Loyola University ChicagoLoyola eCommons

Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations

1967

A Concurrent Validity Study with the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament SurveyJames B. HarneyLoyola University Chicago

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Recommended CitationHarney, James B., "A Concurrent Validity Study with the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey" (1967). Master's Theses. Paper2137.http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/2137

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A CONCURRENT VALIDITY STUDY WITH THE

GUILPORD-ZIMMERMAN TEMPERAMENT SURVEY

by

James Harney,O.P.

A thesis Submitted to the Faculty ot tne Graduate Scnool ot Loyola University in Partial Fultillment ot

tne Requirements tor tb.e Degree ot Master ot Arts

January

1967

•

Acknowledgments

I would like to take tnis opportunity to thank

all of toe students who so generously gave

their time as subjeots 1n this study. I wisn

also to thank all of the faculty members at

Loyola who have trained me in the field of

clinical psychology_ I want to espeoially

thank Dr. Frank Kobler, director ot this

thesis, tor being so liberal with his ttme

and thoughtful in his efforts to help tn

the design and execution of this study.

-

Vita

Father James B. Harne,. was born in Chicago

on April 5, 1924. He was eduoated 1n the

Chicago area and received his A.B. in 1949

fram De Paul University. In 19$1 be rec­

eived bis M.A. in philosopby rrom the Univ­

e~8ity or Toronto. He entered tbe Dominican

Order in 1953 and was ordained in 19$8. In

19$9 he reoeived the Lectorate in Theology.

He was awarded the Lilly Fellowship in 1962

and worked in the field of psychology and

religion at the University of Illinois. In

1963 he reeieved an A.B. degree in psyohology

at the University of Montreal.

---

Table ot Contents

Chapter Page

1

2

4.

$.

Purpose ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1

ReTiew or the Literature •••••••••••••••••••••• 4 A. ETaluations of the Survey................. 5 B. Literature relating to validity........... 8 o. Literature on selt r.port inventories..... 16 D. Literature on rank1ngs and ratings........ 19

Procedures ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

A. Selection or data: Source and Crit.ria •••• B. The biographical sheet •••••••••••••••••••• C. The Guilrord-Zbunerman Temperament Survey

answ.r sheet ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• D. The ranking ot tactors sheet •••••••••••••• E. T~ ranking ot classmates sheet ••••••••••• F. Statistical procedur.s ••••••••••••••••••••

Results and Di.cus.ion ••••••••••••••••••••••••

A. Biographical results •••••••••••••••••••••• B. Ranking or ractors results •••••••••••••••• C. Ranking of classmat.s r.sults ••••••••••••• D. R.sults obtained trom the Surv.y •••••••••• E. High and low approval data •••••••••••••••• F. Clinical int.rpr.tation or r.sults ••••••••

S~ry and Conclusion ••••••••••••••••••••••••

2.$

2.$ 26

~~ 30 31

3.$

~i '1 .$2 .$8

62

R.ter.nc.s and bibliography................... 6.$

Appendices.................................... 69

Table

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

List ot Tables

Ranking ot ten temperament traits by seven groups •••

Correlation matrix between seven groups on ten t.mp.rament traits •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Ranking ot students distributed iDs.ven groups by seventy three independent judges •••••••••••••••••••

D1stribution of scores on ten taotors tor ninety five subjeots ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Three esttmat.s of rel1ability on t.n temp.rament tactors by the split halt m.thod •••••••••••••••••••

Heans and standard deviations of trait soor.s •••••••

Correlations b.tw •• n half end total scor.s ••••••••••

Interoorrelations ot total soores between ten t.mp.rament traits •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Int.r.orrelations of tirst and s.cond halt soores •••

Page

36

38

39

43 ~

4$

48 49

10. InteroorrelatioDs ot tirst halt with tirst halt soores............................................. 50

11. Int.roorr.lations ot s.cond helf scores with second halt soor.s •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• $1

12. Comparisons between ninety three subjects divided into a high and low approval group •••••••••••••• ·••• 55

13. Results on three falsifioation soales tor h1gh and low approval groups •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 57

14. Rank ord.r ot factors and t ratio magnitud.s tor ten temperament traits ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64

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Obapt.r 1

Purpo ••

The purpo •• ot this tbe.i. 1. to iny •• tisat. te.peramental

oharaoteristies witbin a eosmmmi t,. ot Nlillou. men. A re.iew

ot tbe literature indioat •• tbat very little infor.atlon i.

pre •• ntl,. a.ailable. Tbe a.ailable information wa. tound

inoomplete in tbe senae that suob. basic statS.atics a. raw acore

.. ans, standard deviations, .taDdard errors ot obtatoed scores

and .. an., standard errors ot .. an difterences, .plit balt

reliabilitles and intereorrelatlon ooetflcients were alS8ina.

The ab.ence ot such intor.mation preyent. ..anlD1tul oempar18ons

both b.twe.n and vith1npoupa. 'I'b.e 1nolualon ot 8uo11 data

ln thi_ investi,atlon wa. on ... jor purpo •••

A •• oond _jor purpo •• vas tbe a.naptlon ,bat vltb.1n th.

are. of personality, temperamental oharaoteriatioa pla,. a

oruoial role in detera1n1n& how one ls j_4.e4 aa an aooeptable )

member in oOllllW'lity lite. A r.liaiou. oOJIIIUDit7 i. a unique

soo1et,. in havina lta own ap80ial 80a18, .. ans to tho.e S0818,

valu88 and nl •• ot oonduct. It w.a a88tu18d that .... r8 re­

oelvtDs the hiSbe.t dearee ot oommunity approval oould be d1s­

tinlUi8bed tpa. thoae receivina lov commun1t,. approyal on the

basis ot ditt.rences 1D temperamental tactors.

The third _jor purpose ot this in.esti,at1on w •• to dia­

cov.r preolsel,. tbe relative tmportanoe ot eaob ot tbe t.n

temperament tactors investigated 89 they apply to tbe lite

-2.

ot • r.ligious communit,.. It vas assumed that commonness ot

means, goals and valu •• would be r.tlected b7 tbe degree ot

Bgr .... nt reach.d ana retlected in raDk1ng ot tbe ten te.p.ramen

tactors studied. By d.terminlng whicb ot tbe tactor. are most

important to the onwunlty a more meanlqtul anal,.sl. and in­

terpretation ot an individual record should result. This t7P8

ot intorEatlon Is valuable tor betn personallt,. ........ nt .nd

individual coun •• lina.

Lastl,., this lDYe.tl,atlon atudled tbe ette.tsresultlq

when community members were aak.d to rate .aob other in tbe ar ••

ot tempera .. nt. It w •• a.sUBI8d that if provld.d with. COllaOJl

and ole.rl,. speolfl.d detlnition ot te~rament, tbe d •• ree ot

.SP .... nt in ranklDg each oth.r would exce.d tbe chenoe l.vel.

Such .gr .... nt proTide. evidence tbat oonatant, ratber tban

random, r.ctors are operating. This study demonstrated that

to acbie.e CODsensus ot .gr .... nt it Is nec ••• apy to specify

clearl,. tbe criteria required in makiDS tbe Judsment.

In ••• enoe, this stud,. was undertaken to provide intor-

.. tlon in anew.r to tbe que.tions: (.).an tbe Gul1ford­

Z1mmerman Temperament Surve,. dl&Or~lnat. betw.en • blah and

low .ppro .... l croup'; (b) .an _Jabers ot a N11&10u8 oOllllWllty

alsnlrloantly asree 1n ranktna ten t.~ra .. nt taotora in tbair

order ot laportanoe to oommunlt,. 11t.,; (0) oan members ot a

rel1s1ous o~lt7 81snltloantly .sr •• in rank1n& eaon other

In the area ot teaperament'1

-The expertmental hypothese. are formally stated 8S follows:

Hypothesis 1: When giYen speeitio oriteria by which to judge, the degree of oonoordance in ranking ten temper­a .. nt traits in their order of tmportance to the religious lite will exceed a chance level.

Hypothesis 2: When applying a Slobal definition of temperament to clas ... tes, a group will reach a dearee or conoordance beyond the chance level.

H1Pothe.is 3: Scores on the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey can successfully discr1mlaate between a high and low approya1 group.

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Chapter 2

R.view ot the Literature

41

Sinoe its introduction in 1949, the present torm ot the

Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey(beno.torth to be reterred

to as the GZTS) has been extensively used in a variety ot ways.

The sixth edition ot Buras lists 173 reterenoes. The present

torm ot the GZTS is a result ot tbe work ot J.P.Guilford

between 1930 and 1948. Its oonstruction relied mainly on a

faotor analytic approaoh to the components at temperament.

The GZTS manual(1949) states tbat tbe present items and tac­

tors are a distillation from four previous inventories: The

lebraska Personality Inventory; The Guiltord-Martin Personnel

Inventory I; The Guiltord-Martin Inventory ot Faotors G,A,M,I,I;

and The Inventory ot Faotors 8,T,D,C,R.

Guiltord began his early work by considering tbe concepts

ot extraversion and introversion(1930). He felt that the

technique ot Spearmen, in searching tor general,group and

specific factors, might well be utilized in investigating

personality traits. In 1934, Guiltord published his early

studie. lusing tactor analytic methods. Results indicated that

a number ot tactors were required to account for thecorrel­

ation obtained. Guilford(19)6) tentatively identified the.

as sooial introversion-extraversion; emotional sensitivity;

tmpulsivitYJ and self-inter.st. As tactor analytic techniques

>

taproved, he deoided to reexamine his data and concluded tbat

there vere tive independent di.ensions ot personality. With

t1me various factors were identitied and combined into the

early inventories. The GZTS vas aotivated by intercorrelational

studied with tbe earlier inventories, the results 1ndicating

tbat an overall consolodation waa both possible and practical.

Seleotion and veightng of tbe GZTS ite •• vas aocomplished

by item internal-oonsistency analysis whioh y1elded ten priRary

tactora. The manual reports spllt-balt reliabllltle. rancing

between .75 and .87. The .tandard error of obtained scores

ranged between 2.2 and 2.6. Thus, using twloe the estimated

atandard error, its expected tbat any obtained soore will not

ditter b,. more tban 1"ive points trom tbe tl'Ue soore. In

Guilford's oplnian, the intercorrelations, Which range trom

.01 to .69, are "gratifyingly lov,n the highest atl11 acoount­

ing for less than half the variance ot the other. Guilford's

ooncluslon is tnis presents good evidence for the unique con­

tribution made b,. .ach tactor to traits identified wlth te.­

pera .. nt.

Evaluations ot the GZTS

Csttell(1950),in referring to the two earlier inventories

generating the GZTS, valued Guiltord's work as outstanding tor

its technical skill end thoroughness. Stephenaon(in Buros,1(49)

Is also favourable but ralsed two methodological Issues that

pi

6

focused upon tbe relative orthoganility of tne factors. He

noted tbat given ten uncorrelated traits, if each is used to

indioate only two values(e.g_ above or below tne mean) for eacn

trait, 1,024 temperament classifications are possible. While

tnis may please those believing in temperament's uniqueness,

it displeases those believIng it to b~ less complex. While

Stephenson-s observation is statistically valid, it doesn't

appear to credit the possibility ot 8 pattern analYSis approach

being employed as is usually the case. Being a pure statistical

conclusion also ignores valuable information resulting trom

e qualitative analysis possible tor both individual and group

records. It would appear illogical to hold tbat combining

any siven pair will yield equally valuable information about

personality. Stephenson's seoond .ethodo1osical issue states

tbat, given the premi.e of ten uncorrelated traits, there

must be on the whole, an equal number ot persons tor each ot

the 1,024 possibilities. Thus, with 2,0~8 oolle,e students,

one would expeot two people in eaoh combination. Once again,

while statistically true tbe intereorrelations published by

Guilford make quite clear tbat the ten tactors are not absolut­

ely but only relatively orthogonal •

• ail Van Staenberg(in Bures, 1949) In his evaluation

notes tbat the means and standard deviations tor both sexes

are substantially the same, the exception being the expected

bimodal distribution in the masou1inity taotor. a. judges

p

7

the intercorrelations as "generally small" enough to allow

"us to accept the existence ot ten separete dim8nsions." One

quest1.on raised relates to the number of Guasti.on mark type

answer pepmissible in the GZTS. Steenberg notes the ~nu81's

statement that more than three question marks per factor may

make the total score suspect. He reports that when a number

(unspecified) of psychologists took the GZTS, they averaged

more than three per ractor. Another question raised reters

to the manualts opinion that a record is suspect when eight

or nine scores are above the median value. This, he felt,

would be true it the traits were truly independent. However,

there is ample evidence indicating that fevourable traits are

positively correlated and this belter or Guilford requires

experimental evidenoe to verify it.

David Saunders(in Buros, 19$9) in his review concludes

that the GZTS may be judged useful in two respects: for individ­

ual evaluation end 1n personality research. He contends that

the fDrmer purpose should require rellabll1ties of .80 or more

end that in its present form, the GZTS seems best used tor

research purposes. Here it is possible to acoept coetticientc

in the order of .,0 or above since one may hope ot eventually

attaining an improved correlation eoettioient. Guilford(I~6)

bas stated tbattests with reliabilIty coefficIents "as low as

.35 have been found useful when utilized in batterIes with

other tests." Saunder concludes that tor practical applioation

>

8

with individuals. concentration should tocus on chengee h.elping

to raise rellabl1itles, even it overall longth should result.

Literature Relating to Ve.lidity

The GZTS manual(1949) states that the internal or tactorial

validity of scores is fairly well assured by its foundation

in factor analysis investigations. In addItion, this assuraDce

rests on the successive item-analyses which we~e directed to­

ward internal consistency and quniqueness ot factors. The

overall conclusion of Guilford is that what each seore measures

appears to be fairly well defined end represents 9 confirmed

dt.enaion of personality. The manual indicates that evldenoe.

of its practical validity have accumulated but most of them

apparently rerer to the earlier inventories. Guilford states

that the evidence obtained by the earlier inventories "can be

applied with confidence to the scores on the present Survey

(1949)." It is most unfortunate that the specIfic ~terences

were not included in the .anual's bibliography_ One notable

defeot in the GZTS manual is the lack of bibliographical infor­

mation of almost any sort. It states, but does not dooument,

that the most impressive validity data were found in using the

inventories with supervisory and administrative personnel.

Keys and his essoclates(19S0) have provided indirect evid­

enoe of validity trom tne ettects ot semi-starvation diets on

.en. Their well designed expertment indicated that the GZTS

pi

9

scores reflected cnanges 1n temperament. These changes appeared

on factors reflecting depression and nervousness, sociability,

emotional stability, asoendancy, confidence and general activity.

The study 1s of particular value in indicating tne ettects ot

temporary states on temperament since the starvation condition

extended for only ~ days. It also indicates that the physical

state and organic cllsnges .'('feot notable cb.anges on GZ1IS per­

formance. This would appear to be an important censidepation

to bear tn mind in any individual evaluation us1ng tbe survey-

A.ft. Baggaley(1963) studied male college students who

were differentiated on tbe basis of race(jewiah va. sentile)

and concluded tbatthe factor ot race is unimportant in tem­

perament.. Thi. conolusion appears to be in need of aore qual­

ification however 'sinoe no oontrols over ethnio purity were

reported. Furthermore, jewish and Ientile subjects would app­

ear to be BOre a matter ot religious affiliation than raoial

ractors. Bagsaley's diohotomJ apparently inters that the

genetic differenoes do not 1nfluence temperament oharacteristics

but his tnYestigations would not support this conclusion since

genetio .ariable. were not oontrolled.

A.V. Bendig's vell deslgaed exper1ment(1960) investigated

both tbe factor orlanizatlon of the GZTS and tbe etteets ot

ase on the Yariou. traits. Four group. or 100 subjects each,

separated by ten year tntervals, ranged fro. 20 to 60 years.

His general oonolusions were that the ten raotors showed

.. 10

81gnltloantly and linearly related aDanges. neer ••• e tft soor ••

with tno .. aa8 1n ase appeared on tactor. rel.'ina to seneral

.otl.t'7, •••• ndaaoy, a.oiabtltty and ... oul1nlty. !u. ot •• r

soa1es abowe. an tnltlal ID8P8ase, t~n • d •• rea.8 pattern.

!b.18 01'0 ••••• tlonal andy does not lapl,. tWat the _le .ubj"'.

showed pep .... l!',. ebang •• with a,8, but tbat pepaoD811tr

41tteMM.a dla'e4 -111 poups of subjeots 'bom between 1899

and 1928. Whether the tnlt dltte .. nee" reneet a,e eunga.

In ,be ,wbJeot. or dltt ... ne.s In the e.rly 88YiPoumental tn-

tl •• at._ OR pera0D81tv, to~tto. to ohl1dhood •• nnot ••

•• 8e8 •• d tra Bend1&f a abtl,._ 'to .bdyf III ..... 1 •• 11 •• la Its

ol.ap .YideA.. that a., oemparlaon bet.... dltt.rins groups

Ba"t .11~ or e •• trol tor 8se d1tt.P .... 8.

Hurra,. .ad Oalvla' ... popt(19'3) oa oorrelatton.l studiea

It.tve. tbe GZ'fS IU'ld tb. DPI p.e.eat8 tbre. auoh. b.e.tta-tioaa

III pu"l, tbe "8\11ta show, that d •• tCl a.ol'iq }W'ooe4uros

and tnt.", .. 'atloll, s.s' eOJIIHlatlona aile no.atl... ,be UDd ... •

1y1q Hason 1. ,bat a .at.p seo.e 0)1 tlt.. 10171 1n41oato. poor

.4j ..... 11t, vtd.l. tb.e opposlte la tne top tbe GZ'f8. !hi.

,en •• a1 p.tnolpl. 1. 1Jl aeed of qualltl.atlon bow..... alD.O.

tbe (Ism .. maal .t.'e. taat the.e aft ••• era1 ..... ect repe.a-

10na. !bereror. 1n a08t oa.e. t_ opts..1 •• uoe does not ea-

ten4 t. tbe top of t_ aoal. 'but Is a ... wllen b.low this polat.

In .tt •• t, t~. GZTI •• a18. are be.t 91 ... d a. blpolar, tbat le,

SOO"_ at .1tu1' ext ... IDdi •• t. poaall11. usatl •••• 14 ....

11

1D JlI4a1Da p •• 80ul1ty adJ •• taeD.t.

HlIl'ra,. aa4 Galvia'. 1'b_t stud.,. oor .. 1ate4 tile ten GZTS

t •• to.. m4 ,he ntne l4MPI ol1n1oa1 80al... 0: the 90 1»:top-

oOl"Hlatlo •• , 62 .... " ..... tty., 1&1 be1q aipltto .. tl,. 80.

Plny ....... ot ,bAt 90 v ... 81p.111.all' vbea '.atiDa t._ asa1aat

,be _11 b.»"b.e81., It.1 of tu •• at ,be .01 l.yel. 01' .peela1

tntel" •• ' 1. tbAlt GZTI t •• tor. B(aotlou1 atabl111;7) .. 4

O(obJ •• tlyl'.,) •• r.latod at .01 wlta the JOIPI ,.,.ol1otl •

••• 1 •• (1 ••• a., Pa, Ma, D) •• well a. wltu the Pt ••• a1 ••

Ttd8 II ••• ovt4 ..... to •• pport Gul11'0I'd'. 0_'ot1011(191&.9) tbat

ta.' ••• B ... 0 ••• tat .... ttDa ••• 1 •• ot pe.aoullt7, aDd a •

... b., a.. at ,be o,p •• lte pol. ot ..... tt.t... It .hould a1 ••

M aot.d ,bat ,u •• wo taot._ Uy. ,:a. b.1aae8' ",.".4 lat.,­

oorrelttioa ... t1'181 .. t., waloh ta.' .~4 aa.ewba' att ... at.

\be at ..... tb. ot ••• b •• 14..... .. tul"ba. l1a1tatl_ ab.ou14

'a 110'.4 Sa Jtturra,. and GalYSAt ••••• f Bl •• '. aodltle4 tot'll of

the JOIPI. 'lao. t_ It ...... t1 .. v ••• 1 •• O1I1tt.4 lD. a4J".tDa

ttt. • ..,t.'-d ...... • •• tloa stwa14 " 111 •• 4 SA ... riato.117

•••• p' ... _Il •• 1de.... fM ehalqJ •• la.iil.te" 1»7 8t •• -7 -. pre..... t. ..... t_ .at .a a ... 1. ad ••••• ".117 ..

