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1IIIIIDmO OIPE-PUNE-000216

INDUS'filI4L INDI4

BY

GLYN BARLOW, M. A.,

h'ui,.l. V"«<wo. C411,,,,. Pal,""'. F_l, Etlit"" "/ .. 711 Jllltlr .. r. ..... "

•

&.~r .. : O. A. JUTESA.~ _ Co .• ISPL.lNAD. ROW.

1U.1-8.] 3/-

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1-""6 .........

CONTENTS.

CnAfTlR PAGS.

I.-Patriotism in 'frade ... I

Il.-Co-operation ... 12

IIl.-Indu8trial Exhibitiollll 37

IV.-The Inquirin~ Mind 57

V.-Inve8ti~ation ... 78

Vl.-Indian Art ... ... 102

ru.-Iodian Store" 119

Vlll.-India'. CUlitomf!rA ••• 135 lX.-Tunling the Cbmt"r \' 15' X.-Conl'lullion ... 165

DETAILED- CONTENTS.

!.-PATRIOTISlJl IN TRADE.-The.physicalcomplexityof India-Its politics

a complexity-:-Its P?ssibilities of greatness­Patriotism in trade and industry-Spurious l>atriotism-'tne need "of high standards of pro­ductioti-=--Th~ patriotic buyer-A golden age.

, I/._-CO~OPERATION.

A lack of co-operation in India-Fondness . \ . .

for' wealth in land, jewellery, &c.-The profits of moriey-Iending-Instinctive timidity increased by past co-operative failures-A general sense of mistrust. .

IlL-INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS. Rural self-sufficiency-Exhibitions in India­

Organisers-Exhibitors-Visitors.

DETAILED CONTENTS. ii

IV.-THE INQUIRING ,MIND. The Iodian mind f. inquisitive" but not" in­

quiring "-A atory of femiuine curiollity-The Englishman'. inquiring spirit-Brahmin imma­terialism-The Hindu's few material wants-Hi, patient eudurance-His conservatism-Edu­cation.

V.-INVESTIGATION. The miud at work-An evil industry-Practi­

cal inq uiries-Tram wa ye-Canals-Irrigation­Oil-mills - Weaving- Tanning - Saw-mills­Village--banka-Mines-Technical scholaf¥hi ps-­A. word oC warliing-IlidustrialisrU in Iudian citiel-The end in view.

VI.-INDIAN ART. Varip-ties of Art-Poorness of pictorial art in

India-Lack of pictorial influences-Lack of good pictures-Freehand drawing-Copying Nature-Excellence of art in India &8 ~pplied to in<1ustry-H,.brid styles-Non-natural design. -Lack of finish-Sir George Birdwood.

iii DETAILED CONTENTS.

Vll.-INDlAN S10RES. Difficulty of l~unching native Indian produc­

tions-Stores-The Indian Stores, Limited-A' development of the stores system-A word of warning.

VllI.-INDIA'S CUSTOMERS. Natives of India-Their· increasing wants

-Europeans in India-Their expensive tastes­Governments, Municipalities, and public com­panies-Foreign buyers.

IX.-1URN1NG THE CORNER. . . Difficulties prior ~o success-Sir J amsetjee

Jejeebhoy-Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit--Living examples or'successful industrialists.

X.-CONOLUSION. Packing-Advertising-Faith and· Perseve­

rimce-Popularity - Honesty - Trade-names~ Personal appeal.

---,*-r--.-

I.

PATRIOTISM IN TRADE.

'rHE Land of the WhiLe Moghul is no fairy dl'Mm. b iJt a real t.entiet.h-century

uiatenC8 i bu' it is 10 .plendid and 10 vast that DO word-painter could describe it to a .tranger •. Even the average Indian himself baa but a fain' idea of the vastness ohLe land in which he lives, and identifies India with hi. own corner. To the ry~ of the Southern plaiD' India is a land of perpetual .ummer, a land in which clothe. are for the mos' pan a matter merely of decency or . of vain display and where fuel is a matter merely of a IAVOUfY meal j to the palari of the Him­alaya. alopea it is a land in which an icy winter lingers long, a land in which a warm blanket and winter fuel are &I .erious ne­ceaaitiea &I the alta of his daily bread. To the Khasi-born coolie or Assam India is a

2 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

land of abundant rain, a land where the thatched roof of the family hut has -to be carefully thickened aga.i~st the deluging down­pours; to the Rajput of the western plains it is a ]and where rain is unknown, a land where the family hut must affor~ protection against blinding sandstorms and scorching w:inds. To one it .is. a land of corn, -to another it, is. a land ·of ,rice; to one it is a land of salt,. to another. it is a land of. coal; to one. it is a land of . cotton-pods, to another it is a land of woolly sheep.

And India 'as a political Empire is in point of variety;on a par with India as a,Nature-made land~ In India there are some. three-hundred millions of complex people, and some' of these ~illions own allegiance direct to the. Great White Moghul •. himself, while the rest own alle­giance toa great phalanx of crowned potentates holding sovereignty as vassals of the mighty MQghul supreme. Maharajahs and Gaekwars­Niia'Ins find Nawabs~Rajahs and Kumars-who shall' count the long list in the Indian peerage I·

PATBIOTIS~ I!f TUDE. 3

But is there aught to boast about in all this P Why boast of the vastness of the land, or of the hundreds of millioll8 'Of its people, or of the splendour of its crowned beads, unless princes and people are working ont their country's "alvation! Salvation comes from within; and India must look: within itself for its hopes. India is a land of immense resources. There is lhtle that i. worth haring which India could not prOlluce. Every climate and every soil is included within India'. vast extent. India i. no mean country which needs to find out a market for a scanty catalogu .. of savage productions and which must hail the Phamician merchant with his Phamician wares. With the richnesa of the rellOnrces with which nature haa endowed her and with the poorne88 of the wages for which her labourers will labour, .India could - ab8inl all murderous excises! - bid defiance to foreign ~mpetition, and could find both her necessities and her luxuries within her own borders. It is no mere dream. But pnnces and people must be up and doing, or the Empire

INDUSTRIAL INDIA.

of India will, from th~ mercantile point of view, be overthrown. The Roman Empire fell because it was attacked by the· Goths and the Huns. The Goths and the Huns are pouring into India. now; in the shape of foreign-made goods. India must be np and doing -- determined both to resist the invader and to establish her own dominion.

It is a patriotic thing, therefore, for an Indian to help in the development of India's industries and India's trade; and it should be an inspira­tion for an Indian trader or manufacturer to bear in mind that he may thus combine pa­triotism with trade -- that he may at one and the same time be manifesting his patriotism and making his money. The idea may be somewhat novel in India; for India is a land where money­making is by no means always patriotic. A vakil, for example, is by no means combining patriotism with money-making when he stirs up a dispute where there was no bad blood, and chuckles with delight when· he has wound a coi1.of costly lawsuits round an honest fellow-

PUBIOTISH L .. TRADE.

countryman's neck. A grain-dealer is by nQ mean. combining pll.triotism with money-making when, gloating over a famine a famine which perhaps he and his brethren have manu .. factured he under weighs his grain to hungry coolies at a hundred per cent. profit. A lowcar is by no means combining patriotisDl with money-making when, in giving the poverty­Itricken ryot the mortgage deed to lign, he chuckles over the thought that, with the higb interest that he h&l charged and with the wily wording of the deed, the ryot's paddy-field will lOOn be hi. own. Such money-making may be perfectly lawful, but it is altogether unlovely, and by no meanl patriotic. ConLr&llt with men like these the man who, wit.h a view ~o hi. country" good &I well as to Ill, own profit, startl, or helps to start., a useful indu"try, an industry which supplies a local want, which gives work to the unemployed, which raises wages in the district., and which adds t.o the country'. credit. Such a man may grow richer than a Rajah, and yet he may take a patriotic pride in his business

6 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

a.nd may take an honourable delight in the ~hought that he is working for his country as well as for himself. It is· one thing to manufac­ture lawsuits, or to manufacture famines,· or to manufacture bankrupts, and it is altogether another thing to manufacture useful goods. But the vakil, the grain-dealer, and even the sowcar may find much patriotism in their respective pursuits. The profession of the vakil is of the most ennobling and the most patriotic order. His duty for the plaintiff is to "right wrong"; his duty for the defendant is to defend the oppressed. But his duty to his country goes still farther than his duty to his client. He is a recognised leader of men, and outside the law-courts he can be help­ful to his country' and to himself in promot­ing and. ip furthering industrial schemes. The profession of the grain-dealer is a most necessary factor in Indian economics; and the grain-dealer, if he refrains from selfish hopes, and holds himself aloof from fraudulent rings, and assists in developing the trade and the resources of his

PATRIOTISM IN TRADB. 7

country, may be a patriot. indeed. As for the IOwear, it. is the sowcar that helps the needy iu the hour of their need and enables the enterpris­ing to develop their undertakings; and if the IOwcar worka honestly and for a reasonable reward and scruples to encourage ignorant extravagance, his work may be for his country's good ; and if, over and above all this, he invests some of his eurplus profits in useful industrial activities, even the IOwcar may be a patriot.

Dut there must be no spurious patriotism in industrial schemes. Patriotism must be in t.he business-man's heart, not on his show-cards. ilis industry must. eLand on its own merits, and there must. be no whining appeals to the public LO buy bad articles because they are of Indian make. Whining appeals of the 80rt are by no means unknown. There is no harm in proclaiming t.he fact. t.hat one's goods have been made in India. on t.he cont.rary, it. is appropriate t.o the national trade warfare that the flag should be unfurled; but t.he patriotic industrial­ist ehould Icrupulously avoid disingenuous

INDUSTRIAL INDIA.

catchpenny ~anifestations. and should. cherish his industry earnestly and unostentatiously _ for ~ndia's good, together with his own.

'The industrial patriot must look to it that the standard of his productions is high; for he will be working antagonistically to the progress Qf India if his goods labelled "made in India" prove a disappointment to the buyer. If the Indian public should form a general impression, as the result of experience, that, for example, matches made in India fail to light, that sealing wax: made in India fails to melt, that penknives made in India fail to cut, and that lamp-chim­neys made in India are peculiarly brittle, it is not to be supposed that the public would be so patiently patriotic as to continue to use bad articles for Indian manufacturers' benefit. There is evidence in abundance that goods of the very highest class can be made in India, and it is on goods such as these that India's hopes must rest. The manufacturer who turns out high-class goods on an economic basis at prices tha.t defy foreign competition, and who

P.A.tJUOTISlI a TIlADL 9

waita patiently for the reward \hat IOOner or Ia~r will uauredJy be his, is building up India', .uccess and his own. The manufacturer who, in a desire for: I&uty profitt, offen crude ahoddy-made goodl w the public is a drag on India'. progress. and he will uaoredIy fail, and lOOn. A high standard for: Indian-made good. i. what the patriotic induatrialisl mual aecure if be would .. in .UCCellS for: India and for himaelf.

