A SURVEY OF COMMONLY USED PLANTS IN BARAHAT ...

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A SURVEY OF COMMONLY USED PLANTS IN BARAHAT

RANGE OF UTTARAKHAND

Dr. Amit Sharma*1 , Dr. Rahul Kumar Singh*2

*1MD Scholar Ayurveda Dravyaguna Himalayiya Ayurvedic Pg Medical College And Hospital

Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

*2Associate Professor Department Of Dravyaguna Himalayiya Ayurvedic Medical College And

Hospital Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

ABSTRACT

A medicinal study under the title “A Survey of Commonly Used Plants in Barahat Range of Uttarakhand”.

Uttarakhand is enriched with a rich wealth of Medicinal Plants. Uttarakhand is a hill state situated in the

Himalayan Region.. Due to its good climate and unique geographical area it has great diversity of

medicinal plants. Plants play an important role in the life of tribal people. As most of the tribal people

depends on the plants for food as well as medicine. Many Researches on different plants shows that

plants are very effective in many diseases. Where there is not availability of healthcare system people are

using plants as medicines for different ailments. The uses of different plant species for different disease

like abdominal pain, piles, blood pressure, burning sensation, Sexual disorder, skin disorder with

botanical description by local dwellers of Barahat range of Uttarkashi. The people living in this area

especially tribal people uses these plants as medicine for health issues and they believe that these are less

expensive and easily available and have less side effect as compare to modern medicine.

Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Rural people, Piles, Skin Disorder, Burning Sensation, Plant Species.

I. INTRODUCTION

Dravyaguna is the complete science of medicinal plants. It includes pharmacognosy, pharmacology and

therapeutical forms to get with maximum therapeutic effects. Among the Samhita Granthas(treatises),

Dravyagunais not classified under the eight branches of Ayurveda. However in Chikitsa Chatushpada,

Dravya stated next to the physician in importance, since it is the medium of treatment. Therefore it is

apparent that the Acharyas never ignored Dravya Guna, in fact, they considered Dravyaguna as a part of

therapeutics. First of all Raj Nigahantu placed the Dravyaguna in Astang Ayurveda and mentioned the

importance of Nighantus. Further Acharya Charaka (C.S.Su.1/121)4, Acharya Sushruta (S.S.Su.36/10)5

and Dhanwantri Nighantu (D.N.1/6)6 also stated that the Cowherds, Shepherds, Hermits, Ethnic

communities and who are residing in close proximity of forest are best conversant persons to recognize

about the uses of plants. There are immense scopes to make use of such valuable facts of medicinal plants

gathered in field appraisal among the tribal or forest dwellers for introduction in any system of medicine.

Uttarakhand have great wealth of plants. Plants play an important role in healthcare. Tribal people in

Uttarakhand live away from the urban area so cannot avail modern health care facility. So tribal people

are mostly depends on the plants for food as well medicine. Ssurvey was done in Barahat Range of

uttarakhand to know about the plants used by the tribal people in different ailments.

Plants specimens were collected to prepare herbarium sheet.. Survey was conducted to tap information

about commonly used plants by the local and tribal people. Information about plants and their uses was

gathered.

As uttarakhand have a Great plant diversity most of the people were using plants as food as well as

medicine due to very far distance from the urban area. The tribal people they believe that these are less

expensive as well as effective as comparison to modern medicine.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A survey of Commonly Used plants in Barahat Range of Uttarakashi of Uttarakhand was conducted with

the help of supervisor and Co-supervisor during the period of November 2017 to February 2020 with a



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view to study the medicinal importance of plant species of this area and to record the fork wisdom of the

natives. The study area was of 349.70 hectare. Frequent field trips in and around the study area were

under taken in order to survey the inhabiting area of the local people to collect plant specimens together

with pertinent information in context to medicinal practice.

The local peoples were also requested to accompany the scholar for on spot identification of plants in the

forest and collection of plants specimens for herbarium preparation. Plants were photographed and

specimens were collected, numbered, documented, prepared herbarium following usual methods of

herbarium preparation and preserved. Collected plant specimens were preliminarily identified by

Supervisor, Co-supervisor and regional flora and verified BSI.

