SPRING 2015FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGYMAILMAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH – COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

i ssue 6.01

Ending publ icat ion b ias

Cul ture as key d ietary ingredient

Is s i tt ing k i l l ing us?

Neil W. Schluger, MD Interim Chair Department of Epidemiology

EDITORS Barbara Aaron Administrative Director Elaine Meyer Associate Director of Communications

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Dana March, PhD Assistant Professor of Epidemiology Editor-in-Chief, the 2x2 project

DESIGNERS Kristen Byers Web Developer / Graphic Designer

Jon Kalish Consulting Designer

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Christine Sardo Molmenti, PhD, MPH Postdoctoral Research Scientist

Florence Lee Communication in Health and Epidemiology Fellow ‘15 MPH in Epidemiology ‘15

Timothy S. Paul Associate Director for Strategic Communications, Science Editor, Mailman School of Public Health

Stephanie Berger Director of Communications for Media Relations, Mailman School of Public Health

1DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

CONTENTS

Publication highlights

FEATURES

Programs to improve diet may miss cultural ingredient

Sitting and cancer

Ending publication bias

In the news

Spotty on measles?

Faculty publications

3

10

14

16

21

22

29

2

Colleagues,

Welcome to the spring 2015 issue of 2x2.

In these pages, 2x2 engages with an issue of concern to all of us: publication bias in clinical trials and the steps that are being taken to rein it in. We examine the possibility of a missing ingredient in the efforts of health professionals to improve nutrition for some of our most vulnerable populations. We highlight the work of a postdoctoral research scientist considering potential links between sedentary lifestyle and cancer. And we bring you just a few of the outstanding research findings of our faculty, including a program that successfully reduces teen suicide attempts, new evidence on how prenatal exposures shape health over the lifecourse, and troubling evidence on the relationship between PTSD and type 2 diabetes risk. As always, our “in the news” section highlights the role our faculty play in the public health conversation, from measles vaccination to HIV prevention.

On a personal note, while I have been an active member of the department of epidemiology for 16 years, during these initial 3 months as interim chair, I have found myself newly impressed at the scope and rigor of the research underway in this department. I look forward to bringing you more news of our work in future issues of 2x2.

Warm regards,

chair’s message

3DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

Individuals conceived in the severe

Dutch Famine, also called the Hunger

Winter, may have adjusted to this

horrendous period of World War II

by making adaptations to how active

their DNA is. Genes involved in growth

and development were differentially

regulated, according to researchers at

the Leiden University Medical Center,

Harvard University, and Columbia

University’s Mailman School of Public

Health. Findings are published in the

journal Nature Communications.

During the winter of 1944–1945 the

Western part of The Netherlands was

struck by a severe 6-month famine, the

result of a German blockade. During

this Hunger Winter the available rations

provided as low as a quarter of the

daily energy requirements. Children

conceived—but not born—during the

famine were delivered with a normal

birth weight. Extensive research on the

DNA of these Hunger Winter children

shows that the regulatory systems of

their growth genes were altered, which

may also explain why they appear to be

at higher risk for metabolic disease in

later life.

Decades later growth genes seemed different

“The different setting of the growth

genes may have helped the Hunger

Winter children to withstand the Famine

conditions as compared with their unex-

posed siblings, but these changes may

likewise be unfavorable for their metab-

olism as adults,” said Leiden University

principal investigator Dr. Bas Heijmans.

For example, the altered settings were

associated with LDL cholesterol at age

60, according to the authors.

The research team in Leiden com-

pared the DNA of the Hunger Winter

children, now aged 60, at 1.2 million

CpG methylation sites comparing them

with same-sex siblings not exposed

to famine. They were able to see how

the genes were differentially regu-

lated in the Hunger Winter children,

as compared with their siblings with a

similar genetic and familial background.

Groups of genes involved in growth and

People conceived during Dutch famine have altered regulation of growth genes

development showed a different gene

activity setting. The Hunger Winter chil-

dren were all approximately 60 years

of age when they gave blood for DNA

research.

“The potential for a gene to become

active is mainly determined in the

crucial weeks after fertilization. This

master regulatory system that deter-

mines which genes are on and which

are off is called epigenetics and can be

compared to a sound technician making

adjustments during a recording to get

that perfect sound. Environmental fac-

tors during development can make a

lasting imprint on this system,” noted

Dr. Heijmans.

The authors point out that a wealth

of past epidemiological studies

suggests that early development is

important for later health. “Thanks to

the willingness of the Hunger Winter

children and their families to contribute

to our studies, we can pinpoint which

phases of development are especially

sensitive to the environment. We are

currently extending our inquiries not

only to those conceived during the

famine, but also to those exposed

during other gestation periods,” says

co-author Dr. Elmar W. Tobi.

“These findings are exciting and

provide tremendous opportunities for

epidemiologists,” said Dr. L.H. Lumey,

associate professor of epidemiology at

Columbia University’s Mailman School

of Public Health and senior author who

collected the analyzed blood samples.

“Looking at the human genome we see

systematic changes in gene regulation

during early human development in

response to the environment. The epi-

genetic revolution has given us the tools

to investigate these changes and look at

the impact for later life.”

Tobi EW, Goeman JJ, Monajemi R, Gu H,

Putter H, Zhang Y, Slieker RC, Stok AP, Thijssen

PE, Müller F, van Zwet EW, Bock C, Meissner

A, Lumey LH, Slagboom PE, Heijmansa BT.

DNA methylation signatures link prenatal

famine exposure to growth and metabolism.

Nat Commun. 2014 Nov 26. doi: 10.1038/

ncomms6592. [Epub ahead of print]

PUBLICATION HIGHLIGHTS

4 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

publication highlights

Half of young drivers who died in

car crashes in nine U.S. states

tested positive for alcohol or

marijuana, or both, according to a new

study of 16- to 25-year olds published

in the journal Injury Epidemiology. The

study, which also looked at whether

young adults might substitute mar-

ijuana for alcohol use—a possible

consequence of looser marijuana

laws, was led by Dr. Katherine Keyes,

assistant professor of epidemiology,

with senior author Dr. Guohua Li, pro-

fessor of epidemiology and director

of the Center for Injury Epidemiology

and Prevention; and doctoral gradu-

ate Dr. Joanne Brady, who is now a

senior research scientist at NORC in

Bethesda, Md.

“Policies related to the use of sub-

stances in the United States remain in

flux; the rapid changes in marijuana

use policy are a good example of this,”

said Dr. Keyes. “It’s imperative to

know whether there will be unintended

consequences of changes in policies,

including increases or decreases in

harm related to other substances that

are not the focus of the policy.”

The researchers analyzed 7,191

fatal accidents in 1999 to 2011, looking

at the data of drivers who died within

one hour of the crash. The states—Cal-

ifornia, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois,

New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode

Island, Washington State and West

Virginia—all routinely perform toxi-

cological tests on the blood or urine

specimens of drivers who die in car

crashes. The data came from the

Fatality Analysis Reporting System,

a census of fatal traffic crashes main-

tained by the U.S. National Highway

Traffic Safety Administration. Nearly

55 percent of the crashes occurred in

California.

Just a little over 50 percent of

young, deceased drivers tested posi-

tive for alcohol, marijuana or both. Of

these, about 37 percent were under

the influence of alcohol, about 6 per-

cent used only marijuana, and about 8

percent used both substances.

Half of teens and young adults who died in car crashes on alcohol or marijuana

Drivers who were at least the legal

drinking age of 21 were 14 percent

more likely to have consumed alcohol

compared to younger drivers. Mar-

ijuana use was also lower for those

under 21, as was using both alcohol

and marijuana in combination.

The study also found that once

young adults reach the legal drink-

ing age their alcohol use increases,

whereas marijuana use does not. This

might suggest that young adults sub-

stitute use of marijuana for alcohol

if marijuana is easier to obtain. “We

would conservatively predict that

increased availability of marijuana to

young adults in U.S. states that have

passed medical and recreational use

allowance may have positive spillover

effects on alcohol, reducing use to

some degree among young adults,”

the authors say. Of the states that

were studied, only California, Hawaii,

and Washington had legalized medical

marijuana within the study period.

However, the substitution effects

between alcohol and marijuana using

the 1999–2011 data were not signifi-

cant, according to Dr. Li.

Keyes KM, Brady JE, Li G. Effects of minimum

legal drinking age on alcohol and marijuana

use: evidence from toxicological testing data

for fatally injured drivers aged 16 to 25 years.

Injury Epidemiology. 2015 Jan 12; 2(1).

related media coverage

U.S. Newsbit.ly/1IRPHlj

Science 2.0bit.ly/1sHNaYy

Live Sciencebit.ly/1xbBHx2

5DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

PUBLICATION HIGHLIGHTS

Children exposed during preg-

nancy to elevated levels of two

common chemicals found in the

home—di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP)

and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP)—had

an IQ score, on average, more than six

points lower than children exposed

at lower levels, according to a study

in PLOS One by Dr. Pam Factor-Lit-

vak, professor of epidemiology, and

colleagues at the Mailman School of

Public Health. The study is the first to

report a link between prenatal expo-

sure to phthalates and IQ in school-age

children.

DnBP and DiBP are found in a

wide variety of consumer products,

from dryer sheets to vinyl fabrics to

personal care products like lipstick,

hairspray, and nail polish, even some

soaps. Since 2009, several phthalates

have been banned from children’s

toys and other childcare articles in the

United States. However, no steps have

been taken to protect the developing

fetus by alerting pregnant women

to potential exposures. In the U.S.,

phthalates are rarely listed as ingre-

dients on products in which they are

used.

Researchers followed 328 New

York City women and their children

from low-income communities.

They assessed the women’s expo-

sure to four phthalates—DnBP, DiBP,

di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and diethyl

phthalate—in the third trimester of

pregnancy by measuring levels of the

chemicals’ metabolites in urine. Chil-

dren were given IQ tests at age 7.

Children of mothers exposed

during pregnancy to the highest 25

percent of concentrations of DnBP and

DiBP had IQs 6.6 and 7.6 points lower,

respectively, than children of mothers

exposed to the lowest 25 percent of

concentrations after controlling for

factors like maternal IQ, maternal

education, and quality of the home

environment that are known to influ-

ence child IQ scores. The association

was also seen for specific aspects

of IQ, such as perceptual reasoning,

working memory, and processing

speed. The researchers found no

Exposure during pregnancy to common household chemicals associated with substantial drop in child IQ

associations between the other two

phthalates and child IQ.

The range of phthalate metabolite

exposures measured in the mothers

was not unusual: it was within what

the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention observed in a national

sample.

“Pregnant women across the

United States are exposed to phthal-

ates almost daily, many at levels

similar to those that we found were

associated with substantial reduc-

tions in the IQ of children,” says Dr.

Factor-Litvak.

“The magnitude of these IQ differ-

ences is troubling,” says senior author

Dr. Robin Whyatt, professor of envi-

ronmental health sciences and deputy

director of the Columbia Center for

Children’s Environmental Health at the

Mailman School. “A six- or seven-point

decline in IQ may have substantial

consequences for academic achieve-

ment and occupational potential.”

The researchers recommend that

pregnant women take steps to limit

their exposure to pthalates by not

microwaving food in plastics, avoiding

scented products as much as possible,

including air fresheners and dryer

sheets, and not using recyclable plas-

tics labeled as 3, 6, or 7.

The findings build on earlier, similar

observations by the researchers of

associations between prenatal expo-

sure to DnBP and DiBP and children’s

cognitive and motor development and

behavior at age 3.

It’s not known how phthalates

affect child health. However, numer-

ous studies show that they disrupt

the actions of hormones, including

testosterone and thyroid hormone.

Inflammation and oxidative stress may

also play a role.

Factor-Litvak P, Insel B, Calafat AM, Liu X,

Perera F, Rauh VA, Whyatt RM. Persistent

Associations between Maternal Prenatal

Exposure to Phthalates on Child IQ at Age 7

Years. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 10;9(12):e114003.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114003. eCollec-

tion 2014.

related media coverage

Washington Postwapo.st/1wh8fo5

NBCnbcnews.to/1ChjvVW

Reutersreut.rs/1CxJF7q

6 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

PUBLICATION HIGHLIGHTS

Women with post-traumatic

stress disorder are nearly

twice as likely to develop type

2 diabetes as women who do not have

symptoms of the psychiatric condition,

according to a study published in

JAMA Psychiatry, senior authored

by Dr. Karestan Koenen, professor of

epidemiology at the Mailman School

of Public Health at Columbia University

and colleagues from Harvard School of

Public Health.

