cuLluRAL NOTE # 2

TERMS OF ADDRESS

As a terrn of address, English you is virtually all-purpose. It isperfectly appropriate in all contexts, irrespective of the status of

the address€er Except in very formal situationsr i. e., butler to

employer: Would Uade& prefer to baF- tea outsi& lggallf, we do not

hear tertns of address which are alternants to ru.. Wou14 you teIL

ille,o r ' could precede a quety to anyone -- a cab drivero a shopkeeper,

an i:nportant government offielal. ft ls therefore not surprising

that in learning a seeond language, English speakers often demando

but just as often do not find that one neutral equivalent which fi.illtranslate &rglish g,

Sinhalese has a large rmrnber of terns of address whlch are equi.valent

to you. the choice of one of them serves to extabLish a sociaL

relati-onship between the speaker and addressee, or at least reflects

the nature of that relat5.onshi-p. h Ceylon, one addresses a household

servant di-fferently than one does a sehoolrnaster, Confusion of thee

terrns of address will create nisunderstanding. Impolite terms used

on the schoolmaster, for instance, will offend hjm. Formal terns of

address for ernployees will also create conflict. To use terrns which

elass lnferiors as equals or superiors is to invite the beharrior

which the addressee imagines goes with his new status.

-33-

Si.:nhalese terms of address raay be either nouns or pronouns, the

choice of a ctneutralrt pronoun whlch r.,rill translate gg in a1L

contexts is one wh:ich is best avoided. pronouns are r?loaded.r? items.

Gpneral Guidelines

1, Appropriate terrns of address for equals and superiors.

IIr establishing a relationship with persons of equal or superior status,

avoid pronominal ternrs entirely, !,Ihen it is necessary to address

someoner use noena' &Igugg 'madam' (translated into ceylon Erglish

as elady') ane rnahatleg 'the gentl€fien1 si.rg, The folrowing people

are eguals or superiorsl

&- All government civil servants on the professi.onal level,

i-pespective of age or rank. This ineludes Divisional

Revenue officers, health i-nspectorso rrillage Ievel workersl

post masters, post mistresses, village headnen, schoolmasters,

goverhment agricultural personnele and many others with

whcm you may have reason to dear, rt also i-ncludes others

with whom you may have a professi-ona1 relationstrip such as

persorurel at you banl<.

b. hrives, husbandse and adult nembers of the fami.lies of the

above net on a forrnal basi.s.

co Persons of high status within the conrnunity in which you

workr irrespective of the fact that on an all-ceylon basis

these peopl-e may not be considered of rrthe vez,;r highest

-34-

statusis, particularly economically. such peopJ-e would include those

of your age and above who have acquired some education and/or yi1'rsgs

1evel profess!-onal standir:g; sehoolnasters, deputy schoolmasters,

postal workers, local ayurvedic physicians, vJ.IIage headmenr atrd others

who have distinguished thernselves in sorne way. you nay find that

other members of the eomrnrrnity address these people as rnphattea and

noona nahattea.

-Ttrus I

noona mahattea yanne kohee da?

nahattea tee bonawa da?

mahatteaage nama rnokad da?

tikiri Banda gedara

Ianavia da?

hlhere are you goinge rnadam?

Do Ugl drink tea, sir?

i.Jhat is your name sir?

Are you going to the house,

fikiri Banda?

rr referencel these people are often distinguished from each other

by prefixi.ng something to mahattea or rygBg mahattea. For instancee

the schoo}naster may be knomr as the iskoole mahattga; the post master

as the taepael kaqfooruwe mahattea 'the man in the post office0; the

ayurvedic ptgrsician as the y€da mahattga; the sharnen as the kgprl

tttahatFeai and the western doctor as the {_qstara_ 4ahattea.

Non-pahattea people should be addressed by rt3111€. Thust

rt is best to avoid a terrn of address until you kncrr,r the name.

-35-

wcr-E 24

Hor^r old is l'1r. Smith?

i'I-1

Sruith mahatteaTa auruddu tls pahay. Mr. Srnith is 35.

Gunasekara mahatteaTa aunrddu tlhay. i'lr' Gunasekara is J0.

Jones mahatteaTa auruddu visi- pahay. M3. Jones Ls 2J.