But tbe patriotiam muat not be all on the aide of the producer. for there i. room for patriotism in the buyer woo Unfortunately for India, there i. a cl ... of Illdian buyer: .. ho has a treacherous aversion for tbings thAt bis own country bas produced alld a treacberou. bankering after foreign-made articles, quite independently or their merits. lIean)y disregardful of bis own country', claims on bis afft"Ctions, he aft"ecta to detlI)iae .. the bazaar," and finda a sneaking pride in .. Europe-made" po8Seuions. imagining tbal tbey .ill win bim the credit of ultra refinement and superior \a5te. The boyer's patriotiam need

10 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:··

hot induce him to accept an Indian article if it is inferior in quality or higherill price than its foreign-made rival; such non-economic accep­tance would be a bolstering up of Indian trade to its eventual loss; but in all cases in which an Indian-made article is as good as its foreign­maderival-- it will probably be cheaper -- . the Indian buyer would be doing no more than justice to his country and to himself by giving it the preference.

Producer and buyer must work together for India's good and for their own - till the golden age of India's trade shall have arrived, when she shall supply everyone of her own require­ments. The patriotism of trade is a great sub· ject -- a subject far higher than Board of Trade regulations, commercial arithmetic. double entry. and tables of exchange; and every man -- whatever his profession or his trade - should make the most of his patriotic opportunities. Happy is the man who can say to himself at the close of each day: "I have worked to-day for the wants of

PATlUOTISX L'f TRADE. 11

my wife and my little ones, and Cor a provision against. old age and a rainy day, and I have at. t.he lame time done something Cor my country'. good."

II.

CO-OPERATION.

I F Indian trade is to increase on a serious scale, the joint-stock-company system must

first of all develop. Private firms in India are seldom rich enough to finance large enter­prises ; and, therefore, if large enterprises are to be undertakim, the citizen of India must be tau~ht to invest his money in joint-stock con­cerns. Away in thousands of remote Indian villa­ges there may be latent possibilities of successful industrial enterprise; but, as no single villager is rich enough, or bold enough, to finance a scheme by himself, the industry - together with the profits thereof - lies low. The villagers must learn in such cases to subscribe the necessary capital amongst themselves, then to elect an executive committee, who will appoint a mana­ger, and finally to keep a watchful eye on the

OO-OPEUnON. IS

developmentl aDd look oat (or their profil.8. In other worda they mun learn to (oro. joint-stock companies (or industrial development. But in Indian toWIll .. wen &8 in Indian villages t.here ia a backwardness, even amongst educated men, to invest. money in joint-stock concerns; and, except. in and around Bombay and Calcutta, where commercial instincts have made them­.elve. (ell., t.here are very (ew joint.-stock companies thar. Indiana have promoted and in which Indian shareholder. bulk large. As long .. thia backwardness continue". Indian enter­priAe musr. be largely in t.he hands' of private individuals and fI( private firms, and t.he development. o( large schemes will be delayed. The reasons for this back wardneu are nor. far to

,eek. One reason lie. in the fact that t.here is in

India a (ondneu for tangible wealt.h - wealth. that it to .ay. in t.he shape o( money. or of jewela, or or houlel, or or land - wealth which the owner can at aDY t.ime see with his own ~ye._ Thil (ODdneu (or tangible wealth is a

14 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

relic of by-gone days; of days when industrial combination' was unknown .,- uuquiet times, when. hordes of Thugs, Pindaris and dacoits were abroad, and. when even the local chieftain pccasionally came down from his hill fortress for a domiciliary raid. What wonder if in those lawless days of old the villager preferred to own wealth in the shape of land,which neither Thug ,::lor dacoit could carry away? And if he had money or jewels what wonder if he would hide his money in a hole in the ground or in the wall and would screw his jewellery on the legs of his home-staying wife? And what wonder if now-a­days, when industrial combination in India is ~s yet a comparatively new thing, the desceIld­.ants of those old-time' villagers have the instinct even now to buy land with their money,. or in any case to keep their wealth in some tangible form? But Indians ,should realise that. an era of combi~ation .has set in. In by-:gQI,le days, when ,there was little or no inter-c.ommunication. and when a man seldom w.ent beyond the limits of his own: fields; and $hen the roads -. such

15

ro&(18 .. there were-existed almost 801ely for the convenience of pilgrims, pedlan, and dacoits, it w .. well enough for every man to dwell under the shade of his own palm-tree, to till his own fields and gradually to extend them, and to leave the rest of the world to take care of itself. But the times have changed, and educated men Ihould be alive to their opportunities. Land may still be an excellent p<MSession, but it is not luch & sine-qua-non for a po!l8essipn 8S it was of old; for Thugs and Pindaris and dacoits are gone i and the local chieftain now-a-days­except in the persons of tax-gatherers -makel no domiciliary raids. Moreover, what wit.h all8essment.s and re-a.'1Se88ments the land ia not nearly 10 profir.able an investment .. i~ was, t.hat. t.he investor should solely desire it. As for money and jewels, the educated Indian is surely alive to the undesirability of such unprofitable postessiona. Let him by all means own land; we are all of us primarily dependent upon the land, and it ia & great poll8ell8ion; but let him also, for his uwn advantage and for the advan-

16 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

tage of his country, be ready to take his part in the country's development.

Another reason for backwardness in commer­cial and industrial co-operation lies in the fact that in India, or at any rate ill parts of India, the business of lending money at interest is by no means the monopoly of the professional sow­car. Landlords-clerks-shopkeepers­merchants -schoolmasters- vakils--any ona of them is, as likely as not, a money-lender when he is at home. Such money-lending is done for the most part on the documentary system, in & more or less private fashion, but it is not altogether. rare to find men in respect­able professions such as, say, the Law, carrying on the pure and simple business of pawnbrokers in private life. It seems difficult to realise that & lawyer who rises in the Law-Cour~ at 11 A. M.

for a Ciceronian flight, may half an hour ago have been weighing & woman's silver pada­saram· and lending her ten rupees for & month on its security for an interest of four annasl

• Anklet.

17

But luch business, however iucongruous, is deci­dedly profitable! Four annu a month on ten rupeH it at thlt rate of 30 per cent. per annum, and thia with such tMlgible security aa a lilver p4d.uaram it - except (or the Ityle of t.he thing - undoubtec.Uy enviable. But IUch buaineu lLanda aerioualy in t.be way of industrial development; for tbe man who can make anything up &0 30 per cent_ on tangible lecurity will naturally hesitate &0 invest his money in &

coDcern which will be regarded aa & distinc~

IUCcea if it yieM. 10. and which Dlay possibly be bankrupt before a lingle dividend 'baa been paid. It. would be &0 no purpose perhaps &0

find (ault with money-lending from a aentimental poi lit of view; but it may be remarked that. even in pawnbroking. where the interest it eo higb, the prufit.l are lIot in reality eo large aa tbey look. The pawnbroker', cuatomen come and go. and tbere i. alwa,.1 a considerable portion o( hit capital waiting (ur cHerat.&. Tbus, although 30 per cent. per annum may be the rate at. 1fhich tbe pawnbroker lends hi. money, t.he actual

•

18 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

interest that he derives from his whole capital is considerably less --perhaps twenty, or fifteen, or ten, according to the number of his clients. In the case of an industrial investment, on the ,other hand, none of the capital invested lies idle, so far at least as the investor is concerned, arid the shareholder is furthermore relieved from all worry of superintendence ;-the lawyer may be studying his brief before the hour for Court, undisturbed by a message that a man at the door is waiting to borrow some money on his child's bangles! Another point to be noted is that the money-lender's capital never., increases in its own intrinsic value. A hundred rupees at the beginning of the year is worth a hundred rupees at the end. Itf the case of industrial investments, on the other hand,. the actual intrinsic value bf the shares may increase, and the investor profits not only by the interest but also by the increased value of his capital. He invests, say, Rs. 100 in a new industry. If it is successful and pays, say, eight per cent. at the end of the first year, it is not unlikely that his

CO-OPElLlTlON. 19

ahare may then be worth, say, Rs.120, 10 that his actual interest is not eight per cent. but twenty­t:ighL. The profit that. is sometimes made in this way by indufltrial enterprise il enormous. Conflidt:r, (or instance, the coal min~ in Bengal. 'Ve will consider one mine ill particular, namely the Khatrlt' Jerriah mine. Some Bix yearl ago the ahares in the Khatras Jerriab Company could be bought at the par price of ten rupees. Indian coal then came into demar.d, and the .bar" in the Khatras Jerriah Company ran rapidly up till they were bought and Bold at 42, a dividend having meanwhile been paid at the rate of 40 per cellt. per annum. This, however, was not all. Tbe coal-fields owned by the Company were larger than the Company could conveniently work; al:d a part of their land was accordingly sold to a new Company, tbe Seebpore Coal Mining Company, wbicb, in payment for ita purchase, assigned to eacb .harebolder in the Kbatras Jerriah Company, free of all COlt, four ,hares ill the Seebpure Company, valued at Rs. 5 each, for every four abares that he

20 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

held in the, original concern. The public de­m~nd for these new shares was such that in & very short time the five-rupee shares were bought and sold at fourteen rupees. Consider the profits of a man who had bought ten shares, at a total cost of Rs. 100, in the original Company. His hundred rupees had come to bE;} worth Rs. 420; besides this he had received a dividend of Rs. 40, and furthermore he had eight shares in the new Company worth Rs. 112. In that year his original Rs. 100 was represented by Rs. 572. What money-lender's profits can compare with this! _ The Khatras Jerriah Oom­pany was soon one company amongst many that found great success, but it was the most suecess~ fulof them all. It must be added that the success of these Indian Coal Oompanies must be regarded as of an extraordinary kind; and the Indian capitalist, although he may hope for good profits, must not expect to find this 80rt of investment open to him every day. Invest­ments that promise magnificent dividends often end by paying no dividend at all, and the inves-

CO-oPltBAnOM. 21

tor must be careful. The Budden demand for Indian coalw .. mainly caused by the exigencies of the South African War; and the extra demand miJ!ht have dropped off altogether as 800n as tlie war was over, and many a Ilpecu­lator might have been ruined. All a matter of fact, however, thia was not the cue i for the South African purchases were a Ilplendid adver­"iltem .. nt for Indian coal, which till that time had he~n somewhat lIeglected by conllumers.

