temperature and salinity increased from coastal to offshore regions. A dome of high saline (33. 0x 103

) water is observed at 25 m depth while low saline (31. 0 x 10-') water occupied the surface layers.The currents indicate the predominant influence of tide varying in direction by 180° and speed 6 to 27cm/sec with tide.

(j) Storm surge on Andhra coast during November 1977 (T. V. Narasimha Rao, V. S Rama Raju& V. Subba Rao of R. C. Waltair)

The meteorological data have been used to estimate the surge profile. The storm surge heightcalculated by the techniques ofJelesmianski (l967) and Nickerson (1971)was about 3. 14 m. By consideringthe wave set up, differences between isostatic elevation and dynamic elevation, the estimated storm surgewas 4. 0 m which was nearly equal to the observed maximum surge height

(k) Watermasses of Visakhapatnam shelf (V. S. Rama Raju, V. V. Sarma, B. Prabhakara Rao & V.Subba Rao of R. C. Waltair)

The T-S relationships of shelf waters off Visakhapatnam in the Bay of Bengal were studied fordifferent seasons. The distinct characteristics of the watermasses in different seasons were noticed alsothrough temperature-oxygen saturation and salinity-oxygen saturation relationships. Depending on theranges of temperature, salinity and oxygen saturation, the seasonal watermasses were identified.

4. 1. 2 Modelling of ocean circulation

(a) Simulation of barotrophic wind driven circulation in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea(N. Bahulayan & A. S. Unmkrishnan)

The barotrophic wind driven circulation model tested during the previous year, reproduced wellthe development of north equatorial current during the northwest monsoon season along the southernboundary and the eastward flowing monsoon drift current upto 90°E longitude during the southwestmonsoon season. Two anticydonic gyres were observed in the central and southern part of the Bay of Bengal.These anticyclonic gyres were found even during the postmonsoon months of September and October.The computer also enabled identification of the western boundary current along the western Bay of Bengalreversing with direction between the two major wind regimes (SW to NE monsoon).

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1989-90 N. I. O.

(b) Simulation of tides and storm surges in t«ie Bay of Bengal (N. Bahulayan & A. A. Femandes)

Extensive numerical tests were carried out with the statistical model developed for the simulationof M2 and S2 components of tides in the Bay of Bengal during the previous year

(c) Rossby and Poincare waves (A. A. Femandes)

Using the Ito-Wiener-Hermite series for a stationary wave field, the scattering of Rossby andPoincare waves from continental edges was examined. The results predicted new roughness-generatedtrapped waves for both the cases. An incoming Rossby wave was found to transfer energy to a set ofRossby waves In the case of Poincare wave scattering, energy sink was found to exist at the coast Thisis attributed to the presence of a natural trapped mode— the Kelvin wave.

4. 1. 3 Air-sea interaction studies

(a) Heat fluxes (YVB Sharma)

The studies on the diurnal variability of the surface heatfluxes and ocean heat content at an oceanicstation off the Andaman Islands during 1-8 November, 1985 indicated a mean loss of 37 W. m2 across thesea surface and a mean heat retention of 300 W m2 in the upper 125 m water column.

(b) Tropical Indian Ocean (M R Ramesh Kumar)

The air-sea interaction over the tropical Indian Ocean during several contrasting monsoon seasonswas studied. The mean rates of evaporation on a seasonal scale over the Arabian Sea during a good andbad monsoon composites were found to be nearly equal to about 2. 48 x 1010 tons/day.

The evaporation rates over the southern hemisphere were found to be more in all monthsirrespective ol the good and bad conditions of monsoon weather over India The maximum evaporationrates over the southern hemisphere were observed to be almost twice the Arabian Sea value in the monthof August. This is the month during which break-monsoon conditions occur over the Indian subcontinentThe abnormalities of windstress, effective radiation at the surface and heat gain overthe ocean also exhibitedlarge variation in August, as compared to the other monsoon months.

The annual mean statistics of the surface fluxes of the tropical Indian Ocean has been studied basedon about one million ship reports for the period 1948-1972 In addition, the mean annual meridional energytransport for the study area and the moisture flux divergence have been studied using the Bunker data andINSAT IB data respectively.

The study indicates amean annual meridional heat transport in agreement with previous estimatesin direction though different in magnitude The mean annual moisture flux divergence shows that the Bayof Bengal region is highly conducive for large scale convergence.

(c) Eastern Arabian Sea (V V. Gopalakrishna)

Inter-annual variability of the pre-monsoon (April May) SST anomaly field in the eastern Arabian Seahas been examined in relation to the subsequent seasonal rainfall along the west coast of India, based oncompiled Indian Daily Weather Reports from t975-1984

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N. I. O. 1989-90

There is no definite relationship between the wind speed and latent heat anomalies with the SSTanomalies. The SST anomalies can be the result of the advection and other oceanic processes. Thepremonsoon SST anomalies do not promise to be good predictors.

(d) Indian rainfall and Pacific Ocean SST (C. K. Gopmathan)

A new oceanic parameter- Pacific Ocean Warm Pool (POWP) - linked to the Indian summer monsoonrainfall predictors has been identified. Large areas of tropical Pacific Ocean exhibit the surface temperature(SST) exceeding 29°C in the monthly mean SST field The anomalies in the zonal position of this pool of warmwater examined for the period 1983-88 was found to have a significant negative relationship with theanomaly of monthly Indian rainfall The correlation coefficient (-0 79) computed between the parametersis significant at 0. 1 % level. This high correlation is due to the changes in the atmospheric circulation patternover India with a change in position of the centre of the POWP. The possibility of using this parameter topredict the monthly Indian summer monsoon rainfall is being investigated.

4. 1. 4 Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of oceans — ocean acoustictomography (C. S. Murfy, Y. K Somayajulu, S. PrasannaKumar, T. VRamanaMuriy, A. K. Saran& P V Chodankar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

(a) Simulation studies

The processed oceanographic data from the Bay of Bengal, collected during 1988 enabledidentification of average depth of minimum sound speed at 1700 m. Assuming a sound source situated atthis depth the probable depth(s) where the acoustic receiver(s) could best be sited for ihe field experimentdesigned to obtain information on the oceanic environment barring the upper 150 m water column havebeen computed. The analysis enabled building of the required data kernel consisting of travel timeperturbations (0. 7 to 117 ms) of the acoustic eigen rays and ray path lengths in different (tomographic) layersof the medium.

Attempts have been made to reconstruct the reference sound speed profile derived from theoceanographic data sets. Tt\e algorithms developed following singular value decomposition techniqueunder natural generalized inverse methods have been made. The results are within the acceptable limitsof variance and showed improvements with increase in the number of layers (0. 39 for a 4 layer and 2 modecase to 0. 12 x 10'3 for a 6 layer and 5 mode case). The impact of acoustic noise (due either to the ambientnoise, excursions of the moorings, timekeeping errors etc) have been assessed by numerical experiments.This has resulted in improvement of model-space resolution.

The solutions for a pre-set number of layers viz., for 6 and 4 layer models considering differentenergetic modes (4 to 6) showed deviations between the reconstructed and the assumed profiles (Fig. 1&2). For a six layer numerical experiment, it is evident that when we consider five modes, the reconstructedprofile is well in agreement with the assumed profile. The closeness ratio presented indicates that thefirst five modes (arranged in descending order) give rise to 99. 8% information which enabled reproductionof the original profile. By considering six modes, a small eigen value term which is present in thedenominator of the equation has amplified the noise instead of increasing the accuracy of the solution.

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N I O 1989-90

40

N.I.O.

Cold core eddy in the Bay of Bengal: Analysis of acoustic characteristics of a mesoscale cold coreeddy observed off Visakhapatnam during 1984 summer monsoon in the Bay of Bengal revealed abruptreduction in sound speed (by about 10 m/scc). The depth of deep sound channel axis beneath the eddyremained constant whereas the thickness of the surface duct reduced by about 20 m across the eddy.Simulation studies showed that the days passing through the eddy undergo reduction in the path lengththereby reducing the travel times.

(b) Acoustic instrumentation

The acoustic ambient analog noise recorder designed earlier has been completely reorganizedwith new architecture comprising of a micro-controller (80C31), memory devices, EPROM'S, A<=>Dcards, switching regulators, low noise-high gain-dual stage-preamplifiers, isolation devices cassetterecording circuitry and devices, etc.

41

This start-stop recorder can be programmed by assembly language using conventional EPROM'S,programmer kit This helps to record the signals of interest for considerable lengths of time (say 15 days).This has advantages over the earlier developed analog recorder. The complete electronics is housedinside the Aanderaa current meter casing while the sensing device - B & K Hydrophone is mounted on topof the complete system A 12V single battery pack provides the power supplies for the hydrophone andfor the electronic circuitry. This recorder has a depth capability of 400 m.

4. 1. 5 Remote sensing ol oceanic parameters/features (LV Gangadhara Rao, PV Sathe, MRRamesh Kumar, A D. Gouveia, P. Vethamony P M Muraleedharan, S S. C Shenoi, A M. Almeida& Ajoy Kumar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

(a) Polarised reflectance of the wind-ruffled sea surface was studied in the visible region ol theelectromagnetic spectrum with a view to explore possibilities of using this parameter for remote sensing ofsea state A sensor viewing the sea surface through a poleroid collects sufficient information over a periodof time in the form of dark spots on the sea surface, which is directly related to the prevailing sea state.

(b) The net flux divergence of water vapour over the Arabian Sea computed for the summer monsoon1987 has shown a significant+ve correlation with the mean monsoon rainfall along the west coast of IndiaThe precipitation values needed for computing the net flux divergence have been obtained from the INSAT-1B VHRR data A companson of the net flux divergence values with other years indicated large interannualand intra-seasonal variability The correlation coefficient is 0. 56 and significant at 99% confidence level

(c) Development of software packages

(i) A standard software package was developed to process optical data collected in the sea. The.package corrects the digitized spectral data, computes the solar zenith and azimuth at the site of observationand the marine optical properties for both upwelling and downwelling light, at spectral intervals of 4 nm each

(li) A computer package to process CZCS data that remove atmospheric effects and generatechlorophyll distribution has been developed. The package takes into consideration the sensor degradation,ozone variation on a seasonal basis and a single Rayleigh scattering model The results of this package,compare excellently with those obtained using the internationally accepted package developed at theUniversity of Miami, U. S. A.

(iii) Developed the software to retrieve the SST from NOAA/AVHRR data McClain's MCSSTalgorithms are used to derive SSTs from day/night passes. Error estimates for MCSST retrievals in theArabian Sea were made by the intercomparison between Argos drifting buoys and NOAA/AVHRR SSTs. Thisintercomparison also pointed out the deficiencies in the present scan angle dependent MCSST algorithm.

(d) Retrieval of sea surface winds and waves from Geosat Altimeter

Geosat Altimeter data during the period November 1986 to November 1987 have been processedto retrieve sea surface wind speed and sea and swell wave heights over the north Indian Ocean The resultsobtained have been compared with the available sea truth data from shipborne wave recorder, wave riderbuoys and lDWR. Mean monthly maps of wind speed and sea and swell wave heights for December 1986and January 1987 were prepared. ~ This work is being carried out in collaboration with SAC, Ahmedabad

42

N. I. O. 198&-90

4. 1. 6 Coastal environmental monitoring of the seas around India (P. Udaya Varma, Abraham Pylee,C. Revichandran, R. Sajeev& N. Anilkumar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

Under the above project data have been collected during 1987-88 from the coastal waters of Keralafrom Mangalore to Kanyakumari to understand the seasonal variations of the physical oceanographicconditions of the coastal waters. Data were collected during May and November and were used to examinethe premonsoon and postmonsoon conditions.

The distribution of properties in the coastal waters showed that the isopleths have an upward slopewhen nearing the coast revealing the existence of upwelling However the upwelling is not found reachingthe surface layers of the coastal waters. The Arabian Sea high saline water is noticed in most of the studyregions at an average depth of 75 m. Low saline water occupy the coastal areas of Mangalore, Kasargode,Calicut, Cochin, Quilon and Trivandrum. It showed a very low salinity because of large backwater systemsin these regions. The isolines in the vertical section indicate the upward movement of water along theisopycnals.

Current measurements at six fixed stations along the coastal regions showed that the currentsare tide dominated both at the surface and bottom.

43

1989-90 N. I. O.

4. 2 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4. 2. 1 Chemical and environmental studies in the seas around India (Ft. Sen Gupta) •

(a) Dertitrification in the Arabian Sea—seasonal variability and probable paleoreducing conditions(SWA Naqvi, K. Somasunder & R. J. Noronha)

Extensive observations were made in the north-eastern Arabian Sea during successive south-westand north-east monsoon seasons and results show large changes in the chemical composition of theoxygen deficient waters and also suggest a link between the monsoons and the intensity of the reducingenvironment with the renewal of waters occurring mostly during the south-west monsoon These imply aglacial intensification of denitrification in the Arabian Sea

Denitrification rates based on the measurements of the activity of the electron transport systemwithin the nitrite-bearing waters of the northern Arabian Sea reinforce estimates of high nitrate reduction rateand rapid renewal of intermediate layers.

Nitrous oxide levels in surface waters in the Arabian Sea are significantly above the saturation levelssuggesting a high flux to the atmosphere due to wind-induced pumping from the thermocline. As in theother oxygen-poor environments, the concentrations of nitrous oxide within denitrifying layer are very low

(b) Carbon and nitrogen budgets of the Arabian Sea (K. Somasundar, A Rajendran & M Dileep

Kumar)

Budgets calculations for the Arabian Sea showed that carbon is negatively balanced by 84 Tgy1 while nitrogen is positively balanced by 4. 5 Tgy1. Annually a flux of about 74 Tg carbon in the formof carbon dioxide escapes into the atmosphere from the Arabian Sea. Atmosphere is found to receive about57% of total out fluxes of nitrogen from the Arabian Sea. The estimated residence times for carbon andnitrogen in the Arabian Sea are 944 y and 4 x 10*y respectively.

(c) Iridium in the oceans and earth crust (M. Dileep Kumar)

The estimated annual river input of iridium to oceans is 9. 63 x 105g while the sedimentation rate is1 1 xiO'gy1. Iridium in the present day oceans seems to be at a steady state having an approximate extra-terrestrial input of 1. 2 x 105g y1 Calculations revealed that iridium sedimentation rates fluctuated two-foldsduring the phanerozoic period, the present period having the maximum

(d) Oxygen distribution in the Arabian Sea sediments (M. Dileep Kumar, M. D. George & A.

Rajendran)

Oxygen associated with oxyhydroxides, in four cores of the Arabian Sea sediments, showed avariation from 0. 17 to 4. 4ug-at g*1. High concentrations are generally found at the surface while forthe two cores intermediate maxima have been noted.

44

N. l-O. 1989-90

1989-90 N. I. O.

(f) Nutrient studies in the inshore region of the northern Kerala coast (J. K. Xavier& B. Jacobof R. C. Cochin)

The environmental studies of the nearshore waters of the northern Kerala coast indicated thatthe concentration of inorganic phosphate in the coastal waters is high (> 0. 5 umol I'1) whereas inorganicnitrogen fractions were low (< 0. 2 umol11) Organic phosphorus fraction formed less than 50% of the totalphosphorus present in these waters. Though inorganic nitrogen was low, the organic nitrogen was veryhigh indicating the fast utilization of the inorganic fraction by phytoplankters.

(g) Studies on some of the major constituents in the estuarine region (L Sebastian &V. N Sank-

aranarayanan of R. C. Cochin)

Fluoride data collected from the Muvattupuzha river showed that during the monsoon andpremonsoon seasons the fluonde behaved conservatively showing a direct relationship with chlorinity,whereas during the premonsoon season the fluoride concentration showed a removal at low chlorinity level(1-7%). The removal was maximum (13%) at a chlorinity of 4%o. The loss observed may be due toprecipitation as fluoroapatite or by evaporation.

Bromide concentration in this river varied from 1. 9 to51. 66ppm. Boron ranged between 0. 23 and1. 5 mgI ' .

(h) Trace metals in the coastal environment (V. Rajamani Amma, K. K. Batachandran, K. V. Jayala-

kshmy & V. N. Sankaranarayanan of R. C. Cochin)

Dissolved fractions of various trace metals, viz. copper, iron, manganese, lead, cadmium and zincin the river Muvattupuzha and the Cochin backwater showed higher concentrations in the surface layers.Copper levels increase upstream from 0-8. 5 ug I1 during the fresh water regime indicating contribution

45

(e) Behaviour of trace metals (cadmium, lead and copper) in estuaries (M D. George)

During the studies on trace metals by anodic-stripping voitametry in the Mandovi and Zuariestuaries, it was observed that the concentration of parficulale of cadmium, lead and copper decreasedtowards the mouth of the estuary while the concentration of dissolved metals increased.

Also the net removal/addition of dissolved cadmium in Mandovi estuary was calculated. Theresults are summarised in the following table:

Season

Post-monsoon

Pre-monsoon

Addition/removal pg 1'

removal (0.05-0.10)

addition (0.05-0 08)

Salinity range

(8 to 20) x 10"3

(10 to 25) x 10*

from land runoff. When the fresh water discharge is less during October-December, the levels showed areverse trend. Lead concentrations did not indicate any seasonal pattern in the higher salinity region,whereas sudden decrease was observed in the postmonsoon period in the fresh water region. Lead variedfrom 0 8 to 34 ug I \ Iron distribution is similar to copper but the contribution from land during the SW monsoonseason was substantial. Concentration ranged from( < 0 1 to 64 ug I1.

Cadmium, zinc and manganese in the dissolved fraction was very low during entire period ofobservation.

The nearshore sediments collected from Ihe Kerala coast were analysed for various trace metalslike iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and organic carbon. All these metals, except leadshowed an increase towards the coast The concentrations were higher off Cochin and Calicut, whereas itwas less off Trivandrum. The Cochin backwater sediments also showed a higher concentration of thesemetals. There existed a high positive correlation between organic carbon and melals like copper, zinc,iron and manganese indicating their association with organic matter. Other metals did not show any relatbnwith organic carbon. A strong positive correlation with zinc and copper and iron and manganese wereobserved. Copper concentration varied from < 1 to 56 ug g1 and zinc < 1 to 87. 6 ug g1, Mn 38. 5 to 152 4pg g 1 and Fe 1. 27 to 4. 07 mg g \

(i) Microbiological studies (P. S. Gore & Q. Raveendran of R. C. Cochin)

Samples of green mussel Pema viridis and brown mussel Perna indica were analysed formicrobiological contamination. Four different locations, viz. Cape Comorin, Vizhinjam, Neendakaraand Mahe (Malabar coast) indicated the contamination of the mussels by Escherichia coli and faecalstreptococci. Pathogens like Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae non 01 were isolated from the samplesfrom Mahe. The sewage and land drainage formed the major source of pollution in this area. Themicrobiological studies of the environment where the mussel bed exist, also indicated the presence of E.

coli and faecal streptococci. Themicrobialpopulationoftheaboveenvironmenlsalso indicated conspicuousdispersion and disappearance of enteric bacteria.

(j) Chemistry of the available phosphorus in estuarine sediments of Goa (M. D. Rajagopal)

In Maridovi estuary the percentage of available phosphorus varied from 20 to 31% of the totalphosphorus, whereas in Zuariit was from 30 to 42%. In coastal regions adjacent to the estuaries, it variedfrom 26 to 37% of the total phosphorus.

(k) Dissolved organic nitrogen in the southern Arabian Sea (S. N. D'Souza)

A study of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the southern Arabian Sea revealed that, in theshelf region Ihe concentration of total N and dissolved organic N, DON, was low in the water column rangingbetween 7 and 15 u mol I1 with an average concentration of 12 25 p mol N11. In the upper 40 m layer,the DON formed about 97-99% of total nitrogen. Below this depth the percentage of DON decreased slightly.

s iIn the slope and deeper regions the concentration of total N was low in the upper 75-100 m ranging

between 35 and 12. 9 u mol I' (about 92-97% oi converted DON fractions). This was associated with

46

N. I. Q. 1989-90

low concentration of phosphate (0. 01 to 0. 03 u mol1) and high dissolved oxygen content (3. 8 to 4. 5 ml I1).Below this depth, the concentration of total N increased rapidly giving an average of 36. 57 u mol I1 of whichonly about 1/3 consisted oforganicfraction(25-30%ofDON). And at 2500 mdepth range organic nitrogencompounds formed about 60% of total N most of which in the form of NO3-N.

(I) Study of humic and fulvic acids (S. Sardessai)

Water and sediment samples were collected during the year 1989 from three locations in themangrove areas fringing the Mandovi, Zuari estuaries and the Cumbarjua Canal. The samples wereanalysed for dissolved particulate and sedimentary humic acids. The concentration of humic acids at allthree locations decreased from monsoon to post-monsoon season. The particulate humic acids concentra-tion is much higher compared to dissolved humic acids. The sedimentary humic acids ranged from 2. 8 to8. 5 mg/g of sediments at all the three locations. The samples were analysed for organic carbonconcentration dunng the cruise ORV Sagar Kanya in order to survey the distribution of organic carbonin the Arabian Sea sediments. The concentration ranged from 0. 99% in the coastal to 3. 56% in the sloperegion.

(m) Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Arabian Sea (A. Rajendran, M. Dileep Kumar & K.

Somasunder)

The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) values for the eastern Arabian Sea ranged from 49 to 166 umol dm^. Northern Arabian Sea exhibited an intermediate decrease in DOC before they increased again indeeper layers Observed concentrations of DOC in the northern Arabian Sea varied between 49 p moldm^3 at 2000 m depth and 309 u mol dm^3 at 2500 m depth. The near bottom DOC values were lower thanthose in the overlying water column in the central and southern regions This was not the case with northernArabian Sea bottom values which showed the continuing remineralisation even near the sediment-waterinterface. DOC in the oxygen minimum zone of the northern Arabian Sea was less than that in surface anddeeper layers. This may be due to higher bacterial respiration of organic matter.

(n) Total organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen in theestuarine sediments (MaheswariNair)

Sediment samples collected from the Mandovi estuary were studied for organic carbon, totalphosphorus and total nitrogen. The concentration of organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorusare in the range of 0. 4 to 47. 6 mg/g, 0. 12 to 1. 14 mg/g and 0. 0 to 0. 63 mg/g respectively.

(o) Dissolved trace metals (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb& Fe) distribution in the western Bay of Bengal(V. V. Sarwa & C. Suguna of R. C. Waltair).

The surface distributions reveal that relatively high concentrations of trace metals and nutrientsare associated with low salinities in inshore and vice-versa in offshore waters. The depth profiles of Ni, Zn& Cd resemble that of nutrients while the profiles of Cu are indicative of its involvement in scavengingprocesses of intermediate depths- The depth profiles of Mn & Pb with surface enrichment and bottomdepletion appears to be controlled by river inputs and anthropogenic atmospheric flux. The surfaceenrichment and bottom depletion observed in case of Fe profiles are attributed to precipitation and/or

47

1989-90 N. I. O.

adsorption on suspended particles leading to transportation into the sediments The atomic ratios of Ni, Zn& Cd with nutrients have been evaluated.

(p) Distribution of major ions in the northwestern Bay of Bengal (V. V Sarma, S. J. D. Varaprasad,

K. Muralidharan & Y. Sudhakar of R. C. Waltair)

Water samples were analysedforcalcium, magnesium andfluoride The data is under processingto find out the conservative behaviour of these major elements. The depth profiles oi fluoride indicatesthe semiconservative behaviour. The ratios of Ca, Mg & F with salinity are calculated.

(q) Interstitial and adsorbed phosphates in the shelf sediments off Visakhapatnam (V. V Sarma

of R. C. Waltair)

The spatial distribution of interstitial and adsorbed phosphates in the shelf sediments showed anincreasing trend with distance upto a depth of 50 m. The maximum concentration range of interstitial andadsorbed phosphates are 16. 0-19. 0 ug. gm' and 40-50 ug. gnr1 respectively centred around 50-75 m depthregion. Significant positive correlations between the fractions of phosphate and texture of sediments werenoticed.

(r) Subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the northwestern Bay ol Benga/ (V. V. Sarma & V.

Aswanikumar of R. C. Waltair)

Vertical profiles of phytoplankton pigments in these waters were generally characterised by asubsurface chlorophyll maximum. Chl-a maximum observed in the offshore waters lay well below the depthof maximum density gradient implying that factors such as nutrients and light are more important than thevertical stability for the survival of subsurface phytoplankton pigments. The phaeopigment maximum wasnear or just below the chl-a maximum which suggests zooplankton grazing.

4. 2. 2 Protectionofmarineenvironmentandmonitoringofpollutantsalongthelndiancoasts^S. VS.Singbal)

(a) Pesticide residues in marine organisms (M. S. Shailaja)

Analysis of zooplankton frorri the Arabian Seafor various organochlorine pesticide residues showedDDtobe the major metabolite of DDT present accounting for 19. 9 to 46. 9%of total DDT. The DDE fractionmeasured ranged between 12. 2 to 20. 5% and the unmetabolised DDT amounted to 32. 5 to 67. 8%.

(b) Pesticide in waters and marine sediments (A. Sarkar)

Residues of various organochlorine pesticides in the water off the central west coast of India weredetermined. y-HCH and the two cyclodiene compounds, i. e. Aldrin and Dieldrin were found to be moreconsistent than the compounds of the DDT family. Y-HCH ranged from 0. 26 to 9. 4 ng/1 whereas Aldrin andDieldrin were from 1. 4 to 9. 8 and 2. 1 to 50. 9 ng/1 respectively. Among the compounds of DDT family pp'-DDTwas present in a fairiy considerable amount, off Ratnagiri coast. Among the metabolites of DDT, pp'-DDE

48

N. I. O. 1989-90

1989-90 N.I.O.

NIO pages-29

A.

1.2.3.4.

5.

B.

1.2.3.

C.

1.2.3.4.

Organisms

Coastal samples

Indian oil sardineSardineBlack PomfretSilver Pomfret(a) Muscle(b) LiverPrawn

Estuartne samples

Cat fishMulletPrawn

Open ocean samples

LongtomDolphin fishSquidShark '(a) Muscle(b) Liver

1-DDT(ug g1 wet weight)

0.019 +0054 +N.D.

0.0080.054N.D.

1.019 +0.881 ±0 629 ±

0.041 +0.032 ±N.D.

Traces

0.0010.005

0.10.02011

O.0t*20.006

0.171 ±0.02

Other(traces)

1 -hydroxychtordenea-and y-HCH

—

Hexachlorobenzene—

y-HCH

Isomers of HCHIsomersofHCH

-do-

———

——

Concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residue in fish from different areas of the marine

environment

N.D. — Not detected, t-DDT — DDT and metabolites

was found to be present in every alternate station with increasing concentration (2.5-20.39 ng/1) whereasop'-DDE could be detected occasionally in the northern part of the region. Presence of op'-DDD wasobserved only in one sample off Ratnagiri coast whereas pp'-DDD was not detected at all.

Also residues of some chlorinated compounds in the sediments from the west coast of India weredetermined. DDT was found to be very much significant whereas HCH and Aldrin were more or lessconsistent in distribution along the coast, although DieJdrin was sparingly observed. The residue levels ofdifferent organochlorine pesticides along the west coast of India were in the following order: Dieldrin< Aldrin< HCH < DDT.

49

N. I. O. 1989-90

50

Fig. 3: Variation In the level of concentration ot various Fig 4 Vanation In the levels of concentration of the isomer<;chlorinated pesticides residues in sediments along and metabolites of DDT in the sediments along thethe west coast of India. Vertical lines indicate the west coast of India Vertical lines indicate the samplesample standard deviations of live individual obser standard deviations of five individual observationsva&ons with respect to ESP standard samples. with respect to EPH standard samples. Numbers atNumbers at the comer of the diagram indicate the thecomerof each diagram indicatethesamplecollecsites of sample collection Uon sites along the coasL

Mapping of pesticide residues in the suriicial sediments along the coast of India was completedOrder of magnitude difference between the east and west coasts follow the use pattern of pesticidesin India

(c) Chemistry of sea surface microlayer (S. Y. S Stngbal, P. V. Narvekar & ft Nagarajan)

Data collected from 40 stations hi the area 15°N to 21 °N, and 65°E to 74°E showed that theconcentrations of nutrients in the surface microlayer were higher than the concentrations of subsurfacemicrolayers. The highest values of enrichment factors were found in nearshore stations than the offshorestations. Similar observations were also noted in aluminium concentrations at the surface waters and inenrichment rates also.

1989-90

(d) Trace metals in marine environment (S. Sanzgiry, A. Mesquita, B. Fernandes& T. W. Kureishy)

A study on toxic metals like mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd)and lead (Pb) in the Arabian Sea watersbetween 8° and 20cN reveal that dissolved Pb varies between 0. 04 and 2 5 ug/l. Surface highconcentrations observed especially towards the coasl suggest land based aerosol source. Cd (dissolved)ranges from 0. 04 - 1 . 5 ug/1 with a few values between 1. 5 and 2 ug/l at coastal stations. No particulardepthwise trend was observed.

Total mercury in the Arabian Sea ranges from 3-130 ng/lwith an average of 61 ng/1 localised highvalues were observed off Bombay (Thana creek) and it ranges from 120 ng to 1 4 ug/t. Mercury in sedimentsranges between 0. 03 and 0. 08 ug/gm.

(e) Environmental status ofSewri mudflat (Bombay) (M. D Zingde, K. Govindan, V. R. Nair, M. M.Sabnis, P. Sharma & M. A. Rokade ofR. C. Bombay)

Sewn" mudflat (Bombay Harbour) area receives variety of industrial effluents and untreateddomestic wastewater from nearby shore establishments. Appreciable influx of wastewater resulted in widediurnal variations in salinity though the salinity in the harbour varied in a narrow range of 36 to 37%. (dryseason).

The BOD of 8 to 12 ppm indicated high degree of organic pollution. Evidently dissolved oxygenwas low and often reduced to zero. High levels of PO4

3 - P, NH/- N and NO2- N and low concentrationsof NO3 - N indicated that the environment was under considerable strain. 1 he levels of NO., - N falling closeto zero when dissolved oxygen was absent suggested that the critical anoxic stage had reached in certainportions of the mudflat. The sediment was in reduced condition with high organic carbon content andenhanced levels of chromium, nickel, zinc, copper and lead.

Chlorophyll aandphytoplankton cell count indicated rich standing stock of phytoplankton. Genericdiversity of phytoplankton was, however, relatively low compared to the offshore zone suggesting thatonly limited groups could tolerate the prevailing pollution stress. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation ofzooplankton showed poor availability of secondary producers. Macrobenthos was represented by a fewgroups like insect larvae and polychaetes which were highly tolerant to environmental stress.

(0 Distribution ol phytoplankton in the Thane-Bassein system (Bombay) (N. M. Ramaiah & V. R.

NairofR. C. Bombay)

Extensive studies on phytoplankton along the Bombay Harbour-Thana Creek-Bassein Creeksystem suggested well defined increase in phytoplankton cell count from the outer locations towards theinterior part of the creek. The cell counts within the creek zone was three times more than that observedat the outer zone. The Thana system sustained higher cell counts (av. 618. 9 x 103/l) than the Bassein area(av. 144. 8 x 103/)). A total of 37 genera of phytoplankton were recorded from the area. Thalassiosira,

Coscinodiscus, Nitzschia and Synaedra were the most common genera recorded from the collections.Blooming oiSkeletonemacostatum, Gonyauluxsp. and Leptocylindrussp. were characteristic of monsoonseason. Species diversity indices H' and D indicated the higher diversity al outer locations as comparedto the creek area.

