about the use and benefits of worms in aquaculture - AquaVIP

Worms... – about the use and benefits of worms inaquaculture

University of Rostock

Aquaculture & Sea-Ranching

Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

Presenter: Dr. Adrian A. Bischoff-Lang

Included scientific staff: Prof. Dr. Harry Palm

M.Sc. Jan Klein

M.Sc. Philipp Sandmann

M.Sc. Sven-Ole Meiske

Contents of the presentation:

• General introduction to the topic and why worms?

• Case studies on worm aquaculture• Bischoff 2003 & 2007; Bischoff et al. (2009) Bischoff et al. (2014)

• Sandmann (2018 – Master thesis); Meiske (2021 – Master thesis)

• Research projects

• IntAPol – Integrated Aquaculture of Polychaetes (Original title:Integrierte Aquakultur von Polychaeten)

General Introduction: Fisheries & Aquaculture…

Global Fisheries

• stagnating

Global Aquaculture

• increasing

FAO (2020)

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Global Aquaculture

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Global Fisheries

Fishmeal - an essential resource for aquaculture feeds

• ^

• Fishmeal will be a limited resource in the future, claimed by various users

• Fishmeal production can affect natural fish stocks

• However, limiting fishmeal quantities can also influence aquaculture development

Fish, oil & meal world

2019

IFFO 2009

Nutrient budget of a fish illustrated by nitrogen (N)

Feed

100%

Excretion

36 – 57% als NH3

Fish 14 – 30%

Uneaten

Feed 5%

Faecal material

10 – 20% According toSchneider et al. 2005

Case study: Norwegian salmon production

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Norwegian Salmon production

FAO (2020)

Case study: Norwegian salmon production

• Salmon production 2018: 1.28 million tonnes

• Total feed quantity 2018: 1.6 million tonnes

• Total solids 2018: 0.32 million tonnes (DW)

• Organic material 2018: 29 000 tonnes (DW)

www.ens-newswire.com

Conclusion:A high-quality "resource" is

discarded unused and pollutes

the surrounding environment of

the aquaculture farms.

http://www.ens-newswire.com/

Feed

Aquaculture production in closed (recirculating) systems

Husbandry

Water

treatment

Primary Production

Conventional Recirculating

Aquaculture System (RAS)

Secundary Production

IMTA - Integrated MultiTrophic

(Multiloop) Aquaculture

Photoautotrophic

Organisms

Detritivorous

Organisms

Feed

Aquaculture production in closed (recirculating) systems

Husbandry

Water

treatment

Primary Production

Why worms?

• Worms are found almost everywhere

• Represent a large fraction of the natural diet of many animals (birds,fish, small mammals, etc.) - suitable biochemical composition (e.g.amino & fatty acids)

• Short generation times and very broad food spectrum

• Agricultural soils - earthworms (Oligochaeta) up to 600 ind./m²(<300g/m²)

• Seabed - sea worms (Polychaeta) according to Scaps (2002) up to5,000 ind./m² adults and up to 60,000 ind./m² with juveniles) (up to 39g/m² in natural systems)

→ BUT: own investigations 500 - 1,200 g/m²

Investigations concerning the suitability of solid matter utilisation by Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor (O. F. Müller, 1776)

Hediste (Nereis) diversicolor / Common ragworm (Polychaeta)

• Native species

• Variable feeding behaviour(planktivorous, carnivorous, detritivorous)

• Tolerant to temperature and salinitychanges

→ Important part of the naturaldiet of various fish andcrustacean species

Investigations concerning the suitability of solids utilisation by H. diversicolor (ZAFIRA / Bischoff 2003)

zugeführte Energie [Joule Wurm-1

Tag-1

]

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Sp

ezifis

ch

es W

ach

stu

m [d

-1]

-0.04

0.00

0.04

0.08

Algen als Futterquelle

Garnelenfleisch als Futterquelle

Feststoffe als Futterquelle

Fed Energy [J/worm/day]

SG

R

Particulate nutrients

as feed source

n = 25


Tag-1

]