.. ,. be • ..,..tas two ell •• t.ll.. t-teas. ~ a •• ael at1t47 Mat •• 2ItJ. 0011 ........ 4 ...... '!be

It .... 1 ••• "1'. iMid.. 1. • ... rlaa tbe 10 GZft ... 11 OPI

••• l.a. Ot tlle 110 bate.ao"Nl&tl0 •• , 41 ........ ttft. 81&t,. tUM an rep .. , •• alp1t1 ••• t. "7 at .01. !be thiN

....

12

stud7 te.ted 88 0011., ... le volunt.ers in edu •• tional and

tatroduot..,. p.youl • .,. .011,..... K .... lu.. wel'. ino lude4. Th.

10 GZTS .Dd 9 MKPI eltai •• 1 ••• 1 •• had sa of their 90 lnter­

oorrelation ..... tl... ot)2 .1Cftlr~ •• Dt rts, 22 .ere at .01.

!hl. last study i. tmportant in tbat r •• to,.. Band 0 egain

proved to be oon.l., •• t in baytaa 12 of tbelr 16 tntercorre1at.

19n. .1sntloant at .01. The v.lu8 ot tbeS8 investl,atlons

'No.ldbe 1D thea ad41ns oont1l'Jul'loa to personality •• s .... l1t.

!b8 faot •• work with tbe OZTS soales has apparentl7 purified

....... le to an •••• pt.bl. 4e..... 1. saeh, It would appear

tbat it oould •••••• ,.1 adjunot to tbe MMPI or vloe .... r88.

H.V.HeleDD8(1961) 1nv •• t~at.d 300 8011818 wamen on the

relatlon.Kip. Mheen .. 1111ou. attitude. and pepsoDslity

'"It.. 1'11& esperS-atal Q81p and 0111t.pla a" both tHak

•• d .ape lit. .. latlO11 to what tbA CJZTS I.ale •• etually "'UNre.

ot illte ... t, _owe .. r, 1. that th •• an soot-es tor all subgroups

tall vltalB ODe balt staa4aP4 a..latloft tor the nor.. ,roup

.sed b7 GQl1tord. ft ••• lta at.1lar thrc.Shout various studies

118.1Dc tbe GZ!I are oon818, •• t1,. reported 8nd tb.1s 1s especlall1

.0 .... • ... aJ!.~l. ,opalationl 878 te.ted.

Lta4ea .Dd 0180a(19$9) in anotber well d •• 1sDed experiment

• ..,..ed tba 'a7107 Manit •• , Anx1e', Seal& with tactors

B(e.atl ... l .'abll1ty) And O(obJectlylty) of 'he GZTS. Four

baQ~e4 aDd twent7 81abt und •• sraduate 0011 •••• tudent., of

'bot.. 8ue:-., .... " .se4. Tbe,. were ranked acoord1D& to de,p ••

pt

13

ot anxiety into upper~ middle end lower anxiety-leyel groups ••

These served as the crlter~.on. A three factorial ena1ysis

or verianee design investigated anxiety conditlon~, sex end

the inyent0rJ soa1es. Results indicated that low anxIety

subjects We~ more stabl.(rector E) and objectlve(tector 0)

end better in personal reletlons(faetor P) than the nigh

anxiety sUbjeots. A seoond seneral conclusion was that at

the .Os level, the mean d1fterences ot all groups on tactors

E, 0, and P support the 1nt ... enee that they measure 8llXiet7.

This evidence oontributes a valuable new dimensIon in tntep­

pl'et1ng 800rel on these seales and should prove useful in

Indlvldual pel'sonal1t7 assessment. A third conclusion ot

worth is that taototts E and 0 appear to .a'UH tb.e S81M

variable Or y.rlebles that the Taylor 80ales measure.

Anotbez. 1'8SlIlt ot this stu47 vas that factor P and the L

scal. in the MMPI cOPrelated positively. In both ot these

scale. the low anxiety group wez.e signltl •• ntly hlsher in

their aCOHS than the h1&h anxiety ;roup. Linden believes

that this sUllests that those scor1ng hlah on P may b.

att.apttag to rep.esent tbe~81ves in a ~av~able l1ant.

The (JZTS appeal's to be able to claz.lty the function or anxlet7

in individuals who score dltt'orent1l on tb.e MAS. 'rbat is,

while both hiaa and low MAS scoras indicate anxlet7, the

low loorers app81'ent17 retleot an attempt to conoeal this

anxletl. Llnden t • lnv.stla.tlon~ like those z.eviewed on

..

tb. HMPI, provlel •• vid.DO. tbat t •• tor8 B e84 0 ep, ••• to b.

tbe BO.t •••• 1tlv. p ••• oaalit,. •••••• 0 •• in tbe GZTI.

J.oob. eDd lobl.tt(19SS) i.v •• tl,., •• t.-,er .... t t.oto ••

taTol... in .ubJ •• t. .t,..,ttaa to t.k. • 1004 tmp •••• loa. Tbe

.t.el,. ...... ,. tbat -kiDI • 1004 lap ••• ll_ t. IIOr. 010 •• 1,.

•• let •• to tbat _loll t •• tor. A, I, .. el G ••• u. tban tbat

vhto" t.oto» -! putpO.tl '0 ..... e. Tvo tellltl •• tloa ••• 1 ••

v ... oonstnot.4. !be sro •• tal.1tl •• tl_(0") ••• 1., ...

oorrel.'.el vltb tbe IMPI'. L .Dd X ••• 1 •• , w ••• 11D1tl.ant .t

tbe .01 .1 ••• 1. '!'be oonel.tlo11. tor th. n'btl. t.181tl •• tlon

(8P) ••• le w ... Jltcl, •• ".lplt1 ••• '· wt .clt. _11 •• , b.lDs

ot ,be os-ct.. .20, _-,orHot.. to •• t'e_.'loa ill tbe 01'1'0.-

10n. GPo.. t.l.1tl.atlOD It ...... tbo.. • •• 11,. t.k.bl •

• 11.01.114 one vallt to o ... 'a • t .... 01Ir.bl. iapr ••• 1oa. !b.. • .. btl.

t.l.ltl •• tlo11 It... 'I'J' to •• , •• , tb.o.. t •• dlDa to ,lv. tb.a­

salv.s the 'ban.tlt ot doubt Gft It... ott.n .n ... r.. in ..

ant.vOllrebla • l .. ot loa. on. 11ll1t.tloa ot ttlt •• tlld7 ls th.t

it. 88b3 •• t. were a1 ...... a ••••• at ••• , tor t.ktDa wh •••••

0,",10l1.17 • '1 ..... p •• SOll _,. t.k. t •• ••• 10 •• NI.oal. A

1.00Dd It.1tatlon 1D taelr 1 ••• sttaatlOlls _,. -. a.t.4 1a tbe

.atber ... 11 .~.. ot aubJ •• '. •••• tD tbe taktac .... p, S6 _1 •• aad SO t_l... Hore .1' ...... oou14 b. pla •• 4 1D the

tvo •• al.. tt ..... t •• DUaba. ot .abJ.ot. baa 'be.n iDol.ded.

!be .tt •• t. of tat.llt..... on .OOHS 1. a~.t UDkaONll

b,. ••••• ot tbe ozm. V ... (l'S?) "port •• OIl tu • __ t ot

---

lS '

t1me tako. '0 oompl.te tho MMPI and GZ!S vlth naval •• dot.

timed vltllout tbelr lmovled,o.. A oonel.tloa ot .12 w •• ro­

pone4, the 0 .. lu.101l bolq tbais in41vl ... 1. d.-on.trate .. eat

oon.lato .. ,. in 'hi. _"er.. ....188'loa at tb.a .e.ult •• howed

that .ea4tn& a,.e. vaa po.ltl •• 1,. oor.el.t.d vlth t •• to ••

O(,en ... l •• tl.l'7), .l( •••• nct._,.) anet 1I(aotlo_1 .tabl11",',

aDd D.,atl •• 1,. oorrelatect vlth R(r •• ,patat). !he .uthor .an­

tencta tbat tbea. r.l.'lon.bip. do .ot a,,..r to b. ba •• ct OIl

ditto •• ,. •• ot lnt.l11a.no.. '!hI •• wct., .ould hay. b.o •• eb.

b.tt.. It dl ... t •••••• or. ot 1nt.111a.ao. bact b ••• u •• 4 aa4

•• ..011. 4 .... • t a,,.a. to .a...,. .oll velpt in vhet It alabaa.

Witherspoon aDd X.lber,(l'S') ••• d to. GZ!S to p.edlot

•• ~la.tl. • •••••• vtth 229 0.11e •• t.e.bae.. !be,. .xplored

po •• lble rel.'loa.bi,. be'.e.n '--P ...... t .84 sract. potBt

......... It va. ooul11dod tbat t •• tor R(n.trabt) ba •• low

hut .1caltl ••• t(,-,.ea4 .os) a.nolatl0. vltb. ....... P •• tar

P(p ••• o .. l r.l.tton.) .... ol.t.4 .t .os an4 X( ..... 11.1t.,) at

.. 02 tor 112 ul... Aa obvS.01Ia .. alen... in tbe whol. In.o.'la­

atloD s.. tbat tbe,. onl,. uMd t1r.t ._.ter Ira ••• wb.toh

uNi,. qua l1tl.. •• .n .deqaato 8 ... 1. tor .. act. polDt •• 0 .. , ...

.1 t boat thla •• 4,. 0111,. .0 ... 0. to "gea' tbe De'" tOll turtb.er

!nYoatiptloD ot tb.l. aon.

l •• kaon(l,61) .tudl04 t •• t-rot •• t r.ll.bl1It,. on ,.1.pbon •

..,10,..... !w •• ~18tr.tIOD. w ... ,i •• n, 18 ~Dths .,.rt.

R ••• lts Indloat.et that tbe GZ!! 1s sta..,l. 1Jl wbAlt lt •• SUN8,

---'16

tbe .. 11.bl11t1 ooettl.1.nt. b.tag ot .,p.oxl .. '.11 tbe ....

"snit.d. •• in the n • ..-tl •• po,.l.tlon. laet •••• ,.t ••

\bat tlll ......... ,. ,hat the Gift ........ ,...onallt,. t •• lt.

ot •• 1.tl.. ,. ... DeDO. ..'be~ 'ba. , ..... arJ ai'-atloaal t •••

to... B ...... , tbla ... t _ •• 1.w.4 a. qal'. t •• 'atl •• to. hia

-1&1nal ,oplll.tlon Oo,p.4 t •• 96 to 49 nbJ •• '. 1D tbe 18

aontll ~.lod.

Lit ••• ,... on •• 1t •• port tn •• ato.l ••

_ •• Iwatloa ot the •• , •• 1 woP\h ot •• It •• po.t tRY.nto.l ••

a.,.a4_ to •••• t .xt •• , OIl how that vorth 1. Jll4pd au ill vbat , .... lt 1_ ........ d. Sa O. I1umal,.(19S9) la dl.01l •• 1Jta

tbel ••• 11 ... 111tl._, aor..., •••• aad •• 1141tl •• t •• l. tbat

d •• ottaa "7 a.cua' ot •• 'all.d .".a'lon ·wow14 .ot b. worth

the .,. ••• lt would ,.te(p.330).·

Cr •••• h(196o) d •••• lb •• hov per ... ll'7 tbao.,., .tt ••

tbe .4 ••• t ot t •• ,or ... 17.1., b ..... wholl,. .llbo.4tDat.4 to •

• ,.,l.tl •• l ••• ~h tor '4tae •• loa.' .bleh vou14 .u.marl •• pe ..

_onallYf. A~t •• Gulltord 1 •• lat.4 .... tbirt ••• t •• t ••• ,

!baP.toa.' •• et •• t •• taa el.t..d t •••• oaD' top ,be .... d.,. on tbe ltaal. ot Juat •• .,..n t •• ,.,... CrOllb •• h •• t.r. t •• eh

ot tbe.. .tto.'a •• • .,.... in wb1eh eDe p.,..holo,l_' ola •• lt-

1 •• It ... tiDe17, , •••• 004 pat. tbe. toa.tbe. 'in ... 11 bQa41 ••

vb1eh. 'bird p.rt,. ,... •• 4. to redly14. 1n .oa. ••• ,t •• hl •••

.. aawb11., •• oh 1. al.tna hl_ own ., •• 1.1 .... to ta. t.et •••

---17

tbua add1Da to the contusion. ae state. that 8t pre.ent DO

eon.enau •• soq ta.tor 8nal'18t. a. to the DlI1Iber" u .. or

best oPlanisatian ot ra.tor. exl.ts. '!be term ttntro.ert',

tor 8xa.,le, _'1.aa. • bro04lns n.urotie tor one per.on and

aa.eono Who would rather b. • olerk than a .arnl.-1 barker tor

another. The •• 0pWODS ...... 0 tb.e worth purpo •• ot introc!uoiDa

a n.04.d .autloD ~ aD1 att.." at ,o •• 08811t7 8 •• 0 .... nt and

tbe D ••••• lt,. tOl! a4eqaat. balD.lDs p •• 10118 to tbel.- adJI11li.,­

ration aDd •• al •• tloa.

Au.te.l(1961) eontI' •• '. ,be dl.pa.lt,. b.'w •• n per-.onall",

.nd .ptltud ......... nt 1D tbe .. tt.r ot their r.ll.bllltl ••

and •• 1141t1ea wM.1l ala.ould be noted. Val1dl'7 ot It._ I.

atte.ted •• the,. be ..... re transpanll. In wba' 1 ..... UNd,

.m.- 'U'1 are the. _re su ••• ptible to oOllMlou. or lUlOon .. 1011s

dt.tortioa. La~.. 41ttl •• 1tie. ara .1.0 taberaat VbeD tn-

•• ntov,r It ... u •• ..-tIUOU. to ... such a. tuaually', tott •• "

t tJteq\teat17', e,e. 'liblpit7 1D teat oematNotion tor per.on­

allt7 yarl.bl •• 1. ,.rtl.1l7 du. to tbe " .... ,.1' at •• d.rdi •• t­

Ion ot tbe 1D41Y14ual' ..... tional blocraph7 tn the tnt.ll •• tual

.pb.eH(p.,J2l) .. " ftlat ia, our .,..t •• f4 toraal edu.ation

....... b7 It ... latl .... utto .. it7. tbat tbe 1nt ...... t.tlon

al •• ll '0 an .1'1t .. tlo or .000_b\tl.17 It_ 1. eralt •• 1II11a ••

'.r •• nali" ........ nt do •• not ba.. • .t.11a •• ~on tuRd ot

.. t ••• d.at experl0.... Wadi. ADa.'a.i' ••• al ... tlon 1. quit.

loli •• l tbe no04 t •• ,. •• oDal1t7 ......... t .tl11 .... iD. and

-18

.. at ~ ... t. Wltboat att..,t1aa to etther er •• te or retlDe

pe •• oullt7 •••••• or. tb.e .t.atl0 .... tl1 halfdl,. blpro •• b,..

It.elf'.

O. Al1,on(19.l1) 1. ODe of' tM beat moVll o.ltl •• ot

, ••• oaa11t,. lay •• topt... B •• If .... tbat tbe .tt.a1ua .1 ... ,-

1011 1 ...... 4 b7 tbe ' •• 'u to b. ldeatl.al to:r ••• a •• 1Ij •• t.

hPtbeNtoJte, ... , • .lall •• t", ot ••• ,..... 1. • .... d to

indl •• t. ... GODa'a.t .1p1f'10 ... a. WbJ.l. th.. 1. obylo".l,.

e.a j".tlts....'lol1 la t ... of' .,.'l.tl.al ,robabllt''',

All,o" f' •• 1. tbt. 1. _ ...... aa_d ., tM 1 ..... 1 ot ,.. .... llt,.

HI. _lD a._a' "a.oa. tbat It ••• ot b ••• 14 with .. ,.·

,aut,' tut the __ ".poa... 1a tv. "0,1. 1n41.at. the

... tntt, &8r that 41ttoHa' "., ........... 1'117 lacllN.'.

dltter •• ' t .. lt.. Vb.ll. tbt. la all tl'U It wou14 .p~.Jl

tbat OM _.ld 1.11 •• 11.,. .a4 leslttaatol,. .1'1'1. that vltala

p.r.oull", then a" .on_iDoOll.t •• ,. or ,.tt.na vb.l.b.

... rola'1 •• 1,. ........ , •• d , .... , ..... ~ll1q 1. aot 1D. noll

• cl.p .. 01 t1u a. to ,...oli4e .an1Datal ..... 1 ... t1 ...

• 1 •• Db •• 1(1~),4 ..... tJlf.t.d ... ,.. •• aabts-lt7 ta u­... ..., it .... tile .. nlt. 1U.l •• 'lDa. v14 ... -sa ot bltar­

p.a,.tlOfte f'o,. ea." ".po.... HI. et • .,. _ •• t. tbat tu

_'t.,. ot "!.pity 1_ 'I •• ' ...... 4 b7 elS.illa'loa 01 tbe

""er ., __ t... 01' eqql'Yoe.l If •• ",... tuo. • 81 •• NI'

t ..... 1.tloa et tbe It ....

• 11 •• (19$1) _t.t.4 tba' .-bl .. lt7 or It ........... 1_

D

19

aometbae. us.ful 'b7 allovlna _1'. tr •• plal' to 1adl't1.d.taal tn­

terpret.tton. H1I artto1a ,etat. oat ,bat ror • oltat8t •• t,

-7 •• n. to Nn •• t • perlon' •• baraotert.tl. _"r •• b., _tt ••• ,

attltud •• , eaotional at.' •• , .'0. Llt ••• t .... 011 "ald.Da. al'lll "'bags

a_Dktaa. 88. ra'l.,. "t.r t ... ,beds ..,10ye4 1n 8S •• S8-

IDC ••• a.lt or o'bera, •••• 117 t~oalh 41Ho' observ.tion. ID

tbi. atu47 tUN .8. a ranklDa ot ••• b. lndlvtdual b,. ht. own

.la .... , •• , vb1eh e •• eDtla11,. r.tt •• t. ,be "7 otber people

pen.l .... ,be .. naked. !be GZ!B •• Ohl ' ..... 1 .... ' -7 'be

.1.we4 •• • •• 1t "ttDa tn ,~ .eDaa tbat ••• b. indi.ldual re-

tl •• ' .. 1l1. OVA "t .... ot td. ••• lt. One .... Jltal eonllde,..tlon ta

-.1 •• ""7 w.. to .aud_ th. a ...... ' b.tw.en the two ... 1.,,-

polDt ••

III .ddltton t. ,be abo ••• raakiql W •• applle4 'bT .a.h

•• 1>j •• ' to ,be t.n GIft fa.tor8. ..h f •• top val .I .... a •• hon

aDd .... 1 •• 4 ••• rlp\1 •• d.ftaltt01l a84 It v •• tht. Ilobal d.tta.

1'1011 widell va. appl1e. la ,be r.ulll1 ot ... t. ela .... tea.

Wben ••• d 1. tbie latt~r •••••• a ... 1 ... '~1. type ot retlng

........ lna .pp1164. hl1foP4(19S9) .tat .. tbat thtl PPoe.duN

w .. k ..... , ..,ttb. POll,S tbat na •• b ••• tos.tber tor 80M t1 ...

In tb.ls .hd,. tbe aiDs.- l •• th of .eq •• fJauao. b.tween rater.

and til... .a.ect .8. two ,. •• ,. aad the MXiauIl e1cht tears. It

should .1'0 be notea tbat d •• tq tbAt pertod of •• q.aill' ... e both

20

tb.e rat.r an4 ,be rate. ll",ed, worked •• 4 atudied tOietbe"

betaa expoled to lubat •• tl.ll,. id •• tt •• l 8DY1t!~.t.l ",arlabl ••

!be ext.1'U 1 ooatpol. iDbenDt 1a tb. r811&10"8 lit. 1apo.. . .e' ot el1.1.0_ta1 OORdltloas tbat ar. .lJIos' unlque. POI'

tb.18 .. a.em It 18 belte",e4 'by tbe b.e.tlptor \0 al •• welaht

to ,_ nltaequ •• t t1a41Ds8. 8uper( 19S9) pea'.el out tbat tbe

b •• te a.8~1_ ill .. 'b •• 1. tbat tbe •• t.P D •• ble to lde.tl

tbe tralta of b ...... l_,. in que.tlon and Da"'8 tbe .bl1lt7 to

_1£8 • "\td_at .0110 ..... tbe ...... to wb1eh • .llbj ... t _-

Ite.'. It. ae noted ... t "tiDe. bave pro ..... ue.tIll 8 •• 10bal

.aaur ••• "bat not ......... ot .,..ttl. tralta, tor 11.bal1

.......... to ".n •• , 81ther the 8110.8S8 of or l!.ld.q tor

tbe ... bj •• t(p.21." In th18 stud,.. a. ladl.ated. a ,loba1 type

ot derlaltt. tor '..,.ra_at .a •• ,p1184. Leal'7 aad (Jott.,.