One in nine women will have PTSD

at sometime over the course of her

lifetime, which is twice the rate of

men, and is associated with extreme

traumatic events like rape and domes-

tic abuse.

The study is one of the first lon-

gitudinal cohort examinations of the

relationship between PTSD and type

2 diabetes and provides the strongest

evidence to date of a causal relation-

ship between the two.

Analyzing survey data collected

between 1989 and 2011 from 49,739

women enrolled in the Nurses Health

Study II, the researchers found that

the greater the number and sever-

ity of PTSD symptoms, the greater

a women’s risk was for having

type 2 diabetes—a dose-response

relationship.

early 12 percent of women with the

highest number of PTSD symptoms

had developed type 2 diabetes by age

60, whereas fewer than 7 percent of

women with no trauma exposure had

diabetes. Four percent of the nurses

reported the highest number of PTSD

symptoms.

The researchers found that use

of antidepressants or an elevated

body mass index increased by half

the risk of type 2 diabetes, or 34 and

14 percent, respectively. On the other

hand, after adjusting for smoking,

diet quality, alcohol intake, and phys-

ical activity, they found no change in

the relationship between PTSD and

diabetes.

The study builds on past findings

by the researchers, including a 2013

study that reported a link between

PTSD and obesity. Other research has

shown a link between mental health

issues like anxiety, social phobia, and

agoraphobia and type 2 diabetes.

“Not only is PTSD devastating to

mental health,” said Dr. Koenen, “but it

affects physical health too, raising risk

for cardiovascular disease, diabetes,

and obesity.”

Dr. Andrea L. Roberts, research

associate in the Department of Social

and Behavioral Sciences at Harvard

School of Public Health, said, “Our

study adds urgency to the effort to

improve access to mental health care

to address factors that contribute to

diabetes and other chronic diseases.”

Fewer than half of Americans with

PTSD currently receive treatment.

Further research is needed to

identify the biochemical and possible

additional behavioral changes, such

as sleep disturbance, that mediate the

relationship between PTSD and type 2

diabetes, according to the researchers.

Roberts AL, Agnew-Blais JC, Spiegelman

D, Kubzansky LD, Mason SM, Galea S, Hu

FB, Rich-Edwards JW, Koenen KC. Post-

traumatic Stress Disorder and Incidence

of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Sample of

Women: A 22-Year Longitudinal Study. JAMA

Psychiatry. 2015 Jan 7. doi: 10.1001/jamapsy-

chiatry.2014.2632. [Epub ahead of print]

PTSD in women doubles risk of type 2 diabetes

related media coverage

CBScbsn.ws/1ymxUTw

Timeti.me/1wh8Cij

Voice of Americabit.ly/1Gb2sex

7DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

PUBLICATION HIGHLIGHTS

A school-wide health intervention

was associated with a reduc-

tion in teen suicide attempts,

compared to programs that aimed to

identify only at-risk students, according

to a large study of teenagers in 10 Euro-

pean countries published in the Lancet.

“This study provides much-needed

empirical evidence of the effectiveness

of a universal school-based public

health intervention,” write the authors,

who include Dr. Christina Hoven,

professor of clinical epidemiology in

psychiatry, and colleagues from the

New York State Psychiatric Institute,

the Department of Biostatistics at the

Mailman School of Public Health, and

several institutions abroad.

In this study, called Saving and

Empowering Young Lives in Europe or

SEYLE, investigators tested the effects

of three interventions—two of which

were selective and one of which was

universal—and compared each to a

control situation. They recruited over

11,000 students from 168 schools in

Austria, Estonia, France, Germany,

Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Romania,

Slovenia, and Spain and divided the

schools into one of the four interven-

tion groups.

The researchers measured the

number of suicide attempts and

instances of suicide ideation—thoughts

of suicide—in all four groups after

the interventions ended. After three

months, none of the interventions had

a significant effect on suicide attempts

when compared to the control group,

but after 12 months the universal

intervention, called the Youth Aware

of Mental Health Programme or YAM,

was associated with a reduction in

suicide attempts and “severe” suicide

ideation. For every 167 students

reached by the program, one suicide

attempt could be prevented each year.

The absolute risk of suicide fell by .6

percent, or 6 out of 1,000 students

attempting suicide, and the relative risk

fell nearly 55 percent, meaning that in

the control group, 11 students out of

1,000 attempted suicide versus 5 out of

1,000 who attempted in the universal

intervention group.

School-based intervention linked to reductions in teen suicide attempts

YAM was developed for the SEYLE

study, taking place for five hours over

the course of four weeks. Students

heard lectures and participated in

interactive workshops designed to

make them aware of suicide risks such

as depression and anxiety and help

them deal with difficult life events and

general stress. Students also received

a workbook and were exposed to six

educational posters.

One of the selective interventions,

a U.S.-developed approach called

“question, persuade, and refer,”

trained teachers and other school

employees to recognize at-risk stu-

dents and link them to professional

care. The other selective intervention,

called “Screening by Professionals,”

which was developed for SEYLE, gave

students a survey that health profes-

sionals used to identify who might be

at-risk of suicide attempts or thoughts

and refer them to further help.

The control group did not receive

an intervention, but for ethical rea-

sons, they were exposed to the same

posters as the universal group.

“Changes in suicidal behavior

are perhaps more likely to occur if

pupils are personally engaged in the

intervention, than with adult-driven

interventions, which adolescents

might be reluctant to accept,” the

authors write about the YAM’s appar-

ent success. “The YAM, through active

participation might also have provided

the pupils, most probably for the first

time, with an opportunity to think, ver-

balize, and discuss among themselves

a range of issues related to mental

health.”

Wasserman D, Hoven CW, Wasserman C,

Wall M, Eisenberg R, Hadlaczky G, Kelleher

I, Sarchiapone M, Apter A, Balazs J, Bobes

J, Brunner R, Corcoran P, Cosman D, Guil-

lemin F, Haring C, Iosue M, Kaess M, Kahn

JP, Keeley H, Musa GJ, Nemes B, Postuvan

V, Saiz P, Reiter-Theil S, Varnik A, Varnik P,

Carli V. School-based suicide prevention

programmes: the SEYLE cluster-randomised,

controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jan 8. pii:

S0140-6736(14)61213-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-

6736(14)61213-7. [Epub ahead of print]

8 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

PUBLICATION HIGHLIGHTS

Scientists at Columbia Universi-

ty’s Mailman School of Public

Health report that children with

autism spectrum disorder (ASD) had

two-and-a-half times the odds of per-

sistent gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms

as infants and toddlers than children

with typical development. Results are

published in JAMA Psychiatry.

The study is based on a large longi-

tudinal survey of Norwegian mothers

who were asked about their child’s

GI disturbances during the first three

years of life. Questionnaires were

completed when the children were 18

and 36 months of age.

Mothers of children with ASD were

also more likely to report one or more

GI symptoms in their children in either

or both age ranges compared with

mothers of children with typical devel-

opment. And children with ASD were

more likely to have GI symptoms than

children with developmental delay,

suggesting that the disturbances were

not simply secondary to developmen-

tal delay associated with autism.

“We not only learned that these

symptoms appeared early in infancy;

we also found that children with ASD

were at significantly increased risk for

these symptoms to persist compared

with typically developing children,”

says Michaeline Bresnahan, PhD, first

author and assistant professor of Epi-

demiology at the Mailman School.

“The longitudinal nature of the

study allowed us to uncover the

presence of GI complaints in early

life—before mothers knew their child

would be diagnosed with autism,”

says Ezra Susser, MD, DrPH, co-senior

author and professor of both Psychia-

try and Epidemiology at the Mailman

School and Columbia University

Medical Center. “This is yet another

demonstration of how longitudinal

cohort research can shed light on fea-

tures of autism.”

While higher rates of GI symptoms

are associated with autism, Dr. Bres-

nahan cautions that “the vast majority

of children with these symptoms won’t

go on to develop autism, nor do all

people with autism have GI problems

Autistic children more likely to have GI issues in early life

as children.” Bresnahan adds, “GI

symptoms alone need not be cause for

alarm.”

“Although the connection of GI

disturbances to autism remains

unclear, the presence of GI symptoms

in early life may not only help to iden-

tify a subset of children with autism

who require clinical input for their GI

issues, it may also open new avenues

for determining the underlying nature

of the disorder in that subgroup,”

notes Mady Hornig, MD, co-first author

of the study and associate professor of

Epidemiology at the Mailman School.

“Delineating factors that disrupt

signaling along the gut-brain axis

while the brain is still under develop-

ment may ultimately provide a key

to understanding how the disorder

occurs in the subset of children with

autism and GI complaints,” adds W.

Ian Lipkin, MD, the study’s senior

author, and John Snow professor

of Epidemiology and director of the

Center for Infection and Immunity at

the Mailman School.

Additional co-authors include

Andrew F. Schultz from the Mailman

School; Nina Gunnes, Kari Kveim Lie,

Per Magnus, Ted Reichborn-Kjen-

nerud, Christine Roth, Synnve

Schjølberg, Camilla Stoltenberg and

Pål Surén from the Norwegian Insti-

tute of Public Health; and Deborah

Hirtz from the National Institute of

Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

The research was supported by

the Norwegian Ministry of Health and

Care Service, the Norwegian Ministry

of Education and Research, and grant

NS47537 from the National Institute of

Neurological Disorders and Stroke of

the National Institutes of Health. The

authors report no conflicts of interest.

Pramparo T, Pierce K, Lombardo MV, Carter

Barnes C, Marinero S, Ahrens-Barbeau C,

Murray SS, Lopez L, Xu R, Courchesne E. Pre-

diction of autism by translation and immune/

inflammation coexpressed genes in toddlers

from pediatric community practices. JAMA

Psychiatry. 2015 Apr 1;72(4):386-94. doi:

10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3008.

9DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

PUBLICATION HIGHLIGHTS

Teens getting less sleep than 20 years ago

In the last 20 years, the Internet entered

the lives of most Americans, social media

took off, college admissions became more

competitive, and obesity rates rose. These

are several factors that may be linked to a

significant decline in sleep reported by a

new study by Dr. Katherine Keyes, assistant

professor of epidemiology; epidemiology

research assistant Ms. Ava Hamilton; and

colleagues at University of Texas and Uni-

versity of Michigan, published in Pediatrics.

The study is the first to comprehensively

evaluate teen sleep trends in the U.S. by

age and time period. Researchers analyzed

survey responses of students in 8th, 10th,

and 12th grade from 1991 to 2012 to see

how often they reported getting seven

hours or more of sleep.

Female students, racial and ethnic

minorities, and students of lower socio-

economic status were less likely to report

getting seven or more hours of sleep each

night compared with their male counter-

parts, non-Hispanic white teenagers, and

students of higher socioeconomic status,

respectively, the study found. It is recom-

mended that teens get nine hours of sleep.

To learn more about the study, read the

news coverage:

› wapo.st/1wpgmG7

› ti.me/1DqL3de

› abcn.ws/18mc7jJ

› bit.ly/1MSgcf8

And visit the Mailman School of Public

Health website:

› mailman.columbia.edu/news/

teens-increasingly-sleep-deprived

Keyes KM, Maslowsky J, Hamilton A, Schulenberg

J. The Great Sleep Recession: Changes in Sleep

Duration Among US Adolescents, 1991-2012.

Pediatrics. 2015 Feb 16. pii: peds.2014-2707. [Epub

ahead of print]

Study predicts decline in drug overdose deaths Although there has been a sharp uptick

in drug overdose deaths in recent years,

particularly from misuse of prescription

drugs, a new analysis in the journal Injury

Epidemiology by Ms. Salima Darakjy, a

doctoral student, and her faculty advisers,

Dr. Joanne Brady, a doctoral graduate; Dr.

Charles Dimaggio, associate professor

of epidemiology; and Dr. Guohua Li,

professor of epidemiology. Today more

than 40,000 Americans die each year of

an unintentional drug overdose, 10-times

the number who died in 1980. The

researchers used a principle called Farr’s

Law, developed in the mid-1800s by British

epidemiologist William Farr, to run their

analysis. Studying the smallpox epidemic

of that era, Farr found the rate and

duration of a decline in deaths mirrored its

earlier rise. The Columbia epidemiology

researchers believe the rate of deaths has

already increased and will peak in 2017,

falling steadily after that. “If the epidemic

of drug overdoses is indeed waning,” the

researchers conclude, “it may imply that

the intensified efforts in recent years, such

as enhanced prescription drug monitoring,

are working and should be continued.”