LUFl

tis pahak vitara veeii.

ti.hak vitara veeii.

panahak vitara veeii.

visi pahak vitara veeii.

hatalihak vitara veeii-.

lfust be about JJ'

iriust be about J0.

l,Iist be about 50.

l{ust be about 2J.

lfust be about 40"

I'l-3

Jones mahatteaTa vaisa kiiya da, How o1d is i'ir. Jonesl

Smith mahatteaTa vaisa kiiya da. Hcin old is i'Ir. Sridthl

Johnson mahatteaTa vaisa kiiya da. How o1d is I'{r' Johnson?

c-1

Discuss the ages of various people j-n the classroom and anyone else

you know to the class members. If you use the I&1 forrmrla to ansuert

1t indicates that you know precisely; the tl-z that you have a

fairly good idea but are guessi:rg.

-l+r-

CTTIIURAI NOTE ii3

TTTANKTNG PEOPIE IN CEILON

istuutiv means 0thank yorg and bohona_ istuutiy means omany thanksg

or gthank you vez:r muche. i€@!iX, rnay be freely substituted insi.tuatl,ons whi.ch would require an frrglish 'thank youe. bohoma istuutiy,

on the other hand, is orrly used in situations i-n which a big favor

has been done, or a special gift has been given. Thus, if you want to

thank someone for giving you directions, change, or goods, you would

say isfurutiy. If you want to give thanks for a presentr a diru:ere an

evening of entertairnnent etc. you might say bobggg istuutiy-.

There is no word forr:youore welcome. t,

Get a native speaker of Sinhalese to pyonounee istuutiy and hgbona.

istuutiy for vou.

-40-

cYeLE 23

Ilolc old are yor?

i'[-1

maTa aunrddtr visi- ekay.

rnaTa aunrddu visi aTay.

naTa aunrddu visi dekay.

rabTa aurtrd&r tis pahay.

ara mahatteaTa aunrddtr tiJray.

M-2

vai.sa kiiya da3

ara nahatteaTa vaisa kiiya dal

I arn 21 years.

I arn 28 f€ars..

T an 22 years.

I an 35 yoars.

That gentlernan is J0,

How old are you?

How old is that gentlenan?

C-L

Each student should fi:rd out the ages of the others in the classroon.

A. nahatteaTa vaisa kiiya da?

or simp\r

vaisa kiiya da?

B. maTa aunrddu visi aTay.

-39'

wcLE 22

What is the day today?

M-1

ada sandtrda. d. Today 5-s l{onday.

ada angaharuwaada. Today 5,s T\rosday.

ada badaada. ?odaY i-s WednesdaY.

ada brahaspatinda. Today is Ttrtrsday.

ada sikuraada. TodaY is FbidaY.

ada senazuraada. TodaY is SaturdaY

ada irida. TodaY is SundaY.

M-2

ada dawasa rnokad da? What is the day today?

c-1

Fbom nol,r on1 $our i.rastnrctor wiJ-l ask you ada dawas+ rngkad b daily.

You r,rill practj.ca only correct answers. frr Idednesdayl for instance,

you will only practice glg badaad+, ff your lnstnrctor forgets to ask

you this Erestion in the morningr as hiitt.

-38-

Erglish crql clelldg. T?re Sj-nhalese word. for ochj-ld.e, Iafnea d.oes not

have the sarae affecti-onate connotati_ons. Thrusl

Ram l,iaenika gedara yanDa

duuaTa vaisa kiiya da

putaa gedara giyaa da

Go home Ram llaenika.

How o1d are you?

Did you go horne?

Addressing Senrants

Address household senrants by name, Thus:

banDa gamaTa yarme ada da fs it today you are going

to the vi-LLage Banda?

Did you eatl Hohn?jon kaeae ma kaeae va da

Addressing shopkeepers

Address the proprietors of kaDees as nmdalgal:i_ emerchant'. &nployees

of large stores such as Cargills, l.Iillers and Elephant llouse shorrld

be addressed as rnahatteg and noona mahattea. These people are ustrally

e&rcated and in Western dress.

Addressj.ng women

Non-noona mahattea lromen in your commrnity rnay be addressed. by name or

by an appropria.te kln term. Nei-ther address them or refer to them as

g"e$ir Pl. gaenu owomenc. Irtromen do not }i.ke it.