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500S

pe

zifis

ch

es W

ach

stu

m [d

-1]

-0.04

0.00

0.04

0.08




Investigations concerning the suitability of solids utilisation by H. diversicolor (ZAFIRA / Bischoff 2003)


Tag-1

]

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Sp

ezifis

ch

es W

ach

stu

m [d

-1]

-0.04

0.00

0.04

0.08





SG

R


as feed source

n = 25


Algae

Shrimp meat


Nielsen et al. 1995

Investigations concerning the suitability of solids utilisationby H. diversicolor (ZAFIRA / Bischoff 2003)

Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3

Mo

rta

litä

t [%

] (±

SD

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

niedrig

hoch

Mo

rta

lity [

% ±

SD

]

lowhighStocking density

• positive growth could be

achieved

• growth is lower than described

in the literature, but the feeds

described had higher nutrient

contents and more energy

• unsatisfactory mortality during

the trials

+

-

-

Research questions:

1. What are the biological requirements for the successfulculture of detritivorous organisms?

2. Under which conditions is nutrient recycling bydetritivorous organisms possible?

3. Is a reduction of solid waste possible through integratedaquaculture?

Impact of the sediment on H. diversicolor?

• Experimental setup (partial section)

Sediment 1 Sediment 2

Biofilter

Measurement of the

• initial & final weights

• mortality


Fine sand (grain size ≤ 2mm) Sediment 1 (Sed. 1)

Coarse sand (grain size 2 - 4mm) Sediment 2 (Sed. 2)

Ceramic bodies (Ø inside 5mm) Sediment 3 (Sed. 3)

Without sediment Sediment 4 (sed. 4)

PVC doormat Sediment 5 (Sed. 5)

Aquaclay© (grain size ≤ 3mm) Sediment 6 (Sed. 6)


→ Fine sand (Sed.1) was selected as the most suitablesediment for all further experiments

Sedimenttypen

Sed.1 Sed.2 Sed.3 Sed.4 Sed.5 Sed.6

Sp

ezifis

ch

es W

ach

stu

m (

± S

D)

[d-1

]

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0.00

SGR (Specific Growth Rate)

n = 4

Sedimenttypen

Sed.1 Sed.2 Sed.3 Sed.4 Sed.5 Sed.6Üb

erl

eb

en

sra

te [%

] (±

SD

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Survival

n = 4

Su

rviv

al [

% ±

SD

]

SG

R [

%/d

±SD

]

Under which conditions is the culture of H. diversicolor successful?

• Experimental setup

Biofilter

Measurement of the

• mortality

• initial & final weights

• concentrations of dissolved

nutrients


Versuchstage

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

TA

N [m

g L

-1] (±

SE

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

n = 3 Futtermenge = 1.0 % der Wurmbiomasse (Fischfutter)

Versuchstage

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Mo

rta

litä

t [n

] (±

SE

)

0

5

□

n =

3

Futtermenge = 1.5 % der Wurmbiomasse (Feststoffe)

Versuchstage

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Mo

rta

litä

t [n

] (±

SE

)

0

5

▼

n =

3


Versuchstage

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Mo

rta

litä

t [n

] (±

SE

)

0

5+

n =

3


Versuchstage

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Mo

rta

litä

t [n

] (±

SE

)

0

5●

n = 3

Experimental days

Experimental days

Daily feeding rate in % worm biomass

Mo

rta

ilty [

% ±

SD

]

TAN concentrations strongly

influence the survival of the worms!

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5


Gereinigtes Sediment Gealtertes Sediment

Sp

ezifis

che

s W

ach

stu

m [d

-1]

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

0.005

0.010

SG

R [

d-1

]

Clean sediment „Aged“ sediment

Cleaned sediment→low microbiological

activity within the

sediment

Aged sediment→Established micro-

biological activity

How does H. diversicolor perform in an integrated RAS?