(19$S) ba •• dt.ttaptsb.e4 tbHe le .. 18 ot pepsoullt,.. .a.UH­

MDt "Mob _, be ta,,04 .,. dltt ... at .ppree.be.. '!'bAt ,.1;11.,

f)!' 1 ..... 1 at wlUoll th. btclly14ul • .".u. to oth ••• ; the p .. 1.at.,

or OOIl •• tO.. le .. l at _loll 0" .,,..P8 t'o hUa.elt; au tbe

~o110, OP 1 ••• 1 .t wbi.b he ..... ls hl ... lt 1n p»0"e.t1 ••

_t.rlal.. In "la'lon to thi. tnMvork tbe GZ!I , ... aa4

".poIl ••• -1' -. vtev.d •• 'a,p!D& ,ate p.1 .. to OJ' 0 ... 10\1.

1 ..... 1 ot personal1.,. a114 01 •••• , .... Dld.Q8 • .., .... inI ,_

pulal1. 1 ..... 1 of p8raonal1t7.

A. in 8117 ''''. ot ......... lIt, ., •• lou8 ,rob1 ... 8ri .. 111

,he U •• ot raulDCs. 0.11toP4(19$4) he. ,oiDt.a. out s .. ot

21

,be .rro". u81Ia117 1.D:t'ol •• 4. !tM .1'.0" ot 1.n! .. ,. .. 1' .... to

a a_.tant .nor •••• 1tlDa b_ a .tall1. MI14 •• 7 1n tbe Ht_

to Nt. too bJ.p or too low. !b.eNa.oa. 1' •• th18 aN -1'17. n ••• lu., .... Oul1rol'd(19S9' ott ••• ricl .... to abo. that baN

rat... 'a.d to be bard OIl '~.l.e., t. be la •• oont14e.t in

,~t. jud. .... ,. tbaa o'''rlt aad to b. ~ • on ..... '1 .... I.a­

a .. 1l1_ MON09.... vua pa'.1-. Imow or Mll... that tbetr

.. at1.s will .tt •• , ,be .t.t •• of ib.o •• "'ed, tu,. teact to en

on the taYO'Ua'bl. sl4.. .,.1. atu4.,. ba. .ttapt •• to lIiatat ..

'h ••• t •• to.a bJ' l'.qub1Dc .. paH'. ".1Ik. to b. gi ... to e.ch

pe..... ..,.4 •• 4 "'1 WOl"II1q tho.. lay.I." tba' thetp jUdS"

Mat. VOltlel aot 'be used !A aDJ' deelsl0. _ktDc •• ,.elt.,. 'fbe

a.bj •• ' ••• re told tbat aa ladl.t ••• 1 t .... 0P4 .ould be kept

.oDr14ea".l aad .hown to no otUl' pe ••• n wl'boa' ,bat penoll'a

peNis.S.on. 9,,111 .. 4 _ua ,be .tuna.r pola' ,bat .0 lema a8

one baa tbe ._ .at ••• judlSJta tbe .... "'''. on ,be .. ..

'"lta, tu 1.111 ... ., .~ ... 4 AOt 1M .eb. ••••• tor e .... PIl.

e.ept t .. tIM POOl' dia.al .. ,loa of ",... _ tk. b.lca and

low •• da of tbe ••• 1 •••

A •• ooact o..-oa .tJlIJ'ee of .... r Is that •• t."..4 to •• tu ..... of ••• bal , ...... ,.. It .... 1". tI'_ a he.t,au., to gl ••

ext,.... Juq;.ata .. 4 • , •• cI ••• ,. to 418pta.. IllCIi ... t4uale 1D

tbe dUMtl.a ot tile ...... 1 •• 01 the total 11'0.,. Bttons

to ... trol tal. ba •• 'beea .. d. 1Jl tala eta4,. 1. two .. ."s.

PlratlJ'. bJ ltaiti-a tbe app1i •• tl08 of Gaeta j1ld .... '. to

22

onl., ata own 81.s_'.. ~b.e nq. va. theN"" "s,,,1.,.4 and

.o.sequentl,. tn. ~r ot j.4 .... t8. It 1a believed that thl.

ab.o1l14 toad to lUMa.e ..... 0,. ot judpeat .ta.o. 1ts "",S.o.sl,..

... i ... to I'a.)£ 10 people tbaa 100. 8ee0l141." b'1 1lla1atlDS tbet

8 •• ,.ra'e rank be liyo. to oeoa peraoD, tied ... ka are •• 01"4

and aa .. en dS.atrlbutlOll or Makins, 1'e.ult. hl1to~4(19S14.)

a'a'e. tbat the ... or ot .0.tN1 t.ad .... ,. il lIOn 00 __ 111

"'Sns lndl.1411.1s 'tIb.oa the ratel's do not know .ery "ell. A_

I.n4t.ate4. ill this _t1l4,. tbe u.rd ... period ot ,.-.ona1 aeqaaf.Jl' ..

ana. "..WO ,.0...... By reats-10t1ne e8011 _te. to bt. owa el •••

,be j1l4pents " .... a ...... 4 to b.u on thos. ben Down to tbe

.. 'e •. A tIdl'd souree ot onor ee»aon la the halo ett •• t, *loa

•• 1 ••• wb.e!l "tOft .s. iweleftD.t .wite,.i. aad oOlltaaiDat.

jll4pe1lt.. B.a. C .... 4(1933) baa .b.otIlt tbat .. 1004 .st.JII t •

.. wao t. tato .. atod III bl. teak and bas a b •• kpoun4 .SlIt1er

to tb.... 'b..... "te4. ,_ lub jee's in thta swel,. VfJlte .".tt-

•• tl,. ... 11 _ti.8,ed .l._ ell UN .01at .... a. SWleJlltt.,.

of b •• Jrpouad is aa."N4. at 1 ••• t .lao ... t ...... '.'0 the

M11Ct ... lit.. b1 1'. .,n., oontllol of Ile.l'l.,. ell ea.-lll_­

Mllt.1 tnti"..... Tb.e.11't'1Itouaental _.'1'018 ba ...... , til •

•• li.t08 •• ~~1'7 a .. 110t "p11 •• 'e4 ta aRT ot~ 10010'y_

All .. _j •• '. _ .. _1 •• , "'t'1na •• b."antlel1.,. tb ...... \bloal ..,.t_. _ti •• ted lrJ lnt •••• '. tlb.s.ob. ha .. -.b. in ._on, _­

pO.84 _ ....... 11't'taa o0a4itlou, ... 4ea1o ,"!Alq ..... 1 ••

2)

ot eondllct. They had approximately the .a. aaoUllt ot tormal

.d •• ation and hay. at least average int.llisenoe. Tatt(19SS)

.tat •• tbat there •• ema to be • posItive correlat10n(.) to .4) b.twe.n abl11t7 to Judge others and tnt.llll.noe ot tbe jUdS8.

In b.1a art101. not •• hould be taken tbat t111s appli •• to j"dg­

JReDt. ot tbe ana17t!eal(e.". trait by tralt) tn. or j1l4pent

and not to tbe Ilobal tJPe j1ldpent 1'eqll1Hd 1n the .hdl'

reported bar.. Galltord(19S9), in his book on ' •• sonalitx

elt.d tbree other studie. eontlrataa tbe relatlonShip between

a aooG Jua •• and hlah tnt.lllaenoe. a. 81so noted tbat tu

ulo .tt •• t aan be Il1nWzed b7 lls1n8 traits tut are Mr •

• a.117 ob.ervable and by using tralt. that are 01.ar17 fettaed.

fbi. latter wa. oontrolled tor in the pre •• at tn ••• tl.atlen ••

tadi •• t.d •• rl1er, by givlna • br1., de •• riptlon of .aon trait.

B7 r.qalrtDa a •• ,arate rank tor ea.A tralt a tor •• d eboi ••

tDo o£ ".ponse was Insured and tl ••• 1ia1ute4. \' ~

Otn-r rat.r obar •• tet-1stl.. bave b •• n not.d bJ Guiltord

(19S4). f\wJ tend to rank ttl .... lv •• in a l1"oup 1 ••• a.evat.17

tban tbe,. rank otbers. . Th1a is apparentl,. du. to the a,.st ... t1 •

•• I"ora operatlq s.n ta. rat... This stud7 eontl"olled. tOll .. oh

aa .1'1'011 'b1 esol1141Da tbe .uk a pater -7 ba .... 11.,.oa b.la .. lt

and. adj.stiq tbe l"8Dk o.elor ••• 0I"d1 .. 11. a., ••• 'oD4 to 0 ••• •

•• tt.at ....... 1 ..... in ~a' ' •• lta and to .nd •••• ,t.at. t~-

•• 1 ••• i. tew. Guiltord alao 81t ...... 140 ••• t .. t •• It r .....

a .. too hiah on de.trablo traits anA too 110w Gn .nd.slrabl.

ones. Finally. 1n .elf rattna. superior individu.l. under­

estimate them.elve. and int.r1or ind1vlduals tend to ov .... te

theaeelv •• , the 1.tt •• ba.tna tbe peateI' amount ot 81901".

Itookford and B1.a.ll(1~9) indloated tbat 1enath ot

•• quaint.n .... , 1 •• d to sub stant 1.1 error ot ieDieDer, th.,

reported that lenath of •• quaintane. with emp10resa oo»rel.te4

.~ with .atines ot •• cept.billt, ot per80&,11t7. It also

Gonelated .6S, on the •• erap. with. n'dllber ot t:r.lt. ~

the ••• 1e ... a lyal •• t1"el and to the .stent ot .42 when tb. •

••• le v., desor1pt1... It bas slread, b.en ..ttlo1ently note4

bow this studJ oont1"011.4 tf,l1! tb.e.e r.otOl"8 bf r8.tr10t1l1&

both tbe raDle ot Jlldpe.ta required and the leqtb. of •• qu.lat­

.n •• b.twe8n judc8 aDd perlona judCed.

la bi, dl •• u8alon betw •• n the r.elative .. pita ot raDktnsa

verstal palred ocaparisons, Glll1tol"d(19S4) atat.d that trea

t~ a'endpoint ot •••• .nd •• on..,. ot t1M on the p.rt ot the

j-d&es. tbe .a:aldnl _thod 1» t.r 8up8rlor. ae oontends tbat

.a tar •• the •• al. po,ltion, obta1ned £rom the two .. thods

ape OODGerned, the one '''' 1. 81 valid •• tbe otbtr. ae .la.

aoted tba\ 1t 1. ooyl0.,1., easl.r to ~ank tv.atf sttMall tban

judp 190 palra. It va. 1'1''''1''11,. b •• au •• ot sueh pr •• t1 .. 1

oons1de.ationa aa t1 .. # ettort and coopepatioD from tbe

aubj •• ts. and In ~4.r to lnau.. the areate.t numb.r ot p.rt1o-

1p8.t8. that tbe renkia.& _tbod v •• de ... " bett.r tor this

stud.,.

Chapte!' .3

PrOOedUH

Sel •• tlon of 'data: Souroe and Orlterla

2S

The aubjeot. used in this study VaH all\,wb.1te,_la .el.

lllous s •• lnal!7 st.4ents ouP1'ttJatl,. e:aaa,ad 1l!l , •• ,.,.atloa to.,

th. priesthood. !h. 8ample .a. oampoaed of ••• ea .epapate

gl'wps oorre.polldlq $0 the Myall ,...:ltS .aqabe. to • ..,18t.

their sh4l... !hose 1a the tlpst t.ea ,.la.8 .. re llIp •• "

primaril,. tn pb1108opkt •• l s,u41 •• wbill tbo •• ,. ,be .... latDa

tour 7e.l'S .a1'8 ,.. •• tnc tbeeloli •• 1 .'.dl.8. the ..... ,,011,.

panaed in slze ira 6 to 2$ ladl'f'1411al., tbe 8Y." •• 'Hlal 14 student.. !be sl.. of • _t.en ola.. 1. 4., • ..tae4 ~ \be

nlDlber o~ 11141vI411a1. who .ppl,.. are •••• pt.d u4 .... lD 111

the tftatltutlo.n top tretn1ns.

Beto.. reqa •• tlnc ,bet. ,..ttetpatlon, t~ ceD8pal ,.., •••

waa esplalud. All .ape WOrIHd that to.. 8ft47 '.a. tor "H'Hil

pullpOHS and Hnlts ot !ndl.t4ull "00M8 would be ,nll.ble

on1,. to tbat p8r.on. It was t\lrthel' 1a41 •• t.4 tbat poup ct.t.

would '" anl1ab18 to tbo.. lat •••• t.d 1a the HS1I1t ••

Se.a.ll da,.. betore a.tu.1 t •• ttQa a 1ett.r .. s p •• ted on

th. bulletin boa" wbJ.oh .eq1Msted. .-.d. .. , coope.at1on. .A.a.

otter w .... 4. to .1y. addltloBal 1ato~tl0. OJ' ..... 1' aQJ

que.tlona. The "'tel' of ooDtld •• 'l.llty va. .' ..... d aDd tbe

I'e. lOll tor oodemall.be.a to U.... ..0 .. 0,. W.' u:.plalll.d. In

a4dltion to ...... ,. ood. ~ ••• Wa .. ~.tlt.'a4 to •• dae.

26

taotops wht.h wdaht cauao btls or dissimulation. To proyide

aotlyation and Insure cooperation an otter was made to dlsoU8S

tlnal croup perto~nc. and a180 an indivldual's own r.cord.

» •• plto all precautions tbe 1 .... ot confidentiality was raised

b7 •• Toral atudents. !be element ot seo.eoy obvlousl,. i. ot

paJl8JlOut 1lIp~tan.e in thi. tne ot In ... estllatioD and eve17

ettort should be _do to prO'f'ido "assvanoo. A. tel:t-1J laPI_

number ot 8U'jO.t8 a180 stated tbat Whlle tbey wer. willlna to

p •• ttolp.to, the,. would do 10 only if gi.en r.edbaek information

Thl •• l ... ftt should also be 8.~loUlly eon81de~.d and if pO.81bl.

~.ovl.lon .... to~ ... tina thts request.

That these .ttonl and 18te,,8HI were eft •• tt.e Is ahOVD

bl the teet tbat ,~ out ot I poslible 102 student volunt •• re4.

The onl7 I'-dent. 8uto .. tloall, ••• 1uded from the 8a~le we.e

tho.e untca111 •• with t~ euclilh 11n8088. or who did Dot ....

the 1I1rd. ... two ,.ar 1e.tb ot •• qualnteneeship with tho •• to

be JlUlked.

The bio..-,a1 •• l .... t

Part I ot tal. "Ud7 be,aft vita eaoa •• -J •• ' ooaplottQs

• bloaraphioal ab.eet(App.n41a I). It requ •• ted iDtoaatl __

r .. 117, .d.uoltloul and r.l1&1oul baolf&ro'W'ld. Tb.e Well'7 olah'

que.tlons •• 1'. d •• laned to 11.1d .uoh tntormatlon •• milat 'en4

to ••••• the.e t • .,1;o,.. to 1D4t •• t. two dltt.rot pOINlattoaa.

The partl •• 1ar ~.81;1.aa ... nabl. to ,a.a .. trio statlstl.a

were .... 1... ..d t t •• ts •••• to 40'er.m1ae tbe preso.o. or

27

aDT aigniticant 41tterene •• ,.tween tbe biah and low groups.

With the 1ssuaDee ot tbe blolraphiesl she.t a code number to

replace tbe name on ell subsequent parts was given and 1t.

purpose explained agaln. Tbose data oounted 1a teras ot treq­

uencies were 11k.wise examin.d tor d1tterences. Tbe ood. num­

ber .a. prefixed by tbe inT •• ttaator to all materiels to lesse.

ala'ake. trom occurlug and no mlatakes or oentasloD ot records

oocurred.

The GZTS answer sae.t

Part II ot tbia study 1nvolTed tak1Dl tbe lurYe,. It •• lt.

An ans •••• h •• t(Appen4lx II) with proper oode uaaber vaa sl.e.

to eaob atudent. Insofar a. possible atudents vere 'e.'ed in

poups to •••• tJ.-.e and m!llialz. sour.ea ot error. In at."

es •• a th1. vaa not possible and ... h perso.1 wera allowed to

oomple'e the SlIne,. whl1e slon... Bach stu4ent had bi. own

private rca. whieb other .tu4ents .. ,. not enter witbout ,er­

mlalloa.

Speclal tostruotlon. were a4de4 to tbo •• proper to tb.

queatlon booklet(Appead1x III). PHylo •• expel's. •••• with tbe

8upye,. 1n41 •• tad that acre tbaa 'br.. qDGstloD .. rk '''' ot

an.wop _., be expe.'ect 1ft an7 Sl .... ta.tor. G1l11terd,(1C)4,)

s\18Ie.ts ibat When tbis "oura tbe a.It"e.' should be a.keel ,.

era.e aome of ta.. and eaoo.e one ot ,be alteF.Da' .... poD ••••

Ta. ap •• lal iA.uu.otlon. llsed in tbi. .Wd7 a"-.-pted. to 8T014

28

this extra wo.t wbtoh would _k. tbe t •• t .0 •• d1tt1e.lt; it

un,. question .rlca "ere tOUBdr tb.e use of a. 1J'1k p.a would

mak. it •• ell more oneJ1lO\1s. Subj •• ts ".'P. allowed to pl •••

thetr ohoioe in tbe qu •• tion .l'k .8t_S01"f 1. tbe,. 80 4 •• 1." and then told to indioa'e 1n tbe 'ye. t or tDO' •• ' •• oPy tbe1r?

second choice. '!'here 1. no 0'b.10"8 Na8. vtq OIl_ aho"ld Dot

be permitted to do thia in tn. 11lht or hllt .. ,s al1011iaa

them to ere •• question Bapks and 1t 18 .. tlni •• l,. ~ ,..ot10.1

A further peason tor this tON of aa1111at .. t1on •• s t •• ll_!

8 subject to _ke hi. ovn d •• i810n witil.t nlts.quaa' ta ••• •

ferenoe. It t. reasonable to suppose tbat ••• ~ •• , to eba ...

one t s anevers stter be baa ooapleted ,be au •• ,. atalLt •••••

• slet,- or hostil!t,. or out1"18ht ret\ts.l. ~b.eftlO". tb.e

number or que stion lMrlrs _,. N .... b1,. 'b. lIlterpHtect 01111ie.l1

as retlectlD1 hostlltt,.. llld •• ls1 ...... , or a p.r. on vbo 40 ••

not know himself' ver'J' veIl. The 'M=.1(1949) asplte'tl., .ta' ••

that these .. ,. b. po.sibl. "aSODS. It _Jr •• tM tu"tber polat

that most .tudent. 'l'e JaGt 1a t .... oe ot • toruel e·b.ol •• t.".

ot anawer. It .as tor this reason tbat GutUord .11 ..... tbra.

e.-'.orle. ot 'DSV'~. 1ft tbe first pl ••••

RanklD1 of the tell GZTS taotors sneet

Upon e~letlon ot the Burverta 300 items, e.oa studen'

..... liven. she.t conta1n.1na instruotions and a short desGrip'-

1 •• tJPe ot det1n1tlon tor eaoh ot the ten taetors. In order

29 .

',-l.hed 1'Ha '.-.per_at ' ... alte. '1'he •• -Jeot v •• requir.d

'0 pl... the t.a t..,.r ... at tralt. in a ~ ~~ vlth the

tb-.t nu ,1v.a to 'bu' t •• 'or b.e ju,ed '0 'De •• t iaportaat

a. lt appl1e4 to tbe rel1&l... I1te. Ba.h ta.tor v.. ,l •• a a

tltl. an4 a .hort •••• rlp'loa to ola.ltJ tbe ... atDc of tbat

tltlo. On tb.la .he., tbe n'bj •• ". oodo ...... 1" •• pla •• ct Ili.

aaa.. B,. roqatr1Da a •• ,ara'. rtDk tor ••• h ta.tor tl •• v •••

• lS-'Date4 vltllia a., oat re .....