-37-

You will probably be addressed as m4h{E!eg or no.ona mahattea. Yan nay

also be knor^yn as the qgqg sa@Egg or the sr#lu 4oop4 rnahattea. that ls

gthe wh:ite gentleman0 or othe white 1ady0, Some people nuy extend kin

terms to you after a while. The o*ension of kj-n terms is a cordial

and affectionate gesture. Village elders, for instancet may call you

putaa or fu€..r that ise gsono or odaughtero. To sorne you nay become

knorrn as @qJllaa (a term Ii-'cerally meaning tmother0s brother). 4ac$ea

is usually applied to men of the generati-on selrior to the speaker.

some people nray address you as giwa golder brother0, E!8! eyounger

sisterg or g]<J<sa lolder sj.sterg. ff the merabers of your connnunS.ty

iitttiate such a relatj.onship, you may, in turn, select an appropriate

ki:r tern, There are only a li:nited rnrmber of liin terms which are

extended generieally however. You wilI have to find out what they are.

The f ollor^dng people are neither equals nor superiors;

Children

People engaged. in senring you such as hc"trsehold seltantsg

clerks in kaDees, taxi driverso bus dri-vers, wa5'ters, street

vendors, porters and so on.

Women

Addressing Children.

If it is possible, address children by rl&nl€. If you have no offici-al

relationship rdth lhsn (such as teaeher-student) you rnay also address

them as rulaa gsons and SUg ldaughtere. These tenns best equate with

-36-

Ask that llh,tl,rr.. c ..... o., .

IvI-1

arayagen ahanDa, Ask that person.

ara nahatteaagen ahanDa. Ask that gentl,enan.

ara noona mahatteagen ahanDa. Ask that lady.

M-2

arayagen ahanDa vai-sa kiiya da

kiela.

ara mahatteagen ahanDa narna

rnokad da kie1a.

mee noona mahatteagen ahanDa

noona mahattea kohen da kiela.

ara mahatteagen ahanDa eaa

ameri-kaewon da kieLe.

Ask that person how old he is.

A,sk that gentlenan what his

name is.

Lsk that lady where sheos

from.

Ask that gentlernan whether

hets ftnom America.

ara ni:rihaagen ahanDa eaage nana Ask that man if his name isSmith da ki-ela. Srnith.

lr-3

vaisa kiiya da, Hor,i old are you?

ada dawasa mokad da. i^Ihat day is today?

mahatteage nana nokad da, what is your name sir?

-l*Z-

.1-l (continued)

mahattoa kohen da.

roahattea Lankaar.ron da.

mahattoage nama Smith da,

Ir{here are you frorn?

Are you fron Ceylon, sir?

fs the gontlomanos nane Smith?

c-1

use the fornulae given here to roview the questi-ons you have learned

to ask. Work r^i.ith tho rnap. Ask for blographical information.

Student A should ask for infornation from B who wiLl ask a question

of C.

A. ara mahatteagen ahanDa vaisa kilya da kiela.

B. (to C) vaisa kiiya da.

C. auruddu tis pahay.

CFz

Being an interpreter"

Student A is a monolingual Si.r:halese speaker. B. knows Drglish and

Sinhalese. C knows on-ly 6ng3-ish. For example:

A. ara mahatteagen ahanDa vaisa kiiya da kiela.

B. How old are you?

C. fom twenty five,

B. (back to A) vaisa tis pahay.

-43-

NOTE TO THE SnIDENT

.-ggg is a third person pronoun whi-ch neans 9she or he9. ggggg. is the

genitive case form rneaning shers or hiso. thi.s pronoun i-s aninate --note that it takes the anirnate genitive ending.

With ahanDa 0to ask0, the person asked is always in the instnrnental

case. rnabatteaeen and minihaaeen above are in the anirnate i-nstrurnental

singular, Refer to the Grannatical Sketch for i.nforrnation on the

formati-on of the instrumental.

cycr,E 26

M-1

ara mahattunrnge ahanDa

vaisa kiiyada ki.ela,

ara rninistrngen ahanDa

kohee da inne kiela.

ara minisungen ahanDa

nan monawa da kieLa.

Ask those gentlenen how old

they are.

Ask those men where they Iive.

Ask those men what their nam€s

€lf9o

c-t

This C phase should be si-rnilar to Clcle 20. Ir this caser howevert

the student asking the questions r^rill have to ask nore than one

person.

-44-

NOTE TO THE STT'DENT

mlnisungen and rnFhattunlFEen are an:,imate instnrmental pLura1s.

cYcLE 27

Giving cormmands.

i't-1

hi-naawenDa

dora ari.nDa

janeela ari.nDa

janeelee arinDa

dora wahanDa

aes wahanDa

kaTa arinDa

diva peruranDa

mehaaTa enDa

M-2

ara mahatteaTa kiyanDa dora

arinDa kiela

ara mahatteaTa kiyanDa dora

wahanDa kiela

Smi-le.

