Abraham Issac, Paradi, 79 Achhutanand, Swami, 8, 17–18, 22 ...

I N D E X

Abraham Issac, Paradi, 79Achhutanand, Swami, 8, 17–18, 22, 63, 69–70“Achhut da Sawal” (Bhagat Singh), 148Adhasthitha Navodhana Munnani, 97–98Adi- Andhra Mahasabha, 128Adi- Andhras, 108, 110, 124, 125, 202–3, 211Adi- Dharm/Ad Dharma movement, 13, 22,

147–48, 253–57, 263, 267Adi- Dravidas, 108, 110Adi- Hindu Mahasabha, 22, 63Adi- Hindu Press, 111Adi- Hindus, 108–9, 114, 115Adi- Karnatakas, 108Adi- Maharashtrians, 108Adi Tamilzhar Peravai, 5Adivasis, 155, 216affirmative action. See scheduled caste (sc)

reservations“Aggarwaloin ki Utpatti” (Harischandra),

66–67agricultural work (krishi karya), 53, 94, 210–11Aiyangar, Aravamdu, 115. See also Constitu-

tional Reforms Committeealcohol addiction, 113All India Scheduled Castes Federation, 255Aloysius, G., 8, 15Ambedkar, B. R., 5, 8, 12, 17–18, 105, 161, 163,

170, 223; Bhagya Reddy on, 113; critique of Gandhism, 8, 10, 120, 125–26, 188; on Dalit citizenship, 164; on Dalit consciousness, 187, 188; establishment of Republican Party, 47; Hindus on, 43; on Indian nationalism, 21, 32, 39, 205; Manusmriti burning, 189; on minority status, 204; on modern India, 34;

moral editing by, 46; Poona Pact, 255–56; on purity/pollution ideology, 34, 38; redis-covery of, 163; on Sikhism, 132–33, 144–45; on social discrimination, 204–5; on study of Untouchables, 25; on urban migration, 241; on varna model, 28n29

Ambedkar Youth, 5Amin, Shahid, 57Anand, Mulk Raj, 9Anandhi, S., 194Andhra Jana Sangh, 106Andhra Maha Sabha, 118, 119, 120Andhra Pradesh, 5, 24–25, 161–62, 202, 217,

218–19, 221, 241Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee

(apclc), 164Andhra Pradesh Viplava Rachayitala Sangham

(Virasam), 155, 157, 160, 162Andhra Rashtra Adi- Andhra Mahajana Sabha,

118, 119, 120, 123, 124, 126Anglican missionaries, 75, 81, 84, 90Anupama Rao, 7, 15, 105, 182apclc. See Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties

CommitteeApeksha (journal), 186, 191“Apology, An” (Sikhamani), 167–69A. P. Viplava Rachayitala Sangham (Virasam).

See Andhra Pradesh Viplava Rachayitala Sangham

Aqida, Gurnam, 146Arif, Sadhu Daya Singh, 140Arifi, Naranjan, 132, 136, 138, 141Arjun, 137Arunatara (journal), 169

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296 • index

in Congress Party, 37; influence of, 15, 227; practices in Sikhism, 23, 141–47

Brahma Pathyaksha Raksha Dharma Pari-palana, 79

Brahmo Samaj, 110, 117Brief View of the Caste System of the Northern-

Western Provinces and Oudh (Nesfield), 67British Raj, 146–47bsp. See Bahujan Samaj PartyBuddhism, 15, 22, 256Bujangadasu, Mangalagiri, 125Burns, Kathryn, 58

capitalism and Brahmanism, 39castes: avarna, 18; vs. class, 233–39, 246; con-

sciousness, 14, 38; histories, 65; inequities, ix– x, 5, 6–7, 8, 11, 13; modernization of, 13; politics of, 166; reassertion of, 239–41; Sikh-ism on, 134–36; slave, 75–77, 81; subaltern, 14–15; varna model, 9, 55–56. See also scheduled caste (sc) reservations; specific castes

Castes of Mind (Dirks), 55census and surveys, 55–56, 58, 114, 250Central Adi- Hindu Social Ser vice League, 22,

108, 109, 114–16, 117–18, 119, 121. See also Manya Sangham

Chakraborty, Debashis, 245–46Chakravorty, Manashi, 245–46Chamar Jati ka Gauravshali Aitihas (Singh), 65Chamars, 12, 13, 22, 53–55, 57, 59–64, 203, 209,

