Animal Research, Non-vegetarianism, and the Moral Status of Animals: Understanding the Impasse of...

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Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 0360-5310/02/2705-589$16.00 2002, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 589±615 # Swets & Zeitlinger Animal Research, Non-vegetarianism, and the Moral Status of Animals ± Understanding the Impasse of the Animal Rights Problem Hon-Lam Li The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong ABSTRACT I offer some reasons for the theory that, compared with human beings, non-human animals have some but lesser intrinsic value. On the basis of this theory, I ®rst argue that we do not know how to compare an animal's claim to be free from a more serious type of harm e.g., death), and a human's claim to be free from some lesser type of harm e.g., non-fatal morbidity). For we need to take account of these parties' intrinsic value, and their competing types of claim. Yet, there exists no known way for making such comparison, when a human's intrinsic value is higher than that of an animal, whereas the type of claim an animal has is morally weightier than the type of claim a human has. Second, I explain why utilitarianism is unhelpful in making such comparison. Third, in the case where some animals can be sacri®ced for saving a larger number of humans, it is crucial to ask whether animals have the right to life, and I argue that this question is more perplexing than we might think. My conclusion is that the various dif®culties mentioned above have a deeper source than we have so far acknowledged, and that this re¯ects that the moral reality is less tidy and more complex than many theories portray. Keywords: animal research, animal rights, undecidability, inter-species comparison of utility, intrinsic value, moral status, non-vegetarianism, preference utilitarianism For helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper, I am grateful to Joseph Chan, Sin-yee Chan, Ruiping Fan, Joe Lau, Win-chiat Lee, Yuan-kang Shih, Peter Singer, Bonnie Steinbock, Kai-yee Wong, Allen W. Wood, the Editor of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , an anonymous referee, and especially John G. Bennett. I also thank Jonathan Chan, Chen Te, Raymond Geuss, and James Grif®n for useful discussions. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at The International Conference in Bioethics at National Central University Taiwan) in June 1998, The Saturday Ethics Group in Hong Kong in October 1999, and The International Conference on Applied Ethics at The Chinese University of Hong Kong in December 1999. I would also like to thank the audiences on these occasions for helpful comments. Address correspondence to: Hon-Lam Li, Ph.D., Department of Philosophy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong. E-mail: [email protected]

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Page 28: Animal Research, Non-vegetarianism, and the Moral Status of Animals: Understanding the Impasse of the Animal Rights Problem

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