3 NCERT CBSE Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1

a^\!/4-XNCERT CBSE Solutions for Ciass 10 Science Chapter I

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Back of Chapter euestions

l' which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?

(i) Lead is -",#r'.:::l"lr:t" -+ 2Pb(s) + co'(g)

(ii) Carbon dioxide is getring oxidisecl.(iii) Carbon is gcttirrg oxidiscd.

(iv) Lead oxide is getting letlrr...ctl.

(A) (i) and (ij)

(B) (i) and (iii)(C) (i), (ii) ancl (iii)(D) All stalcnrcnts ar.e nrcorrcct

*z"Z?l,ir it: (A)

In the above rcaction' lead oxidc.is gettrng convertcr.i t. read ernd carbon is gettingconvertcd to carbou droxitle. Lcad ox"ide ;;:;;;;ygen rvhcreas carbon is gainingoxygen' Loss of oxygen is knorvn as rcclLr*io-n r,i,hirc gaining oxygen is calledoxiclalion. I lcnce. Lead oxide i. g"rt,,.,g rcclucccl and ,srarenrc'rs (iii) a'cr (i");,r-;-.;;l-.cr ,,"rie,.,,, ,ro,*urli,'l'BTrt.,T::J:::nt]hus

2. . FerO, + ZAI ,- AI..O 1 * .ZFe

"['he above reaclion is arr cxarnp lc <:1.a.:

(A) ('onrbinlrtr()lrr.cacli()n.

(B) Dciubleclisplacc-rncntreaction.

(C) Deconrposrrron reaction.

(D) I)isplaccrnelit reaction.

::lli:l r rl:t:. (D)

In the gi'cn reactton, Ferric oxide. is getting converted to Iron while aluminium isge'ing oxidized to aluminiurn o^ia".ih;r, ;;; ; joing fronr combineo stare tofree state whereas aluminium i, going t;;;;;'i"r. a combined stare. Such a

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NCERT CBSE solutions for class 10 science chapter Ireaction is called displacement reactionreactive metal (Al in this case) displacesfrom its compound.

as in displacement reactions, the morethe less reactive metal (Fe in this case)

3. what happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to rroncorect answer.

(A) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are produced.

(B) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are producecl.

(C) No reaction takes place j_

(D) Iron salt and water are producecl.

lioiution: (A)

When metals react with acicis,respective salt of metal.

lillings/ Tick thc

H2 g:rs is cvolvcil alt_:r.rs rvith thc formation of thc

Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) + FeCt2(s) + H3(g) l

what is a balancccl cherlical equatiiin'l Why shonlcl chenrical cquations bebalanced'l

\ i:,,1i::,,:

A chenricitl rcactiotl in $'hich the number ol-atonrs oJ'cac]r e lernent is equal on both,thc rcactant's sicle altcl procluct's sicle. is callccl a balanceci chemical equation. Ancxa'rplc of a balance-d cheniical reacti.r is gi'clr br-lorv:

Nr(g) +:tH?(g) * 2NHr(g)

As we can 5;ee' thcrc are 2 atoms ol-N ancl 6 illoms of H on both the sides and hence,this rcaction is called a balanccil chcnrical eqLration,

'{ reaction shorrlcl itlways bc u'rittcn in the balanced lbnn as an unbalanced reactionviolates thc luncJarnental ptinciple o1'law of conservation of mass. According to thelaiv of conscrt'ation of nrass. the total mass of rcactants should be equal to the totalmzrss of the pr.orlucts .

The law of chargc ' ollscl'vation: total sum of charge in both sides i.e. reactant orprodLrot side nrilst bc zero. Law of conservation of mass states that mass can neitherbe createiJ nor desttoyed.

llence' in a chernical reaction, the total rnass of reactants should be equal to themass of thc products. It means that the total number of atoms of each element shouldbe equal on both sides of a chemical equation. H"n.", it is for this reason thatchemical equations should be balanced.

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NCERT cBsE solutions for class L0 science chapter I

Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them.(A) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.

(B) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulphur clioxide.

(C) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chlorideand a precipirate of bariurn sulphate.

(D) Potassium metal reacts with water tohydrogen gas.

Solution:

(a) 3Hr(g) + Nz(g) - ZNHg(B)

glve pomsslum

Balance thc followilrg chernical equations.

(A) HNO? + ca(oH), - ca(N0:), + Hra(B) NaOH + H2SO s04 + I-{20

(C) NaCl *(D) BaCl,

Solution:

zltN03 + Ca(NOr), + 2H2O

ffi +H Na2soa+zH2o(c) AgN gct + NaNo,

(dH,,Ji" Bacl, + H2so4 -+ Baso+ + 2HCI

balanced chemical equations fbr the following reactions.