A third relUlOn for backwardneu in commer· cial or industrial combination may be found in the fact that Nat.ives of India are instinctively timid in tbe matter of risking money, alld t.his instillct.ive timidity, moreover. muRt have been increll8ed by the fllct. thllt a g()()(l many Natives of India have lJeen bAdly .. bitten" in Joint Stock Compllllies of old; and, &8 tbe proverb say., .. Ollce bitten, twice IIhy." Con8ider, for example, the !ltory of the Bengal gold mines in 18~O. A rumour went fort.h that a cert.ain di8trict. ill Bengal was teeming with gold. A company-promoter Willi on the Ilpot, and

'22 ,INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

numerous gold-mining companies were formed. Magnificent assays were reported, and inspiring nuggets of Bengal gold were exhibited at Cal­cutta. Shares went up-or were pushed Up! -by leaps and bounds, and wealthy Rajahs and Nawabs and the like were persuaded to buy heavily. Then came the grim truth; the rich gold mines were without the rich gold; the 'shares fell to nothing. Somebody had made money, but amongst the wealthy Rajahs and Nawabs and the like there was weeping alld wailing and gnashing of teeth. There had been something of the same sort in the South of India in the years 1882-83, when the gold mines in the Wynaad were being actively prbspected. There, however, the mines were in 110 way a myth, and it was mostly English shareholders in England, not Indian shareholders in Iudia, who lost their money; but all India heard about it. The mines were ancient gold mines that natives of India had worked in olden times. It was believed that the Indian miners had extract­ed only the surface gold and that with modern

CO-OPERATION. 23

machinery and deep mining the mines would pay magnificent dividends. The expectations were not unreasonable, and things moved apace; bungalows and sheds were erected, miners were brought out from Europe, and a great deal of heavy and costly mining machinery was ordered from home. It was a long and expensive matter to get the ponderous materia18 up the Wynaad hills; . and even while some of the machinery was still upon its snail-paced way, the mines that had already begun work spelled failure, and the enterprise soon came to an end. The wanderer in the W ynaad hills is not unlikely to see masses of rusty machinery here and there even now, and will wonder, perhaps, what they can mean in such out-of-the-way places. They are mining machinery which thfl coolies left on the way some twenty-one years ago, a grim reminder of Joint Stock Companies that failed. Discouraging, too, has been many a Joint Stock Company of Indian promotion. Who knows how many glass-factories, match-factories, paper-factories, and so on have been started

24 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

by Indian enterprise, and after a short existp.nce have been heard of no more? What wonder if the Indian capitalist prefers still to hide his money in a hole in the wall, or, better, to lend it out on land or jewellery at something under 30 per cent. per annum, rather than to invest it in the doubtful security of a Joint Stock Company? . The best ~eply to all this will be to discuss the why and the wherefore of the failure of some of these industrial schemes. With regard to the most prominent of .these calamities within recent years, namely the losses incurred over the wonderful gold mines in Bengal, it may be remarked that investors in this case were led away by the persuasions of company promoters. Gold-mining, "moreover, is even under the best of circu~stances, an absolutely speculative business, and, furthermore, the production of gold, which is not one of the useful metals, is of very little real value to the world. It is not the kind of industry that is to be recom­mended to the Indian capitalist. Gold-mining

CO·OPER.lDON. 25

i, highly Ipeculative because it is never possible to say beforehand how much gold there is in a mine. Coal in a coal-mine runa in auch seama that it can be calculated beforehand how many hundredl of thousanda of tons the mine contains i but gold rUlla in vein .. , the direction and the extent of which lIobody knows. A glost promia­illg vein may come to a sudden full-stop; and gold-mining ia therefore much Oil a par with gambling. The IIpeculative nature of gold-mining may Le leen by a compa.rison of the pricea of lome of the minea in Mysore, all in the aame district. Some have brought fortune to their .har~holder. and lOme have brought their share­holders 10!18. The origilllli price, for example, of a Ihare in t.he CIII,mpion &ef Company was 10.hillinb"" And ita price on the 24th December, 1 ~O;j, wall £ 8; the original price of a ahare in ;.he Dalagh!!.t Comp!!.ny was £ I, and it, price on t.he 2-'th December, 190.3, waa only 18 a. 6 d. i the origiual price of a ahare in the Kadur.Mysote Comp!!.uy WILlI :> ahilling ... and itll price on the 24th December, 1903, was threepence I It lOay be

26 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

repeated that it is not speculative industries such as gold-mining~ but genuine industrial activities, to which the Indian capitalist must be invited to turn his attention. But in connection with any and every proposed Joint Stock Company ·the investor must be on his guard against the company-promoter, the man who, with his talk­ative agents and his glowing prospectuses, seeks to get shareholders for his Oompany. Shakes­peare's Bastard in King John might be imagined to be describing a modern Company-promoter, Mr. Commodity, promoting a fr8;udulent Joint Stock concern, when (Act 2, Sec. 2) he speaks of

.. That sly devil, That broker, that still breaks the fate of faith; That daily break-vow; he that wins of all, Of kings, of beg!!:,ars, old meo, yOULI;!' men. maids;­That smooth-faced gentleman, talking Commodity_"

But, of course, there are Company promoters of the right sort as well as of the wrong; and the investor must discriminate between them. He must make sure th~t the proposed Company is of a. genuine kind, that the directors are men of influence and of subst.ance and of repute, and he must satisfy himself that the proposed

CO-oPEBA. TION • 21

• cheme is likely to be a success; and then, if be is latillfied 011 all these points, be may make his investment and trust for the best. Turning once more to Shake8peare, we may expre8s t.he hope that in t.hese days of the advance of female edu­cation the wives of lome of our timid capitalist.s, p<>118e8lled of the courage - t.bough lIOt. of t.he wick~ne88 -- of Lady Macbeth, will take an increa8ing pract.ical int.erest. in t.heir husband's aflaire and will be aLle,like her, to persuade t.hem to take ad vantage of their opport.unit.ies. Women, though they are generally timid in face of phy­lical danger, are often much holder in enterprise than mell; arad 110 long as thilt bolJness is IIOt founded upon ignorance it may be for much good. lAdy MactJ8th W&I a gralld womlll1, except for her wickedness. and wher., ahe indignautly uks Iler timid husband what. had made him tell her about. .f t.hi. ent.erprise" unless he had really meant to carry i, out., Ihe might very happily be III Indian lady persuading her husband to an industrial IIcbeme! Her allswer to her husband's expression of t.imidity is particularly fine:

28 Im>USTRIAL Im>IA.:

HMbetl&. If we shonld faU ! Lady Maebetl&. We faiL

Bn\ screw your conrage W 'be sticking.place, And we '11 eo' fail

The answer might well be taken to heart by all timid industrialists. As for the small glass­factories, match-factories, and (10 on, that may have started and have failed, the reason of their failure lies in the fact that they have, as a rule. been started without a sufficient knowledge of the conditions of the industry concerned, with­out proper technical knowledge on the part of the craftsmen, and without the amount of capital necessary to equip the works aright and to keep them going till the industry has 'turned the corner' and the profits have begun to come ill. A" factory," where the" office" is a dingy hovel ill which 3. half-naked clerk sea:ed on a.

broken chair before a rickety table represents the 'staff.' and where three or four coolies potterin~ about on the floor represent the ~ factory-hands,' is not the sort of factory that will succeed. Grand offices and steam machi­nery lllay not he requirements for success, but

CO-OPEJUnos. 29

things ahould be lul5cieuLly respectable to bt-get. cou6dence; and tbe failure of crude mushroom Companiel mlllt Jlot be ae~ to tbe discredit of indulltrial enterprise.

Another reuoll for a lack of co-operation -and a very seriOUI realOlI thilt-may be found in the general lellll4! of mistrust that prevails in India. h is a rf'l,rrett.aIJle aLate of a1fain wben olle lUall lUi8Lru.~ everybody ellle; but there is no denTing the fact tbat this is a fairly general condition of miud amongst the Indian people; and there is also 110 denying the fact that, ill res­ped of the lower clusea at any rate, tIle general lenlte or mistrullt ia 1I0t 8ltovetber a monomania in tbe IIltional brain. A cook in India would think Limaelf a (nol if he presented his mistress with a genuine account of his purchues in the bazaar; a,ul the Government of I"dilL ahould make a C.I.E. of a lubordinate wbo would tbink himaelC other than a rool ir he presented his ellgineer WiLh a genuine accoun, of the money tllI't he bad expended in building a wall "Wby," argues tbe mistruatful capitalist, "ahould

30 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

not the manager of a Joint Stock Company think himself likewise a fool if he presented his direc­tors with genuine data for their balance sheet? " And in respect of the directors themselves the mistrustful capitalist might also have some­thing to say. Temple trustees are proverbial­rightly or wrongly-for dishonesty in respect of temple funds; and it is perhaps no wonder that if a man believes that the trustees of his village temple have misappropriated the temple funds, he should hesitate to invest his money in a Joint Stock Company lest the-direc­tors should misappropriate the Company's" capi­tal. It goes withou~ saying that there are in India crowds of honourable men of unim­peachablE:' integrity, but this general sense of mistrust exists nevertheless; and a want of confidence between man and man must neces­sarily be a most serious obstacle to joint-stock development. The best advice to give the capitalist in this matter is that he should be wide awake, that he should learn to put reason­able trust in his fellow-men, and that he should'

CO-OPEJUnON. 31

remembf.r that in a w~1l-organi8ed Company it i. not euy for anybody to cheat. The admini­It ration oC a Joint. Stock Company'l capital i. very di1T~rent Crom the administration oC temple Cunds. With an orgalli8ed statrunder a manager oC experience and of good repute, with a fairly large body oC influential directors, and with a responsible auditor oC accounts, it would be well nigh impossible. iC every body did his duty. fOil attempts at. fraud to go undetected. The shareholder. morp.over. receives his balance­.heets ~ and at. t.he yearly or half-yearly meet.­ings be mAy heckle the director. to his heart.'. cuntent, oyer and above t.he advisory vilits with which. in his character of a proprietor, he may worry t.he manager in t.he interim. It. may here be observed that t.be lellH oC commercial di8trust. in India i, doubtless due in a very great. measure to t.he oriental IYlltem of" bargaining" under wbich nearly every trans~tioll oC buying or sel­ling ill India is carried out. If a shop-keeper allks a cU8tomer t.wellty rupees for an article arId evfhtUAlly lets him have it for fifteen, t.he

32 INDt.:STRIAT. INDIA:

customer cannot but feel that the shop-keeper was trying to sell him the article for more than it was worth, and he must necessarily regard him with a certain degree of distrust. In the case of the small shop-keeper in the bazaar and of the hawker with his pack, the way in which the seller il4 positively ready to cheat the buyer if the latter should be a simpleton is positively outrageous. The seller will a~k a rupee perhaps for au article which he eventually lets go fur four annas. If the buyer had happened to be a greenhorn and had straightway pulled out th~ rupee, the seller would have pocketed it without the least compunction. Every new arrival in India from Europe has to suffer this sort of thing several times over before he becomes wise by experience. And, unfortunately, it is 110tonly the small shops, but also many of the larger ones, that carryon their business like this. Such a: system cannot but tell on the uprightness of both buyer and sellet·; for each of them is encouraged to do his best to get the better of the other; and the buyer indeerl is generally as dishonest as the

33

seller. "'b is naught, it. is naught.', saith the buyer; but wheD he is gOll" hill way, tben he bouteth.· Thus wrote Solomon (Proverbs 20,14) three-thousand yeau ago, ill satirical description of shop-keeping in the Eut; and he might have written it yesterday of Lhe Iudian bazaar. In any respectabl~ European .hop in India, as in England, a penon who wants au article walks in and asks the price, and either buys the article it he approves of it, or leta it. go with a word of polite apology if he thinks it t.oo dear. The t.ransaction need take but a minute, and t.bere baa been 110 at.tempr. on "he part. of either party to get. t.he better of the other. Colltrast this simple Lrall8action wir.b a transaction in an Imlian t,azur. A man wants to buy, say, an umbrella. Let us COUllt the number of lies dUl' he will tell or will act in t.be course oC the trallsaction. He goes to a shop where umbrellas amollgst other things are sold; and, wir.h a view not to appear too ea~er Cor an umbrella, l~st the shop-keeper should pur. up hi .. prices, he pretends Lhat he wantl a clock (lie 110. 1); he next