Two basic approaches were carried out to study the traditional knowledge. The first approach, which was

called ‘Inventory’ include surveying of study area, collection of plant specimens and the second approach

which is called ‘interview’ involves asking questionnaire about the uses of plants by the local dwellers in

Barahat Range of Uttarakashi of Uttarakhand. The collected specimen of plant species were shown to the

local peoples and asked for their knowledge about the plants.

Questionnaire was planned to collect information on the local Name of the plants, medicinal uses, part

used, method of preparation of medicine. As most of the traditional healers were illiterate, structural

interviews were conducted using a series of predetermined questions. The data collected was based on

firsthand information.

Traditional information about plants and their medicinal uses was gathered by using semi structured and

close ended questionnaire containing questions such as :-

1. Do you know this plant, if yes then what is the Name of this plant?

2. What is the use of this plant?

3. Which part of this plant do you use as medicine for ailments?

4. How do you use this plant as vegetable or medicine and for which ailments?

5. How do you prepare medicine and in which dose you use this medicine for ailments?

6. Do you collect this plant part for your personal use or for selling them to pharmaceutical companies?

The methods are employed during the study was information on the commonly used plants near to

Barahat Range. The Present study was undertaken to explore the uses of plants and to enrich the

Ayurvedic system of medicine. Total 90 plant specimens were collected and the native have described

their medicinal uses.

The catalogue of plants included in the current study is not extensive and more plants can be added after

scrupulous studies. All possible attempts had been made to carry out the work in a widespread way, but it

is fairly possible that some information might be left behind due to limitation of time and space.

III. SURVEY STUDY AND RESULT

There are 90 plants were recorded in my survey in selected area of Barahat Range and a list is given

below of 46 plants identified from BSI. The present study was an attempt to document knowledge of the

local peoples residing near survey study area.

List of plants identified by BSI –

During the present study 46 plant species were reported by the local informers and used by them for

their primary health care. Out of 46 Plant species belongs to 30 families.

SR. NO. FAMILY SPECIES IN

NUMBER’S

1 Leguminaceae 07 Species

2 Solanaceae 04 Species

3 Lamiaceae 03 Species



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4 Apocynaceae 03 Species

5 Malvaceae 03 Species

6 Moreaceae 02 Species

7 Annonaceae 01 Species

8 Apiaceae 01 Species

9 Cyperaceae 01 Species

10 Cucurbetaceae 01 Species

11 Plumbaginaceae 01 Species

12 Lytheraceae 01 Species

13 Zinziberaceae 01 Species

14 Capparidaceae 01 Species

15 Elaecarpaceae 01 Species

16 Asteraceae 01 Species

17 Euphorbiaceae 01 Species

18 Ebenaceae 01 Species

19 Rubeaceae 01 Species

20 Smilacaceae 01 Species

21 Santalaceae 01 Species

22 Plumbagenaceae 01 Species

23 Dioscoreace 01 Species

24 Piperaceae 01 Species

25 Menispermaceae 01 Species

26 Nyctaginaceae 01 Species

27 Calophyllanceae 01 Species

28 Berberidaceae 01 Species

29 Acanthaceae 01 Species

30 Oleaceae 01 Species



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Analysis of data according to habit shows that 14 species were Trees, 13 species were Shrubs, 12 species

were Herbs and 07 species were climbers.

Table no.-1: Distribution of plants used according to habit –

Sr No Habit Total Number Percentage

1 Trees 14 30.43%

2 Shrubs 13 28.26%

3 Herbs 12 26.08%

4 Climbers 07 15.21%

Plants part used in Medicine –

It revealed that Root of 17 Plants, Seeds of 09 Plants, Bark and Bark Root of 08 plants, Fruits of 09 plants,

flowers of 02 plants, Leaf of 07 species, whole plant of 09 species, Tubers of 02 plants species, Satva of 01

species, Oil of 02 Plants, stamen of 01 plant, Heart wood of 02 plants were being used by local dwellers to

TOTAL COMMANLY USED PLANTS IN SURVEY AND APPROVED BY BSI

TOTAL PLANTS 90

MEDICINAL PLANTS 46

NON MEDICINAL PLANTS 44

MEDICINAL PLANTS WITHREFERENCE 46

MEDICINAL PLANTSWITHOUT REFERENCE 0

DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO HABIT

TREES 14

SHRUB 13

HERBS 12

CLIMBERS 07



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treat their health problems, Out of the various parts used as native medicine, Roots were the most widely

used part observed during the study.