51

N. I. O.

The average values-of chlorophyll-a at Thana and Bassem systems were respectively 3. 3 and 1. 8mg/m3. Phaeophytin value in the area was generally high and the observed ratio of chlorophyll-a:phaeophytin was 2. 6: 3 4. The grazing activity of rich zooplankton community in the area coupled withthe fringing mangroves all along the intenor parts accounted for the high values of phaeophytin

(g) Marine environmental studies along Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts (M. D. Zingde, SN

Gajbhiye, A N Kadam, V. ft Nair, K. Govindan, M. M. Sabnis, R. V. Sarma, P. K. Dineshkumar, Jijayal

RamJaiswar, A V Mandalia, P. O. Gore, P. Sharma, M. A. Rokade, P. Mehta, S. Mustafa, O. Noronha

& V. BangaleofR-C Bombay)

A comprehensive long-term programme to aid judicious management and protection of our manneareas was initiated from November, 1988. The programme was aimed at obtaining reliable information asregards levels of macro-and micro-pollutants in our marine waters, productivity at different trophic levels,species inhabiting the area, sediment nature, composition and associated launa, hydrodynamtc character-istics, etc.

During 1989-90 monitoring upto a distance of 30 km from the shore at predetermined transectsalong the Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts was undertaken with respect to water quality, biologicalcharacteristics and sediment quality. These studies revealed that ourcoastalwaterswere fairly clean exceptfor some "hot spots" adjacent to metropolitan cibes and industnal complexes. Some examples are givenbelow

(i) A variety of wastes entering one of the mapr fishing harbour in the country at Veraval has severlydeteriorated the water quality which is characterised by abnormally high levels of PO4

J-P, (16 ug-at/l) andNH4'-N(85 pg-aW) with serious depletion of dissolved oxygen (2 ml/I). The levels of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pbweredistinctly higher in the creek sediments as compared to the locations outside Chlorophyll a, pheophytin,zooplankton biomass and population varied widely over the tidal cycle unlike unpolluted localitiesMacrobenthos was represented only by polychaetes revealing advance stage of deterioration of sedimentquality.

(ii) The wastewater from a soda ash industry containing high inorganic suspended load, high pH andhigh levels of ammonia released in the nearshore water of Porbandar through a point discharge hasinfluenced the vyater quality which revealed enhanced levels of NH/-N (36 pg-at/l) and high suspendedload particularly in the bottom layer due to high specific gravity of the wastewater. However, the impact onprimary productivity, zooplankton and macrobenthos was minimum.

(iii) Verso va creek along the coast of Bombay which receives large quantities of domestic wastewateris severely polluted. The wastewater does not mix effectively with the creek water resulting in pronouncedvertical stratification particularly during ebb tide with surface layer having very low dissolved oxygen andabnormally high PO^-P (8ug-at/l) and NH/-N (46 ug-at/l). These values were 4 ug-at/l and 28 ug-at/l for thebottom layer. The levels of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb also revealed their significant enrichment in the creeksediment Wide tidal variability ol zooplankton biomass (0. 1 to 8. 6 ml/100 m3) and population (8 to 1 04x 103 no/100 m3) was evident. High macrobenthic biomass (46. 8 g/m2) and low iaunal diversity withdominance of polychaetes revealed substancial environmental stress on benthic fauna.

52

N. I. O 1969-90

(iv) The organic load released in Mahim creek (Bombay) is far in excess than its waste assimilationcapacity. Complete utilization of dissolved oxygen and nitrate (as a source of oxygen) resulted in theevolution of highly toxic H2S, levels of which varied with the influx of tidal water within the creek. The transferof trace metals from water column to sediments had resulted in considerable enhancement of levels of Cr,Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the top 40 cm layer of the creek sediment.

(v) Though Bombay Harbour-Thana creek systems received wide variety of wastes, the good tidalflushing particularly of the harbour region resulted in good dispersal and transport of pollutants. The tracemetals released in the region were scavanged and removed to the nearshore bottom sediments whichrevealed their significant ennchment in the top 50 cm corresponding to past 50 years.

4. 2. 3 Nationwide survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India— chemical studies(R Sen Gupta, S. Y. S. Smgbal, S. N D'Sousa, S. P Fondekar, M. D Rajagopal, S Sanzgiry, A

Mesquita, P. V. Narvekar & K. Sawkar) (funded by Dept of Ocean Development)

(a) Collection of field data

Data collected at 15 stations during the year 1988-89 were processed for various parameters suchas dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, petroleum hydrocar-bons and metals - Cd, Pb and Hg.

(b) Intercalibration

A third intercalibration exercise was conducted for 15 organizations in the country. The resultsof the third intercalibration exercise, though better than those of the previous ones, were still not uptothe mark, as still some laboratories did not qualify in the analysis of aH the parameters. Out of 15organizations, 8 organizations were qualified for nutrients and 7 organizations were qualified fornutrientsand trace metal analysis.

53

1989-90 NIP.

54

N. I. O. 198&-90

4. 3 GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4. 3. 1 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleo-climalic studies of the continen-tal margins of India (P. S. N. Murty)

(a) Marine qpophysics (D Gopala Rao, L V. Subba Raju. G C. Bhattacharya, M V. Ramana. V.Subrahmanyam, K. A KameshRaju, T. Ram Prasad, A. K. Chaubey, K. SreeKrishna, G. P. S. N. Murty& K. V. L NS. Shanma)

The integrated marine geophysical studies were carried out on the western and eastern continentalmargins, central Indian Ocean basin and the south-east and north-west Indian ocean.

Model studies of the magnetic data collected off Jaigad and Karwar revealed the following: (1) offJaigad the basement is comprised of basaltic flow (around 16°30'-17o30' latitudes) in the nearshore areasnnd is severely faulted and fractured, and (2) off Karwar the basement is characterised by the presence ofhorst and graben like features and beyond shelf break basement is characterised by a positive subsurfacefeature (ridge). Further, this positive feature oomprised of different rock suites thus revealing heterogeneityin composition based on different magnetization contrast. The depth to the top of the basement is shallowin the northern continental margin whereas it is relatively deep in south.

The gravity data collected off Bombay and off Karwar have been processed and stacked anomalymaps were prepared. A prominent gravity low around 70 mgal associated with Bombay structural highwas identitied Further, these studies off central west coast of India, revealed that about 2-3 km thicksediments were inferred on the horst and graben, 6 km thick sediments in the shelf margin basin andabout 1 km thick sediments in the deep sea basin. The upward trend of free air gravity anomaly on theseaward side is interpreted in terms of crustal thinning Thefreeairgravityanomalymapbetween theoffshore. iroq nf Mormugao and Mangalore depicts N-S to NNW-SSE, E-W to ENE-WSW and NNW-SSF trends onit met shelf, outer shelf and slope regions respectively. NNW-SSE trending free air gravity high anomalyoccurs on Pratap ridge complex. The crustal thickness varies from 22 to 30 km in this part of the studynrea. The integrated analyses of gravity, magnetic and bathymetric data collected over the seamountsituated 225 km northwest of Minicoy Island in Arabian Sea suggest the origin as volcanic (based on density,susceptibility) and was formed when the Indian sub-continent was situated in southern hemisphere. Thegravity analysis suggests the seamount load to be completely locally isostatically compensated.

About 8390 line !; m of bathymetricand magneticdata have been collected on board DS V NandRachit(Dec. 1989 - Jan. 1990) in the central Bay of Bengal to study the nature and origin of 85°E ridge and basementconfiguration.

The analysis of magnetic data between 9°S to 16°30'S lat. and 73°E to 79°30'E long, in the south.Central Indian Ocean basin revealed E-W trending magnetic lineations. These are identified as anomalies21 to 25. A new fracture zone trending N12°E running parallel to 86°E fracture zone at 75°45'E long, wasidentified. The linear magnetic anomalies across the central Indian ridge near triple junction were mappedand seaffoor spreading anomaly numbers 2, 2A, 3, 3A and 4 with 2. 2 cm/year as half spreading rate wereidentified. A new left lateral transform fault offsetting the ridge axis about 50 km and an Abandoned RidgeAxis (ARA) and ridge jump between anomalies 2 and 2A at about 2. 5 Ma ago were identified

1989-90 N. I. O.

55

The occurrence of heavy mineral placer deposits in the offshore areas of Konkan in Ihe form oflenticular structures with different percentage of magnetite were shown through magnetic mode) studies.

The Laccadive islands are surrounded by a very narrow shelf and shelf break occurs at 14 mdepth. Well defined depressions, scars, slump deposits were observed off Bingaram island Severaloffshore terraces at 45 m, 69 m, and 82 m water depths were noticed and these terraces might have formedduring the glacio-eustatic sea level fluctuations during Pleistocene.

(b) Marine geophysical investigations in the EEZ of the east coast of India (T. C. S. Rao, K. S. R.Murty, M. M. Malleswara Rao & AS. Subrahmanyam ofR C. Wattair)

Continuous seismic profiler, magnetic and bathymetry data collected over the EEZ of east coast ofIndia during February/March 1989 were processed and the anomalies were computed. The total magneticfield intensities, the magnetic anomalies and the echosounder data were plotted using the GECO mappingsystem. Magnetic data has presented a broad magnetic low over the shelf edge between Paradeep andVisakhapatnam It is interrupted by a magnetic high off Chilka Lake The magnetic anomalies in the Krishna-Godavari basin are fairly smoolh but also presented isolated magnetic lows over the continental shelfand a linear anomaly parallel to the coast over the continental slope. Analysis and interpretation of datato delineate the subsurface structures causing these anomalies is in progress. The bathymetric contourshave revealed the presence of a ridge off Godavari river which was not reported earlier It runsperpendicular to the coast and extends upto about 3000 m water depth. Similar ridge but of less relief isalso recorded to the south of Visakhapatnam.

N. I. O. 1989-90

(c) Marine geophysical surveys off Tranquebar (T C. S. Rao 8 K. Mohana Rao ofRC Waltair)

Side scan sonar, magnetic and echosounder surveys were earned out off Tranquebar, Tamilnaducoast. These surveys were carried out at 1 m depth interval, parallel to the coast, between 5 and 15m waterdepth. At some places the surveys were extended upto 40 m water depth All these surveys were carriedout in connection with the Marine Archaeological Investigations in that area. The side scan sonar recordedseveral objects particularly between 9 and 11 m water depth Some of these objects are arranged in asystematic pattern either in semicircular or circular fashion which suggest the possible existence ofsubmerged manmade structures, Some of the objects recorded closely resemble the ship wrecks whichare yet to be confirmed by diving operations.

(d) Regional Geology of the western continental margin of India (M. Veerayya, B. G. Wagle. F.Almeida, K. H. Vora & S. M. Karisiddaiah).

(i) Coastal geomorphology using remote sensing techniques: Black and white aenalphotographs of the central west coast of India were interpreted to study the coastal features. Photographicgrey tone variation of the beach sediments were correlated to the differential concentration of heavies inthe beach sediments. Comparison of the tonal variation with heavy mineral percentage reveals that lightminerals show white tone and as the percentage of heavies increases, the tone changes from dark grey toblack. Where the concentration of heavies is more, the rock type along the coast and in the catchment areaof the rivers is interpreted to be Deccan basalt with appreciable laterite cover associated with high drainageintensity. As drainage intensity decreases and where the rock type is inferred to be granite and gneissesthe concentration of heavies is found to be low or almost negligible.

56

Along the central west coast of India several beach rock exposures have been observed in theintertidal zone, as well as 2-4 m above the present day high waterline. The constituents of beach rocks arecalotte, aragonite, quartz, feldspar, traces of heavy minerals, rocks fragments and shells. Carbonatepercentage reaches up to 97%.

(ii) Geological and geophysical investigations in the inner shelf off Karwar: Detailedgeological and geophysical investigations (echosounding 1350 line km, side scan sonar and magnetics620 line km each, shallow seismics 1850 line km) conducted in the nearshore area off Karwar revealedthat the water depths in the surveyed area range from <1 mto>16m, the minimum being recorded alongBinge and Kwada Bay shores, in the vicinity of Manzil creek and in the proximity of offshore islands. InKamat Bay the depth lies between 1. 5 m and 14. 5 m and the seafloor is smooth and slopes gently towardsthe west. The north as well as south Binge Bays are characterised by smoolh and gently sloping topographywhile the central corridor about 0. 5 km on either side of Round Island is incised by a series of shoals whichhave given rise to complex seafloor topography. The shoals were located at (1) 0. 6 km NE of Anjadip Island,hitherto uncharted (6. 5 m water depth), (2) 0. 8 km NE of Round Island (3 m water depth) and (3) 0. 4 kmsouth of Anjadip Island (3. 5 m water depth). The echosounding profiles also revealed that the seafloor inthe vicinity of Kwada and Button Rock islands is quite uneven with relative variations of about 4-10 m.

The side scan sonar data showed the presence of rock outcrops in Central Binge Bay, off theoffshore islands, viz. N and NE and southern tip of Anjadip, Round, Arge, Button Rock and Kwada Island,and in offshore areas near mainland rocky shores of Bartkal and Binge Points, Arge Cape, Edged Rocksand Rounded Rocks. These confirmed the presence of uneven topography/shoals recorded on echograms.

The high-resolution seismic profiles of the offshore area north of Arge Cape-Button Rock Islandindicated a typical subbottom penetration of 5-10 m and a maximum penetration of 45 m. The seismicrecords were characterised by 3-4 prominent subbottom reflectors at about 1. 5-2 m, 4-6 m, 8-10 m andat deeper levels. The first two reflectors which were parallel to the seabed were comprised of sands/siltysands near the shore confining their lateral extent up to about 8 m depth contour. In the offshore areathe topmost 1 -2 m thick clayey horizon was underlain by sandy (?) clays. However, at places stiff claysoccur below 8 m. This horizon is underlain by a well-defined acoustic basement which is marked by suddendeepening followed by shallowing. The acoustic basement over a large part of the area is overlain by 1 -2 mthick unconsolidated or semi-weathered debris derived from the underlying granitic terrain. At places, themarine bore hole data complimented the identified acoustic basement as fresh granite. The isopachs(total sediment thickness) revealed a minimum sedimentthickness of <1 mto more than 40 m, the averagebeing 10-12 m. The irregular basement configuration gave rise to a series of infilled basins in north andcentral Binge Bay with variable dimensions trending NW-SE and NE-SW. The bedrock level contour mapdepicted an irregular basement terrain characterised by deep erosional features resembling valleys/depressions, later filled with recent sediments.

The shallow seismic profiles of Kwada Bay are characterised by 3 or 4 prominent seismichorizons, viz. 1 -2, 4, 6/8-10 m depths and at deeper level below the seafloor. The top 3 seismic horizonswere made up of coarse-grained sediments near the shore while they were composed pf silty clays/clayeysilts and clays beyond 10-12 m water depths. The seismic records of the area south of Kwada Island-KwadaBay shore between 7 and 10 m water depths virtually lack distinct seismic signatures, perhaps due tothe presence of coarse (?) sands admixed with shell debris at shallow subsurface level, which might haveattenuated the seismic pulse. However, the seismic records of the offshore area west of 10-12 m showedwell-defined seismic signatures at 8-10 m level which were underlain by prominent acoustic basement.The isopachs indicated 10-12 m thick sediments underlain by distinct acoustic basement between Arge

57

1999-90 N. I. O.

Cape and north of Kwada Island - Kwada Bay shore while the area south of it showed only 5-6 m thicksurficial overburden. However, the offshore area beyond 10-12 m water depth was characterised by15-30 m thick sediments which were mostly confined to depressions in the acoustic basement.

The magnetic anomaly data of the area north of Arge Cape-Button Rock Island exhibited stronglineations trending N-S, NW-SE, E-W, NNW-SSE over a considerable length which were identified to be assubsurface dikes tying 35-100 m below the seafloor. The area between north and central Binge Bay (2-9 mwater depth) was relatively stable due to the absence of any major structural lineaments. Besides NW-SE and NNW-SSE trending magnetic lineaments WNW-ESE trends also were noticed in the southern halfof Kwada Bay. However, the area between a little north of Kwada Island and Arge Cape was relatively freefrom major magnetic anomalies.

(Hi) A detailed bathymetric map of the western continental shelf of India has been prepared based ontheechosounding datacollected onboard R. V. Gavestiani. A detailed geomorphological map ofthe westerncontinental shelf between Jaigad and Bombay has also been prepared

(e) Geology of the eastern continental margins of India (N. P. C. Reddy & K. Mohana Rao of R. CWaltair)

About 630 cm long core sample collected in tne deep sea regions of Bay of Bengal was analysedfor the determination of grain size, calcium carbonate and organic carbon contents A significant changewas observed in the distribution pattern of calcium carbonate and organic carbon content from the core depthof 370 cm downwards The calcium carbonate content in the upper unii of the core (upto 370 cm) varied from11 to 19%, whereas it is much less (4 to 6%) in the lower unit (370 cm downwards). The organic carbon contentvaried from 1. 65 to 0. 1%. In general, it was less than 1% upto 250 cm depth and increased slightly upto360 cm depth. From 370 cm downwards it was steady around 0. 5% with slight increase from 500 cmdownwards. An abrupt change was noticed at the depth of 370 cm from where the carbonate sand in thecoarse fraction was diminished From the above characters, two different types of environment with aboundary demarcation at 370 cm depth were inferred — the upper core of Holocene period and the lowerpart of late Pleistocene period.

The sediment samples collected in the innershelf regions from Visakhapatnam to Kakinada revealedthe existence of sediments comprising of coarse sand with shell fragments between the water depths of16 m to 25 m which suggests a pause in the Holocene transgression at this depth. Sedimentalogical andtopographic studies of the eastern shelf have earlier indicated the lower sea levels in the outershelf areasduring late Pleistocene period. The existence of lenticular sand bodies around 20 m depth from Kakinadain the south to Gopalpur in the north suggests the sea level rise dunng Holocene transgression was notcontinuous but temporary pauses in the general rise.

(f) Geochemical studies of the continental margins of India and deep sea regions (Cn. M. Rao,A L Paropkan, A. Mascarenhas, O S. Chauhan & C. Prakash Babu).

After the completion of the geochemical analyses of surficial sediments off the southwest coastof India, geochemical maps for the entire western continental shelf were prepared.

A core (1. 25 m long) from the southeastern Arabian Sea showed development of weak reducingcondition below 65 cm level based on carbon sulfur relationship No pyrite crystals were seen in thesediments However, fecal pellets separated from this core (80-85 cm level) were thickly populated with

58

N. I. O. 1989-90

1989-90

framboidal pyrites suggesting an important role played by micro reducing environment in the formation ofauthigenic pynte.

A core collected off Karwar (6. 7 m long) at a depth of 30 m was analysed for various elements suchas organic carbon, Cu, Ni, Li, Mn, Cr, Zn, Ti, Srand Al. The results indicated that there is significant changein elemental trends at 146-148 cm and 660-665 cm levels which suggests the change in sedimentationpattern.

The bottom most sediment of this core (665-670 cm) shows very high content of organic carbon(5 44%), where the sediments are black in colour having peat material suggesting a marshy environment.

Samples dredged off Vengurla at a depth of 90 m on the outer shelf were analysed for phosphatecontent. The P2O5 content varies from 2 to 10% In view of a high phosphate content this area needsfurther detailed exploration.

Quaternary black shales were encountered for the first time in a core collected off Pennar river,on the eastern continental margin of India, at a water depth of 1200 m. Variation in mineralogicalgeochemical and sedimentological characteristics at 94 cm level in the same core indicated the boundarybetween Pleistocene and Holocene.

(g) •Paleoclimatic studies on the nature of summer monsoon over India during the past 10, 000years (R. R. Nair, M. V. S Guptha, N H. Hashimi, R. Nigam, D. V. Borole & AS. Muralinath)

The inter relationship between mean proloculus size (MPS), 6iaO and 5I3C variations in benthicforaminiferal species Cavaraotalia annecfens (Parkerand Jones) and theirrelation with temperature (T) andsalinity (S) have been studied in samples from the inner shelf of the west coast of India. Results show thatonly MPS is having significant relationship {r = -0. 8) with temperature and salinity. Next higher correlationwas foundbetween 5'3CandT& S (r= 051) Intrasample variabilities in 6'8O and 8C13 were rather highwhich may be due to disequilibrium isotopic fractionation or probable partial selection of specimens.

The benthic/planktomc foraminifera ratios have been completed in 140 samples from the westcoast of India with depth range of 10 to 2000 m, to develop numerical model lo show the bathymetric controlon foraminifera. The shelf break inferred from ratios was confirmed with echograms. The results will beuseful in paleo sea level studies.

Paleontological sorting of foraminifera, calculation of mean prolocules size and per cent of dextralforms from the cores 27 B/8 have been completed. The results obtained through study of 10, 676 specimensfrom 126 subsurface samples confirm our earlier findings that percentage of dextral forms are inverselyproportional to mean prolocules size. Therefore, percentage of dextral forms (or dextral/sinistral ratios)can be used for preliminary and quick assessment of paleoclimatic variation during Holocene.

Five cores were analysed for planktonic foraminifera from the Arabian Sea During the course ofinvestigation, it was encountered that two cores in the western Arabian Sea have shown the presence ofOrbulina suturalis and Orbulina bilobata during Pleistocene period only, whereas, in the eastern ArabianSea core, the above species were encountered in sparse only in the Holocene period. It may be inferredthat, owing lo strong underwater currentsfrom the beginning of Hofocene in the western Arabian Sea, thesespecies were prevented by deposition which also evidenced by the presence of coarse foraminiferal sandsuggesting winnowing action. This further suggests that underwater currents are comparatively strongerin the western Arabian Sea.

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N. I. O.

N I. O. 1989-90

60

(h) Study ol the Himalayan Lakes (R R Nair, N H Hashimi, P Jauhan, M C Pathak & R. A. A. Luis)

Just as the oceans retain records of past climate in marine sediments, inland lakes retain recordsofthechanges of continental climate in their sediments The Himalayan Lakes are particularly valuablestorehouses of climatic processes which are dominated by the Himalayas. For example, small changes in theHimalayan snow line leads to large scale climate modifications. Bearing this in mind a preliminarysurvey was carried out in the crescent shaped Nairn lake in Nainital which is located at an altitude of 1934metres in the upper reaches of the Balia stream and lies between two, 2610 m and 2350 m high ranges.II is 1 5 km long and 0 5 km wide and is being continuously filled by the sediments brought by 23 gulliesdescending into the lake alongwith a number of springs Surveys were carried out in the lake usingechosounder, sediment sampling techniques, side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler to decipherthe natureof bathymetry and sediment, geomorphology and the sediments thickness over the original basement of thelake. The preliminary inference from the present studies is that the whole lake can be divided into basinsseparated by a ridge running almost in north-east soulh-west direction in central region The deepest part(52 m) is in the northern basin whose average depth is around 20-26 m The average depth of the southernbasin varies between 20 and 25 m Both these basins are having more than 10m thick clays in their centralpart. The depth of the ndge ranges from 9 5 to 20 m on both the flanks

4. 3. 2 Foraminifera variations in cores from inner shelf off Karwar: a key to paleomonsoonalvariations during Holocene over Konkan coast (India) (R Nigam & N Kharey) (fundedby Deptof Science & Technology)

Paleontologies! sorting of foraminifera, calculation of mean prolocules size and per cent of dextralforms from the cores 27 B/8 has been completed. The results obtained through study of 10, 676 specimensfrom 126 subsurface samples confirm our earlier findings that per cent of dextral forms are inverselyproportional to mean prolocules size. Therefore, percentage of dextral forms (or dextral/smistral ratios)can be used for preliminary and quick assessment of paieodimatic variation during Holocene.

1989-90 N I O

4. 4 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4. 4. 1 Biological resources of the seas around India (A. H Parulekar)

(a) Primary production (V P Devassy, A Pant, PMA Bhattalhm, MVM. Wafar, SG Prabhu

Maiondkar, JI Goes, H Ft Gomes 8 U Muraleedharan)

Primary productivity studies were carried out in the northeast and central regions of the ArabianSea during January and February Chi a values vaned between 0 03 and 0 79 mg m3of which about 37%was picoplanklonic sized forms {1 0 ym) Photosynthesis versus light measurements on size-fractionatedphytoplankton revealed that picoplankton had a high threshold for light tolerance (> 1250 u E m2 sec')

The premonsoonal outbreak and aerial extent of Tnchodesmium blooms in the Arabian Seawas investigated in collaboration with the National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad and by usingaircraft mounted Ocean Colour Radiometer (OCR) Shipboard ground truth measurements of phytoplanktonpigments and the optical properties of seawater<were carried outsimultaneously to calibrate and interpretdata generated by O'CR Tochodesmtum blooms were located as a narrow strip between 15 ° and 15° 30' Nlatitude Chlorophyll values of nearly 35 mg m3 was recorded Processed OCR data is awaited

As a part of Joint Global Ocean Flux studies, observations carried out in Atlantic Ocean during April-May (in collaboration with the Bedlord Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, Canada), revealed that the annualspring phytoplankton bloom was an unusual one Instead of expected diatom populations phytoplanktonwere dominated by much smaller picoplankton which in some mstanres accounted for upto 73% of totalproduction An examination of the optical properties of phytoplankton carried out in support of remotesensing observations revealed thepresence of an unusual absorption peak between 514 and 516 nm Thispeak does not match with any previously reported pigment peak and is apparently more pronounced in pico-sized organisms

Red tide discolouration ol the sea-surface was observed during the month of September extendingfrom the Gull of Mannar to the coast of Karwar The intensity ol bloom was greatest off Karwar (chl a 15mgm3 cell counts 6 x 105 cells ml') dissipating southwards to the Gulf ol Mannar (chla3mg m3, cellcounts 4 x 10s cells ml'). In the southern region whilst the bloom comprised of the mixed diatom —dinoflagellate population of Thalasiosira sp, Coscmodiscus sp, Pleumsigma sp, Gonyalax sp andProrocentrum sp. northwards off Karwar Pleumsigma sp and Prorocenirum sp were the only predominantforms

(b) Secondary production along the west coast of India (SC Goswami, C. T. Achuthankutty, MMadhupratap, SRS Nair, N Ramaiah&G Padmavati)

Zooplankton studies from inshore areas along the central west coast during upwellmg period gavevery high biomass values {upto 12 ml') Swarms of few zooplankton species above the thermoclme, wereObserved Sequential community development including a tertiary one was observed, but predictedhigh diversity terminal community in offshore areas did not occur High short term variability and lack ofdiel patterns were charactenstic of the area

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N. i. O 1989-90

Distribution of calanoid copepods in the upper 1000 m of the Laccadive Sea was investigated forthe first time in India. Biomass values in upper 1000 m was 2. 1 gdrywtm2of which 97. 7% was concentratedin the upper 400 m. Thecopepod species were characterised into 3 groups, one group restricted to theepipelagic layer, second comprised of deeper living species and a third group occurred throughout the watercolumn Majority of the species were non-migratory.

(c) Biomass andtaxonomic information ol major zooplankton groups (K. J. Peter, K. K. C. Nair,

VT Paulinose, CBL Devi, V. Santhakumari, T. Balachandran, P. N Aravindakshan, S. U.

Panampunnayil, R Stephen, P P. M Kunjamma, T. Balasubramaman & G. Peter of R. C Cochin)

Studies on the zooplankton distribution in the EEZ of India showed certain interesting observationsThe Gulf of Kutch and Cambay regions showed poor biomass (0 05-0 1 ml/m3) and rest of the areas of thewest and the southern areas of the east coasts showed fairly high biomass (0 5-1 ml/m3) The northernareas of the Kerala coast and the Wadge Bank regions showed even higher standing crop (> 1. 0 ml/m3)The areas of high zooplankfon production were found to coincide with areas of high primary productionAll along, copepods dominated the samples. Ctenophores were found in high numbers (50/m3) along thenorthern areas of the west coast. Fish larvae and decapod larvae were found in good numbers (0. 03-0 5/m3 and 4 5 13. 5/m3 respectively) all over the Wadge Bank region.

(d) Copepods (R. Stephen, P. P. M. Kunjamma and S. U Panampunnayil of R. C Cochin)

The distribution of copepods below 200 m show some interesting pattern Haloptilus andAugaptilus were common between 200 and 500 m of depth Monaciella, Mesorhabdus and Hemirhabdus

were observed between 500 and 1000 m Disseta and Metridia were encountered only below 1500 mCopepods were also studied from the coastal zones of southwest coast of India. Nearshore stations wererich in Tortanus sp and Acartia sp during preraensGen and monsoon periods. During the postmonsoonpefied Temora sp and Centropages sp occurred in swarms Species belonging to Paracalanus andAcrocalanus were presenl throughout the year

(e) Hydromedusae (V. Santhakumari ofR C Cochin)

A bloom on Aequorea conia a hydromedusan species was observed off Cannanore. A newspecies of hydromedusa Dichotamia vannucci has been reported off Alleppey coast.

(f) ForaminiJera (K. K. Rao, B. Narayanan, K. V. Jayalakshmy, B. M. Panikkar, S. Kumaran & T.

Balasubramanian of R. C. Cochin)

Living pianktonic foraminifers have been studied in relation to their ecology and. distnbution withsamples collected in January off the Coromandal coast in the Bay of Bengal During this period, upwellingoccurs in the northwestern Bay of Bengal and as a result, besides higher populations of foraminifers in thenortheastern part of the coast, upwelling indicator species such as Globigpnna bulloidesand Neogloboquad-

nna dutertrei are also discernible in the fauna.

62

(g) Amphipods (K. K. C. NairofR. C. Cochin)

Studies on the hyperiid amphipods of the Indian Ocean more specifically, Oxycephalids, collectedduring IIOE exhibited zonal characteristics in oceanic regions and meridional characteristics in boundaryregions with regard to their pattern of distribution. Simorhynchotus antennanus showed dominance alongthe periphery of the monsoon gyre in the Arabian Sea. Streetsia challengeri frequented the equatorialwaters of the SW Indian Ocean. Oxyoephalus p/scator were more abundant in the equatorial waters butavoidedthelowandhighsalinewatersofthe north Indian Ocean. Oxycephalus clausi. Leptocotistenuirostris

and Streetsia challengeri were mainly confined to the north of the tropical convergence. In the westernhalf of the Indian Ocean, the hydrochemical front at 10°S marked the southern boundary for Simorphyn-

chotus antennarius, Oxycephalus piscator and Streetsiaporacella. In the central Indian Ocean, Streetsia

porcella was nearly absent. Tulbergella cuspidata was more abundant in the north-eastern areas of theBay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Leptocotis tenuirostris, Oxycephalus dausi and Straetsia porcella weremore abundant ifi the Bay of Bengal. Streetsia porcella was apparently sensitive to the low saline watersof the head of the Bay.

(h) Benthos (AM Parulekar, S. N. Harkantra, Z. A. Ansari, B. S. Ingole, LK. Wariar, R. A. Sreepada,

C. V. Rivonkar & A. Kanti)

Studies on sub-tidal benthos of Konkan coast (Malwan to Karwar) showed highest population densityof 29, 975 m2. In all 29 species of macro invertebrates were recorded, of which burrowing deposit feederAxiothella obockensis, Glymone annadaleiand surface deposit feeder Priouospio pinnata were dominant.High species diversity of3. 58wasobservedduring pre-monsoon. Carnivorous species Glyceraalbaseemedto modify the community structure. The study revealed that the sediment composition, organic carboncontent of the sediment and salinity of bottom waters are the key factors to determine population andcommunity structures of soft sediment dwelling micro invertebrates in the subtidal regions of Konkan coast.