242–43, 257, 258, 267; Dalit, use of term, 181; Dalit agenda and, 64–71. See also Dalits

Chand (newspaper), 69Chandar, Satish, 169–71Chandra, Kanchan, 32Chandragupta (Mauryan Emperor), 66Chanjan, P. C., 87Chatterjee, Partha, 3–4, 14, 165Chattopadhyaya, Aghorinath, 110Chenchudasu, Mangalagiri, 125Chengara, 97Chentharassery, T. H. P., 84Cheramar Daiva Sabha, 91Cheramar Mahajana Sabha, 76, 79, 90, 96Cheramar Sangham, 97Chhibber, Kesar Singh, 141Chitharaiah, Ch., 119

Aryans, 66, 108Arya Samaj, 69–70, 117, 143–44, 252–53Asan, Krishnadi, 87Ashok, Shamsher Singh, 136Audaiah, M. L., 110Audinarayana, Prathipati, 123, 124–25Awadh Kisan Sabha, 57, 61–62Ayyankali, 21, 76, 79, 83–87, 96–97Ayyappan, Sahodaran, 80

Babu, Shyam, 245–46Bagul, Baburao, 20Bahiskrut Bharat, 34, 36, 37–39, 43Bahiskrut Bharat (newspaper), 34Bahujan Samaj Party (bsp), 4, 5–6, 35–36,

40–47, 59, 163, 235–36Balagopal, K., 4, 162, 164, 222Balaramaiah, Matari, 119Bali, King (mythical figure), 34Balmukund, Rai, 108, 110, 117Banda Bahadur, 139Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian ka (Chhib-

ber), 141Barstow, A. E., 143Barton, William, 111Basavanna, 16Basel Evangelical Mission, 82Baviskar, B. S., 13Bayly, Susan, 105bdsa. See Bharatiya Dalit Sahitya Akademi“Begumpura” (Ravi Das), 258–59belonging, national, 35Beteille, Andre, 13, 208, 234Bhagyanagar Patrika (newspaper), 111–13, 120Bhagyayya, Maadari. See Bhagya Reddy

VarmaBhai Jaita, 135–36, 137–38, 140Bhakti movement, 258Bhangis, 203Bharatiya Dalit Sahitya Akademi (bdsa),

180–81Bharatiya Janata Party, 36, 41, 82, 98Bharti, Anita, 189–91, 195, 196Bhattacharya, Neeladri, 11Bose, Subhas Chandra, 1Bourdieu, Pierre, 86Brahmans/Brahmins, 9, 18, 55, 248–49;

capitalism and, 39; colonialism and, 105;

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109–10, 268; critique, 164–66, 175; Hyder-abad constitutional reforms, 115–17; literary sphere, 180–84; major concerns, 225; on mass killings, 161–62, 165, 168–69, 245–46; poetry on, 166–75; politics of caste in, 166; post- in de pen dence, 95–98, 99; pride and, 241; in Punjab, 251–55; rise of, 5, 11, 20, 105–7; on sc reservations, 202, 204–6, 211–22, 227; in Sikhism, 136–40, 254, 261; social space and, 21, 74–75, 79, 86, 88, 98; study of, 12–13, 21, 70

Dalit Christians, The (Webster), 136Dalit consciousness (chetnā), 2, 10, 20, 47, 58,

79, 99, 106, 109, 140, 184, 186–90, 192, 193, 195–97

Dalit feminism, 4, 7, 15, 177n24, 184, 192–97Dalit Kala Mandali, 163Dalit Mahasabha, 5, 161–62Dalit Panthers of India, 5, 6; of Maharashtra, 47Dalit Rachayitala, Kalakarula, Medhavula Ikya

Vedika (Darakame), 163Dalits: caste vs. class, 233–39; con temporary

context, 1–8; diaspora, 7, 23, 264–66, 268; dignity of, 2–3, 17, 24, 26; Hindi, 21, 24; hu-miliation of, 1–3, 17, 26; identities, 11–12, 32; India’s in de pen dence and, 32–33; marginal-ization of, 31; middle classes, 25, 44, 46, 166, 208–9, 241; minority status, 204–6; Sikhs, 23; ste reo types of, 4, 9, 18; Tamil, 8, 15; use of term, 2, 181–82, 203. See also specific communities