Related media coverage in Health Canal

bit.ly/1uahQ5Q

Darakjy S, Brady JE, DiMaggio C, Li G. Applying

Farr’s Law to project the drug overdose mortality

epidemic in the United States. Injury Epidemiol-

ogy. 2014, 1:3

Ebola outbreak will take a mental health toll in West Africa In addition to the loss of life and the

damage to healthcare systems, the Ebola

outbreak in West Africa poses challenges to

the mental health of the people of Guinea,

Sierra Leone, and Liberia, says a paper

by Dr. Yuval Neria, professor of medical

psychology, and colleagues published

in JAMA. In Liberia and Sierra Leone,

there is only one trained psychiatrist, a

few dozen mental health nurses, and 100

trained paraprofessionals to assess and

manage mental health disorders. The

authors suggest a proactive approach

that makes services available to bereaved

family members, survivors, and others

significantly affected by Ebola. “An

effective response is essential…in West

Africa to address the psychosocial needs

associated with population-wide direct

exposure to disease, death, and distress,”

the authors write.

Shultz JM, Baingana F, Neria Y. The 2014 Ebola

outbreak and mental health: current status

and recommended response. JAMA. 2015 Feb

10;313(6):567-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.17934.

briefs

10 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

Looking beyond grocery stores and nutrition guidelines

BY ELAINE MEYER

Programs to improve diets may miss a cultural ingredient

the2x2project.org

2x2.ph/culture-diet

11DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

In the U.S., low-income, ethnic minorities are more likely to be obese and thus

at risk for a variety of chronic illnesses compared to white Americans. While public health efforts often focus on promoting healthier diets and improving access to grocery stores, they may miss their mark if they do not address a key ingredient: culture.That is a takeaway from two studies of

Hispanic women conducted by faculty

at Columbia Mailman School of Public

Health’s Department of Epidemiology and

collaborators. The research—one released

this January in the Journal of the Academy

of Nutrition and Dietetics and another that

was recently highlighted in Latino USA—

suggests public health efforts to improve

diets can benefit from understanding cul-

tural preferences.

“It’s odd, if you read the entire literature

on this topic, there are almost no studies

where people just sat down with immigrant

families and asked them what they want

or what they believe is healthy food,” says

Dr. Andrew Rundle, associate professor

of epidemiology at Mailman and co-direc-

tor of the Obesity Prevention Initiative at

Columbia.

Farmers’ markets and slaughterhouses

For many years, Dr. Rundle has investi-

gated issues of food accessibility in lower

income minority neighborhoods in New

York City, studying how availability of

healthy food is related to obesity and other

health measures. While it is a widespread

belief in food policy circles that living in

“food deserts” that lack grocery stores

turns many ethnic minorities to a diet high

in fat and processed foods, few studies

have documented where lower income

minority groups shop.

That was the goal of Dr. Rundle and his

collaborator, Dr. Yoosun Park, an associ-

ate dean and professor at Smith College

School of Social Work. (The two are also

married). Dr. Park, who specializes in qual-

itative—research that analyzes the content

of interviews—spoke with 28 immigrant

Hispanic women to find out how where

they shop to maintain a healthy diet.

“The big finding from that work was that

the women really didn’t trust supermar-

kets,” says Dr. Rundle. The women placed

a high value on freshness and locally

sourced food and “didn’t like the idea that

there was food being chopped or frozen

weeks ago, trucked across the country, that

it sat in a freezer cabinet,” Dr. Rundle adds.

“They actually think food in the supermar-

ket doesn’t taste very good—that it’s kind

of bland and empty.”

The women instead prefer farmers’ mar-

kets, slaughterhouses, CSAs (“community

Cook for your Life participants with Chef Ela Guidon (second from left)

IMAGE: ANA CORINA AYCINENA/COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MAILMAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

12 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

supported agriculture” programs) and

other “alternative food distribution sys-

tems,” says Dr. Rundle, “in many ways

because these were the systems they were

used to in their home countries.”

Further analyzing survey data from

345 Hispanic women, Dr. Rundle and his

team found that those who lived nearer to

farmers’ markets consumed more produce

than those who didn’t and that living near

a grocery store was not associated with

increased produce consumption.

The study suggests that the hurdle for

improving this population’s diet is not in

getting them to like eating fresh, healthy

foods but in increasing access to the local,

organic food sources that in the U.S. are

typically more available—because of cost

and location—to wealthier Americans. As

the study notes, in the U.S., the participants

are “constrained by the food environments

in which they now live.”

“What they are really talking about is

local food, organic, locavore,” says Dr.

Rundle. “They said, you know what it’s

more expensive to buy food in the farmers’

market, but the food is so much better.”

Beyond the doctor’s office and into the kitchen

The idea that food choice is shaped by

cultural preferences was also the basis

of a study of Hispanic women led by Dr.

Heather Greenlee, an assistant professor

of epidemiology at Columbia’s Mailman

School who investigates whether lifestyle

behaviors can improve cancer outcomes.

Although Hispanic women are at greater

than average risk of cancer, with low phys-

ical activity rates, poor access to quality

healthcare, and high rates of obesity, they

are the subject of very few cancer studies,

says Dr. Greenlee. “This is a unique pop-

ulation in which to conduct these kinds

of trials. Most behavioral breast cancer

studies are among well educated white

women,” she says.

It is recommended that women with

breast cancer eat a diet high in fruits and

vegetables, but research has found that

providing dietary recommendations alone

does not lead to sustained changes in

what people eat. Lower income groups are

particularly less likely to follow nutrition

guidelines.

Dr. Greenlee’s interest was piqued

when she came across a program designed

to help women adhere to the recommen-

dations. The program, run by a New York

City-based nonprofit, Cook for Your Life,

helps breast cancer survivors learn how

to cook healthy and tasty food during

treatment, tailoring classes to reflect the

cultural background of participants.

Dr. Greenlee contacted Cook for Your

Life founder Ann Ogden Gaffney—a breast

cancer survivor herself—to partner on a

study of a program for Latina breast cancer

survivors.

Dr. Greenlee’s team collected data from

35 participants in the program, comparing

their progress to a group of 35 women who

were read one brief description of the stan-

dard dietary recommendations for cancer

survivors. Many were first-generation

immigrants from Spanish-speaking Latin

American countries who live in commu-

nities with poor access to quality grocery

stores.

Conducted on Saturday mornings over

a three-month period, a Cook for Your Life

team made up of a chef and a nutritionist

taught the women to cook Latin-inspired

recipes using traditional spices and healthy

ingredients, sometimes working in produce

that seemed foreign to the group, like kale

and Brussels sprouts. The program also

familiarized the women with local markets

and grocery stores that sold fresh foods

and helped tailor the shopping trips to the

women’s budgets.

A typical Saturday morning might be

spent at Washington Heights’ Green Market

choosing fresh produce, or at a teaching

kitchen at the Columbia Teachers’ College

campus learning how to cook healthier ver-

sions of some popular Hispanic fare—for

example, baking plantains instead of frying

them, or using brown rice in lieu of white

rice. “Once they get into coming to the

classes and they love it, they just come rain

or shine,” says Ogden.

After six months the women in Cook

for Your Life had increased the amount of

fruits and vegetables by over 2.5 servings

a day, though there was not a statistically

significant decrease in the amount of fat

consumed. Although the study was not

specifically designed to monitor weight

loss, the women in the Cook for Your Life

program lost 2.5 percent of their body

In the U.S., the participants are ‘constrained by the food environments in which they now live.’

13DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

weight, compared to women in the control

group who gained 3.8 percent.

At a Cook for Your Life session in March

2012 at Little Apple, a Washington Heights

restaurant that specializes in healthy

Dominican fare, the women spoke enthu-

siastically about how they had started

substituting olive oil for corn oil and con-

gratulated each other on weight loss. A

participant said her new eating habits had

inspired her daughter to eat less frequently

at Wendy’s and McDonald’s. The family

now seeks out grocery stores and mar-

kets for food rather than bodegas and fast

food restaurants, even if those establish-

ments are not as close to their home. “It’s

like how we eat in our home countries,”

a participant said.A wheelchair-bound

breast cancer survivor shared some happy

news to the group: she had just found out

she was cancer free. She had also lost

10 pounds in the previous 6 months. Ela

Guidon, the program’s chef, teared up at

these items of news.

“When you see what they are going

through,” said Guidon. “We are so encour-

aged by their commitment to changing

how they eat.”

Like Dr. Rundle’s study, Dr. Greenlee’s

suggests that the impediment for her pop-

ulation is not necessarily living in a food

desert. She points out that Washington

Heights, where many of the women live,

has lots of fruit and vegetables, includ-

ing several green markets and outdoor

produce stands. “You just have to know

where to go and what you can afford. We

showed our study participants that they

can afford to buy healthy foods in their own

neighborhoods.”

Policy implications

Results from both studies have larger

implications for policy and medical

research and practice. Currently, the

departments of agriculture in New York

and New Jersey have programs to help

farmers grow foods for ethnic and immi-

grant populations in New York City, which

could be expanded. There also could be the

possibility to expand New York’s “health

bucks” program, which gives people using

EBT—also known as food stamps—addi-

tional dollars for shopping at participating

farmers’ markets.

Meanwhile, policies New York City’s

Fresh Initiative, which incentivize grocery

stores to move into low-income neighbor-

hoods, might be missing the mark. Unlike

Whole Foods and other supermarkets that

cater to wealthier New Yorkers, those that

move into low-income and immigrant

neighborhoods tend to sell food that the

people in Dr. Rundle’s study perceived as

of low quality.

Dr. Greenlee says her study demon-

strates why it is important to conduct more

research into minorities and lower-income

groups. “If we can demonstrate that

behavior change interventions can work in

vulnerable populations, I think it’s easier to

extrapolate our findings to non-vulnerable

populations. Whereas if we conduct our

research in non-vulnerable populations, it’s

very difficult to extrapolate our findings to

vulnerable populations.

“We hear clinicians say, ‘nobody

changes their diet, you can’t do it,’” she

adds. “I think we’ve shown that assumption

to be wrong. We can be successful. We can

design interventions that are testable in

underserved populations, and there’s a lot

of work to do here.”

IMAGE: ANA CORINA AYCINENA/COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MAILMAN

SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

Cook for your Life participants with Chef Ela Guidon (second from right)

14 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

Is sitting killing us?” It can seem like we are inundated with this headline almost

every week. Some media sources have gone so far as to ask if sitting is the new smoking. But what exactly does this all mean?Decades of research points to the complex

health problems associated with prolonged

sitting, in large part due to its association

with central adiposity, weight gain, all

cause and cardiovascular mortality, as well

as type 2 diabetes and some cancers.

In my own research, I look at the rela-

tionship between sedentary behavior and

colorectal adenomas, a primary point of

prevention for colorectal cancer. I began

this line of investigation unintentionally.

I had set out to study the association

between physical activity and risk in

recurrence of colorectal adenomas—pre-

cursor to colorectal cancer.

However, when the data was not what

I expected, I began to explore other vari-

ables in my dataset such as “leisure time”

activity and found that most of these activ-

ities were considered sedentary. Upon

further review, I found that sedentary

behavior is distinctly different from the

person who simply doesn’t get regular

exercise. This includes time spent “sitting”

in activities such as reading, writing, work-

ing on the computer, laying down, riding in

a vehicle, and watching television.

As most of us probably know, our

modern environment has made it very easy

to spend the majority of our day sitting.

Americans spend an estimated 50-70 percent

of their waking hours in sedentary activities,

which translates to about 9.5 hours per day.

The remainder of time we spend in light-

intensity physical activity. Even the most

active among us spend less than 5 percent

in moderate-rigorous activity, according to

studies.

I co-led a pooled analysis of 1,730

participants in two National Cancer Insti-

tute-funded phase three clinical trials who

had one or more colorectal adenomas

removed during a colonoscopy in the

six months prior to their trial enrollment.

These participants completed an activity

frequency questionnaire about their leisure,

recreational, household, and other activ-

ities. I re-analyzed my data based on the

metabolic equivalent of activities partici-

pants reported. All participants underwent

a follow-up colonoscopy.