Meiofauna in Mandovi and Zuari estuarine complex and sandy intertidal ecosystem of Goa mainlycomposed of Nematoda, harpacticoida and turbellaria. In all, 29 species of harpacticoida were recordedin this estuarine system. The annual meiofaunal biomass production was 7. 2 g m2. The intertidal meiofaunaldensity was as high as 12 x 10u m-"•

Abundance of biota in Lakshadweep group of coral islands was directly related to biomass ofseagrass. Macrofauna diversity was 1041-8411 m2, polychaetes dominant faunal density showed positivecorrelation with biomass of seagrass.

The soft sediment dwelling benthic animals (burrowing deposit feeder-Malanidae) showed a highdaily turn-over of 636 mg wet/animalof surface sediment during theprocess of feeding and locomotion. Suchbioturbation processes have potential importance in the transfer of nutrients from the sediment to watercolumn.

(i) Mangroves and Seaweeds

(i) Mangroves (A. G. Untawale, S. Wafar, T. G. Jagtap, S. Chinnaraj and S. N. Inamdar)

63

N. I. O.1989-90

Mangroves along the west coast were observed to be mixed and fringing type. Mangrove floracomprised of 20 species, however, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia officmahs and Sonneratia alba

form the dominant species. Sonneratia apetala wag dominant along the north coast of Maharashtra. Iliebest mangrove formations were observed along the banks of Vijaydurg, Shastri, Vashislhi, Purnagad,Kundalika and Savitri estuaries, using remote sensing techniques followed by ground truthing.

Mangrove litterproductionintermsofC, Nand P were studied at few localities to assess mangroveproductivity. The annual litter fall ranged from 10. 2 to 17 tonnes ha1 yr' in various species Theenvironmental parameters account for only 35 60% of litterfall variability

Seagrass from Lakshadweep and southeast as well as southwest coast of Jndia were studiedfor distribution andfloral composition. Extensive seagrass beds and maximum number of species (7 generaand 12 species) occurred along the southwest coast (Tamil Nadu). Thalassia sp anri Cymodocea spp. werethe dominant seagrasses in the iniertidal zone. Maximum biomass of 330 g m' (wet wt) was observed at1. 5 to 2 m depth.

(ii) Seaweeds (A. G. Untawale, V. K. Dhargalkar, V. Ambiye, S. Acharya & R. Baneiji)

Deep water algal flora was studied at four submerged banks (Angria, Cora Divh, Sessostris andBasses-de-Pedro) by dredging. Total of 73 marine algae were recorded from the depth ranging from 20-70 m. Microdictyon termis, Halimeda gracilis, H. tuna, Dictyopteris spp. and Galaxaura spp. were dominant.

30 calcified algae were studied fortheir distribution, taxonomy, minerology and surface morphology.Aragonite was the predominant mineral in calcified forms ot Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae andnemalialesof Rhodophyceae. However, calcite was dominant in all Corallinaceous members. Further studies with SEMprovided additional taxonomic characters like presence of Irichocytes in Amphiroa fragilissima, A. anasto-

mosans. Cheilosporum spectabile and in Jania rubens.

Animal association with seaweeds are being studied every month from two localities, namelyRatnagiri (Maharashtra) andAnjuna (Goa). Three seaweed species from each group are being examined.It has been observed that the distribution of the epiphytic fauna depends upon the algal shapes, water depth,wave exposure and water movement. Animals were numerically more on Centroceros claevulatum andmaximum weight J1 36 g) of the animal was found on Ulva fasciata. Stoechospermum marginatum showedless animal species and less weight Species composition of the animals and their abundance on seaweedsdepend largely on the availability of the food resources of the algal thallus.

(j) Genetic improvisation of cultivable marine organisms (U. GoswamiA S. C. Goswami)

Studies carried out on Parapeneopsisstylifera (females) showed that-amongstalllhe 13characteisstudied, tail weight had the maximum coefficient of variation in the Goa waters (C. V. = 19. 94%) Thecoefficient of correlation was higl»est with partial carapace length (r = 0. 92) followed by second abdominaldepth (r = 0. 75) and exopod of uropod length (r = 0. 74).

64

N. I. O. 1989-90

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

Chromosomal studies were initiated in bivalve molluscs Saccostrea cacufata and Crassostrea

graphoides. Methods were developed for artificial fertilization and analysing the chromosomes in thelarval cells. An apparatus was designed for irradiation experiment to induce gymnogenesis.

(k) Microbio logica l studies

Studies on mat me bacteria and fungi (D Chandramohan, P. A. Loka Bharathi, N. Ramaiah, S.

Raghukumar, C. Raghukumar, S. Achuthankutty, S. Sharma & V. Sathe)

Studies on the occurrence and distribution of marine bioluminescent bacteria showed that thedistribution pattern of luminous bacteria was of free-living nature in the coastal and lagoon waters. In theoceanic waters, the free-living nature was seen only in the upper 200 m of the water column and below thatthe symbiotic types was found to be dominant. Vibrio fischeri was found to be the most common species.The light organ symbient Photobacterium leiognathi was found to be associated with the bait (fishingline and bait) of the fog fish, Antennarium hispidus for the first time. One significant finding was the abilityof orginine to revive luminescence in dark variants (cells which lost their luminescence) aged 10 to 12months. As many as 21 of 53 chemicals tested brought down the luminescence to below 50% level within20 seconds indicating the quickness with which the bacterial luminescence responded to these chemicalseven at micromolar or nanomolar concentrations. Essential cations (Nal , M g 2 , Ca2+ +), aminoacids andsugars enhanced the light output substantially. The results indicate the strong possibility of using thisspecies to monitor the pollutants or any stress factor in the seas around India.

Species of massive corals collected from coral, eefs of the Andaman Islands showed one to severalnecrotic patches on them. On examining several sections of these corals, the fungus Scolecobasidium sp.was consistently isolated. The fungus contributed abiomas of 3-5 mg per cm3 of coral skeleton The muchknown coral pathogen a cyanobacterium was not observed to be associated with such necrotic patches,imnlicatino the funnus as the disease causina agent.

Photo 3: A rnassive coral collected from coral reef of the Andaman Island showing necrotic patch.

65

Strains of marine Thiobacilli growing at 40°C and tolerating 100 atm pressure were selectedto use in offshore oilwells to clean the sulfides. It was found that these strains did not utilize the hydrocarbonswhich is one of the prerequisites for their use in oil reservoirs.

Experiments carried out on the mixed culture of anaerobic Thiobacilli-like strains and sulfatereducing bacteria (SRB) showed that the two strains could grow together without much net H2S productionprovided the substrate concentration was kept low.

One hundred and thirty two nearshore and offshore bacterial strains from waters of the ArabianSea were tested for their tolerance against 8 metals (Cd, Pb, Mo, Co, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni) and 6 antibiotics(Tetracycline, Penicillin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, GentamycinandChloromaphenicol). Though most of thestrains were resistantto Penicillin, offshore strains showed higher tolerance to metals and antibiotics. Theyalso exhibited multiple drug resistance. Among the pigmented strains, the offshore strains were foundto be more resistantto metals than their coastal counterparts and were also comparatively more tolerantto metals and antibiotics at higher concentration lhan the non-pigmenjed isolates.

Studies onrolesoffungiinmarinedetrituswerecarriedout The results indicated: (i) a high numberof thraustochytrids are present in coral mucus detritus reaching values upto 78 x 106 cells g1 mucus; (ii) latestage of detritus of seagrass, Thalassia hemprichii from the Lakshadweep island harbour upto 3% dry wt.fungal biomass which would be of significance as feed for detritivores; and (iii) a distinct succession of fungalspecies is present in decomposing mangrove leaves. Immunological techniques have been standardizedto study the biomass of fungi in detritus.

(I) Microbiological studies in the Cochin backwaters (R. Gupta, N. Prabhakaran, K. V.

Jayalakshmy, P. SivadasandM. Krishnan KuttyofR. C. Cochin)

A general survey of the mycoflora of the Cochin backwater has been completed. Ninety six speciesof filamentous fungi belonging to 39 genera and thirty three species of yeasts under 11 genera have beenisolated. The most prominent ecological feature brought by the study is the strongly independentoccurrence of the mycoflora despite their highly europlastic nature. The few typically marine species wererecorded during the high saline months and only from one. station characterised by the mangrove vegetation.

Qualitative screening of the phosphate solubilizing activity of 60 mangrove soil fungi has provedthree having good activity and one NIO C-3 having excellent activity. None of the yeast isolates showedany activity.

Fiftyone fungal isolates from the mangrove soB of Cochin were screened iorthejrhydroiytic activities,out of them 25 showed amylase, 40 cellulase, 35 pectinase, 20 caesinase, 22 gelatinase and 41 lipaseactivities.

Out of 35 yeast isolates, 26 could grow on diesel and 25 on kerosene. The studies on biochemicalactivities indicate their potential role in the backwater against the impact of increasing urbanisation such

66

N. I. O. 1989-90

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

as combating oil pollutionbiopolymers.

and in the nutrient regeneration especially the degradation of complex

(m) Bacteria in the central Indian Ocean

Microbiological studies of water samples from pelagic and benthopelagic layers of water columnfrom the stations in the Central Indian Ocean revealed that more colony forming units (cfu) of aerobicbacteria were present than the anaerobic ones. Very few cfu of bacteria were obtained from benthopelagic(4,800 to 5,100 m depth) areas, and there too aerobic bacterial cfu was more indicating aerobic conditionsin the region. At one station a dark coloured aerobic yeast colony was obtained at 4,800 m depth.

Photo 4: Plate showing black yeast isolated from 4800 m depth in the Indian Ocean Basin (H) Colony of the yeast growing at the edgeof the nutrient medium on the titter membrane. (B) Millipore filter membrane. (C) Nutrient medium in the plate.

(n) Coral Reef Studies (M.V.M. Wafar, Jason J. David)

Nitrification by reef corals is quantitatively important with an average rate of 9.4 to 6.0 n mol (mgcoral tissue N)' h1. This is a new finding and is a novel mechanism of N recycling within a coral reef.Ammonium utilization rates are equal to inorganic N production rates and nitrate production rates areequalto zooxanthollar uptake rates, demonstrating a close coupling between these processes.

4.4.2 The assessment of the occurrence of marine organisms with lunar cycle in Goa waters (A.H. Parulekar, Z.A. Ansari, A. Chatterji, B.S.Ingole & R.A. Sreepada) (funded by Council of Science,

Technology and Environment. Govt. of Goa)

Regular field observations were carried out at new moon and full moon and in between lunarperiodicity at different tidal amplitude for hydrobiological parameters and trawling was also done at pre-

67

N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT;csy-90

Photo 6: Newly hatched larvae of the horse shoe crab under captive conditions.

68

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

determined transects. During Nov-Jan, the trawl catch consisted of Jelly fish (60%), Scienides (12%), ribbonfish and other organisms of non-commercial value. During Feb-June the trawl catches were dominated bycrabs, prawns, butter fish and squilla. Pending the detailed analysis of the samples, there seems to besome relationship between benthic polychaetes and lunar cycle.

4.4.3 Survey of the breeding ground and possibility of the larval rearing of horse-shoe crabsunder captive and natural conditions (A. Chatterji, R. Vijaykumar, J. Misra, D. Mukhopadhaya

& A.H. Parulekar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

The occurrence of horse-shoe crab was correlated with tidal amplitude and maximum numberswere recorded at spring tide. There was a seasonal pattern in the occurrence of these crabs and no diurnalvariation was noticed.

Successful hatching and rearing of larvae under laboratory conditions of Tachyphus gigas wasachieved in repeat experiments. Fertilized eggs were cultured from nesting grounds. Technique of bleedingof horse-shoe crab for the preparation of amoebocyte lysate was standardized.

4.4.4 Mapping of the mangroves along the central west coast of India with the help of satellite data(A.G. Untawale, T.G. Jagtap, S.N. Inamdar & S. Chinnaraj) (funded by Space Applications Centre,

Ahmedabad)

Mapping of the mangroves have been completed for Goa and Maharashtra coast by using satelliteimageries. The total mangrove cover for Goa and Maharashtra is estimated to be about 22,000 ha andnumber of species recorded are 20.

Photo 7: Mapping of mangroves in Chorao Island, Goa using remote sensing technique.

69

4. 4. 5 Environmental impact assessment on the mangrove ecosystem along the west coast of India(A. G. Untawale, S. Wafar, T. G. Jagtap, S. Chinnaraj & S. N. Inamdar) (funded by the Dept. of

Environment)

Studies showed severe impact of pollution, deforestation and reclamation on mangrove vegetationalong Kerala, Kamatakaand Maharashtra coasts. It was found that the above impact was as a result ofindustrial development, population pressure and agriculture.

4. 4. 6 Marine fungi: role inbiodegradation as feed fordetritivoresand theirenzymes (S Raghukumar,

C. Raghukumar, V. Sathe & S. Sharma) (funded by Dept. of Environment)

High number of Thraustochytnd fungi have been recorded in detritus from alga Sargassum sp. andmangrove Rhizophora mucronata. Myc. elial fungi were abundant in the latter. Detritus becomes enrichedwith age in terms of fungal biomass as estimated using both cultural and immunoflorescence techniques.Protein values varied in Sargassum detritus whereas in mangrove detritus it decreased. Phenols declinedwith the age of detritus.

4. 4. 7 Biochemical genetic variation in marine and estuarine population using isoymic genefrequency data (MR Menezes, S. Naik & M. Martins) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

The technique of starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to determine the genetic structureoffish population. In Rastelliger kanagurta from the west coast, east coast and Andaman Sea the levelof genetic variation, estimated by average heterozygosiry was 6 2%, 4 5% and 2 1% respectively. Geneticdivergence between the two population (west coast/east coast v/s Andaman Sea) was high. Highlysignificant allele frequency difference was found between these two populations and also differences inthe presence of polymorphic and monomorphic samples at the same locus Electrophoretic evidencesuggests a considerable degree of reproductive isolation between the Andaman and west coast/east coastpopulations. R. kanagurta from the Andaman Sea seems to be composed of a single stock whereas in thewest coast and east coast there seems to be the mixing of the individuals differing in the frequencies of alleles.

The structural gene difference between the two carangids Selaroides leptolepis and S. crumen-

opthalmus was quite small (genetic distance D = 0. 470) whereas between S. leptolepis and Decapterus

russelli it was 2. 066 and between S. crumenopthatmusand D. russeli it was 1. 373.

4. 4. 8 Development of technology and training for women in the preparation of prawn (fish) feed(U. K. Gopalan & B. Ushakumari) (funded by Dept of Science & Technology)

During the current year, technology for the productipn of pelleted feeds for shrimp (fish) culture wasdeveloped. It has been found that adequate water stability is the main criterion for developing quality-pelletsThe shrimp feed were made using the different binding agents such as jelled starch from rice, wheat andtapioca, gelatin, sodium alginate, chitosan, etc.

Among these, tapioca flour was one among the best for binding during the pelletising processand this was found to retain a stability of nearly 90% up to a period of 7 hours.

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N. I. O. 1989. 90

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

Feeding trials using formulated diets in juvenile Penaeus indicus and carp fingerlings showed a conversion efficiency of 1.3 - 2.33 and 2.7-3.0 respectively showing undoubtedly better economic efficiencyin shrimp culture.

Photo 8: Seeds of edible estuarine oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis transplanted during monsoon from critically low to higher salineregion and grown to marketable size.

The edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis though settles in the intertidal embankments during highsaline premonsoon period often culminates in stunted growth or death under the influence of fresh water.Scraping of spats from intertidal area and resettling them in perennial high saline region was found toresult in the production of marketable size oysters. This offers an additional source of animal protein andemployment opportunities for the rural population. Thedetailed techno-economic feasibility is being workedout.

71

N. I. O. ANNUAL ftBPom 1989-90

4.5 MARINE CORROSION AND MATERIALS RESEARCH

4.5.1 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian Coast (A.B. Wagh)

(a) Macrofouling studies (S.S. Sawant, T.V. Baveendran, M.O. Sharma. K. Venkat & A. Nishad)

(i) Assessment of shear force for the removal of fouling assemblage from different

substrata

A technique was developed to measure the shear force required to detach calcareous foulingbiomass from different surfaces in order to quantify the bonding strength between the substratum and thefouling organisms under wet and dry conditions. The shear force required to remove the biofilm variedfrom substratum to substratum.

The results showed variation of force with material and was minimum for glass and maximum foraluminium. The observed difference was perhaps due to variations in the surface texture of these substrata.Further, less shear force was required to remove dry biofilm than wet biofilm on metallic substrata and onglass the case was reverse.

(ii) Succession of fouling algae on the metallic substratum

t h e monthly collections were made from different floating structures in the estuarine and coastalwaters of Goa in order to assess algal fouling. Ulva and Padina spp. were abundant during April. 1989and Gracilaria sp. during July-August. The abundance of Gracilaria sp. decreased during Septemberand November 1989. Although Enteromorpha sp. was found throughout the year, its biomass variedseasonally. The Catenella sp. was observed during pre-monsoon to monsoon season in small numbers.Cladophora sp. was predominant during postmonsoon season.

Pholo 9: Self floating assembly which keeps the panels halt immersed in sea water tor algal growth

72

Photo 10: Algal growth on aluminium panel exposed for two months in seawater

From the Maharashtra coast about 10 species of fouling algae were recorded, viz. Enteromorpha

sp., Ectocarpus sp., Polysiphoniasp., Oscilatoria sp., Porphyrasp., Chaetomorph sp., Cladophora sp., Ulva

sp., Phyllophora sp. and Padinasp. Monthly and seasonal variations were evident in their occurrence.Enteromorpha sp. was the major fouling algae especially during premonsoon and monsoon seasons.Porphyra sp. was present during premonsoon and monsoon seasons but was not observed in thepostmonsoon period. Cladophora sp. was observed in August. Subsequently, its biomass increased until November. Ecocarpus sp. was also observed from May to October, in general, the Maharashtra coastwas fairly rich in marine fouling algae as compared to the Goa coast.

(Hi) Selectivity of substrata by fouling algae for attachment and growth

Four types of surfaces, viz. mild steel, aluminium, fibreglass and glass were used to assessselectivity ot substratum by marine touting algae. The results indicate that glass and iibTeglass werepreferred by many fouling algae for attachment and growth as compared to aluminium and mild steel. About90% area was occupied by Cladophora sp. on the glass panel.

(b) Microfouling on the metal surfaces (N.B. Bhosle, S.S. Sawant, T.V. Raveendran, K.

Nandakumar, M. Sharma, & Prabha D. Sankaran).

(i) Microfouling on aluminium and fibre glass panels in the waters of the Lakshadweep

Aluminium and fibre glass panels were deployed in the surface waters of the Agathi and KadamatIslands of the Lakshadweep. Microfouling developed on these substrata during 6 to 120 hr period ofimmersion was analysed for total biomass as carbon and some major metabolites such as proteins, lipids

73

1989-90 N.I.O.

N. I. O. 1989-90

74

and carbohydrates. Microfouling biomass was found to be higher on fibre glass panels as compared tothat on aluminium. Eight genera of rhicroiouling diatoms were observed on these panels. Biddulphia,Navicula and Nitzcnia spp. were the abundant groups.

(ii) Sources of the microlouling materials — application of sugar monomer ratios

Monosaccharide spectra of microfouling material revealed the presence of rhamnose, fucose,ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose when analysed by capillary gas chromatog-raphy. Monosaccharide spectra when interpreted using source parameters such as mannose/xylose andhexoses/pentoses ratios and glucose free weight percentages of ribose plus fucose and arabinose plusgalactose suggests that microfouling material was derived from terrestrial and marine sources. Similarlya plot of glucose free weight percentages of arabinose plus galactose against wt % of mannose impliesthat the microfouling material was originated from non woody tissues of phytoplankton, grasses and leavesof angiosperm and gymnosperm plants.

(HI) Comparative evaluation ottheaminoacid composition of suspended matter and micro-fouling material

A system Gold HPLC was used to analyse concentration and composition of amino acids ofsuspended matter and microfouling material. Fifteen; amino acids were detected in the suspended matterand microfouling material. Total amino acids concentrations of suspended matter and microfoulingmaterial varied from 323 lo 1236 nmol"' and 13-70 to 34.50 nmol/dnrrVday respectively. Amino acidsconcentration of suspended matter decreased below 10m with a small increase at 60 m. In contrast to this,amino acids of microlouling material increased with depth. Glycine contribution to total amino acid increasedwith depth for the microfouling material and was about 42% at 60 m. There was a more or less inverserelationship with the development of microfouling and glycine content This implies that glycine perhapsacts as an antilouling agent.

Amino acids content of suspended matter and microfouling material

Amino Acids

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

Serine

Histidine

Glycine

Threonine

Arginine

A

0.44

0.05

0.33

tra

2.46

0.01

1.56

1

B

94.38

99.11

58.62

7.35

110.28

34.51

A

0.62

0.49

0.36

tra

4.16

0.11

3.98

10

B

171.30

185.12

96.33

17.28

202.50

66.64

Depth (m)20

A B

0.50 133.97

0.34 141.67

0.12 75.09

0.01 9.87

2.14

174.750.48

1.96 68.55

40

A

1.03

0.94

0.03

tra

7.47

0.45

4.09

B

40.66

38.46

19.94

0.39

43.38

12.19

60

A

1.43

1.27

1.12

1.59

14.40

2.11

0.64

B

64.61

56.94

34.14

5.50

68.87

18.16

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

A = Fouling material ( nmol/dm-2 /d '), B - Water samples (nmol/lit), ** = mg/dm2/d, * = Sum of individual amino acids, tra = traces

(iv) Evaluation of microfouling by scanning electron microscope

Mild steel coupons were deployed at 2, 20,40 and 70 m at a station in the Arabian Sea. The couponswere then studied by scanning electron microscope to assess the microfouling. A number of microfouling

75

Amino Acids

Alanine

Tyrosine

Methionine

Valine

Phenyl alanine

Isoleucine

Leucine

Lysine

Total

Biomass

1

A

0.89

0.09

0.70

tra

0.01

3.97

0.82

2.37

*23.7

"1.96

B

56.70

4.86

41.59

33.85

27.76

84.12

25.20

678.33

10A

0.96

tra

tra

0.01

tra

tra

4.48

0.69

15.86

2.18

B

94.65

7.40

83.71

61.69

58.11

150.14

41.09

1235.96

Depth (m)

20A

0.96

0.01

tra

tra

tra

tra

5.29

4.11

B

72.41

7.41

72.26

45.09

48.30

120.05

122.69

15.921099.52

2.88

40A

2.49

tra

tra

0.07

tra

0.04

6.61

6.02

28.85

3.02

B

20.23

3.23

21.47

12.94

1 4.28

57.71

38.14

323.02

60A

1.53

0.48

0.29

0.72

1.07

1.61

3.86

2.43

34.55

1.90

B

30.86

7.25

32.97

19.72

21.66

91.73

63.04

515.45

N. I. O. ANNUAL REPORT 1989-90

Photo 12

Photo 13

Photo 11,12 & 13-. Scanning electron microscopic observation n1 i n i n o f o u ling showing filamentous bacteria (1), bacteria in ( hains (2)and diatoms Amphora sp. (3)

organisms including individual bacteria, chains of bacteria, filamentous bacteria and diatoms wereobserved settled on mild steel.

(c) Corrosion Studies (N.B. Bhosle, S.S. Savmnt & Prabha D. Sankaran)

(i) Effect of diatom film on corrosion rate of mild steel

Mild steel coupons were subjected to different concentrations of diatoms cells (Naviculasp.) in a speciallydesigned culture chamber with stirring mechanism to assess the effect of diatom fouling on the corrosionof mild steel. The corrosion rate of mild steel was less (18.4 mdd; SD±1.36;n = 9) subjected to highdensity of diatoms as compared to low density culture {22.1 mmd;SD±1.54; n = 9). The thick film of diatoms(600-700 cells/cm2) might have acted as a barrier for the diffusion of oxygen and thereby limiting the actionof oxygen on the metal surface. ,

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1989-90 N.I.O.

77

(ii) Performance of stressed RCC beam in marine environments

The performance of reinforcement in concrete under stress at various points along the length of thebeam was assessed. The corrosion was evaluated by measuring the half cell potential.-After five monthsof exposure in the marine waters, a decrease in the potential was observed at a point where the stresswas maximum. The decrease in the potential was associated with increased period of exposure. Thepotential value at the point of maximum stress decreased from - 547 mv at the time of exposure to - 614 mvat the end of 5 months exposure period.

(Hi) Corrosion of mild steel in the shelf waters of the Arabian SeaCorrosion of mild steel was monitored at a station (14°45.3'N, 73°35.1'E) in the shelf waters

of the Arabian Sea. Corrosion was assessed by weight loss, X-Ray diffraction and elements analysis.Corrosion rates ranged from 186.5 to 71.83 mgdm2d' Corrosion was highest at 2 m and decreased withincreasing depth. It appears that the rate of corrosion was directly related to oxygen and temperatureand inversely to salinity. Wavelength dispersive spectrophotometric analyses of the corroded panelssuggest that the content of iron decreased, whereas, silica, phosphate and sulphide increased with the depthof immersion. Mineral composition of corrosion products was analysed by X-Ray diffraction. TheXRDdata showed the presence of ferrihydrite (Fe2O7)OH.4H2O, halite (NaCI), Calcite (CaCO3), Lepidocrocite (- FeOOH), Pyrite (FeS2Xand Magnesite (MgCO3).

Wavelength energy dispersive spectrophotometric analysis of mild steel immersed atvarious depths at a station in the shelf waters of the Arabian Sea

Depth (m) ' Element Composition (% of total)Iron Silica Phosphate Sulphide

2 97.41 1.85 0.22 0.5120 96.55 1.57 0.45 1.4140 93.06 2.43 1.96 2.5470 90.46 3.03 4.24 2.26

Depth (m)

2204070

Iron97.4196.5593.0690.46

Element Composition (% ofSilica1.851.572.433.03

Phosphate0.220.451.964.24

total)Sulphide

0.511.412.542.26

(iv) Nature of organic matter associated with corrosion product

Corrosion products isolated from mild steel panels deployed at 2, 20, 40 and 70 m at a siationin the Arabian Sea were analysed for organic carbon, water extractable carbohydrates and aminoacids com-position. Organic carbon varied from 1. 99 to 3. 45 mg g-1 and carbohydrate from 47. 45 to 117. 75 ngg 1 dryweight of corrosion product. More or less similar pattern was observed for amino acids concentrationsof these compounds increased with depth. The amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine,histidine, glytine, threonine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucineand lysine were abundant. Increasing concentrations with depth of leucine and lysine in the corrosionproducts were observed. Association of higher amount of organic material with corrosion products,especially at greater depth suggests the importance of these compounds in influencing the rate ofcorrosion, particularly in the water with low oxygen content

78

N. I. O. 1989-90

4. 6 INTEGRATED STUDIES OF ESTUARIES

4. 6. 1 Environmental studies In mid-estuarine stretch of Hooghly (M. D. Zingde, V. R. Nair, R. V.Sauna, M. M. Sabnis, K. Govindan, S. N. Gajbhiye, A. N. Kadam, P. K. Dineshkumar, J. M. Jaiswar,P. D. Gore, A. V. Mandalia, P. Sharma, M. A. Rokade & P. Mehta of B. C. Bombay)

Multidisciplinary investigations including assessment of tides, currents, circulation pattern, waterquality, biological characteristics and sediment analyses were undertaken in 30 km stretch between HaldiaRiver and Diamond Harbour.

The funnel shape of the Hooghly was well suited for optimum tidal flux which was the major factorgoverning the channel regime and navigability of the lower reaches of the estuary. Tides in the mouthcaused surface gradients which resulted in propagation of gravity waves into the estuary. The rate ofpropagation depended primarily on the depth of water and on the tidal range at the mouth. The tidal wavetravelled more slowly as the depth decreased and the wave becomes distorted as it travelled inland. Thetidal range of 5. 5 m with depth variation between 6 and 12 m during spring tides caused considerabledistortion of the tidal wave. However, during neap tides the tidal range of around 2 m. with depth variationbetween 7 and 9 m, the tidal wave underwent only slight distortion.

At Sagar, the mean tidal level was about the same during spring as well as during neap, but at stationsfurther inland the mean level during spring tides was higher than observed during neaps. This effect couldbe so great that at some landward stations, low water during neap tides could be lower than low waterduring springs. Evidently, a large volume of water could accumulate in the upper part of the estuary duringa spring tide cycle. This caused an increase in salinity during spring tides and a decrease during neaps.

The general trend in variation in currents clearly revealed the marked influence of the tide. Thechanges in properties were not conspicuous in the vertical suggesting advection of near homogeneouswatermass up or down the estuary under the influence of the tide. Upstream of Haldia, the flood currentswere stronger as compared to the ebb currents but the ebb flow was for a longer duration to balance theinflow and outflow of water. The cross-river components were generally weak and directed towards thewestern bank during January-February while during May-June and October-November the direction wastowards the eastern bank perhaps under the influence of prevailing strong winds The circulation patternassessed through float trajectories revealed net seaward transport and excursion of 9-32 km dependingon the tide, currents and riverine freshwater flow

High dominance of riverine freshwater flow upstream of Haldia was evident from low salinities withseawaier percentage between 20 to 40 during premonsoon and between 1 to 10 during postmonscon.Although the water column was generally well mixed, partial stratification, particularly around the flood andebb slack periods, occasionally occurred.

At the riverine freshwater flow of 100, 500 and lOOOrrfYsec, the volume of freshwater in the lower50 km stretch of the estuary was estimated at 9. 19 x 10", 2 x 10» and 2. 25 x 10' m3 respectively. Thecorresponding mean detention time was 106, 46 and 26 days.

The water quality of the lower estuary did not reveal any serious contamination though Hoogfyinits upper reaches is considered to receive 93 x 104 rrrVday of wastewater with BOD, COD and suspendedsolid loads of 110, 337 and 406 t/day. The pH generally varied in a narrow range of 7. 5 to 8. 4 with markedly

79

1989-90 N. I. O.

higher values during premonsoon perhaps because of greater influence of seawaler. The concentrationof suspended participate matter varied Widely from 30 lo 9900 ng/l The surface water had strikinglylower levels as compared to the bottom.. The tidal dependence of suspended load and high values at thebottom suggested their source in the bed sediments which got dispersed in the water column due to strongcurrents. The dissolved oxygen was high with low BOD (0. 1 to 4. 7 mg/l) thereby implying that the oxidizableorganic load transported to the lower estuary was being effectively assimilated. The levels of PO4

3P wererelatively low and varied widely (0. 2 to 5. 5 ng-at/l). No definite temporal or spatial variations were apparentthough values were often higher in the bottom layer. Concentrations of NO3-N were markedly high(13. 7to 35. 3 ug-at/1) and there was no marked seasonal or tidal variation. Nitrite on the other hand, waseither absent or present In low concentrations revealing good oxidising conditions in the area. Evidentlyammonia (NH3 + NH4*) was generally low though abnormal levels were sometimes encountered

Although substantial waste of hydrocarbon origin is considered to be entering Hoogly throughport operations at Calcutta, Diamond Harbour and Haldia and through industrial and domestic wastewaterdischarges, the levels of residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in the water column were fairly low (18 to161 |wj/l) though the levels were markedly higher than expected for unpolluted coastal environment. Theconcentration of phenolics though low (0 to 59 \ig!\) their presence revealed the influence of wastewaterdischarges.