Dalit Sahitya ka Soundarya Shastra (Valmiki), 187

Dalit saints, 12, 16. See also specific saintsDalit Sangarsh Samiti, 5Dalit studies: conferences, 27n19; emergence

of, 3, 4, 7; frameworks, 9, 19–20; recogni-tion of, 31

“Dalit Women Talk Diferently” (Guru), 7Dandora debate, 216–22; unity and uniformity

in, 222–25Dangle, Arjun, 20Darakame. See Dalit Rachayitala, Kalakarula,

Medhavula Ikya VedikaDas, Sisir Kumar, 199n8Das, Veena, 13Demerath, Loren, 234Demerath, N. J., 234

Chitnis, Suma, 209Chothi, Vellikkara, 79Chowdhry, Prem, 241Chris tian ity, 22; Dalit, 23, 77–81, 98, 170,

243–44; missionaries, 75–77, 84, 90, 202; Syrian, 23, 75, 80, 84, 87, 90–92. See also Anglican missionaries

Christ symbol, 170Church Missionary Society (cms), 78, 91Church of South India, 91–92citizenship, 33–34, 164–65, 234civil society: Dalit movements and, 74–76,

79–80, 88–90, 98, 109–10, 268; patriotism and, 38; vs. po liti cal society, 165. See also Puruskrut Bharat

class vs. caste, 233–39, 242–45, 246cms. See Church Missionary SocietyCochin Praja Mandalam, 76Cohn, Bernard, 12, 55colonial archives, 56–58, 71colonialism: backwardness and, 10; Brahman-

ism and, 105; divide and rule policy, 13, 22; Hindu dominance and, 18; modernity and, 2–3, 10, 15–16, 15–17, 20–21, 26, 75, 80, 99; multiple locations and, 77; nationalism and, 36; racism of, 39; sociology of, 55–56, 58–59, 70

Comarof, Jean, 75Comarof, John, 75Communist Party of India (cpi), 92, 94–95Congress Party, 4, 18, 21, 37, 41–42, 47, 82, 92, 256Constituent Assembly, 25; Ambedkar speech, 46Constitutional Reforms Committee, 115Constitution of India: Ambedkar’s role in,

43; on minority status, 204–6; on po liti cal rights, 22; reforms, 115–17; on sc reserva-tions, 4, 13, 26n6, 96, 162, 204–6

contact zone, use of term, 78Corfield, B. C., 91Council of Dalit Christians, 98cpi. See Communist Party of IndiaCriminal Intelligence Department reports, 65Crooke, William, 57cultural capital, use of term, 86Cust, Robert Needham, 142

Dalit activism: of Bhagya Reddy, 109–17; civil society and, 74–76, 79–80, 88–90, 98,

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298 • index

Fanah- dar- Makan (Arif), 140Farid, Sheikh, 133feminism. See Dalit feminism“Fifth Note” (Satish Chandar), 170–71forced labor, 119–20Forster, E. M., 243fragmentation, 38Fraser, Nancy, 159freedom, strug gle for, 9; Ad Dharm movement

and, 256; Dalit consciousness and, 187; nationalism and, 37–39; in Punjab region, 250; slave castes and, 81

Gabbilam (journal), 163Gadar movement, 253Gaddar, 160Gajarawala, Toral, 193, 200n16Galanter, Marc, 214Gandhi, Mahatma, 1, 2, 11, 21, 121, 184, 259;

Ambedkar critique of, 8, 10, 120, 125–26, 188; Harijan ideology, 2, 9–10, 20, 95; on na-tionalism, 37; in nationalist politics, 120–26; Poona Pact, 255–56; on untouchability, 243; in Vaikom Satyagraha, 93

Gangaiah, Rayudu, 122, 123Garib Dass, Sant, 261Gender and Caste (Anupama Rao), 7gender inequity, 24Ghai, Kavi Dhanna Singh, 138Gheba, Tara Singh, 138–39Ghulam Ali Khan, 139–40Ghurye, G. S., 11globalization, 34Godavari Keratalu (journal), 163Golden Temple, 140, 142, 144Gopalan, A. K., 93Gopalan, Laha, 103n83Gorhki, Prem, 145–46Gouda Saraswata, 95Government of India Act (1935), 255Govindacharyulu, Atmakuri, 125 Great Rebellion of 1857, 34, 39–40, 55–56Green Revolution, 165, 249–50, 267Grewal, J. S., 141Guardian (newspaper), 242Guha, Ranajit, 14Gujjars, 236Gupta, Charu, 32, 193–94