(A) Calcium hydroxide * Carbon dioxide + Calcium carbonate * Water

(B) Zinc I Silver nitrate + Zinc nitrate * Silver

(C) Aluminium * Copper chloride + Aluminium chloride * Copper

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NCERT CBSE solutions for class 10 science chapter I(D) Barium chloride * potassium sulphate _+ Barium sulphate * potassium

chloride

Solution:

(A) Ca(OH)z + Co2 -+ CaCO: + H2o

(B) Zn + ZAgNOs ' Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag(C) 2Al + 3CuCl, -+ AlCts * 3Cu

(D) BaCl2 + K2SO4 -+ BaSO+ + ZKCI

Write the balanced chemical equation for thereaction in each case.

(A) I3:::yor9fij".qaq) + Barium iodide (aq) (aq) +Barium bromide (s)

(B)

(c)

(D)

Zinc carbonate (s) -+ Zincoxide

Hydrogen (g) + Chlorine (g)

Magnesium (s) + HydHydrogen (g)

q) -i S@gnesium chloride (aq) +

Solutien:

(a) 2KBr(aq) + B q aBr2(s); In this reaction there is anexchange ol'i<lns nt so it is double displacement reaction(b) znc In this reaction the singre reactantbreaksdow ^ :+ :^ -, --^ ---

--"'^.. ]'-r ryr rr\/uqeu" oo it is decomposition reaction

+ s): In fhis lsaslisn the single product is formed. ur6rs prouugr rs Iormedron reactton

) + Hr(g); In this reaction magnesium asit is displacement reaction.

mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give exampres.

Exothermic reaction: chemical reactions that release energy in the form of heat,or sound are called exothermic reactions.

Exarnple l:

Mixture of sodium and chlorine to yield table salt

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NCERT CBSE solutions for class l0 science chapter I

Na(s) +)clr(g) ' NaCl(s) + 4Ltkf of energy

Exarnple 2:

Combustion reaction or burning of nature gas:

CHn(d +zoz(d - COz(g) + ZHzO(t)

Example 3:

Respiration reaction:

C5H1205(aQ)(cr,.,.ose) + 6o2(aq) - 6C02(aq) + GHzo(l)

Endothermic reaction: Reactions that absorb energy orproceed are called endothermic reactors.

Example:

White silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.ilver chloride in presence of sunlight and si

is required (Sunlight) so it is endotliermi

zAgCl(s) sunlight

Why is respiraticln considerecl an ic

ition ofThe energy

I0.

Solution:

The carbohoxygen in the four

form glucose. This glucose combines withprovides energy so it is a exothermic reaction.

c6H72o6 + 6COz(g) + 6H20(l) * energy

called the opposite of combination reactions?

position reactions are those in which a compound breaks down to form two[ances. while in the combination reaction single product is formedmore reastants. Thus decomposition reaction is exact opposite of

reactions,

Examplc:

2H2O(l)-ZHz(E)+Or(g)

ZHr(d + Oz(d -+ 2H2O(t) * energy

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for these reactions.

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NCERT cBsE sorutions for class r0 science chapter I12'

rTJ'f#frt}]fiffffl"HffiTtosition reactions where enersy is suppried in

Solution:

(a) Thermal decomposition of ferrous sulphate:

+ C.lr(dshr",i

13.

*Zn

ement reaction:

ble displacernent reaction twoand the negative ion (anion) of the

or products.

compounds react and the positive iontwo reactants switch place forming hv;

14.

2FeSOa (s)Ferroussulphate +A Fe, O. (s)r"rri.oxia" * SO2 fu) surphurdioxide+ S03 (g)suphurtrioxide

(b) Decomposition of AgCl in presence of light:2AgCl(s)5ilverchloride Light -+ 2Ag(s)511ou.

(c) Decomposition of AgBr in presence of light:2AgBr(s)5irverbromide Light -+ ZAg(s)s11u",

(d) Decomposition by electricity:

Displacement reactifrom a compound.

Example of di

Narson(aq) + Baclr(aq), BaSOr(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution involveddisplacement by copper rnetal. writl down the reaction involved.Solution:

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r ent replaces a less reactive element

-+ ZnSO+(aA) + Cu(s)

pare to copper so zinc displace the copper ion in

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NCERT cBsE sorutions for crass r0 Science chapter IZAgNo3 (ag)sil"u' nitrate * cu(s)copp"r + cu(Nos)r (aq)copper Nitrate * ZAg(s)511u".