Cpen the door,

Open the wjndows.

Open the window.

dlose the door.

Close your eyes.

Open your mouth.

Shcrw (stick out) your tongue.

Come here.

TeIl that gentleman to open

the door.

TeIL that gentleman to close

the door.

ara mahatteaTa kiyanDa hj:raawenDa TeIL that gentlenan to smile.

kiela

_t+5-

M_2 (continued)

nee noonata kiyanDa mehaaTa

enDa kiela.

arayaTa kiyar0a aes wahar0a

kiel.a,

arayalla ktyanDa ees arinDa

kiela.

tbLL this lady to cone here.

11s11 that porson to close hiseyes.

llalt thet penson to open hiseygs.

O.1

rn thLs cycle you shotrld practice giving s5rnpre ecrmand,s. Itrave othersin the cLass do what yotr tell then to do. If yor do not know theSinhaLese for eomnands you would like to glve, ask the instnrctor f,orthsn.

A. mee ninihaTe kiyenDe ees wahanDa klela.B' (to C) aes FahanDa.

-46-

NOIE TO THE SIUDENT

With kiyanDa oto tello the person told is always ln the datlve c&soo

DRH,L # 2

Negative conmands

hinaawenDa epaa

yanDa epaa.

dora rvahanDa epaa.

kaeae gahanDa epaa.

dabara wenDa epaa,

i:rDa ganDa epaa.

kaTaa karanDa epa.ao

lngiriisen kaTaa karar0a €paar

slgaeraet bonDa €p&dr

suruTTir bonDa epaa.

pot arinDa epaa.

janeela arinDa epaa.

kaTa arinDa epaa.

Donet smi].e.

Donot go.

Donet close the door.

Donot shout (pipe dornrn).

Donot quarrel.

Donot sit down.

Donot talk.

Donot talk in Srg}lsh.

Donet &iJlk cigareetes.

Donot smd<e cigars.

Donet open the bodc.s.

Donot open the wjndows.

Donot open your mouth.

Ask your teacher to give you ar{r other negative commands you

would like to learn. Practlce the above drill until you can be

understood and can speak w"ithout hesitati.on.

_t+7_

CYCI,E 31

Kno'ring languages.

lt-1

narna sinhala ?ika Tlka dannawa. I know a littLe Si.nhaLese.

ingriisi hondaTa dannawa. I knornr Brglish well,

M-2

nama sinhala hondaTa danne ila.oae. I donct knovr Sirrhal"ese wel.l.

mama praansa baasaawa darxre naeae. I don0t knor^r the Fbench language.

Tikak wat danne naeae. f donot know even a little.

c-1

A. mahattea (si:rhala) dannawa da

B. (Tika rika) dannawa.

I{OTE TO THE STUDENT

The negative of persent tense verbs.

the forrmrLa for negating present tense verbs is:

&nphatic Present Form + naeae

TIrus:

mama dannq naeag. I donot knolnl.

naroa yenng pageg.. f am not going.

For detaiJ-s see GrarnraaticaL Sketch.

The Simple fuesent Tense form never precedes naeae.

-53-

l'1-z

indiaawe aganuwara mokad da, l,lhat is the capital of rndia?

araerj-kaawe agarnrwara mokad da. lrrhat is the capital of the u.s.?

larikaar,re agamrwara mokad. da. Lihat is the capital of ceylon?

c-1

Talking about capi.tals of vari.ous countrles s

A, (lankaawe) aganur,rara mokad da.

B" lankaawe aganuwara kol-amba"

cxcrE 30

I knor.r a language -

;;-1

narna si.:rhala dannar"ra I lcnorr Siinhalese,

mama ingiriiSi dannawa. I know &rglish,

nama hi.ndi- dannar^ra, f know [Ii:rdi.

mana pransa baasaar'ra dannawa. f know the French language.

M-2

mahattea mona baasaawai dannawa da. !.lhat languages do you knor.r, sir?

noona rnahattea mona baasaawal lJhat languages do you lmcnnre madam?

dairnawa da,

c-1

A. nahattea mona baasaawal dannawa da.

B. mama sinhala dannar,ra.

ingirlisi dannawa.