Depressed Classes, 203Dera Sachkhand Ballan/Dera Sant Sarwan

Dass, 260, 261–64Deshpande, Ashwini, 243Deshpande, Prachi, 59Deshpande, Satish, 214Devendrudu, Naralasetti, 122, 123, 125Dharamveer, 184, 192–97dharma and authority, 14Dharmanna, Kusuma, 8, 108, 122Dheds, 32, 203Dherivala, Mohammad, 190Dietrich, Gabriele, 194, 197dignity, 2–3, 17, 24, 26Dil, Lal Singh, 148Dirks, Nicholas, 55–56Discovery of India, The (Nehru), 37Diwans, 86–87Doms, 12Dos Santos, Francis Xavier, 107Dravidian movement, 5, 15“Drumbeat” (Sudhakar), 172–74Duferin Report, 57Dumont, Louis, 11Dussel, Enrique, 133

economic liberalization, 7education: Adi- Hindus and, 109, 111; citizen-

ship and, 164–65; economic in de pen-dence and, 104–5; missionaries and, 202; modernization and, 127; right to, 83–85; sc reservations and, 4, 24–25, 162, 202, 206–9, 211–12, 217, 234, 245, 255

Edureeta (journal), 163Egerton, Robert, 142Ekalavya (journal), 163Ek Onkar, Sikh, 264Ellis, Francis, 56embedded histories, 66employment: colonial army and, 251–52; mod-

ernization and, 127; public, 104, 112, 208, 214–16, 217; sc reservations and, 4, 24–25, 162, 202, 206–9, 211–12, 227, 234, 241

ethical relativism, 45–46exclusion: of academic Dalits, 4–5; of Dalits

from temples, 19; nationalism and, 2; prac-tices of, 20; untouchability and, 19

Ezhavas, 79–80, 82

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Jassi, Sat Pal, 259Jatav, Ram Dayal, 63Jatav Mahasabha, 53Jatavs, 53–54, 63–64, 65, 70jati, 14Jatiyas, 53–54Jatt Sikhs, 23, 132, 145, 147, 251, 265Jeeva Raksha Jnan Pracharak Mandali, 111,

117Jodhka, Surinder, 22, 234John Joseph, Pampady, 76, 79, 90, 96Joint Po liti cal Congress, 96Joseph, T. S., 92Joshi, Barbara, 239, 245Juergensmeyer, Mark, 157, 264–65, 266

Kakinada Congress, 92Kaleshwara Rao, Ayyadevara, 125Kannabiran, Kalpana, 194Kannabiran, Vasanth, 194Karamchedu massacre (1985), 161–62Kardam, Jaiprakash, 190Karunakaran, K., 95Kaviraj, Sudipta, 203Kelappan, K., 93Kempu, Claude, 126Kerala, 5, 74, 81–82Kerala Harijan Federation, 97Kerala Pulayar Maha Sabha, 97Keshav Rao, 108, 110Khalsa, 134Khalsa Sewak (newspaper), 144–45Khare, R. S., 13“Khatriyon ki Utpatti” (Harischandra), 66Khattris, 66kinship, 56, 82–83, 249Komaram Bheem (Sahu), 155Kothari, Rajni, 4Krishna, Anirudh, 238–39Krishna, Manda, 174Krishnaiah, Chunduru, 123Kishna Rao, Baji, 110, 120Krupakar, 174, 223Kshatriyas, 9, 55, 65–66, 248Kumar, Sanjay, 238Kumara Guru Devan. See Yohannan,

PoikayilKurmaiah, Vemula, 122, 124, 126

Guru, Gopal, 2, 7, 10, 13, 15, 16, 203Guru, Narayana, 79–81, 82, 85, 92, 95Guru Granth Sahib, 22, 133, 254, 257, 258, 259,

261, 264, 267Guru Nanak, 134–35, 258, 259Guruvayur Satyagraha, 93

Habermas, Jürgen, 159Hanumantha Rao, Madapati, 106, 117, 121Hanumantha Rao, Nallapati, 122Hardiman, David, 68–69Hari Dass, Sant, 261Harijan ideology, 2, 9–10, 20, 95Harischandra, Bharatendu, 66–67Harlow, Barbara, 199–200n13Heath, Anthony, 238Heath, Oliver, 238Heer (Waris Shah), 140Hindus: on Ambedkar, 43; colonial dominance

by, 18; in Congress Party, 37; contradictory roles of, 39; discriminatory practices by, 2, 6–7, 13, 19, 89, 208; Hindutva politics, 43, 223; practices in Sikhism, 141–47; in Punjab, 250; reform activities, 117–18