Men who reported spending more than

nine hours a day engaged in sedentary

behaviors were 47 percent more likely to

experience colorectal adenoma recurrence

compared with men who spent fewer than

approximately seven sedentary hours a

day. Interestingly, we did not find a similar

result for women.

This study adds to a growing body of

research that finds health risks associated

with long periods of sedentary behavior. It

suggests that those employed in sedentary

Examining a link between sitting and cancerPerspective from a sedentary behavior researcher

BY CHRISTINE SARDO MOLMENTI , PHD, MPH

15DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

memberships. Under the Workforce Health

Improvement Program Act, the Internal

Revenue Service allows businesses to

deduct the costs of providing on-site gym

facilities for employees, which provides an

incentive to promote health and wellness

in the workplace.

Compared to physical activity, which

often poses obstacles and additional

expense, such as finding and joining a gym,

acquiring fitness equipment, and finding 30

to 60 minutes per day to dedicate toward

working out, reducing sedentary behavior

can be achieved with “micro-interventions.”

Choose to stand instead of sit, set a timer

to stand or walk every hour for five to ten

minutes, stand during commercials when

watching TV, stand in meetings and while

talking on the phone, and limit children’s

screen time to no more than two hours

each day, as per the guidelines of the

American Academy of Pediatrics.

Bigger commitments include the

installation of a standing workstation

or treadmill-desk in your office, which a

occupations or who are sedentary on a

regular basis, especially men, should find

ways to break up prolonged periods of

sitting.

When I began my analysis, I was a

strong advocate of engaging in regular

physical activity, and I still am. However

optimal health goes beyond achieving

the recommended 30 to 60 minutes of

moderate-vigorous physical activity on

most days of the week. We must also find

ways to sit less.

Questions remain, such as, what is the

threshold of sedentary behavior needed to

produce a harmful effect? And over what

period of time does one need to remain

seated for it to qualify as a health risk? In

addition, novel ways to quantify sedentary

time require further investigation.

Companies such as General Electric,

Cisco, Microsoft, and SAS have provided

on-site gyms and sports facilities for their

employees to break up prolonged peri-

ods of sitting. Other companies provide

stipends or full reimbursement for gym

growing number of companies are provid-

ing for their employees.

We also need to be sensitive to the fact

that many peoples’ livelihoods revolve

around sitting, such as, truck drivers and

office workers. How can we help those who

don’t have a choice?

The standard advice is to get up from

your desk and walk around more, and other

similar strategies mentioned above. But

what else can we do? It’s easy for people

to sit. How can we make it easy for people

to stand?

16 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

How much do we actually know about our medical treatments?

BY ELAINE MEYER

Ending publication bias

the2x2project.org

2x2.ph/publication-bias

17DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

“We cannot know the true effects of the

medicines we prescribe if we do not have

access to all the information,” Dr. Ben Gol-

dacre, a physician and science writer said

in a 2012 TedMed Talk, which became an

opening salvo for a science transparency

group he founded called AllTrials that goes

after this problem.

In recent years, a variety of govern-

mental and nongovernmental groups are

forming or stepping up efforts to bring

transparency to medical research. What

remains to be seen is whether these efforts

can attack a problem that has persisted for

decades.

Tamiflu and antidepressants

The story of Tamiflu is perhaps one of

the most headline grabbing cases of

publication bias. This anti-influenza drug,

also known as oseltamivir—along with a

similar drug called zanamivir, marketed

as Relenza—came under scrutiny by the

Cochrane Collaboration, an independent

NGO that works to acquire data to

conduct accurate systematic reviews.

Even studies that are published may

over-emphasize positive results—a kind of

spin that we are conditioned to expect from

politicians but not from clinical research-

ers. These are just some of the many

misleading practices known as publication

bias, and they can seriously skew the evi-

dence doctors and patients use to make

health decisions.

“People are rewarded for publishing in

well known, high impact journals, not for

producing well designed, well reported,

well conducted papers,” Dr. Simera

acknowledges.

Yet in addition to misleading the public

and doctors, publication bias has a whole

other cascade of negative effects. It betrays

the trust of the patients who participate in

clinical trials. And it skews the findings of

systematic reviews, analyses of all available

research on medical treatments. Indeed,

systematic reviews are conducted precisely

to do what publication bias prevents: pro-

vide the most accurate information about

how effective and safe a treatment is based

on all of the available evidence.

Most of us who take a medication expect our doctor has prescribed

it based on evidence. But it turns out that basic assump-tion is often incorrect. In fact, many clinical trials of medical treat-

ments—particularly negative ones—never

make it to publication in academic journals,

which doctors consult to make medical

decisions and the media publicize in their

health reporting. According to a 2014 sys-

tematic review in PLoS, more than half of

trial results are not published, and those

that are published are three times more

likely to come out with positive rather than

negative results.

“I think your average consumer thinks

that their treatment is based on data or

research—that it’s odd that it is not,”

says Dr. Kay Dickersin, the director of the

Center for Clinical Trials at Johns Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health.

18 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

After engaging in a drawn out battle for

the regulatory documents that formed

the basis for approval of the two drugs,

Cochrane “came to the conclusion that

there were substantial problems with the

design, conduct, reporting and availability

of information from many of the trials,”

according to a statement published last

year. Cochrane concluded from its analysis

of the trials that the drugs did little to

prevent flu symptoms beyond reducing

the duration of the virus by half a day. The

report called into question the billions of

dollars governments including the U.S.

have spent stockpiling Tamiflu to prevent a

flu outbreak and the lack of easy access to

important regulatory data.

In another widely covered story, a 2008

New England Journal of Medicine study

of 74 FDA-registered studies of a dozen

popular antidepressant drugs, like Prozac,

Zoloft, and Paxil, found 94 percent in the

medical literature were positive. But when

the researchers filed freedom of informa-

tion requests for FDA review documents,

they found a good chunk of those trials

were not published. Of 33 trials the FDA

had perceived as having negative or ques-

tionable results, 22 were not published,

and 11 were published but communicated

positive results. (One unpublished trial was

positive). The study was led by Dr. Erick

Turner, a former FDA medical officer who

had begun to question the veracity of the

medical literature while working on the

drug approval process at the agency.

In 2012, GlaxoSmithKline, the maker of

Paxil, even pled guilty and paid a $3 billion

fraud settlement in part for concealing neg-

ative information about the effects of the

drug on children and teens.

Both the Tamiflu and the antidepressant

studies have faced criticism, as studies

on hot button issues often do. However,

they have drawn attention to the issue of

withholding crucial studies—whether inten-

tionally or out of ignorance or an inability

to publish the study. Meanwhile, new

revelations continue to document cases

where negative information about medical

treatments was withheld from the public at

various stages of the clinical trial process.

“If you start to dig down…you sort of

wonder what this is like for every drug. Is

this really a problem across all classes of all

drugs? What can we really believe? And very

quickly you’re sort of down a rabbit hole,”

says Dr. Joseph Ross, an associate professor

of internal medicine at Yale University.

Trial registries

As the problem has become more evident,

the U.S. government has tried to catch

up by passing regulations requiring more

transparency. In 1997, Congress passed a

law requiring all trials file public informa-

tion at their outset. In 2000, the National

Institutes of Health launched a web site

called ClinicalTrials.gov where this infor-

mation would be made available. “Before

clinical trial registration, no editor could

have known what data was being collected

as part of a trial,” says Dr. Ross.

In theory, academic journals could

now use the registry to double check the

veracity of an article they were planning to

publish—to make sure a trial reported on

what it originally set out to measure.

In 2007, Congress went even farther,

passing the FDA Amendments Act, which

mandated reporting final study results of a

drug, biological product, or device to Clin-

icalTrials.gov within a year after the trial

concluded. The rules apply to drugs that

are being studied, manufactured or seeking

new drug status in the U.S.

Today, over 178,000 clinical trials are

registered in ClinicalTrials.gov—the largest

registry in the world—and 15,000 report

‘We cannot know the true effects of the medicines we prescribe if we do not have access to all the information.’

19DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

results, according to the National Institutes

of Health. To the 2007 law’s credit, trials

registered increased significantly from

three years before that year to three years

after, according to a 2012 study in JAMA,

and the number of missing data elements

declined overall.

Dr. Dickersin, an early advocate for

trial registries, believes ClinicalTrials.

gov has provided a good picture of where

the problems are. “It’s clear that there is

failure to report,” she says. For instance,

fewer than half of registered studies made

it to a journal publication, according to a

study published in 2012 by Dr. Ross and

colleagues in the BMJ. Another BMJ study

from 2013 found that nearly 30 percent of

trials of at least 500 participants registered

in ClinicalTrials.Gov remained unpublished

three years after they were completed.

ClinicalTrials.gov also may be providing

a check on spin. A study published last year

in JAMA found cardiovascular trials that

had registered were less likely to report

positive findings than those not registered.

According to a 2013 study in PLoS, “serious

adverse events,” were reported only 63

percent of the time in journal articles com-

pared to 99 percent on the registry.

And studies published last year in

Annals of Internal Medicine and JAMA

found more accurate information in Clini-

calTrials.gov than published papers. “This

is a problem,” says Dr. Philippe Ravaud,

director of the Centre of Epidemiology at

the Hotel-Dieu in Paris, adjunct professor

of epidemiology at Columbia University’s

Mailman School of Public Health, and

the senior author of the PLoS study. “It

questions the narrative form of published

articles.” (More on that later).

Many trials delay reporting on Clinical-

Trials.gov. Nearly 80 percent of trials had

not reported their results within a year of

concluding, according to a 2011 study in

the British Medical Journal. Only 11 percent

of obstetric studies completed over two

years ago had reported their results after

two years, according to a 2014 study.

The lateness points to the lack of

enforcement of the rules for reporting

to ClinicalTrials.gov. Several sources

interviewed for this article say they are

not aware of the FDA ever fining an orga-

nization for failing to report trial results,

even though the agency is authorized to

collect civil penalties for violation of the

regulations.

One deterrent to posting on Clinical-

Trials.gov may be that it is a challenging

website to use. A 2011 study found it takes

about 38 hours to submit basic results on

the site, and an additional 22 hours to col-

lect the data and information required to

register. Still, one wonders whether studies

that are not being reported are more nega-

tive studies.

Even a little bit of enforcement—such as

an email reminder—could improve report-

ing. Dr. Ravaud and his team put this to the

test when they sent emails to investigators

in 190 studies that had not posted results

on ClinicalTrials.gov. The researchers dis-

guised the reminders as surveys notifying

recipients of their lateness and querying

them about why they had not posted their

results. They compared them to a control

group that did not receive emails. After

three months of receiving the email, there

was little difference in number of studies

posted by the control versus intervention

group, but after six months, there had been

an increase in those who posted their study

results among the intervention group. The

authors noted that the message might be

more powerful if it came from regulators and

threatened some kind of fine or sanction.

Targeting the journals

Because journals are the gateway through

which medical research is publicized, some

experts believe they are the best hope for

cracking down on publication bias. “The

best enforcement is really going to be

the journals refusing to publish,” says Dr.

Dickersin.

The goal of the international EQUATOR

network, short for “Enhancing quality and

transparency of health research,” is to

improve the standards of what is published

in medical journals. EQUATOR helps jour-

nals and medical researchers use what are

called reporting guidelines in the writing

and editorial process. The guidelines, cre-

ated for many different kinds of studies, are

written by experts in study design.

“We try to improve the quality of report-

ing after the submission of the papers. We

ask editors to check if the papers follow the

reporting guidelines,” says Dr. Ravaud.

While most journals endorse the guide-

lines, only a few require authors to submit

a checklist ensuring they have met them.

“If a journal is going to be really tough,

they’ve actually got to pay a technical

editor to do that. Some people say, can

peer reviewers do that? But peer reviewers

‘People are rewarded for publishing in well known, high impact journals, not for producing well designed, well reported, well conducted papers.’

20 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

are not paid,” says Dr. Elizabeth Wager,

who consults editors, scientists, and writ-

ers on medical publishing and is a visiting

professor at the University of Split School

of Medicine in Croatia.

Dr. Wager suggests journals require arti-

cles to follow a very structured template,

similar to trial registry requirements, but

she acknowledges it would not be popular

with academics. “I think [journals] know

authors don’t like that. [Authors have] got a

funny idea that academic writing should be

like creative writing,” she says.