'.nut purpo.. ot thl. part ot tn. .tu41 va. tvoto14. 1'1r.tl,.

tbe raaktaaa v0\114 prOYtde obj •• tl .. 4a'a .. the rolatlv. ta­

,ortan.. ot ••• h t •• tor •• lt appl1.. to the .. 11110u. I1te

tak.n ab.t.a.tl,. or .1.wed obje.tl •• 1,.. !hi. lD.fo..atloa vo.14

a •• l.t a .0 .... 101' 1D Jud'iDI a partl •• 1ar re.crt a .. last tbia

obj •• tl •• IlOna au 11vtaa .arloul vetahtl '0 ..., cU.a.repe .. l •••

It wou14 al •• _ke IlOft .antaafal the i.t.rpr.tatle of the

aa,1.lpate4 4itt....... b.t"... tbe b1ah aDd low .pprov.l

pt_pI. a •• onetl,., •• ob. .ubj •• ' v_14 1.1D a -.ore p ••• le. 4ef·

illi.tloD. of t..,.._at ill • ,10bal •• a... Sin.. • •• b. •• 'bj.ot t a

.1 •• _t.. v.,.. '0 b. panke4 on a t..,. ...... t ••• 1. 1t w ••

Jle ••••• J7 ,. iD .. e \lull .11 J1tdc.. 4ef1u4 aa4 _4 ... ,,004

'..,er ... t iD .1Ie ... we,.. A nb.1c1al'1 P'U'Po.. ... to 40t ...

• ~. tbe ta...tta.,or" b.l1et ,bat ....... ., and .ODS •••••

ot j.4 .... t v ••• taao'lon ot .,..ltl01t,. ot 0 .. 1' •• le. filat

1e b7 .e4ue1q _.lp1t,.. to a ainiaa a .ianltloant e_.eana

ot ........ tvou14 r •• ult.

-,)0

Rank1aa ot ola .... t.. .heet

Part IV roqulred 0... ..bJo.t to reak, 1D tbe 0.4.. ot hi •

• pp.oyal. bl. 01 ..... ' •• 1D tbe .. tter of temp.r .... t. !be

inatJ'\t.tlo •• (App •• 41x V) reatlacl.d th. atu40.t tb.at hi. vooatloa

r.quir.d hlll to _kG .tall.. Jud._at.. Att.r a oert.l. Jl1I.IIb ••

ot ,...ra lD the relll10.8 lit., the Mliber ••••• 1".0 'IIb.at 1.

t .... 4.otlvo .. et paa.lv. 'Yolo.. 'fb.e to ... r a110w8 hla to vote

tor a .aad14at. ot b.1a .aol.. tor yarlou. ottl0.. and tbe latter

al10'll. h1a '0 b. .0.s140reet a. • .aDdi4.t. tor •• rtata .ttl ••••

!be tnstra.tion atteapt.4 to re1at. tbe pre ••• t •• qu •• t ta

a .. a.1Dctu1 'IIa,. '0 tb.. subJ •• '. b order to •• 014 w:m •••••• J7

"lu.' .... OJ- oppositloa. It..,. ... t181p.'.4, aD4 .y •• t •• 0

,rOY.4, tba' tlUs p.rt v .. 14 •• ' with tbe ao.t ... l.t ....

!be r.akt .. ot on.' •• 1a .... ' •• was .ot ,.. ••• '.4 uat11 .11

pr.".!n. pa.t. bAl4 be ••• oap1.te4 .ad all •• bJ •• '. ba4 t.k ••

tbe ..... .,. It " .... tl01p.'.d that oert.1I1 8.bJ •• '. 1101114 be

umd.111q to _k.'Ma ..,.,. ot Jll4peat u.d ,kat their op1a1o ••

ail"t 1atlu ... e tho.. who ba4 aot oapl.,.. tb.e p ••• 10\1. p •• t ••

!hI. p ..... to be the •••••• tbe ....,.P ot partlo1p.llt. dropp.d

troa 9S to 13. '1'0 "4 ••• the nab •• ot 4Popout ••• ob. 1a41.1dual

was •••• pe,..ou117 1B orelor to .1bal.'o .1a .. 4.r8t ••• U.11I8

ot "bat va. beiDa request.el. Oae ot the -Jor al •• oao.ptlolla

waa ,be beltet ,bat tbeT .IPO bllDa •• ke. to eltb.er .ppro.. or

41 •• ,p,-"e tao •• to be Judie'. It v •• potate' out that tbe tn­

atnot1ona 414 not tap1., 'ht.. !be lIl.tnotion. ..nt that

-

)1

••• a 1ll41.14.al _, vit" '''.lp appro •• l 'but 1D ••• rUla .rd.r

,. 'be 4.'.:nd.Jle4 b,. ,baa. Ia Y.'iDI _ •• nala .... ,.. la

,bet. ...... 1'7 0 .. yot •• bJ pl •• tas .t,up • "hlt.<appro •• l)

OP • bl •• k(ell •• pppo •• 1) h.l1 ta a bose oa.. tbe7 ...... 'ood

tbat tid. ..... ao' tbe lIrY •• ttaa,., •• "lhd. ,be olitj •• tloa •

••••• 4. 0... a,ain tbe ladl.l4u.l .a. • •• ve4 t""'t; al •• aaiDe

"oa14 'b. kept laYl.l.,. aDd oal,. tbe In ••• tlle'.. " .. 14 •••

ttle p ... l i.. Ia y1." ot ,u t •• t tba' v ... t tu,. .... 'Nlq

Hera •• '.4 t. 40 waa d--iDa. tile vlll1...... ot a.,roxiMtel,.

•••• 11'" tl.o pe ••• at ot the .ft4.at bod,. 1 .... tlf71D1.

A .... '10 ... 4, tbe raBId. .t tbe t •• GZft t •• to.. -.0 •• 4

,be j1l4,0. ,. ,be .... a.flattloa of t..,.n_t. .A. fb., ,...P pb.110 •• ,b.J' ., •• oat, te. ....,1.. 1' ••• 4 oal.,. 111. fb.t

,. ••• pb11 •• opb,. .1 ..... '... !he .... ppt .. lp1. a"ltecl t. tbe

.... taS ... u P'OUP.. It ..... 14 o'byS. •• l,. lie .a.!ql ••• to

a.k •• ta4S:f't4ul to jllilp 102 ot"" •• 1a a "* ord.l' trPe

ot Jucl .... t. 81Me 1.118' •• f •• q .. at .... b.t" ••• N' .. and

•• t ••• t. lap .... ,. the J1adp •• e", , .. a .. 4 to mow \batr

own .1 ..... ' •• __ .t •

• t.tlatl •• 1 ,....dare. ft.. blopaphi •• l elata V8. • .. 1,. •• 4 1a,. 'botlt ,. .... tl'l •

• Dd DOD,P ..... ,.te .,.,t.tl •• 1 ppo........ Coatlaao ••• arl.bl ••

( •• a- ... , ,. •••• ot toraal ..... tloa, .... ) ...... bJo.'e4 to

, Mat. to. 4t:tte .. u •• aU 41 •• pote ••• tabl •• to ohl aCllla"..

32

analfsla. The lurve, aoore •• ere ... 17 •• 4 p.r ••• trl0.117

.n .. a •• , .'aa4ard u .. la'loa ••• tudard. enora ol_au

.1l4 oll'.lAod .0 0 .. s , .taada.eI en... ot 41tt •••• oe. betwe ••

..... .n4 t "tl08 .er. ooapute4. Ia .dditton, .el1._11t'7

00.tI101 •• t. tor •• oh t.otor we.. ..tt.ated •• .ell •• 00"­

o1&tlO11. lte' ••• n balt aDCl tot.l ....... Of .pe.lal lat .... ,

aN the iateMol"1'el.ttoa8 be'"e. balt allCl 'ot.l ..... 8 to •

••• h ot ,be t •• tor.. All oo .. elatletl1 0 .. t.tl01.t. an ot

tile , •••• oa pro4\l., _Dt 'Jpe.

!be .'.t18tl0 ••• 4 1rt .aDk!.J.sa ot bua the 'era ta.tozt •

• ad ,be ol ..... 'e. 1. b ••• d 011 )I.G. X.ad.ll t .(1948) ooettt.lei

of ooaeor4a ... , .,..,011 ••• a. 'V'. S. Sl ••• 1(l'S6) hi •

• hew tllat al'lJ' cb •• neel ft 111. to. V -7 " •• ,.4 tor .ta­Dltl..... .s.oot.t.4 with th. OO.1IM ... lUI4e. the nll b:JPo­

the.ls b7 tlndlq tbe 0111 square val.e. !he .. lue ot W i. a

..... of tu "l.ttoa.hlp .1lO ........ al raDlclqa ot •

1a4tvidual. -7 X .. e. ot JlIclp.. It ,1'0'1'14 •• OM v1ta •

• tancter4 _thed ot or4e.lq e.tltl ••••• orilDa ,. the ._ ••• -

... ot ,be J\ld ••• ' de.t.loaa. ~b.e ... el ... of V •••• U'J _17

'b."' ... 0 and +1, 11 .alUlot be .ecatl .. vile. sao .. ,ball two

•• ,. ot raaka 8ft laY01 .... d. Por exaapl., If Jud,e. X au

Y cU .• ape., tmen Jude- z ... t .pe. w1 ttl ODe 01' tM otb.el'.

'!'1m., ... 11. E Dabe. ot judp. .a. .11 ape. ( V • +1), tb.e7

oazmot all 41 •• 11' •• 0.,1.'.17 .0 a. to .. ault ia W b.ayt.aa

a .1 .... 1".. lIb.4m the ... 1'0.. or W 1. .1plt1 ••• _, 1t -7 be

-

33

tnta",retea 8. meaa1D& tbat the jud, •• are app1J'iDa e8seat1.11,.

tu •••• taDdarda or ottlt.rla 1. thftlr rallklq8 .nd that

tulr ,oolea ordertaa _,. leattt.ate17 .erY. as a ata .. ar4 or

o'Oje.'l.e nora. ODe .a.ts. .. whioh. should ba ItOt.4 1s 'ibAlt a

b1ah .al-. tor W 4oe. not aut~tl0.117 .... tbat tbe Ju ....

ar. .ornet. It -J' .. an .. r.l,. tbat all .111"'.. an .pplJ'taa

tbe .a .. 'woDC' or1tarla. nul tIM tera 'obJ •• t1 .... ' ua.d

.bo.... ..ana a standard d.te~4 b7 Ju48es op.retina lDdepeD4-

at17 of ••• h otbe. 1n an1.s.aa .t 'us.. oonol"slona. .0'1 •

• b.Ollld be talten b.owe .... ", tbat ,be _tter to 'ba Judsa4, 1 ••• the

un t •• t;.,.., " •• a ollj •• tl.. ill th. • ... e tb.at e.o" t •• 'or v.a

4.t1Jled quit. e,..ltl.e11,.. '1'M J,,4 ..... re Bot allowed to

tN.1,. lDterpHt ..... , t....,. tho.' .aoh t •• t ••• aDt.

Ia tb.e ftDktraa ot tt. tea GZft ta.t_. a..-J.'IIaD' a rile

00.ttl01eata vo~ a1ao •• loulat.a to 4.t.~ how 010aa17

.aob. aroup'. 8.,.~t. ttaaktla •• 8OGlat.' w1th tbat e.t.bll.ba4

b7 tile other pn, •.

In tn. ra.a1nc ot to. l.d1 ... 1duals .1tbin a ,1 •• n croup

Xea4all(l9b!), Sia.ol(l9S') .Dd Qul1tor4(19~) .11 1D41 •• t.

that She be.t •• tbrat. of tbe tNe .anld .• of entitle. -7 'be

"'a.ed UpOIl ,bAt .... of is.... reo values o'bJ • .,tl.el,. ... i.eel at

'bJ , ...... al ... a •• 1..-4. aullt0r4(19S4) 1ndioat •• ,bat; ,~ ....

aft pr.te.able to .. an 01' .. dian rank •• 1ues tOI' "tU .... an

1 ••• l1bl,. '0 ,i •. '184 .0.,011te "*.(p.l94)." CoDtu.atlO1l

ot tM. appro •• b. 1. bad ....un tbe eo.tti.,ien' ot .... oN ....

34'

attatas alanltloaao.. ODe •• aoh tadl.i4.al 1. a 51.e. ola ••

bad ~.alyad a ~Dk 1t v •• po.slble to split the .aparate

IrOllp. lB". a Il1&h 04 lovappro.al ••• ts.... ODe. ttd. had

b ••••• b.S. •• a. it was po.sible to ooapan ta. two poup. em

tbaa perto .... no. with ,be tea ta.tors 111 the GIft.

------ ~- ---

Obapt.r 4 a ••• lt. ..d Dt ••••• loa

ThIs part ot tbe study wtll tlrst disouss the results

obta1Ded by 8aalys!s ot the blocra,hl.al tDto~tlon. .ext

oon81da.ad will b. the ..aktna ot tbe t.n t •• tora, att.r vhloh

atte.tion vl11 be toouaed on tbe raDktns ot ola .... '.a. Lastl,..

dat. troa the GIft w111 be , •••• nte4.

Bt .... pal •• l re •• lt.

Bone ot the data pthered lD tu 1d.opapb.loal ••• tt .. ,.T • .... 14.... that .... b1Ih appa-oT.l POll, 41tt.H4 .lpltS:.aatl,.

t?ca tb.e lov appoyal potIp. 'ftd •• ppl1 •• to tao •• data wbJ.eb

........ '.d ~oth p •• ...-rt •• l1,. aa4 aoapa .... '.1 •• 11,.. On

\be ba.la ot tbe bto ... ,b1e.l ••• 1abl.. {DYe.tllated t-... 1.

II .... aon to dPM' tut "n1ta obtalM4 OIl tu GZft .... ..

att •• ted ao a. to pro4ue. tlae 41tto .. u.. !D t..,. ..... , ,,"ell.

... " obtalDed.

Be.ults _ Mllld... ot the t.a CtZ'!I t •• tora

~.b1. 1 ,"s.llt. ill _.,. tOft the H.ults, b'l ela •• ,

ot tu 7) students vbo •• nk.d tbe ten taotors _.ta1Md 1a tbe

GIS in ,be "'81' ot theb lap.toee. Ia'Wlla ..... u .......... ..... tlle ru.t HIlk vaa It .. 11 to tbat taoto. .f\l4l" •••

~, bl \U .. llll ... I1t.. The .... lta b4i •• te q1Ilt.

0._1 •• 1 •• 1,. tbat .......... O'll, .... u4 81pI.float ...... mt I.a

36

thelr HDld.IlSS. Tb,i8 asre._t apparentl,. Is • potl •• t101l of

atmilap 00 .... 1\7 .xp •• i .... '880elat04 .1tb the poli,lo\l. I1t.

a. _11 .a the oo..on .et ot PIIles and va1u.a 8overaln& tbelp

.81.. 818te.. !be t •• t tbat aD ldeatl •• 1 aet ot or1terla weI'.

u.ed to 4.'.~lDe tbel~ jud ... nta 1ndloate. ,bat wbaa auth

•• lteria a" _de unaJlblsUOU8 and apeoll10 ....... n1$ .an be

•• Isona_lr expeoted.

Table 1

aaDld. ot ten teapeJ'l8lleJlt t2'alt& 'by ••••• .... p. totaltDc 13 .. bJ •• '.

, P' 1'1

Le •• ! ot Obt.lDad ohi W .0. ot ct.t • 81pltlearl4. sq ••• lra •• .. 1 .... ju4l0.s ..,.luG.

1

6

S 1+

3

2

1

.001

.001

.001

.qot

.01

.001

.001

~O.14.

43.J2 60.01

J.S.80 24,.18

JS.l6 S2.09

• SO' 11 ()

.478 10 9

.~S 1S ()

.,6S 9 9

.344 8 9

.6S1 6 9

.413 14 9

Table 1 61'9'08 the aY8rall •• t1Mt. of .pe .... t to. the

Tl jlldaes 8S • po\tp. The aotual valu.s ve •• oalcntlated au ohl 8qua" was in es.e ••• ot 268.6 while t. W '9'all1e was .409. !he expeot.d ob,l aqua" ,.alU8 wb.en 4.t. 18 n1ae 1. 27.88 at

,he .001 1 ... 1 or slplt!. •• ,. ••

•

37

In Yiew of tbe taot tbat all se.en groups reached a

s1lnltl.ant consensus the tirst bJpotb8s1s was considered

establlshed. It stated ,bat wban slven spec1tio criteria bT

whiob. to judg., the degre. ot concordance in rankblg ten

t.., •• a.ent tra1t. in tbe1~ order or importance to tbe rel1sioaa

li1". wl11 exceed tbe obsnoe 18'1'81 or agr.$lI8nt. One inter­

pretatlon or the ~e8ults 1s tbat tra1n1Qg in the re11s10\1.

ltte does poduee Q%t oontta unit,. ot judpeat. It .. rm.ot be

8.tab11.hed what depee ot ape ... nt would bave been bad it

the sa .. jud •• s had nma1ned in s •• ular lite. But 1s a,.,..rs

reasonable to as_ tuti the extre .. l'1 slailar envirol'lJlient

tound 1n • rel1810ua co..unlty. its rule. ot conduct and

IJ'at_ of •• lu •• 4M. 48tera1ae 'Yalue .11l",n's. DeTt.tiona

tr_ tbe se atan4arda or contoJl'Jl1 tJ' to thell in mattera ot t_­per .... ' oould poasibly proye to be a valuable criterioa upoa

which to Judie tut ... sucoeS8 aa a religlous. It 11 tbe

bellet ot ~ls tDv.ltlcator tbat such aU008.8 is linked aore

to teaper ... ntal cbaraoteriatic 'ban to ta'.ll1aance 1 ••• ls.

It would be ot 81' •• ' lIlposttance to aee to what axtent eaab.

could b. u.ed to pPedlet waleh candIdates p.o •• d suoces.fUl.

In order to indioate more 01e81'1y tb.e dep.. of consenalla

between tbe seyen sroups Sp.a~n rho .oe~tl.1 •• t8 were

oaloulated. Table 2 presents a oorrel.tion aatriX in whleh

esoh &roup 1s o.,ared to .... 817 other group. It should be

noted tbat the lowest 1 .... 1 ot 81pl11. .... 8 v •• at the .02 1 • .,.el

,38

when poup. ODe and fl •• wv. e • .,..-ed. Tabl. 2

Cone1ation _t"tx b .......... pOlIp. _ t.a ta.' .. .

GrOll, 7 (, S 4- .3 2 1

1 X .8.3 .80 .99 .,8 .77 .9.3

(, X .7S .84 .81 .81 .74-

S X .78 .83 .77 _6,· 4 X .98 .82 .8S .3 X .83 -93

2 X .14*

•• isnill •• nt at .02 1 ••• 1, all .tbe~. at .01 1 ••• 1

R •• u1t_ on tDe .anklQa of .1 ..... ' ••

Tb.e a.hal _lM. of atwi.nt. raUed va. ODe b:tmdJte4. Two

... laj .. ,. _.1 .... 4 to a.other poYlDo. ot ,be ora •• and v ...

not 1Mbt4e4 a_I" tlle d.etWtlOll ot '.las .. to'. or tU 100

na1ted. soyen dtd no' .a .. \0 participat. top ft1"i.a .. e.OIl ••

If.nee GIft .e"'8 'II ••• laok1Dc top the ....... 0111., 93 811laj •• t.

were aotu.lly ranked. A8 wa. e.plier ladle.t.d the .etua1

'l .... nt in • "Ilk po.l.d.em depended OIl th. 8WU of tbAt NO

",el1Ma H81l1tbla t.oa tbe juts •• 1 op1nlcm8. 'table J ,re.enta

the results obt.1_4 by .. oh or tbe .e •• poup. 1a judaS"

tbell' Nspeotly • .,la._tea alollS the dl.uu&iOD ot w.,.:r .. at.