- 52-

CYCTE 28

M-1

marna lankaawaTa yanne

janavaari naasee.

marna larrkaawaTa yanne

desaembara naasee.

marna larjkaawaTa yanne

novaembara lnaasee.

mama larrkaawaTa yanne

maartu naasee.

l\I-2

mahattea lanlcaawaTa yanne

mona naasee da.

noona mahattea larikaawaTa

yanne mona rnaasee da.

I wiIL go to Ceylon in Januarf.

I will go to Ceylon in Decenber.

I r^rt11 go to Ceylon in November.

I will go to Ceylon il l'farch.

Ira what rnonth wiIL you go to

Ceylonr sir?

Ir what month will you go to

Ceylon?

c-1

Each student should be given an opportunity to telL when he r+ill go

to Ceylon. This cycle is not necessarily an excuse to learn all the

months in Sinhalese. If the students w"ish to learn them hor,rever

they may do so. the names of the nonths you r,rill learn are sinilar to

-50-

the Erglish names, Thls does not mean that Sinhalese speakers

pronounce thern lil<e you do hcnrever, Listen carefirlly to your

instructor o s pronunciation.

NOTE TO THE STUDENT

yann€ egog is the emphatic present tense form. It has a future sense

heree in rmrch the sarne way as Ergllsh trl am gojJtg (to Ceylon inSeptember)rr involves futurity.

maasee lmontho is i-:r the genitive case.

CYCIE 29

tlhat is the capital of this countrSr?

II-1

mee raTee aganu!,rara kolarnba. The capltal of this country

is CoLonbo.

Ttre capitaL of Ceylon is

Colombo,

lankaawe aganuwara kolamba.

indiaawe aganu'crara New Delhi. The capital of fndia is

New Delhi.

amerikaawe aganuwara Washington ltre capitaL of the U.S. is

nuwala. trdashi.ngton.

'5L'

I'IONOLGUE 2

mee raTee narna lank4ow€r,r

xoee nurrare nana kolamba.

mee baddegama.

baddegama nagarayak D€n€o

garnak.

The nane of this country is

Ceylon.

The nane of .thls citY is

Colombo.

this i-s Baddegana.

Baddegana is not a ci.ty.

ftos a vi3.lage.

Each student should go to the nap of Ceylon and locate various

places.

-r+g_

MONOTOGUE

roagee nana Barbera $nith. lry name is Barbara Smith.

maTa aurtrddu ulsi dekay. f am 22.

nana daen irrne kaeLlfornlaawe. Now I livE Jn Caltfonrie.

n4na uturu palaaten. I am from the Norbh.

nana amerika anDnoe wae&, f work for the U.S. Govermrent.

karanawa.

mama Peace Corps ekee r^reeDa

karanarra.

I work in the Peece Corps.

nagee gunrwarlyaage nerna Olivia lff teacher0s nane is Oltvia Si1va,

Silva.

Silva noone ruahattea lankaawen. Ifrs, Silva is fron Ceylon,

Each sbrdent should give a short monologue i-n Sfuhalese, givilg as

nruch ivrfortatlon about hirnself, his teacher and hi-s classmates as he

is able.

-ll8-

wct-E 32

Do you work on Sunday?

M-1

nama sanduda waeDa karanalra.

mama badaada waeDa karanawa.

mama raeae?a waeDa karanawa.

nama udeeTa rnraeDa karanawa.

mame hawasaTa waeDa karanawa.

narna haendaewaTa waeDa karanawa'

I'i-2

mana poyadaTa waeDa karanne rr&€ae'

mama irida r,laeDa karanne rta@&€.

marna raeaeTa waeDa karanne naeae.

t4-3

sanduda waeDa karanawa da.

irida waeda karanawa da.

raeaeTa waeDa karanawa da.

c-1

I work on Monday.

I work on Wednesday.

I work at night.

f work in the morning.

I work ln the afternoon.

I work in the eveni.ng.

I donct work on Poya Day.

I donot work on Sunday.

I donot work i"n the evenS.ng'

Do you work on l{ondaY?

Do you work on Srrnday?

Do you work in the evening?

A. (rnahattea) sanduda r^raeDa karanawa da.

B. (ow). sanduda waeDe. karanawa.

OR

n&€aor sanduda waeDa karanne 11€,€36.

-5t+'

cYcLE 33

I,Jhat papers do you read?

i'j-1

mama kiyawanne dawasa pattaree.

matna klyar'ranne IIY tirnes pattaree"

nama kiyar,ranne I4 Tjrnes pattaree.