3

34 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

pretellds that the clocks in the shop are not of the kind that he wants (lie no. 2) ; then casually, as if he might possibly be wanting an umbrella. next month (lie no •. 8), he asks the price of. an umbrella; the shop-keeper. answers' three rupees' ;: the buyer laughs satirically, anll offers 8. rupee; the shop-keeper sniffs contemptuously, but brings his. price down to ': two-eight,' and vows that he will take no less; the buyer raises his bid to 'one-eight,' and vows that he will give no more (lie no. 4); here there is an impasse -- the shop-keeper puts the umbrella. aside as· if he had no wish. to sell it, alld the buyer walks away as if he had no further­intention to buy it (lie no. 5); it is a question llOW which of the two will hold out the longer; the buyer has gone a good many steps, and was just going to turn round again for another bid when the shopkeeper, afraid that he is really going to lose a customer, shouts after him 'two rupees! two rupees!' the' buyer turns back with triumph in his heart but with .indifference in his~ face (lie No.6), and offers

C::O-OP&U T10N. 35

• one-twelve;' • take it,' .ay. the Ihop-keeper, with a Hcret gulp of utisfaction at the fact that he h .. got four annu more for an umbrella than he got from the lut purchuer; and at

last the transaction is over. In the course of this transaction the buyer haa told or acted at least .iz lietl, and hoW' many the IIhopkeeper hu told we hue not counted. This sort of thing oceun continually in the bazaar, and it occun, with '\"ari.tion. of detail, in many of the larger Ihope: and it cannot but tend to IIOUrillh a spirit of commercial mistrast. Wherever trade is carrifld on in thi. bargaining spirit there i. ahray. a tendency to dishonesty. Even in England, in certain establishments such .. pawnbrokera' unredeemed pledge Ihopl, l!econd­hand furniture auction rooml, and hone-dealera' yardl, the Iyltem of bargaining prevail_, and is is a fact that all auch establi.hments are notorioua .. places in which Iharp practice. are commonly in vogue. Many of the respect­able tradesmen in India have begun the acel­lent system of selling at .. bed-prices," and .hell

36 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

the fixed,-price system has ollce taken root, a great incentive to small deception will have been removed, alld commercial confidence will be much, stronger than it is. It is a pity, by the way, that there is so little in India in the way of religious alld moral education, such as would tend to make the growill~ gelleration more appreciative of one another and of themselves; but it is at least a consolation to believe that education of any sort must tend to beget all instinctive sentiment of upright dealing. In all countries there are dishonest men, and in all countries the investors in joint"lstock companies are occasionally defrauded, alld public con­fidence is temporarily disturbed. But it is only for a time, and investors do not .for ever after­wards think that every man is dishonest.

It will be a grand age for India whenin every town and in every large village there are indus~ trial combinations of citizens inspired not only bya pious desire to acquire wealth for their families but also by a patrioticdesire'to develop their' country's, resources.

III.

INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS.

THE reader will perhaps object that it is all ,·ery fine to talk about patriotic industrial­

illm and to preach to villagers on tbe duty of takinll part in industrial enterprises, but tbat tuch talking and luch pre"chill~ are of no prac­ticlll use whatsoever, inasmuch &8 the villager­not to speak of the mofu8!1il townsman-does not even knolif wbat inllustrialism meanll, other th"" the industrialism which has come down to him frum his forefathers. His menials plough his GeMs and 110" hi. lIeed, drive his bullocks up "n-l.10wn the weII'll incline, and reap his crops; his women poun<t the rice, and his children drive away the crows; the oil-mills creak in oil_ mongers' q aarters; there is a lIound of chopping and sawi~g in the yard where the village carpenters are manufacturing gate-posts. and

38 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

bullock-carts; and there is & still more deafeninO' o noise on the pial- where the village Vulcan is hammering kerosine-oil tins into tin lanterns, tin pots, and other tin wares of every village requirement. " Industrialism!" cries the villa­ger; "what more in the way of industrialism can you want? What room is there for indus­trial development P ..

. If the reader would (10 his villager a kindness, let him persuade his rustic friend to set out 01\

& visit to the next industrial exhibition. A. well-ordered exhibition is the finest object lesson that a villager can have; for at &n exhibitioll -within & compass no bigger than his own village-he is given a concept of well nigh every industry in the land; and olle of t.he best pieces of work that the Indian National Congress has done hall been the inst.itution of industrial exhibitions as adjuncts of its political meetings. It is now on the unwritten programme of the Congress that an industrial .exhibition will be a permanent annual institution

• Verandab floor.

ncDCTSJUAL &XU1Bl noss. 39

in ('()Qoection with iu annual political conven­tiona ; and. inasmuch u ywU \0 these exhibi­tiona-1I'hich will be held in ditreren~ parts of India according \0 the Congreas venue-will be possible f~ million. of Lhe people. increasing the kno1I'leJ.~..., aod enluging Lhe ide .. of all who avail themlelVH of Lhe opportunity, a ahor' 'Lu,ly of industrial uhibition. should be useful.

Th. history of industrial exlubition. in India ouy be briefly .ketcbed. During Lhe l&s~ few yea,.. of the East India Company'. rule there ... an era of inllustrialism in the land. Lord Dalhousie. the father of puhlic works in Indi~ wu Oovernor General. and durin~ hi. I'f'gime numeroua industrialachemes were brought tp •

• uccea... In 1833 the firsL railway in India, run­ning from Bombay \0 Tannab, a (e" miles up the rout, wu opened. In 18l' Lbe rublic Works l)e.partment ... instituted. and in tbe ume yeu th. magniti<"eht Gange. Canal admitted Lbe firs~ bargH. In I SS3 trains ~gan running on the rail.ay. at l1aJru and at Calcutta.. and in that aame year-when there ... u yet no idea of

40 INDUSTRIAL INDIA: '

the terrible rebellion that was shortly to disturb the industrial peace--industrial' exhibitions were held in the Presidency cities. They were brganized by the Government, in excellent fashion, with local committees at work in all parts of each presidency. The exhibitors were numerous,' and juries of experts w(!re appointed for the respective classes of exhibits; whose busi­~ess it was not merely to award medals but also to write reports on the several classes. These reports still exist; and even now-a-days-­haIfa century afterwards --some of them are highly instructive. An industrial exhibition

is, as it were, a lens upon'which a small but precise picture of the industries of the age is reBected, and an exhibition report iR, as it were, a developed photograph of the ima~e on the lens. The official reports of those early exhi­bitions give us an excellent insight into industry as it was in India half a century ago; and they suggest the idea that, although the people of India now-a-days are as a whole scarcely more advanced in, technical arts than were their

LoqnOSTlUAL EXHIBmONS. 41

forefathen of fifty years ago, yet the knowledge of technical arts on the part ()f individuals is very much greater than it was. To those early industrial exhibitions no Indian exhibitor seems to have lIent any technical exhibit outside the country brass-ware, earthen-ware, orna­mental halld-wm·en cloths, and 80 on-beauti­ful things in their way, but monotonously ,"oid of variety. To this there was a very great contrAllt in the recent Congress exhibition of J 903-4, Ileld .at Madras, to which Natives of India submiLted numerous exhibits of the most up-to-date descripti()~-from massive mica­packed bur~lar-pro()f safes to dainty silk-lined sprill/!.opening jewel-cases, from gorgeous stllte carriagf>s to toy bullock-carts, from fairy-iike IIceut-cases to municipal sewage-destroyers, and from pots of butter to bottles of blue-black ink. At the Madras exhibition in 1855 the jury for the mechanical arts, consisting for the most part of Madrall Railway engineers, felt them­selvell called upon to write in their report a ilort of explanation of an absolute dearth

42 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

of mechanical exhibits by nati ve exhibitors~

There had hitherto, they said, been no demand for better tools than the natives of India already used, and prej udice and other obstacles had also intervened; but they expressed the hope that .. Education and individual enterprise may n')w gradually re­move the barriers whiC)o have hitherto retarded the introduction of moderu appliances."

Evidently these exhibitions of 1855 were attend­ed with good results; for at another exhibition, held at Madras in 1857, just three months before the great Muti"ny ill the north brok." out, the jury found that the mecha.nical display wore "a greatly improved aspect." They wrote:

.. Native prejurlice. at least iu Madras Rnil in the neighbour­hood' of other localities of European operation and enterprise, appears Riving way to the lIuperior ·appliances and contrivllr.ces of ·European skill and science. This is exemplifi~d io many of the articles sent to the exbibition by Nat.ive exhibitors, in which partially successful attempts have been m .. de to copy the European style of work. althougb the means employed and the ·method of application to elfel·t the same result appp. .. r, a,.d are, defective in many respects. There can be no doubt tbat in the

. course of a few years hence a great advance will be marle by the natives of the coulltry toward. snb.tantial improvem6t iu tbis most important branch uf mechanical art, (D1anuracturiug macbinery aud toola), if encouragement be held (lut ar.d E!Jropean machiuery more generally introduced."

It is not unlikely that all the members of those ancient juries are now no longer in the land

INDUSTRIAL U:Hm1"rlO~S. 43

of the living i but if any of them could have visited the exhibition held aL lladru in 1903-' they would have realised that in the large toWD5 at any rate their expectations had begun to be fulfilled; alld there is no doubt indeed that India owe. very much of the presenL progreHs in ber large town. to tb impetu~ (.If those early exhibi­tions. IksitIes tbelle old-time industrial exLibi­tions there were agricultural exhibitions in nume­rous centres, and agricultural exhibitioll8 conti­Ilued for some time to be beM frequently. Bu~

they were very exper~ive, alld Civilian. found them, no doubt, an exceeding worry i Lord Dalhousie'. spiriL bad not descnedetI to tbe Viceruys-lOme of whom, however did g<?OtI developing work-so Lhe exhibitions were gratIualIy allowed more anti less to disappear, the last agricultural exhibition at. Madras having been beltl some twellty years ago. In tbe sixties, when Bombay'. cotton indUlltrie8 8utIdenly developed owillg to the cotton collaplle in Lancashire, anti when other industries deve­loped, in sympathy, Bombay enteretI with enthu-

44 INDUSTnIAL INDIA:

siasm upon the idea of holding a great 'inter­national exhibition'; but the com~ercial deve­lopment had been exaggerated, and a reaction, followed; Mr. Byramjee Cama, a wealthy Parsee, was reported to have failed for more than 3 million steding; other failures followed, and the distress was so grl:lat that the projected exhi- ,

bition was abandoned: At Calcutta there was a very successful' international exhibition' in 1884, and an exhibition formed part of the pro­gramme of the Delhi Durbar of 1 U03. All these .exhibitions have 1111 doubt been for much good, but happiest perhaps of all are the industrial exhi­bitions connected with the Congress; for, being

indigenous institutions, without allY official wire­pulling to give them a. false bureau-bor" appear­ance of vitality, they are gen uine exhibitiblls of what I"dia--alld I"dialls in partieular-­ean really do. The first of these latter-day ex­hibitions was opened at Calcutta in December, 1901'; the second at Ahmedabad in December. 1902; and the third at Mlldras in December. 1903; and it speaks well for progress that the

INDUSTRIAL EXHIBlTION~. 45

lut wall the beat of the three. 'Ve m"y trust that the Congress exhibition" willlltill go on im­proving yp.ar by ytlltr, and thllt they will do great thillgll for IlIdia'" development.

In a IItully of exhihitiollll, exhibitions may be considere(l in respect of (I) t.he organiserll; (~) the u:J.ibitorll; (3) the visitors.