The surface distribution of trace metals and petroleum hydrocarbon residues also did not revealany appreciable sediment contamination. It appeared thai the input of these pollutants was either scavengedto the sediment in the vicinity of point of releases or was transported outside the estuarine mouth. The latterpossibility is less in view of high rate of sedimentation in the estuary.

Concentration of chlorophyll a was fairly high suggesting good primary productivity. However, highconcentration of priaeopigments indicated decompared nature of the cells. Zooplankton productionwas moderate with comparable pattern of distribution of different locations with a peak in November.Benthic macrofauna on the contrary was very poor probably due to the sandy/silty nature of the substratumand high suspended load associated with strong currrents,

4. 6. 2 Phytoplankton studies in Chaliyar and Korapuzha estuaries (S. Kumaran, P. Venugopal & K.Sarala Devi of B. C. Cochin)

Phytoplankton and chlorophyll a variations were studied in Chaliyar and Korapuzha estuaries for aperiod of one year. These estuaries exhibited a similar pattern in the distribution of chlorophyll a andphytoplankton abundance - At Chaliyar the phytoplankton biomass declined from the river mouth towardsupstream. At Korapuzha the phytoplankton biomass was dominated by marine diatoms like Skeletonemacostatum, Fragilaria oceanica, Biddulphia sinenis, Asterionella japonica, Coscinodiscus eccentricus,Navicuta sp., Nitzschi chtosterim, Cosmarium cucurbita, Amphora lineolata, Pleumsigma elongata,Thalassiosira coromandelina, Cerataulina bergonii, Lauderia sp. and dinoflagellates such as Noctilucamiliaris, Ceratium macroceros etc.

Fragilaria oceanica, Skeletonema costatum, Chaetocerossp., Planktoniellasol. Rhizosoleniaarethe main components of the phytoplankton crop of the Chaliyar estuary. Occasional sprout of fresh wateralgae such as Euglena sp., Osacillatoria sp., Spirogyra sp. etc. were noticed in the upper reaches of theestuary especially during the freshwater regime.

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N. I. O. 1989-90

1989-90 N. I. O.

81

At Korapuzha maximum chlorophyll concentration was observed during the premonsoon andmonsoon period (46. 4 pg I') whereas a maximum 69. 0 ug I' was recorded in the Chaliyar during thepostmonsoon period which was associated with the blooming of Spirogyra sp. Chlorophyll a and phytoplank-ton counts did not show any definite direct relationship perhaps indicating a high nannoplankton population.

Particulate organic carbon values showed that primary lood material was available throughout theyear. Values in Chaliyar ranged from 0. 25-13. 05 mg/1 and those at Korapuzha ranged fromO. 35-16 5 mg/l

4. 6. 3 Zooplankton studies in the Korapuzha and Chaliyar estuaries (P. Haridas & P. VenugopalofRC Cochin)

Zooplankton studies were made at Korapuzha and Chaliyar estuaries at Calicut. Korapuzha estuarywas found to be richer in zooplankton abundance and diversity. The maximum biomass excludinggelatinous forms in this estuary (0. 95 ml/m3) was during April while at Chaliyar it was only 0. 6 ml/m3 inMarch During the premonsoon months from February to April there was a high proliferation ofhydromedusae and ctenophores (494 ml/5 minutes haul in March) virtually depleting all other zooplanktersespecially copepods Such an abundance of these carnivores was not observed at Korapuzha. However,the distribution pattern of zooplankton species in these two estuaries are more or less similar with maximumstanding stock during pre-monsoon and least in monsoon

4. 6. 4 Studies on benthos in Korapuzha and Chaliyar estuaries (K. Sarala Devi & P. Venugopal ofR. C.

Cochin)

The benthos of the Chaliyar and Korapuzha estuaries were studied (or one year. The substratumat Chaliyar was sandy and benthic fauna constituted mainly by bivalve Villorita cypnnoides. The otherorganisms encountered were polychaetes, amphipods and decopods. Polychaete species includes Ancis-trosyllis constricta, Prionospio polybranchiata, Heteromastides bifidus, Glycera convoluta, Lycastis indica.Among these Prionospiopoiybranchiatawas present in most of the stations. Chironomid larvae, the pollutionindicator was noticed downstream of the effluent discharge site where organic debris were present

The Korapuzha estuary was found to be more rich in benthos having high biomass. Amphipods,isopods, bivalves and polychaetes were encountered Amphipods, constituted by Corophium tnaenonyxand Quadnvisio bengalensis formed the dominant groups in this estuary. The polychaele species Diopatraneapolitana was observed at the mouth of the estuary where the substratum was clayey silt.

4. 6 5 Dynamics of Azhicode estuary (P. Udaya Varma, C Revichandran & A. Pylee of R. C Cochin)

Under the project the data collected for assessing the sedimentation pattern inside the estuary inconjunction with the dynamics of Ihe estuary were analysed and a physical solution was proposed. Theshoaling inside the estuary and the barmouth can be reduced by the construction of two breakwaters and aretaining wall as shown in the Fig 9. This will regulate the flow pattern which will subsequently control theshoaling

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1989-90 N. IO.

83

4. 7 OCEAN ENGINEERING

4. 7. 1 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastalworks (B. U. Nayak)

(a) Design and development of deep sea instrumented mooring (N M. Anand & A. K Suryavanshi)

Numerical model for static and dynamic analysis of single point surface buoy moorings has beendeveloped. Effect of steady currents and regular and irregular waves on the response of the system hasbeen evaluated. Using this software deepsea instrumented moorings for ocean acoustic tomographicstudies have been designed, developed, deployed and retrieved. Fig. 10 shows the response evaluation ofa typical OATS moorng in 3000 m water depth.

(b) Long-term waves, currents, meteorologicalparameters measurement and analysis (N. M.Anand, S G. Diwan, P Chandramohan, AK.Suryavanshi, K. Ashok Kumar, S. S Bhat, H. C.Mandal, K. C. Pathak, N. S. N. Raju & P Pednekar)

Directional wave measurement using WAVEC buoydeployed off Karwar, in March 1988 has been continuedin 1989 Design parameters were evaluated for theconstruction of Naval harbour at Karwar based on the datacollected on waves, currents, wind and water levels. Thedesign wave height for 50 years return period wasestimated to be 5. 6 metre. Fig. 11 shows some typicalresults.

A wave rider buoy, a currentmeter moonng anda water level recorder were deployed off Jaitapur at Lat16°36'N, Long 73°18'E and a weather station was in-stalled at Vijayadurg, in connection with the NuclearPower Corporation project (Photo 14).

Two wave rider buoys were deployed, one offPortnova at 80 m depth in May 1989 and another ofi Rawaal 18 m water depth in April 1989 for ONGC, Madras.

(c) Coastal engineering studies (P. Chandramo-han, K. C. Pathak & N. S. N. Raju)

Nearshore wave transformation studies havebeen earned out for the proposed construction of Navalharbour at Karwar (Fig 12). Field investigation on geomorphological studies between Ratnagiri andMangalore has been initiated since April 1989. Daily Littoral Environmental Observation (LEO) was cannedout at 20 stations between Ratnagiri and Mangalore. Studies on the distribution of suspended and bed loadsediments in surf zone has been initiated.

N. I. O. 1909-90

Fig. 11: Weibull plot of significant wave height tor design wave evaluation.

84

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

(d) Design and development ofinstruments (S.G. Diwan, K. Ashok

Kumar & H.C. Mandal)

(i) Analog signal available at the outputof digital wave rider receiver (DIWAR) wassuitably modified and interlaced to analog chartrecorder of WAREP. The system was tested forwave pattern and the error was found to be lessthan 5%. This modification enables to record bothanalog and energy spectra of waves at the sitewhere DIWAR and HP85B PC is installed.

(ii) The on-line data acquisition systemconsisting of HP85B PC and a microprocessorunit with Aanderaa currentmeter was tested onoffshore oil rig GA-II. The system was used to record temperature, conductivity, pressure, cur-rent speed and direction. Same data wererecorded on 1/4" magnetic spool which laterprocessed using an Aanderaa tape reader inter-faced to IBM PC. Both the results were comparedand found to agreeing well. This system will bevery handy at Rigs/Platforms, where the recordeddata have to be used instantaneously.

(e) Geotechnical engineering studies (S. T.Bhat)

(i) The seabed sediment samples col- photo 14:lected off Mauritius Island were tested in thelaboratory. The permeability aspect of this soil

was investigated. It showed that the salt concentration of the permeating fluid has significant effect on themagnitude of the permeability (Fig. 13).

(ii) A gravity corer which can be operated from a boat has been fabricated. Undisturbed seabedsediment samples with 2 to 3 m penetration can be obtained using this corer (Photo 15).

Retrieval of current meter and water level recordermooring off Jaitapur.

(t) Material technology for offshore engineering (A.K. Suryavanshi)

Studies have been initiated to determine the corrosion rate of steel in concrete by transient response(TR) techniques. In general, the TR methods are based on the analysis of the response of a corrodingelectrode during the non stationary period to the application of a voltage or current signal. Thistechniquewas not yet widely applied to steel/concrete systems.

Different electrical models (equivalent circuit) which simulate the steel/concrete system have beeninvestigated. The corresponding response function to different electrical signals have been derived usingoperational calculus. Set up for the experimental work is being fabricated.

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N I. O. 1989-90

86

1989-90 N. I. O

4. 8 MARINE INSTRUMENTATION

4. 8. 1 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys (E. Desa)

(a) Development of in-water spectral radiometer (E. S. Desa, E. Desa & E. D'Sa) (funded by UNDP)

In-situ detection of chlorophyll for laboratory studies as well as remote sensing color validation cannotbe achieved with present day instruments. The objective of the project was therefore to design, developand build a high resolution profiling radiometer capable ofmeasuring the spectral content of vector irradiancein the wavelength region 350-750 nm. Using the latest trends in optical detection and spectrographtechnology, it is expected that the radiometer wiH be capable of a dynamic range of 1 million. The presentstatus of the development has moved from design to the fabrication of the spectrograph. The electronichardware and software design has also been scheduled as a parallel activity.

The initial design was presented to the oceanographic community at Friday Harbor, Seattle inSeptember1989 and atOcean'89 andevinced keen interest in its futureprogress. A simplified block diagramof the radiometer is given in Fig. 14.

(b) Integrated data acquisition for coastal research vessels (R. G. PrabhuDesai, G. Vithyathil&

E. Desa) (funded by Dept of Ocean Development)

Present day data acquisition on board research vessels is normally achieved via dedicated scientificcomputers. These usually need specialised service facilities and spares inventories, and using suchsystems is usually a new experience. It was sought to bypass Jhese drawbacks by using personalcomputers and to enhance inter-disciplinary communication via an onboard network.

The present status of the project is that interfaces to a variety of equipment have been developedand tested, and communication software between different nodes is under test.

(c) Development of free-falling recording bathythermograph (E. Desa, VS. Peshwe & V. N.Chodankar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

The temperature and pressure circuits have been calibrated against high quality calibration sensorsand the overall non-linearities of the circuits entered in look-up tables. This method ensures an absoluteaccuracy of ± 0. 04°C for temperature over the range 0 to 40°C, and ± 1 m for pressure upto 600 m.

The in-water unit has been constructed in aluminium, for depths upto 2000 m. The software flexiblyrecords on depth or time intervals. The equipment is scheduled for imminent fifild trials.

(d) Development of a vector averaging recording current meter (A. Joseph, E. Desa & D.Rodrigues) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

A prototype unit is nearing completion with current speed and direction sensors on board, besidesthe auxiliary measurements of pressure and temperature. The same approach for pressure and temperaturehas been adopted as for the bathythermograph, whilst the speed and direction circuitry has novel featuresincorporated, allowing the detection of oscillatory motion.

The in-water unit has been constructed from aluminium for depths upto 1000 m. Software flexibilityallows the unit to record depth, temperature, time or speed at intervals.

(e) Development of a moored ocean data buoy (M. R. Nayak, S. B. Tengali & A. K. Suryavanshi)

(funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

The objective of this programme is to design, develop, deploy and operate oceanographic databuoys. The present design is aimed at inter relating met-wave information from a single buoy over a periodof time. System components have been identified and it is hoped to deploy the buoy in September 1990with an indigenously designed electronic unit.

(f) Automatic Tide Gauge (funded by Dept. of Science & Technology)

Technical know-how on Automatic Tide Gauge, Model: NIO-INST, designed and developed undera grant-in-aid project fromDST, has been transferred to the sponsor. Threeweeks training on this tide gaugehas been imparted to the engineers of M/s Associated Instrument Manufacturers (India) Pvt. Ltd. (AIMIL),the agency identified by DST for production of Tide Gauge. As per project agreement one unit has beenfabricated, calibrated and supplied to M/s AIMIL. Another unit has been installed atMormugao Port Trustpremises for demonstration and data collection purposes.

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N. I. O. 1989-90

4. 9 SURVEYS FOR POLYMETALLIC NODULES

4. 9. 1 Polymetallic Nodules from the Central Indian Ocean

During the year, 629 freelall grab and 103 photograb operations were carried out at 140 stationsin the Central Indian Ocean for collecting nodule samples. Maximum abundance of nodules was found1o be 27 kg/sq m.

The chemical analyses indicated that average moisture content of these nodules was 20% (range16-25%) The Mn content in these nodules varied between 15 and 34%, and Fe content between 2 and16%. From the analyses it was observed that 39% of nodule samples were marginal and/or paramarginalin grade (i. e. combined Ni, Cu and Co values above 2%) while the rest aresubmarginal(Cu+Ni+Co<2%).The higher concentration of Mn, Cuand Ni in nodules was found to be associated with siliceous sedimentswhile reverse was true in red clay sediments.

Radiochemical and geochemical studies indicated thatdiscoidal nodules which are less vulnerableto rotation on the seafloor, unlike spheroidal nodules, showed distinct differences in transition metalfluxes, Z30Th contents, ?3CTh/232Th and Mn/Fe ratios between their top and bottom surfaces. These suggest twodifferent sources and procedures of enrichment for two sides Detailed studies of internal structure ofnodules indicate close relation between Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide precipitation and paleo-oceanographicconditions.

Geochemical studies of sediment samples from nodule beanng environments revealed fiveimportant sources for its content of major and minor elements. Ba as dissolution residue, Na and Mg asseasalts, Si from biogenic source, Mn, Ni, Fe. Co, Cu Irom combined hydrogenetic and diagenelic sourcesand other major elements from detrital sources were suggested The oxidised manganese ratio (0/Mn) in the nodules from different sediment types varies from 1. 73 to 1. 81 suggesting that Mn mostly occursin the nodule in Mn(IV) state. Mn reduction occurs usually atadepthof 11-15 cm below the seafloor andpresence of maximum solid phase Mn at the top of sediment column (0-3 cm) indicates diageneticincorporation of Mn into the nodules. Regional geochemical study of nodules showed a marked differencein composition between those from subequatorial part and basinal areas. Unusually high concentration olMn, Ni and Cu in smooth nodules from subequatorial part suggests transportation of digenetically richtrace metals by bottom water from adjacent areas.

Studies on physical properties of nodules revealed that Indian Ocean nodules were anisotropicand found to be denser, porous and display faster P-wave velocity in comparison to those from Atlantic andPacific Oceans

A programme for digitisation of seabed photographs to compute coverage and abundance ofpolymetallic nodules has tjeen developed. Photographs of nodule bearing areas of seafloor showedwidespread mega benthic activity. Sediments were the most preferred substrate for organisms followed bynodules.

(a) Premining environmental assessment studies in the central Indian Ocean (P. U. Varma, V.Josanto, C. Revichandran, A. Pylee, P R. Vijayan, R. Sajeev, N. Anilkumar, V. N. Sankaranaray-anan, T. Balasubramanian, K. Sarala Devi, P. Venugopal, K. K. Batachandrah, J. K. Xavier, V. R.Amma, L. Sebastian, P. Sivadas, P. N. Aravindakshan, KKC. Nair, B. Narayanan, C. B. L. DeviS V.Santhakumari of R. C. Cochin)

89

19B9-90 N. I. O.

The premining environmental assessment studies in the Central Indian Ocean were designed tofocus on those background values and variables against which the mining perturbations can be evaluated.In the study of the water column emphasis was given to the physical and chemical characteristics and theprimary and secondary levels ot biological production. The baseline studies were carried out at 5 stations

Apart from the general hydrographical features, preliminary analysis of the data showed (i)25 - 50 m of surface mixed layer with high concentration of O2 (near saturation) and uniform temperature (28-29°C), (ii)athermoclinelayerfrom50-200 m, (ui)with low or practically zero value of phosphate, silicateand nitrate in the upper water column, (iv) the trace metal concentrations in the upper 500 m were practicallynil, (v) the oxygen value below 1000 m showed a gradual increase and reached values of 4. 5 ml/I at thedeepest depths, and (vi) theeuphotic zone extends only to 95 m in the area Chlorophyll a values showedan increase with decreasing illumination horizon. At all stations highest chlorophyll a values were observedat 1% light intensity and it varied between 0 17 and 0 75 mg/m3

The biomass of the zooplankton samples showed only slight variations among the five stationsworked out (the higher density in 1 and 6). But the depth-wise distribution of biomass showed markeddifference at all stations ranging from 119 ml/m3 at the surface layers to 41 ml/m3 for the 500 m water columnThe composition of the neuston collections made from the surface layer consisted of a very wide varietyof groups, but the major bulk of the samples was that of medusae, salps and other gelatinous organisms.The layer between 50 and 0 m (Bongo collection) recorded a richer fauna including fish larvae and otherorganisms that form the food of fishes. The most dominant group uniformly abundant in all the stations wascopepoda, their numberranging between 1207 and 136204 per 100 m3. This was followed bychaetognaths,euphausids, ostracods, decapods and copelates.

90

N. I. O 1989-90

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

4.10 ANTARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

Two scientists S/shri N. Ramaiah and Jiyalal Ram were the participants from NIO in the Ninth IndianScientific Expedition to Antarctica. Analysis of data collected during earlier expeditions shows the following:

(a) Investigation on heat budget and hydrographic structure (V. Ramesh Babu, M.S.S. Sarma

& P.N. Vinayachandran)

The observed decreasing trend in the SST (from - 0.5 C to -1.9°C) during January 1988 in theshore polynya off Dakshin Gangotri has been mainly attributed to the processes of heat advection. Thepresence of anomalous warm saline waters (>14'C& 35.3 x 103S) in the upper lOOO m of the southwesternIndian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean suggests the presence of eddies (about 300 km in size)that might shed out from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current due to topographic influence of Crozet Plateau.

Photo 16: First sunrise in Antarctica

(b) Investigation on fronts (V. Ramesh Babu & J.S. Sastry)

The planetary scale fronts (thermal and/or saline) in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Oceanhave shown considerable east to west variability in their characteristics on account of continental boundaryprocesses and bottom topographic effects.

(c) Productivity of the Southern Ocean — a multidimensional approach (X.N. Verlencar, S.G.

Prabhu Matondkar, V.K. Dhargalkar, J.I. Goes, B.S. Ingole, P.M.A. Bhattathiri, A. Pant & A.H.

Parulekar)

91

Waiermass structure productivity and nutrients in Antarctic waters between 11° to 53°Elongwere studied based on the data collected from 1982 1989 Investigations revealed that nutnent rich warmdeep watens brought to the surface near divergence 65°S Nitrate and phosphate isopleths revealeddominance of physical processes over biological processes Phytoplankton productivity and bomass inAntarctic waters were variable but displayed their richness in coastal regions Size fractionation ofphytoplankton showed that autotrophic and heterotrophic pico and nanoplankton form a substantialcontribution to the turnover rate of phytoplankton biomass and to the classic Antarctic food chain consistingof diatoms, knll and whales

Nitrates and phosphates remain well above limiting value even dunng blooms, however, silicatesmay be the most limiting of the major nutrients Nutrient anomaly ratio signify that regeneration of Si is5 fold higher in the region south of subtropical convergence zone Based on these analysis it appears thatAntarctic phytoplankton is oligate psychrophiles (cold loving) Spatial variation in biological productivityin oceanic region south of Antarctic convergence cannot be accounted for by the difference in incidentradiaiion, water temperature or concentration of NO3, PO4 and silicates The physical structure of watercolumn, nearireezingtemperatureaticeedgecombinedwilh heavy grazing and rapid sinking were the mostsignificant factor controlling phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean

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4. 11 MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY

(Funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India)

The Marine Archaeology Unit undertook three important expeditions in search of the submergedcities and shipwrecks in Indian waters

(a) Dwarka expedition

Underwater search for the submerged city of ancient^Jwarka on Gujarat coast conducted inDecember, 1989 brought to light hitherto unknown protection walls, bastions, etc., in 6 to 10 metre waterdepth in the Arabian Sea, 1 km west oi the temple of Sea God thereby confirming that the ancient port-cityof 1500 B. C. was built on both banks of the nver Gomati The structures, stone anchors and other artifactswere documented. The Geophysical Survey of an area of 5 x 10kmupto20 m depth yielded useful datafor determining the limit of the ancient city The submerged channel of the Gomati was also traced andits steep gradient suggests that light artifacts were transported into the then sea about 1. 75 km off theSamudranarayana Temple

(b) Shipwreck in Goa waters

A shipwreck was discovered in the shallow waters of Amee Shoals. The ship carried atleast 3cannons and a considerable quantity of dressed granite blocks The ill-fated ship must have been struck inbad weather against the reef and foundered Diver-archaeologists' cleared a portion of the cannonsand photographed them despite poor visibility and swell From the shape; size etc of the cannon the wreckseems to be 300 years old. An iron anchor of a later wreck was also recovered

(c) Surveys off Tranquebar - Kaveripatnam

Geophysical surveys off Tranquebar-Kavenpatnam of Tamil Nadu coast in Thanjavur District werecarried out. In 10-11 m depth some archaeological remains were indicated, Further investigation willbe undertaken in view of certain definite clues in the intertidal zone

Training in Marine Archaeology

* Intensive training in diving, underwater search and excavation was jmparted to trainees deputedby the Archaeological Survey of India and also to two other archaeologists.

1989-90 N. iO.

N. I. O. 1989-90

94

Parameter

Nansen castCurrentXBTMBTNutnent/oxygen/phosphateBenthosChlorophyll a.

ZooplanktonUnderway data

No of cruises

12"112

U; 1 •

72

No. ol stations/line kilometre

39524

T4S-19

18622

16428—

Total 983

4.12 DATA & INFORMATION

4.12.1 Data & Information Management (R.M S Bhargava)

Data acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination (JS. Sarupria, G.V. Reddy, K.

Arvind Ghosh, T. Pankajakshan & P.D. Kunte)

(i) Data acquisition

The following geophysical data of Indian Ocean have been acquired from National Geophysical DataCentre, Colorado, U.S.A.

Bathymetry - 46004.1 nautical milesMagnetic - 34557.1Gravity - 21293.4Seismic - 12552.7Navigation - 46691.8

These data pertain to 117096'records from 43 cruises between the I at. 0-24° and long. 65-75°. Theseismic data is in analog form while all other data are in digital form The data are being read, reformattedand included in the geophysical data base of Data Gentre.

Thecentre also acqufted inventory information of the data collected in 14 cru ises by SagarSampada

(CMFRI).

Besides this, the centre acquired the data as given in the following table :

(it) Data processing

(1) XBT data of fourteen cruises-have been processed and stored in IheXBTdatabase. Processingof this data included digitization of analogue data from. 1000 stations, quality checking and storing thedata in proper lormat. Chemical dataof 61 cruises of R. V. Gayeshani have been subjected to preliminaryquality checks. This check consists of the range checking, for position, date and lime.

(2) A link programme for reformatting the IFStodBase III anddBaseto (IIS havebeendeveloped andimplemented.

This program allows to convert data and inventory files from one file system to another. Forhandlingthe files the centre uses Integrated Filing System, database III and Integrated Inventory Information System.The programme reformats the file to be converted from one system to another.

(3) BT-PLOT. A basic programme developed for the preparation of BT Atlas in Dm/L on PS/386.

This BASIC/DM PL languageprogramme takes the input data of BT-profiles, sorts them seasonwise,arranges the data in each respective one degree squares Each plot is for five degree square grid, whichagain is sub-divided into 25 one degree squares The BT-PLOT programme thenplots all the profiles ineach grid along with mean sea surface temperature and mean mixed layer.

(4) Online visual display of INODC functions and activities on PS/386 system.

INODC's functions and activities are summarised using storyboard software Summarised informa-tion is presented in the form of tables, pictures, graphs and slides and 97 computer graphic screens arecreated. These screens are linked together in a sequential manner in such a way that on executingprogramme, running story of INODC is displayed on terminal of PS/386 system. A software was developed,for explaining INODC's functions and activities to visitors

(Hi) Preparation of data products

During this year, four data reports, two for chemical, one each for nansen cast and SMO data havebeen prepared. The chemical data reports pertain to the cruises of R V. Gaveshani( 1976-80 and 1981-85) The first chemical data report comprises of data from 800 stations of 32 cruises and the second one from570 stations, data from 29 cruises

The surface meteorological data report consists of data from 2040 stations collected onboard R. V.Gaveshaniduring the period 1976-1985. The parameters are phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, pH,ammonia and alkalinity along with dissolved oxygen and depth.

These data reports contain the chemical data of each station along with the inventory informationlike cruise HO, station no., date, time, position etc. These two volumes of chemical data reports have thedistinct nature of being the first two in this series exclusively for the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. •

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1989-90 N. I. O.

NIO 1989-90

The nansen cast data report consists of data from 689 stations from the cruises of R V. Gavesham

forthe period 1976-80 It consists data on temperature and salinity along with computed parameters suchas sigma t, thermostenc anomaly anomaly of geopotential and sound velocity

Three volumes of inventory reports of R V Gavesham and ORV Sagar Kanya and one volu me ofFORV Sagar Sampada were brought out

An atlas based on MBT data reports forthe Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal was prepared Theatlas gives composite plots of seasonal temperature profiles in one degree grids

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19d<> 90 N. I. O

97

(iv) Data dissemination

Under the activity of data dissemination, the centre supplied data for R & D activities to severalnational organisations, as given below

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Agency

School of Marine SciencesCochin University of Science and TechnologyCochin

P G Department of Marine BiologyKodibag Karwar

Department of Physics IIT, Madras

Naval Physical & Oceanographic LaboratoryCochin

Institute of Tropical MeteorologyPune

Department of ZoologyAndhra University, Waltair

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad

Data type supplied

Hydrographic data

Geological data

pH data

Meteorological data

Meteorological, physical andchemical data

Chemical data

Physical data.

In addition to this, the centre provided physical, chemical and biological data to support theR & D works of the institute's scientists

4. 13 PUBLICATIONS & PUBLIC RELATIONS

Publication, Information, Public Relations & Reprography (V. Kesava Das)

The Publications and Public Relations Unit continued the dissemination of information on theresearch activities of NIO through various publications, exhibitions and mass media (S Ft Bhat, S PSharma, R, Thomas & A. Y. Mahale)

The major activities undertaken are as follows:

(a) Publications brought out

• Mahasagar (quarterly journal)• NIO Newsletter (quarterly)• Annual Report for 1988-89• Collected Reprints for 1986• Cruise Reports• Abstracts of scientific papers/thesis/reports of the NIO staff• Information brochures• Sales and distribution of NIO publications

(b) Information activities

Dissemination of scientific and technical information to the user community was provided by

• preparation and updating of various brochures on the NIO activities/achievements, etc

• attending to the scientific/technical enquiries from research scholars, students and others• preparation of material for CSIR Newsletter and Annual Report• arranging the visits of VIPs, scientists, university students and general public• providing input for various directories• issue and maintenance of technical and sponsored proiect reports of the Institute• preparation and supply of write-ups on specific subjects on request• collection and maintenance of press clippings on subjects of interest• issue of press releases and publicity through mass media like press, Doordarshan, A I R, etc

(c) Participation in exhibitions

(i) All India Science and Technology Exhibition at Ottapalam in Kerala

NIO participated in the All India Science and Technology Demonstration campaign held at Ottapalamin Kerala from 1 to 14 September, 1989 The basic objective of this campaign was to expose the rural

98

N I O 1989-90

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

population to the potential of science and technology in changing the economic conditions of the peoplebesides creation of awareness of the developments in different fields of Science and Technology.

NIO exhibited the achievements in ocean science and technology through models and photographswhich were we)) appreciated by many. The exhibition was a great success and generated so muchenthusiasm among the people from all walks of life so that it was extended beyond schedule for two moredays. Lakhs of people visited the exhibition.

(ii) Indian Science Congress Exhibition at Cochin in Kerala

NIO participated in the Indian Science Congress Exhibition held at Cochin from 28.1.90 to 17.2.90.NIO organised a stall where various models, display panels and samples depicting the activities andachievements of the institute were exhibited. About 5 lakh persons visited the exhibition.

(d) Open house was organised on CSIR Foundation Day and National Science Day.

Photo 17: A section of young visitors

(e) NCERT Programme

NIO organised a one day programme of "Children meet Scientists" on 29 March, 1990. Thisprogramme, sponsored by National Council of Educational Researcfy and Training (NCERT) was to bringchildren face to face with the scientists to have first hand information about ongoing research and to shapetheir scientific thinking to pursue studies in such fields. About 45 students from different higher secondaryschools of Goa participated.

99

N.I.O. ANNUALREPORT 1989-90

4.14 TRAINING

4.14.1 Training and Manpower Development (B.N. Desai & Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan)

(a) Training to Caribbean Scientists

NIO conducted a training programme in Oceanography under Caribbean Oceanographic ResourcesExploration (CORE Project) from October to December, 1989 at the request of Commonwealth ScienceCouncil. This programme was supported by the Government of India, Commonwealth Science Council,London and the Caribbean Commonwealth. The general objectives of the programme were :

(i) To enhance the capability of Caribbean countries in investigating, understanding and utilisingtheir marine (living and non-living) resources through training, regional co-operation and informationexchange in oceanographic sciences.

(ii) To train Caribbean scientists in the classroom, laboratory and on-board a ship, in areas ofoceanography and marine sciences.

(iii) To carry out an oceanographic resources survey in the Caribbean Sea.

Photo 18: Dr. A. P. Mitra, DG, CSIR, delivering the inaugural address. On the dias are (from left) Dr. B.N. Desai, Dr. S. Z. QasimDr. V. K. Gaur, Dr. S. Malomo and Dr. Sumitra Vijayaraghavan.

Under this programme, 22 selected scientists from 9 Commonwealth countries (Antigua andBarbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Trinidad) were trained for threemonths in theoretical and practical aspects of oceanography and marine resources exploration.

The training programme was inaugurated by Dr. A.P. Mitra, Director-General, CSIR at NIO, Goa onOctober 2, 1989. Dr. B.N. Desai, Director, NIO welcomed the participants and Dr. V.K. Gaur, Secretary toGovt, of India, Department of Ocean Development delivered presidential address.