Targeting the investigators

Dr. Simera, who heads program develop-

ment for EQUATOR based at the Centre

for Statistics in Medicine at Oxford Uni-

versity, believes the push for accuracy and

transparency should take place at research

institutions. “At the end it’s researchers,

scientists who are ultimately responsible

for what they produce. You can say: edi-

tors, peer reviewers, they should spot the

mistake. But it’s the manuscript that should

be already good enough that things are not

missing,” she says.

Dr. Ravaud, who directs the French

EQUATOR Center says that to ensure better

publications “we have to move to be able

to intervene during the process of writing

the first draft of the manuscript.”

There realities of the current incentive

structure to publish positive results in top

journals that make spending time improv-

ing manuscripts a tall order. Academics

may be at work on multiple studies as well

as trying to write new grants. It may not

make sense for them to spend their time

trying to publish a negative study when

positive studies are more likely to get pub-

lished in journals. Dr. Simera acknowledges

as much: “Competitiveness in research is

rising. People are rushing a lot more.”

Sometimes, Dr. Wager points out,

medical researchers are also ignorant,

especially those who may not have been

trained in a discipline like epidemiology

that emphasizes study design. “I do a lot of

training with doctors and it surprises me

how unaware they are of reporting guide-

lines,” she says.

Universities lack a single compliance office

that can guide medical academics—some

of whom may not be trained in study design,

says Dr. Ross. “No one has the resources to do

it, but academics are worse off.”

Incentivizing data sharing

Clinical trial registries require publication

of the results of studies, but a large portion

of data from clinical trials is never pub-

lished or made available. Concerns about

publication bias, among other things, has

driven a movement toward data sharing.

“Almost all other professions share a lot

more data under much more liberal cir-

cumstances than we do,” said Dr. Andrew

Vickers, an attending research methodol-

ogist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer

Center, during a Columbia University

Epidemiology Scientific Symposium about

health research outcomes in February.

There are many barriers to sharing of

clinical trial data, such as issues surround-

ing privacy of patient health information

and the extensive technology infrastruc-

ture it may require. But as suggested by

an Institute of Medicine report released in

January, clinical trial data sharing is the

future. The report outlines a framework for

developing “a culture, infrastructure, and

policies” to foster data sharing among the

multiple stakeholders involved. “We think

responsible sharing of clinical trial data

will advance the science that underlies as

the foundation of good clinical care,” said

Dr. Bernard Lo, president of the Greenwall

Foundation and the chair of the commit-

tee that published the report, at a press

briefing.

The movement toward sharing data will

be a big undertaking for many and is not

going to solve the publication bias issue

overnight. “Moving from a sharing-op-

tional to a sharing-required environment is

a fundamental change that requires mod-

ifying a complex ecosystem of incentives

and controls involving a network of indus-

try, academia, regulators, journals, funders,

‘We think responsible sharing of clinical

trial data will advance the science that underlies as the

foundation of good clinical care.’

providers, and patients. Changing any ele-

ment affects all of them,” wrote Dr. Steven

N. Goodman, a professor of medicine and

health research at Stanford who was on the

report committee, wrote in the Annals of

Internal Medicine.

“Fake fixes”

Dr. Goldacre of AllTrials to refer to journal

guidelines and trial registries as “fake

fixes,” a term he used in his 2012 TedTalk

and still stands by today.

“There’s still no routine audit of whether

registration and reporting are enforced,

so there’s no accountability, and no way

of knowing the levels of compliance,” Dr.

Goldacre wrote in an email in January.

He also points out that ClinicalTrials.gov

only requires registration of trials that

were ongoing during or after the 2007 FDA

Amendments Act was passed.

He doesn’t have much faith that stepped

up enforcement of registry requirements

will happen anytime soon. Thus, his orga-

nization AllTrials has tried to “take the bull

by the horns” and directly audit company’s

public statements and their actions. They

plan to publish the results.

“That way,” he writes “doctors,

patients, researchers, journalists and pol-

icymakers can all see for themselves who

are the worst offenders, but also, crucially,

who is showing leadership.”

21

in the news

How did we arrive at a measles outbreak?

The upsurge in measles cases is largely explained by an increase in the number of unvaccinated children, says Dr. Abdul El-Sayed. “The tragic irony of vaccination in America is that it has become a victim of its own success,” he writes. Read more in Project Syndicate. › bit.ly/1c4fc9J

Lower vaccination rates pave the way for permanent resurgence of measles

Measles could become permanent in the U.S. if vaccination rates fall below 90 percent says Dr. Stephen Morse in ABC News. Currently they are just over 91 percent. Dr. Morse was a guest in an “explainer” segment on WNYC’s Brian Lehrer Show to discuss the recent measles outbreaks, the safety of vaccina-tions, and the principle of herd immunity. › bit.ly/1zUl287

The latest measles outbreak and herd immunity

Dr. Stephen Morse was a guest in an “explainer” segment on WNYC’s Brian Lehrer Show to discuss the recent measles outbreaks, the safety of vaccinations, and the principle of herd immunity. Listen to the show. › bit.ly/1zUl287

22 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

Originally published at the2x2project.org

In 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that measles was eliminated from

the United States. The highly contagious infection was no longer ever-present on home soil, thanks to an

effective Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine, licensed in 1971, and a vaccination program refined

to emphasize two doses over one. Between 2001 and 2011, the CDC reported 63 outbreaks, with a median

number of six cases per outbreak. The majority of these outbreaks were concentrated in communities with

low MMR vaccination rates, primarily affecting those who were not vaccinated or had unknown vaccination

status.

Measles cases were on the rise in 2014, but came to the fore of national news late last year, with an outbreak

at California’s Disneyland theme park. By February 13, 2015, 141 cases had been reported across 17 states,

80 percent of which stemmed from the Disneyland outbreak.

Whither measles? What does it look like, and how does the MMR vaccine work? From basic reproductive

rates to herd immunity, this infographic has got you covered.

databyte

Spotty on Measles?Everything you need to know about the virus and its vaccine

23

24

IN THE NEWS

Higher rates of incarceration related to neighborhood depression and anxiety

There is “significant collateral damage for the mental health of people left behind in neighborhoods where incarceration rates are unusually high,” says a New Republic article that reports on a study by Dr. Katherine Keyes, Dr. Sandro Galea, Ms. Ava Hamilton, and colleagues. Read more. › bit.ly/1KjVwdM

Mass incarceration and drug laws

An opinion article urging the U.S. to revisit its harsh drug laws cites Dr. Ernest Drucker’s contention in his book A Plague of Prisons that mass incarceration “exhibits all the characteristics of an infectious disease—spreading most rap-idly by proximity to prior cases.” Read more at Philly.com. › bit.ly/1znheLJ

Increasing leadership roles for women in global health

Dr. Elaine Abrams was featured in an article about bringing more women into high-level positions in global health. She talks about her own experiences balancing HIV research in New York and in Africa with family. Read more in Devex. › bit.ly/1vuS0u5

HIV prevention funding should focus on women

“[South Africa] cannot solve the problem of HIV without making a substantial impact on reducing HIV transmission in young women,” said Dr. Salim Abdool Karim in an article about the government’s HIV funding priorities. Read more in IOL News. › bit.ly/1Fb57Rf

Microbicides makes Big Issue’s 2015 list

Calling it “one of the world’s most exciting medical breakthroughs,” Big Issue says that vaginal microbicides, which are applied before sex to prevent HIV transmission, could constitute a huge step in fighting aids, citing the research of Drs. Quarraisha and Salim Abdool Karim. Read more in the Big Issue. › bit.ly/1KRhzd6

25

Prevention science deserves more funding

“National health care spending is heavily skewed toward prescription drugs, medical devices, and clinical services. In fact, 97 percent of U.S. health-related spending goes to medical care while public health and prevention activities represent only 3 percent of annual spending,” says Dean Linda Fried in a com-mentary that discusses a new study about prevention funding. Read more in the Huffington Post › huff.to/156Iamd and see Dean Fried’s article about public health lessons in Ebola from 2014. › huff.to/1xbCfD3

When mental illness enters the family

Dr. Lloyd Sederer gave a TedX talk about the issue of how families can detect and deal with mental illness in a relative. Watch › bit.ly/156IcKN

Diabetes drug linked to bladder cancer in trial

Dr. Al Neugut testified in a trial over the diabetes medication Actos that a review of numerous studies and analyses had convinced him that the drug caused an increased risk of malignancies. Read more on Law360 (subscription required). › bit.ly/1Bdo5Ia

E-cigarette manufacturing process evidences need for strict regulation

A recent New York Times exposé on e-cigarettes supports need for strict reg-ulation of the product says Dr. Neil Schluger in a letter to the editor: “Safety standards in the manufacturing process are dubious at best. This is only one of many concerns and unknowns about e-cigarettes,” he says. Read his letter › nyti.ms/1IK2LuE, and read the original article. › nyti.ms/1E8dhJG

PTSD most commonly reported mental illness in 9/11 survivors

Post-traumatic stress disorder is the most commonly reported mental illness in survivors of the World Trade Center disaster in New York City, according to a recent study by Dr. Steven Stellman; Ms. Kimberly Caramanica, an MPH grad-uate and research scientist at the New York City Department of Health; and colleagues. Read more on Health Canal. › bit.ly/1yths0H

Should we worry about arsenic in rice?

Unlike when arsenic is found in water “the harm is a little bit more complex with food, and it may not be as dramatically bad as you expect,” says Dr. Habibul Ahsan, who has researched this subject. Read more on Take Part. › bit.ly/1rUghCk

IN THE NEWS

26

IN THE NEWS

Was first Ebola victim infected by bats?

“’They didn’t find smoking guns but perhaps broadened the thinking about what sparked the epidemic,” said Dr. Stephen Morse about a new paper that posited the bat theory. Read more on the Big Story. › bit.ly/1wh8wYc

What’s the deal with bats?

Why are these strange creatures—the only mammals who can fly—also sources of so many diseases, from SARS to MERS to Ebola? The Scientist explores with comments from Dr. Ian Lipkin. Read more in the Scientist. › bit.ly/1BEx6ch

Ebola survivors may be critical for containing the epidemic

Ebola survivors may be the most critical population to tap to help contain the epidemic, since they are immune to the strain of the virus that is going around, says Dr. Zena Stein: “This uniquely positions them to mediate between the infected and uninfected and between local people and foreign responders.” Read more on Reuters. › reut.rs/1IK1IuI

WHO leadership during Ebola

Dr. Wafaa El-Sadr comments for an article for the New York Times about chal-lenges faced by the World Health Organization during the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Read more in the New York Times. › nyti.ms/156IAsF

27

Are you washing your hands incorrectly?

Dr. Elaine Larson provides tips about hand washing, including how to choose antibacterial hand sanitizer. She also comments on why it’s important to clean your pillow. Read more in Health.com › bit.ly/17R3H3c and Yahoo Health. › yhoo.it/1IRQTVG

New study will look at elderly driving patterns

Researchers in injury epidemiology are now recruiting people between the ages of 65-79 to participate in an unprecedented 3,000-person study of elderly drivers, funded by AAA Foundation of Traffic Safety. They will fit cars with GPS to monitor driving patterns and accidents and do check-ups of participants’ cognition and physical health, Dr. Guohua Li, principal investigator of the study, told Reuters Health. Read more on Reuters. › reut.rs/1yNQ5fG

Epidemiology faculty receive grant to study senior road safety

The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety has launched a five-year, $12 million project called Longitudinal Research on Aging Drivers (LongROAD) with Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health and six other institu-tions to look at the effects of aging on driving. Faculty on the project include Dr. Guohua Li and Dr. Thelma Mielenz. Read more on Phys.org. › bit.ly/1Gb2CTi

Report on integrative therapy for breast cancer makes year-end top 10 list

The Society for Integrative Oncology under the leadership of Dr. Heather Greenlee made a Huffington Post writer’s integrative health top 10 list last year. “In 2014, under the leadership of president Heather Greenlee, ND, PhD, the SIO reached new influence. Its smartly ‘graded’ practice guidelines for integrative care for patients with breast cancer were widely covered in the popular media,” the article says. Read more in the Huffington Post. › huff.to/1udBiJn

The future of drug arrests

In an article about the future of policing, Dr. Guohua Li predicts that marijuana breathalyzers will become routine within five years. Read more in the Atlantic. › theatln.tc/14KIUfK

IN THE NEWS

28 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

29DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

faculty publications NOVEMBER 2014–APRIL 2015

Abdool Karim Q, Dellar RC, Bearnot B, Werner L, Frohlich JA, Kharsany AB, Abdool Karim SS. HIV-Positive Status Disclosure in Patients in Care in Rural South Africa: Implications for Scaling Up Treatment and Prevention Interventions. AIDS Behav. 2015 Feb 13.