15. what do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving exampres.Solution:

A reaction in which an insoluble solid (calred precipitate) isprecipitation reaction.

llxample:

Na2 co3 (aq)soaiu,o carbonate * cacr, (aq)cur.iunr crrroride+ cacoE (s)c"t.tuln carlronate + 2rv"-ciriiIn this reaction, calcium carbonate is obtained as ciniprecipitation reaction. "'P,:

Na2S0a(aq)soaim sulphare * BaCl, (aQ)8".t-+ BaSO+ (s)tsarium sutphfisr+.

Explain thc fbllorving in remrs of eaj16.

(a) Oxidation

(b) Reduction

Strlulion: :

(a) Oxidation is the gain cif oxygcn

l.r l*1;ir::

(i) COz + Hz - C0 + H2O_A.l,lirionofoxygen_oxidation

(ii) 2Cu f 02 -+ l(luO_Gass of oxygen_oxidataion

)' H2 is oxidized to H2o and in equation (ii), cu is oxidised to cuo.is the loss of oxygen.

(i) CO2 + Hz - COoR"rorrrlofoxygen-reduction + HzO

(ii) CuO * H2 A + Cu."Lor.of oxygen_reduction + H2O

In equation (i), co2 is reduced to cO and in equation (i), cuo is reduced to cu.

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NCERT cBsE solutions for class r0 science chapter 1

17' A shiny brown coloured element,'X' :n heating in air becomes black in colour.Name the element'X'and trr" uiu"t

"orou*a--ffiound formed.Solution:

cf;; ;T#it?" $irlt:l-,'t5::.t"^r:i co1tror1nd fr:rmed is copper oxide

2Cu * 0zishinybrownin colour) -r 2Cu0lrrackin cotour)

Why do we applypaint on iron articles?

Solution:

iron, in the presence of moisfure,

4Fe * 3Oz + nH,0 __>

This hydrated iron oxide is rust

Iron articles are painted becausecontact of iron alticles from moitheir presence is essential for usi

18.

19. Oil and fat

** 98 *r:

Nitrogen is

containinnrtrogen. Why?

f easily with these substances. On the otherhand, oxygen frh

are with aifrog".n gas to remove oxygen i"r:;.:;.and makes them rancid. Tho., bA;;;;

ins id e th e pack, ianci di ty "

r "il "i"aicontaining

the following terms with one exarnple each.

$o&.etiom:

(a) Corrosion:

corrosion is defined as a process where lnaterials, usualry metals, deteriorate as aresult of a chemicar reacti6n with air, morsture, chemicals, etc..

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NCERT cBsE sorutions for crass 10 science chap ter 1

Ii""lTole, iron, in the presence ofmoisture, reacts withron oxide. _ v- .^rv^e!qrv, rEiluLS wrln oxygen to form hydrated

4Fe * 302 + nH2o + 2Fe2o3,[Hzouyo.rted iron oxide

This hydrated iron oxide is rust.

(b) Ranciditv:

The process of oxidation of fats and oirs that can be easiry n.ticedtaste and smell is known as ranciditv. hange in

For example, the taste and srnell of butter changes whenRancidity can be avoided bv:

l. Storing food in air tight containers

2. Storing food in refrigerators

3. Adding antioxidants

4. Stnri.- c-^,l ;- -.-,4. Storing food in an envlronrrcnt ol nitr.ogen.

at)ln-text Question.s,

l' why shou'l a nragnesrr-rnr ribbo, be clca'ccr bcfbrc burning in air?.::lirli: i ilr; r

A mag'esiT] :lr,ra:;i;:,rrff

ctc''cct bc,firrc bLrrlng in air to remove the tayerr";;;;;.-,#;:l;::"l'll.::,ff ;fiH:;['i,TJ,::ldnf#

2' Write the barancecl cqr-ration fbr trre fbllowing chemicar reactions.(f) Hyclrogen * Chlor.inc __; Hydrogen chloride(lI) jti#nrn,oride * Aluminium sulphare _+ Banum sulphate * Atuminium

''ritliirtillil l

The balanced equations for the chemical reactions are:(D H2 + ctz + ZHC1

(ll) 3Bacl2 + Al2(So+)s -+ 3BasO+ + zAlcl3

re4nf tsE

nr ribbon be r

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(II)

NCERT CBSE Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter IWrite the balanced chemical equationreactions.

(D Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in watcr react to giveinsoluble barium sulphate and the solution of x dium chloride.

Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acicl solution(in water) to produce sodium chloride solution ani water.

liqr*u$isn;

(D BaCl2(aq) + Na2So*(aq) -+ BaSo+(s) + 2Nact(aq)

(il) NaOH(aq) + HCI(aq) --r NaCl(ag) + HrO(D .:: -.._:.

A solution of a substance 'X' is used fcrr w4ritewashins. . -,, 't

(I) Name the substance 'X, ancl write its fbnnula.

CalciLrnr oxidc on rcaction with water givcs calcirurr hyclr-oxitJc.

CaO(s) + I120(t) -+ Ca(0n)r(aq)

Fe(s) * cuSon(ag)Gru") -+ Feso+(ag)lgreen; + cu(s)

with state symbols for the followine

m m{mx

(II) write the reaction of thc subsrancc .X, namecj in (l) above with water.

sf s{ilt*::

(I) The substance X is cluick lirne (calcir-un oxidc) rvhiclr js usccl fbr .,vhrtewashing. Its chemical {"onnLrla is CaO.

(II)

6. ,r,;.,,,1,. Wh,yd6ss the colour of copper sulphate solutiion changc when an iiron nail iis dippedrn rf',)

Why is th,e amoqnt'ol a gas collected in onc o1'1he test tubes in .Electrolysis ofwatcr' activity double ol'the arnount collecte cl in the other? Name this sas.l

1,!i. l;i,

and oxygen cornbine in the ratio of 2:1 by volume.is double of oxygen gas. Thus, on decomposition

of water rluiing electrolysis, the volunre of hydio-gen-formed is twice than that ofoxygengas.

t ....,

Copper sulphate soh-rtion is initially blue in colour. When an iron nail is dipped init, the blue colour changes to green. This happens due to a displacement reactionwhere iron being more reactive than Cu, displaces Cu to form a green coloured ironsulphate solution while copper metal gets precipitated. Hence the colour changesfrom blue to green.

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7.

NCERT cBsE solutions for class 10 science chapter IGive an example of a double displacement reaction?

Solution:

reaction ofcompoundsf Nirric Aci

Pb(NO3)2 (aQ)(r,""a nitrate) + zHCl (aq)(nva.o.hroric acid)+ PbClz(s)(l."achloride) + 2HNO3("Or",r",.

Irr.c,cri.n (i).S.criLrm nretar i.s'xidizcd t. Na2o as oxygen is added to it. oxygents rcclucccl to Na20 as thc nltntbct' ,1'oxygen atonrs per moleculc becornes less( lirlrn ?. to I I | 1n,.,'. .-^-r;,,,- -*-r^ --,. r.(lirrrr z to l). lrcncc. socriurn gcts oxiclrzcd whilc oxyucn *:;r",=*."t'eurrres ress

In .czrcrirrr (ii) ao'pe. oxidc is reducctr to coppcr: (loss of-oxygen) and hydrogen isoxitlizcd ro llr0 (gain of oxygen).

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8.

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I

PHYSICS-Glass 1Oth-- Ch 10 Light - Reflection andRefraction ScienceIn Text Questions

Page No: 168

1. Define the principal focus of a concave mirror.

Answer

Light rays that are parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror converge at a specifiepoint on its principal axis after reflecting from the mirror. This point is known as the principalfocus of the concave mirror.

2. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length?

Answer

Radius of curvature, R= 20 cmRadius of curvature of a spherical mirror = 2 x Focal length (f)R= 2ftrRl2=20 12=10Hence, the focal length of the given spherical mirror is 10 cm.

3. Name the mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.Answer: Concave Mirror.

4. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?

Answer

We ilrefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because it gives a wider field ofview, which allows the driver to see most of the traffic behind him. Convex mirrors alwaysform a virtual, erect, and diminished image of the objects placed in front of lt.

Page No: 171

1. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm.

Answer

Radius of curvature, R= 32 cmRadius of curvature = 2 x Focal length (f)R= Zff= Rl2 = 322 = 16Hence, the focal length of the given convex mirror is 16 cm.

2. A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of object placedat 10 cm in front of it. Where is the image located?

Page I 1

Answer

Magnification produced by a spherical mirror is given by the relation,Height of tkl- Itnage trvwage Distanre

lll= =-Ite{,ght of ttue Ob ject 8b je* Di.stamteh1 u

ln=-=_-kfi tt

Let the height mf the objec!, k*= {t

Then, height of the image, hr -3h {trnage formed is real)

-31'*. -aIL ?{

t4

-- 3a

Object distance, u= - 10 cmy=3x(-10)=-30cmHere, the negative sign indicates that an inverted image is formed at a distance of30 cm in front of the given concave mirror.