.39

'abl. .3

aa-iDa ot 93 ."'4 •• t. ellatl'Un.ted 1D Ie ... pftpa 'b7 73 la4epadat j\l4pa

OI'OU, fA .. l brMt"

Obt.bae4 W Bat ... Rat.l' • d.t. • t • 11 aq. • hl aq • .. 1 ••• Stplt. • sl ••• y.1 •••

T .001 37.70 ~.'1 .)1) 16 11 is 6 .001 31.26 SS.26 .S02 12 10 11

S .001 1tB.2? 1$).1S .46' 23 lS 22

4 .,30 12.90 11.28 .1It6 12 8 11

.3 .01 4.72 2?2S .3~ 12 '1 11

2 .10 ).00 3.19 .126 , 6 S 1 .001 ~.)1 70.';" .2'19 19 14 18

~.bl. .3 ladl •• '.. tbat tlY. .t ,_ ....... 1J'Oll'. ...N able

t ..... b. .lp!.t!. .... b.,.0a4 tbe .011..,.1. ot tIM 'wo pnpe

wIl10ll t.lle" 1D tb.le I' •• ,..t ODe cU.A ehow at 1 ... , • , ... ..,.

tovard ....... nt. It 1. lat."I'1Dc t •• ot. tbat 4.aree of

G •• ""'. a,,,._"4 '0 b •• ,. a "l.tloutd, to the .t.. .f tbe

P-O'&I,. !be ob ...... 'to. ot aul1top4 ,bat the .... .t a.on.

hel, 811alut. tl.4 ,.aald .• a app.a"a to b. eo."..'. Ot the

ODe ~ b41 ... 14ual. l'at.4, tled NUa ••• vred 1rt 0111,.

tov la., ..... . Ga .... 't(l'S8) baa ladloated. tU esl.' .... ot • to..-la

wbleb. -.. ,. ~ ..... t •• ats... •• ,be •• 11abl11',. ot ra'1D&.,

p.1ft4 ..... , .... aDd otbe. j1l4pe.'., a. well •• , •• ,

..... (P • .343)." 1\l~at'"'iDa t" •• tua f. W 1a't. thi. t • .--18

ai .... 1a _ •• • t "11.bl11'7, ,be t.ll .... 1a& .... 1 ••• tor pftp •

..... t. OM .... pu'1 •• 17= .83 •• 91,.", .,Sl, .12, .46 a4 .84. G .... " b41 •• t.4 ,bat the nl.o. ,.. o"t.bled. .M ".topped

up •• t1M" •• " .1l4 -7 1M be.t latel"P"' •• a. poup. approltwt-

I •• "" •• tbaa .. ot .o.tttol .. , nl.... !be .,111 .. 1 .. ,

•• 1" ...... ,.11" to th. paId • • t th. t .. t •• ,o,.., .10 •

.. ,. .... .f lBt .... ' tor Jl'1l'PO". ot • .,..ta_ .... 0 al •••• 1-

... la'_. '!he "11abl11'., •• twt •• tor P01l,. • .... to ..

.... lIoapo.tl •• 1,.1 .92, .90, .'2, .92 •• 81, .92, .99. It t. '.a .pp..... tbat t •• ,_ ..ulDg ps*o4taO.4 • ....,.. de ... o of

oona.utI. ''baa ol ..... t. pald ... _ It _,. \). t.ir17 0._1 __ '

tut the t •• ,_ "*1Da w •• a _" obj •• t1 ... n4 tape .... l

' •• k ... "1.,1 .. 17 __ ,..s •• ,.d. \rJ .... oul or lIlterpel' .... l

.... ld."'l.... hrthe--. the ........ Nt, •• ooatrol. p ••• tbl.

on ~ t •• ,.. raaktDa ta.k .taoe •• oh j1l4l. axe •• 1... bi.

op1a1on on tb.e .... 14_tl •• 1 t ••• ts..l1. Ia raId . ., of

.1 ..... ' •• , ,be .1 •• • f tbe .1 •••••• aaaed t.Poa .tx to tv .. t,. t'bMe. It lIlaht .1 •• b. DotO. that thero 1. 1'10 80 •• t.t .. t

.. 1.'1 ... _1p b.t.... 1.acth of ..... tat.... aa4 .e.... of .0 ....... til either raak1'Dl proo._ ... _ !h& .tu48at. vtth the

ataS- 1..,\b. .t •• qu.s.at ..... b.lp d14 •• w&11 •• tile poll'

wIth tbe .... t •• t 1 ... ' __

Iflle .. nlt. obubled 1a el ..... t •. "I'.IJd .• aub.tutS..l1,.

... 114.'. tu ••• 0Dd b.J'potb.e.1.: ,bat tn. rUlk oHer of aub.s •• '.

juq" in ttl. order ot approval 117 • ,10llal .. tWtt .. • t tea­

.v111 stlow alr ..... t bey". ,be _baDe. 1 ... 1. !bi.

proved to be \be 888e with tlve .t ,'- ....... oupe laYol~4. '\li:>

It .... 0I'l tbe ba.t • • t 'bie " •• 'O!W:I& ... t tu • ..,1 •••• 41.-

14K btl. a hlP and 10.. a,,","l PQU,. !M WO PO'l,. 'WIll.'" di4 .0' Naek .1pf.t1e .... we" .1allutl,. 41.1 ... tu ......

rand_ •• at .. ", .. a ..... 0I1.14eH4 to ..... c:pd.M4.

B ... l' __ .. 1ae4 tI'_ tb.e GZ!'I

raft II .t tid •• ""7 .. cra1Ncl ... ".s .... , ... ap_4 .. \b.e

300 ita ....... ,.. OM.t tU .1.-j .. ,. of "" •• ...,. ••• ,. Sa-

,,_'ip. tIM ,...., •• ot , .... .,.1.t1_. I' 1 .... 11 1mova

,_, ..... ,. 1a'-J'PN'.'s.- of M.' .. _It ......... lIPcm. ,.

ub .. • t t .... ,.,.1atl.Jl ......... 1........ Btu. a .. ll1t ... 0·$ _1\7 t ..... ie,,. 41ft.Hat h_ .t ••• , t •• , ...... t

.01 .. 1d .• _,. b • .,..t •• to .thet , •• t "_1,., ..... 1.11,.

1 ........ ,. ,.p.oul1,,. ••• 1.lIle •• , •• h .,.41 ••••• N _, .. ,

OIl tile ..... f , •• Ift .. it ... "ltaiM' de _, .tt .. • _b. lat.r-

_'1 .. Sa MNa .1 .aw "oMa, ..... ftliald.l1.,. ... .ttlol..'.

aa4 •• ,..1.11,. la ......... l.\.l... l' waa ,_ .... ,. ot "".

a"'clJ' to ., • .." '0 ..,p1,. t.. tid. laek. ft'bl. 4. ,", .. , • .... Un ..... ,1 .. et ........... '.18 f. 9S •• _j .. ,.. ...11

ta.' ... a Me 4S.Yi4e4 •••• to ....... • • ... t_ ••• Il

42' .... 11 of *t tae_OJt. AI •• pes.ate4 aN , ... dltt ...... NtV ....

••• ll ... 1f mel t1Dall,. ,be total "ON. Tba .. data ~1.t.l,.

1nds. •• ,. eo_tId., .t the eomp ••• ld.11t1 of 1t ... !a ... h halt

ot a t •• t;o ••

T.bl. It. Dlat1,tUnat;!oa of a'OM' OIl tea '..,.NMllt 'H1ta

1fU t.,.l .. on _ tM first balf of ,be aZB tor all e .....

arqpa, _ all ,_ t.o'ora, vaa 8S00 ud to. t;be ... _4 half,

8~. boa. total of 17.o4It. po1ats, • 41tt.". ... of 44. poblt.

"au1te4. Wb11 •••• h tilUMs ,.u" .,..ltl0 41tr81' .. 8. to

disappear it does 81v8 • b •• a. and , ... H1 plot..".. of th.

aUI'Ve,. as a whole. 'fhe _=.1(1949) bl41oat.s tut •• ob. tMit

_,. '" •• 0N4 la tvo pans on ••• b f •• tor to a.. 1t .. lacIlvU-

1181 1. ..U .ollsi.tea, v1th 1' ..... ' t. tut t •• to.. 'abl.

I$. la41 •• wl ~, t.a 1M .!Dale t •• ,or 414 tbe ."' ••• 11', 41ttoH __

.... 4 OIle po1Bt. a.1t.btlt'" ... ttiele.'. 1adle.te to _ ..

how aueh 41ft • ..-o. ean ~ tol ••• ted. ToleP*De1 1imit8 ...

•• '.blt ... '4 ...,. .""'tJaa "- .t8l'l4ard el'NJI .f ... "!Mel

•••• 1. G.lltOl'4(1949) .tate. ,bat a dUtera •• twl ••••

lal'S- ea tu staat .. " 'fttO~ alun114 ,1.,..0.1l •• to. 0.-"' ••

Be ..... t.4 that wUl'1 tn. c!t.tt.MM' bet.e. two halt 800M'

8O •• d, 'wl.. tbe ,tandaM Irror, tbe total "01'1 tor tbat

'.elt aaould be ... 10&817 qu •• tloa.4. fabl, 5 pre ••• ta

'1We ••• pa,.s' ••• tDa'., ot rel1.",nt",. Spe ........ B ... ,

ChIt .... ' oct \he lC.411'-II.oU"8OD.

T.,.l. S !UN •• 'S-te. or f •• ,. nlJ.altlllt,- ..,.

,he .p11-"Ult .'1t.o4 [

J'aot_ ... bopMe7 ~ E.-R t.--l • S.B ...... • G .90 .89 .86 2.2

It .63 .6, .68 2., A .81 .86 .18 2.1

I _91 .90 .90 2.)

11 .92 .91 .88 2.0

0 .18 .18 .10 2.2

p ." .13 .1) 2.S T .78 :,8 .1~ 2.4-p .75 .14 .13 2.4 H .78 • 18 .1 • 2.3

• a.3 ...... W ......... , •• !:Da aut .... • ••• 1Ma.

-

ht .. ate t • .-l • ... " •• 4 •• tbe b •• l. ot ..... tfJtaa ,a. .'.rada" .1'1-01' ot ......... t. B.1aatauJt(l96!t.) upl.1Jut4

that, ul1ke the 8~."D.-BJtowa, Guttuat • t0ftA11a 40e. DO'

"qUi .. tblt a • ...,'l .. of .qaa1 ... t ..... t •• ,be tvo balt

.e .. s. '.ftIAl .tan4a .......... 1" •• la 'bia .\ta47 .... ...

• 1 ... 17 vltllhl1toN'. popal.'l-. tbe luI •• ' dltt ..... .

"!.lie ot "'- ..... r .fO t.r faet_ ll( .. atHtat) • ., ... ..

,...tl .... ,..,. ....... a ......... 14 • ....u.t "'. GIS _al.

O~._ .f tat •• ..,18 vlt'" CNilt02:'4'. tad! •• , .......... 1

ap .... t, ... 110.' aotable 4 .. 1.tt •• be1q s.a 'I'.t, It ••

ln4S. •• t.4. Tabl. (,

.. ana an4 standard 4.~la'to.. ot tralt .'01' •• :r.etoll' v ..... _I.L . ...11

• ...11 .dot_tlmIU,

t 16 .. 2)(11.0) 6.64(S."") R 1'.) (1.6.9) It..SO(k.94) A 16.0 (1~.9) $ .. S4(S.8lt.) S 11.6 (18.2) 7.$0(6.97)

11 1, .. 4, (16.,) 6.'2(6.1S)

0 18.1 (11.') 4.11(4-98) l' lS.8 (1).8) 4.11($.01) ! 1'., (11.4) $.10(5.11) , 1'.9 (16.1) It..81(S.OS)

M 1'.2 (1'.9) 4.'1().")

note. t~. 1a pa ... tb.e... !.n4loat. GZTS nON8

- .

4S Tabl. 6 pr ••• nt. tbe .. ana and .tandard d •• latlon. tor

thi ..... 1. and the rllQP •• 1n par.nth •••• indl.a'. tbe .alu ••

tor .ul1ford'. populatlon. The ac.' notl •• abl. dlrt, •• n •••

• pp.a •• d In tbr •• taotor., J(r,.t.atnt), P(t.lendl1ne •• ),

and P(p ••• onal .01a'10n.). ata •• l' wa. not the purpo •• or

thi. .'Ud7 to oa.par. • ... It. • ••• pt wlt~ln t~. popalatlon

u •• d in thl. .tu47 no .aMparl.o .. b.t •• ,. the.. ditt.ren •••

w.r ... de. The 41r.,tloD ot att.ntloD va. t ..... d oa tho ••

dltteHUO. "tw ••• tbe Mall a.4 low appro.al 11'0\1, ••

Tabl. 1 Co~.latlOD. b.t •• ,n bal.,. aact '0'a1 •• 07 ••

:ra.to. A ••• B A .a. total B.a. total

0 .81 .94 .96

a .Jt,6 .89 .82

A .11 .94. .-I .83 .96 .'S B .8S .97 .,6 0 .6lt. .91 .91

P .62 .9) .86

'! .~ .90 .91

P .60 .90 .91

II .64 .90 .91

A. va. ,arll.r .tat.4, .aoh •• pa.at. ta.tor va. a.a17 •• 4

to 71.14 tbr.e .'01' •• : a •• or. tor the tll".t balt ot tbat

tactor; a soore for tbe second balt; and tbe cambiaaticD ot

both baly •• or total soore. Oorrelations be'ween eaob ot tb •••

vere computed and the res1llts presented in 'l'able 7. The ••

eorrelations ,as81ated 11'1 maklng olearer the r.liabilities

presented in Table S~ Thua. raotor R(re.tralnt) WhlGh had

the lowest reliability ooeffioient tin4s oonfirmation in Table

7 where the ooetfioient yalU8 b.tween .aoh bait va. only .46.

PreoiselJ what influenoe. were operattna to aooount tor this

taotor's relatively poor sho"iDS are not known. It 1. tnter­

•• tina to note tbat taotor R(re.tra1nt) .1.0. a. a .... It,

had tb.e 1.ra •• t .tandal'd error ot .a d.e .. nt.

Another t ••• t ot the GZT,S val.h va. ot t.portano. eon­

oerne4 tbe .. latlv. taortan •• ot taotor lDdependeuo.. Gu1ltord

.'8'e4(1949) tbat with bl. populat10n, tbe lnte.oor.el.t1 ...

w." • ... 'U71Dc17 low.· '!'he .... 1 •• 101'1 dnVll tJ-_ tM. was

that ••• a t •• t •• wa ... 1.tl •• 1,. .-lqa. aDd tba. pr ••• n,.4 a

dltt.~' •• ,.., ot ..... r ... at. fbe al, ••• t 1D'eroo~.l.tl ••

npone4 'b,. Glal1tord " ••• 69 "' •• e. t.oto •• lI( ... tloul

.'ab111t7) .Dd 0(obJ •• 'ly1'7). 0 ........ to~ thl. va. ,bat

t •• tor B va. ,he "8.ult ot ooabla1q '.0 .lIOtloul17 lact ••

t •• t ••• Ira. ••• 1i •• t.veatorle.. Tabl •• 8,9,10,.D4 11

pre •• Dt • oa.pl.'. • ..... t of tbe tDt.r •• rrel.'loa. touad

b.' ••• n hall.D4 total •• 0 ••• tOllDd 1ft tb.1. 8t1l47. It 8.01114

'be Dot.4 tbat tu •• _H le.".OIl ,:.o4 •• t ..... t oonel.tl ...

• M" •• tbo •• ",_t.4 1»7 <hailtoret. .... ,.tr •• bOri. oae.. fU

- •

41 t.traonorl. eoettl.lent 1. known to be 1... rellable tball tbe

learsoD belq aa ... h a. S~ _1' ..•• iable(Chl11tord.19S0,p • .33S).

!hls defl01 •• 0,. i. ..er ...... ta17 bf taor ••• tac tbe sl •• ot

• aample to tvl.. tbe Jl\IIIber U ••••• 17 top tbe Pe •• soa It

de,.ndable .e.~lts are to b. expeote4. S1D.Oa thl ••• apl.

repre.anta A.arl7 ona buDd .. d au-Ja.t. lt 1. telt tbat tbe

.. p~ted oorrelatl ... ara •• 1 .. b1e.

WbaD tal ..... 1.'. lateroor •• 1atloa. we ... ..,. .. 4 vlta

tho •• r.ported bJ' GulltoPd, tbe hRlt. 1D41 •• te4 the, tale

.en ••• l wnique .... of eaob. t •• 'or v •• eonttr..ed. Oul1t0P4'.

b1ah •• t ooetll.tent w.s betweea B(emotlonal stabl11ty) aad

O(obj •• tlylty) be1ns ot tbe o~.r .6,. In tbia .t~d,. It va •

• lao tbe blahea' h.iDl .12. Soelabl1i\7(I) q4 A ......... .,(J.)

we ... 61 1D GuiltoN-. popul.'lon aDd in this at\t4,. v.,... tOlUld

to b •• Tic.. In r1ataato tlrla •• lu8 tbe tvo oMttl.t •• t ..... ot

elat. tbat a •• ore 1a one ta.tor a.count. tor 1... than halt

the ... la ... 01' ,bAt other. 8tl11 it .... be not •• that onlT

s118b.tl,. .ope tbaD. bal.t tile .... pl.no. is ••• ouat.d top aad ••• h

taetor does .on,p1but. aoaetb.1D& ualqU.. to t,.,. ..... ilt. III

•• neral. bove .... , tbe • ..,ari.ons ladle_ted tbat bo~h tbe

d.l:r •• tt_(po,ltl.e or .8,atl •• ) a.ad the "llle 01' the int.r­

correlations were In substantial .&re.ment. This study tbera.

tor. 1. bell •• ed to .-b.tanti.te the relati.e ortho,anll1tJ ot

'~e ra.tors in.ol.ed. With the two ex •• ptian. already noted •

• 11 other 1Dt.r.~latlOD. 1Ddl •• '.4 that .aoh ta.tol"

14.8

'able 8

Iate.oorrelatloas ot tot.l seo.e. _etweeD 10 GZ'lI t •• tOl'.

G B A I B 0 ., ~ P 11 ....

G -- -10 34 J2 :st. 29 -OS 01 1S 22

1l - ... 1 -36 08 .01 08 It.o .. 1lt. 02

A -- 1lt. 55 It.l -01 08 14 30

a -- It.1 )6 00 -11 1) 10

11 -- 12 2S .. 08 33 )S 0 -- S6 -11 4S S1 ., -- .. 2If, 41 2? , -- ... 16 00

p -- 12

)I .-Dote. All ..... l.tiaR •• ,. re •• aoD preduo' ..... t

... ttlol •• ts b •••• Oil ,be •• OM8 ot 9, nbJae' •• D •• s..l polAts ha •• be .. al't84.

-49

Table 9

I.t.roorre1atlona ot tlr.t balt •• or •• with ••• oad balt •• or ••

G2 B2 .l2 82 :12 02 '2 1f2 P2 Hi

(ll .- -2.3 30 3) 38 26 -04 -08 19 is 81 03 -... 13 .. 12 29 21 12 22 00 10

A1 28 -31 -- 6j SS 37 -19 • 04 22

11 28 -SO 61 -- 42 )1 -06 -08 OS 11

B1 a .. 19 4S 43 -- 61 JS -21 29 J2

01 23 -20 31 36 sa.. -- 3S -18 IJ.2 40

'1 -os -02 -01 06 29 46 -- -21 48 19

n 01 3S 16 -11 10 -02 ... 09 -- -08 08

Pi 10 -22 18 1S 32 31 29 -10 -- 10

Hl 11 -11 )0 13 24 42 2j -os 10 -. •• te: All oorrel.tl0 •• ar. P •• raoa ,rodGo' aameat

ooettl.to.t. 'b •• 04 oa Mor.. ter 9, 8"'J •• ' •• 1) •• s...1 ,olata baa.... b... oa1 tt.ct.

pa

~o

T.bl. 10

tat ... orr.latlona ot tt... balt a.o ... vlt_ t~.t balt •• 0 •••

Cll a1 .11 81 III 01 PI !1 PI Xl

&1 -- 02 33 29 36 a8 06 ... oS lit. 22

Itl _. 13 -18 ... 18 14 32 -06 19

Al -- 61 43 32 01 01 16 29

11 _. 39 29 -02 -09 IS 11

B1 -- 62 J6 .. 02 26 31 01 -- - 0' 41 42 n -- -II 38 21

Tl -- -If 12

PI _.

10

Hl _ .

• ot •• All ..... l.tlo ... aN , •••• _ p •• ".' __ ., ... ttt.lent ...... 4 OIl •••••• t .. 9S 811\)3 .. '8. D .. s.al polat ...... beea al'_d.

S1

Table 11

Intereorrel.tloB. ot ••• ond balt •• ore. with ••• and ba1t •• 0 •••

Cl2 R2 ,12 82 82 02 F2 'f2 12 H2

62 -- -lS )2 21 28 23 -19 10 08 20

112 -- -32 .-45 -29 "',32 00 39 -11 -11 A2 .... 61 sa )8 ... 12 11 10 21

B2 -- S1 31 02 .09 08 00

.2 .... 61 21 -14 26 26

02 -- 41 26 32 43

"2 -- -29 36 18

1'2 -- ... 18 ... 11

P2 _.

09

X2 .... -.ot.: All .o!'hl.ttonlS ... ' •• rae potbtet __ at

Goottletont. ba.ed oa ••• H. t .. 9S sabJo.'-D •• laal poiat. bay. Me. cal'ted.