S.No Bionomial Name Habit Part Used

1 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. Tree Satva

2 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Climber Tuber

3 Withania Somnifera Linn. Herb Root

4 Nyctanthes arbotristis Linn Tree Leaf and Bark

5 Gmelina arborea Linn Tree Root and Fruits

6 Mesua ferrea Linn Tree Stamen

7 Berberis aristata D.C. Tree Root, Stem and Fruits

8 Nerium indicum Mill. Shrub Root and Root bark

9 Cinnamomum tamala Nees. Tree Leaf, bark and Oil

10 Annona squamosal Shrub Whole Plant, Leaf and

Fruits

11 Gynandropsis gynandra Linn. Herb Root

12 Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. Tree Heartwood

13 Putranjiva roxurghii Wall Tree Seed and Leaf

14 Diospyros peregrine Gurke. Tree Bark, Fruits and Seeds

15 Sida rhombifolia Linn. Shrub Root and Seed

16 Randia spinosa poir. Shrub Fruits

17 Andrographis paniculata Nees. Herb Whole Plant

18 Casia tora Linn. Small Shrub Seed and Leaf

19 Elaecarpus ganitrus Roxb. Tree Fruits

20 Ocimum sanctum Linn. Herb Leaf, Flower, Seed, and

Root

21 Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. Shrub Root

22 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurtz Shrub Root

23 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierree Tree Bark, Leaf and Seeds

24 Smilax china Linn. Climber Root

25 Centalla asiatica Linn. Herb Whole Plant

26 Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Herb Root Bark

27 Cyperus scariosus Linn. Herb Tuber

28 Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Shrub Root

29 Vernonia cinerea Less. Herb Root

30 Phaseolus trilobus Ait. Herb Root and Whole Plant



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31 Sida cardifolia Linn. Shrub Root and Seed

32 Desmodium gangaticum D.C. Herb Whole Plant

33 Aloe vera Shrub Leaves

34 Piper longum Linn. Climber Root and Fruits

35 Vitex nigundo Linn. Shrub Leaf, Root and Seed

36 Abrus precatorius Linn. Climber Root, Seed and Leaf

37 Solanum surattense Burn. Climber Whole Plant

38 Solanum nigrum L. Herb Whole Plant

39 Cissampelos pareira L. Climber Decoction

40 Ficus carica L. Tree Fruits

41 Boerhavia diffusa L. Herb Whole Plant

42 Morus alba L. Tree Fruits

43 Coccinia indica Wight & Arn. Climber Fruits

44 Solanum virginianum L. Shrub Decoction

45 Bauhinia variegata L. Tree Bark and Fruits

46 Sida acuta Burn. f. Shrub Whole plant and Root

Table No-2: Distribution According to plants part used –

Sr No Plants part Total Number Percentage

1 Root 17 24.63 %

2 Seed 09 13.04 %

3 Fruit 09 13.04 %

4 Whole Plant 09 13.04 %

5 Bark & Root Bark 08 11.59 %

6 Leaf 07 10.14 %

7 Heart wood 02 02.89 %

8 Tuber 02 02.89 %

9 Oil 02 02.89 %

10 Flower 02 02.89 %

11 Stamen 01 01.44 %

12 Satva 01 01.44 %



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Preparations Used in Ayurvedic Medicine –

The Study reveals that most medicines were prepared by fresh material as fresh herbs were available on

the doorstep throughout the year. Dried plant materials were mostly powered medicines. Total 63

preparations used for curing different people. Out of total 63 preparations powder was prepared in 27

preparations followed by Decoction in 16 preparations, Juice in 14 preparation, Oils 02 preparations, Hot

infusion 01 preparation, Paste 01 preparation, Fruits are 04 preparations and Satva 01 preparation.