Dissolved nutrients

Dissolved nutrients

MARE I

MARE II

experimental days

0 50 100 150 200

avera

ge w

orm

weig

ht

[mg]

0

500

1000

1500

experimental day 216experimental day 119experimental day 91experimental day 65experimental day 33experimental day 0

rel. abundance

0 1siz

e c

lasses

<0,15

<0,30

<0,45

<0,60

<0,75

<0,90

>0,90 (n = 150) (n = 56) (n = 100) (n = 86) (n = 31) (n = 9)


• MARE I

experimental days

0 50 100 150

avera

ge b

odyw

eig

ht

[mg]

0

500

1000

1500

experimental day 162experimental day 143experimental day 124experimental day 101experimental day 80experimental day 57experimental day 35

rel. abundance

0 1siz

e c

lasses

<0.15 g

<0.30 g

<0.45 g

<0.60 g

<0.75 g

<0.90 g

>0.90 g (n = 26) (n = 32) (n = 32) (n = 28) (n = 24) (n = 26) (n = 47)


• MARE II

Does the production in the integrated system influence the composition of the fatty acids of H. diversicolor?

Abundanz [%] (± SD)

0 10 20 30 40

8:010:012:013:014:014:115:015:116:016:117:118:0

18:1 (n-9/n-12)18:1 (n-7)18:2 (n-6)18:3 (n-6)18:3 (n-3)

20:020:1 (n-9)20:2 (n-6)20:3 (n-6)20:4 (n-6)

21:020:3 (n-3)20:5 (n-3)

22:022:1 (n-9)22:2 (n-6)22:6 (n-3)

Abundanz [%] (± SD)

0 10 20 30 40

8:010:012:013:014:014:115:015:116:016:117:118:0

18:1 (n-9/n-12)18:1 (n-7)18:2 (n-6)18:3 (n-6)18:3 (n-3)

20:020:1 (n-9)20:2 (n-6)20:3 (n-6)20:4 (n-6)

21:020:3 (n-3)20:5 (n-3)

22:022:1 (n-9)22:2 (n-6)22:6 (n-3)

Abundance [% ± SD] Abundance [% ± SD]

Conclusion 1:

• Polychaetes are suitable for IMTA production, thusincreasing the nutrient efficiency of the system

• Hediste diversicolor is able to selectively enrich fatty acidsor to re-synthesise them by itself

Project IntAPol – Integrated Aquaculture of Polychaetes

• Saltwater recirculation system for European sea bass (Dicentrachuslabrax) on the southern edge of the Lüneburger Heide

• Solids removal via 2 drum filters (faeces of the fish = solids 1 andexcess bacterial biomass of the biofilter = solids 2).


• Rag system close to the production


• The experiment was successful (including positive growth)

• Amino acid profile of the worm groupsAmino Acid Initial values Solids 1 Solids 2

Asparagine (asp) 54 (± 1,32) 64 (± 3,35) 63 (± 1,39)Glutamic acid (glu) 76 (± 1,39) 89 (± 4,66) 90 (± 1,86)Serine (ser) 24 (± 0,62) 29 (± 1,51) 29 (± 0,75)Threonine (thr) 16 (± 0,80) 24 (± 0,83) 23 (± 0,55)Histidine (his) 11 (± 0,50) 14 (± 0,66) 14 (± 0,54)Glycine (gly) 29 (± 0,96) 38 (± 2,53) 37 (± 1,30)Arginine (arg) 31 (± 0,51) 39 (± 3,08) 40 (± 1,21)Alanine (ala) 35 (± 0,76) 40 (± 2,13) 42 (± 1,03)Tyrosine (tyr) 18 (± 0,45) 22 (± 1,19) 23 (± 0,83)Valine (val) 25 (± 0,50) 31 (± 1,32) 34 (± 1,29)Methionine (met) 10 (± 0,28) 12 (± 0,93) 13 (± 0,33)Tryptophan (trp) 30 (± 0,64) 38 (± 1,47) 42 (± 1,55)Phenylalanine (phe) 22 (± 0,52) 27 (± 1,12) 28 (± 1,03)Leucine (leu) 28 (± 0,68) 34 (± 1,49) 36 (± 1,10)