-S2

.441' ••••• It •• lt to ~ ••• t. ot t..,. ..... tt tbat.re r.1atl .. 17

la4e,eDC1e.t of ••• " other. It would .pp •• r .at. to 001101u4.

tbat tu CJZ'!8 ou proy. useful 1a dlttereatl.tiq be'" •••

lndly1dual •• D4 poup ••

HlIb. .n4 low .,,.0'f'.1 dat.

A. waa 1D410.t.d, 'be tot.l sroup of 9) •• bJ •• ' ••••

41y14.' 1nto a b.S.p aa4 10v .W .... l .... , .. tu " •• 1. ot tu

j.~a'. of ,be.. ta • p •• tl.ular ... up. B.oh •• ,...,. 81 •••

va. 41nd.. SAto ba1 ....... ,_ •• 1. of sa ••••••• !1 •• rak.

0 ....... ta 0Il1,. tOUl' ..... ft' tbe tie. OIev .. d ...... aaka

__ , "nit'e" , ... t. 1M ••• iped t. .'tbAtr pOll,. I. , .. -

pOll,. tUft ..... a 044 ..... of •• bje.t. wIlo ...... 1' ....... 17

pla ••• ia the Mall, , .. low, ta.a hiell .... p.. ".1' tMa

...... the hl,h .pprov.l poup haa .? Abj •• t to 14.6 t.a ta.

1 •• croQ. A1 tho •• ll tvo po.p. 414 .ot •• hl..... • alpltt .... '

e ..... aua ot .pe ..... , tbail' •• ble.ta WH apl1t •••• l'41 .. to

..... f r.Dka. fb,la wa. 4 .... "the .. tball lI_doa •• a1_at,

........ lt v •• t.lt ,bat ,be o .. ttlolea' ot .30 'eaded tOW.N

........ t. In the .thaa •••• ,tu e •• ttlole.t ot .10 .... be

p .... 4 t. lDdl •• '. • ..aaci_ .. Dklq. IB tb.la latter iD.t ... .

O1l1r aiX ... p18 W ....... 117 laY.l •• ' 8Ild 'luJre W •• B ..... on

to bell ..... 'Iaa' thl. vnl.c1 •• »1_.1, att •• , ,... pou, ,.rto __ -.e.

Sl AI , .... 1 .. 11 inc!! .•• ''', 'he MMP~ .ad GIft e.rH1at ••• g.t-

1 .. 17 bee •••• ot .aortae •••• 0... . hllh ..... 1 ••••• l1y ladle­

.,trc p081tl .... qualltle. OIl the GZTS. 'ltut _ •• 1(191+.) .tate.

,bat n • hlah .eop8 ladl.ate. tbe .po.ltl .... ' qu.llti •• aDd a

low .001'. ,~ ' •• ,att.o' qualltl... Extp ... ,o.ltl •• qu.ll,l ••

40 aot a1v.78 1acll •• t. tbe H.' a4JlI.taeJlt. bttt .. ex ....

.... tt •• oae 18 likely to indle.'. tpo_blt(,.)." It alao

reported tbe _l.t.noo of ".e .... 1 dettattel,. ourYa4 ~ .. 0 •• 1 ...

in ... t •• tor. vbJ.eb. .how ,bat o,'1Ml •• 0"' do ac' .. ead to

,_ top ot __ ••• 10 _ bu' 8ft ., .~ 11040 .. " p •• l'loa

be ..... ,~ .... ..4 the top. ,..,.p ••• l •• tloa ot •• ~ ••

tbe .. to .... , 'bo '.kell ta .ont .. , ot ,be lit. of ,Jut 1a4t.ld.

"al 'betaa .......... Illp extp ••••• loa .......... ,. ... 4 .... ral

•• ,1.1", 'betlt ••• 1 ..... _" ... • ..llol.... 'ablo 12

pH_'. 'I'.rtou. .,.tt.tl.. aad t Hid .•• bet ... the hilll

tm4 low ." ..... 1 POl1,'. A _,atl •• "1.. In a t ... '10 la-

41 •• ' •• tbat tbAt ... ot 'he 1_ poup ......... tut ot. th.

blah apppova1 11' .. ,.. .1 .. " 1 pre ••• t. lD graphl. t.ra ,_

.a. ~:rl1.8 top both pou,s OIl the tea t •• tor. 11'1 teJW8 ot

,tutu "w .OONS.

l1p1tl ••• t dltte .. Il... ., tbe .01 1 ••• 1 ... to.. SA

t •• ,OI'. 0(0"'3 .. '".1*1) a.d .(.tJtl.ndl1M.a). A .lp1tUa.t

41tt ..... a' .02 1I.S touct t. f.a' .. A( .... Dd .... ) 04

h.'o. P (,.. ... 1 "l.tl ... ) ala. elo •• 1,. ., .. ox .... , ... tid.

1 ..... 1. I' •• 'OJ" H(_.o.latty) 010.81,. approzs.-t ••• lp1tlo .. _

...

at tbe .Os 1 ••• 1 and Eaotora B(e.otlonal .t.bl1It~),

T(tbotaahthlu •• ) aa4 8(.001.1 lat .... ,) texul tOV8" .lpitl ••

aue.

In \be 'ell ' .... ". .... t , ... It., tbe hieb a,p.oY81 _.a exo.eded the low ,roup .. ans in only tbrae tactors(a,K,aDd !).

BODe 0'1 thes. dltteHM88 W... alp1tl ••• t .nd thel' ropH ••• toct

tbe low •• t t •• tloa.

I' .. 8 noted •• 1'11 •• thllt •• oraa oa tbe GZ'l?S ailbt be 1'0-

.. rele4 a. ,a,.111& tbe p.l .... '. '1'1 •• OIl. haa ot bJ.meelt aD4 tbe

rll1tklqa 1Jldl •• 'laa tbe ,.bll. 1 ..... 1 01' bow one .,,,.1'8 to

.,b.a"... The peletl .. 1,. nisher •• ora. ot the low • .,pro .... l 11'011,

ta .e~ ot t~ ,.. t •• ,o... v.. .0' aa'101,a'" aiDe. tbey

...... 117 ladue'o .'b.tt ••• 4jll.tMnt. !M ... ra1 M.4eu)' ot

the low ptftp to .... Mabel' a_ •• t84 bta.iIlI 'o.aM

.... ,iDa. tayovab10 _"a.loa. !be _al(1.9) 41 •••••••

... a.l .. a 1a4181 •• ot a ••• depen4a'blltt,.. It .,.,.. tbat ... b

e "laa -7 " a.ape.'" vban one tlada l1otab17 ao.. .oona

.lto .... the _41 .. _ua la.low It. '1'_ t •• t .. a aN beid to 'be

a,at1at108117 ind.pendent and 1t one aaau.e4 ooapl.te 1D4.,..4-

.... tbe toll."Dc 04d. v01I14 'be ..,..'.4. 'e ••• OM8 ab .... tbe

_dian "0\114 OMU ... 1n • tb.cnlsaa.ci, atra. .0... ... 1a •

h1m.clI'e4 aa4 vi t" -lah' It wou1" be __ 18 ''''''7 ts.... It

tu-tbAtp .. t •• 'lla' ·vitb. 80_ 4.SH. ot lIlteHGrHlatloa(e.e.

'boqb.: 811ptlJ' -18'1 .... ) tb.. 044. would b. appnolab17

...... ('.11).·

-

ss 'able 12

Coapas-laODa bet ...... 93 811))j80'. dlyldell iD.to h1Sh(Jr-41) aad lov(lI-46) pOll,.

1'aotors LOWS liIGBS

hnen1 Aotlylty Mea. 15.$6 16.S7 8.D. ~.09 1.12 8.B ... an .67 .11 8.B.dl.t.t. 1.02 t ratio + .98

A ••• ndana,. M.an a.ll. 1.E .... n '.l1~.l~t. t "t10

·bleactl ...... H ... S.D. S.B._all 1 ••• 41ft. t "'10

16.96 14..94 ~.60 S.lJ

.62 .sa .as -2.39

14.C,1 4.64-.so

·13 -2.13

Personal Relationa He.. 20(8) S.D. 4.8$ 8.B .... n .~ I.X.dlrt. , "'10

d.f. .10 .0S 91 I.A

Reava1nt ... S.D. 8.E ... an B.E.dltt. t Ntl0

.01

HIGD

Ip.96 19.68 ....18 q..?t

.53 .46 .70

1(0)

21 Low J.pproyala

------ Bilb. J.ppz-... l.

20

19 f\ \

I " .. I I 18

I • .. I E I a 11

/1\ I I .. I I r...J \ .... • \ I

.-! 16

\ I • .c

IS \~

1

The unexpeoted direotion ot the dltterencea between

groups indioated the possibility ot bla.tna. The two

tal.itioation aoales and the careless-deviancy aoale oon­

atructed by Jaoobs and Sohlatt(19SS) were uaed to inveatigate

this .. tter. Table 13 tndioatea the results obtatned.

Table 13

Results on three talsitio.tion scales tor 8 higb(lf-47) and 10w(I-46) group.

Gross talsirioatioD Subtle talsitioation Oareless-devianoy

Higbs Lows Highs Low 8 Hilb.s Lows

Mean 10.30 12.28 20.13 22.6,3 2.34 1.67

S.D. 4.99 4.39 5.92 4.98 1.96 1.74

S.E. .S4 .48 .64 .SS .21 .19

t ratio 2.73 " 2.96 .73 " .

d.t. . so .10 .01 91 .68 1.66 2.6)

The resulta indicated that on both talaitioation aoales

the low approval group soored signitioantly b.igb.er. This

provided evidenoe that tbey .ay bave been trying to create 8

ravourable tmpression ot themselves on the GZTS. The low

t ratio ror the oareless-... laney 80ale indioated tbat this

58 . WlS not likely to be the reault ot a baphazard mark1n& ot

the answer sheets, tbus giving credenoe to the validity ot

the two talsitioatlon acales. It is not known whether the

tendencl to present this type ot image was conscious or un­

cOUDscious in aotivation. One possible reason why individuals

were rated lower in temperament __ y have been due to a babit~

ual tendency to disguise one.elt.

CLINICAL IBT.ERPRE~TIOIS

The manual(1949) presents interpretations tor each tactor

obtained trom validity stUdies and clinical experience. It

also contatn. intormation on various combinations ot tactors

and how they may be interpreted. Jones(19S4) te.ted 628 naval

aviation cadets and reported tbat taotor R(restraint) correl­

ated well with P(triendline.s) and tbat P(personal relation.)

alao correlated well' tactor R correlated best with tactor

T(thoughttulness). In the present study tbe correlation

between Rand T was also the strongest. Linden(19$7) baa

additional veritication between the.e two and ha. h7Pothe.ized

that they both contribute to an introversion-extroversion

taotor. The tendency towards introversion is more strongly

indioated in the high approval group. Jones (19S4) reported

that tactors E(e.otianal stability) and O(objeotivity) appear

to au"est a heavy loading ot 1tems relating to anxiety and

that p(triendliness) and P(peraonal relations) reve.l a

OQBBon hostility tactor. The low approval group oonsistentl7

-$9

scored higher on all the.e tour tactors, three ot tne.

(O,F,P) reacning signiticance. It may be hypothesized tnat

anxiety and hostility are what was being denied by tbe low

approvals. Faotor studies bave indioated tbat eight ot tbe

GZ~ scales may cluster into two major croup tactors. One

llaa been termed "emotionality" and relate. to one' a inward

teeling.. Pour acalea(E,O, F, and p) contributed a major

influence to this cluster. Faotor B( .. otionality) is an

index ot the degree to which an individual will permit

hta •• lt to treely teel his emotioD.. A hiSh acore indicates

ettort. to insulate one.elt fpom doing .0. The low group

would appear to be relatiYe1y unwilling to represent the.·

aelye. as vulnerable to their DegatiYe teelings.

Factor O(objectivity) is an index ot deten.es one may

employ in an attempt to 1U.intatncoat'ort with feel1ng. A

hilh soore is indicative of deten.e me.nanisms in action,

wherea. a low .oore is interpreted as indicating their laok.

Thi. laok ot deten.e. contribute. to a greater emotional

vulnerability and sen.itivity ot feellnga.

va.tor P(triendltne •• ) indicate. that bllh .oorers

preaent thea.elve. a. ea.y to get .lons with, people who

are nonthreatenins 1n nature. ot intere.t "a. the sipitio­

ant ditterenee(.Ol) betw.en tbe hilh and low group in tavour

ot the latter. While their own soores presented the. as

more friendly, their ola.smate.' rankinas by p1ac1ng them

pcz

60

in the lower half of the entire group reveals reason to

believe there was 8 basic misperception.

Faotor P(peraonal relations) was reported by Linden as

the most bias prone soale in the GZ!S. High soorers tend to

aUSlest individuals attempting to present thems.lves ln 8

good 11ght. As earlier noted, the two &roups differed here

at the .02 level, once alain in favour ot the low approvals.-

The second major factor identified by GZTS acale oluster­

tog wa. termed "soolal drive." It relate. to external behav­

iour. Pour traita(A,S,R,and T) contributed to this general

taotor. The tirst two contributed the .. jor portion.

Pactor A(ascendancy) sugse.ted individuals who pre.ent

themselves as havina unrealistic lite loals and •• bitions,

they demand high statu. snd prestige, have a need to dominate,

manipulate and control others but cannot the ••• lve. tollow

direotion ea811y.

Factor S(sociabllity) suggested social superficiality,

tbe tsocial butterfly' who derends against others truly

getting to know his real self.

Paotor R(restraint) W8S one tralt where the high approval

croup's mean exceeded(not signifioantly) tbat at the lows.

High scores indioate one who is serlous .tAded, conserYative,

inhibited in his behaviour, a hard worker and duty bound

person.

Paotor T(thoughttulness) was the second trait where the

po

61 high. exoe.ded(not signiticantly) tbe lows. In this trait,

bigh soores .uggest one who thtnks about ht.selt and his pro­

ble •• a great d •• l; one who is idea ratner tban objeot oriented;

one who tend. toward introversion and seltoenteredness. Low

scorers tend to tocus on persons or objects outside the selt

and stri.e hard to retr.in trom thinktag a great deal about

the.sel.es.

It should be noted tbat the above observations ha.e the

toree ot possible clinioa1 interpretations whioh are based

on work don. with the GZTS. Pr.oisely what intluence. w.re

op.ratins with this aample were not known nor was the study

designed to establish thea.

The trait. in the GZTS may be combined tor clinical pur­

po.... Guiltord auggested tbat when one tinds a hiSh soor.

on O(objeotivity), there should be a high T(thoushttu1ne88)

aooCDPtm71n8, so that while a hiah 0 i8 relatively un.,apatheti.

ot tbe teeltDg. ot others he i8 perceptive enoush a. an

oblerver to know tbe rigbt thing to do and say. In this studT

tbe low appro.al group scored relativelT bigh in taotor 0 but

low.r in taotor T. A high M( .. aculinity) maT indicate a

tend.ncy towards oallousness which might intensity the dis­

crepancy just not.d.

pz

Chapter S

Summary and Conclusions

62

The purpose ot this study was threetold: (a) to determine

the degree or concordance seven separate groups would bave in

ranking ten temperam.nt faotors as tn.y apply to religious

lite. It was hypothesized, and demonstrated, that agr .... nt

in all groups would exceed the chance level. (b) The aecond

hypotheais was to determine whether each group could apply

a global definition to their olassmates and reaoh beyond

chanoe apeement in rankings. In f1 ve ot tne seven groups

tbis was demonstrated. Four ot the t1ve suocessful sroups

were highly suooesstul(beyond .001) and the remaining one

reacbed the .01 l.vel. (0) The tnlrd hJPothesis was that

tne GZTS could disor~tnate between a high and low approval

group in the ar.a ot temperament. This was established at

the .01 level tor taotors O(objeotivity) and P(triendlinesa);

at the .02 1ev.l tor A(asoendanoy) and at the .Os level tor

raotor P(persona1 relations). Paotors H(mssou1inity), E(emot­

ional stability) and S(sooiability) did not reach signifioanoe

but glve evldenoe or a tendency towards signticanoe.

The overall ditterenoes between the two groups showed

a pattern suggestive ot 'taking good' in the low approvals.

Two talslticatlon soales indicated a slgnitlcant dltterence

in thls regard at the .01 level. This suggested that the low

63

approvals tended to present tnem.elves in a more tavourable

llght and al.o tended to give the .. elves tbe benetlt ot any

doubts. It was not tbe purpo.e ot this study to prediot

speoltioally what taotor. would ahow ditterenoe., nor what

influenoes were operating to produoe the results obtained.

It would appear aate however, to assume tbat there is a

disparity between tbe private view one has ot himselt and the

public view held by others. The ranking a by olas ... tes was

at variance with the result. obtained trom the GZTS.

Statistios relating to reliability and interoorrelations

ot the GZTS were pre.ented. The general oonolusion reached

waa that thia study tended to support the original results

obtained by Guiltord. The ten tactors were found to be rel­

ative1, independent and to contribute, theretore, a 4irterent

aapect ot temperament tor eaoh taotor. Both the size and the

direction ot the lntercorrelatians tended to ahow substantial

asreement with the normative population.

In order to deter.mine whether there was any relationship

between the ranking ot tactors in their order ot tmportance and

the magnitude ot the t ratio ditterence., a Spearman rho was

applied. Table 14 presents the results. The obtained rho

value ot .6S was signiticant at the .0S level. The conclusion

that may be drawn is that in those tactors judged moat impotant

in the religious life one finds the greatest disparity between

the high and low approval groups. The students 8S B whole

po

r.nked t •• tor O(objeotlvlty) •• tbe moat boport.nt end this

tector repre.ented tbe large.t t retio .,.lue. It the low

appro.,a18 .re tDcl1Dad to tt.ke go04' it would be expeoted

thet suob • reault a. the one obtain.d would ooour.

The upper .nd lower twenty tive per oent ot tbe eample

were OOJlpared. ~ dlrectlon ot the 41tterenoe. r_ine4 tbe

.... but the -snltude ot dlttereno •• deor ••• .a sOMwhat.

T ratios were oomputed but dtd not res.ll tbe le.,el ot .le­nttle.noe. A. Garrett(19S8). Outltord.(19S0) and Gulllkaen(l9S0:

ha.,. pointed out, tMe _,. be due pr18ri17 to a problem ot

.el8.tlon. That Ie, the .... a •• tter ot points 1n • reatrlo'ed

.8.,le will slve 8 reI.tiyelT wider .pread and baDee a lower

oorrelation. Oul1tord(19S0) ststed that correlatton. "are

atteoted by tbe l'anse ot .blllty or ot • trBit pre.ent in

the population .ampled. '1'he narrower tbe lange, the _ller

(tbe correlation) tenda to be. (p.So6)."

'aotor

Table 14 Rank order ot teotors and t ratio magnitude.

tor ten GZTS raotora

G R A S BOP T P H

F •• tor rank 9

t ratio rank 10

8 6

9 .'3

7

8

2

6

1

1

.'3 S 4. 10

2 1 4. S

Abstract

This study provided evidence to support the original

authors published norms tor suoh statistics as means,

standard deviations, standard error or an obtained soore

and reliability estimates. It is in substantial agreement

also in the matter ot the direction and magnitude ot the

various intercorrelation coetticients. The study oontir.ms

that each or the tactors is relatively independent and

retlect a unique aspect ot temperament. The study also

validated the beliet that the Guiltord-Ztmmerman Temperament

Survey is sensitive enough to discriminate between a high

and low approval group in the area ot temperament.

Statistical evidence was presented to substantiate the

hypothesis that subjects would show beyond chance agreement

in their ranking ot the ten factors in the order ot their

importanoe in the religious lite. In this instance all

seyen independent groups reaohed signifioant levels ot agre.­

mente Five ot the seven groups reaohed signitioant agreement

in ranking their classmates along the dimension ot temperament

Allport, G.V. }tersonalitz: a iSlenolor.a1 1lltetEretatlon. B.Y.: Holt, Ilnehirtand urnston, 9~'.

Anastaai, A. 'fr0b010Il.al te.ti!l. (2ad.adn.) ••• Y.: TO. Mao.! an Co_ 1961.

,Bauale,., A.B.. Coaparl.on ot 'eaper .... t acores ot jewlsh and ,entlle .ale atudants. PSlcbol. Re!_ I3:S9S. o. 1963.