Observation of Medicinal practices shows that different therapeutic preparations being Used by the local

dwellers/healers as similar to Ayurveda are as follows:-

Sr. No. Binomial Name Preparation

1 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. Satva

2 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Powder

3 Withania Somnifera Linn. Powder

4 Nyctanthes arbotristis Linn Powder and Juice

5 Gmelina arborea Linn Decoction

6 Mesua ferrea Linn Powder

7 Berberis aristata D.C. Decoction, Satva and Fruits

8 Nerium indicum Mill. Powder

9 Cinnamomum tamala Nees. Powder and Oil

10 Annona squamosal Fruits

11 Gynandropsis gynandra Linn. Powder and Juice

12 Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. Powder

13 Putranjiva roxurghii Wall Powder and Juice

DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO PLANTS PART USED

Root 17

Seed 09

Fruit 09

Whole Plant 09

Bark & Root Bark 08

Leaf 07

Heart wood 02

Tuber 02

Oil 02

Flower 02

Stamen 01

Satva 01



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14 Diospyros peregrine Gurke. Decoction, Powder and Oil

15 Sida rhombifolia Linn. Powder and Juice

16 Randia spinosa poir. Powder

17 Andrographis paniculata Nees. Powder, Decoction and Juice

18 Casia tora Linn. Powder and Juice

19 Elaecarpus ganitrus Roxb. Powder

20 Ocimum sanctum Linn. Decoction and Juice

21 Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. Hot infusion and Paste

22 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurtz Powder and Juice

23 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierree Powder and Juice

24 Smilax china Linn. Powder and Decoction

25 Centalla asiatica Linn. Juice

26 Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Powder

27 Cyperus scariosus Linn. Powder and Decoction

28 Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Powder

29 Vernonia cinerea Less. Juice and Decoction

30 Phaseolus trilobus Ait. Decoction

31 Sida cardifolia Linn. Powder and Juice

32 Desmodium gangaticum D.C. Decoction

33 Aloe vera Leaf and Juice

34 Piper longum Linn. Powder

35 Vitex nigundo Linn. Powder and Juice

36 Abrus precatorius Linn. Powder

37 Solanum surattense Burn. Decoction

38 Solanum nigrum L. Juice and Decoction

39 Cissampelos pareira L. Decoction

40 Ficus carica L. Fruits

41 Boerhavia diffusa L. Powder and Juice

42 Morus alba L. Powder

43 Coccinia indica Wight & Arn. Fruits

44 Solanum virginianum L. Decoction

45 Bauhinia variegata L. Powder and Decoction

46 Sida acuta Burn. f. Decoction



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Table No 3 – Different Preparation Used by local People –

Sr No Preparation Total Number Percentage

1 Powder (Churna) 27 40.90 %

2 Decoction (Kwath) 16 24.24 %

3 Juice (Swarasa) 14 21.21 %

4 Fruits 04 06.06 %

5 Oil (Taila) 02 03.03 %

6 Satva 01 01.51 %

7 Paste 01 01.51 %

8 Hot Infusion 01 01.51 %

Routes of administration used by local People as a Medicine –

Out Of Total 63 Therapeutic preparations 81% were administrated internally and 19% externally. The

study showed that the choice of administration of medicine was oral followed by application to the skin..

All the preparations were used as single drug therapy. Water is used as universal after drink but in some

cases cow milk was reported to be used or after administration of drugs. Neem bark paste, Pitpapra paste,

cow milk were reported as base for application of medicine on skin. It is reported that dose response

differs from person to person and age to age and also for same person from time to time, So it cannot be

fixed for everyone.

Different Preparation Used by local People

Powder (Churna) 27(40.90 %)

Decoction (Kwath) 16 (24.24 %)

Juice (Swarasa) 14 (21.21 %)

Fruits 4 (6.06 %)

Oil (Taila) 2 (3.03 %)

Satva 1 (1.51 %)

Paste 1 (1.51 %)

Hot Infusion 1 (1.51 %)



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Table No-4: Distribution according to application of drugs –

SR No Application Total Number Percentage

1 Internal Use 51 81 %

2 External Use 12 19 %

Table No-5: Plants Indicated to treat different disease

Total No. Of 46 Plants were collected in Barahat Range of Uttarakashi which were used in 45 diseases.