100

1989-90 NJO

On completion of the training, a valedictory function was organised on 18 December, 1989 H EShn Khurshed Alam Khan, Governor of Goa was the Chief Guest and Dr G, Thyagarajan, Secretary,Commonwealth Science Council presided over the function

(b) Specialised lectures arranged with the support from external and internal experts

Name of Expert

1

Prof Koblentz MiskeInstitute of OceanologyMoscow, USSR

Dr BV KonovalovInstitute of OceanologyMoscow, USSR

Prof Olav EldholmUniversity of OsloNorway

Prof Afne OefsthusUniversity of OsloNorway

Dr V ShirvaikarSenior ScientistBARC, Bombay

Prof E B KtausSenior ResearchAssociateUniversity of Colorado

Duration

2

28 02 89

28 02 89

09 03 89

09 03 89

14 03 89

17 04 89to

20 04 89

Topic

3

Energetics of marinephotosynthesis and itsrelation to the remotesensing of marineproductivity (Part I)

Energetics of marinephotosynthesis and itsrelation lo the remotesensing of marineproductivity (Part II)

Evolution of the volcaniccontinental marginimplications for oceanicdrilling programme

Use of geophysicalmethods to reduce blow-out risks during drilling operations offshore

Meteorological studiesfor atmospheric disper-sion

1 Diapycnal mixing inthe Ocean

2 Mixed-layer/thermoclineinteraction in a three-dimensional isopycnfccoordinate model

3 The rule of law andthe sway of chance

No ofScientistsattended

4

30

25

30

40

13

25

101

N I O 1989-90

1

Dr K S VenkateswarluHead Water ChemistryDivision, BARC, Bombay^

Dr T E RamachandranProi of Chemical &Biochemical EngineeringSouth Dakota School ofMines and TechnologyUSA

Dr P N SenDirector, TrainingIndia MeteorologicalDepartment (WeatherForecasting), Pune

Dr P V JosephDirector, RetdIndia MeteorologicalDepartment (WeatherForecasting), Pune

Shn B K SenHead, Training DivisionNational Centre onBibliometncs, INSDOC,14, Satsang ViharMarg, New Delhi

Dr MC DeoDept of Civil Enggl i t , Powai, Bombay

Prof V SitaramanDepartment of Bio-technology, Universityof Pune, Pune

2

19 04 89

25 04 89

08 05 89to

12 05 89

09,05 89to

12 05 89

01 06 89to

02 06 89

09 06 89

22 06 89

3

1 Chemical aspects ofseawater chlonnation

2 Marine biofouling andcorrosion

Dynamics of atmosphericaerosols

1 Pressure and windanalysis Part I andPart II

2 Windflow and differentapproximations

3 Winds in the planetaryboundary layer Part I & III

1 Synoptic data onweather charts

2 Wind models of weathersystem

3 Surface wind climatology of tropical Indian Ocean

4 Satellite inputs tosynoptic analysis

1 Citation analysis2 Citation analysis ot

NIO Publications

Directional spectrumand application

Osmobiology — newperspectives

4

12

10

9

3040

10

15

102

1989-90 N. IO.

(c) Training rendered to outside agencies at NIO

(1) Five students of School of Chemistry, Andhra University were given practical training in ChemicalOceanography during 2 -11 May, 1989: "

(2) A research student from R K M. Vivekananda College, Madras, was given training in marinepollution at NIO from 7th - 11th June, 1989 "'

(3) ShnKK Satpathy, Scientific Officer SD, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay was attachedto Chemical Oceanography Division from 21 August to 1 September, 1989 for familiarisation with the workon marine chemistry and marine microbiology.

(4) At the request of Jamia Millia Islamia, NewDelhi, atwo day training course in Remote Sensing andPhoto-interpretation was organised on 23-24 January, 1990. A total of 21 students attended the course.

103

1

Prof. K. K DeyDept of PhysicsBanaras Hindu Univ.Varanasi

Prof. G. T CsanadyOld Dominion Univ.College of SciencesDept of OceanographyNorfolk, Virginia

Prof CR MurtyNational WaterResearch Institute867 Lakeshore RoadBurlington, Ontario

2

30 08. 89to

31. 08. 89

11 10 89

12 1089

3

1 India on communication —today and tomorrow

2. Fibre optics

The role of subtropicalgyres in the heat balanceof the warm wassersphere

Dynamics of a buoyantplume, inrcoastalcurrents

4

45

25

• 20

4. 15 PLANNING

During the year, evaluation of the R & D Programmes taken up during the VII Five Year Plan wasinitiated The VIII Five Year Plan document was revisedin the new format and placed before the ResearchCouncil for its approval

As a part of budgeting, funds were allocated to various projects and its utilization was monitoredcontinuously Funds position under various contract projects was also monitored on monthly basis

As in the past, weekly meetings of Project Coordinators/Project Leaders were organised to monitorthe progress of various projects/activities Monthly Summary Reports were brought out

On the eve of decommissioning of RV Gaveshani a document was brought out giving the variousdetails about the vessel This document gives in nutshell various surveys undertaken and data andinformation gathered by the vessel in her 2866 days at sea

Software programmes were prepared on dBase HI+ for storing the biodata of the Institute's staff.

Several information/quernes were attended to from various agencies including TMD and PlanningDivision of CSIR. Also, various information were made available to the management for vanous purposes

Team Dr. S. G Dalai, Shn Goutam Banerjee, Mrs Soja Simon, Shn M P Patil

•104

N I O 1989 90

105

1989-90 N. I. O,

5. INTERNATIONAL/BILATERAL PROGRAMMES(a) Indo-US Project on Bloactlve substances from the Indian Ocean'

(i) Collection, identification and chemical ecology

During 1989-90, more emphasis was laid on the collection of marine organisms from the intertidaland subtidal regions along the southeast coast, southwest coast and Lakshadweep islands. Subtidalflorafrom the southeast coast of India and Lakshadweep island have been studied with SCUBA diving. Totalof 12 species of seagrasses and 97 species of marine algae were recorded. Thalassia hemprichii,Cymodocea spp. were dominant upto 8 m depth. However, higher biomass was recorded at 1 5to2mdepth206 species of fauna, mainly from subtidal region were studied for taxonomy. 18 species of sponges and21 species of coelenterates are new to science Six f aunal species were investigated for chemical ecologywith specific reference to toxicity.

(ii) Chemical investigation of marine organisms

Acanthus illicifolius (analgesic, anti-inflammatory)

Isolation of active analgesic and anti-inflammatory principles of this mangrove plant, 2-Benzoxali-none and its precursor Benzoxazinoids with anti-inflammatory action has been reported earlier. The benzoxa-zinoids are known to be cyclic hydroxamic acids with the general formula.

During these studies, thebenzoxazinoidswithR'=EtandR, R'=OH were characterised. Theformeris a novel compound and is being reported for the first time We are now synthesising the analgesicprinciple for final confirmatory-tests

Acantoptwra spicifera (anti-implantation)

The potent uterus and intestinal stimulant aurantiamide and its isomer diaurantiamide have beensynthesised using (S) phenyl alaninate methyl ester and N-benzoyf phenyl alanine The synthesis of (R)isomeric compounds using (R) phenyl alaninate is in progress.

Actinopyga mauratiana (toxic)

From the methanolic extract of the sea cucumber, Actinopyga mauratiana collected from theLakshadweep region, a novel glycoside has been isolated in pure state. Based onspectraldata(IR, NMR,Mass) and comparison with the literature. values, the glycoside has been characterized as Echonoside B.

N. I. O. 1989-90

106

The toxicity tests for this glycoside were carried out with brine shrimp and fish and were found tobe positive.

Haliclona sp. (antiviral)

Several brightly coloured aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds have been isolated from thissponge, the crude extract of which exhibited 75% antiviral activity in in vivo tests The compounds werefurther purified by HPLC and using the spectraldata the compound has been characterised as o-dimethylrenierone.

Amphiroa fragilissima (oxytocic)

The water soluble active fraction of this red alga was purified by using reverse phase sep pack,cationicand anionicion exchange chromatography which resulted in the isolation of a long chain glycosideand several amino acids. Structural elucidation of these compounds is in progress.

Padina tetrastromatica (antifertility)

Several amino acids and sugar derivatives were isolated from the acfueous fraction of this seaweed.Using HPLC technique separation of sterot mixture has been achieved. Characterization of these constituentsis in progress.

Chondria armata (hypertensive)

. The crude methylene chloride extract of this seaweed was fractionated. The chloroform fractionafter repeated column chromatography gave two compounds in pure state. Isolation of other constituentsand their characterization using spectral data is being carried out.

(b) Indo-US Project on 'Accelerated corrosion of metals and alloys in the marine environment'

The effect of crude oil content at 0. 014, 0. 027, 358. 23, 450. 47 mg I1 in seawater and 100% crudeoil on the rate of corrosion of mild steel was evaluated. The corrosion fates increased with theconcentrations of crude oil and was maximum in 100% crude oil The data suggest that crude oil contentin seawater influenced the rate of corrosion.

(c) Indo-USSR Programme in Oceanology

(i) Mathematical modelling studies

Analysis of data collected during 1988 on board USSR and Indian vessels and mathematicalmodelling studies have been carried out A one dimensional model that could predict the vertical structureof wind, temperature and moisture has been developed and tested for one point in the Arabian Sea. Usingthe data collected during Monex-79 expedition as initial profile, simulation has been carried out for one day.The model predicted reasonably well the vertical structure of wind and temperature field.

A three-dimensional model of circulation in the Arabian Sea has been developed. The model has31 levels in the vertical and takes into consideration the actual bottom topography. Numerical experimentshave been performed for a one degree resolution model in which climatic wind field, temperature and salinitywere used as input. Model simulated well the climatic circulation of the Arabian Sea during the southwestmonsoon season.

(ii) Trans Indian Ocean Geo-Traverses

About 1854 line km of gravity, bathymetric, magnetic and multichannel seismic reflection data werecollected aboard Soviet research vessel in the south east Indian Ocean basin. The data were processedonboard by the Russian and Indian scientists and interpretation was carried out at NIO, Goa. The resultsrevealed southward continuation of the 85°E ridge.

About 6790 line km of bathymetric, gravity and magnetic data were collected onboard ORV SagarKanya in the north west Indian Ocean. The data were processed and a data base has been created.

In May-July 1989 a cruise was organised in the Indian Ocean during which core samples from 46stations and polymetallic nodules from 15 stations were collected.

(Hi) Geophysical Investigations in the deformation zone qf the Central Indian Ocean, Indo-USSR Programme

Geophysical and geological investigations were undertaken in the deformation zone of the CentralIndian pcean on board research vessel "Prof. SHOTKMAN" in collaboration with the USSR scientists fromInstitOieof Oceanology, Moscow during the period February to May 1989. During this expedition single

107

1989-90 N. I. O.

N. I. O. 198&-90

108

Location

Eastern ArabianSea Trap

Central ArabianSea Trap

Western ArabianSea Trap

Average forArabian Sea

Carbonateflux

g. m. 2yr-1

11. 88

18. 00

18. 15

16. 01

Lithogenicflux

g. m-^yr1

5. 44

2. 59

2. 57

3. 5

Lithogenicsedimentation

rate

mm. yr. 10^mm/kyr.

2. 72 to 4. 73

1. 29 to 2. 25

. 1. 28 to 2. 23

1. 75 to 3. 04

Total sedimentationrates

(Lithogenic & Carbonatematerial)

mm. yr. 10'3mm/kyr.

8 6 to 15. 06

10. 3 to 17. 9

10. 3 to 18. 0

9. 75 to 16. 96

* Sedimentation rates calculated by assuming packing densities of 2.0 g. cm 3 and 1.15 g cm '

Investigations on planktonic foraminifera indicate that in general, G. bulloides, an upwelling indicatorspecies is abundant particularly in the western Arabian Sea The presence of Rhizosotena a radiolarianis also an indicator of upwelling. Besides, it was also inferred that the high diversity and abundanceof foraminrfera was quite consequences during SW monsoon.

channel seismic, deep seismic surveys deploying ocean bottom seismometers, continuous magnetic andbalhymetric surveys were carried out in the area between 4°S and 2°50'N and 80°E and 85°E. In addition,heat flow measurements and core sampling were also done at selected locations. Preliminary processingof the data has been done at the Institute of Oceanology, Moscow and also at the National GeophysicalResearch Institute, Hyderabad. Preliminary results so lar obtained have been discussed during the visitof Prof. Y.P. Neprochonov and Dr. L.P. Merklin to India in December 1989.

(d) Indo-FRG Project on the 'Quaternary upwelling and climate in the Arabian Sea related tomonsoonal events'

A total of 150 samples obtained from sediment traps were analysed for major components: calciumcarbonate, opals and lithogenic fraction. Seasonally in lithogenic sedimentation rates were observed withhigh fluxes during the SW monsoon period during times of high biological productivity. The lithogenic fluxcorrelated well with organic carbon flux providing strong evidence lor biological control on lithogenicsedimentation. The sedimentation rates calculated from sediment trap data were compared to Holocenesedimentation rates. It is seen that the.sedimentatjon rates are similar in the central and western ArabianSea but in the eastern Arabian Sea it Is much lower. This has been attributed to the decrease in thesediment discharge of the Indus river from about 400 million tonnes per year to less than 45 million tonnes

Lithogenic fluxes, carbonate fluxes and sedimentation rates in the Arabian Sea

1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

During the course of planktonic foram-iniferal analysis from the sediment traps collected in the central Arabian Sea, it was encoun-tered with the unusual occurrence of abnormalityin some of the species of planktonic foraminif-erasuch as Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globig-

erinoides ruber, Palleniatirta obliquiloculata.

Globigerina rubescens and Globigerina bulloi-

des.

Records from six current meters hoistedat approximately 1000 and 3000 m on threemoorings with a zonal separation of about 5°along the 15°N latitude in the mid-Arabian Seaduring 1986 - 1987 have been used to describethe low frequency currents in the area. Thoughthe spectra for the six time-series have similarshapes, their energy levels differ. At thewestern mooring the energy in the deeper cur-rents for periods from one to four weeks washigher than that at the upper level. The increasein energy from upper to deeper levels was mar-ginal at the central mooring and was not signifi-cant at the eastern mooring. The energiesdropped from the west to the east both at theupper and the lower levels, but the drop wasmuch larger in the deeper currents. There wasno significant coherence between upper and thelower currents at a mooring, nor between currentsat adjacent moorings. Three current metermoorings were deployed during Nov./Dec, 1989,two in the Bay of Bengal and one in the ArabianSea under this bilateral programme.

Pholo 19: Sediment trap

(e) Studies in the EEZ of Mauritius

Hydrographic data together with XBT soundings collected during September/October 1987 in thearea(10°S to 20°S and 56°Eto 62°E) around Mauritius group of Islands were examined to understandthe thermohaline circulation and watermass characteristics. A predominant westerly flow of about 35cm/sec was computed from the hydrographic data. This flow, on crossing the north-south oriented Mauritius-Seychelles ridge, is found to have triggered the meridional rise of isotherms towards the northern latitudesfrom depths of 300 m to 500 m. Three water masses, Arabian Sea high (80 m) salinity watermass, subtropicalsubsurface watermass (250 m) and Antarctica Intermediate water mass (1400 m), were identified in the area.

(f) UNDP-Government of India Project on Satellite data analysis for oceanographicinvestigations'

Under software development component of the project, two scientists have undergone training inTOVS data processing in France, two scientists in CZCS data processing in Canada and two scientists in

109

passive microwave data processing in USA, for six months each. Three scientists went on study tour toUSA and Japan for one month each Two experts from USA and Japan visited NIO in connection with thedevelopment of underwater spectral radiometer.

(g) International intercahbration exercise

As a part of quality control test for trace metals, participated in an international intercalibrationexercise—the International Atomic Energy Adjency (IAEA) Intercomparison run MA-M-3/TM Monaco and ourlaboratory was qualified to 100%.

(h) Analysis of sediment cores for College of Science & Technology, London

Seven sediment cores from the equatorial Indian Ocean were analysed for various major and minorelements

110

N. I. O. 1SB9-90

6. CONTRACT RESEARCH PROJECTSA. Sponsored Projects

Weiv Projects

1 Studies on circulation and mixing off Jaitapur (estimated cost Rs. 35 lakhs) sponsored by NuclearPower Corporation.

This project was aimed to study physical properties, currents, dispersion/mixing characteristicsetc. off Jaitapurcoastforfindingsuitablelocations for coolant water intake and marine outfall for the proposedAtomic Power Plant.

A massive programme to study the circulation and mixing characteristics of the coastal watersadjacent to the proposed nuclear power station at Jaitapur was taken up. The field data pertaining to tides,currents, water temperature, salinity and suspended sediment load in addition to weather parameters duringthe summer and winter months were collected 1 he micrometeorological observations were continued forover a year. Additional information pertaining to dispersion parameters in the winter months was obtainedThe temperature structure of the receiving waters of the proposed power station was established for theworst' conditions of summer. The 'design' inputs of the temperature limits that are crucial factors in decidingthe power capacity of the plant, were summarised.

2 Studies on southern discharge site of Tarapur Atomic Power Station (estimated cost Rs. 1. 76lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

This project is to judge suitable locations for marine outfall systems forthe proposed Atomic PowerPlant at Tarapur and to study the environmental impacts i< any caused by hot water discharges. Physicalmodel of the Tarapur Atomic Power Plant was studied in detail at CWPRS, Puneand the report is beingprepared.

3. Studies on coastal and nearshore dynamics of Kudankulam (estimated cost Rs. 27. 5 lakhs)sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

The work has been initiated.

4. Engineering surveys using side scan sonar, sparker/boomerand echosounderoff Krishna-Godavaribasin (estimated cost Rs. 5. 23 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

At the request of ONGC, Madras, geophysical surveys using the side scan sonar, sparker/boomerand echosounder were carried out in the offshore regions off Krishna-Godavari basin to determine thenature of the ocean bottom and thickness of the loose sediments. These surveys were carried out alongthe proposed pipeline routes to determine the engineering characteristics of the ocean bottom. Thesurveys have been completed.

5. Engineering surveys using sparker/boomer and echosounder at RAWA-13 in Godavarf basin(estimated cost Rs. 1. 77 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

111

1989-90 NI. O.

ONGC, Madras had requested to undertake the sparker/boomer and echosounder surveys atRAWA-13 in Godavari basin where they suspected the gas seepage The surveys were completed Theoccurrence of gas seepages was not quite evident except it was suspected from the records at one or twoplaces.

6. Search surveys off Calicut, west coast of India (estimated cost Rs 1 18 lakhs) sponsored byCollectorate of Customs, Cochin.

The objective was to locate site of dumping ol contraband gold Atlas Desc-10 echosounder andEG&G side scan sonar system (model 260) were deployed for the purpose whereas Miniranger systemwas used for position fixing atsea. The report concluded with recommendation for search by divers at selectedlocations.

7 Hydrographic survey for the marine disposal of effluents from the Madras Refinery "Ltd, (estimatedcost Rs. 5. 00 lakhs) sponsored by M/s Mitech Engg. Pvt Ltd.

8. Effect of dredgtng on the bottom life and productivity of River Hoogly in the environs of Haldia Port(estimated cost Rs. 5 61 lakhs) sponsored by Calcutta Port Trust, Calcutta.

9 Ecological status of disused mining pits for fish culture, sponsored by M/s Sesa Goa Pvt. Ltd,Sanquelim, Goa

10. Marine dumping of waste (estimated cost Rs. 0 59 lakhs) sponsored by Sandoz India Ltd., Thane

'The objectives were to (a) recommend suitable location for disposal of liquid/solid waste in theArabian Sea, (b) prepare suitable maps of west coast of India marking major ports and proposed disposalsites, (c) recommend mode of packing of waste and precautions to be taken prior to dumping, and (d)evaluate toxicity of the waste through bioassay.

11 Disposal of wastewater in Vashisti River estuary and environmental impact predictions (estimatedcost Rs 11. 7 lakhs) sponsored by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation, Bombay.

The objectives were to (a) establish existing water quality and impact if any, on the ecology and(b) suggest best site for release of treated wastewater.

12 Disposal of wastewater in Kundalika River estuary and environmental impact predictions (estimatedcost Rs. 11 7 lakhs) sponsored by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation, Bombay.

The objectives were to (a) establish existing water quality and impact if any on the ecology and(b) suggest best site for release of treated wastewater.

13. Release of wastewater from a petrochemical complex in Amba River estuary - environmental impactpredictions (estimated cost Rs. 3. 5 lakhs) sponsored by Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd., Bombay.

The objective was to evaluate resources potential of estuary and assess impact due to the releaseof treated wastewater.

112

N. l o. 1989-90

On-going Projects

1. Biofouling and corrosion studies at the proposed site for Nuclear Power Corporation at Jaitapur(estimated cost Rs. 55. 59 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

The project was aimed to study the extent of fouling and corrosion at the proposed two sites,i. e., Jaitapur and Vijaydurg and to recommend suitable control measures.

The work was initiated at Vijaydurg and Jaitapur along the Maharashtra coast. Dataonmacrofoulingon various surfaces such as mild steel, stainless steei, copper, brass, aluminium and concrete are beingcollected for different exposure periods The exposure periods utilised are monthly, seasonal and annual.The data on fouling biomass, community structures, percentage coverage, succession etc. are collected.Attempts are also made to correlate the extent of fouling and the occurrence of fouling larvae in the watercolumn. The results at hand indicate succession of groups during different periods. Barnacles were thepredominant foulers dunng pre-monsoon, oysters in monsoon and bryozoans and mussels in post-monsoonseasons.

Corrosion rates of mild steel were also monitored at these sites. They were found to be very high andvaried from one site to another Two millimetre thick experimental coupon of mild steel was totallytransformed into corrosion products within three months, i. e., from October to December, 1989 at Vijaydurg.

2 Disposal of wastewater off Haldia from a petrochemical complex and environmental impactassessment (estimated cost Rs. 10. 05 lakhs) sponsored by Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd., Calcutta.

3. Examination of water quality of some springs in Goa—Phase II (estimated cost Rs. 94, 500/-)sponsored by the Department of Tourism, Govt. of Goa.

Thirteen parameters were analysed in each of the springs. Total number of springs were 15. Fromchemical point of view, the results of analysis reveal that the springs waters are free from any contaminationand relatively suitable for drinking purposes. The report is under preparation.

4. Feasibility studies for using seaweeds for paper making (estimated cost Rs. 3. 4 lakhs) sponsoredby M/s Ballarpur Industries Ltd., New Delhi.

All 55 species of marine algae collected from Goa, Kamataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat andMandapam (Tamil Nadu) have been screened for their cellulose contents. High cellulose content wasfound in Amphiroafragilissima (24%), Chaetomorpha media (23%), Bryopsissp. (20%) and Chaemodorisauriculata (15. 3%).

5. Brine shrimp >4rte/7?/3culture at the salt pans in Singach, Jamnagar (estimated cost Rs. 1. 5 lakhs)sponsored by M/s. Ballarpur Industries Ltd.

Nutritionally rich strain of Artemiawas introduced in Indian waters (Salt Pans at Singach, Jamnagar,Gujarat). This strain was found to adapt easily to the extreme temperatures prevailing in the salt pans (min.13°C to max. 37. 5°C) as against the Indian parthenogenetjc strain which could not tolerate these extremetemperatures. Nauplii and cysts produced were found to retain all the original characters like protein content,hatching quality of the cysts, total number of cysts and nauplii released per clutch and the size of the nauplii.

113

1989-90 NI. O.

After studying the physico-chemical and biological parameters of the salterns at Singach, pilotscale culture experiments were initiated dunng October 1989 The production of cysts within two monthshas already touched pearly 10 kg valued at Rs. 10, 000/- in the local market.

6. Ecobiological characterization of the environs of the Nuclear Power Station site and bioassay testsfor tolerance and lethal limits of the thermal effluents (estimated cost Rs 7. 5 lakhs) sponsored by NuclearPower Corporation, Bombay.

•Coastal waters of Jaitapur were found to be productive with phytoplankton biomass (measured

as chl a) 2. 5 mg nr3, zooplankton biomass 0. 2 ml W and benthic population density 755 no. m2

In all 21 seaweed species have been recorded from the Jaitapur waters of which rhodophytadominates qualitatively whereas Enteromorpha sp, a chlorophyta member was dominant quantitativelyin the mangrove area

7. Collection and analysis of directional wave data using WAVEC Buoy, 1989 (estimated cost Rs.6. 9 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird Project of Indian Navy.

Data is being collected by deploying a WAVEC Buoy off Button Rock (Karwar) at about 16 m waterdepth.

8. Collection and analysis of wave data using wave rider buoy off Karwar (estimated cost Rs. 3 4 lakhs)sponsored by Seabird, Project of Indian Navy

A Wave Rider Buoy has been deployed off Button Rock (Karwar) for wave measurements.

9. Sediment transport studies at Karwar (estimated cost Rs. 4. 652 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird,Project of Indian Navy.

Studies are being carried out to evaluate the seasonal andannual sediment transport rates Numberof field stations have been established to study the beach behaviour.

10. Studies on waves, currents, tides, shoreline stability and seabed soil characteristics off Jaitapur,(estimated cost Rs. 47. 14 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

B. Consultancy Projects

1 Providing consultancy for testing of 2 chemical dispersants (estimated, cost Rs. 33, 000) sponsoredby Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

2. Studies on the environmental parameters off Mormugao Harbour (estimated cost Rs 0. 25) lakhs)sponsored by FOMENTO, Goa.

C. Grant-in-aid Projects

New Projects,

1. Impact of sea level rise due to Green House Effect—35Maharashtra and Goa coasts (estimatedcost Rs. 3. 57 lakhs) funded by Department of Environment, Govt. of India

114

N. I. O. 1989-90

2. Nitrogen flux in a coral reef ecosystem (estimated costRs. 13. 25 lakhs) funded by Department olScience & Technology, New Delhi, Govt. of India.

3. Resource potential of juvenile marine prawns in the estuaries of Goa (estimated cost Rs. 1. 33lakhs) sponsored by Council of Science, Technology and Environment, Govt. ol Goa.

4. Coastal wetland mapping of Andaman Island (estimated cost Rs. 50, 000/-) funded by Departmentof Environment (NIO-SAC collaboration).

5. XBT observations in the Jndian Ocean (estimated cost Rs. 11 lakhs) funded by Dept. of Science& Technology, New Delhi.

On-going Projects

1 Foraminifera variations in cores from inner shelf of Karwar: A key to paleomonsoonal variationsduring Holocene over Konkan coast (India) (estimated cost Rs. 0. 84 lakhs) funded by Departmentof Science & Technology.

2. Survey of environmental pollutants off the north Andhra coast (estimated cost Rs. 11 lakhs) fundedby Department of Ocean Development.

3. Nationwide survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India—chemical studies, fundedby Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi.

4. The assessment of the occurrence of marine organisms with lunar cycle off Goa waters (estimatedcost 1. 28 lakhs) funded by Council of Science, Technology and Environment, Govt. of Goa

5. Transfer of technology of intensive polyculture in island ecosystems of India (estimated cost 7. 43lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

6. Survey of the breeding ground and possibility of the larval rearing of Horse-shoe crabs under captiveand natural conditions (estimated cost Rs. 3. 66 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

7. Mapping of the mangroves along the central west coast of India with the help of satellite data(estimated cost Rs. 50, 000) funded by Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad.

8. Environmental. impact assessment on the mangrove ecosystem along the west coast of India(estimated cost Rs. 3. 24 lakhs) funded by the Department of Environment.

9. Marine Fungi: Role in biodegradation as feed for detritivores and their enzymes (estimatedcost Rs. 2. 6 lakhs) funded by the Department of Environment.

10. Biochemical genetic variation in marine and estuarine population using isoymic gene frequencydata (estimated cost Rs. 3. 44 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

11. Development of technology and training for women in the preparation of prawn (fish) feed (estimatedcost Rs. 1. 2 lakhs) funded by Department of Science & Technology.

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198&-90 N. I. O.

12. Coastal environmental monitoring programme (estimated cost Rs. 3. 5 lakhs) funded by Departmentof Ocean Development.

13. Remote sensing of oceanic parameters/features (estimated cost for 1989-90 Rs. 10 lakhs) fundedby Dept. ot Ocean Development.

14. Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of oceans — ocean acoustic tomography(estimated cost for 1989-90 Rs. 37. 50 lakhs) funded by Dept. of Ocean Development

15. Integrated data acquisition for coastal research vessels (estimated cost Rs. 18 lakhs) funded byDept. of Ocean Development.

16. Development of free-falling recording bathythermograph (estimated cost Rs. 6. 5 lakhs) fundedby Dept. of Ocean Development.

17. Development of a vector averaging recording current meter (estimated cost Rs. 8. 2 lakhs) fundedby Dept. of Ocean Development.

18. Development of a moored ocean data buoy (estimated cost Rs. 25. 80 lakhs) funded by Dept. olOcean Development.

D. Completed Projects

1. Environmental survey off Thiruvottiyur for marine disposal of effluents at Thiruvottiyur, Madras(estimated cost Rs. 6. 09 lakhs) sponsored by M/s United Breweries (UB) Petroproducis Ltd., Madras.

2. Bathymetric, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetics surveys for the proposed NavalBase off Karwar, west coast of India (estimated cost Rs. 22. 47 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird Projectof the Indian Navy.

3. Examination of water quality of some springs in Goa—Phase I (cost Rs. 61, 000} sponsored by Depl.of Tourism, Govt. of Goa.

4. Collection and analysis of wave data using wave rider buoy at Krishna-Godavary Basin (estimatedcost Rs. 5. 95 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

5. Collection and analysis of wave data using wave rider buoy at Cauvery Basin (estimated cost Rs. 5. 95lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

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N. I. o. 1989-90

7. OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISESR. V. GAVESHANI

Cruise No. 211: Visakhapatnam, 6 4 1989 to Visakhapatnam, 24 4 1989

Participants V V Sarma (Chief Scientist), NIO-10, Andhra Univ -4, BerhampurUniv. -1 , ORSAC-1

The cruise was planned tocollecl oceanographic data to study the circulation and distribution patternof chemical parameters in the Bay of Bengal during premonsoon season Meteorological, physical,chemical and biological data were collected from 32 stations including three anchor stations covering1470nautical miles, between Gopalpur and Kakinada Current observations were made hourly at three anchorstations for 25 hours along with sampling for chemical and biological parameters to know the diurnalvanalions

Cruise No. 212: Mormugao, 8 5 1989 to Mormugao, 12 5 1989

Participants P Vethamony (Chief Scientist), NIO-10

The cruise was planned under the oceanographic project of Indo-FRG Programme in remotesensing in collaboration with National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad. The main objectives were (a)to collect sea truth information pertaining to ocean surface winds and waves for validating SLAR data and(b) to collect SSTdata for comparing with Precision Radiation Thermometer (PRT) measurements. Routinehydrographic work, meteorological observations, Niskm samples, Quantameter measurements, etc. werealso carried out There were 4 core and 4 minor stations

Cruise No. 213: Mormugao, 24 6 1989 to Mormugao, 8. 7 1989

Participants NB Bhosle (Chief Scientist), NIO-7. NPOL-5

The major objectives of the cruise were to study corrosion of carbon steel with respect toenvironmental parameters and to monitor waves and currents during the monsoon season off Karwar Fourmoorings were deployed at three stations for corrosion studies, wave and current measurementsHydrocasts were also operated at these three stations Sediment samples were collected from threeadditional stations off Goa

Cruise No. 214: Mormugao, 10 7 1989to Mormugao, 18 7 1989.

Participants D P Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO-11, Indian Coast Guard-1.