Baaa, B.M aDd Ser,. I ••• (e4.). 0lie.tlve ap!roa.bea to~er­aODaIltt aaao .... nt. Fr· .a\on, I: .: 'an lostrand Co. 1'~ •

Bendl" A.W. A,e diftereDo •• til tbe tatera.ale ta.tor atnot1lft ot tbe Guiltord-Z~r..aD , • .,er ... nt Survel. I. oona.1t. Isnbol. 24: 134.-138. Aprl1, 1960 •

. Buroa, O,It.(ed.) the 'bird Mntel Maa'&U"ea8nta H!r'bOOk. JJ.vw Brunawloi, I.i.: 1I1,.ra fnlv. Presl. 1'-

!be tovtb. Mnta1 .. aa1&ro .. nta zeal"book. Kilh­land lal'i, I.i.: OFfPliin mil. I9~:l.

,be tttta Mntal .a.un.nts learbook. Bl,b.­land lari, I.i.: 8r,pSOn 're.l. 19~.

Tbe auta "D.tal aoaallre_nts y.arbook. Illah­land lari, 1.1.: Gr,phon 'rea •• l"S.

Catt.l1, R.B. !he aiD p.r.ona1ity tactora 1D qu •• tio_ain., .elt-•• tt.ate materlal. J. loe. ,az. 31: )-38, 19S0

Conrad, H.8. !b.e ,.raoaal eq.atlon in ratlqs. II. A .,.a,_tl0 evalllatlon. J. oduo. ,Ilohol., 24: )9-4', 19)).

Cottle, W.O. ,be MMPI: a ... 1ew. Lawrence, Itan.a.: Vniv. ot Xaaaas fii ••• 19J~.

nablatro., W.G. and Welaa, 0.8. An .. PI b.nd~o.k. KiDDeapolls; Vnt •• ot Kinn. P ••••• 19&0.

Bi •• nhere! P. and W ••• aD, A.G. Conai.t.noy 1D r •• pona. aDd oaio.al int.rpr.tation ot pay.honeurotic In •• ntary

It •••• J. edue. p.lchol., 32: 321-338. 1941.

Bl1a., G. Selt·e.al.atlonque.t1oanatre. a. ,.oje.t1 ...... -ure. ot per.onallt7. I, oo ••• lt= ISlebol., IS: 496-,00. 19S1 •

• e. atandards tor teat e •• l.atlon. Bcil... and paUaol ...... , 6: 427-438. 1946.

hl.hOM'rtc .. thod.. •• Y. I •• Graw-ltl11. (2nd.elD.). 1'~,

P •• ao •• 11!7 ••• Y.: .oe.av-Bl11. 19,9.

Gul1tord, J.P •• nd Br.l" X.W. Extro.ersion and tntro ••• aion. 'ar0b.ol. 'b1l11., 21. 96-10T. 1930.

G.tlford, I.P •• nd Gul1toP4, R.B. Anal,.sl. ot tbe ta.tors p •••• nt in a 'TP1 •• 1 '.at ot intpo ••• alon .... xtpo ••• -810n. 1. ot a'bno ••• nd .00. 2810bol. 28: 377-399. 1934.

Gulltord, J.P. and Gul1tord, a.B. Perlon.llt, ta.tor. S,B, and X .nd tbetr ......... nt. I. ot Rl70bol. 2: 109-121. 1936.

Gul1tord, I.P. and Zs.-&l'JUn, W.S. The Chllltord-Zs...PUD 'biI ..... nt S~.ll M.a •• l. 1 •• e.t7 1111., O.11!., I :.11811 iuppt,. IS 0., llJi4J •

B.lastadter, G.O. 'Pl_!!le. ot J.l!b.olOr •• l u_ sg ... at • •• Y. I Appl.tOn enhij' "or£.. '&li.

" l •• olt., A., ... SoDlatt. A. .al.1tt •• tlon •• ale. to. the hl1tord-Zt-naell 'leaper_ .. nt 8urY8,. • •• "ly Bill., Callt.: Sheridan 8.PP17 Co. 19S5.

a

Jon •• , •• B. A.U". o~ the auton01l0.a v ...... ll'yIIT traita tro. Si 11l11toid-zfiii~n tr'!Pe.aaent BurYay. V.I. nayal .0&001 of a.l.iloD .. al.li. ra.earib. report, 19S4. (lroja.t no •• 0010$8.2.$.16.).

Xandall, 1l.0. Rank 80r.olat1oo. _tho<1a. LOAdon: Griftin. 1948

Xo,.., A., "o.ak, I., ....... 1, A., MS..kelaon, 0., aDd fa710r, B.L. !be biOlOIJ ot b.wIan .'_natlon. Illlm •• poli.: Vni •• of klDi. r •••• 19J5.

'I Lea." !. ad Cott.,.~ B.8. Inte,.,.r.Ollal 41apoal ••• 0.. . problema ot methodo1.,," and .a11dat10n. I. a'bno ... • 00. p.I.bol., SO: 110-l~. 19S5 •.

L1nd.n, J.D. !be •••• 10Iijnt .nd 0i!li •• tl •• aliila1 •• f tv. to ••• I .... &I.. .".. or ,lie Iitord-! J"II81l 'm'r­.... t 1""".7. vDpult!.Ua PIi.I. thi.!., Pira •• 11 .... I,,,.

Lind.n, J.D. and Olaon, I.V. A .~p.pati ••• a.l78!. ot .el •• tod Gullford-Zl ... r.an 'a., ..... nt IUrT.,. ao.le. with tb. T.ll •• Kanlt.at lnxl.',. S.ele. I • • 11n. Ealobol. 1St 29~-298. Ja1,., 19S9.

Moltozma, H.V. 1.11810 •• attlt".o. of pa •• onallt,.. tralts. I. aoo. '.l0b.ol. S4: 379-)88. AUS., 1961. -

'f.-. Mura,., I.B. and Galy1n, J. Correlational atta47 of tbe JOIlI and Q1I11tori-ll_r.aaa !reaper ... at 811"8,.. J. ,ell. p!lebol. 69: 267-273. 1963.

lfwmall,., 1.0 It Te.t. aDd .a"reJI8nt. t a ....... at and 2 .. d1et-10n ••• 'ttt lill'ev-lll1. l'J9. -

81 ••• 1, s. lfonpal" .. etrl0 atatl.tlos tor tbe lteuylora1 •• 1enoe •• I'.! • : Tilraw-Itn. 1~~.. I

aaunder., D. .ee GZ!8 reylew 1n SaPo., 19S9.

! 8teen_ers, N.Y •• e. GZ!I reyle" to Buro., 1949.

1St.pun.on, W •• ee GZfS re."iew 1n Bvoa, 1949.

8tooktord, L. and Bia.el1, H.W. 'aotora tnyol.ed In .a'abll.h­ins a .. rlt-rat1aa .. ale. PeraoDDel, 26, 94-118.1949.

'.per, D. 1n Baa., S.M. and Bers, I.A.Ced) •••• aDOye.

~att, R. Tbe abl11ty to judse people. P!l0nol. bull. S2: 1-23. 19S5.

-LVitberapoon, P. and J(elb.PI, X.I. Relationabt, betvee. pade­point 8.eras.s and .eetlona1 soore. on \be O.11tord­ZlIIael"JUn 'eaper .... t IVYe.,. Ed ••• " a.d I"I"bool • ... a., 19: 613-4. Winter, 19S9. -

EL G OUS B CKGROUm

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6:: "

Yes No

Yes N o

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

31 :: Yes No

Yes No

41 ~ ~ Yes No

Yes No

51 ~ : Yes No

56 ~~ Yes No

61 :: Yes No

Yes No

No

Yes No

81 :: Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

96 :: Yes No

101 !! Yes No

106 :: Yes No

111 :! Yes No

Yes No

121 :! Yes No

126 :! Yes No

131 !: Yes No

136 :: Yes No

141 :: Yes No

146 :! Yes No

2:: " 3 ::

" 5:: "

Yes No Yes No Yes ? No Yes No

7 :: " 8 ::

" 9:: " Yes No Yes N o Yes ? No Yes No

12 :~ 15 :: Yes No Yes No Yes ? No Yes N o

17 :: 20 :! Yes ~o Yes No Yes No Yes No

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes N o

30:: "

Yes No Yes No Yes ? No Yes No

34:: "

Yes No Yes No Yes ? No Yes N o

37 ~: 38:: " 40 "

"

Yes No Yes No Yes ? No Yes No

44 :: " Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes N o

48:: "

Yes No Yes No Yes ? N o Yes N o

Yes No Yes No Yes ? No Yes N o

58 :: 60 :! Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

65 :: No Yes No Yes ? No Yes No

Yes No Yes No Yes ? No Yes No

73 :: No Yes No Yes No No

BE SURE YOUR MARKS ARE HEAVY AND BLACK. ERA~E <;:OMPLETEL Y ANy A.~S'VER YOU WIS,H TO CHANGE.

77 :: " " 78 :: :: :: 79 ~: " :: Yes No Yes ? N o Yes No

Yes ? No No Yes No

88 :: Yes ? No Yes N o Yes No

Yes No Yes ? No Yes No

99 :: Yes ? No Yes No Yes ? No

102 :: 103 :: Yes No Yes No Yes No

109 !! Yes No Yes N o Yes No

Yes No Yes No Yes No

118 :! 119 :: Yes No Yes No Yes No

122 ~ ~ 123 :: .. 124 ~ : Yes ? No Yes No Yes No

127 :: 128 :: 129 :: Yes No Yes N o Yes No

132 :: 133 : ~ Yes No Yes No Yes No

137 :: 138 :! Yes ? No Yes No Yes No

142 ~: 143 :: Yes No Yes N o Yes ? No

147 :: 148 !: 149 :: Yes No Yes No Yes No

PRINTE D IN U.S.A. IBM FORM I. T. S . 1100 A 5920

Yes N o

Yes N o

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

105 :: Yes No

110 :: Yes No

Yes No

120 :: Yes No

125 :: Yes No

130 :: Yes No

135 :: Yes No

140 :! Yes No

145 :: Yes ? No

150 :: Yes ? No

Continue on the back

The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey

ADDENDA TO INSTRUCTIONS: ou 'make mistakes or want to change answers . 1 ) Please use pencils ~n ~~Yto avoid scoring problems. ~~~i:::: ::~: !~~re~::u;ea thorough enough to avoid ambiguity. }I

i t e question 1s in the "1" (1.e. 4)SPECIAL NOTE: If your first e~~d ca ou~ second choice to the "yeaH 01"

doubtful) category, ple~~~" ___ ~ will require e second choice on "no" category_, Thus ;ny tBt~:~icel reasons, e certain number of your answer sneet. ords record invalid or unseorable. "?" answers tends "to ren er e

INSTRUCTIONS: In this booklet you will find a number of statements. Read each statement carefully. If

the statement seems to be true, or if you agree with it, mark answer "Yes" on your dnswer sheet. If the statement

is more false than true, or if you disagree with it, mark "No." If you cannot decide between "Yes" and "No," you may mark answer "?" BUT AVOID DOING THIS IF POSSIBLE.

Be sure to answer every item.

There are no "right" or "wrong" answers in the usual sense of a high score being necessarily the best. The

purpose of this Survey will be served best if you describe yourself and state your opinions as accurately as possible.

You may notice that many items are similar. Actually, no two items are exactly alike.

Notice that the numbering of items on the answer sheet follows across the rows rather than down the

columns.

You may turn the page and begin with the items now unless the examiner tells you to wait.

Copyright 1949, Sheridan Supply Company, Beverly Hills, California

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• VI.! WUUIU ('dUler plan an activity than take part in it. ........................................... .

You have more than once taken the lead in organizing a project or a group of some kind . . . .... .... .

You like to entertain guests ................ ... ........... ..... ....... .... .... ......... . ...... .

Your interests change quickly from one thing to another ... ... . .... . . ... ... ........ .. ... .. ..... .. .

When you eat a meal with others, you are usually one of the last to finish . .................. ' ....... .

You believe in the idea that we should "eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die" .......... . . .

When you find that something you have bought is defective, you hesitate to demand an exchange or a refund ....... : ................................................. . .. . .. . ... .......... . . .. .

You find it easy to make new acquaintances .... .. ....... .. ......... ....... ........... .... .... .

You are sometimes bubbling over with energy and sometimes very sluggish . ....... . ... , ......... .

You are happiest when you~,get involved in some project that calls for rapid action ....... , . .. .... .. .

Other people think of you as being very serious minded ........................................ .

In being thrown by chance with a stran,ger, you wait for him to introduce himself . .... ... , ......... .

You like to take part in many social activities ........ ....... .. .. ........ , .............. ...... .. .

You sometimes feel "just miserable" for no good reason at all ........ .. ........ .. .... '" . , ....... .

You are often so much "on the gO" that sooner or later you may wear yourself out. ...... , ......... .

You like parties you attend to be lively ....................................................... .

If you hold an opinion that is radically different from that expressed by a lecturer, you are likely to tell him about it either during or after the lecture ............................................. .

It is difficult for you to chat about things in general with people ...... .. .......................... .

You give little thought to your failures after they are past ........ .. .............................. .

You often wonder where others get all the excess energy they seem to have . , ...................... .

You are inclined to stop to think things over before you act ........................ , ............. .

You avoid ar,guing over a price with a clerk or salesman . .. .. . ................................. . .

You wou!d dislike very much to work alone in some isolated place ........ ............... .... .... .

You often find it difficult to go to sleep at night because you keep thinking of what happened during the day ............................................................................ .

You find yourself hurryin,g to get places even when there is plenty of time ........................ .

You like work that requires considerable attention to details ..................................... .

You are satisfied to let some one else take the lead in group activities ............................. .

You enjoy gettin,g acquainted with people ........... ... ..... . ... ... ............... . ......... , .

It takes a lot to ,get you emotionally stirred up or excited ......................................... .

You work more slowly and deliberately than most people of your sex and age ........ . ........ : .. .

You are a carefree individual ...................... . ....... .... .............................. .

When a person does not play fair you hesitate to say anythin,g about it to him .. ...... .. . ... ... ... .

It bothers you to have people watch you at your work ................ , .. .................. .. ... .

You have usually been optimistic about your future ............................................ .

You like to have plenty of time to stop and rest ................................................ .

You take life very seriously . .... ..... .. ....... . ........ .. ...... . ... .. ....................... .

You enjoy applying for a job in person ... ................. ................. ....... ............ .

You would like to be a host or hostess for parties at a club .... . ............ . ..... ... ............. .

You often feel grouchy ..................................................................... .

You are the kind of person who is "on the gO" all the time .. . .................................... .

You often crave excitement .. ' .... . ........... ... ......................... . .. .. .............. .

The thought of making a speech frightens you .... . ....... . . . . . ... . ............................ .

You find it easy to start conversation with strangers, . .. .... . . .................................. .

You often feel guilty without a very good reason for it .. . . . .... . ... . .... ........................ .

People think you are a very energetic person ....... .. .. . .... .... . , . .. . ........................ .

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48. You find it difficult to ask people for money or other donations, even for a cause in which you are interested .. . . .............. . . .... . ...... ... ....... . . .. .. ..... .. . . . .... ..... . .. .. ... . . ... .

49. You are so naturally friendly that people immediately feel at ease with you ...... ...... .. . . ......... .

50. You daydream a great deal ..... .. .... . .. ........ . ... ; ..... .... ... ... . ... ... ... . ............. .

51 . You are quick in your actions .. .... ... .. . ............ .. ... . .. . .............................. .

52. You have a habit of starting things and then losing interest in them ....... . .... . .................. .

53. When you were a child, many of your playmates naturally expected you to be the leader ....... . . .

54, You sometimes avoid social contacts for fear of doing or saying the wrong thing .................. .

55. You have frequent ups and downs in mood, sometimes with and sometimes without apparent cause ..

56. You always seem to have plenty of vigor and vitality ............... . .. .... ................ ..... .

57. It is difficult for you to understand people who get very concerned about things ......... , ..... , ... ,

58. When a clerk in a store waits on others who should come after you, you call his attention to the fact ..

59. You would be very unhappy if you were prevented from making numerous social contacts .. .. .... '.'

60. There are times when your future looks very dark ..... . , .. . . .... . .. .. ... , .......... ~ .. .... ..... .

61. You sometimes wish that people would slow down a bit and give you a chance to catc up .. ...... ·

62. Many of your friends think you take your work too seriously ...... : ...... .. . . ~ . . ............... .

63. You hesita.te to walk into a meeting when you know that everyone's eyes will upon you .. ...... ·

64. You limit your friendships mostly to members of your own sex ... . .............................. .

65. You almost always feel well and strong .............. . .............. ~ .. ~ ...................... .

66. You seem to lack the drive necessary to get as much done as other peop eo . . ......... , ... . ..... .

67. You make decisions on the spur of the moment. ..... ... , ....... ... .. . .... ......... ....... ... . , .

You are rather good at bluffing when you find yourself in difficulty ............................... .

68. k d 69. After being introduced to someone, you just cannot think of things to say to rna e goo

conversation ................... ' ............................... , ............................ .

70. You feel lonesome even when with other people .... .... ....... 'd' .... , .. . ................ .. ... •.

71. You are able to work for unusually long hours without feeling tire .. . ........................... .

72. You often act on the first thought that comes into your head . .. ........... . , ..................... .

73, At the scene of an accident, you take an active part in helping out. ....................•...........

74, You have difficulty in making new friends ..... .... . ...... . ...... "th' ... t' ...... ~ ... " . ~. :;~~ ..... .

Your mood often changes from happiness to sadness, or vice versa, W1 ou your now In ..... .

75. 76, You talk more slowly than most people ..... .. .... . ........... . ............................... .

77. You like to play practical jokes upon others ...... , ... . ........................................ .

78. You take the lead in putting life into a dull party .. .. ...... .............. ~l' ...................•.

You would like to belong to as many clubs and social organizations as p~ss e .... : ........ . ...... .

79. There are times when your mind seems to work very slowly and other hmes when 11 works 80. very rapidly ........................................................... . ....... ..... .

You like to do things slowly and deliberately ........ .. .................................... •. ...

81. 82. You are a happy-go-lucky individual. ... . . . ...... .. ..... .. ······~:··· .~. ~ 'i~"" ............ .

When you are served stale or inferior food in a restaurant, you say no Ing au .. ..... " .... .' ...• 83. You would rather apply for a job by writing a letter than by going through with a personal intervIew •. 84. 85 You are often in low spirits . . ...... . .... .. .. ...... ...... .. ........... . ..... . ... . ........ . .... .

. You are inclined to rush from one activity to another without pausing enough for rest. ........ , .... . 86. ed bout the future that you do not get as much fun out of the present as 87. ' You are so concern a

~e:~:~ ~r~ ~;~~~~~ ~~.~ ~~~~. ~~~~ ~.~~ ~a~~ ~~t '~~t: ~~~ ~~~. ~. ~~~~~ '~t~~r::~t';~ ~~~ ..... .

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88. acquainted even though it may be quite difficult. .... .................... .. . . .................. .

y ou are inclined to limit your acquaintances to a select few .............................•........ 89. 90. You seldom give your past mistakes a second thought .......................................... .

88 89 90

92. 93. 94.

.95.

You often stop to analyze your thoughts and feelings ...... . .. .

You speak out in meetings to oppose those who you feel sure ar~ ~~~~::: :: :: : :: : :::::::::: : ::: :: 92 93 94

95 96 97

98 99

You are so shy it bothers you

You are sometimes bothered b; ~~~~~. ~ '~~~l~'s~' ;~~~~~~"c'~~~' ~~t~' ~~~r' ~i~~ .~~~; .~~~. ~~~~: : : : : : 96. 97.

98. 99.

You get things done in a huny . .. ... . . .............. . .... . ..... . ..... .

It is difficult for you to understand how some people can be so unconcerne~ ' ~~~~'t . ~~ . f~'t~~~: : : : : : :

100. 101. 102. 103. 104.

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You like to sell things (that is, to act as a salesman) ............... . .. .... ........ ... .... .. ...... . You are often the "life of the party" ... . . . ............... . . You find daydreaming very enjoyable .. . ....... . ........ . : : : : . .. . ... . ...... . ... . .. .. . . . . . . ... .

At work or at play other people' find it hard to keep. up with the p~~~' ;~~. ~~;".'.'.'.' .' .' . ' .'.'.'.' : : : : : : : : : : You can listen to a lecture without feeling restless You would rather work·for a good boss than for y~~~~l~" " "" " "" " "" "" "" " " " ""'" You can express yourself more easily in speech than in ~~~t;~~: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : You keep in fairly uniform spirits. You dislike to be hurried in your ~~~~ .... . . . ......... .. . . ........ . ......... . .. . . .. ...... . . .. . .

You sometimes find yourself "crossing '~r~~~~~' ~;~;~ ;~~ .~~~~. ~~ 't~~~:' ............. . . . ....... . .