III rf':,!llrIl to the nrJ,!llnisers it may be remark­ell tlillt whell an rxhihitiflll IlILs been decided upon, t.he prt-paratinus shoultl begill as reason'­ably urly as i. possible. Ollly those who have engilleered an exhibition elm kllow the immenllity of t.he l"hour allel the .i:,IJility tu chaos if pack­ages of exhibit!! are arrivillg at the last moment. A disorderly displAY lUPle8 imlllens~ly ill interest alUt in value; and if arrangemellts lire allowed to IIleep t.ill t.he dllte of the exhibitiull draws Ilear, it i8 lIothinJ.: bur. chaos t.hat. will ensue. The need of going early to work msy be Ipecially impresse\l Oil the tli'itrict orj.!sllisers­t.he district. committee-lIIen, who are more or les8 in direct. tollch with the provincial workmen who will be sending exhibits; fur ir. takes a con-

46 INDUSTRIAL -INDIA:

siderable time to rouse provincial workmen to the fact that an exhibition is to be held, and that they should take part in it; and, therefore, if there is any delay in approaching them, a num­ber of exhibits will be lost; for the workmen, realising at last their opportunity to display their skill, will in the last month perhaps hegin busily working at exhibits, only to find themselves too late after all. The" Great Exhibition" held in London in 1851 was planned in 1849; the sub­scription lists were started on the 3rd of January, 1850, and the exhibition was opened in May, 1851, two years after the making of the first arrangements and sixteen months after the subscription lists were started. And yet the exhibition remained open for six months ; so, if things were 1Iot quite perfect, within the first·few days of the opening, there was still plenty of time to rectify anything that was wrong. In the case of exhibitions in India, which remain open but a few days, everything must be in order on the first day, or the exhibition is spoiled; the sooner, therefore, that preparations begin the better.

I!fDU8TRU.L EmmmONS. 47

For another point, it may be remarked that everything IhouJd be done to simplify matter. (or the visitor. Sign-board ... printed in bold characterl-in English and the Vernacular __ hould mark the approach to the varioul group. of exhibitl-"Textile Fabrics "­.. Machinery "-" Furlliture "-and so on, al the groupe may be. A, for the catalogue, it IIhould be ill forming, with occasional interesting nOLea. but i~ should I.Ot contain too much. At the Madr .. Exhibition o( 1903-4--wbich, by the way, wu (or the moet part a particularly well-organized show-the catalogue that was soM Lo the public aimed at naming every single exhibit. The rollowiDll, (or example, were the fint few linea of page 27:- . limo. D.a&IPTIOX O. 8nlAL

Jio. 80p •• •• NA.L A.TICLa. No. 447 'KDIAlf 8TORES. IA.. 1 Palr 01 a&ocldDP. 2834

ClUcaU ..

447 INDIAlf STORES. LeI~ 1 8 ...... (.0011811). 2835 CaIc.ua.

447 INDIAIC STORES.. LeI., 8 ~-7. (woollaD)' 2837 Calcau ..

447 INDIAIC STORES. ~ a&lacla ... oapa(woolleD). 2838 Calca''''

447 UfDUIC STORES. ~ Two pal,. woollaD ItOte&. 2838 Calc.u..

48 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

This sort of thing ran Oil for three pag~s iil connection witli the exhibits of this particular firm, and it ran on for, literally, dozens of page.s in connection with textile fabrics· in general. It reads more like a draper's price~list or an auctioneer's inventory than· an appropria~ely in­forming catalogue. The catalogue would sUt'ely have been much more appropriate if the exhibits of this' particular firm had occupied one line of the catalogu~ instead of three pages:-REGD. No. SENDER'S NAME. DESCRIPTION OF GOODS.

SERIAL. No.

467 INDIAN STORES, Ld:, Wearing apparel, &c. Calcutta.

2834·4111

Abbreviations like this would leave room for informing" remarks" on articles less self-evident than stockings and gloves. Each individual , . ~rticlewould of course be ticke~ed with its own number, and the ticket migh.t· 90ntain in plain letters any useful description'which the interest­ed visibormight read to his profit without being worried to hunt up his catalogue; and for purposes (}f sale. there would of ·course . be an officiallist of every exhihit; but the catalogue for the public need not be a reproduction of the

B'DUSTRlAL KXUmlTIONS. 49

official lillt. Another point with reference to the, organiaen i. that an exhibition committee should not feel itself committed to find room for worthleu exhibitll--Ct'ude specimens of ,'Vork­manship, foolish inventions, inartistic pictures --forwarded for its approvaL Things that are t!xbibited at an exhibit.ion should be models for the public ideal, and inferior exhibits spoil the value of the exhibitionll.l lesson. In India, of course, where exhibitions have not as yet caught hold, u it were, of the people, and where mofu.il committees and mofusllil exhi­biton have to be worked up into sending exhi­bila, a committee must necessarily accepr. a good deal more th&l\ it reslly approves of, lest the great mua of would-be exhibiton should be dis­couraged and exhibition. be brought to naught. At an industrial exhibition, moreover, a com­mittee would be lOme what . disposed to "give every man a chance "i but even industrial workmen .hould be brought to realille that it is an honour to get their exhibits accepted and that there iI a point of excellence belsw

4

~o ,INDUSTRIAL I~IA:

which the honour will not be theirs. Touch­ing .upon another point, it may be observed that it is 'the object of an exhibition to attract as many visitors as possible, for their instruction--not to speak of their gate­money; but a .committee . should bear in mind that the great majority will be attracted by things thatamuseratI.ler than by 'things that instruct. Flags all round the enclosure and merry-making in the grounds have no connection with machinery for ginnillg cotton or with patent water-lifts,; but, just as 'at the village church at Auburn,

.. Fools who came to scoff remained to pray,"

so at an 'industrial exhibition fools who come to see the fun may end by examining' the machiues. On another point it may be remarked that, while on the one 'harid it is undesirable to accept exhibits that are educationally worthless, it is on the other hand undesirable to accept exhibits that are of considerable monetary worth; for valuable ar~icles' are in a dangerous place hi an exhibition building. Amongst the tlfousallCls

INDUSTRIAL EXlUBmON8. 51

of people t.hat may visit an exhibition in a day, a Jr(lod mllny will be disho'nest; and a dishonest mall who castli hill eyes on a display uf fine jew~lIery ill the (layt.ime may be laying his finJre" on it at night. It may be advisabl8 to

remark t.hat the erection of the building is a seri­ous rellpo"sibiJity, and .hould be entrusted to a r.ompetenL engineer, AO that it may be ahsolutely waterproof; for if in a 'lIudden and unexpeted "hower the r"in were to r.otne pouring 'through a fine-weather roof upon display. of. expen8ive lIluKlins and brocade .. , dainty furniture, and so on. 110 that t.he exhibition IIhl/uld wind up with a di"plllY of bedrll:zgled fabric8, 1001den wood, and rusty metal, there woulJ be a serious outcry on . . . the pArt of t.he exhibitnl'8--lIot forgetting the vi"itors in their holiday attire--and exhibi­tional devt'lopmt'II" rni~ht be serioulily delayed. ~Ilt ollly, howe\'er, must t.here be abllolute pro­leeLion from rain, but the bellI. posllible protec­tion agailll.L fire mll!!t also be lIecured. A lallt word to orgllnizen. Tiley should be & rpally or)!anizl"d body. Let the general committee be'

52 -rNDUSTUIAL INDIA:-

as large. as you please,- for committee-men are committed to special subscriptions! but the .

. executive committee· should be as small as is consistent with good work. Even the executive members should delegate dictatorial powers to one of their number, whose directions they should undertake to carry out implicitly; for an exhibition is one of those things that, work best when a single mind shapes the whole; for there is need of such haste when the opening day draws near )hat there is 110 time for talking, and questions must· needs be answered on the spot. The dictator, however, sh(mld not try to do too much, and may appropriately put each exhibi­tional group under the sub-dictatorial command of others of the executivemeinbers respectively. The getting up ·of an exhibition is a great work, ilndeven in the matter of organi&ation, of which a serious experience will have been acquired by a body of leaders of the people, these latter-day exhibitions must needs have great value.

As for the exhibitors, they should bear in .--mind that it is not the purpose of an exhibition

L'fDU81'BLlL EXBIBmOSB. 53

to give them an opportunity of lelling their W&r~ a~ high pricel, bot. to enable them to show the public how cheap and how good their articles, made in India, are. A good many tbillgl, to be lure, are usually bought at an exhibition; but. wha~ the exhibitor should look for is an advertisement for hillow-priced wares rather thaD a few high-priced la1el at. the exhibition. There are exhibitorl who seem to 1o8e .igh~ of thil fact. They 8hould bear in mind Lha~ the great majority of personl come to

an exhibition, not to buy good. which. they canDO~ carry away till the exhibition iI over, but merely to look.; and exhibitorl, therefore, .hould tak.e care that. the public lee luch articles as will impress them both with their exceUence and with ~heir reuonable .price. Another thing that exhibitor. might do to t.heir advantage is to write any interetting remarks against. interest­ing exhibitll. For example, a section of timber under the general head •• Forett Produce" might. pall. unnoticed as being merely an unintere8ting .. piece of wood i"' but. if the section bean a short

54 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

clearly written inscription, "Section of Teak, girth- 25 ft. 2 in." crowds will stop to look at it, marvelling in their conception of the greatness ofthe tree itself. An exhibitor maylearn useful lessons sometimes from the remarks of the crowd. As he stands lIear his stall, the crowd have 110 idea, perhaps, that he is other than a visitor like themselves, and some of them will talk about his exhibits. Some of the remarks, perhaps, will be hard to bear; but he should lay them to his heart, for they are honestly critical; and, with a view to the_ improvement of his own handiwork, he should ask himself whether the criticism is well founded or not.

As for the visitors, the ~reat majority must not be taken seriously. It is somewhat a satire on the public taste that at the Madras Exhibition of 1903-04 the exhibit that was far and away the most appreciated was the work of a lunatic -a patient in the Madras Asylum. The luna­tic's exhibit was a pair of life:size wooden figures, painted and draped, representing a Brahmin

ISDlieTIUAL EXHlBrrIONS. 55

~ggar and his wife. The ginning machine migh' be deserted, the patent. sewage destroyer might be pasllett by with a contemptuous sniff. even the Maharajah'lI gilded carriage might be left without. admirers, but at. no single moment, of the exhibitional day wall the lunatic's exLibiL without its appreciative group. But no mRt~er! The whole show is an object lesllon til all ; and even for t.he t.hrongs of gala-dressed women whtl 8eek nothing but t.o be amused it mUllt be a wholesome experience to Le let loose for a while from their inner chambers, to jostle with the crowds, to gape before the magni. ficellce of t.he rt'd alld gold silks. of the state carriages, of the i vary and of t.he brass, and to exchange exclamatiolls in appreciation {If the lUliatie'. bej!gara. But. our rustic patriot must hot come merely for this. Let. I.im by all meafl8 walk round t.he show with his women­folk and lihare ill their impulllive delight; but let him over alld above all this make a serious examination IIf the agricultural and indust.rial exhibits, aud consider whether this machine or

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that, this industry or that, might not be profit­ably introduced into his own district. Let him say to himself as he goes his rounds, "I am here, not merely for my own entertainment, not merely for my own instruction, but for the good of my village, and that I may do my count.ry some service."

IV.

THE INQUIRING MIND.