Accordino MK, Wright JD, Buono D, Neugut AI, Hershman DL. Trends in Use and Safety of Image-Guided Transtho-racic Needle Biopsies in Patients With Cancer. J Oncol Pract. 2015 Jan 20. pii: JOP.2014.001891. [Epub ahead of print]

Ahmed S, Kim MH, Dave AC, Sabelli R, Kanjelo K, Preidis GA, Giordano TP, Chiao E, Hosseinipour M, Kazembe PN, Chimbwandira F, Abrams EJ. Improved identification and enrolment into care of HIV-exposed and -infected infants and children following a community health worker intervention in Lilongwe, Malawi. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015 Jan 7;18(1):19305. doi: 10.7448/IAS.18.1.19305. eCollection 2015.

Ananth CV, Skjaerven R, Klunssoyr K. Change in paternity, risk of placental abruption and confounding by birth interval: a population-based prospective cohort study in Norway, 1967-2009. BMJ Open. 2015 Feb 10;5(2):e007023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007023.

Ananth CV. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology: an Appreciation to our Impressive Referees. Paediatr Perinat Epi-demiol. 2015 Jan;29(1):93-5. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12170.

Ananth CV. Paediatric and perinatal epi-demiology: past accomplishments and looking to the future. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015 Jan;29(1):1-2. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12171.

Angell SY, Yi S, Eisenhower D, Kerker BD, Curtis CJ, Bartley K, Silver LD, Farley TA. Sodium Intake in a Cross-Sectional, Representative Sample of New York City Adults. Am J Public Health. 2014 Jan 16.

Antelman G, Medley A, Mbatia R, Pals S, Arthur G, Haberlen S, Ackers M, Elul B, Parent J, Rwebembera A, Wanjiku L, Muraguri N, Gweshe J, Mudhune S, Bachanas P, Prevention in Care and Treat-ment Settings Study Group. Pregnancy desire and dual method contraceptive use among people living with HIV attend-ing clinical care in Kenya, Namibia and Tanzania. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2015 Jan;41(1):e1. doi: 10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100784.

Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Argos M, Pierce BL, Tong L, Jasmine F, Roy S, Parvez F, Ahmed A, Islam T, Kibriya MG, Ahsan H. Genome-Wide Association Study of Parity in Bangladeshi Women. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118488.

Atwoli L, Platt J, Williams DR, Stein DJ, Koenen KC. Association between witnessing traumatic events and psycho-pathology in the South African Stress and Health Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015 Mar 15.

Aviv A, Kark JD, Susser E. Telomeres, Atherosclerosis, and Human Longevity: A Causal Hypothesis. Epidemiology. 2015 Mar 13.

Basch CH, Hillyer GC, MacDonald ZL, Reeves R, Basch CE. Characteristics of YouTube™ Videos Related to Mammog-raphy. J Cancer Educ. 2014 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]

Bauer-Wu S, Zick S, Lee RT, Balneaves LG, Greenlee H]. Advancing the evi-dence base and transforming cancer care through interprofessional col-legiality: the society for integrative oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2014 Nov;2014(50):294.

Baumgartner JN, Parcesepe A, Mekuria YG, Abitew DB, Gebeyehu W, Okello F, Shattuck D. Maternal mental health in Amhara region, Ethiopia: a cross-sec-tional survey. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2014 Dec 10;2(4):482-6. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-14-00119.

Bernstein EJ, Peterson ER, Sell JL, D'Ovi-dio F, Arcasoy SM, Bathon JM, Lederer DJ. Survival of adults with systemic scle-rosis following lung transplantation: A nationwide cohort study. Arthritis Rheu-matol. 2015 Jan 7. doi: 10.1002/art.39021. [Epub ahead of print]

Betz RC, Petukhova L, Ripke S, Huang H, Menelaou A, Redler S, Becker T, Heil-mann S, Yamany T, Duvic M, Hordinsky M, Norris D, Price VH, Mackay-Wiggan J, de Jong A, DeStefano GM, Moebus S, Böhm M, Blume-Peytavi U, Wolff H, Lutz G, Kruse R, Bian L, Amos CI, Lee A, Gregersen PK, Blaumeiser B, Altshuler D, Clynes R, de Bakker PI, Nöthen MM, Daly MJ, Christiano AM.Genome-wide meta-analysis in alopecia areata resolves HLA associations and reveals two new susceptibility loci. Nat Commun. 2015 Jan 22;6:5966. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6966.

Blanco I, Kuchenbaecker K, Cuadras D, Wang X, Barrowdale D, de Garibay GR, Librado P, Sánchez-Gracia A, Rozas J, Bonifaci N, McGuffog L, Pankratz VS,Islam A, Mateo F, Berenguer A, Petit A, Català I, Brunet J, Feliubadaló L, Tornero E, Benítez J, Osorio A, Cajal TR, Nevanlinna H, Aittomäki K, Arun BK, Toland AE, Karlan BY, Walsh C, Lester J, Greene MH, Mai PL, Nussbaum RL, Andrulis IL, Domchek SM, Nathan-son KL, Rebbeck TR, Barkardottir RB, Jakubowska A,Lubinski J, Durda K, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Claes K, Van Maerken T, Díez O, Hansen TV, Jønson L, Gerdes AM, Ejlertsen B, de la Hoya M, Caldés T, Dunning AM,Oliver C, Fine-berg E, Cook M, Peock S, McCann E, Murray A, Jacobs C, Pichert G, Lalloo F, Chu C, Dorkins H, Paterson J, Ong KR, Teixeira MR; Teixeira,Hogervorst FB, van der Hout AH, Seynaeve C, van der Luijt RB, Ligtenberg MJ, Devilee P, Wijnen JT, Rookus MA, Meijers-Heijboer HE, Blok MJ, van den Ouweland AM, Aalfs CM, Rodriguez GC, Phillips KA, Pied-monte M, Nerenstone SR, Bae-Jump VL, O'Malley DM, Ratner ES, Schmutzler RK, Wappenschmidt B,Rhiem K, Engel C, Meindl A, Ditsch N, Arnold N, Plendl

HJ, Niederacher D, Sutter C, Wang-Gohrke S, Steinemann D, Preisler-Adams S, Kast K, Varon-Mateeva R, Gehrig A, Bojesen A, Pedersen IS, Sunde L, Jensen UB, Thomassen M, Kruse TA, Foretova L, Peterlongo P, Bernard L, Peissel B, Scuvera G, Manoukian S,Radice P, Ottini L, Montagna M, Agata S, Maugard C, Simard J, Soucy P, Berger A, Fink-Retter A, Singer CF, Rappaport C, Geschwantler-Kau-lich D, Tea MK,Pfeiler G; BCFR, John EM, Miron A, Neuhausen SL, Terry MB, Chung WK, Daly MB, Goldgar DE, Janavicius R, Dorfling CM, van Rensburg EJ, Fostira F,Konstantopoulou I, Garber J, Godwin AK, Olah E, Narod SA, Rennert G, Paluch SS, Laitman Y, Friedman E; SWE-BRCA, Liljegren A, Rantala J, Stenmark-Askmalm M, Loman N, Imyanitov EN, Hamann U; kConFab Investigators, Spurdle AB, Healey S, Weitzel JN, Herzog J, Mar-gileth D, Gorrini C, Esteller M, Gómez A, Sayols S, Vidal E, Heyn H; GEMO, Stop-pa-Lyonnet D, Léoné M, Barjhoux L, Fassy-Colcombet M, de Pauw A, Lasset C, Ferrer SF, Castera L, Berthet P,Cor-nelis F, Bignon YJ, Damiola F, Mazoyer S, Sinilnikova OM, Maxwell CA, Vijai J, Robson M, Kauff N, Corines MJ, Villano D, Cunningham J, Lee A, Lindor N,Lázaro C, Easton DF, Offit K, Chenevix-Trench G, Couch FJ, Antoniou AC, Pujana MA.. Assessing Associations between the AURKA-HMMR-TPX2-TUBG1 Func-tional Module and Breast Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0120020.

Boccardi V, Razdan N, Kaplunov J, Mundra JJ, Kimura M, Aviv A, Herbig U. Stn1 is critical for telomere maintenance and long-term viability of somatic human cells. Aging Cell. 2015 Feb 14.

Bresnahan M, Hornig M, Schultz AF, Gunnes N, Hirtz D, Lie KK, Magnus P, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Roth C, Schjøl-berg S, Stoltenberg C, Surén P, Susser E, Lipkin WI. Association of Maternal Report of Infant and Toddler Gastrointestinal Symptoms With Autism: Evidence From a Prospective Birth Cohort. JAMA Psychia-try. 2015 Mar 25.

Breuer B, Chang VT, Von Roenn JH, von Gunten C, Neugut AI, Kaplan R, Wal-lenstein S, Portenoy RK. How Well Do Medical Oncologists Manage Chronic Cancer Pain?: A National Survey. Oncologist. 2015 Jan 12. pii: theoncolo-gist.2014-0276. [Epub ahead of print]

Brittain K, Giddy J, Myer L, Cooper D, Harries J, Stinson K. Pregnant women's experiences of male partner involvement in the context of prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Khayelitsha, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2015 Mar 4;:1-5.

Brown AS, Surcel HM, Hinkka-Yli-Sa-lomäki S, Cheslack-Postava K, Bao Y, Sourander A. Maternal thyroid autoan-tibody and elevated risk of autism in a national birth cohort. Prog Neuropsy-chopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Oct 29;57C:86-92.

Buck Louis GM, Bloom MS, Gatto NM, Hogue CR, Westreich DJ, Zhang C. Epi-demiology's Continuing Contribution to Public Health: The Power of "Then and Now". Am J Epidemiol. 2015 Mar 25.

Callahan LF, Cleveland RJ, Shreffler J, Hootman JM, Mielenz TJ, Schoster B. Evaluation of active living every day in adults with arthritis. J Phys Act Health. 2014 Feb;11(2):285-95.

Canetta S, Brown AS. Response to selten and van os. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Feb 1;172(2):200.

Caramanica K, Brackbill RM, Liao T, Stellman SD. Comorbidity of 9/11-Related PTSD and Depression in the World Trade Center Health Registry 10-11 Years Postdi-saster. J Trauma Stress. 2014 Dec 2.

Cardona Cano S, Tiemeier H, Van Hoeken D, Tharner A, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Hoek HW. Trajectories of picky eating during childhood: A general population study. Int J Eat Disord. 2015 Jan 30. doi: 10.1002/eat.22384. [Epub ahead of print]

Carlson MC, Kuo JH, Chuang YF, Varma V, Harris G, Albert M, Erickson KI, Kramer AF, Parisi JM, Xue QL, Tan E, Tanner EK, Gross A, Seeman TE, Gruenewald T, McGill S, Rebok GW, Fried LP. Impact of the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial on cortical and hippocampal volumes. Alz-heimers Dement. 2015 Mar 30.

Carpentier YA, Deckelbaum RJ. In vivo Handling and Metabolism of Lipid Emulsions. World Rev Nutr Diet. 2015;112:57-62. doi: 10.1159/000365431. Epub 2014 Nov 24.

Casas J, Friedman DF, Jackson T, Vege S, Westhoff CM, Chou ST. Changing prac-tice: red blood cell typing by molecular methods for patients with sickle cell disease. Transfusion. 2015 Jan 9.

Chajès V, Biessy C, Ferrari P, Romieu I, Freisling H, Huybrechts I, Scalbert A, Bueno de Mesquita B, Romaguera D, Gunter MJ, Vineis P, Hansen CP, Jakob-sen MU, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Boutron-Ruault MC, Katzke V, Nea-mat-Allah J, Boeing H, Bachlechner U, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Orfanos P, Pala V, Masala G, Mattiello A, Skeie G, Wei-derpass E, Agudo A, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Sánchez MJ, Dorronsoro M, Quirós JR, Johansson I, Winkvist A, Sonested E, Key T, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Peeters PH, Slimani N. Plasma Elaidic Acid Level as Biomarker of Industrial Trans Fatty Acids and Risk of Weight Change: Report from the EPIC Study. PLoS One. 2015 Feb 12;10(2):e0118206. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118206.