Holeyas, 209Hooper, J., 59–60Hossain, Naomi, 244–45Hugel, Charles, 141–42humiliation, 1–3, 17, 26, 42–43Hyderabad constitutional reforms, 115–17

identity: caste, 24, 165, 167; Dalit, 11–12, 32, 155, 166–67, 171, 174, 181–82, 198, 234, 236–37, 251–55, 257–58, 267; dhed, 32

Ilaiah, Kancha, 197illiteracy, 107inclusion (sarvajan), 35–36, 40–47Indian Dalit Federation, 97Indian Express (newspaper), 235Indian Institutes of Technology, 208Indian National Congress, 76, 93Internet, rise of, 7Iyer, C. P. Ramaswai, 96

Jacobite Church, 81Jagan Mitra Mandali, 107Jain, Seth Lalji Meghji, 108Janamma, 88

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300 • index

Matam, Brahma Nishta, 85Maurya, B. P., 210Mayawati, 43, 235Mazhabis, 136, 138, 209McLeod, W. H., 134, 135Meghwal, Kusum, 195“Mera bharat mahan” (my India is great)

slogan, 37–38mmn. See Mala Mahanadumodernity: colonial, 2–3, 10, 15–16, 20–21,

26, 75, 80, 99; Dalits and, 16, 81–92, 94, 99, 127, 162, 165, 179n71; Hinduism and, 19; in Kerala society, 74, 81–83; nationalist proj ect, 13, 16

Moon, Vasant, 58Moore, Mike, 244–45mrps. See Madiga Reservation Porata SamitiMudaliar, Ranganatha, 123Mukherjee, Arun Prabha, 187Mukherjee, Ramkrishna, 246Murthi, Vellanki Krishna, 123Muthaiah, J. S., 107

Nagaraj, D. R., 16Naik, Waman Ramachandra, 110, 119, 121Nairs, 80, 84Nalapu (journal), 163Nallapati Rao, Hanumantha, 123Namasudras, 12, 14–15Namishray, Mohan Dass, 58, 188–89Nandanar, 16Nandy, Ashish, 37Narayan, Badri, 32Narayana Rao, Velcheru, 156–61National Commission for Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes, 208National Coordination Committee for SC

Christians, 24National Council of Education Research and

Training (ncert), 180, 181, 183National Demo cratic Alliance, 43National Election Study, 238National Federation of Dalit Women (nfdw),

6, 194nationalism: Dalits and, 33–39; exclusion and,

2; of pan- Indian elite, 13; secular, 13; social equality and, 47; Telugu, 112, 118–20

Navaria, Ajay, 184

land revenue rec ords, 56–57, 65, 70–71land rights (mirasi), 56, 60–61Lari, Z. H., 228n16Laxminarayana, Unnava, 121, 123leatherworkers, 57, 63–64, 65, 222, 251–52, 258.

See also ChamarsLewis, Oscar, 266Limbale, Sharankumar, 186–87literacy, 75, 207Lokur, B. N., Committee, 209, 210Ludden, David, 29n72Lynch, Owen, 13

Mackenzie, Colin, 55Madhavan, T. K., 92Madhavanar, K., 93Madhusudanarao, T., 160Madiga Dandora, 223–24, 225Madiga Reservation Porata Samiti (mrps), 5,

172, 173, 202–3, 216–17, 223, 227Madigas, 12, 24, 114–15, 117, 121, 127–28, 163,

173–74, 202–3, 210–22, 241. See also Adi- Hindus; Dandora debate

Mahars, 12, 189, 203, 209Mailrapporten, 58Mala Mahanadu (mmn), 203, 211, 213–14, 216,

219–22, 223–24, 225, 227Malas, 12, 24, 106, 114–15, 117, 121, 127–28, 163,

173–74, 202–3, 209, 211–22, 241. See also Adi- Hindus; Dandora debate

Malaviya, Madan Mohan, 69Malayali Memorial, 80Mallela, Venkatarao, 219Mallesha Rao, Gurakula, 119Mandal, B. P., 4Mandal Commission Report, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13,