\:tTE will now imagine tblLt t.he reader has : l persuaded hi. rustic villager to visit t.he

nf!xt indu8trial exhibition. Perhaps the reader will accompauy him; and, therefore, in order tbat he may beguile the way with remarks appropriate to the occaaion, he i. here pre­sented with a few general ideas which may per­hap' come in useful u containing suggestions for luch remark ..

The Iudian mind is inquisitive but not inquir­ing. The Indian, that is to say, is inspired by a spirit of curiOliity wbich prompts him to uk a number of unprofitable questions; but, on tbe other hand, he ill seldom iuspired by a desire to know tb. wby and the wherefore of thinga, the connection of caU8es .md effects. He will stare a 8tranger out of CHuntenance and will ask him personal questioJls of a most

58 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

intimate sort, in such fashion that the stranger is likely to be imagining that he must be a sus­picious looking creature and that his questioner must be a policeman in undress; but it is all in the way of curiosity, and is ill no way prompted by a desire of profitable knowledge. The spirit of curiosity runs through all classes of

society. In lower-class life, a new ayah, within the first half-hour of her arrival, will not only have learned from the cook all about Master a.nd Mis'ss, Young Master and Miss, and all about their visitors, but will also have learned matters which Master and Mis'ss had fondly imagined were secrets between themselves. In higher­class life a Native gentleman, unless he has heen Europeanized, will without the slightest diffid­ence ask a European ge'ntleman what was the business that took him up to Madras or what was the price of his watch; and the catechism that a European lady usually undergoes if she pays a visit to a sister of the Indian race is either an

, . amusing or a painful ordeal according to the temperament, of the visitor.

THE INQt:IRISG Misn. 59

A ltory, the precise truth of which the reader may be &8IIured of, illustrates how far--on the feminine side at. any rate-t.be Indian spirit of curiosity may go. A certain British officer was aeut not long ago on recruiting duty int.o a certain rural dilltrict in a certain palL of India. AI there • aa no hotel or European d welling in which he might rellide, a widowed ralli ill the princip/d village. whom the district officer had approached 011 the subject, ofIered the ,-isitor hospitality in one of the bouses ill tbe precincts. of the palace. The Qfficer stared there for a. week, and waa most kindly entertained, all bis wants being carefully looked to alld carefully supplied. He had a formal interview with ~he rani, through t"e interpretership of her SOli, a. latl of fourteen or fift"ell, who had learned English at 8chool ; anti at. the end of his visit lie­calle<l at. the p"lace to thallk the lady heartily for her kindne88, ","l ha')e IIt~r farewell. Being fOlld of exercise, he Ket (lut 011 foot from the palace to the railway-station, R'II1, whell he ~u. half way there, he was o\"ertaken ill hot haste-

60 INDUSTRIAL INDIA.:

by the rani's son, to whom he bad already bidden good-bye at the palace. Thinking that the lad bad been sent at the last moment to see him 'politely off at the station, he was for continuing his way with the lad at his side; but it was evi(lent that the lad had somethir.gon his mind, and the officer asked him accordingly to speak out. "Sir," said the lad,still out of breath with his run, II my mother . would like to kHOW what pay you get." This is a true story, which the writer had direct from the officer concerned; Th.e idea of pursuing a . parting guest with a special messenger to .inquire the amount of his salary was unique perhaps: with this particular lady, but the story gives an excel­lent illustration of the way in which curiosity in India can work. . The inquiring spirit--the spirit that tries to find out the why alld the wherefore of all things is something very different from the inquisitive spirit,and it is sorrily deficient in the people of India as a race. Let us consider an illustration. Electric Tramways have now been running

mE I5QL'I&lNG .MIND. 61

in Madr .. for nearly "en years; and yet it i3 probable that 1I0t one person in, say, a thousand of Llle Native populaLion-barrillg, of course, .tuden ... who have been expreasly taught science in claaa---could explain, even with a feeble explanation, the way in which the cars move.

The average Englishman, on the other hand, -u weU All the average citizen of divers otber countri~1 in Europe--aIwaya wanta to

know" the reuon why" of everything. Tbe first time lie trave=la by aea he must lIeeda climb down into the engine-room alld examine the engines; alld if tbe tmgiu" of bill train Ilappeni to break down h •• ill inquire illL<) the detail. of the stop­page u millll\ely al if be were a repairer of old enginell, inltead or, perhap4, a repairer of ~ld bouts. The Britisher wbo evolved that we=U­known work of the luI. generation, •• Enquire 'Wir.Lill upon Everything," underatood the inqui­ring spirit of hi. race, and it ill 110 marvel that tbe Time. Encyclopredill, which wu advertised as comprising .. the lum of human knowledge," commanded a large sale. The Englishman's

{)2 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

ispiritof inquiry manifests itself in the earliest years of his childhood. Give a little English boy a clockwork toy, and ten to one that before many days are past he will have broken it open to see the inside---.:...-to "Enquire with­o.n," and to inform himself as to the why :and the wherefore of 'its movement. The -spirit of inquiry inspires him, moreover,to Ilsk interminable questions, and in his thirst fur prime causes he is giveil to vexing the souls of all ·his elders with his never-ending 'catechism_ Sorry is the lot of a father who settles down to enjoy himself with his evening paper if his small son, tired of play, is keeping him company. We will dramatize the proceedings:

SCENE: .A parlour. Paterfamilias is 86fltp.d in hi., easy chai1' by t,h~ fir6,~ide. TMding th.e newspaper. .A SMALL BoY, his son, seater]. at the iaJJl6 'with a pictul'e­book in front oj him, is i:/TWring his pict'ured and fircing his eyes 0)'6 the cloek.

SMALL Boy (Iljter. an interval oj silence) Father! PATERFA~IILJAS (deep in lite mysteries of the fiscal

(j1testion, tw')'6S round 'with ·m e;cpression at annoyance o}t

'his face) W I'll! What is it?

nIl ISQUIRING )(ISD. 63

SlUI.L Boy: ratber what make. tbe clocK go round!

PnERP.lMIW.l1! (l.alimll!I •• ('it" • denT' oj improe­iJlg-lll4l GI AtUCily lie !1O"iU,,--CM malall boy', Wlihd) Why. roo wind it up-t.igbten the .pring,

100 know; and t.h!ln tbe wbeel. g., rooDd CruuMe' Ail 11tJpft')·

SlULL Bo\" (lffWr 4raolhn inln-ttJ) Fatber! P .. n:kP.lIIILl.lS (flIIIIlittaJ.IJU!I m&fwyed) Well !

wbat', th .. maUer hOW!

SlULI. BoY: "Ohat' ... bl! .pring! PnEKPUIILIAS (II model of pal~1u11 palie1,u, ,iglU1,

"'y •• im,.,. hit 1"'1"-". take. dOl"" 1M cWck, '"ke. off the !TWill .1t"tI~, 1t}~7U ,h. ~l«k. and f!lI'plain. t/te aditAa of

1M '1,"11'). I"'" IAi"!,. at thf!Y I('er~. awl ,...,umeA hit

T'4Iii,,'.1 If"itla '''II fuliW). 'of G marl !iT af rt,f.) SJI.lI.L Boy ( '" f er aftlitller titltJ9'VtJ) rat h er ! }'.lTERPUIILI.ut (~Ii"g 'ai. k~/A) Wha' on eartb

do yoa wan' now! ~lUI.L Bo\": You nida'~ tell mil ahout that little

gold hall that Ir ... p. Iwinginll' from .id., to .id •. PATEHP.l:\lIl.US (.flJr'irag tip i,. ., rlJ!]/J) Good

I> .. a .... nl! 1"hi. i. mo", tha .. "ny--(ehH.k. hit 'l'f"a1h) h'. ~i",,, lor you t..) go tf> hed now, ml boy; I'll teU

roo all "hout thft littl .. ~(,id ha!l .no~her .f.y (ri,l,. th. ~ I;~tl for .\·Nr,.) Hood night.!

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The same spirit that prompts the small boy to want to know all about the workings of the dock 'prompts hi~,. perhaps,' in after years to want to: ~now all about the working of the stars, and he becomes a great astronomer; or all about the 'workings of the earth's crust, and he becom~s a great geologist or a successful min­ing 'engineer; .or all about the workings of liquids and gases, and he becomes a famous chemist; or all about the workings of machines in general, and he becomes a great in ven tor.

The inquiring spirit is a spirit that the Iudian, and the Indian student in particular,. needs to cultivate if he would, fall ill line with the requir~ments of the age. It should Jlot be difficult, perhaps, to name the principal reasons why this spirit is so rare in India; and an' inquiry into these causes will perhaps be profitable.

The first cause may perhaps be. found in rellgion, the tenets of Brahmanism being such

. ~hat the Brahman mind has for countless genera­tionsiound its interests in questions of abstrac

mE INQCIRING KIm.

philOAOphy alone; and thull the leaders of· the people have 1I0t been given any stimulus to material (leveloprnentl. According to the pan .. dleistic idealillm of the Vedallta, material things are ullrealities--mere images of the mind i and nothing truly existlsave ibe all-embracing spirit. The Brahman care. naught, therefore, for mate­rial stuilies, and makes no calls upon his mind to inquire intQ tbe actior) of base material things. It is, Oil Lhe conLrary, the ambition of the pious Brahman to detacb himself from material tbings altogether; and in his supreme religious exercise -in the performance of the" Yoga "-he makes it bis busine •• to sbut bis eye. against the world fur bOlIta at a time and upires to be lifted from the ground by the force or hi. aspirations after God. Truly this desire of union with the divine Spirit is a noble desire, and it is true also that the material is of infinitelylesa accoun' than the spiritual; but we are face to face with t.binW' &8 tb., UP.; and, wbether material thing'S are realitit'8 or not, they are certainl1 facts. The body may be but a Ihadow, but its suffer-

s

66 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

ings are any waf teal. Hunger and thirst, famine and poverty.: national· loss, national degeneration-:--:-these things are all of them facts;1 and he that loveth his, neighbour or tbat:hath.an affection.for· his .people will surely desire -to help in ithe ~ork of their salvation., The Brahman isin:noLway ,called upon to ,give up·one iota of his.religiQtls belief; he may still believe that the things of this world are shadows, yet in the strength of the spirit .lIe may profit­ably turn some .of .his attention to. thos'e self.., same shades. Brahman philosophy is ~dmittedly beautifp'l, bur. an age has dawned ·upon India-an· age of ~oal and machinery--in which man liveth not llfphiTosophy alone ... No natioil while it has .given itself up~to~abstract stUuies alone has ever made much progreAs. "IIi' Europe ill the middle a~es;'whejl learning was in the·· hands of cloistered monks,alld when the abstract philoso­phy of the schools was the on~ studious pursuit, science :was largely neglected and national pro-: gress was slow; but in the sixteenth and seven­teenth centuries a reaction set in; a scientific

rna L"QUIJUlIG )fIND. 67

and mechanical era was established, and tbe­WeJltern world h .. ever since then gone rapidly: forward in the knowledge whicb b .. given ber power. In India a reaction haa been 10llg in eoming, but tbere are signt that a reaction bas begun, and we may hope that wben the tbought of the nation h .. once been turned towards prac-' u~al thin~s, great progreM will be made .