Chang HY, Keyes KM, Mok Y, Jung KJ, Shin YJ, Jee SH. Depression as a risk factor for overall and hormone-related cancer: The Korean cancer preven-tion study. J Affect Disord. 2014 Nov 7;173C:1-8. 

Chen W, Brehm JM, Manichaikul A, Cho MH, Boutaoui N, Yan Q, Burkart KM,

30 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

Enright PL, Rotter JI, Petersen H, Leng S, Obeidat M, Bossé Y, Brandsma CA, Hao K, Rich SS, Powell R, Avila L, Soto-Quiros M, Silverman EK, Tesfaigzi Y, Barr RG, Celedón JC. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Hispanics. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 Jan 13.

Cheng ZH, Tu MC, Li VA, Chang RW, Yang LH.Experiences of Social and Struc-tural Forms of Stigma Among Chinese Immigrant Consumers with Psychosis. J Immigr Minor Health. 2015 Feb 12. [Epub ahead of print].

Chernick LS, Westhoff C, Ray M, Garcia M, Garth J, Santelli J, Dayan PS. Enhanc-ing Referral of Sexually Active Adolescent Females from the Emergency Department to Family Planning. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015 Apr;24(4):324-328

Ciaranello AL, Myer L, Kelly K, Chris-tensen S, Daskilewicz K, Doherty K, Bekker LG, Hou T, Wood R, Francke JA, Wools-Kaloustian K, Freedberg KA, Wal-ensky RP. Point-of-Care CD4 Testing to Inform Selection of Antiretroviral Medica-tions in South African Antenatal Clinics: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0117751

Clark LN, Ye X, Liu X, Louis ED. Genetic analysis of FMR1 repeat expansion in essential tremor. Neurosci Lett. 2015 Mar 18.

Cloud AJ, Thai A, Liao Y, Terry MB. The impact of cancer prevention guideline adherence on overall mortality in a high-risk cohort of women from the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015 Jan;149(2):537-46. doi: 10.1007/s10549-014-3234-x. Epub 2015 Jan 21.

Cohen AA, Milot E, Li Q, Bergeron P, Poirier R, Dusseault-Bélanger F, Fülöp T, Leroux M, Legault V, Metter EJ, Fried LP, Ferrucci L. Detection of a Novel, Integra-tive Aging Process Suggests Complex Physiological Integration. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0116489

Corrales-Medina VF, Alvarez KN, Weiss-feld LA, Angus DC, Chirinos JA, Chang CC, Newman A, Loehr L, Folsom AR, Elkind MS, Lyles MF, Kronmal RA, Yende S. Association Between Hospitalization for Pneumonia and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA. 2015 Jan 20;313(3):264-274. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.18229.

Correas JM, Tissier AM, Khairoune A, Vassiliu V, Méjean A, Hélénon O, Memo R, Barr RG. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Hispanics. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]

da Silva AT, Peres MF, Lopes CS, Schrai-ber LB, Susser E, Menezes PR. Violence at work and depressive symptoms in pri-mary health care teams: a cross-sectional study in Brazil. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2015 Mar 17.

Dawson L, Garner S, Anude C, Ndebele P, Karuna S, Holt R, Broder G, Handibode J, Hammer SM, Sobieszczyk ME, NIAID HIV Vaccine Trials Network. Testing the waters: Ethical considerations for including PrEP in a phase IIb HIV vaccine efficacy trial. Clin Trials. 2015 Apr 7.

de Batlle J, Ferrari P, Chajes V, Park JY, Slimani N, McKenzie F, Overvad K, Ros-wall N, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Katzke V, Kaaks R, Bergmann MM, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Sieri S, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Bue-no-de-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Hjartåker A, Engeset D, Weiderpass E, Sánchez S, Travier N, Sánchez MJ, Amiano P, Chir-laque MD, Barricarte Gurrea A, Khaw KT, Key TJ, Bradbury KE, Ericson U, Sonest-edt E, Van Guelpen B, Schneede J, Riboli E, Romieu I. Dietary Folate Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014 Dec 12;107(1). pii: dju367. Print 2015 Jan.

Deckelbaum RJ, Calder PC. From where will all the omega-3 fatty acids come? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015 Jan 21. [Epub ahead of print]

Delgado-Cruzata L, Vin-Raviv N, Teh-ranifar P, Flom J, Reynolds D, Gonzalez K, Santella RM, Terry MB. Correlations in global DNA methylation measures in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and granulocytes. Epigenetics. 2014 Dec 6:0. [Epub ahead of print]

Delgado-Cruzata L, Zhang W, McDonald JA, Tsai WY, Valdovinos C, Falci L, Wang Q, Crew KD, Santella RM, Hershman DL, Greenlee H. Dietary Modifications, Weight Loss, and Changes in Metabolic Markers Affect Global DNA Methyla-tion in Hispanic, African American, and Afro-Caribbean Breast Cancer Survivors. J Nutr. 2015 Apr;145(4):783-790

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Drassinower D, Vink J, Pessel C, Vani K, Brubaker SG, Zork N, Ananth CV. The effect of cervical cerclage on the rate of cervical shortening. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Feb 4. doi: 10.1002/uog.14810. [Epub ahead of print]

Duda SN, Farr AM, Lindegren ML, Blevins M, Wester CW, Wools-Kaloustian K, Ekouevi DK, Egger M, Hemingway-Fo-day J, Cooper DA, Moore RD, McGowan CC, Nash D, the International Epide-miologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Collaboration. Characteristics and comprehensiveness of adult HIV care and treatment programmes in Asia-Pacific, sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas: results of a site assessment conducted by the International epide-miologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Collaboration. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014 Dec 15;17(1):19045. doi: 10.7448/IAS.17.1.19045. eCollection 2014.

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Elding Larsson H, Vehik K, Gesualdo P, Akolkar B, Hagopian W, Krischer J, Lernmark Å, Rewers M, Simell O, She JX, Ziegler A, Haller MJ; TEDDY Study Group including Briese, T. Children followed in the TEDDY study are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at an early stage of disease. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014 Mar;15(2):118-26. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12066. Epub 2013 Aug 27.

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Factor-Litvak P, Susser E]. The impor-tance of early life studies of telomere attrition. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2015 Mar;29(2):144-5.

Ferris JS, Daly MB, Buys SS, Genkinger JM, Liao Y, Terry MB. Oral contraceptive and reproductive risk factors for ovarian cancer within sisters in the breast cancer family registry. Br J Cancer. 2014 Jan 7. Fodor KE, Pozen J, Ntaganira J, Sezibera V, Neugebauer R. The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Rwandans exposed to the 1994 genocide: A confirmatory factor analytic study using the PCL-C. J Anxiety Disord. 2015 Mar 10;32:8-16.

31DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

Freedberg DE, Salmasian H, Abrams JA, Green RA. Orders for Intravenous Proton Pump Inhibitors After Implementation of an Electronic Alert. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Jan 19. doi: 10.1001/jamaint-ernmed.2014.6680. [Epub ahead of print]

Freedman D, Brown AS, Shen L, Schae-fer CA. Perinatal oxytocin increases the risk of offspring bipolar disorder and childhood cognitive impairment. J Affect Disord. 2014 Nov 8;173C:65-72.

Fried LP, Thibault. Reinventing Public Health Education for the 21st Century. Am J Public Health. 2015 Mar;105(S1):S4.

Fried LP. Innovating for 21st-Century Public Health Education: A Case for Seiz-ing This Moment. Am J Public Health. 2015 Mar;105(S1):S5-S7.

Friedman AM, Ananth CV, Prendergast E, D'Alton ME, Wright JD. Variation in and factors associated with use of episiotomy. JAMA. 2015 Jan 13;313(2):197-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.14774.

Galea S, Fried LP, Walker JR, Rudenstine S, Glover JW, Begg MD. Developing the New Columbia Core Curriculum: A Case Study in Managing Radical Curriculum Change. Am J Public Health. 2015 Mar;105(S1):S17-S21.

Gao J, Tong L, Argos M, Scannell Bryan M, Ahmed A, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Kibriya MG, Jasmine F, Slavkovich V, Graziano JH, Ahsan H, Pierce BL. The Genetic Architecture of Arsenic Metabolism Effi-ciency: A SNP-Based Heritability Study of Bangladeshi Adults. Environ Health Perspect. 2015 Mar 13.

Garcia-Carracedo D, Turk AT, Fine SA, Akhavan N, Tweel BC, Parsons R, Chabot JA, Allendorf JD, Genkinger JM, Remotti HE, Su GH. Loss of PTEN Expression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Intraductal Papillary Muci-nous Neoplasms of the Pancreas. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Nov 12.

Gardener H, Rundek T, Wright CB, Gu Y, Scarmeas N, Homma S, Russo C, Elkind MS, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR. A Mediter-ranean-Style Diet and Left Ventricular Mass (from the Northern Manhattan Study). Am J Cardiol. 2014 Nov 29. pii: S0002-9149(14)02179-1. doi: 10.1016/j.amj-card.2014.11.038. [Epub ahead of print]

Geng EH, Neilands TB, Thièbaut R, Bwana MB, Nash D, Moore RD, Wood R, Zannou DM, Althoff KN, Lim PL, Nachega JB, Easterbrook PJ, Kambugu A, Little F, Naki-gozi G, Nakanjako. CD41 T cell recovery during suppression of HIV replication: an international comparison of the immuno-logical efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in North America, Asia and Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2015 Feb;44(1):251-63.

Genkinger JM, Makambi KH, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Adams-Campbell LL. Con-sumption of dairy and meat in relation to breast cancer risk in the Black Women's Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2013 Jan 18. Genkinger JM, Stigter L, Jedrychowski W, Huang TJ, Wang S, Roen EL, Majewska R, Kieltyka A, Mroz E, Perera FP.. Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure, antioxidant levels and behav-ioral development of children ages 6-9. Environ Res. 2015 Apr 6;140:136-144.

Genkinger JM, Terry MB. Commentary: Towards a definite coherent heteroge-neity in meta-analyses. Int J Epidemiol. 2014 Jul 4.

Genkinger JM, Wang M, Li R, Albanes D, Anderson KE, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, English DR, Freudenheim JL, Fuchs CS, Gapstur SM, Giles GG, Goldbohm RA, Håkansson N, Horn-Ross PL, Koushik A, Marshall JR, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Robien K, Rohan TE, Schairer C, Silverman DT, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Wolk A, Ziegler RG, Smith-Warner SA.. Dairy products and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies. Ann Oncol. 2014 Mar 14.

Gershon RR, Orr MG, Zhi Q, Merrill JA, Chen DY, Riley HE, Sherman MF. Mass fatality preparedness among medical examiners/coroners in the United States: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014 Dec 15;14(1):1275. [Epub ahead of print]

Girchenko P, Ompad DC, Bikmukhametov D, Gensburg L. Association between Pregnancy and Active Injection Drug Use and Sex Work among Women Injection Drug Users in Saint Petersburg, Russia. J Urban Health. 2015 Apr 3.

Gómez C, Vega-Quiroga S, Berme-jo-Pareja F, Medrano MJ, Louis ED, Benito-León J. Polypharmacy in the Elderly: A Marker of Increased Risk of Mortality in a Population-Based Prospec-tive Study (NEDICES). Gerontology. 2014 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print]

Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, Jung J, Zhang H, Chou SP, Pickering RP, Ruan WJ, Huang B, Saha TD, Aivadyan C, Greenstein E, Hasin DS. The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): Reli-ability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Dec 8. pii: S0376-8716(14)01970-X. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.026. [Epub ahead of print]

Greene D, Tehranifar P, DeMartini DP, Faciano A, Nagin D. Peeling Lead Paint Turns Into Poisonous Dust. Guess Where It Ends Up? A Media Campaign to Prevent Childhood Lead Poisoning in New York City. Health Educ Behav. 2015 Jan 5. pii: 1090198114560790. [Epub ahead of print]

Greenlee H, Gaffney AO, Aycinena AC, Koch P, Contento I, Karmally W, Richard-son JM, Lim E, Tsai WY, Crew K, Maurer M, Kalinsky K, Hershman DL. ¡Cocinar Para Su Salud!: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Culturally Based Dietary Inter-vention among Hispanic Breast Cancer Survivors. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 Jan 5. pii: S2212-2672(14)01634-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.11.002. [Epub ahead of print]

Greenlee H, Zick SM, Rosenthal D, Cohen L, Cassileth B, Tripathy D. Integrative oncol-ogy - strong science is needed for better patient care. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015 Feb 19. Grimaud O, Astagneau P, Desvarieux M, Chambaud L.[Teaching quantitative methods in public health: the EHESP experience]. [Article in French] Sante Publique. 2015 Jan 20;26(6):779-81.