Conclusion 2:

• Nitrogen content of worm biomass increases duringfeeding with solids from an aquaculture recirculationsystem

• Amino acid spectrum improves during feeding with solidsfrom an aquaculture recirculation system

Master thesis Philipp Sandmann (2018): Utilization ofsediments from the culture of African Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) for cultivating the Polychaete Hedistediversicolor (Müller, 1776)

• Special characteristics of this work:

• Culture of a marine polychaete with solids from freshwateraquaculture

• Transferability of the principle (?)

• Avoiding the transfer of potential pathogens

• African catfish is considered to be a very good nutrient utiliser,especially nitrogen, and the solids are therefore classified as"nutrient-poor"

• Master thesis Philipp Sandmann (2018)

• Positive growth and biomass increase during the experimental phase (temperature effect ?)

initial final initial final initial final0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

min

div

idu

al[g

]

12°C

16°C

20°C

• Master thesis Philipp Sandmann (2018)

• Specific Growth Rates (SGR)

System A (12°C) System B (16°C) System C (20°C)

Replicat 1 2.38 % 2.66 % 1.58 %

Replicat 2 2.73 % 2.20 % 1.53 %

Replicat 3 2.32 % 2.27 % 1.28 %

Mean±SD 2.48 ± 0.18% a 2.38 ± 0.20% a 1.46 ±0.13 % b

Conclusion 3:

• Feeding Hediste diversicolor with solids from freshwateraquaculture is possible and successful

• Feed quality does not influence the growth and survivalrate of Hediste diversicolor to the extent suspected

• Unfortunately, the effects of temperature on gametematuration and somatic growth could not be clearlyexplained

Master thesis Sven-Ole Meiske (2021): Suitability of nutrientrecovery from particulate nutrients of a commercial troutpond system (Oncorynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) usingvermifiltration

• Evaluation of the potential of Eisenia fetida (Bouché, 1972) forfurther utilisation of solids from aquaculture

• Verification of the fate of heavy metals present in the culture ofEisenia fetida

• Evaluation of the compost produced

Master thesis Meiske (2021)

•

Comparative analysis

of the heavy metals

Cd, Co, Ni, Pb & Cr …

Conclusion 4:

• Feeding Eisenia fetida with solid excreta from freshwateraquaculture is possible and can be successful

• Feed quality influences the growth, survival rate andreproductive potential of Eisenia fetida

• The cultured worms accumulate some heavy metalsaccording to the feed supply (Co & Cd), but others to alesser extent (Ni, Pb & Cr)

Final conclusions:

• Culture of detritivorous organisms - with regularreproductive events - is possible, culture conditionsdescribed

• Nutrient recycling through the culture of detritivorousorganisms is possible; high-quality and healthy rawmaterials, as alternatives for future animal feed, can beproduced through integrated aquaculture

• The bioreactors for the cultivation of Hediste (Nereis)diversicolor as well as Eisenia fetida can be used asadditional biological filters to stabilize or improve waterquality

BUT (so far):• Implementing the production of worms in integrated

aquaculture systems in accordance with

• EU regulation 178/2002 „food law & safety“

• EU regulation 183/2005 „feed hygiene“

• EU regulation 767/2009 „placing on the market and use of feed“

• EU regulation 68/2013 „catalogue of feed materials“

is (theoretically) only possible with substantial administrative

effort.

Thanks to the

• Aquaculture & Sea-Ranching teamat Rostock University

• Mariculture Working Groupat Institute for Marine Sciences in Kiel

• Department Marine Aquacultureat the Institute for Marine Resourcesin Bremerhaven

and (of course) your attention

Contact details:

University of Rostock (UROS)

Facultuy of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

Department Aquaculture & Sea-Ranching

Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6

18059 Rostock

Germany

Dr. Adrian Bischoff-Lang

[email protected]

Phone: +49-381-498 3738

mailto:[email protected]

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