The cruise was originally planned to carry out field testing of TSK-STD system repaired at the factoryin Japan and calibrate it at a depth of about 3000 m off Mormugao Later, i twai also planned t6 searchfor the oil patch off the west coast of India caused due to the collision of oil tanker "Puppy-P" and a containervessel "World Quince'in the central Arabian Sea and its effect on the Indian waters. Water samples werecollected for estimation of hydrocarbon, dissolved oxygen. 'chlorophyll and phytoplankton Zooplanktonsamples were collected for estimating biomass Data on wind speed, direction, swell direction and heightwere also collected No traces of oil slicks wece noticed. The TSK-STD was field tested on way to Mormugaoand was found working well

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1989-90 N. I. O.

N I O 1989 90

118

Cruise No. 215: Mormugao, 6 8 1989 to Mormugao 8 8 1989Participants S J D Varaprasad (Chief Scientist) NIO 4This was a short cruise undertaken to deploy a 90 cm dia wave rider buoy mooring at 16 m water

depth off KarwarCruise No. 216: Visakhapatnam 19 8 1989 to Mormugao, 6 9 1989

Participants' V P Devassy (Chief Scientist) NIO 1 AndhraUniv15 Indian Navy 2, Dept ofScience & Technology-1 Govt ofOnssa 1

This cruise was undertaken off Andhra coast to train the staff and research students of AndhraUniversity in methods of sampling operation of various gadgets Dunngthecruiseamixed bloom comprisedof dmoflagellates was encountered

Cruise No. 217- Mormugao, 12 9 1989 to Mormugao, 20 9 1989Participants N B Bhosle (Chief Scientist) NIO-2, NPOL 5, Indian Navy 2

This cruise was organised to study corrosion of mild s'teel and lor current measurements at ananchored station off Karwar

ORV SAGAR KANYA

Cruise No. 51: Mormugao, 25 3 1989to Mormugao, 10. 4. 1989.

Participants: S. Sanzgin (Chief Scientist), NIO-11, Pune Univ. -1

The cruise was planned in the Southern Arabian Sea for hydrographic studies, profiling of tracemetals, study of humics and pesticides in sediments, mapping of microfouling and testing the possibility ofusing ETSas an index of phytoplankton respiration by biochemical studies. Inall17 stations werecoveredduring the cruise.

Cruise No. 52: Mormugao, 17 4 1989 to Mormugao, 17 5 1989

Participants: P. Udaya Varma (Chief Scientist), NIO-23

The cruise was organised for environmental impact assessment studies in central Indian Ocean basinin the application area of PMN Project.

Cruise No. 53: Mormugao, 13 7. 1989 to Mormugao, 3. 9. 1989

Participants: A. Pant (Chief Scientist), NIO-10, IMD-6.

This was a multidisciplinary cruise in the EEZoi India on the east coast The objective was to collectdata pertaining to physical, chemical and biological properties ofthe waters Data were collected fromabout100 stations spanned over 8 sections normal to the coast.

Cruise No. 54: Singapore, 8. 12 1989 to Mormugao, 12 1 1990.Participants. M V S. Gupta (Chief Scientist), NIO-14, FRG-4

The cruise was organised under the Indo-FRG collaborative programme on oceanography andmarine geology to retrieve and redeploy the sediment traps from both the Bay of Bengal and the ArabianSea. However, owing tomalfunctioningofthedeep sea winch, of the total 12 retrievals and redeployments,four retrievals and two redeployments were carried out.

DSVAMWD RACHIT

Cruise No. 1: Mormugao, 22. 11 1989 to Madras, 6 12 1989.

Participants: V. Ramaswamy (Chief Scientist), NIO-13.

The objective of the cruise was to collect sea bed samples on the west coast of India from Goa toTrivandrum to study the palaeoclimate and intensity of SW monsoon during the Holocene period. Seabedsamples were collected using grabs and corers, mostly along the river mouths

Cruise No. 2: M adras, 7. 12 1989 to Madras, 8 12. 1989

This was a training cruise in the Bay of Bengal lor the Caribbean scientists under the CORE Project

Cruise No. 3: Madras, 18 12 198"9 to Madras, 12 1. 1990.

Participants M. V. Ramana (Chief Scientist), NIO-8, NGRI-2.

The objective of the cruise was to study the crustal structure and estimation of overlying sedimentsthickness above the basement in the Bay of Bengal. During the cruise 80001km of bathymetry and totalintensity magnetic observations were carried out Rew longitudinal turbidity channels west of Ninety EastRidge were noticed.

119

1989-90 NIP

N. IO. 1989-90

Cruise No. 4: Madras, 16. 1. 1990 to Madras, 6 2 1990

Participants: S. C. Goswami (Chief Scientist), NIO-7This was a cruise for biological investigations. The area covered during the cruise was the EEZ

and offshore waters of the Bay of Bengal. Samples were collected for primary production, cell counts,paniculate organic carbon, trace metals, hpid and protein contents. Samples were also taken for isolation offungi from degraded zooplankton and infected gastropod shells.

120

1989-90 N. I. O

Cruise No. 5: Cochin, 14. 2. 1990 to Mormugao, 14 3 1990Participants A K Chaubey (Chief Scientist), NIO-7

The cruise was undertaken to collect bathymetry and magnetic data in a systematic way in order toidentify seafloorspreading type of magnetic anomaly and its extension and to delineate thepossibleoceancontinent boundary in the west coast.

Cruise No. 6: Mormugao, 16. 3 1990 to Mormugao, 22 3 1990.

Participants. N. B Bhosle (Chief Scientist), NlO-9.

This cruise was organised for biofouling studies. A singlestationintheArabianSea(14°45 3'Nand73°35. 1'E)wasoccupiedto assess the biofouling processes with respect to physico-chemical parameters

Cruise No. 7: Mormugao, 24 3 1990 to Madras, 6. 4. 1990.

Participants: A. S. Muralinath (Chief Scientist), NIO-8, Univ. of Hamburg, FRG - 1 .

• The cruise was planned to recover and redeploy the sediment trap moorings at two locations in theArabian Sea and at one location in the Bay of Bengal under the Indo-FRG project on monsoonalupwellingand palaeoclimate.

121

N. I. O. 1989-90

122

(il) Readership

Institute Staff — 500

Outsiders — 1260

Resource sharing with Goa University library continues.

(Hi) Library services

Circulation of documents — 7171

Photocopies supplied on paymentto the users other than NIO staff —4503

New arrival — Books (Monthly)

New arrivals — Technical ReportsComputerised literature search facility using Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts database on

CD-ROM.

(iv) New Activity

Integrated design of a data base, to accommodate all types of documents using micro CDS/ISISsoftware version 2. 3.

(b) Workshop

During the year 1989-90 over 300 jobs have been carried out ranging from fabrication to design anddevelopment of various mechanical casings for institutional and sponsored projects.

Books

Technical ReportsJournals of subscription

Journals of exchange/gift

Additions duringthe year

370

173

TotalCollection

18995

5323167

82

8. INFRASTRUCTURE(a) Library

(i) Collection

1989-90 N. I. O.

Prominent amongst the mechanical items fabricated were:

• Current meters supplied to different Divisions at NIO and its Regional Centres.

• Weather station used at Jaitapur for the Nuclear Power Corporation Project.

• Tide Gauge installed at Mormugao Port Trust

• Rafts installed at Jaitapur.

• Furnishing of the interior of the Computer Centre including the flooring, panelling and railing.

• Slow speed sampler for biological investigations.

• Prototype spectrophotometer parts for the m-water optical radiometer.

In addition, routine jobs of maintenance of Institute vehicles, spray painting, glass blowing andelectroplating have also been carried out

(c) Printing and Binding

Printing and binding facilities were provided to the Institute's R & D work as well as foradministrative work. Various jobs valued atRs. 1, 05, 000/- (approx. ) were executed by this group during theyear.

(d) Photography

The Photography Section has supported the R & 0 work of the Institute by undertaking about 650jobs during the year costing about Rs. - 69, 000/- (approx. ). This includes photographying, copying,microfilming, photomicrographs, slide making (B & W), colour slides processing and laminations.

(e) Drawing

The Drawing Section has completed about 410 jobs worth Rs 38, 000/- (approx. ) during the year.

Facilities added during the year

Computer Centre

The new computer centre was inaugurated on 14th April, 1989 at the hands of Dr. A. P. Mitra, FRS.The final hardware configuration that was re-installed consists of the following:

Unit

ComputerFloppy driveDisc

Tape drive

Model

ND57051/4"Winchester450 MB1050

Make No

ND Computer System ND 570

Norsk Data 11

CDC 1

Storage technology 2

Features

High capacity

125 IPS

123

124

N. I. O. 1989-90

The major software packages used were:

Unit

PrinfoiElpri PlotterTerminal

PrinterArray Processor

Model

1050M 3023 CD7236TDV 2200TDV 2200LX-8005010

Make

Storage technologyFujitsuVersatekTandbergTandbergEpsonFPS, USA

No

1112112

Features

125 IPS1040 LPM200 BPI, B/WGraphic option

8 MFLOPS each

ND Computer System ND520

ComputerFlopy driveDisc

Tape Drive

PrinterPlotterTerminalGraphic Term.

Copier

ND5208"Winchester140Streamer1600/3200 BPIB-300KSR 820TDV 2200TEK 4107

TEK 4695

Norsk Data

Fujitsu

Cipher

Lipi Data SystemsTaxas InstTandbergTektronixInc. USATektronix Inc.

112

1

1121

1

Supermini

SMD interface

Front load

300 LPM200 BPI, BAA/Graphic optionHigh resolutiongraphic termInk jet plotter

ND520

GECO MappingGPGS-GraphicsSibas IINotis BGOctopusDolphinNeptunePayroll

ND570

Accounting systemSymbolic debuggerAssemblerPEDVersaplot-07Plane for ND 500User EnvironmentCosmos

Mass Storage UtilitiesSprint Spooling SystemEnvironmental OperatorFile ManagerNAG Library - MATH & STATNorseis - SeismicGPGS - Graphics

1989-90 N. I. O.

125

A synopsis of the usage is given below:

ND 520 ND-570

CPU Time {mins) 18419 15355Terminal time (mins. ) 242593 441082

Biological Oceanography

(1) A well-equipped laboratory, Sagarica, staffed by two research fellows, was started for the specificstudies on Horse-Shoe Crab and the ecology, biota and productivity of the Orissa coast at BalramgadhiBalasore, Orissa.

(2) To cater to increasing requests for R & D projects on island ecosystems, a field laboratory,Ocean/castaffed by two research associates has been set-up mainly for carrying out the project on Transferof Technology in Intensive Polyculture at Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

(3) Pressurized deep sea bacteria cultivator (pressures upto 1000 kg/cm2 can be developed) has beenacquired

Chemical Oceanography

An additional laboratory space of 125 m2 was made available to Chemical Oceanography Division

An UV-Vis spectrophotometer was purchased.

Geological Oceanography

A new X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (Philips, PW 1480) was procured This automatic,computer aided system has micro PDP11/53 console unit, VT 340 video display unit, letter writer 100 desktop terminal and can undertake qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Physical Oceanography

(1) Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler of RD Instruments, USA.

(2) An XBT Equipment set including Launcher, Test Device, Spares to MK-9 System, XBT Deep BlueProbes under the Indian National TOGA XBT observational programme in addition to a PersonalComputer, Printer and Color Monitor, Plotter, Hard Disk (20 MB), Stabilizer and other necessary accessories.

(3) Photo-digitizer, frame-grabber, tri-density tape drive, table top digitizer, electrostatic plotter.

Ocean Engineering

Directional wave rider buoy with receiver units.

CPU Time {mins)Terminal time (mins. )

ND520

18419242593

ND-570

15355441082

Marine Corrosion & Materials Research

A System Gold Performance Liquid Chromatography system was installed in the division.

Regional Centre, Cochin

(1) HCL Computer —1

(2) Gold film mercury analyser — 1

(3) Plain paper photo copier — 1

(4) Nikkon stereoscopic zoom microscope — 1

(5) Nikkon binocular research microscope with phase contrast equipment — 1 -

(6) Nikkon binocular stereoscopic zoom microscope — 1

Civil Engineering

Civil works taken up during the year:

(1) Construction of compound wall and gate cabin for the land at Versova for Regional Centre, Bombay.

(2) Construction of extension to Biology block at headquarters.

Completed works:

(1) Construction of extension to the Chemistry block.

(2) Construction of compound wall at the southern side of the Institute.

Infrastructure service provided to outside organisations

Three M. Tech. students from Karnataka Regional Engineering College has carried out the followingM. Tech dessertation work at OED on:

Analysis of single point mooring in current and wave induced flows, Nearshore wave transformationmodel for the Karwar coast, and Sediment transport model for the Karwar coast.

At the request of Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal, one M. Tech. student waspermitted to carry out the dessertation in the field of deterioration of materials for a period of seven months(June 1989 to January 1990)

Analytical facilities were provided to (i) Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Bombay (ii)Institute of Science, Bombay (iii) Rashtnya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd., Bombay (iv) Department ofChemistry, University of Bombay.

126

N. I. O. 1989-90

1989-90 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

VISITORSHis Excellency, ShriWu Xuequian, Vice-Premier of the State Council of the People's Republicof China accompanied by the Ambassador of China to India and other Chinese officials, visitedNIOon 16 October, 1989.

Photo 20: His Excellency, Mr. Wu Xuequian, Vice Premier, People's Republic of China(3rd from left) keenly looking at the exhibits.

He appreciated the progress made by NIO in Ocean Research and expressed the hope that Chinaand India could have collaborative research programmes in several areas in oceanography.

2. Dr. S.Z. Qasim, Vice-Chancellor, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi.

3. Dr. A.P. Mitra, DGSIR & Secretary to Govt, of India, Department of Scientific and IndustrialResearch, New Delhi.

4. Dr. S.N. Dwivedi, Addl. Secretary, DOD, New Delhi.

5. Prof. Y.P. Neprochnov and Dr. L.P. Merklin, Institute of Oceanology, Moscow.

6. Dr. M. Kishino, University of Tokyo.

7. Prof. G.S. Hobson, University of Sheffield.

8. Prof. Eric B. Kraus, Professor Emeritius,.Rosential School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences,University of Miami, U.S.A.

9. Dr. N.R. Subramanian, Emeritus Scientist, National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore.

127

10. Dr. G. T. Csanady, Old Dominion University, Virginia

11. Dr. C. R. Mutiny, National Water Research Institute, Ontario.

12. Shn S. L Kati, Managing Director, Nuclear Power Corporation, Bombay.

13. Prof. A. S. Sarkisyan, Department of Numerical Mathematics, USSR Academy of Science, Moscow,USSR He delivered a series of lectures on Mathematical Modelling on Ocean Circulation andOceanographic Data Processing.

14. Dr. Vladimir Sokolov, State Oceanographic Institute, Moscow.

15. Dr. Oleg Nikitine, State Oceanographic Institute, Moscow.

16. Dr. Yves Desanbes, Director, Ocean Acoustic Tomography IFREMER, France.

17. Dr. Olga Koblentz-Mishke & Dr. Y Kannarov, Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, USSR Hedelivered a lecture on "Primary Productivity Measurements & Remote Sensing Techniques".

18. Dr. Darryl Powell, Executive Secretary, Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic ManneLiving Resources (CCAMLR), Hobart, Australia He delivered a lecture on "Working of CCAMLR"on 15th May, 1989.

19. Dr. D. J. Roberts, Director, Institute of Aquaculture, Stirling, Scotland (UK) along with Dr. S. D.Tripathi, Director, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR), Bhubaneshwar.

20. Prof. KarlBanse, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USA He deliveredlectures on: (a) Hydrographic Conditions and Productivity in the Arabian Sea and (b) PlanktonProduction.

21. Prof. (Dr. ) E. J. W. Jones, Department of Geological Sciences, University College of London.

22. Prof. Jivo Sigawa (Geophysicist) and his colleagues, Ocean Research Institute of Tokyo, Japan.

23. Acadamecian Prof. A. L Yanshin, Vice-President, Academy of Sciences, USSR.

24. Prof. A. P. Ltsitzin, Dr. Y. A. Bogdanov and Dr. V. V. Gordeev, Institute of Oceanology, Moscow.They delivered a series of talks on Metallogenesis with special reference to Triple Junction of theIndian Ocean.

25. Dr. F. C. Vis, Delft Hydraulics, Netherlands.

26. Dr. S. Varadarajan, Ex-DGSIR and consultant to the Planning Commission.

27. A tearnofabout30marinescientistsfromaJapaneseOcean Research Vessel HakuhoMaru visitedNIO on 1 February, 1990. The team was led by Prof. J. Segawa, Ocean Research Institute,University of Tokyo, who was also the Chief Scientist for the cruise from Lisbon to Mormugao.

128

N. I. O. 1989-90

1989-90 VISITORS N.I.O.

Photo 2 1 : Janapeso scientists at NIO

28. Dr. S. Malomo, Chief Project Officer, Commonwealth Science Council, London.

29. Dr. S. Thyagarajan, Secretary Commonwealth Science Council and Science Adviser to the Secre-tary-General, London.

30. Shri Byron W, Blake, Director, Economics & Industry, Caribbean Community Secretariat, Guyana,West Indies.

31. Dr. V.K. Gaur, Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi.

129

NIO. 1989-90

130

10. AWARDS & HONOURSDr. R. Nigam

— "CSIR Young Scientists Award 1989" in Earth Sciences for his significant contributions to theunderstanding of coastal processes and environment ihrough study of forammifera.

— Selected for Outstanding Young Person Award 1989 by Indian Junior Chamber (Panaji Chapter)

Dr. V Purnachandra Rao— UNESCO/ROSTSCA Young Scientists Award in Earth Sciences.

Dr. B N. Desai— Elected Fellow of the Gujarat Academy of Science— Elected Fellow of the Indian Geophysical Union— Life Fellow of the Ultrasonic Society of India

Dr R. Sen Gupta— Nominated as an editorial writer for Marine Pollution Bulletin.

Awards of Ph. D. /Others

Name1

Ph. D.

Sayeeda Wafar

ZA Ansari

M. J. Varkey

A Suryanarayana

Title of the thesis2

Ecology of mangrovesalong the estuariesof Goa

Ecology of meiobenthosin two estuaries ofGoa

Salt balance and mix-ing in the Bay ofof Bengal

Effect of freshwaterdischarge and wind onhydrography and circu-lation in the westernBay of Bengal

University3

KarnatakaUniversity

BombayUniversity

KeralaUniversity

AndhraUniversity

Guide4

Dr AGUntawale

Dr A. HParulekar

Dr. J S.Sastry

Dr JS.Sastry

Year5

1989

1989

1989

1989

1989-90 N. IO.

1

V PumachandraRao

M V Ramana

T. V Raveendran

VK Banakar

M. Phil.

S Chinnaraj

M. Sc.

R. Alagarswamy

2

Some mineralogicalinvestigalions on thesediments of the con-tinental margins ofIndia and the centralIndian basin and phos-phorites of Error Sea-mount, north westernArabian Sea

Marine geophysicalinvestigations offKonkan coast withspecial reference toJaigad, Ambivah andVarvada Bays, Maha-rashtra, India

Studies on marineorganisms affectingtimber

Chemical radioisotopicand geochronologicalstudies of polymetal-lic nodules and crustsof Central IndianOcean Basin

Studies on fungi asso-ciated with mouldingof stored paddy strawsand air borne straw dust

A study on some metalsin the Mandovi estuarysediments, Goa

3

AndhraUniversity

AndhraUniversity

BombayUniversity

KamatakUniversity

MadrasUniversity

BombayUniversity

4

Prof. M.Subba Rao

Prof. T. K. S.PrakasaRao

Dr. A. B.Wagh

Shri R. R.Nair&Dr. V. C.Chavadi

Dr. B P. R.Vittel

Dr. R.Sen Gupta

5

1989

1989

1989

1989

1989

1989

131

NI. O 1989-90

1

2

132

Name1

Dr B N. Desai

-do-

-do-

-do-

Shn J I Goes

-do-

Venue2

UK&CaribbeanCountries

NorwayOct, 1989

Australia

France

Canada

USA

Duration3

16 to 29April, 1989

21 to 31

16 to 26Feb. 1989

3 to 20March, 1990

17 Jan to24 July, 1989

25 July to23Aug, 1989

Purpose4

Upon the invitation of Common-wealth Science Council, Londonfor formulating Caribbean Ocea-nographic Survey to be under-taken by ORV Sagar Kanya

To attend the 1st InternationalConference on Fisheries andOffshore Petroleum ExplorationAlso visited various oceanographicinstitutions at Hamburg in theFederal Republic of Germany

To attend the Meeting of theCoastal Zone Management onClimate Change (IPCC), as anIndian delegate sponsored by theMinistry of Environment, Govt.of India

To attend the IOC-UNESCO Exe-cutive Council Meeting as an Indiandelegate. Also visited Hamburgand met scientists from otherGerman Institutions for collaborativework and held a seminar on boardORV Sagar Kanya

Training in CZCS data for chloro-phyll productivity estimates underVNOR GOI project, Satellite dataanalyses for oceanographicinvestigations.

To attend a course in BioopticalOceanography at Friday HarbourLaboratories, Seattle

11. DEPUTATIONS

1989-90 N. I. O.

133

3.

4

5

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

1

Dr M. D. Zingde

-do-

Dr K S R Murthy,Shri AS. Subrah-manyam &Shri N. P. C. Reddy

Dr. (Smt. ) V. R.Nair

Shri V. RameshBabu

Shri Y V. B. Sarma

Dr S. C. Goswami

Shri B. S. Ingole

Dr. V. K. Banakar

-do-

2

Madgascar

1 hailand

Japan

USSR

USSR

Federal Republicof Germany

Japan

Federal. Republicof GermaWestGermany

3

16 to 21Feb., 1989

27 Nov to1 Dec., 1989

22 Feb. to8 May, 1989

20 March to19 July, 1989

4 April to26 June, 1989

11 April to10 July, 1989

24 April to27 July, 1989

April, 1989onwards for18 months

1 May, 1989for 3 months

1 June to31 Aug., 1989

4

Member, Indian Delegatioon toMadagascar tc recommendassistance in Marine Research.

Workshop on South Asia EmergencyAction Plan.

To participate1 on board the RussianVessel "Prof. SHOTMAN" for geolo-gical and geophysical investigationsin the Deformation Zone of CentralIndian Ocean.

Research Fellow at Ocean ResearchInstitute, University of Tokyo (Oninvitation by Ministry of Education,.Science & Culture, Japan).

State Oceanographic Institute,Moscow under Indo-USSR Collabo-rative Programme in Oceanology.

Departmentof Numerical Mathema-tics (DNM)under Indo-USSR Colla-borative programme

Toparticipateinthemeteortocruise '10/2 in the North Atlantic Oceanunder JGOFS Programme andprocessing of data at Institute furMeereskunde Kiel.

Training and research in marinebiotechnology.

Under Indo-FRG Programmeof NIO.

Under project oriented bilateralexchange programme of KFA-GSIR.

N. I. O. 1989-90

134

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

1

Dr. J. S. Sastry

Shri P. V. Sathe

Dr. A. Chatterji

Shri B. NagendraNath

Dr. P. M. Muralee-dharan

Shri B. Fernandes

Dr. R. Sen Gupta

Dr. (Smt) S.Vijayaraghavan &Dr. A. B. Wagh

2

Indonesia

USA

UK

FederalRepublicof Germany

USA

Australia

Austria

UK&CaribbeanCountries

3

6 to 9June, 1989

22 June, 1989onwards for6 months

June, 1989onwards for9 months

June, 1989onwards for16 months

29 June to29 Dec, 1989

2to15July, 1989

3to5July, 1989

14 to 29July, 1989

4

Fifth Session of the Indian OceanPanel of Committee on the ClimateChange and the Oceans (OCCO).

Goddard Space FHghtCenter (NASA)for training in software developmentfor retrieval of sea surface windsand atmospheric water vapour frompassive microwave satellite dataunder the UNDP project.

Training and research in Aquaculture.

DAAD Fellowship

Goddard Space Right Center-NASA, work on the development ofan algorithm to retrieve atmosphericand oceanographic parameters fromthe passive microwave satellite data

For training in analysis of tracemetals on Atomic Absorption Spec-trophotometer on M/S GBC Scien-tific Equipment Co. Pvt. Ltd.,Melbourne.

As an invited Expert to prepareenvironmental programme forUnited Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organisation.

Member of Indian delegation, inconnection with the CaribbeanOceanographic ResourcesExploration (CORE) Project

1989-90 NI. O.

135

19.

20.

21 .

22.

23.

24

25.

26.

27.

1

Dr. (Smt. ) S.Achuthankutty

Dr E. S. Desa

Dr. (Smt) C.Raghukumar

Dr. E. Desa

Dr K S. R. Murthy

Shri K. Soma-sunder

Dr. A. B. Wagh

Dr. K. J. Peter

Dr. A. H. Parulekar

-do-

2

Japan

U S A

Canada

Japan &U. S. A.

U. K.

U. S. A

Trinidad

Republicof Yemen

USA

Australia

3

27 August to1 Sept, 1989

18 August to19 Sept., 1989

20 to 25August, 1989

24 August to22Sept., 1989

Sept. 1989

5 Sept, 1989

11 to 22Sept., 1989

1 31990(one year)

16 Sept. to12Oct., 1989

5 to 12Nov, 1989

4

To present paper at the FifthInternational Symposium onMicrobial Ecology

Under UNDP Programme

To present papers at the Inter-national Symposium on MarineMycology

Under UNDP Programme

CSIR British Council(TCTP) AwardColombo Plan

Under East-West Centre FellowshipScheme

To attend the ICOD Workshop onOperation and Managementof Research and Workshop onSurvey

To take up UNESCO Assignmentas Chief Technical Adviser

Familiarization with Recent Tech-niques in Computenzed MarineTaxonomy and Biotechnology

To represent India at VIII Scientific& Advisory Committee on Marine

Taxonomy and Bio-meeting ofCommission for the Conservation ofAntarctic Marine Living Resources

NIO. 1989-90

28

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

1

Shri M P. Tapaswi

— do —

— do —

Dr. N. Bahulayan

Shri S, Mandal

Smt A Mesquita

Shri V. V.Gopalakrishna

Dr. M. V. S. Guptha

Shri J. S. Sarupria

2

Bermuda

France

Italy

USSR

U. K.

U. K.

Argentina

Singapore

U. S. A.

3

2to6October, 1989

9 to 13October, 1989

16 to 20October, 1989

7 October to14 Nov., 1989

16 October,1989

October 1989to March 1990

13 to 17Nov., 1989

28. 11 89

14 to 24Jan., 1990

4

Participation in Annual Conlerenceof International Association ofMarine Science Libraries & Informa-tion Centres(IAMSLIC)

Consultations on the developmentof bibliographic marine informationservices in India at the UNESCO &IOC Secretariats in Paris

To participate in the Fdttorial StaffMeeting of ASFA, at the Office o fFAO

The Integrated long term programmeof cooperation in Science and Tech-nology between the Department ofScience and Technology, New Delhiand USSR Academy of Sciences toprepare a long term scientificprogramme (MONEX) on large,scale air-sea inter-action processesover the Indian Ocean

University College of London forcarrying out higher studies

To attend the course, Diploma inMarine Pollution Chemistry at theUniversity of Liverpool

To attend the 3rd International Con-ference on Southern HemisphericMeteorology and Oceanography

To inspect various shipboard equip-ment on ORV Sagar Kanya beforethe commencement of the Indo-German cruise inter-actionprocesses over the Indian Ocean

To attend the XIII Session ofWorking Committee of IODE/IOC

136

1989-90 N I O

12. WORKSHOPS/SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA HELD(a) Workshop on Ocean, Religion and Archaeology

A workshop on "Ocean, Religion and Archaeology" organised jointly by the Marine Archaeology Unitof the NIO and Society for Marine Archaeology was inaugurated by His Excellency Shri Khurshid AlsmKhan, Governor of Goa on 5 August, 1989 atthe NIO. In his inaugural speech the Governor emphasisedthat the underwater cultural heritage of India should be explored fully and preserved.

(b) Woikshop on Significant Outstanding Problems in Physical Oceanography and CoupledOcean-Atmosphere Systems

A workshop on Significant Outstanding Problems in Physical Oceanography and Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Systems was held at NIO on 29 September, 1989. This was a follow-up to the workshop onsimilar topic held at I. I. Sc., Bangalore on 18-19 May, 1989.

The two workshops identified research problems that need to be taken up concerning the physicaloceanography of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Equatorial Region and the Indian estuaries.It was felt that the study of the Bay of Bengal and the adjoining Equatorial Ocean needs a major thrust as thisarea is not well understood from the point of view of the coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere.

It was recommended that to meet the research objectives outlined in the two workshops, it isnecessary to attract the best of the young talent available in the country into doctoral level study programmesin physical oceanography

The Workshop emphasized the need to ensure: (i) a high quality in physical oceanographic datacollected and (ii) easy availability of stored data to users around the country. A Standing Committee withDr. B N. Desai, Director, NIO as Chairman was formed to prepare a plan to implement the recommendationsand to monitor its progress.

(c) Convention of the Indian Society for Physical Sciences of the Ocean

The First Convention of the Indian Society for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean was held atNIO, Goa from 13 to 15 December, 1989. The convention was inaugurated by Rear Adm. S. Ramasagar,Flag Officer Commanding, Goa Area. Dr. J. S. Sastry, President of the Society presided over the function.

Dr. S. L. Kati, the Managing Director of the Nuclear Power Corporation delivered the key-note addresson "Nuclear Energy and Environment".

About 50 delegates from various'organisations participated, in the convention and presented about46 research papers.

(d) Ninth Annual Convention & Conference of Society for Information Science

The Society for Information Science held its Ninth Annual Convention X Conference at NIO, Goafrom 18-20 January, 1990. The theme of the conference was "Local Area Network — its Significancein Information System". Dr. Sheikh AM, Vice-Chancellor of Goa University inaugurated the conference.About 40 participants from various organizations attended the conference and presented eight papers.

137

138

N1O 1989 90

(e) Conference on Geophysical Oceanographic Studies of the Seas around the IndianSubcontinent

A Round Table Conference was held on Geophysical Oceanographic sludies of the seas aroundthe Indian subcontinent at NIO, Goa under the auspices of the Department of Ocean Development,Government of India, during 1-2 November, 1989 Outstanding geological and geophysical problemsrelating to oceans around India were discussed

1989-90 NI. O

13. PUBLICATIONSPapers

Abraham Pylee, P. Uday Varma and C. Ravichandran, 1989. Some aspects of circulation and mixing inthe lower reaches of Periyar estuary, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 19(1): 32-35.

Achulhankutty, C. T., S. F3. Nair, P. HaridasandM. Madhupratap, 1989. Zooplankton composition of theKalpini and Agathi atolls, Lakshadweep Archipelago. Indian J. mar. So., 18: 151-154.

Almeida, F, M. V. Ramana, K. H. Vora, G. C. Bhattacharya and V. Subrahmanyam, 1989. Subsurfacegeology of the Bombay Harbour. Proc. of Third Nat. Conf. on Dock & Har. Engg., 653-657.

Ansari, Z. A. and S. A. H. Abidi, 1989. Andaman Sea, its physical, chemical and biological characteristics.In ̂ Management of Aquatic Ecosystem, Narendra Publ. House, New Delhi, 21-32.

Babu, M. T., A. K. Heblekar and C. S. Murty, 1989. Wind stress, curl and vertical velocity in the Bay of Bengalduring southwest monsoon, 1984. Ind. J. mar. Sci., 18: 223-227.