23–24, 162Mandali, Jananatya, 160Mangs, 209Mansingh, Seth Sitaram, 63Manu Dharma, 170, 224Manusmriti, 12, 18, 189, 197Manya Sangham, 107–8, 109. See also Central

Adi- Hindu Social Ser vice LeagueMarathas, 59Marxist historiography, 76–77masculinity, 193–94, 196–97, 198Masterjee, 163

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index • 301

Prasad, Chandrabhan, 208Prasad, Mata, 1–2, 17Prasad, Rajendra, 1Prasad, Vara, 221–22Prashuram, 66Pratap (newspaper), 69Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha (prds), 76,

79, 87–88, 99Pratt, Mary Louise, 78prds. See Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva SabhaPremchand, Munshi, 24, 180–81, 183; critique

of, 184–91, 198; feminism and, 192–97Premi, Kusum K., 209public sphere: Dalit, 161–63, 165; defined, 159;

Telugu, 156–61, 171Pudiya Tamilazham, 6Pulaya Maha Sabha, 87Punjab, 249–51Punjab Darpan (newspaper), 143–44Punjab Land Alienation Act (1901), 147purity/pollution ideology, 34, 38Puruskrut Bharat, 34, 36, 37–39, 43, 47

Raghavender Rao Rao, 108Raghubansia family, 65Raghuvanshi, U. B. S., 65Rai, Lala Lajpat, 1Rajalingam, K., 110Ram, H. S. Venkat, 107Ram, Jagjivan, 17–18Ram, Kanshi, 264Ram, Mangoo, 13, 17, 22, 147, 253–55, 256–57, 263Ram, Pandit Bakshi, 145Ram, Seth Jivan, 63Ramachandra, Baba, 62–63Ramachandra Rao, Guduru, 122, 123, 125Ramadasias, 209Ramakrishnaiah, Baddela, 123Ramaswamy, Arigay, 110, 121, 127Ramaswayi, E. V. See PeriyarRamji Rao, Vermuri, 122Ram Rajya, 37, 259Ranga, N. G., 123Rangaiah, Gorantla, 113Ranganath Mishra Commission, 98Rangaswamy, Jala, 122Rangbhūmi (Premchand), 180–81, 183, 184,

190–91

Naxalite movement, 148ncert. See National Council of Education

Research and TrainingNehru, Jawaharlal, 1, 11, 37Neiyyer, K. S., 136Nesfield, J. C., 67nfdw. See National Federation of Dalit WomenNiranjan Dass, Sant, 261Nizam’s territory, 105–6, 110–11, 114, 115, 118–19Nizam Andhra, 118

obcs. See Other Backward ClassesO’Hanlon, Rosalind, 12–13, 105Oman, John Campbell, 142Omvedt, Gail, 4, 32, 259Other Backward Classes (obcs), 162, 239Oudh Rent Acts (1868, 1886), 62

Padmarao, Katti, 161–62Palars, 209Pallans, 12Pampady John Joseph. See John Joseph,

PampadyPandey, Geetanjali, 199n10Pandey, Gyanendra, 63pangat, 134–35pan- Indian elite, 13Paraiyans, 12Parayar Mahajana Sangham, 79Parayars, 209Parekh, Bhiku, 37Pasis, 12, 61–64patriarchy, 6–7, 15, 197Pawar, Urmila, 15Periyar, 5Phillips, Anne, 214, 224Phule, Jotirao, 12–13, 34, 105, 163Pillai, P. Krishna, 93Pillai, Sivasankara, 9Pipal Dass, Sant, 260police intelligence reports, 65, 68, 70Pollock, Sheldon, 67Poona Pact (1932), 188, 255–56Popu lar Legislature, 96Popu lar Legislature of Travancore, 79, 89Prabuddha Bharat, 34Pradhan, G. R., 25Praja Rajyam Party, 240

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211–16, 227; Constitution of India on, 4, 13, 26n6, 96, 162, 204–6; Dalit demand for, 98, 156, 161, 162, 174, 202–3, 207, 211–22, 225, 227; justification for, 204–6; literacy rate and, 207; opposition to, 28n42, 162, 208, 219, 226, 230n50, 231n67; in private sector, 225–26; repre sen ta tion and, 205–6, 211–14, 216, 218, 219; social justice and, 204, 226

Schumacher, Michael, 237Second Backward Classes Commission, 4segregation, 14, 38, 75, 91Sekhar, C. R., 213Separate Administration Movement, 92Seshaiah, Walthati, 107settlement reports, 59–64sgpc. See Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak

CommitteeShah, A. M., 13Shama Rao, 110sharma, 117Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Commit-

tee (sgpc), 137, 145Shivaram, H. S., 107Sree Narayana Dharma Pariplana (sndp),

74, 80“Shroud, The” (Premchand), 184, 185–86, 187,

192–97, 198shudhi (purifying) movement, 252Shudras, 9, 55, 66, 248Sidhanar Ser vice Society, 97Sikhamani, 166–69, 171Sikhism: Brahmanization of, 23, 141–47; Dalit

initiatives in, 136–40, 254, 261; egalitarian-ism and caste in, 132–36, 147; in de pen dence of, 138; Jatt, 23, 132, 145, 147, 251, 265; misals, 138–39; origin of term, 133; in Punjab, 250–51, 253–54; Sanatan, 141; scholarly lit-er a ture on, 131–32; on untouchability, 132, 134–36, 141

Singh, Aalam, 138Singh, Balwanta, 256Singh, Bhagat Lakshman, 143, 148Singh, Bhai Pratap, 144Singh, Charat, 138Singh, Chet, 151n70Singh, Dhakkar, 138Singh, Dharam, 138Singh, Diani Ditt, 140

Ranghreta, Bir Singh, 138Ranghretas, 136–37, 138Rao, P. V., 219–20Ravi Das, Sant, 16, 22–23, 254, 258–61, 263–64,

266, 267Ravi Dasis, 250, 255–58, 261–66, 268Ravi Das Mandal, 255, 257Rawat, Ramnarayan, 15Reddy, Bahadur Venkata Rama, 110Reddy, Bhagya. See Bhagya Reddy VarmaReddy, Ravi Narayan, 120Reddy, Suravaram Pratapa, 106Rege, Sharmila, 15, 19, 194Reporter, R. E., 108Report of the Settlement of the Basti District

(Hooper), 59–60Republican Party of India, 47, 256reservations. See scheduled caste (sc)

reservationsRodinson, Maxime, 199–200n13Rosenbloom, David, 215Rudolph, Lloyd, 13Rudolph, Susanne, 13

Sadhu Jana Christiya Sangham, 91Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham (sjps), 21, 76,

79, 83, 86–87, 93–94, 99Sagar, Sunderlal, 53–54, 59, 65, 69Sahu, 155Samajwadi Party, 6, 163sangat, 134–35Sanskritization model, 10, 11, 16, 25, 248Sarathi, 176n6Sarkar, Sumit, 8sarvajan model, 35–36, 40–47Sarwan Dass, Sant, 260–61, 264Sastri, Kesavan, 96Satnamis, 14–15Satya Sodhak, 163scavenger figure (bhangi), 9, 243Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Pre-

vention of Atrocities) Act (1989), 181Scheduled Caste Employees’ Welfare Associa-

tions, 163Scheduled Caste Federation, 256scheduled caste (sc) reservations, 4; caste

divisions/identity and, 165, 173, 209–10, 233–34, 240, 255–56; categorization debate,

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index • 303

Suryanarayana, Athili, 125Suryavansh Kshatriya Jaiswar Sabha, 65Swami, Sadananda, 85swaraj, 205

Tagore, Rabindranath, 11Tamil Nadu, 5, 38Tandon, Purshottam Das, 69Tharakam, Bojja, 161–62taxes, agricultural, 64Taylor, Charles, 2Teertha, Swami Ananda, 95Telegu: nationalism, 112, 118–20; publics,

156–61, 171, 216Telugu Desam Party, 162Telugulu Kavita Viplavala Swaroopam

(Narayana Rao), 156 temple entry movements, 69, 82, 85–86, 92–93,

95, 122, 125Thass, Iyothee, 8, 15, 17–18Thennindian Suvishesha Sangham, 91Thorat, Vimal, 196–97Tiyyas, 82Tottiyute Makan (Pillai), 9 Towards an Aesthetic of Dalit Lit er a ture (Lim-

bale), 186–87Travancore State Congress, 76

Uberoi, J. P. S., 133Udasi, Ram, 148United Progressive Alliance, 242University Grants Commission, 7–8untouchability: abolition of, 234; exclusion

and, 19, 55; as Hindu caste prob lem, 243; in Sikhism, 3, 132, 134–36, 141; strug gles against, 8, 10–11, 23. See also Dalit con-sciousness; Dalits