Gruenewald TL, Tanner EK, Fried LP, Carlson MC, Xue QL, Parisi JM, Rebok GW, Yarnell LM, Seeman TE. The Balti-more Experience Corps Trial: Enhancing Generativity via Intergenerational Activ-ity Engagement in Later Life. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015 Feb 25

Gu Y, Honig LS, Schupf N, Lee JH, Luchsinger JA, Stern Y, Scarmeas N. Mediterranean diet and leukocyte telomere length in a multi-ethnic elderly population. Age (Dordr). 2015 Apr;37(2):9758 

Guglielminotti J, Li G. Monitoring Obstet-ric Anesthesia Safety across Hospitals through Multilevel Modeling. Anesthesi-ology. 2015 Mar 2 

Guida F, Sandanger TM, Castagné R, Campanella G, Polidoro S, Palli D, Krogh V, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Panico S, Severi G, Kyrtopoulos SA, Georgiadis P, Vermeulen RC, Lund E, Vineis P, Chadeau-Hyam M. Dynamics of Smoking-Induced Genome-Wide Methylation Changes with Time Since Smoking Cessation. Hum Mol Genet. 2015 Jan 2. pii: ddu751. [Epub ahead of print]

Gutierrez J, Elkind MS, Gomez-Schneider M, DeRosa JT, Cheung K, Bagci A, Alperin N, Sacco RL, Wright CB, Rundek T. Com-pensatory intracranial arterial dilatation in extracranial carotid atherosclerosis: The Northern Manhattan Study. Int J Stroke. 2015 Mar 5.

Halkitis PN, Kapadia F, Ompad DC, Perez-Figueroa R. J Homosex. Moving Toward a Holistic Conceptual Framework for Understanding Healthy Aging Among Gay Men. 2014 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]

Hartley S, Valley S, Kuhn L, Washer LL, Gandhi T, Meddings J, Chenoweth C, Malani AN, Saint S, Srinivasan A, Flanders SA. Overtreatment of asymp-tomatic bacteriuria: identifying targets for improvement. Infect Control Hosp Epide-miol. 2015 Apr;36(4):470-3.

Hasin DS, Greenstein E, Aivadyan C, Stohl M, Aharonovich E, Saha T, Goldstein R, Nunes EV, Jung J, Zhang H, Grant BF.The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDA-DIS-5): Procedural validity of substance use disorders modules through clinical re-appraisal in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Dec 18. pii: S0376-8716(14)01990-5. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.011. [Epub ahead of print]

Haspel RL, Westhoff CM. How do I manage Rh typing in obstetric patients? Transfusion. 2015 Feb 3. doi: 10.1111/trf.12995. [Epub ahead of print]

Heneghan A, Stein RE, Hurlburt MS, Zhang J, Rolls-Reutz J, Kerker BD, Landsverk J, McCue Horwitz S. Health-Risk Behaviors in Teens Investigated by U.S. Child Welfare Agencies. J Adolesc Health. 2015 Mar 2.

Hershman DL, Tsui J, Wright JD, Coro-milas EJ, Tsai WY, Neugut AI. Household Net Worth, Racial Disparities, and Hormonal Therapy Adherence Among Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Feb 17.

Hershman DL. Perfecting Breast-Cancer Treatment - Incremental Gains and Mus-culoskeletal Pains. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 11. [Epub ahead of print]

Hirsch-Moverman Y, Shrestha-Kuwahara R, Bethel J, Blumberg HM, Venkatappa TK, Horsburgh CR, Colson PW, Tubercu-losis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium (TBESC). Latent tuberculous infection in the United States and Canada: who completes treatment and why? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015 Jan;19(1):31-8. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0373.

Hjelmborg JB, Dalgård C, Möller S, Steen-strup T, Kimura M, Christensen K, Kyvik KO, Aviv A. The heritability of leucocyte telomere length dynamics. J Med Genet. 2015 Mar 13.

Hong HA, Paximadis M, Gray GE, Kuhn L, Tiemessen CT. Maternal human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) genetic variants associate with in utero moth-er-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Black South Africans. Infect Genet Evol. 2014 Dec 23;30C:147-158. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.021. [Epub ahead of print]

Hornig M, Gottschalk G, Peterson DL, Knox KK, Schultz AF, Eddy ML, Che X, Lipkin WI. Cytokine network analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in myalgic encepha-lomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Mar 31.

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Hua M, Gong MN, Brady J, Wunsch H. Early and late unplanned rehospitaliza-tions for survivors of critical illness*. Crit Care Med. 2015 Feb;43(2):430-8. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000717.

Huang Y, van Poppel F, Lumey LH. Differences in height by education among 371,105 Dutch military con-scripts. Econ Hum Biol. 2014 Nov 22. pii: S1570-677X(14)00087-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2014.11.002. [Epub ahead of print]

Hudson BI, Gardener H, Liu-Mares W, Dong C, Cheung K, Elkind MS, Wright CB, Sacco RL, Rundek T. Serum soluble RAGE levels and carotid atherosclerosis: The Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Atherosclerosis. 2015 Feb 24;240(1):17-20.

Hunt SC, Kark JD, Aviv A. Association between shortened leukocyte telomere length and cardio-metabolic outcomes. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2015 Feb;8(1):4-7.

Jao J, Agwu A, Mhango G, Kim A, Park K, Posada R, Abrams EJ, Hutton N, Sperling RS. Growth patterns in the first year of life differ in infants born to perinatally vs. nonperinatally HIV-infected women. AIDS. 2015 Jan 2;29(1):111-6. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000501.Ji JS, Power MC, Sparrow D, Spiro A 3rd, Howard H, Louis ED, Weisskopf MG. Lead Exposure and Tremor among Older Men: The VA Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2015 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]

Jiang J, Liu M, Parvez F, Wang B, Wu F, Eunus M, Bangalore S, Ahmed A, Islam T, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, Sarwar G, Levy D, Argos M, Bryan MS, Graziano J,

32 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

Hayes RB, Ahsan H, Chen Y. Association of major dietary patterns and blood pres-sure longitudinal change in Bangladesh. J Hypertens. 2015 Feb 16 . 

Johnston SC, Briese T, Bell TM, Pratt WD, Shamblin JD, Esham HL, Donnelly GC, Johnson JC, Hensley LE, Lipkin WI, Honko AN. Detailed Analysis of the Afri-can Green Monkey Model of Nipah Virus Disease. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0117817.

Jordan HT, Stellman SD, Reibman J, Farfel MR, Brackbill RM, Friedman SM, Li J, Cone JE. Factors associated with poor control of 9/11-related asthma 10-11 years after the 2001 World Trade Center terror-ist attacks. J Asthma. 2014 Dec 24;:1-30.

Jordan HT, Stellman SD, Reibman J, Farfel MR, Brackbill RM, Friedman SM, Li J, Cone JE. Factors associated with poor control of 9/11-related asthma 10-11 years after the 2001 World Trade Center terror-ist attacks. J Asthma. 2014 Dec 24:1-30. [Epub ahead of print]

Jung J, Bashiri G, Johnston JM, Brown AS, Ackerley DF, Baker EN. Crystal struc-ture of the essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphopantetheinyl trans-ferase PptT, solved as a fusion protein with maltose binding protein. J Struct Biol. 2014 Oct 18;188(3):274-278.

Justman J, Befus M, Hughes J, Wang J, Golin CE, Adimora AA, Kuo I, Haley DF, Del Rio C, El-Sadr WM, Rompalo A, Mannheimer S, Soto-Torres L, Hodder S. Sexual Behaviors of US Women at Risk of HIV Acquisition: A Longitudinal Analysis of Findings from HPTN 064. AIDS Behav. 2015 Jan 29. [Epub ahead of print]

Kaaks R, Sookthai D, Luczynska A, Oakes CC, Becker S, Johnson T, Johansson AS, Melin B, Sjöberg K, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Mattiello A, Tumino R, Masala G, Agnoli C, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Brennan P, Franceschi S, Roulland S, Casabonne D, de Sanjose S, Sanchez M, Huerta J, Ardanaz E, Sala N, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Halkjær J, Weiderpass E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Vermeulen R, Peeters PH, Vineis P, Kelly RS, Khaw K, Travis RC, Key TJ, Riboli E, Nieters A. Lag-times between lympho-proliferative disorder and clin-ical diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): a prospective analysis using plasma soluble CD23. Cancer Epi-demiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Dec 26. pii: cebp.1107.2014. [Epub ahead of print]

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Kaunitz AM, Portman D, Westhoff CL, Archer DF, Mishell DR, Foegh M. Self-re-ported and verified compliance in a phase 3 clinical trial of a novel low-dose con-traceptive patch and pill. Contraception. 2014 Nov 25. pii: S0010-7824(14)00783-5. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.11.011. [Epub ahead of print]

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Keegan TH, Kurian AW, Gali K, Tao L, Lichtensztajn DY, Hershman DL, Habel LA, Caan BJ, Gomez SL. Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Short-Term Breast Cancer Survival Among Women in an Integrated Health System. Am J Public Health. 2015 Mar 19;:e1-e9.

Kerker BD, Chor KH, Hoagwood KE, Radi-gan M, Perkins MB, Setias J, Wang R, Olin SS, Horwitz SM. Detection and Treatment of Mental Health Issues by Pediatric PCPs in New York State: An Evaluation of Project TEACH. Psychiatr Serv. 2015 Apr 1;66(4):430-3

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Khankari NK, Bradshaw PT, Steck SE, He K, Olshan AF, Shen J, Ahn J, Chen Y, Ahsan H, Terry MB, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Dietary intake of fish, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and survival after breast cancer: A population-based follow-up study on Long Island, New York. Cancer. 2015 Mar 24.

Kibriya MG, Jasmine F, Roy S, Ahsan H, Pierce B. Measurement of Telomere Length: A New Assay Using QuantiGene Chemistry on a Luminex Platform. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Dec;23(12):2667-72. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0610.

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33DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

Mugisha V, Castro AR, Steinmiller D, Linder V, Justman JE, Nsanzimana S, Sia SK. A smartphone dongle for diagnosis of infectious diseases at the point of care. Sci Transl Med. 2015 Feb 4;7(273):273re1. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa0056.

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Lebwohl B, Leffler DA. Exploring the Strange New World of Non Celiac Gluten Sensitivity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Mar 18

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Lee RT, Yang P, Greenlee H, Bauer-Wu S, Balneaves LG, Zick S. Personal-ized integrative oncology: targeted approaches for optimal outcomes: the 11th international conference of the society for integrative oncology. Integr Cancer Ther. 2015 Jan;14(1):98-105. doi: 10.1177/1534735414563603.

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34 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

McEvoy JW, Nasir K, DeFilippis AP, Lima JA, Bluemke DA, Hundley WG, Barr RG, Budoff MJ, Szklo M, Navas-Acien A, Polak JF, Blumenthal RS, Post WS, Blaha MJ. Relationship of Cigarette Smoking With Inflammation and Subclinical Vascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Ath-erosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015 Mar 5. 

McKeague IW, Brown AS, Bao Y, Hink-ka-Yli-Salomäki S, Huttunen J, Sourander A. Autism with Intellectual Disability Related to Dynamics of Head Circumfer-ence Growth during Early Infancy. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Aug 22.

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35DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

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Quinlan CA, McVeigh KH, Driver CR, Govind P, Karpati A. Parental Age and Autism Spectrum Disorders Among New York City Children 0-36 Months of Age. Matern Child Health J. 2015 Mar 17.

Rabkin JG, Goetz R, Factor-Litvak P, Hupf J, McElhiney M, Singleton J, Mitsumoto H; The Als Cosmos Study Group. Depres-sion and wish to die in a multicenter cohort of ALS patients. Amyotroph Lat-eral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2014 Dec 8:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]

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36 SPRING 2015 : ISSUE 6.01

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Vijai J, Wang Z, Berndt SI, Skibola CF, Slager SL, de Sanjose S, Melbye M, Glimelius B, Bracci PM, Conde L, Birmann

37DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

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