Balachandran. T. andK. J. Peter, 1989. The role of plankton research in fisheries development. NationalSymposium on Research & Development, CMFRI Bull., 44(1): 163-173.

Balachandran, T. and K. J. Peter, 1989. The variation in meroplankton along 78°E meridian. J. Mar. biol.Ass. India, 31: 195-201.

Banakar, V. K, J. N. PattanandP. Jauhari, 1989. Size, surface texture, chemical composition and mineralogyinterrelations in f erromanganese nodules of Central Indian Ocean. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 201 -203.

Banakar, V. K. andD. V. Borole, 1989. Growth rate and chemical composition of a manganese nodulefrom the EEZ of Seychelles. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 33: 253-258.

Banerjee, R. and S D. Iyer, 1989. Petrography of basalts from the Carlsberg Ridge. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 124-127.

Bhattacharjee, J and S. K. Paknikar, 1989. Synthesis of coomarians by transfer of C-3unitofcinnamicacids to phenols using polyphosphoric acid. Indian J. Chem., 28B: 205-207.

Bhosle, N. B., S. S. Sawant, DS. Prabha and A. B. Wagh, 1989. Sedimentation of particulate material inthe stratified and non-stratified water columns of the Bombay High Area of the Arabian Sea. Mar.Ecol. Prog. Ser., 57: 225-236.

Bhosle, N. B., K. Nandakumar and A. B. Wagh, 1989. Effect of suspended matter of the seawater onmicrofouling in the Arabian Sea. Biofouling, 2: 1-10.

Chakraborty, B., 1989. Effects of scattering due to seafloormicroretaef on a mulBfrequency-Sonar SeabedProfiler. Jour. Acoust Soc. America, 85{4): 1478-1489.

139

Chandramohan, P. and B. U. Nay ak, 1989. Distribution of longshore sediment transport along the Indian coastbased on empirical model. Proc. 3rd National Conference on Dock & Harbour Engineering,Surathkal, 2: 501-508.

Chandramohan, P., B. U. Nayak and V. S. Raju, 1989. Distribution of deepwater wave power around Indiancoast based on ship observations. J. Coastal Res., Washington, 5(4): 829-844.

Chauhan, O. S. andA. K. Chaubey, 1989. Comparative studies of moment, graphic and phi measures onthe sands of the east coast beaches, India. Sediment. Geol., 65: 183-189.

Desa, E. S., E. Desa and E. J. D'Sa, 1989. The design of an in-water radiometer. Proc. OCEANS '89, Seattle,USA, 998-1003.

D'Sa, E. J., P Krause and K. R. Ramakrishnan, 1989. Ultrasonic image analysis: implications for inwaterimaging. Proc OCEANS '89, Seattle, USA, 1115-1117.

D'Sa, E. J., K. R. Ramakrishnan and P. Krause, 1989. Defect detection in ultrasonic images. TENCON'89 -Fourth IEEZRegion 10th International Conference, Bombay, 577-580.

Desai, R. G. P, E Desa andG Vithayathil, 1989. PCs and networking for oceanographic researchvessels. Proc. OCEANSW, Seattle, USA, 1665-1669.

Devassy, V. P. and J. I. Goes, 1989. Seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass and productivity ina tropical estuarine complex (West Coast of India). Proc. Indian Acad. Sciences (Plant Science),99(5): 485-501.

Dhargalkar, V. K. andN. B. Bhosle, 1989. Paniculate organic matter in shelf waters off Princess AstridKryst, Antarctica. Polar Record, 25(154): 229-234.

Femandes, A. A., Y. S. Prahaladand D Sengupta, 1989 Scattering of Rossbyand Poincare waves off roughboundaries. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 14: 41 -64.

Gopalakrishna, V. V., Y. V. B. Sarma, D. P. Rao and J. S. Sastry. Thermohaline circulation and watermassstructure around Mauritius-Seychelles Archipelago. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Southern HemisphereMet. and Oceanography, 297-298.

Gopalan, UK., P. P. MeenakshikunjammaandD. T. Vengayil, 1987. Macrobenthos of Vembanad estuaryin relation to the deposition of degraded waterfem and other macrophytes. Proc. Natn. Seminaron Estuaries, 410-418.

Goswami, U., 1989. Chromosomal studies in Fulvia mutica (Bivalve, Cardiidae) from Japan. Curr. Sci.,58: 880-882.

Goswami, S. C., A. Morales and M. Rolke, 1989. Arbeitsberiht der Gruippe zooplankton standing stocks/Bildomalyse Fahrtabschnitt M/10. Institut fur Meereskunde, Kiel, 1-6.

Gujar, A. R., M. V. Ramana and G. V. Rajamanickam, 1989. Exploration of nearshore placers off Konkan coast,west coast of India. Proc. Offshore Technology Conf. Houston, Texas, 3, 569-577.

140

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Harkantra, S. N. and A. H. Parulekar, 1989. Population distribution of meiofauna in relation to someenvironmental features in a sandy intertidal region of Goa, West coast of India. Indian J. mar Set.,18 259-264.

Harkantra, S. N., S. G. YunandT. K. Kuchi, 1989. Bioturbationby Praxillellapacifica(Polichaeta: Maldomidae)and its effect on Chone sp. (Polychaeta, Sabellidae) in Tomeoka bay, Amakusa, Japan. IndianJ. mar. Sci., 18: 276-279.

Hashimi, N. H., 1989 Late pleistocene carbonate sediments and rocks on the western continental shell ofIndia. Proc. Sem Tertiary & Recent Sediment along West Coast between Bombay and Ratnagin,

Poona, 1-16.

Ingole, B. S., A Chatterji. Z. A. Ansari and A. H Parulekar, 1989. Salt marshes for aquaculture In CoastalZone Management in India, eds. S. N. Dwivedi, V. S. Bhatt and P. Chaturvedi, Indian Associationfor the Advancement of Science, New Delhi, 99-111.

Ingole, B S . SS. Dhaktode and A. N. Kadam, 1989. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sedimentsamples from Bombay Harbour, Dharamtar creek and Amba river estuary. Indian J. Environ.Health, 9(2): 118-123.

Iyer, S D., G. Banerjee and B G. Wagle, 1989. Statistical analysis of Lineaments of Goa, India. CurrentScience, 58(23): 1316-1318.

KameshRaju, K. A. andT. Ram Prasad, 1989 Magnetic lineations in the Central Indian Basin for the periodA24-A21: A study in relation to the Indian Ocean tnple junction trace. Earth & Planetary ScienceLetters, 95395-402

Kameshwara Rao, K., K. V. Jayalakshmy, S. Kumaran, T. Balasubramanian & M. Krishnan Kutty, 1989Planktonic foraminifera in waters off the Coromandel Coast, Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci.,18: 1-7.

Kesava Das, V. and B N. Desai, 1990. Exploring the seas— the National Institute of Oceanography'sventure. Curr. Set., 59(5): 246-252.

Kesava Das, V., B. A. Ramesh and M. J. Varkey, 1990. Wave power potential along the Indian coasts Urja,

27(2): 59-61.

Krishna, K. S., D. GopalaRao, S. Prabhakar, G. Murty and Y. V. Ramana, 1989. Sound velocity across theBay of Bengal Geo-Marine Letters, 9: 95-102.

Krishnakumar, V., C. S. Murty, SS. C. Shenoiand A K. Heblekar, 1989. Wave refraction and longshorecurrent patterns along Calangute beach (Goa), west coast of India. Ind. J mar. Sci, 18: 184-188.

Krishnakumar, V., C. S Murty and A. K. Heblekar, 1989. Wave induced nearshore circulation alongCalangute-Candolim beach, Goa, west coast of India. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Eant) Planet Sci. ).983: 265-278.

141

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Krishnakumari, L. and CT Achuthankutty, 1989. Standing stocks and biochemical composition ofzooplankton in the north eastern Arabian Sea Indian J. marSci., 18: 103-105.

Krishnakumari, L, J. P. Royan and Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, 1989. Energy value of suspended detritus inAndaman Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18282-283.

Lokabharathi, P. A, 1989. The occurrence of denitrifying colourless sullur oxidizing bacteria in marinewaters and sediments as shown by the agar shake technique. FEMS Microbiology Ecology,

62: 335-342.

Lokabharathi, P. A., D. Chandramohan and Shanta Nair, 1989 A preliminary study of anerobio thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria as denitrifiers in the Arabian Sea Geomicrobiol. Jour., 6: 195-207.

Madhupratap, M. and P. Haridas, 1989. Redescription of Pseudodiaptomus jonesi (Copepoda: calanoida)with notes on its distribution. J. Plankton Res., 11 (4): 873-878.

Madhupratap, M. and P. Haridas, 1990. Zooplankton, especially calanoid copepods, in the upper 1000m of the south-east Arabian Sea J. Plankton Res., 12: 305-321.

Madhupratap, M, S R. S. Nair, P. Haridas and G. Padmavati, 1990. Response of zooplankton to physicalchanges in the environment: coastal upwelling along the central west coast of India J. CoastalRes., 6: 413-426.

Makade, K. H. and A. G Untawale, 1989. Contribution to the embryology of Fimbristylis Vahl. with a briefdiscussion on its systematic position. Beitr. BiolPflajdn, 64: 231-242.,

Menezes, M. R., 1990. Biochemical genetic divergence in three carangkJs from the Andaman Sea. Curr.Sci., 59{4)-209-219.

Mohana Rao, K, G. V. Rajamanickam and T. C. S. Rao, 1989. Holocene marine transgression as interpretedfrom bathymetry and sand grain size parameters off Gopalpur. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.,98(2): 173-181. - - ^

Mukhopadhyay, R., 1989. PetrochemicaYbeJjgyiour of an acid basic contact zone. Curr. Sci., 58(20): 1145-1146. ^ ^

Muraleedharan, UshaD., J. I. Goes and Aditi Pant, 1989. Effect of environment on pigment ratio in Dw?a//e//aspp. from the salt pans of Gujarat. Proc Indian Acad. Sci (Plant Science), 99{4): 319-325.

Nagendemath, B. and SO. Iyer, 1989. Basalt microlapilli in deep sea sediments of Indian Ocean in thevicinity of Vityaz fracture zone. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 34(3): 303-309.

Nagendemath, B., V. Purnachandra RaoandK. P. Becker, 1989. Geochemical evidence of terrigenousinfluence in deep-sea sediments upto8°S in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Mar. Geol., 87: 301-313.

Naidu, P. D., P. S. Rao and J. N. Pattan, 1989. Planktonic foraminifera from a Quaternary deep seacore from the southern Arabian Sea. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 34: 1393-1397.

142

N. I. O. 198&-90

Naidu, P. D. andM. V. S. Guptha, 1989. Planktonic foraminifera from core tops of western equatorial IndianOcean. Geol. Survey India, Spl. Publ. No. 24, 133-135.

Naik, C. G., S. Y. Kamat, PS. Parameswaran, B. Das, J. Bhattacharjee, PritaRamani, D. S. Bhakuni,A. K. Goel. Sudha Jain and R. C. Snmal, 1989. Bioactivity of marine organisms, Part IV- Screeningof some marine animals from the Indian Coast Mahasagar, 22: 99-104.

Nair, RR., V. Ittekkot. S. Manganini. V. Rarnaswamy, B. Hakke, E. T. Degens. B. N DesaiandS. Honjo, 1989.Monsoon related particle fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea. Nature, 338: 749-751.

Nair. S. R., C. T. Achuthankutty, P HaridasandV. R. Nair, 1989. Neuston composition in the Central ArabianSea. Indian J. mar. Set., 18: 155-159.

Nayak, BU., P. ChandramohanandS. Mandal, 1989. Characteristics of monsoon waves off Uran, west coastof India. Indian J. mar. Sd., 18113-117.

Nayak, B. U. and P. Chandramohan, 1989. Studies on shoreline stability at Mandovi estuary, Goa. IndianJ. mar. Sci, 18: 50-53.

Nayak, MR., 1989. Some aspects on the knowledge-based underwater systems. Proc. OCEANS'89,Seattle, USA, 785-787.

Nigam, R., 1989. Sea level rise and expected impact on coastal zone. I n : Coastal Zone Managementin India, eds SN Dwivedi, V. S. BhattandP. Chaturvedi, Indian Association for Advancementof Science, New Delhi, 145-147.

Nigam, R., 1989. Paleoclimatic implications of size variation of Orbulina universa in a core from the NorthIndian Ocean. Cun. Sci, 46-47.

Nigam, R., 1989. Geoscientific investigations of the seabed for paleoclimatic inferences: Thrust area forpriority research in the nineties. Proc. Workshop on Goal for Earth Science Activity, Geol. Soc.India, 1-5.

Nigam, R., N. H. Hashimi andM. C. Pathak, 1990. Sea level fluctuations: inferences from religious andarchaeological records and their oceanographic evidences. Jour. Mar. Archaeol., 1: 16-18.

OmPrakash, Raja Roy, D. S. Bhakuni, Solimabi Wahidulla and S. Y. Kamat, 1989. 2D-NMR studies of anovel steroid from the red alga Acanthophora spicifera. J. Nat Prod., 52: 686-692

Panampunnayil, S. U., 1989 A new species of Gastrosaccus (Crustacea -Mysidacea) from the southwest coast of Australia. Jour. Plankton Res., 11(6): 1307-1314.

Parameswaran, P. S., CG. Naik, B. Das and S. Y. Kamat, 1989. Sterols from the soft coral Lobophytumstnetum. Indian Jour. Chem., 28B: 1089-1090.

Parameswaran, PS., C. G Naik, B. Das and S. Y. Kamat, 1989. Sterols from the Lakshadweep spongetrcinia ramosa (Killer). Indian Jour. Chem., 28B. 1091 -1092.

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Paropkari, A. L., 1990. Geochemistry of sediments from the Mangalore-Cochin shelf and upper slope ofsouthwest India: geological and environmental features controlling dispersal of elements. Chem.Geo/., 81: 99-119.

Parulekar, A. H., Z. A. Ansari, B. S. Ingole, A. Chatterji and R. A. Sreepada, 1989, Biological impact of miningon the coastal zone of Goa In: Coastal Zone Management in India, eds. S. N. Dwivedi, V. SBhatt and P. Chaturvedi, Indian Association for the Advancement of Science, New Delhi, 150-159.

Patil, B. T., G, Ranganna, M. R. Gajendragad, A. B. WaghandS. S. Sawant, 1989. Corrosion rate throughmathematical models. Proc. 3rd National Conference on Dock and Harbour Engineering, 2: %\7-821.

Peter, K. J. and T. Balachandran, 1989. Distribution and seasonal abundance of carangid larvae in theArabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Proc. First Indian Fisheries Forum, Asian Fishery Society,Mangalore. 165-167.

Prabhakaran, N., Ranu Gupta and M. Krishnan Kutty, 1989. Fungal activity at Mangalvan, an estuarinemangrove ecosystem of Cochin. Published in Estuarine Management by STEC: 458-463.

Prabhakaran, N. and Ranu Gupta, 1989. Filamentous fungi isolated from the EEZ along the west coast oiIndia during FORV Sagar Sampada Cruise No. 24. Fishery Technology, 27 69-74.

Prasanna Kumar, S., P. VethamonyandC. S. Murty, 1990. Wave induced nearshore flow pattern in thevicinity of Cochin Harbour, India. Ocean & Shoreline Management, 13: 111-125.

Rama Raju, V. S., T. V. Narasimha, V. Ramesh Babu and A. F. Anto, 1989. Hydrography of the Wadge Bank—premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Mahasagar, 22(2): 53-61.

Ramana Murty, T. V., 1989. Flow past a continuously moving flat plate in transverse magnetic field.Czechoslovak J. Phys., 39: 991-997

Ramana Murty, T. V., S Prasanna Kumar, Y. K. Somayajulu, J. S. Sastry and R. J. P. De Figueiredo, 1989.Canonical sound speed profile tor central Bay of Bengal. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Earth & PlanetarySciences), 98(3)255-264.

Ramaswamy, V. and R. R. Nair, 1989. Lack ot cross shelf transport of sedimenls on the western margin ofIndia: Evidence from clay mineralogy. Jour. Coastal Res., 5: 541-546.

Ramesh Babu, V., P. N. Vinayachandranand M. S. S. Sarma, 1989. Heat budget of a shore polynya, DronningMaud Land coast, Antarctica during austral summer season, 1987-88. Third InternationalConference on the Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography, Buenos Aires, 13-17 November, 1989, 254-256.

Ramesh Babu, V., M. S. S. Sarma and P. N. Vinayachandran, 1989. Hydrographic structure of the upperocean from Dronning Maud Land coast, Antarctica to 30°S during austral summer, 1987-88. ThirdInternational Conference on the Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography,Buenos Aires, 13-17, November, 1989, 277-279.

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RarneshBabu, V., M. SubbaRaoandM. V. Rao, 1989. Influence of eastern Arabian Sea on summer monsoonrainfall at west coast of India. Vayumandal, 19. 75-78.

Ramesh Kumar, M. R. and L. V. GangadharaRao, 1989. Latitudinal variation of air-sea fluxes in the westernIndian Ocean during austral summer and fall. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 48: 99-107.

Ramesh Kumar, M. R. and Y. Sadhuram, 1989. Surface heat budget of a polynya in the coastal waters offQueen Maud Land, Antarctica during austral summer. Continental Shelf fles., 9(12): 1063-1070.

Ramesh Kumar, M. R. andY. Sadhuram, 1989. Evaporation over the Arabian Sea during two contrastingmonsoons. Meteor. & Atmos. Physics, 41: 87-97.

Ramprasad, T. and R K. Sharma, 1989. PHDKS: An interactive program tor digitization of seabedphotographs. Indian J. mar. Sd., 18: 280-281.

Rao, Ch. M. and P. S. N. Murty, 1990. Geochemistry- of the continental margin sediments of the centralwest coast of India. Geol. Soc. India, 35: 19-37.

Rao, P. S 1989. Sonograph patterns ofthe central western continental shelf of India. Jour. Coastal Res.,5(4)-725-736.

Rao, P. S. and J. N. Pattan, 1989. Ferromanganese oxides from mid- Indian ridge, seamounts and abyssalplains from the Indian Ocean. Indian J mar. Sd., 18: 11-15.

Rao, P. S., 1989. Ooid turbtdites from the central western continental margin of India. Geo. Mar. Letters,9: 85-90.

Reddy, N. P C and K. Mohana Rao, 1989. Clay mineral distribution from Bhimunipatnam to Pudimadakaalong central eastern continental shelf of India. Indian J. mar. So., 18, 128-130.

Rokade, M. A., N. B. Bhosle and A N. Kadam, 1989. Extractableorganics in surface sediments from Thanacreek and Bombay harbour. Ind. J. mar. Sd., 18: 131-133.

Sabnis, M. M and M D. Zingde, 1989. Flushing characteristics of Mahim river estuary (Bombay). Advancesin Biosciences, 8(1): 1-7.

Sadhuram Y., L. Krishna Murty and M. T. Babu, 1989. Meteorological results of monsoon '88expedition (pre-monsoon period). Boundary Layer Meteorology, 48(4): 333-334.

Sanil Kumar, V. V., R. N. Sakhardande, B. U. Nayak and. G. S. Somanatha, 1989. Analysis and designof instrumented subsurface mooring. Proc. 3rd National Conference on Dock & HarbourEngineering, Surathkal, 1: 101-106.

Sarala Devi, K. and P. Venugopal, 1989. Benthos oi Cochin backwaters receiving industrial effluents.Indian J. mar. ScL, 18(3): 165-169.

Sarala Devi, K., 1989. Temporal and spatial variations in paniculate matter, particulate organic carbonand attenuation coefficient in Cochin backwaters. Indian J. mar. Sd.. 18(4): 242-245.

145

N. l. o .1989-90

Sardesai, S., 1989. Humic and lulvic acids in sediments of the Hooghiy estuary and some coastal areasin the Northern Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 16-20.

Sarkar, A. and R. Sen Gupta, 1989 Determination of organochlorine pesticides in Indian coastal walerusing a moored in situ sampler. Water Res., 23(8): 975-978.

Sarupria, J. S. and P. D. Kunte, 1990. Integrated inventory information system. Handbook of Libraries,Archives and Information Centres in India, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi, VII214-218.

Sawant, S. S., V. P. Venugopalan and A B. Wagh, 1989. Corrosion behaviour of mild steel in offshore watersof the Arabian Sea. Corrosion, Prevention & Control, 36(2): 44-47.

Sen Gupta, R., 1990. The slick that never was. Editorial in Mar. Pollu. Bull, 21(2): 50.

Sen Gupta, R., 1989. Antarctica: Indian scene. In: 40 Years of Research—a CSIR Overview, Series III,55-62.

Sen Gupta, R. and T W. Kureishy, 1989. Marine pollution levels and potential threats to the Indian marineenvironment - State of the Art. In: Water Pollution (Conservation and Management), eds. A. K.Sinha, et at., 165-181.

Shailaja, M. S. andR. Sen Gupta, 1989. DDT residues in fishes from the eastern Arabian Sea. Mar. Pollu.Bull., 20(12): 629-630.

Sharma, R. K., 1989. Effect of sediment water interface boundary layer on exposure of nodules and theirabundance: A study from seabed photos. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 34: 310-317.

Sharma, R. K., 1989. Computation of nodule abundance from seabed photos. Proc. Offshore TechnologyConference, Houston, Texas, USA, 3: 200-212.

Shetye, S. R., A. D. GouveiaandM. G. Palhak, 1990. Vulnerability of the Indian coastal region to damage fromsea level rise. Curr. Sci., 59(3): 152-156.

Soundalgekar and T. V. RamanaMurty, 1989. Viscous dissipation effects on heat transfer in flow past acontinuous moving plate. Bull. Cal. Math. Soc., 81232-234.

Subba Raju, L. V., P. Divakar Naidu and F. Almeida, 1989. Marine geoscientific surveys in ports andnearshore regions of the Arabian Sea off central west coast of India In- Recent GeoscientificStudies in the Arabian Sea off India, Geological Survey of India, Spl Publication No. 24: 291-297.

Subba Raja, L. V., K. A. Kamesh Raju, V. Subrahmanyam and D. Gopala Rao, 1990. Regional gravity andmagnetic studies over the continental margin of the central west coast of India. Geo. MarineLetters, 10(1): 31-36.

Subrahmanyam, V., M. V. Ramanaand L. V. Subba Raju, 1989. Marine geophysical studies off Karwar, westcoast of India Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 34(2): 121-132.

146

N. I. O. 1989-90

Suryavanshi,, A. K. and G. V. Prabhugaonker, 1989. An accelerated study to evaluate the performance ofcoated concrete and bare concrete reinforcements exposed to the sea. Corrosion, Prevention<S Control, London (U. K. ), 36(2): 48-53.

Unnikrishnan, A. S. and V. Asthana, 1989. Diffusion characteristics of the Kakinada Bay for effluent assess-ment. Proc. of Ind. Acad. Sa. 98237-245.

Untawale, A. G. andTG. Jagtap, 1989. Observations on marine macrophytes of Republic of Seychelles.Bot. Mar., 32115-119.

Untawale A. G., C. R. K. Reddy and G. V. Deshmukhe, 1989 Ecology of intertidal benthic algae of NorthernKamataka Coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 73-81.

UniawaleA. G, C. R. K. Reddy and V. D. Ambi/e, 1989 Marine algal flora of submerged Angria Bank (ArabianSea) Indian J. mar Sci., 18(3): 207-209.

Untawale, A. G. andV. K Dhargalkar, 1989. Seaweed utilization and its present status in India. Proc. natl.Symp. on Utilization of Living Resources of the Indian Seas heldatCIFE, Bombay Dec. 19-21(ed. U. S. Srivastava), Natl. Acad Sci. India Publ., 191-203.

Varkey, MJ., 1989 Numerical simulation of wind wave surface profiles with tuned phase spectra. IndianJ. mar. Sci., 18(3): 177-183.

UdayaVarma, P., Abraham Pylee and V. N. Sankaranarayanan, 1989. Dynamics of circulation and saltbalance in the upper reaches of Periyar estuary. Proc. Natn. Sem. Estuarine Management,Trivandrum, 32-37.

Vinayachandran, P. N., Y. Sadhuram and V. Ramesh Babu, 1989. Latent and sensible heat fluxes underactive and weak phases of the south west monsoon of 1986. Proc. of Ind. Acad. Sa. (Earth andPlanetary Sciences), 98(2): 213-222.

Wafar, M. V. M., P. Le Corse and J. L Birrien, 1989. Transport of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in BrittanyRiver, France. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 29: 489-500.

WagleBG., 1989. Morphology and evolution of the central west coast of India. Mahasagar, 22(1): 13-21.

Wagle, B. G., A. R. GujarandP. G. Mislankar, 1989. Impact of coastal features on beachplacers: acasestudy using remote sensing data. Proc. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas,

•3: 229-233.

Zingde, M. D., 1989. Hydrography and water quality of Bombay harbour. Environ. Strat. and Biosciences,37-58.

Zingde, M. D., 1989. Environmental status of the coastal marine environment of India. Management ofAquatic Ecosystems, 37-57.

147

1989-90 N. I. O.

N. I. O. 1989-90

Technical Reports and other Publications

Rao, TC. S., 1989 Coastal zone management of Andhra Pradesh. NIO/TR-3/89.

Varkey, M. J., Some multi-applications' programs 1989. NIO/TR-4/89.

Ramana Murty, Y. K. Sornayajulu and J. S. Sastry, 1989. Computations of some acoustic parameters in theBay of Bengal NIO/TR-5/89.

Chandramohan, P., B. U. NayakandK. C. Pathak, 1989. Sediment transport along the Indian coast. NIO/TR-6/89.

Mahadevan, R., Y. K Somayajulu, T V. Ramana Murty, C. S. Murty and J. S. Sastry, 1989. Tomographicforward problem' Computational details for preparation of data kernel, NIO(TR-7/89.

/Antony, J. K., E. DesaandD. Rodrigues. Technical know-how document on Direct Reading Current Meter,V/ Model. NIO-CPT/RCM.

/Desai, R. G. P., G. Vithayathil, V N Chodankar, E. Desa and A. A. Sardar. Technical know-how document"V on Wind Recorder, Model. NIO-WR.

/Desai, R. G. P., G. Vithayathil, E. Desa, V. N. Chodankar and M. Surlekar. Technical know-how documentv/ on Automatic Weather Station, Model: NIO-AWS.

Ghosh, AravindK., T. Pankajakshan and R. M. S. Bhargava, 1989. Atlas of Mechanical BathythermographData

Parulekar, A. H., S. Y. Kamat, Prita Ramani and Vijaya Ambiye, 1989. Status of R&D contribution andcapabilities in the area of bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean (sponsored by: Dept.of Ocean Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi)

Parulekar AH andS. N. Harkantra, 1989. Coastal ecosystems of the pro)ect Seabird — status, probableimpact and conservation strategy (sponsored by: Project Seabird, Indian Navy, New Delhi).

Parulekar, A. H. and K. J. Mathew, 1989. (CMFRI: ICAR) Antarctic krill —present state of knowledge,advantages and constraints (sponsored by: Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India, NewDelhi).

Parulekar, AH., 1989. Capabilities, future needs and action plan for exploration and utilization ofbiomedical properties of marine organisms of India (sponsored by: Dept. of Ocean Development,Govt. of India, New Delhi).

Parulekar, A. H., D. Chandramohan, S. N. Harkantra, X. N. Verlenkar and C. Raghukumar, 1989. Environ-mental studies oftTiruvottiyur for marine disposal of effluent (Sponsored by UB Petrochemicals,Madras)

/Peshwe, V. B., E. Desa, E. D'Silva, S. B. TengaliandS. Kamat. Technical know-how document on Electronic^ Bathythermograph, Model: NIO-EBT.

148

Reddy, G. V, J. S. Sarupria, P. D. Kunte and K. Aravind Ghosh, 1986. Inventory of cruises and stationsot R. V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya, Vol. V

Reddy, G. V., P. D. Kunte and J. S. Sarupria, 1987. Inventory of cruises and stations of R. V. Gaveshani andORV Sagar Kanya, Vol VI.

Reddy, G. V, P. D. Kunte and J. S. Sarupria, 1988. Inventory of cruises and stations of R. V. Gaveshani andORV Sagar Kanya, Vol. VII.

Reddy, G. V. andK. Aravind Ghosh, 1989. Surface meteorological data report ol R. V. Gavesftarw (1976-85).

Sarupria, J S., G V Reddy and R. M. S. Bhargava, 1989. Nansen cast data report (1976-80), Ref. No 1304.

Shetye, S. R., N. H. Hashimi, M. C. PathakandR. Nigam(eds ), 1989 Report of the Workshop on Sea LevelRise due to Green House Effect: Implications for India, 27 October, 1988, NIO, Dona Paula,Goa, 83 pp.

Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan, 1989. Status report on Caribbean Marine Sciences. Presented at the TrainingProgramme in Oceanography under Caribbean Oceanographic Resources Exploration (CORE)Project, held at NIO, Goa, October-December, 1989, 10 pp.

Untawale, A. G, V. K. Dhargalkar, G. V. Deshmukhe and C. R K Reddy, 1989. Marine algal resources along thecentral west coast of India for research, development and cultivation (Sponsored by: Dept. ofOcean Development, Govt. of india, New Delhi).

A bibliographic study on Caribbean waters in 1980's (Doss-12).

A bibliography on ocean acoustic tomography and generalised inverse methods (Doss-13)

A revised catalogue of periodicals (MIPUS-1)

Acquisition of marine gravity data offshore west coast of India (Area: Bombay High), 1989, 67 pp, 3 figs.,2 tabs

Bathymetric, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetic surveys for the proposed naval base offKarwar, west coast of India, 1989, 67 pp., 45 figs, 34 pis. (Part I).

Bathymetric, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetic surveys for the proposed naval base offKarwar, west coast of India, 1989, 41 pp, 14 pis., 10 figs. (Part II).

Examination of the water quality of some springs of Goa, 1989 (Project report submitted to the Departmentof Tourism, Govt of Goa).

Exploration for offshore heavy mineral placers (ilmenite) of Konkan coast, Maharashtra, 1989, 15 pp., 41figs.

Gravity surveys of the Bombay High and adjoining areas off Bombay coast, west coast of India, 1989, 74pp.,2 figs.

149

198&-90 N. I. O.

Inventory of cruises and stations of ORV Sagar Sampada (cruises 1-20), Vol. VII (1985-86), compiled byINODC.

Report on the establishment of gravity stations at various berths of Marmugao Harbour, 1989, 7 pp, 1 fig,1 pi., 2 tabs.

Seabed surveys of the Mormugao and Vengurla islands, west coast of India, 1989, 31 pp., 43 figs., 11 pis.

Seismotectonics and earthquake design basis for Jaitapur Atomic Power Project — a feasibility report, 1989,8 pp, 2 figs.

Technical report on oceanographic studies off Tamil Nadu coast for tannery waste disposal.

Technical report for laying submarine pipeline to the Bharat Petroleum Corporation Installations.

Technical report on environmental survey forthe location of marine outfall point for Mangalore Refineryand Petrochemical Complex Sponsored by Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., Bombay.

Indian National Directory on Marine Scientists

Book Reviews

Nayak, M. R., 1989 Topics in expert system design: methodologies and tools by G Guida and C. Tasso,IETE Tech. Review, 6: 408.

Raghukumar, S., 1989. Zoosporic fungi of India by Dayal and Usha Kiran, Inter-India Publication. Curr. ScL,58(17): 994.