I read Dawasa.

f read the l{ew York Times.

f read the Id. Timss.

mama kiyawanne SF Chroniele pattaree, I read the SF Chronicle.

mama pattara kiyar.ranne naeae.

M-2

I donot read ner,,rspapers.

mahattea nona pattaree da kiyawanne. What paper do you read si.r?

mahattea mona pattara da kiyawanne. What papers do you read sir?

c-1

A. (mahattea) mona pattaree da kiyawanne.

B. rnama kiyawanrre Nf fimes pattaree.

CYCLE 34

Do you read this paper?

r.f-1

orro nama ifl Times pattaree kiyawanawa. Yes. f read the NY Tiraes"

ot^r. mana LA. tirnes pattaree kiyawanawa. Yes, f read the LA, fiJres.

owr ma$a Dawasa pattaree kiyainranawa. Yes. I read the Der,rasa.

-55-

11-2

xlaoa€c mama Dallasa pattaree No. f don0t read Dawasa.

kiyawanne naeae.

rl&€8,€r nama Lanka Dilpa pattaree No. I don0t read Lanlca Diipa.

kiyanranrre naeaer

l1a6ao. marna NY Ti.mes pattaree No. I don0t read the NY Tirnes,

kiyawanne naeae,

c-1

A. (Dar^rasa) pattaree kiya,vranawa da.

B. naeae. kiyawanne naeae.

rnarna (tanka Diipa) kiyawanawa.

'56-

wcrts 35

What products do they import?

i,t-1

lankaawa piTa raTen haal gennanana. Ceylon irnports rice.

lankaatn;a piTa raTen redl gennanawa, Ceylon iraports cloth.

lankaawa piTa raTen piTi genanawa. Ceylon imports flour"

engalantaya pita raTen tee gennanawa. ILri;l-snC imports tea'

lI-2

larrkaawa piTa raTen gennannee

mona baDr da.

snerikaawa piTa raTen gennannee

mona baDr da'

indj.aawa piTa raTen gennannee

mona baDr da.

c-1

Ceylon irnports what products?

lrilhat products does the U. S.

import?

Itndia imports what products?

A. (lankaar'ra) piTa raTen gennarxoee mona baDr da.

B. pi.Ta raTen (kaar) gennanawa.

-57-

CYCIE 35

rdhat prodnrcts d'oes (ceyton) export?

l{-1

tee piTa raTa yava-nava' Exports tea'

po3. te1 piTa raTa $&vohavao scports coconut oil'

larkaawa raba.r piTa raTa Oeylon exports rtrbber'

lf&VahEV€..

amerifcaawa piTi piTa raTa see U's' exports flour'

yavanava.

*63il4gawa kiri piTa raTa The U'S' exports mjJk'

yavaJeava'

amerikaawa drrnr kola piTa I?re u's' exports tobacco'

raTa Yavan&v&'

M-2

lankaawa piTa raTa yavanne What products does Ceylon

mona baDr da. exPort'

amerikaalra pita raTa yavanne I''Ihat products does the U's'

mona baDtr da. exPort'

A. (larikaaua) piTa raTa yava'nne mona baDr da"

B. (tee; PiTa raTa Yavanava'

c-1

-58-

wcLE 37

lrfhere are the harbors?

I'f-1

lankaalre waraayawal tunak T?rere are three harbors in

tiyenawa. Ceylon.

koLamba loku waraayak tiyerraws,r ltrere is a big harbor at

Colombo.

There ls a harbor at Ibinco.tirihrnaarnalee waraayak

tiyenawa.

gaIl-e r,raraayak tiyenar,ra. There is a harbor at Galle.

New York ekee Loku waraayak There is a big harbor intiyenarva" New Tork.

Southhanpton ekee loku

waraayalc tiyenawa.

r4-2

larrkaawe waraayarlral- tiyenrre

kohee da.

amerikaa!rc waraayawal tiyenne

kohee da.

e,-L

There is a big harbor j.n

Southhampton"

lrilhere are the harbors i:r

Ceylon?

Where are the harbors in

Araerlea?

A. (lankaarre) waraayawal tiyenne kohee da"

B. (kolanrba) loku r,raraayak tiyenawa.

-59-

CYCI,E ly'}

Arc these thlngs yours?

M-1

Olr nee$a nEgee

cn n€erfe noona rnalratteage

olrr n€e pa6n nahatteage

W2

Il8€8Or n€€ pot negee D€n€r

tl8,€9,€o neewa nag€e 11€'o€r

neolra noortr nahatteage

w3

nee paen noona nahatteage da

ncrelre nahatteage da

C,.t

Yes. lhese ilrtngs arc, nLne.