.\ tecond reason for t.he lack of tbe spirit of. inquiry in India may be found in t.he fact that t.he wants of the people are ISO few that there: hu never been any call for inquiring minJ! which would investigate the potIIIibilitie, of; tllechanical development. In t.he warm climate: of tbe greater part of India, where a minimum of clotbing-sufficient for decency alone-':"'js. neceM"ry, t.he clum8ieJIt of hand-labour has 8uffi.~ for the weaver', art, and there has been no ineentive, .. t.here hIlA been in England" for men to go on inventin:r one improvement. after another upon the prillleval looms. Tbe 1Ie.:e8!Jilieli of life, moreover, were, at least till lately, 80 few that ahnclflt every di'Jtrict. cou}.!

.INDUSTRIAL 'INDIA: .

8upply jts own needs~row'its own grain for it~ food, grow its own fibre for'its clothes, supply its owri mud for the walls of its dwell­ings, ana mariufactureits own rude implements for its fields. Sf) little merchandise, therefore, was necessary that the coolie's back, the ,pack­mule, or the bullock-cart, met all the require­ments of overland transport; and the. occasional traveller, if he was unable to walk, was content w.ith a cart or a palanquin. There was no demand, therefore, as there was in. Europe, for the inquir­ing spirit which should gradually develop the c,onveniences of goods traffic and .of passenger traffic~ past the era of the "flying coach" int~ the era of the modern railway train. But machi­nery of all 8~rts has now been brought into India by the forei~ner, 'and it has come to stay. Possibly the people of India are 110 happier with it in their midst' than they were ill t~e.

old idyllic days when they were without it; but, now that an industrial age has come, the fact of the matter is that the people of India must either stir themselves up

ms INQUIRING )fIND. 69

amI adapt themselves to the ne.w conditions or J.!O to the wall. If &.tribe thar. had for gene­ration. used bows and arrows in war were f~anetl upon to fight against a tribe that had learned the use of rifles, it musr. necessarily be overcome. India'. old-fashioned ways of work~ iug are, as ir. were, bow and arrows, with which IIbe will vainly compete with tile foreigner with his machinery-guns. India, for her salvation, must get rid of her bows alld arrows and mu!!t learn to use machinery-guns too. Individual Indians must attune r.hemselves to the inquiring flpirit, and musr. find out where the new methods will prosper.

A third reason fur the lack of tbe inquiring flpirir. in India may be found ill the indomitable patience of the people. The man who is patient ellough to stand all day long, and perhaps half the night, side by side with his brother, baling water from a tank up an incline into his rice-field with a two-handled bucker. is nor. tbe sorr. of man who will invent a new and improved water-lift. 'The man who is patient enough to sit all day long,

70 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

and perhaps half the night, at a loom, throwing llis 'shuttle from side to side and knockinO' the e

'woof together with'll stick, is not the sort orman who will develop machinery. The man who is patient enough to make long journeys in a bullock-cart is not the sort of man, who will invent 'an automobile; Patience is an excellent thing- iIi its way,' and the "patience of Job" is proverbial as a'marvellous exhibition of virtue. But ithere is allothercreature, besides Job, that is proverbial for patience, namely the" patient ass". ,Thus,there are two kinds' of patience '--' -the religious patierice--a courageous ac": ceptance of unavoidable sufferings, ali in the case of Job, and a sluggish tame-spirited pati­ence, as in the case of the, dhobie's donkey. The latter sort of patience is unsuited to the times, and India must, shake it off'. Look abroad.- The Englishman is impatient, and his' life is' '11 rush and hurry;' he is al­ways wanting to get more and more work done within a given' time; and therefore he is constantly' inventing, constimtly moving

THE L~ClUIBDI'G 1115D. 71

(uter and (uter with the times. The American it more impatient .ti~ live. in a 8till greater rusb and hurry; and therefore he invents 8till more. India, 011 the other hand i8 patient, ill never in a hurry, and therefore invent8 no­rhing. h it well to be patient, but not 80 when patience means 1088. Happily, life in India ill begillning to be a little faster than it w .. i and people in India 1lUl8t all of them learn to .. hurry up "--to inquire after new tbings. by wbich they may not only get abreau of the times, but may, if p088ible. get abead.

The last rea80n that we will adduce for tbe lack of the inquiring IIpirit in Iodia is the unbending cun8ervatism of the people. So .t~ict is thia conservatism that well nigh every man in the lalld would till lately have been inclined to

rf'ject &8 something akin to an unrighteous im­pertinence any mechanical contrivallce by which an alteration would have been illtroduced into the anciellt loom. or by which a potter would have turned hit wheel otherwise than his potter-fQre-

72 INDUSTRIAL. L.~DIA,:,

fathers of countless generations had turned it before him. An inventor in India in the olden days would have been as hoplessly out of place as a poet amongst an unpoetical people. A poet's verses, if w,e were to recite then to an unsympathetic crowd, would win him the reputation of being light-headed; and in bygone days an Indian inventor's new and improved loom, if he had ventured to describe his :idea to his fellow-villagers. would have been classed in their minds with flying-machines aJ.ld seven-league boots. Conservatism is strong still, and the commonest exceptions to its influences are unfortunately of the wrong sort, in the shape of the acceptance of anti-national vices, such as irreligion and intemperance, in respect of which too many of the people are much more" liberal" than they ought to be. This, however, is a side issue; the point to be noted is that the national conservatism has tend­ed to check national development;. and it is to, be hoped that India, without any base surrender of per national life, will in future be more ready

THB INQUIRING lllND. 7~

to welcome ad vant.ageuus changes than shlt has been in the pasl.

A lamentable addendum to all this is t.he (act that despite t.he best intent.ions of educat.ional .authorities. eduCAt.ion in India does very lit.tle in the way of arousing an inquiring spirit. It may almost. be .aid. indeed. on t.he cont.rary, that the educated product. of our schools and colleges i. liable to be even lese of an inquiring. turn of milld when be has finished his educationd career t.hall he was wben he began. It. is in this wal. Tbe Iudian lad bas a series of exami­nation. before him. and during his educational career he is given to t.hinking t.hat nothing is worth hi. attent.ion t.hat is not included in t.he uaminatioll .,.nabu.. 'fo t.he English lad· a public-examination certificate i. a mere orna­ment of hi. educational career. a mere sign of bis culture; and t.herefore. in studying for it he i. won" to allow himself abundant leisure (or hi' inspiring bobbies. To the Jndi"n lad, Oil the otlier lialld. his examination certificate is a vitally importallt posse'l8ion, in t.he gett.ing 01

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which he allows himself no leisure whatsoe\"er,. except, perhaps, in the shape of occasional spells of what he calls his "general reading- ,,. The importance of the certificate is most real. It is not unlikely that a certain most desirable­wife will-be withheld, from him unless he pass­es, say, the Matriculation or the F. A.; and that,. besides the wife, his livelihood depends upon his: success. While he is preparing, therefore, for the eventful week, he naturally bends all such energies as he has towards satilolfying the exami­ners. Culture goes for nothing; research is It

waste of time; radium lllay -be- a highly inter­esting' metal, but ullless' it is clown in the list of metals -in the chemistry syllabus, he will consider it a waste- of time to trouble himself to read about its properties. As for the examination before him, he feels that he must get up a sufficiency of each subject in the easiest way. In the maLt.er of his English Text his, researches· are confined tu ~'Smithson's Notes"--" Text and Notes: 'Complete: As. 8"; for his Euclid and Algebra

mE L'iQUUlL"'G 1l1.~D.

he relies on his "book work" ; and tUUII he fitlt bimself for his examination and for life! Interest­ing aide issues in Literature or History or Science, .ucla a. would .end an inquiring st.udelltto th~ Library on a voyage of research, have no charm for bim; lufficient f", him if when the exam i­na~ion results are published, number 3501, 01"'

whatever his number may be, is onlt of the lucky ones on t.he list. But he has starved his IIpirit while he haa fed his memory; he h8.8 learned t() lay bohl of what other men have t"ught., but h~ II" 1l0~ leameel to teach himself; he hall learned to .teer by Lhe light.s of other velllellf, but he hu allowed his own light. to go out. What is to he done? Every paren~ should make it bis dut.y to encollrage IIi. children from their earlietlt years to t.hink for themselves. He abouM poillt out to them objects of interest, IlIik t.hem que8t.ions, and encourage t.hem to ask question. in turn. The IIpitler Oil t.he wall, the flower ill the fielJ, the stones in the river-bed­hi. children ahould be encouraged to familiarize themselves wit.h e,·erything that tbey set', and

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'to try to find out for themselves interesting facts -about this thing or that, and thereby develop 'the inquiring spirit. A child brnught up like -this wpuld have immense advantages over his fellows; and it would be well for India if Indian parents would make more of their children's understandinglil rather than be content if their lIittle ones lea.rn their day's quantum of spelling :and tables and write the daily page of their -copy-books neatly. If the spirit of inquiry were once roused, it would take a considerable

-degree of euucational stiffening to choke it off .. 'The kinder-garten system of education for the younger <thildren, a .system which expreslily aims' .at unfolding the thinking far.ulty, might be most happily developed in India; but there is a -difficulty infindin~ teachers. Senior Rtudents must. likewise, of conrRe, be encouraged to habits ()f research, uut unless such habits have been -developed in their childhood, jt is doubtful how far the best encouragement will work. It is the children with whom most special pains should be taken; and if this be done, it may be said"

TIlE ISQCIKIl'G MIND.

with a IIligLt change ill the wording of an old. provt:rb, •• Take care of the juniors, and the &eniora will take care of theml!lelves." The. main maxim, however, thar. this chapter would r.each ill tlu' muim that if India is to prosper· her 80n" must be posse8lled of an inquiring. mind.

v.,

INVESTIGATION.

WE will imagine that our villager is now in an enterprising fmme of mind. He

Alas been roused to a recognition of the fact that the development of trade and of industry is a. patriotic eause, and he is now anxious to do his .cOUll try and himself a service; he has realized that if he could induce some of his fellow­villagers to co-operate in the good work, they .could jointly promote a much larger and more profitable undertaking than he could promote "by himself alone, and he is accordingly trying to make influential converts to his creed; the ;reader's itinerary discourses have filled him with an inquiring spirit, and he has returned from the exhibition full of ideas which an in­,quiring study of the exhibits has aroused. He js seated on the little platform round the big

I!fVE.iTIGATIO!f. 79

bllllYl&1I tref! uutllille the village temple, and he ''I r"vt ill dee\, thuught. Tbis moment i. per-. hllpll "lie lIuhlellt moment of his life. He is at' ,hi" moment & prophet.-a priest-a demigod -waiting fur the inspiration to come. At this moment it is the thuught of hill people-of his .~(}untry--tbat is quickening his mind. At ,bi" moment he i. meditating-not tbe dam­ming uf the watercourse, "y which he may get an -extra "hare or water for hi. own rice-fields at bis neighhCl'lr's expense-not the launching of & lawsuit, by which Le may deprive his neighbour <>f lOme of hi. land-but the starting of an -enterprise which suaU make hi. neighboun and biml'lelf conjointly rich, and which ahall possibly. be the meanll or converting. An in8ignificant village illto a tbriving town. But what i8 the ~nterpri"e to be P

If our vi1la~er i. benf.· merely on making & little money, it may not be difficult to find bim a mOlley-making undertakillg. Here is & re­cipe :-Take a (luantity or ~bee aDd twice the .quantity of curry powder; mix carefully, make

so INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

np "into pellets of· the size" of a pea,· and sell as "Viriline:Pills: Us. "2 for a box of fifty." This isa kind of enterprise, however, on which we should not like to see our villager embark;. for,' though it ispayin~, it is not patriotic. That it" is paying is evidenced by the fact that s() many. medicine-vendors find such sale for­patent medicines of" the .. viriline" sort that: they qan afford to advertise them at length in as many Indian newspapers as will accept their­advertisements. The writer has just counted in. a single copy of an Indian newspaper as maAY as ten of these advertisements, and finds therein. two causes for lamentation--first, that there should be in India such a large demand fOl"" medicines of the" viriline" sort, and, secondly ~ that there should be such medicines.