You find it somewhat difficult to say "no" to a salesman who tries to sell y~~' ~~~~t~'i~~' ;~~. ~~.~~; .. really want ... . . .. ..... . ..... . .... . . . ..... . ... .

There are only a few friends with whom you can r~l~~' ~~~ ~~~~~. ~~~~ ~~~~'.'.'.'.'.' ........... : :::::::::: You usually keep cheerful in spite of trouble

People sometimes tell you to "slow down" or ":t~~~';t .~~~;:, : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : You are one of those who drink or smoke more than they know they shou Id .... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . .. . When you think you recognize someone you see in a public place, you ask him whether you have met him before .............. ................. You prefer to work alone ....... . ....... . ...... . ... . ......... . ... . .

Disappointments affect yOU' ~~ 'l~t~;~ ~~~; ;~~ '~~l~~~' ;~i~~' ~~~'~t' ;~~~. ~~'i~~' . . . . ... . .... ... . .. ... . You are slow and deliberate in movement .......... ' . .... . .. . ... .

You like wild enthusiasm, sometimes to a ~~~~; ~~r~'~~~~' ~~ . ;~~~;i~~,' ~; ~. ;~~t~~I; . . ... . . . ...... . or baseball game . . ................ .

You feel self.conscious in the presence' ~i 'i~~~~~~'t .~~~~~~::::: : ::::::: : ::::::::: : : : ::: : : ::: :::: People think of you as being a very social type of person ... . .... .................... ............ You have often lost sleep over your worries . ... . ..... . You can turn out a large amount of work in a short time ................. . ....... . ... .. ...... . . . •

You keep at a task until it is done, even after nearly ev~;;~~~' ~~~~ ~~s· ~~ ~~~ ~;"" .... " .. .. ,, : : ::::: : :: You can think of a good excuse when you need one Other people say that it is difficult to get to know yo~' ~~l~ ..... .. . . ...... .. ... . .. . ..... . ........ .

Your daydreams are often about things that can never com~ 't~~"" " '" .. .. ........ '" " ... . ... . .. .. ........ . ......... .. ..... ..... You often run upstairs taking two steps at a time

You seldom let your responsibilities interfere Wi~ .;~~~ '~~~i~~ .~ ~~~~. ;i~~~ : : .' ~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : You would like to take on important responsibilities such as organizing a new business . ... . ..... . . .

You have hesitated to make or to accept "dates" because of shyness . ... . .... . ............. . . . ... .

Your mood is very easily influenced by.people around you .............. .. .. . . " . . ..... . ..... . . . Others are often amazed by the amount of work you turn out You generally feel as though you haven't a care in the world. : :···· · · · ·· . ........ .. ............ . .

100 101 102

103 104

105 106 107

108

109 110 III 112

113 114 115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132 ~ou find it difficult to get rid of a salesman to whom you do no; ~~~.;~ ;~~t~~' ~~ . . . ......... .. ... . gIve your time . . ... . ... .. ..... . ............. ............. . 133

134

135

134.

135.

You are a listener rather than a talker in social conversations . .... . .•. . . . . . ............ . .......

You almost always feel that life is very much worth living . .. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : :

137. You usually say what you feel like saying at the moment. . . .... . . .. . , . .. . . . . ... . .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. . 137

138. You like to speak in public. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 138

139. You like to be with people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 139

140. You generally keep cool and think clearly in exciting situations .. . .. ... ... . . . ..... . .... .. . ... . . .. 140

141. Other people regard you as a lively individual. ... .. . ...... . ..... .. . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . ... . , .. 141

142. When you get angry, if you let yourself go you feel better. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . ..... . . . .. . .. 142

143. You seek to avoid all trouble with other people . . . , ... . ........ . .... ... . . .. . ... . . . . . . ..... . . . .. . 143

144. People seem to enjoy being with you .. ... . . . . .. . . ...... .. ... .. ... .. .. . . .... . .. . .... . '" . .. .. . . 144

145. You sometimes feel listless and tired for no good reason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

146. It is hard to understand why many people are so slow and get so little done . .. .. . . .. . .. . ... .... . .. 146 147. You are fond of betting on horse races and games, whether you can afford it or not. .... .. ... . . ... 147

148. If someone you know has been spreading untrue and bad stories about you, you see him as soon as possible and have a talk about it .. . ...... . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. .... .... ... .. ...... . .. . . . ... . . , 148

149. Shyness keeps you from being as popular as you should be. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 150. You are generally free from worry about possible misfortunes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ISO

lSI. You nearly always receive all the credit that is coming to you for things you do . . . ... . .. ..... ... . . 151

152. You would like to tell certain people a thing or two. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 152

153. You would rather spend an evening reading at home than to attend a large party . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . , 153

154. You would change a lot of things about human nature if you could have your way about it. . . . . .. . .. . 154

ISS. You would like to go hunting with a rifle for wild game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISS 156. In group activities you get your full share of everything. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 157. In most cases it is important to get what you want even if you have to fight to get it. ... .... .... . . . , 157

158. You often try to analyze the motives of others ...... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 159. Most public office holders generally put public interests ahead of their own . . . .. . ..... . ......... . 159

160. The sight of blood frightens you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160 161. People talk about you behind your back .... . ........... .. . . . ... . . . ... . . . .... . . . .. .. . . . . ..... . .. 161

162. Money is important mostly because it gives its owner power ....... . . .. .... . .. . ... .. .. . .. . ... . . . . 162 163. It is easy for you to act naturally wherever you are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163

164. Most people are stupid ......... .. ..... . ... . ................ . ...... . ... . . .. . .... . ......... . .. , 164

165. You feel deeply sony for a bird with a broken wing .... .. .. . ..... . ..... . .. . . . ....... . , ... . ... .. . 165 166. Other people often blame you for things you didn't do .. .. . ... . .. . .... ... ....... . ...... .. . " .... . 166

167. You hate to lose in a contest. . . ..... . ... . ... . ...... . ........... .. . . .. . . . .... . . ..... .. . .... .... 167

168. You like a job that requires attention to many details . . . .. . .. . ..... . ...... . .. . . . ....... . ... . . .. . • 168 169. Most people fulfill their duties even when not being watched .. . ... . . . .... . ........ .. .. .... ... . . . . 169

170. You can look at snakes without shuddering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170 171. You often become bored when the subject of conversation shifts away from your own experience,

hobbies, or interests.... . ... ... ........ . ... . . . .. . ... .. ..... . ........ . .. . ... .. .. . ... .. .. . .. . .. 171

172. You hate to lose an argument even when the issue is not very important. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 172

173. You are usually too busy to spend time in reflective thought. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173 174. Most people know what to do without being told • ... . ..... . .... . .. . ..... . . . . ........ . . . . . ....... ' 174

175. When a parent, teacher, or boss scolds you, you feel like weeping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

176. You are touchy about some things.. . .. . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 176 177. You know someone whom you would particularly like to see "put in his (or her) place" . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

178. You are more interested in athletics than in intellectual things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 178 179. Most people are paid as well as they should be for what they contribute to society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 179

180. The idea of finding a bug or a worm crawling on you makes you shudder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 180

181. You often feel that one of the main characters in a movie or a play is like you . ... . . . ... . . ..... . .. 181

182. You hesitate to tell people to mind their own business ... . .. . . . . ' " .. . .. ... . .... . ... . .. . . .. . ... .. 182

- . - r---- 4 . - - ---- - - - 4 --- r-- - -- - - --- ---- ----J, .- - - -- .. .... - . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . ... ..... . .. 184. In most places the traffic laws are in great need .of improvement ..... . ... . .. ... ........ . .. . ...... .

185. You would rather s tudy mathematics and science than literature and music ... .... .. ..... . . ... . . .. .

186. You get into scrapes which you did not seek to stir up ....... . .. . .. . ..... . . .. . ... . . .. . .......... .

187. You resent having friends or members of your family give you orders .... .. . .. ... . .. . ... .. .. ..... .

188. You are philosophically inclined, that is, inclined to philosophize about things ..... .. ......... . ... .

189. Most people keep to the "straight and narrow path" only because of the fear of being caught. ... .. .

190. You especially dislike to get your hands dirty or greasy .......... . ...... ... ... ... . . ... . . . . . . . ... .

191. You are inclined to think about yourself much of the time ... . ...... " . " . .... ... . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .

192. You have frequently felt like te.lling "nosey" people to mind their own business .. ...... . ......... .

193. You are frequently "lost in, thought" .. ...... . .... .. ..... . . . .......... .. .. . . .. ..... ... ... .. . ... .

194. Far too many people try to take as much as they can and give as little as possible back to society ... .

195. You like to read true stories about love and romance ... . ..... . .... . . .. . . . .. .. . ....... . . . ... .... .

196. You get over a humilating experience very quickly ..... . .... .. ............. . .. . ...... ........ .. .

197. In group undertakings you almost always feel that your own plans are be st ...... .. ... ... ........ .

198. You like to discuss the more serious questions of life with your friends ..... . .... . ... . ..... . ... ... .

199. Most people today try to do an honest day's work for a day's pay .... .. .... ... . . ..... . .... ... ... . . .

200. You pay little attention to styles in clothing .. ............ . ...... . ........ .. .... . ............... .

201. Almost everything that happens seems to have some relationship to you .......................... .

202. When people become bossy or domineering, you want to do the opposi te of everything they tell you . to do ......... .. ... . ..... . .. .. . ............... . ... . ................................ .

203. You often would like to know the underlying reasons behind the actions of other people ........ . . .

204. There are far too many useless laws which hamper an individual's personal freedom .. ... . .... .. . .

205. You would rather be a forest ranger than a dress designer ............ . .. .. .. . .. . ........... . .. . . .

206. Certain people deliberately say or do thingS to annoy you . ..................... .. . . . . . ..... . .... . 207. Some people become so rude that you feel the urge to "sit on them" or to "tell them off" ... . ....... .

208. You sometimes have a peculiar feeling that you are not your old self ... ... .. ..... .. . ....... . . ..... .

209. Most people who get ahead today do so because they have "pull" .. ...... .. . .... . ............... .

210. The sound of foul language disgusts you ............ . .... . . . ............ .. . ........... . ... . ... .

211. There are many kinds of work that you would not think of doing because they are not good enough for you .. . ............... . ............................ . .... ....... . ... . ...... . ..... .

212. You get into fights or arguments in defense of your friends or members of your family .... ... .. . .... .

213. You enjoy thinking out complicated problems .. .... ..... . .. . .. . . . .. . . ..... . ...... . . . ...... . ... .

214. Most people learn quickly to aVQ.id making the same mistake twice ..... . . .. . . ....... . ........... .

215. You are only mildly disturbed when you see or hear of animals being treated cruelly .. . .. . . '" .... .

216. People offend you without knowing it because you ,hide your feelings from them ...... .. . . ...... .

217. You get a lot of satisfaction from making other people do as you want them to ... . .............. .

218. You often take time out just to meditate about things ............ . ........ .. ... . ........ " .. " .. .

219. You have received about all the rewards in life that you deserve .. . . . ... . ... .. .. ... ..... . ........ .

220. You would rather be an interior decorator than an architectural engineer .. . .... . .... . ........... . . .

221 . You have felt that certain persons are secretly trying to get the better of you ....... ..... ......... • .

222. You are likely to talk back to a policeman or other person in authority over you if you feel like it ... .

22'3. You find it very interesting to watch people to see what they will do ......... . .. .. . . .... ..... .... .

224. The number of "two-faced" individuals you have known is actually very small ........ . ........... .

225. You feel very badly if someone does not approve of what you are wearing ........................ .

226. You very often seek the advice of other people ......................... . ...................... .

227. When someone is not playing fair, you like to see him beaten at his own game . . . .. . .............. .

228, You are constantly alert to ways of improving yourself ................. . . . .... . ........ '" ... .. .

229. Most groups of people behave like a buneh of sheep, that is, they blindly follow a leader ........... .

184 185 186 187 188 189 190

191 192 193 194 195 196 197

198 199 200 201

'202

203 204 205 206 207 208 209

210

211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222

223

224

225

226

227 228

229

231.

232.

233.

234.

235.

236.

237.

238.

239.

240.

241.

242.

243.

244.

245.

24.6. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. ,261.

262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267.

268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273.

It is difficult to hurt your feelings .... . .. . .............. . .. . .......... . , . .. . . . . .... ... .. ...... . 231

Anyone trying to take away any of your lawful rights will have a real figh t on his hands with you personally........ . . . .... . ... .. ............... . . . . . . ..... . . ... ..... .... . . . . : ...... . 232

You are inclined to steer clear of compliea ted problems that call for thinki ng. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 233

In general. people higher up tend to assume their share of the d irty work, not leaving it for others to do ................. . ... . . . . .. ...... . . . .................... . ... . .... .. ·· ... · ... ····· 234

The sight of, ragged or soiled fingernails is repulsive to you ..... .. .. . .. . . .... . .................. . 235

There have been times when you have been bothered by the idea that 8Omeona is reading your thoughts .. . . ....... . . ........................... ............... .. . .. .. . .............. . 236

It pays to "turn the other cheek" rather than to start a fight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237

You try to sense what people are thinking about as they talk to you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

You have had your share of good luck . . . . . . .. . ....................... . . .. . . . . , .. ..... . ........ 239

You feel deeply sorry for a mistreated horse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 240

You have been seriously slighted more than once . . ........ . .. . ..... . ... . ...... . .......... . .... , 241

When you resent the actions of anyone, you promptly tell him so ....... . . ..... . .... , .. . ........ . . 242

After a critical moment is over, you usually think of something you should have done but didn't do ................. . .................. .. ......... . ..... . ... ·· ·· ······· ············ 243

If you want a thing done right, you must do it yourself ... , ... . .............. . ................... , 244

You can handle a loaded gun without feeling at all jittery .......... . .. '" ........ , . . .. , ........... 245

Other people too often take the credit for things you yourself have done. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 246 You know or have known someone personally whom you would like to see behind prison bars ..... 247

You are much concerned over the morals of your generation ............ .. ....... .. ............. .

Large business corporations are a good thing ................................................. .

You cry rather easily ............................................... . ........... ·············

248 249 250

When things go wrong, it upsets you very little ...................................... , .......... 251

You see to it that people do not take advantage of you ........... ............. ..... ...... ....... . 252 You are inclined to ponder over your past. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 253 Some people pay more attention to your comings and goings than they should ......... . ......... 254 The sight of large bugs and spiders gives you a "creepy" feeling ................................ · 255 You often feel that a speaker is talking about you personally .................................... , 256 You are unhappy unless things in an organization go pretty much as you want them to .......... 257 You enjoy analyzing your own thoughts and feelings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 258 Most people use politeness to cover up what is really "cut-throat" competition .... ........ . ........ 259

You would rather be a building contractor than a nurse . .............. .... ~ ..................... , 260

You have days in which it seems that everything goes wrong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261 You feel the urge to stir up some excitement when things become dull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 262 You would rather put plans into action than to spend time working them out. . . . . . . . ............... 263

The educational system in this country is all right in most ways .................................. , 264

You feel sorry for a fish that is caught on a hook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .. 265 You often unburden your troubles to others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 266

You would like to have enough money or power in order to impress people who think they are better than you are ....................................................................... ··· 267

You frequently find yourself in a meditative state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 268 People today have just about as many chances for success as in your parents' day. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 269

You feel strongly against kissing a friend of your own sex and age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 270

You are too sensitive for your own good ....................................................... 271 You have often found it necessary to fight for what you believe to be right. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 272 You often watch others to see what effects your words or actions have upon them..... ............. 273

275. You are willing to take a chance alone in a situation where the outcome is doubtful .. ..... .... . . . .. . 275 C

276. People have criticized you unjustly to others . .. ...... . ... .. . ..... ..... . .. ... . .. . .. . ...... . .. .. .

277. The opinions of most people are worthless . .... ... .. . .. . .......... ... .. . . . . . .... .. . ... ..... ... .

. 278. You are inclined to be introspective, that is, to analyze yourself. ... ...... ... . . .. ... .. . .. '.' .. .... . .

279. Almost anyone, even though poor, can get a square deal in courts of law ......... . .. . . .. . .. ..... .

276

1 277

Appendix 4 278

279

280. You would rather be a miner than a florist. ... . . ... . ... . .. .. ... .................... . . .. . ......•. 280 281. It is difficult for you to become interested in the problems of others when you have so many

of your own ....................... .. ...... .. ............ . .. ..................... .. .. . .. .. . . 281

282. It bothers you to have other people tell you what you should do ...... .. . . . . .. . .. ... . . ......... .. . 282

283. You often wonder about why human life exists and what its future is ... . . .... ......... .. ......... . 283 •

284. Some people deliberately make things hard for you ..... .... . .. .. ..... ... ............ . . .. . . .. .. . 284

285. Odors of perspiration disgust you . .. .. ........ . .. .. .... . ........ .. . . . ......... . . .. ..... .... .. . 285 286. Criticism disturbs you very little ........ . .... ..... . ............... .. . .. ...... . ... .. .......... . 286 287. It bother;:; you to see someone else bungling a job that you know perfectly well how to manage . . . 287 288. You are inclined to live in the present, leaving the past and the future out of your thoughts . ..... . .. . 288 289. Most people will tell a lie now and then in order to get ahead .. . ....... .. ... . . . ..... . . .. ......... . 289 290. The sight of an unshaven man disgusts you ......... .. .... . ... . .... ..... .. ..... .... .. . . . ... .. . . 290 291. When you lose something you often begin to suspect someone of either having taken it or

having misplaced it . ... ... .... .. . . . .. ..... . .......... ... .... ............. . .......... .. . ... .. . 291 292. There are some people whose actions seem continually to irritate you ..... .. ...... .. .. .. .. . . : ... .. ' 292 293. You like to have time to be alone with your thoughts ........ .. . ... .... . .... . . . .. . . ...... . . . .... . 293 294. There are entirely too many employees who deserve higher pay than their bosses ..... . ... ... ... . . 294 295. You like love scenes in a movie or play ... . ........... ... . . . .. . ........ . ... ... .. . . . . .. .. . . ~ .. . 295 296. There are times when it seems that everyone is against you . . . . ..... . .... .......... ......... .. . .. . 296 297. If anyone steps ahead of you in line, he is likely to hear from you about it ... .... . ......... ... .... . 297 298. You often wonder why people behave as they do ...... .. ........ . . .. ...... ....... .. ...... . . .. . . 298 299. Nearly all people try to do the right thing when given a chance ........ .. .... ... .. . ..... ... ... . .. . 299 300. When you become emotional you come to the point of tears . . . . . . . ... . .. .. .. .. ............ ... ... . 300

BE SURE YOU HAVE ANSWERED EVERY ITEM

..

P CE ONLY YOUR CODE NU}ffiER: A s Dominicans we have:-o:t"~ _ the r :g"htand obligation to vo "e Vet ng i s accord1 g to veri us c~lt rln~ physical, mornl, Intel e t eJ "to. One r c o~ s th~ r: tttn-' of temnerame' t

'Yo fl'C 831< d to ar .. lt Olj d m\Smhe .. :'s f y ur ovitlate", BSS. 'l'his r ~nk1ug is OnLY 01 th f '!1;or of T~:np' I' III n." You are ask d to rank ..,h.em in til ora l' of. you!" f PPROVAL. You ore NOT n sk~d 1/ 0 .. ppesU1ned "0 d any n U idus n Sine Te np 1.3 th sole CT'1 r·1on yo I

1 h fee R 1 n c

li~ lo"tl t t· gu,illud olyte. t .uuouque.. G v «h indi1llduBl B ep r te I'cnk numb r j pI

1 oppos! te t e nEiM 01 your flr~t ch.olee for APPROVAL G1 vo nUlIlber 2 t yOUl" next choie n flO o. It recognlz d you!' choices 1111 be dlft­leul t but ~e aro nly in or ted in the d .gree of agreenlent or di sagre -ment of thea in ny p rticular GROUP.

-~- STUDENT PRIESTS: TKEOLOGY 11 THEOLO Y: 3rd Y\!sr

'fPROY&' SHEE},

The thesis submitted by Reverend James Harney, o.P.

has been read and approved by the dJrector of the thesis.

Furthermore, the final cople. have been examined by the

eurector of the thesis aru1 the Signature which appears below

verifte. the fact that any nece.sary change. have been

1acorporated, aftd that the thesis Is now given fJnal approval

with reference to content, form, and mechan1ca1 accuracy.

The thesiS is therefore accepted in part1al fulfWment of

the requJrements for the Degree of Ma.ter of Arta •

Si~~vl.er