Yes. lhese things aro thE

la{yus.

Y€s. Ilreee pens ene the

gentLenanrs.

No. trese perts are not mine.

No. these thtngs are not nlner

these a:l'a the la{yos.

Ane these pens the ladgrrs?

Are these yours?

A. opera noona ruhatteage da

B. ne€wa nagee nene

neelra John nahatteage

-66 -

crcu &3

Whose (pens) are thEse?

M-1

nee paen noona nahatteage

mee sapattu magee.

nee gedare nagee

mee pota nagee

mee pot magee

ara pot magee

M-2

mee paen kagee da

mee paena kagee da

nee pota kagee da

nee sapattu kagee da

C-1

These p€ns are the lad;ros.

these shoes ar€ niner

Thi.s house ls mine.

Thls book is nine.

These booke are mine.

Those books are nine.

Whose pens are these?

Whose pen is this?

Whose book is this?

Whose shoes aro these?

Each student should point to various itens around the roorn to find

out who the omer is.

A. mee (paen) kagee da

B. rnee(paen) (jon rnahatteage)

-65-

cYcm ll1

W?rere did you go Last year?

l{-1

mana uroopayaTa giyaa f werrt to Brope.

nama kaelifoorniaawaTa giyaa f went to California'

mama vraellaTa giyaa I Went to the beach.

mama naeaeyO balanDa gjyaa I went to see relatives.

mama yaalu baLanDa gi.yaa I went to see friends.

narna yaaluwek balanDa glyaa I went to see a friend.

=ri-2

giye aunrdde niwaaduwa?a kohee

da giyee

0-1

Iast year where did You go

for vacation?

A. giya aunrdde niwaaduwaTa kohee da giyee

B. nana (kaeliforreiaawaTa giYee

-63-

1i-3 (continued)

mahatteaTa kaagen da liun laebune l,trho did you get letters fron?

C-1

A. (ilye) mahatteaTa kaagen da liun laebune

B. maTa (anmragen) liurnak J-aebuna

CYCIE 40

trihates the date today?

li-1

agoostu maasee tun r,reni da The third of August.

saeptaembar naasee hatara weni da The fourth of Septenber.

juuli nuasee visl pas weni da Tlne 25th of ,nrly.

oktombar maasee daha namee weni da the 19th of 0ctober.

TJF.l

ada kii weni daa da

c-1

lJhat is the date today?

Flom nor,r on, each dayl the instmctor wiIL ask: ggA $!! weni. @. d"

and teach you the appropriate numeral" Both cardinal and ordi.:ral

ntrmerals are included in the grarnmatical sketch, so if you are curious

you can look up the number before class.

-62-

cYctE 3g

I,trho itid you get a letter from this weelc?

anD*ren lirumak laebnrna

baenkurnren lfuxnak l-aebuna Got a letter fron the bai,rk.

yaaluwekungen lj_rmrak laebuna Got a letter from a frlend.yaa}.nrangen liun Laebuna Got letters from friends.

M-2

n-1

maTa taattagen liunak laeLnrna

maTa arrunagen liumak laebnrna

naTa malligen liunak laetnrna

nanglgernri ammagerrui. liunlaebuna.

taatagenul arnnagenui l.iunek

laebuna.

r.b3

mee sumaanee

m€e maasee

ada

ilye

glya sumaanee

f got a l.etter from father.

f got a letter from my mother.

I got a letter from my younger

brother"

I got a letter fron the

governrnent"

Got letters from Nangi and

mother.

Got a letter frorn ny mother and

father.

thi-s week,

This month.

today

yesterday

last week

_6t_

cYcrE 38

lrihere is (rice) sor,m?

I'f-1

vii vapuranne l<umburuwaLa.

iringu vapuranne henwala

lmrahan vapuranne henwala

maekaeral- vavahne henwala

kos vavanne gedarg r'raturnrala

aba vavanne henwala

m:iris vavanne hernuala

batala vavanne henuala

artapal vavann€ henr"rala

M-2

Rice is solrn in paddy flelds,

Corn is sonn: i:r henas.

Kurahan millet is sotn: i-n henas.

Brown beans are grown in henas.

Jack i-s grown j.n house gardens.

Ifirstard is grcn^n: in henas.

Peppers are grovrn in henas.