Page No: 176

1. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towardsthe normal or away from the normal? Why?

Answer

The ray of light bends towards the normal. When "

,"y of light enters from an optically rarermedium (having low refractive index) to an optically denser medium (having high refractiveindeN), its speed slows down and it bends towards the normal. Since water is opticallydenser than air, a ray of light entering from air into water will bend towards the normal.

2. Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light inthe glass? The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1.

Answer

Refractive index of a mediuffi, rm = Speed of light in vacuum/Speed of light in the mediumSpeed of light in vacuum, c = 3 x 108 ms-1

Refractive index of glass, ns = 1.50Speed of light in the glass, v = Speed of light in vacuum/ Refractive index of glass

= c/ho

=3 r1o8lt.so =2x108 ms-1.

3. Find out, from Table, the medium having highest optical density. Also find the mediumwith lowest optical density.

Page | 2

Materialmedium Refractive index Material medium

Refractiveindex

Air 1.0003 Canada Balsam 1.53

lce 1.31

Water 1.33 Rock salt

Alcohol 1.36

Kerosene 1.44 Carbon disulphide 1.63

Fusedquartz 1.46

Denseflint glass 1.65

Turpentine oil 1.47 Ruby 1.71

Benzene 1.50 Sapphire 1.77

Crownglass 1.52 Diamond 2.42

Answer

Highest optical density = DiamondLowest optical density = 41pOptical density of a medium is directly related with the refractive index of that medium. Amedium which has the highest refractive index will have the highest optical density andvice-versa.

It can be observed from table 10.3 that diamond and air respectively have the highest andlowest refractive index. Therefore, diamond has the highest optical density and air has thelowest opticaldensity.

Page | 3

Answer

Magnification produced by a spherical mirror is given by the relation,Height af *he hwage trzza.ge D{.sttztrce

l]?= =-Height af tlze Ob j*ct Gbject Distance

ffi=utr?.s '12

Letthe height of the ohjert, ho= h - ..--...- .- .

Then" height of tlie image, hr -3f'r {lmage forrned is reali

-3XL -wNL zr

?t

-=JaObject distance, u= - 10 cmy=3x(-10)=-30cmHere, the negative sign indicates that an inverted image is formed at a distance of30 cm in front of the given concave mirror.

Page No: 176

1. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towardsthe normal or away from the normal? Why?

Answer

The ray of light bends towards the normal. When "

,"y of light enters from an optically rarermedium (having low refractive index) to an optically denser medium (having high refractive

.index), its speed slows down and it bends towards the normal. Since water is opticallydenser than air, a ray of light entering from air into water will bend towards the normal.

2. Light enters from air to glass having refractive index 1.50. What is the speed of light inthe glass? The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1.

Answer

Refractive index of a mediun'r, hm = Qpeed of light in vacuum/Speed of light in the mediumSpeed of light in vacuum, c = 3 x 10o ms-'Refractive index of glass, ns = 1.50Speed of light in the glass, v = Speed of light in vacuum/ Refractive index of glass

= c/no

=3 r 1o8lt .50 = 2x 108 ms-1.

3. Find out, from Table, the medium having highest optical density. Also find the mediumwith lowest optical density.

Page | 2

Materialmedium Refractive index Material medium

netractivlindex

Air 1.0003 Canada Balsam 1.53

lce 1.31

Water 1.33 Rock salt

Alcohol 1.36

Kerosene 1.44 Carbon disulphide 1.63

Fusedquartz 1.46

Denseflint glass 1.65

Turpentine oil 1.47 Ruby 1.71

Benzene 1.50 Sapphire 1.77

Crownglass 1.52 Diamond 2.42

Answer

Highest optical density = DiamondLowest optical density = 4;pOptical density of a medium is directly related with the refractive index of that medium. Amedium which has the highest refractive index will have the highest optical density andvice-versa.

It can be observed from table 10.3 that diamond and air respectively have the highest andlowest refractive index. Therefore, diamond has the highest optical density and air has thelowest opticaldensity.

4. You are given kerosene, turpentine and water. In which of these does the light travel

Materialmedium Refractive index

Page | 3

Answer

ln water light travel faster as compare to kerosene and turpentine because the refractive

indexofwaterislowerthanthatotreroseneandturpentine.Thespeedof|ightisinverse|yproportional to the refractive index'

5. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42.What is the meaning of this statement?