Skin Diseases are maximum in this region because of pollution and weak immunity of the local people

living in this region.

Sr No Binomial Name Disease Used

1 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. Cardiac Disease

2 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Sexual Disease and Balya

3 Withania Somnifera Linn. Sexual Disorder

4 Nyctanthes arbotristis Linn Grahadshi

5 Gmelina arborea Linn Anti inflammatory

6 Mesua ferrea Linn Rakta Stambhak

7 Berberis aristata D.C. Diabetes And Jaundice

8 Nerium indicum Mill. Udar Roga

9 Cinnamomum tamala Nees. Aruchi and Tuberculosis

10 Annona squamosal Balya

11 Gynandropsis gynandra Linn. Ajirna and Abdominal Pain

Distribution according to application of drugs

Internal Use 51 (81%)

External Use 12 (19%)



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12 Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. Burning Sensation

13 Putranjiva roxurghii Wall Vrishya

14 Diospyros peregrine Gurke. Abdominal Pain

15 Sida rhombifolia Linn. Pain and Balya

16 Randia spinosa poir. Emetic

17 Andrographis paniculata Nees. Liver Disease

18 Casia tora Linn. Skin Disease

19 Elaecarpus ganitrus Roxb. Blood Pressure

20 Ocimum sanctum Linn. Fever and Cough

21 Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. Joint Pain

22 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurtz Skin disease, Atisara

23 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierree Skin Disease

24 Smilax china Linn. Cardiac Disease

25 Centalla asiatica Linn. Medhya

26 Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Skin Disease, Chronic

Rheumatoid

27 Cyperus scariosus Linn. Medhya

28 Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Blood Pressure

29 Vernonia cinerea Less. Fever and Skin Disease

30 Phaseolus trilobus Ait. Piles

31 Sida cardifolia Linn. Balya and Pain

32 Desmodium gangaticum D.C. Joint Pain and Diuretic

33 Aloe vera Skin Disease and Daha

34 Piper longum Linn. Medhya and Immunity

35 Vitex nigundo Linn. Pain

36 Abrus precatorius Linn. Skin Disease

37 Solanum surattense Burn. Balya

38 Solanum nigrum L. Cough and Cold

39 Cissampelos pareira L. Anti-Malarial Fever

40 Ficus carica L. Sore Throat, Cough

41 Boerhavia diffusa L. Anti-Diabetic, Diuretic

42 Morus alba L. Anti – Bacterial, Anti –

Spasmodic, Diuretic

43 Coccinia indica Wight & Arn. Fever and Jaundice



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44 Solanum virginianum L. Treatment for Asthma

45 Bauhinia variegata L. Anthelmintic Astringent

46 Sida acuta Burn. f. Renal Disease

Table No-6: Surveyed Commonly Used Plants with Sanskrit Name, Hindi Name indicated to treat

different disease –

Sanskrit Name Hindi Name Uses

Karpur Kapur Cardiac Disease

Varahikanda Varahikanda Sexual Disease and Balya

Ashwgandha Ashgandh Sexual Disorder

Parijata Harsingar Grahadshi

Gambhari Gambhar Anti Inflammatory

Nagkeshar Peela Nagkeshar Rakta Stambhak

Karveer Kaner Udar Roga

Tejpatra Tejpatta Aruchi and Tuberculosis

Sitaphala Sarifa Balya

Garbhakara Jiyapota Vrishya

Tinduka Tinduka Abdominal Pain

Mahabala Mahabala Pain and Balya

Madan Phala Madan Emetic

Bhunimba Kalmegha Liver Disease

Chakaramarda Chakvada Skin Disease

Rudraksha Rudraksha Blood Pressure

Tulsi Tulsi Cold and Cough

Sariva Anantmoola Joint Pain

Agnijwala, Dhatki Dhaya Skin Disease, Atisara

Karanja Dhitori Sariva Skin Disease

Dweepantar Vacha Chop Chini Cardiac Disease

Mandukaparni Brahmi Medhya

Chitraka Cheeta Skin Disease, Chronic Rheumatoid

Mustaka Motha Medhya

Sarpagandha Dhavalvitap Blood Pressure

Sahdevi Sahdei Fever and Skin Disease

Mudakaparni Mugvana Piles

Bala Bariyar Balya and Pain



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Salaparni Sarivan Joint Pain and Diuretic