Untouchable (Anand), 9Untouchables in Con temporary India, The, 12Untouchable Workers of Bombay City (Prad-

han), 25Uttar Pradesh (up), 5–6, 22, 35, 40–41, 42–45,

53–54, 69, 209, 235–36

Vadas (neighborhoods), 34, 171, 173Vadhyar, Haris, 85Vadhyar, V. J. Thomas, 85Vaghela, Arvind, 242

Singh, Garja, 138Singh, Gobind, 23, 133, 134, 137–38, 139, 144Singh, Gulab, 138–39Singh, Jiwan, 135. See also Bhai JaitaSingh, Khushwant, 143Singh, Man, 138Singh, Nigahi, 138Singh, Ranjit, 140, 141, 146Singh, Sardar Amar, 144–45Singh, Satnam, 65Singh, Wazir, 140Singh Sabha movement, 23, 140, 142–43sjps. See Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sanghamslave labor, 75–76, 77, 81, 85sndp. See Sree Narayana Dharma Pariplanasocial justice: Dalit lit er a ture and, 191; repre-

sen ta tion and, 205–6, 213, 214, 216, 219; sc reservations and, 204, 225–26; structural injustice and, 215

social space: Dalit movements and, 21, 74–75, 79, 86, 88, 98; globalization and, 32

Sri Gur Katha (Bhai Jaita), 135–36, 137–38, 140Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Basha Nilayam,

106Srinivas, K., 155Srinivas, M. N., 10, 11, 13, 237, 268Srinivasulu, K., 162, 163Sri Raja Raja Narendra Andhra Basha

Nilayam, 106Sri Sri, 24Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account

of the North- Western Provinces of India, 65, 67

Steedman, Carolyn, 58“Steel Nibs Are Sprouting, The” (Sikhamani),

171Steinbach, Henry, 141Stern, Henri, 234Stoker, B. T., 64Stoler, Ann, 57–58subalternity: publics, concept of, 165; studies

proj ect, 13–14; use of term, 13–14Subbaiah, Thiruvakolluri Venkata, 123Subba Rao, Undru, 122Subhadra, Jupaka, 224Sudhakar, Yendluri, 172–74Sukumaran, Kallara, 95, 97Sumanakshar, Sohanpal, 180–81, 186, 188

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304 • index

Warid, Muhammad Shafi, 139Waris Shah, 140Webster, John, 136Wellinker, N. G., 108, 110Western ethnocentrism, 234What Congress and Gandhi Have Done

to the Untouchables (Ambedkar), 10

William Barton Boys School, 111 women: autobiography genre, 196; Dalit

power structure and, 46; as heroes, 39–40; in politics, 6; reservation benefits and, 220; vio lence against, 15, 24, 192–98. See also Dalit feminism

World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racial Intolerance (Durban, 1980), 4, 7

Yaduvansh (Yadvendu), 63Yadvendu, Ramnarain, 63, 65, 69Yes Sir (Navaria), 184Yohannan, Njaliyakuzhi Simon, 88Yohannan, Poyikayil, 23, 76, 78, 79,

87–89Youth League of Ambedkarites, 115–16Yuddhrat Aam Aadmi (journal), 195

Zelliot, Eleanor, 12, 105Zindagi Bilas (Arif), 140

Vaikom Satyagraha, 92–93Vaishyas, 9, 55, 248Vallon, K. P., 87Valmiki, Omprakash, 187–88Valmikis, 242–43Varan (varna), 135Varma, Bhagya Reddy, 8, 17–18, 21–22, 106–7,

127; activism of, 109–17; on Ambedkar, 113; Dalit organ izations and, 108–9; ideological foundation, 120–22; publications, 111–12, 121; on Telugu Nationalism, 118–20

Varma, T. Dhanakoti, 108varna model, 9, 55–56, 58, 248Vattappara, Stephan, 92Vedanta, Adviata, 80Vedic rituals, 70Veeraswamy, Kusuma, 123vegetarianism, 70Vellars, 56Venkaiah, Sundru, 122, 123Venkatramaiah, Kusuma, 122Venkat Rao, B. S., 115Venkatswamy, P. R., 106, 117, 123Vietnam War, 168Virasam. See Andhra Pradesh Viplava Rachay-

itala SanghamVirdi, S. L., 136Vivek, Pushpa, 195, 196Viyougi, Nandlal, 21

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