Answer

The refractive index of diamond is 2.42.This means that the speed of light in diamond will

reduce by a factor of 2.42 as compared to its speed in air'

ln other words, tne-speeJ oifignt in diamond is 112.42 times the speed of light in vacuum'

Page No: 184

1. Deflne 1 dioptre of power of a lens'

Answer

The sr unit of power of rens is dioptre which is denoted by the retter D. 1 dioptre is defined

as the power of a lens of focal length 1 metre'Page | 4

2. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from it.Where is the needle placed in front of the convex lens if the image is equal to the size of theobject? Also, flnd the power of the lens.

Answer

since the image is real and same size. The position of image should be at2F.

It is given that the image of the needle is formed at a distance of 50 cmfrom the convexlens. Hence, the needle is placed in front of the lens at a distance of-50 -Cin. '

Object distance, u= - 50 cmlmage distance, y= 50 cmFocal length = fAccording to the lens formula,

111vrlf1L1

f so (-so)11150 50 25

f = 25 cm =0.25 m

Power of lens, P= f u^:"t *)= #r: *4D

3. Find the power of a concave lens of focal length 2 m.

Answer

Focal length of concave lens, f = 2 mPower of lens, P= 1lf = 1l(-2)= -0.5D

Page No: 185

Exercise

1. which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a rens?(a) Water(b) Glass(c) Plastic(d) Clay> (d) Clay

2. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than theobject. Where should be the position of the object?

Page | 5

(a) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature(b) At the centre of curvature(c) Beyond the centre of curvature(d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus.> (d) Between the pore of the mirror and its principar focus.

3' where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the sizeof the object?(a) At the principal focus of the lens(b) At twice the focat tength(") 4t infinity(d)

_Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focu-S.-' -r,-- - r\

> (b) At twice the focat tength

4' A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length of -15 cm. Themirror and the lens are likely to be(a) both concave(b) both convex(c) the mirror is concave and the lens is convex(d) the mirror is convex, but the lens is concave> (a) both concave

Page No: 186

5' No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likelyto be(a) plane(b) concave(c) convex(d) either plane or convex> (d) either plane or convex

6' Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found ina dictionary?

> (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm

, using a concave mirror of focal length 15object from the mirror? What is the nature

an the object? Draw a ray diagram to show

Answer

Range of the distance of the object = 0 to 15 cm from the pore of the mirror.Nature of the image = virtual, erect and larger than the object.

Page | 6

8. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations.(a) Headlights of a car(b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle(c) Solar furnaceSupport your answer with reason.

Answer

(a) Concave Mirror: This is because concave mirrors can produce powerful parallel beam oflight when the light source is placed at their principal focus.

(b) Convex Mirror: This is because of its largest field of view.

(c) Concave Mirror: This is because it concentrates the parallel rays of sun at principalfocus.

9. One-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this lens produce a

complete image of the object? Verify your answer experimentally. Explain yourobservations.

Anewer

The convex lens will form complete image of an object, even if its one half is covered withblack paper. lt can be understood by the following two cases.Case I

When the upper half of the lens is coveredln this case, a ray of light coming from the object will be refracted by the lower half of thelens. These rays meet at the other side of the lens to form the image of the given object, asshown in the above figure.

Page | 7

Qas"e ll

When the lower half of the lens is coveredf n this case, a ray of light coming from the object is refracted by the upper half of the lens.These rays meet at the other side of the lens to form the image of the given object, asshown in the above figure.

10. An object 5 cm in length is held 25 cm away from a converging lens of focal length 10cm. Draw the ray diagram and find the position, size and the nature of the image foimed.

Answer

F{eightnf the Objec! fio= 5 crn

Distance of the sbjEct fram con\rerging {ensn Lr - - 25 cm

Focal length of converging }ens" f = 10 crn

t-lsing lens formuia,

1_1_rvxlf

Als,a" for a convenging lens,5 = 1t re. uLU.IrLr6,|16,lLtn., lro

-,{

. ?? S0xl-i,=i*iro;ffi= rr=-3"3cm

irnage is inverted arrd fsrrried at a distance of L5.7 cnr behind the lEnsand rneasilres 3"3 crn- The ray diagram ls shown belorv.

Page | 8

?5 cm

1 1. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far isthe object placed from the lens? Draw the ray diagram.

Answer

Focal length of concave lens (OF1), f = - 15 cmlmage distance, y= - 10 cmAccording to the lens formula,

111rfuf111uvf

10 -15 l0 -t-

a5 - a5-rt .10 cnr

The negative value of u indicates that the object is placed 30 cm in front of the lens. This is

l0 om

12, An obJect ls placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm.Flnd thc posltlon and nature of the image.