Pippli Peepal Medhya and Immunity

Nirgundi Samhalu Pain

Gunja Ratti Skin Disease

Kantkari Chhoti Kateri Balya

Makoi Makoi Cough and Cold

Patha Pada Anti-Malarial Fever

Anjeer Anjeer Sore Throat Cough

Punarnava Satha Anti- Diabetic, Diuretic

Shahtut Shahtut Anti-Bacterial, Anti Spasmodic,

Diuretic

Bimbika Kundu Fever and Jaundice

Kantakari Kateli Treatment for Asthma

Chameri Kanchnar Anthelmintic Astringent

Bala Bala Renal Disease

Basinga Vasa Cough and Cold

Bel BIlva Fever and Cold, Abdominal Pain

Pyaz Palandu Blood Pressure and Epilepsy

Rasone Lahsun Arthritis and Joints Pain

Sarso Sarshaon Prevent Cold, Joints Pain, Jaundice

Bhanga Bhang Bronchitis, Impotency and Asthma

Khadir Khair Urine Problem and Dysentry

Aloe Vera Ghrit Kumari Skin and Abdominal Problem

Dhatur Jahar Suchi In Injury as Pain Killer

Jambu Jamun For Abdominal Problem

Amalki Amla Eye Disease, Immunity

Pitpapra Varatika, Sukshmapatra Skin disease

Shatavar Shatavari Immunity

Sugandh Vastuka Bathua For worms

Arka Ksirparna, Mandara In Inigestion

Atasi Alsi For Strength

Murva Maruvaka, Jangli Tulsi Indigestion

Dadima Darim Anti – Microbian

Eranda Eranda Internal Injury, Constipation



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Nimbu Nimbu Relieve from Vomiting

Doob Durva Dysentry, Epistasis, Anemia

Pudina Mathana Dehydration, Vomiting

Moolika Muli Pimples, Indigestion

Methika Methi Obesity, Indigestion and joints pain

Gokshur Gokhru Diuretic

Karanji Chirbil Abdominal Pain

Giloy Guduchi Fever, bodyache

Haritki Harad Abdominal Pain

Ashatha Peepal Skin Disease, Wound

Arjun Arjun Heart Disease, Immunity

Kampilak Kabila Skin Disease

Amaltas Dhan baheda Skin Disease

IV. CONCLUSION

On the basis of the study entitled "A SURVEY OF COMMONLY USED PLANTS IN BARAHAT RANGE OF

UTTARAKHAND" following conclusions are reached:-

During the field visit around 90 plants were identified.

Among these 46 plants were identified through BSI also.

All the identified 90 plants are used in Ayurveda, most of them used by local people as well.

Bhimal, Bhandir, Jambu, Tulsi, Triphala, Vasa, Badar etc. are the commonly used plants by the local

people.

Among the 46 plants identified by BSI, 20 species were Tree, 14 species were Shrubs, 07 species were

Herbs and 05 were Climbers in collected species.

Total of 45 disorders treated by 63 therapeutic formulations.

A total of 12 plants part used in therapeutics out of which root was the most widely used part.

Fresh herbs are most popularly used by the local peoples.

Cow milk was reported to be used as Anupana along with water for better pharmacodynamics of

consumed drugs.

Neem bark paste, Pitpapra paste, cow milk were reported as base for application of medicine on skin.

This original and significant work will be a contribution to Ayurvedic system of medicine. This work

will provide guide lines and information for further survey studies in this area.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My heartfelt thanks to my teachers, friends and family members for the support and co-operation, I

received from them.

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