Untawale, A. G., 1990. Algae and human affairs (Eds. ) Carole A. LembiandJ Robert Waaland, Jour.Scientific & Industrial Res., 49: 83-85.

150

1989-90N. I. O.

14. PAPERS PRESENTED IN CONFERENCES,SEMINARS, ETC.

Ambiye, V Bio-ecology of an articulated coralline alga Amphiroa fragilissima from Anjuna, Goa. INDO-USWorkshop on Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms, Goa, 23-27 February, 1989.

Babu, M. T Equatorward western boundary current in the Bay of Bengal during November-December FirstConvention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Balachandran, T. Distribution of meroplankton in relation to the thermocline in the western Indian Oceanduring day and night. 77th Session of Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9 February, 1990.

Bhat, S. S. A., S. Mandal, N. M. Anand andB. U. Nayak, 1989. Directional wave spectra off Bombay. westcoast of India. 28th Annual Convention of Indian Geophysical Union, Hyderabad.

Chinnaraj, S. andS. M Inamdar. Community characteristics of Vijayadurg mangroves along the Maharashtracoast. Seminar on Mangrove Awareness in India, Bombay, 21-23 February, 1990.

Gajbhiye, S N., M. J. Ram, V. R. Nair and B N. Desai. Acute toxicity of some metals on zooplankton. 59thAnnual Session of the National Academy of Sciences, Hyderabad.

Ghosh, A. K. and T. Pankajakshan. A quality control procedure for temperature data. First Conventionof ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Gopalan, U. K Environmental threats'on the fishery resources of Kerala National Seminar on AquaticPollution, Tnvandrum, 18-20 December, 1989, p. 98.

Hashimi, N. H, R. Nigam and M. C Pathak. Applications of geological techniques in marine archaeologicalexploration. Second Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries,Bangalore, 4-5 January, 1990.

Inamdar, S. N. andS. Chinnaraj. Application of remote sensing techniques for the studies of mangroveforests of Maharashtra. Seminar on Mangrove Awareness in India, Bombay, 21 -23 February,1990.

Jagtap, T. G Status report. Studies on mangroves of Goa. Indo-US Workshop on Management ofConservation Areas (Wetland, Mangroves and Biosphere Reserve) and Geographical Informationsystem. Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 4-7 January, 1989.

Jayashree, V and R. Sen Gupta. Toxin from Holothurialeucospilata. Indo-US Symposium on BioactiveCompounds from Marine Organisms, February, 1989.

151

1989-90 N. I. O.

Kesava Das, V. Hydrographic features of Lakshadweep (Laccadives) Sea during winter First Conventionof ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Kunte, P. D andR. M. S. Bhargava. Role of LAN in Oceanographic Information Management-a case studyof NIO. Society for Information Science Conference, held at NIO, Goa, January, 1990.

Kunte, P. D. Marine geophysical data management system and supportive graphics. National CODATAConference, Pune, February 1990.

Lalithambika Devi, C. B. Distribution, frequency of occurrence and abundance in relation to zooplanktonbiomassof Bothid larvae (Pisces) in the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea 77thSession of Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990.

Nair, K K. C. Metalycaea globosa Stephensen, a true valid species of Oxycephalidae Bate (AmphipodaHyperiidea). 77th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990

Nair, S, D. Chandramohan and A Gonsalves. Incidence of metal and drug resistance in bacteria of theArabian Sea. Fifth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Kyoto, Japan, 27 August -1September, 1989.

Nampoothiri. G. E. andV. Krishnakumar. A new device for monitoring moorings. First Convention of ISPSO,NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Naqvi, S W. A. and R, Sen Gupta. Oceanic carbon dioxide — its role in the paleo-reducing environmentot the Arabian Sea. Invited Lecture at IGBP Seminar of National Academy of Sciences, India,Hyderabad, January, 1990.

Narasimha Rao, T. V. Storm surge on the Andhra coast during November, 1977. First Convention ofISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Nigam, R., M. C. Pathak and N. H. Hashimi Consequences of sea level rise due to greenhouse effectfor coastal archaeological monuments. Second Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology otIndian Ocean Countries, Bangalore, 5-6 January, 1990.

Pankajakshan, T. aYid A. K. Ghosh. Surface layer temperature inversion in the Arabian Sea duringwinter. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Parameswaran, P S., C. G Naik, B. Das and S. Y. Kamat. Hypotensive agents from the soft coral,Lobophytum strictum. 17th ILJPAC Symposium, New Delhi, February, 1990.

Parameswaran, P. S. f C. G. Naik, B. Das and S. Y. Kamat Echinoside B from the Lakshadweep Sea cucumberActinopyga maurttiana. 17th IUPAC Symposium, New Delhi, February, 1990.

152

N. I. O. 1989-90

Parulekar, A. H. Bioecology of subtidal regions. Workshop & AH India Training Programme on MarineArchaeology, Goa, 31 March, 1989.

Parulekar, A. H. Actiniarian sea anemone fauna of India. Specialists meet on Biodeterioration in powerplant cooling systems, Kalpakkam (Madras), 26-27 April, 1989.

Parulekar, A. H. Mariculture — technology, prospects & potentials. FAO/UNDP International ConsultativeMeet on Technologies for 21 st Century, New Delhi, 5-6 May, 1989.

Parulekar, A H Systematics in marine biomedical research National Brainstorming Meet on MarineBiomedical Research in India, Lucknow, 22-23 June, 1989.

Parulekar, A. H. Benthic production in tropical coastal ecosystems. Annual Convention of AmericanInstitute of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, 2-3 October, 1989.

Parulekar, A. H. Marine biomass production estimates for the Indian Ocean Sector of the SouthernOcean. VIIIth Scientific Committee Meetings of CCAMLR, Hobart, Tasmania (Australia), 6-10November, 1989.

Parulekar, A H and P. Ramani. Bioactivity and chemical ecology of some intertidal animals. Indo-USSymposium on Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms, Goa, 23-27 February, 1989.

Pathak, M. C, N. H. HashimiandR Nigam. The relevance of bathymetry and sediment for ship wreck studiesin Goa waters. Second Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries,Bangalore, 5-6 January, 1990.

Prabhakaran, N. and Ranu Gupta. Activity of soil fungi of Mangalvan—the mangrove ecosystem of Cochinbackwater. 77th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9 February, 1990.

Prasanna Kumar, S., M T. Babu and T. V. Ramana Murty. Sound speed structure and propagationalcharacteristics of cold core eddy in the Bay of Bengal. ' First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa 13-15 December, 1989

Raghukumar, C, S. Raghukumar and Sanjay Nagarker. Studies on the association of Thraustochytrid andmycelial fungi with marine algae. International Symposium on Marine Mycology at University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 20-25 August, 1989.

Raghukumar, C. Fungal invasion of massive corals. 1 International Symposium on Marine Mycology atUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 20-25 August, 1989.

Raghukurnar, S. Fungi in the marine realm status, challanges and prospects. Shome Memorial Lecture atthe Annual Meet of the Mycological Society of India, Bhavnagar, 19-20 October, 1989.

153

1989-90 N. I. O.

Raghukumar, S. The fungal componeniof the mangrove ecosystem. Seminar on Mangrove Awarenessin India, Bombay, 21-23 February, 1990.

Ram, M. J., S. N. Gajbhiye, and B. N. Desai. Toxicity of sewage and selected metals to phytoplar\kton. 59thAnnual Session of the National Academy of Sciences, Hyderabad

Ramana Murty, T. V.. Y. K. Somayajulu and J. S. Sastry. Simulation of acoustic propagation along a sectionin the western Bay of Bengal. IV National Symposium on Ultrasonics, NPL, New Delhi, 21-22September, 1989.

RamaRaju, V. S., V. V. Sarma, B. Prabhakar RaoandV. SubbaRao. WatermassesoffVisakhapatnamshelf.First Convention oi ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Ramesh Kumar, M. R. and A. A. Fernandes. On the spectra and coherence of some surface meteorologicalparameters. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Ramesh Kumar, M R andLV. Gangadhara Rao. Moisture flux divergence over the tropical Indian Oceanusing INSAT-1Bdata. Tenth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,23-29 November, 1989.

Ranu Gupta and N. Prabhakaran Fungi isolated from the EEZ of Indian Coast. First Workshop on ScientificResults of FORV Sagar Sampada, Cochin, 5-7 June, 1989.

Ranu Gupta. The possible role of fungi in abating pollution. National Seminar on Aquatic PollutionStrategies for Prevention and Management, Trivandrum, 18-20 December, 1989.

Rao, B. P, and Y. Sadhuram. Seasonal variability o) heat flux divergence in the coastal waters off Visakhapat-nam. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Rao, B. P. and VS. RamaRaju Hydrographic features of the coastal waters off Kakinada. Rrst Conventionof ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Rao, D. P., V. S. N. MurtyandJ. S. Sastry. PhysicalOceanographyof the Indian Ocean. Part-1 InternationalSymposjum on Monsoon: Understanding and Prediction, 23-28 November, 1989.

Rao. T. CS andK. MohanaRao. Marine archaeological surveys off Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu coast. SecondIndian Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries, Bangalore, January 1990.

RosammaStephenandK. V. Jayalakshmy. Distribution and coexistence of species of the family Calanidae(Calanoida, Copepoda) in the Indian Ocean. 77th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin,4-9, February, 1990.

Royan, J. Status and prospects oMrtem/aproduction in India. Workshop on Artemia Culture. Bay of BengalProgramme of FAO, Madras, 4-5 May, 1989.

154

N. IO. 1989-90

Sadhuram, Y Estimation of bulk transfer coefficient for latent heat flux (CJ. International Symposium onGlobal Energy and Water Fluxes, Reading, U. K., 31 July -11 August, 1989

Santhakuman, V. Destruction of mangrove vegetation by Sphaeroma terebrans along Kerala Coast. 77thSession of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990.

Santhakumari, V. On Dichotomiavannucci sp nov. (Leptomedusae, Hydrozoa) from Arabian Sea. 77thSession of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990.

SaralaDevi, K, P VenugopalandV. N. Sankaranarayanan Organiccarbon of sediments from an industriallypolluted area of Cochin backwater. Seminar on Aquatic Pollution, Tnvandrum, 18-20 December,1989.

Sarkar, A, lRajkumar, R M. Gairola, P. Vethamony and J_V. G Rao. Ocean surface waves and winds overthe North Indian Ocean from Satellite Altimeter — Preliminary Results of SAC-NIO Joint Project.First Convention of tSPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989

Sarma, Y V. B and D. P. Rao. Diurnal variability of the surface fluxes at an oceanic station in the Bay ofBengal. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Sarupna, J S. and R. M. S. Bhargava. New technological trends for the management of oceanographic dataand information. National CODATA Conference, Pune, February, 1990.

Sasamal, S. K. On the CKcurrence of high salinity waters off the east coast of India. First Convention of ISPSO,NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Sathe, V. andS Raghukumar Role of fungi in formation of detritus from the leaves of Rhizophora apionlata.

Seminar on Mangrove Awareness in India, Bombay, 21-23 February, 1990.

Sen Gupta, R. Health of the seas around India. Invited Lecture at the Annual Session of Indian NationalScience Academy, Tnvandrum, January, 1990.

Sen Gupta, R, SYS. Singbal and S. N. De Souza. Present status of environmental pollution in and aroundGoa. Seminar on Protect Waters, Protect Life, sponsored by Goa Research Institute forDevelopment, Panaji, Goa, 1989.

Sen Gupta, R. and M. S. Shailaja. Heavy metals and organochlonne pesticides level in some fishes fromthe Arabian Sea Symposium on Impact of Pollution in and from Food Industries and its Mangement,CFTRI, Mysore, 4-5 May, 1989.

Sharma, S., C. Raghukumar, V. Sathe andS. Raghukumar. Role and physiology of tungi in detritus formationof the brown algae Sargassum sp. International Symposium on Marine Mycology at University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 20-25 August, 1989

155

1989-90 N. I. O.

Sivadas, P, Rosamma Stephen, P. P. Meenakshi Kunjammaand B. Narayanan Zooplankton communityof a coral environment 77th Session of Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9 February, 1990

Tapaswi, M. P How good is Compact Cambridge ASFA? {Aquatic Sciences Bibliographic Database onCD-ROM). Conference of International Association of Marine Science Libraries and InformationCentres (IAMSLIC), Bermuda, 2-6 October, 1989.

Unmknshnan and M K. Antony. On an upwelling front along the west coast of India during later part ofthe southwest monsoon period. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989

Untawafe, A. G. Potential of marine habitats for biosphere reserves with a case study of Malwan MarinePark National Workshop on Biosphere Reserve, Srinagar, 26-27 June, 1989.

i

Untawale, A. G Role of mangrove ecosystem in coastal zone management All India Seminar on RecentAdvances in Plant Sciences, Nagpur University, Nagpur, 25-27 September, 1989

Varkey, M J andJ S Sastry. Estimates of vertical velocities and eddy coefficients in the Bay of Bengal FirstConvention 6f ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989

Varkey, M J and J S Sastry Water transports across 6°N in the Bay of Bengal on mean yearly andseasonal basis First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Varkey, M J. and J S Sastry Estimates of run off, evaporation and precipitation for Bay of Bengal on• seasonal basis. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Varkey, M. J. andJ S. Sastry. Characteristicmixingtrianglesin the Bay of Bengal First Convention of ISPSO,NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989

Wahiduila, S, J PatelandS Y. Kamat Analgesic and anti inflammatory principle of the mangrove plantAcanthus ilicifolius 17th IUPAC Symposium, New Delhi, February, 1990.

156

N. I. O 1989-90

1989 90NIO

157

Head of Expenditure

A. Recurring

P1 P2. P3 SalariesP4 ContingenciesP6 MaintenanceP7 Chemicals & GlasswareP8 Boat Operation

Total A

B. Capital

P5(1) WorksP5(2) ServicesP5(3) EquipmentP5(4)(i) FurnitureP5(4)(n) BooksP5(4)(m) VehiclesP5(4)(iv) ModelsP5(4)12 Office EquipmentAntarctic

Total B

Grand Total (A&B)

ActualsNon Plan

155 81126 2452000

1400064 799

262 855

———

8 000————

8 000

270 855

1989-90Plan

66 40218 3991 9902 830

86 023

175 644

60 5342 8476 3330 2372 7900 6180 0940 0503 000

76 503

252 147

(Rs in lakhs)Total

222 21344 644

3 99016 830

150 822

438 499

60 5342 8476 3330 237

10 7900 6180 0940 0503 000

84 503

523 002

15. BUDGET

158

1989-90N. I. O.

Research Council

1

2.

3

4.

5.

6

7.

Dr. Supnya RoyProfessorDept. of Geological SciencesJadavpur UniversityCalcutta - 700 032

Dr Harsh K. GuptaVice-ChancellorCochin University ofScience & TechnologyCochin-682 022

Prof B. LK SomayajuluPhysical Research LaboratoryNavrangpuraAhmedabad-580 022

Prof. P. K DasCentre for Atmosphenc SciencesIndian Institute of TechnologyHauz KhasNew Delhi-110 016

Prof. M. V GeorgePhotochemistry Research UnitRegional Research Laboratory (CSIR)Trivahdrum-695 019

Dr. B L. DeekshituluDirectorNational Remote Sensing AgencyBalanagarHyderabad - 500 037

Dr. S. N. DwivecKAdditional SecretaryDepartment of Ocean Development

Chairman

Member

Member

Member

Member

Member

Member

16. COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES OFNIO

1989-90 N. I. O.

159

Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12C. G. O. Complex, Lodi RoadNew Delhi -110 003

8. Dr. V. A. AatreDirectorNaval Physical & Oceanographic LaboratoryNaval BaseCochin-682 004

9. Dr W. S. KhokleDirectorCentral Electronics EngineeringResearch InstituteP. B. No. 1Pilani - 333 031

10. Shri N R. RajgopalDeputy AdviserCSIR, Raii MargNew Delhi-110 001

11. Dr. B. N. DesaiDirectorNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

12. Dr. AH. ParulekarScientistNIO, Dona PaulaGoa-403 004

Management Council

1 Dr. B. N. DesaiDirectorNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

2. Dr. R. Sen GuptaScientistNIO, Dona PaulaGoa-403 004

Member

Member

DGSIR's Nominee

Member(Ex-Otficio)

Member-Secretary

Chairman

Member

N. I. O. 1989-90

160

3.

4.

5

6.

7

8.

9.

10.

Dr E DesaScientistNIO, Dona PaulaGoa-403 004

Dr. S. ShetyeScientistNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

Dr. R. BanerjeeScientistNIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

Dr. W S. KhokleDirectorCEERl, Pilani-333031

Dr DS BhakumScientist 'G'CDRI, Lucknow - 226 001

F&AONIO, Dona PaulaGoa - 403 004

DG or His NomineeCSIRNew Delhi-110 001

Administrative OfficerNIO, Dona PaulaGoa-403 004

Member

Member

Member

Member

Member

Member

Permanent Invitee

Member-Secretary

1989-90 N. I. O..

161

Appointments

Dr. P V S h i r o d k a r .Shri A Menezes

" K Venkateswara RaoDr (Smt) C Raghukumar

ShriMMV Prasad, /• FL Jatav^/" M P Patil /

" G R Mangalorekar/Smt L Ratnakaran/

<y Kum. A. Nishad S

^9^ - S Gurrala

VZ*gy Shn L Rodngues

Shn K. Bhattacharya" S. Jena

Shn P JamesKum. K D PawarShri C LopesSmt. M S Arlekar

Shri B V. Sable* S S. Chavan

Shri L. B Gawas

Transfers

Scientist B'

Junior Technical Assistants

— Technical Assistant (Gr. VIII)

1 Assistants

— Security Assistant— Nursing Sister— Stores & Purchase Assistani— Lower Division Clerk

i Drivers

— Helper

Shri R. V Sarma, Administrative Officer to CSIR Complex, MadrasShn M Krishnamurthy, Section Officer (F&A) to NAL, BangaloreDr. (Kum ) A. Pant, Sci. E-1 to NCL, PuneShri S Kannan, S. T. A. to CECRI, KaraikudiSmt. C. Fernandes, Stores & Purchase Asstt. (Gr. VII) to R C. BombayShri H. Maigikar, Stores & Purchase Asstt from R C. Bombay to HQs.Smt. C. Suguna, JTA, R. C. Waltair to NGRI, Hyderabad

17. APPOINTMENTS/TRANSFERS/RESIGNATIONS

162

Resignations

Dr T. W. Kureishy, Sci. CShri U. V. Jose, Sci. BKum. C. Vaidyanathan, Sci. BShri R. N. Sakhardande, Sci. B

" A P. Udaynarayana, J T. A." F L Jatav, J. T. A." B A. Waghmode, Driver" D. S. Waghmare, Driver" S. S. Satardekar, Watchman

Retirements

Shri V. N. N. Menon, Senior Personal Assistant" H N. Naik, Head Armed Guard

Smt. M. A. Fernandes, Safaiwala' A. F. Vaz, Peon

i yea-au

163

18. SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVESTAFF

(The staff upto the level of JTA/Assistant as on 31st March, 1990)

DirectorDr B N. Desai

A. Headquarters

1. Physical Oceanography Division

Head of the DivisionDr. J. S. Sastry

Scientists

Shri L V. G. RaoDr C S MurtyDr. D P. RaoDr. M. J. VarkeyShri C. K. GopinathanShriG. N. SwamyShri S R ShetyeDr. N BahulayanShn V. Ramesh BabuDr. M K AntonyShri P. V SatheShn A. D. GouveiaShri Y K SomayajuluShri R J K. CharyuluShri V V. GopalakrishnaShn VS. N. MurtyDr. A SuryanarayanaShri P. VethamonyShri Y V B. SarmaDr S Prasanna KumarShri M. R. Ramesh KumarDr. S S. C ShenoiDr. T. V. Ramana MurtyShri M S. S> SarmaShri A A. FernandesShri G NampoothinDr. A. S UnniknshnanDr P. M. MuraledharanShnA. K Saran

Senior Technical Assistants

Shri V. KrishnakumarShri K SantanamShn M T Babu

Junior Technical AssistantsShri D SundarShri G. S. MichaelShri A. M. AlmeidaShri R. Vaithiyanathan

Senior StenographersShri R. S. BingeSmt S Vaz

2. Chemical Oceanography Division

Head of the Division

Dr. R. Sen Gupta

Scientists

Dr S. Y S. SingbalDr SY KamatDr A RajendranDr C. G. NaikDr. S N. De SouzaDr. (Smt. ) S. WahidullaShn M. D. GeorgeOr. S. P. FondekarDr SWA. NaqviShnM. D. RajagopalSmt. C. D'SilvaSmt. S. SardessaiDr. T. W. KureishyKum S Sanzgiri

N. I. O. 1989-90

164

Dr M Dileep KumarShri P. S. ParameswaranDr. P. V NarvekarShn M ManoharanSmt A. MesquitaDr. A. SawkarDr A. SarkarDr (Sml) M S. ShailajaSml. L D'SouzaSmt C M DiasSmt. B. DasDr P V Shirodkar

Senior Technical AssistantsShri R NagarajanShn D A JayakumarShn K. SomasundarShri B. Fernandes

Junior Technical Assistants

Smt K A RaoShri R AlagarswamyShri R J Noronha

3. Geological Oceanography Division

Head of the DivisionShri P. S N. Murty •

ScientistsShri R. R. NairDr Ch. M RaoDr. D Gopala RaoDr. M. VeerayyaDr. B. G. WagleDr. M. V S. GupthaShri N. H. HashimiShri F. AlmeidaShriG. C BhattacharyaDr. A. L ParopkariShnK. H VoraShriA. R GujarDr R. NigamDr S M KarisiddaiahDr. M. V. RamanaShn L V. Subba RajuShn V. Subrahmanyam

Dr. A. MascarenhasDr. A. B. ValsangkarDr. V. P RaoShri V. N. KodagaliDr J N PattanShri R. SharmaDr V. K. BanakarShri M S PrasadShri B N. NathDr. R. Mukhopadhyay

• Shn T RamprasadShri R. BanerjeeShriS. D. IyerShri S M. GuptaDr. (Kum. ) P. JauhariShn P S RaoShri G H. RanadeShri S. AfzulpurkarShri V. RamaswamyShri M. SudhakarShn K A Kamesh RajuDr D V BoroleDr 0 S ChauhanDr K. V L N S. SarmaShn B. ChakrabortyDr AV MudholkarShri P Divakar NaiduShn K SreekrishnaShri A K. ChaubeyShn N H KhadgeShn G. P. NaikShn G. P. S. MurtyShri D PathakShri K L KotnalaShri E DiasShri P Marathe

Technical OfficerShri M C Pathak

Senior Technical AssistantsShri S K. NanyasiShn N. V. AmbreShriA. S MuralinathShri P. G MislankarShri N. frabhakaranShriT J. Thottam

1989-90 N. I. O.

165

ShriG. M. Phadte 'Shri T. S u d h a k a r . • >ShriY. S. Raju

, ShriV. D . Khedekar - .Shri D. G r a c i a s . • . : • •Shri V. Fernando 'Shri V, S. Rajaraman •Shri R. VenkatesanShri B. R. L RaoShri G. Janakiraman

Senior Mechanical AssistantShri A. V. Sonawane

Junior Technical AssistantsShri C. Prakash BabuShri B. VijaykumarShri P. GanesanShri K. M. SivakholunduShri R. R A. LuisShriG. A. WalkerShri K. SrinivasShriG ParthibanShri S. S. GaonkarShri S. S. PaltanshcttiShriD. K. NaikShri R. BabuShri S. Samuthra KaniShri V. GowthamanShri P. G. AnandShri P. PereiraShri A. SardarShri S. JaishankarShri D. Siva Kumar •. •Shri R. Ramani •Shri P. George ••Kum. M. A. D'Cruz

4. Biological Oceanography Drvision

Head o f the D i v i s i o n .Dr. A. H. Parulekar

ScientistsDr. A. G. UntawaleDr. V. P. DevassyDr. (Kurri) A . P a n t ' : • . •

Dr. S. C. GoswamiDr. D. ChandramohanDr. P. M. A. BhattathiriDr. C. T AchuthankuttyDr. J. P. Royan. Dr. M. Madhupratap'Dr. (Kum. ) P. A. L. BharathiDr. S. N. HarkantraDr. (Smt. ) U. GoswamiDr. Z. A. AnsariDr. S. R. S. NairDr. N. RamaiahDr. M. V. M. WafarDr. A. Chatlerjee:

Dr. (Smt. ) L. K. Wariar ' . .Dr. V . K . D h a r g a l k a r :

Dr. (Kum. ) M. R. MenezesDr. S. G. P. Prabhu MatondkarDr. (Smt. ) S. WafarDr. X. N. Verlenkar

"STiri B. S. IngoleDr. S. Raghukuma'rDr. (Smt. ) C. RaghukumarDr. T. G. JagtapDr. (Smt. ) S. AchuthankuttyShri J. I. GoesShri V. Subramaniam

Junior Mechanical AssistantShri M. G. K. Goudar

JuniorMschsmeal Assistant. Shri A. Sreepada

5. Marine Corrosion & Materials ResearchDivision

Head of the DivisionDr. A. B Wagh

ScientistsDr. N B BhosleShri S. S. SawantDr. TV- RaveehdranShri K. Venkateswara Rao

NI. O. 1989-90

166

Junior Technical AssistantsShri K. VenkatKum. A. Nishad

6. Ocean Engineering Division

Head of the DivisionDr. B. U Nayak

ScientistsDr. N M. AnandShri S G. DiwanDr. P. ChandramohanShriS MandalShri A. K. SuryavanshiShri K. Ashok KumarShri S. S. BhalShri S T Bhat

Senior Technical AssistantsShri H. C. Mandal

Junior Technical AssistantsShri K. C. PathakShri P S. PednekarShriNS. N. Raju

7. Marine Instrumentation &Computer Division

Head of the DivisionDr. E. Desa

ScientistsShri M R NayakDr ES DesaShri R. G. P. DesaiShri T. SureshShri E J. D'SaShri A. JosephShri G. VaithayathilShri A MascarenhasSmt V B. PeshweShri A. A. Menezes

Technical Officer

Shri SB. Tengali

Sen/or Mechanical AssistantShri V. N. Chodankar

Junior Technical AssistantsKum S. G. PednekarShri S. B. AfonsoShri M. M. V. Prasad

Mould MakerShri S. Kalangutkar

Fine MechanicsShri D. RodriguesShri M. Surlekar

8. Data & Information Division

Head of the DivisionShri R. M. S. Bhargava

ScientistsShri J S SarupriyaShriGV ReddyShri A. GhoshShri T. PankajakshanShri P. D. Kunte

Junior Technical Assistant

Smt L Ratnakaran

9. Training Division

Scientist-in-ChargeDr. (Smt) S. Vijayaraghavan

Librarian GR. II (3)Shri C. Fernandes

10. Publication & Reprography Section

Scientist-in-ChargeShri V Kesava Das

ScientistsShri S. R. BhatShri M. WahidullaShri V. M. Date

1989-90 N. IO.

167

Proof Reader

ShriS. P. Sharma

Senior Technical Assistant

Smt. R. Thomas

Junior Technical AssistantShriAY Mahale

Receptionist

Smt. E. S. S Almeida

11. Planning

Scientists

Dr. S. G. DalaiShn G. BanerjeeShn P. V. S S. R. Sarma

Junior Technical Assistant

Smt S Simon

12. Library

Senior Documentation Officer

Shri M. P. Tapaswi

Senior Library Assistants

Smt S. H. OkaShnG. H Sainekar

13. Marine Archaeology

Emeritus ScientistDr S. R Rao

ScientistKum. M. Thakkar

Senior Technical Assistant

Shri P Gudigar.

14. Ship Celt

Scientist

ShriA. P. Selvam

Technical AssistantShri L. Rodrigues

Junior Technical Assistant

Shn C S. Reddy ^ —-

15. Establishment & General Section

Controller of AdministrationShri A. Rajachandran

Section OfficersShri K. R. RamamoorthyShri M G. Dalvi

AssistantsShri P D'SilvaShri R. K. DuggalShri P. D'SouzaShri T C. FernandesSmt. N. MascarenhasSmt R D'SilvaShri F G LourencoKum M ShahapurkarSmt S SubramanyamShri A. Fernandes

Senior Stenographers

Smt. J. PintoKum M Cardozo

16. Finance & Accounts Section

Finance &-Accounts OfficersShri A MulhukaruppanShri CM Dias

Assistants

ShriJ D'MelloShri S. R. FadteSmt. M. F. Fernandes

17. Stores & Purchase Section

Senior Stores & Purchase Officer

Shn M. R. Gurumurty

N IO 1989 90

168

AssistantsShn G K GaurShn P GopinathanShn K S NaikShnTK RamankuttyShnSG Sanke

Senior StenographerSmt L DSouza

18. Works Section

Civil Engineer

ShnG Philip

1 Regional Centre, Bombay

Scientist in chargeDr M D Zingde

ScientistsDr (Smt) V R NairDr K GovmdanDr M M SabnisShn R V SarmaDr S N GaibhiyeDr A N KadamShn P K DineshkumarDr J R Jaiswar

Junior Engineer

Shn M B Kewalramam

Senior Technical AssistantsShnAV MandaliaKum PD GoreShn P SharmaShn M A Rokade

Junior Technical Assistant

ShnPN Mehta

Senior StenographerShn P B Nair

Junior EngineersShn R B KubsadShn KB KulkarniShn M P Chacko

19. Dispensary

Resident Medical Officer

Dr (Smt) L V Bhandare

20 Boats

Bosun

Shn R R Garudi

B REGIONAL CENTRES

AssistantShn R S Tharval

2 Regional Centre, Cochin

Scientist in chargeDr M Knshnankutly

ScientistsDr V N SankaranarayananShn P SivadasShn P U VarmaDr U K GopalanDr KJ PeterShn V JosantoShn B M PanikkarDr K K C NairDr VT PaulmoseDr (Smt) C B L DeviDr T C GopalakrishnanDr (Smt)V SanthakumanDr T BalachandranShn P N AravindakshanDr KK RapSml S U PanampunnayilSmt R StephenSmt PPM KuniammaShn P S GoreSmt K V Jayalakshmy

1989-90 N IO

169

Or P HandasShriT BalasubramamanDr. (Smt) K S DeviSmt T JosephShn P VenugopalShn C RevichandranDr G PeterShn A PyleeShn B NarayananShn 0 Raveendran

Senior Technical AssistantsShn K K BalachandranShn S Kumaran

Junior Technical AssistantShn P R Vi|ayan

Senior Personal AssistantShn C S Krishna Pai

Technical OfficerShn V N Mohanan

Senior Stores & Purchase Officer

Shn P V Raphael

Senior StenographerShn K K Gopinathan

AssistantShn V D Manoharan

Precision MechanicShn T R. Valson

3. Regional Centre, Waltair

Scientist-m-ChargeDr T C S Rao

ScientistsShn V S Rama RajuD r K S R MurthyDr VV SarmaShn MbIM RaoShnTVN RaoDr Y SadhuramShn A S SubramanyamShn S J D Vara PrasadShn N P C ReddyShn KM RaoShn B Prabhakara RaoShn R Vijayakumar

Senior Technical AssistantsShn M K Prem KumarShn K VenkateswarluShn S Lakshminarayana

Junior Technical Assistant

Kum C Saguna

Senior Stenographer

Kum K Radhakrishna