Sweet potatoes are grolrn in henas.

Potatoes are groun in henas.

lankaar^re ganmala m rn the viJlages of Oeylon

rii vapurarme lcohee da Where ls rice gror,m?

iringu vapnranne kohee da hlhere is corn grovm?

kos vavanne kohee da 1rihere is jak grorm?

r1A. Lankaar,re (vii) vapuranne kohee da

B. (viil vapuranne (kumbunrwa3.a)

-6o-

grft,E 45

Are your parents livi:ng?

M-1

amnay taattay denaa na innawa Both rny rnother anl father

ere living,

erura innawa Mother is llvirlg.taatta lnnawa Father is livi.ng.

taatta naeae Father i.s not living,taatta innawa. arnma naeae Father is livlng, Mother

isnot.

Yt-2

armay taattay i.nnawa da

annra inrrawa da

taatta i.nnawa da

Are yor parents Livlng?

Is your nother liv:ing?

fs your father living?

c-1

A. (arrmay teattay) innawa da

B. (cnr denaa na innawa)

-57-

CTCIE 46

Where lrere you born?

M-1

mana lpa dunee Lenkaawe

mama ipa d:rnee arerj.kaaw€

ara noona nahattea ipa dunee

kolarnba

ara mahattea ipa dunee

kaelifoorniaawe

lanrea tpa drxree ispiritaale.

M-2

nahattea ipa dunee kohee da

ara rnahattea lpa dunee mona

raTee da

I was born in Ceylon.

I was born in the States.

That lady over there was

born in Co1cmbo.

That gentlenran was born ln

Cal,ifornia.

Ttre child was born in the

hospital.

i^Ihere were you born sir?

Ttrat gentleman tras borrr in

what countqy?

c-T

Find out where (in what eity, in what country) the rest of the class

nembers were born,

A. mahattea i.pa dunee kohee da

B. rnarna ipa dunee (aenerikaawe )

-68-

O-z

Student A shouLd quiz Student B on the birthplaces of the other nernbers

of the cLass.

A. ara (noona rnahattea) ipa dunee kohee da

B. (noona rnahattea) ipa dunee (lankaawe)

_69-

cYcLE 47

Were you born ln Ceylon?

M-1

o!i[. nama ipa dunee ].ankaawe Y€s. I was bor.n in Oaylon.

owr mahattea ipa dunee aemerikea!ile Yes. f was born in Anerica.

ow. ara nehattee ipa dunee Yes. That gentlamen was born

kaelifoorniaawe ln CaLifornia.

M-2

naeae. ipa dunee lankaawe neme No. Not born in 0eyLon.

ipa dunee€nerlkaawe Born Ln Aneriea,

rr€rea9r ara mahattea tpa dunee No. that gentleman was not

kaelifoorniaarre neme born in California.

ipa dunee teksas ekee Born in tbxas.

M-3

mahattea ipa dunee lankaawe da Were you born in 0eyLone sir?

ara nahattea ipa dunee teksas ekee Was that gentlenan born in

da tbucas?

C-1

A. (ara nahattea ) ipa dunee (larikaawe ) da

B. ohro ipa dunee (lankaawe)

Or

naeae. ipa dunee (l-arrkaawe neme)

ipa dunee (aenerikaawe)

-70-

crcrJ0 48

Are yor nar*ied?

lI-l

ow. kasada baendaLa,

negae. kasede baerdala neeee

W2

Iesn ua^rrled,

No, Not nerried.

nahattea kasada baerxlala de Are you nerrl.ed sLn?noona nahattea kasada baendala da A:ne yar nerried nedan?

C-1

A, (rnahattea) kasada baendala daB. (m. kasada baerdala)

0r

r?ae8,or kasada baerdala lleege.

u2

Talking about other n€nbrs of the cless:

A. (ala ruahattea) kesada baendala daB. (o'r. kasade baerdala)

'71 -

cYcIE 49

IIor naryr people are there tn tJrls rom?

l,L1

hatete derpk Lruuwe

hat den€k iruawa

aTa denek ilnawa

daha denek Lruewa

nana denelc innarra

ltere are four paople.

there are seven peqple,

there are elght peotrrle.

there are tan peqrle.

ltrere are nine people.

W2

nee kaanaree uinLsstr kil denek Hou nar5r people are there

l.nnawa da in tftis rom?

C-t

A. nee kaanaree ninl,ssu ktl. denek Lnnara da

& (hat denett) tnnawa

-12-