Anrwcr

Focal length of convex mirror, F +15 cmObject distance, u= - 10 cmAccording to the mirror formula,

Page I 9

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M*gnff$c etian * LI * S= s"ffia-trCIvThe image is located at a distance 6,cm from the mirror on the other side of the mirror.]ff 5,:'Jl'fflir"f,i$j::; il;; Jr masniRc"iil.'i.o"ifrtes that the imase rormed is virtuar

13' The magnification produced by a prane mirror is +1. what does this mean?Answer

The positive sign means image formed by- a plane mirror is virtuar and erect. since themagnification is 1 it means th;i i;";t" or tn! i*g;'i.lqrar to the size of ihe ooject.14' An object 5 cm-is.ptaced at a dista.nce of 20 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius ofcurvature 30 cm' Find the position, nature anJ si.; ; i; image.Answer

Qpject distance, u= _ 20 cmuo1ect height, h= 5 cmRadius of curvature, R= 30 cmlaO1gs of curvature'= 2 x focal lengthPF2fF15cmAccording to the mirror formula.

Page | 10

111vu f111-=---vfa

114+3V_-T-=-:-

15 ZD 60 60

t? = 8.57 Crn

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Magnification, m= -Itlaa.ge D.Istance

Ob fert Dlsfanca-8.57

=

- = O-4?8

-40

I he positive value magnificaticn indicates that the image forrfled is virtual"

Megnification, m=Height vf the Itwa.ge

Hefghf af *he #bject

h'. mX ft = 0.428 x 5 = 2.14 elre:

Thr pOgltlve value of image height indicates that the image formed is erect.Thurforc, the image formed is virtual, erect, and smaller in size.

1C, An obJect of size 7.0 cm is placed at27 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 18

Om, At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed, so that a sharp focusedlmryl can be obtained? Find the size and the nature of the image.

Anrwrr

OblJot dlltrnce, u= - 27 cmObJlot hrlght, h= 7 cmFoorl lrngth,f=-18cmAooordlng to the mirror formula,

.Itt

It

Page I 11

L1a---=-vLtrf1_!_!!?f^u

-! 1 -118 ZV 5{t

v = -54 {r*Thescreen shcuid be pXaced at a distan ce af 54 crn

Magnificationn ru=- = -'* = _Zz.v

Ttrre n*gative value cf sn ifidicates that the image fcrrned is reat_

h'=T x {-?} = -L4 cmThe negative value of image height indicates that the image formed is inverted.

16. Find the focal length of a lens of power -2.0 D. what type of lens is this?

Answer

Power of lens, p= 1lfP= -2Dt= -112 = -0.5 mA concave lens has a negative focar rength. Hence, it is a concave rens.

17. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1 .5 D. Find the focal length of thelens. ls the prescribed lens diverging or converging?

Answer

Power of lens, p= 1lfP= 1.5Dt= 111.5 = 10/15 = 0.66 mA convex lens has a positive focal length. Hence, it is a convex lens or a converging lens.

Page | 72

Extra Questionsfor Class 10th: Ch 10 Light - Reflection ond Refraction (Science)

Important Questions Answer Included

Vory Short Answer Questions (VSAQs): I Mark

Ql, What is magnification of plane mirror?

Anrwor+l

Q2, Whcn I convex lens will act as magniffing Glass?

AnrworWhon thc object is kept on focal length of the convex lens, it is called magnifying glass.

Q3, Namc the mirror

(a) Urcd by dentist

(b) Uscd for rear view mirror

Anrwor

(r) Concave mirror

(b) Convcx mirror

Q4, Tho rdlus of curvature of a convex mirror is 20cm. What is its focal length?

AnrwrrFmrl lon6h -(radius of Curvature)/2

Focrl fonglh-20cml2 = lOcm

Q5. What ls power of Lens of focal length of 20cm?

Page | 13

Answer| /20cm : I /0.2m:100/20: 5 Diopter.

Short Answer euestions-f (SAes_I): 2 Marks

.,-i.'-.; i"rQl' The refractive indices of glass and water with respect to air are 3/2 and4l3 respectively. If speed oflight in glass is 2x108 m/s, find the speed of light in water.

Answer

Refractive index of a m:dium : Soeed of right in airlSpeed of light in the medium+ 3/2 : Speed of light in air/2xl}B m/sSpeed of light in air:3x108 m/sSpeed of light in water : 13x108 m/g/@/3) = 2.25x108 m/s

Q2. What is meant by power of a lens ? Write its SI unit.

AnswerThe power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (I) expressed in meters. sI unit ofpower is diopter' one diopter is defined as the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 meter.

3L#- the ray diagram of image formation in following case? write size, position and nature of image

Answer

Page | 14

I

lr vlrtual, erect and demised.

in which a concave mirror produces a magnified image of a given object List twothem.

Botween its pole and focus Between the focus and center of curvature

Tho image is vi(ual and erect. The image is real and inverted

The image is formed in front of mirror

(luestions-I (SAQs-II): 3 Marks

tn object formed by a mirror is real, inverted and is of magnification -1. If the image is

Page | 15

at a distance of 40 cm from the mirror, where is the object placed ? where would the image be if theobject is moved 20 cmtowards the mirror? State reason and also draw ray diagram for the new position ofthe object to justify your answer.

Answer

The mirror is concave mirror. Since, magnification is _1,object. Also, by the formula of magnification,

M: -vlu: -l

+v:u

=+ (Image distance)=(Object distance)=4Ocm

This is the case, when object is placed at center of curvature or twice the length of focal

So, twice the focal length is 40cm

Focal length: 40crn/2 = 20cm.

when object is placed at focal length, the image is formed at infinity.

lt means the size of image is equal to size of

length.

Q2' A student wants to project the image of a candle flame on a screen g0 cm in front of a mirror bykeeping the candle flame at a distance of 20 m from its pole. (i) which type of minor should the studentuse ? (ii) Find the magnification of the image produced. (iii) Find rhe distance between the object and itsimage.

Answer

(i) Concave Mirror

(ii) It is given, object distance u:-20m, Image distance v=_g0m

Magnification is given as M:-vlu

Page | 16

M--v/rr- -(-lt0rrr/'20rn) : 4

l)lrtnncc hctwcctt oh.icct nnd image v-u :-80m-(-20m)= 69-

()1, (l) Nntrrc llrc npherical mirror used as : (a) Shaving mirror (b) Rear view mirror in vehicles (c)

RCflCClof hr rc|rrclr-liglrts. (ii) Write any three differences between a real and a virtual image'

Anrwor

Hltnvlrrg tttlrror ('oncave minor

llonr vlcw tttirrrtr Convex mirror

llallcclor ln scrtrch-lights - Concave mirror '

l(cnl lrrrrrgc curr hc obtained on screen but virtual image cannot be obtained'

llsllcr,rtctl / l{cliactcd rays actually meet where real image is formed while for virtual they only appear to

rrrr,cl, 'A llcul irrrage is always inverted while virtual image is always erect.

()5, Arr Objcct is kept at a distance of 18 cm, 20 cm,22 cmand 30 cm, from a lens of power + 5D' (i) In

wlrich cusc or cases would you get a magnified image ? (ii) Which of the magnified image can we get on

t| $crccn ,t (b) List two widely used applications of a convex lens.

Annyor

f ;rrctrl f cngth : l/power : 1/5D : 1/5m :20cm

ll lr tt convex lens of focal length 20cm.

Su, rrurgnified image will be formed in all cases, 20cm is focus, 18cm is on focal length' 22cm and 30cm

lt hctwccn focus and focus and center of curvature. In all cases, magnified image is formed'

( f l ) lrr c1sc of Z2cmand 30cm image formed is real and hence can be obtained on screen.

l,ttng Answer Questions (LAQs): 5 Marks

Page | 17

Ql. (a) State the laws of refraction of light. Explain the term absolute refractive index of a medium and

write an expression to relate it with the speed of light in vacuum.

(b) The absolute refractive indices of two media 'A' and 'B' are 2.0 and 1.5 respectively. If the speed oflight in medium 'B' is 2x108 m/s, calculate the speed of light in : (i) vacuum, (ii) medium'A'

Answer

Laws of Refraction

(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media at the point

of incidence, all lie in the same plane.

(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of agiven colour and for the given pair of media. This law is also known as Snell's law of refraction.

p:sin i/sin r

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Q2. A convex lens can form a magnified erect as well as magnified inverted image of an object placed infront of it". Draw ray diagram to justiff this by statement stating the position of the object with respect to

the lens in each case. An object ofheight 4 cm is placed at a distance of20 cm from a concave lens offocal length 10 cm. Use lens formula to determine the position of the image formed.

Page | 18

It

I

Answer

Convex lens form magnified erect image when object is placed between optical center and F! of the lens.

Virtual erect same size of image is formed in this case.

Convex lens form magnified inverted image when object is placed at Fl. Image formed is real,

inverted and enlarsed at infinitv.

18 Page | 19

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3 NCERT CBSE Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1

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Transcript of 3 NCERT CBSE Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1