But we may take it for granted that our "illa-"ger is looking" for something more than mere profit, and is bent on an enterprise that will d() honour to himself and his partners. 'Vhat par­ticularenterprise shJl.ll he hit upon? It may be hard to say; but here he must indent on his

hfVESnOAnOlr. ' 81

. inquiring 'pirit; for it i. only .. the result or deep ~bougbt that be can decide what enterprise will be Buitable for bis o ... n part.icular part of tbe land. He I masr. &Ilk himself quest.ions • .. Can .. nytbing be done to bring this vile lage illf.O closer touch wit.h the world at large r' "la 'here anything t.hat tbe world want. which t.hia Tillage i. apecially fit.­ted to aupply P" "Are there in the billa near thia village, or ia the forest., or in the open tract.&, any animal, vegetable, or mineral production. that could be developed to a profir,," .. Are tbere any half-hearted or decaying, local indulltriea that. could be advantageously t.aken in band for 'heir improvement ," .. Could any conveniences be introduced into the village ir.aelt by wbich the labour of production could be light­ened and the producti ve out..turn of the village be eo much the greater," Thia little book makd no pretellce of being able to reply to these questions with Ally valuable luggestions .. toenterpriaes tbat would be likely to pay; ir. aims merely at outlilling the method which r.be proapecr.ive

•

82 INDUSTRIAL INDIA;

promoter of industrial enterpris~ may pursue when he casts his inquiring mind around.

At the exhibition 'our villager saw; perhaps, a light tramway running round and round the grounds. His village perhaps, is one ofa large -cluster of villages lying in a populous district .some nille or ten miles distant frOID the nearest railway station; and there are villages all along the route. There is a continual stream of way­.farers passing to and fro, men with bundles on their heads, women with babies on their hips, and -children with travel-sores on their feet. A con­sidE;!rable percentage of these travellers would

. gladly pay a couple ofannas or so for the privilege ,o.f riding instead of walking, if only a vehicle were to be had. And, hesides the wayfarers, there are heavily-laden carts continually lumbering .along the roao, making a serious business of get­ting their hags of produce to the station. Under .'such. .c~rcumstances it is not unlikely that a tramway running aloll;.! the road, as a feeder to the. railway, would be an immense boon to

travellers" would open up the country to commer-

ISVESTlG.lTIOli. 83

ciaillevelupmellt, and would be highly prq1itable to ilo8 ellLerpriHillg promoters. It ill IIOr. an ex~ pell.iva matter tu lay down rails, alld a variety of ,y"tems are open to choice. ranging from cheap mono·rail tramcars drllwll by bullocks or hOnles to eomparatively expeusive- but al80 cheap-light-railway cars drawn by a 8team­engille; and if a few more or le88 wealthy villaJ!ers put tLeir hellll. together--and also &

percentage of their rupee., and started a com­pany, the thing might soon be done. What a different place that cluster of villages would be! The rails would link it up with tbe world; 8tores of ~rain and fruit would go ligbtly alollg tu the world'. markets, aneI timber trees tbar. cumbered the groulld, too far away from the busy world to be, valuable, woult! now, t.hrQugh euinesl! of trallllVOrt. be rid. po!!IIfll8ions.

Or, perhapll, the cluster of Yillagea, with their teemillJ! populaLioD Iuul their wealth of grain ,all(l of unutililletl timber, is too flir ,awllY from a railway IItation to he brou~ht into touch with J,lle irn .. rUlul, but is a few miles aWIlY. from a

84 INDUSTRIAL. INDIA:

navigable river. A. canal to the riv~r would put those villages in touch with the wide world. A canal· need be JlO costly affair. A narrow channel, just· wide enough for a single barge to go along, with passing stations every quarter of a mile 'or so, would suffice for a beginning, and under reasonably favourable conditions should be practicable for a small joint-stock ·company. If forests be available., the canal would, of course, serve the prOfitable purpose of floating logs of timber to the coast. If no town already exists 'St the mouth of the river, there would be a field for emigrants fro.m the villages tq, establish a village port, at which sea-going vessels . would call for the exports that the villages would send down.

Schemes such as these might be too large for our villager to think of; but there are smaller possibilities than these. In the exhibition 'grounds our villager saw, perhaps, an'oil-engine ;pumping up water from a tank. The little 'engine worked lustily all day' long, with a 'minimum of attention; and a goodly stream of

IXVX8TIGATIOS. 85

water poured continuously from the trough, above. Very different this from the laborioul march back wards and forwards of our villager'S "leepy water-bullocks and from the thin an~, intermittent tlow from hi. well-and still mor~ different from the eplillh-splash, IIplish-splash, of the man who irrigates IIi. fields by hand wiLh a leathern bucket! h is possible that our villager and hit friends mi~ht do much public good with ()ne or more small engines. With a goodly supply of water to draw upon, they might form a co-operative company ~hich should construct 8" irrigation canal and aupply water over a con­aiderable area. Bullock. are expensive to buy, and their keep i. a daily consideration; and the COIIt «If their feed could be set agaillst tbe cost of the fuel for the engine. Du" however this may be, it i ••• ot unlikely that a lJumber of intelligent PPI'!IOIII, co-operating for their own advantage and fur the advantage of the neighbourhood, and fflnning a company with a emall capi­tal at its back, could fonnulate a system of irrigation which would be a considerable im-,

INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

,provement: 'OIl the conditions that prevail at preserlt.

'Creak ,! creak! The music of the village oil-. presse~ is borile on the breeze.' The slow-paced

bullocks march round and round, as the small boy,sea:ted on the revolving bar; with a. huge stone by his: side~ drives them on, and the seeds in the great woodEm vase are slowly made to part' with their oil.. . Such primitive machinery was all very well in the past,and may even serve a purpose in 'the present generation; but. it is a. slow and laborious ,process; and an up-to­date oil:'mill; such, as is seen in some of the larger towns in India and in Indian jails, would do the work much better, and would be far more productive. It would be a matter of a compa­ratively small capital to set ;up tile machinery and to keep it going, and, a small company might possihly develop the local oil-pressing into a' thriving industry.

In yonder street the village weavers are work­ing at their trestles, laboriously stretching the warp which will afterwards be transferred to the

I!lVESTIGATlOS. 87

pnnutlye looms. The weaven work for a pit­tance-ecareely enoogh to kt!ep body and sool together; and yet. altbough the labour is I!O

cheap and alLbough the cotton grows. perhaps, in neighbouring fielda, yon village damsel at tbe w~ll ia draped in Manchester cloth! Why should Lbi. be? Mainly becaole the weaven are behind Lhe times. If inLelliJ!ence and enterprise worked tctgether, tbe local weaving industry could be 10 re-organized in accordance with the age Lhat it should aupply tbe neighbourbood with anicl~ that would defy foreign competition.

I.. • diatrict wbe", cattle are abundant the hid ... will be many. Wb,lhould India Bend the great bulk flf her hid~ out of the country, leavillg the tannen and leather manufacturers in oLber countries to reap the best part of the profit ? Why not tan hid~ and manufacture leaLher in the diliLrict where the beasts are t1ayed. and send only the IUperfJuiti~ abroad P A good tannery pa~'s, and 80 doea the manuracture of leather goods. A company might. perhaps. make large profits. and do milch good to the

8~,

district.· if it should buy up the .hides; tan' them' oil the best principles, and then, with a proper' leather-working plant and with a body ofIndian ' chucklers uJlder efficient control, shouldDlanu~ facture not merely" all the leather goods thai the' neighbourhood requires but also a supply of well-made articles for :export.to • other parts of the country and even abroad • . . The steam saw mills of Burma reap rich

profhS'.- In India it is the laborious hand-saw that does by far the grefloter part of the work. Band:..labour, to be sure, is cheap, but, where a large:s.upply of timber is available and where transport is easy, a steam saw-mill ought to be cheaper still. Sawn planks, lDore(Jver, are more easily moved and packed than clumsy logs, and' our villager, if there are forests near the village' aud if a railway or tramway is available, might possibly promote a company which, with a steam s!1w-mill busily at work, would export largely and reap a rich reward . . Apart, ~oo, . from direct industrial enterprise&,.

our villager might perhaps promote a' joint-

JSVUTlGATlON. 89

1Itock-company or anot.her 1011 that 8hould work both (or patriotism and (or profit.. Much haa been writ.ten before now on the subject of village. bano; but it is, any way, likely t.hat an enter­prillinll compatlY, working a well-conducted joint-stock village-bAnk, might. make good profits (or ilAelf and at the 8ame t.ime rescue a whule dilltrict. (rom the evils of unscrupuioul money­lellding. Lending money to t.he right 80rt ot' people, at. reasonable illtere8t. and (or good pur­poees, a l:ompany of repute would be likely to attract. to itaelC all t.he borrowers in a district, so 1.hat. t.lte ollly clien~ or t.he sowcars would be the ulldellervillg folk to whose extraVAgancei the bl\lIk w"uld refuse to minister.

&> r.r, we Lave only touched on the 8urface of the possibilities of industrial development. You hills that rise in the background of the village may contain an unkno~n wealth of coal, or of iron, or o( copper, or of any other valuable metal; but (or tbe discovery of these there il need of upert knowledge. Where 8hall the expert be found' Even here tile villager may

90 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

perhaps be doing his country a service if, instead of driving his son into Government service or the Law, he has him trained to a knowledge of Nature, and sends llim out into the world to diseover some of Nature's hidden treasures. The man who presents India with the discovE'ry of an iron mine in the neighbourhood of a coal-mine will have done far more good to India than the clever official who rakes in a larget' revellue than his predecessor, or than the celebrated lawyer who makes fine speeches in the High Court- If our villager has the money and the will to send his s~n--granted the lad's intelligence-­through an Indian Bachelorship of Science, and also the money and the will to send him afLer~ wards to Europe or t.o America or to Japan to study mining and mineralogy. and Electrical EllgiIieering, with a view to bringing him back to India to do his best for his country and for himself, it is not impossible that the young man' may do great things.

Happily the Government of India is indilled. to help in the matter; for in January of this

INVESTIGATION. 91

pre8ellt year, J 90t, a scheme of" State Technical Schol3111hips for Natives uC India" was set forth. The Icholarships are for the express purpose of belpillg youlig ruell to study industrial develop­mellt ill industrial countries. The outlines of the Icheme Ilre all under :-

ral ... 0/ II,. &Aolar.loiJ ... -Tbe ,alue of the IChlllarahip. h .. bND h .. d at .£1.)0 .,.,.r, in addj,ioD to fet's payable &0 tb., inatitutiona .. b ..... th. enbolar. will Icudy aud Ira­nllinr npen_; but Go,.rnolllDt will con.idolr prop06al. for in_ling it in I~ ca • .,..

l"f«u ...., I'n-iodI o/T"' ...... -Eacb IICholarabip i. ~na­bl. for an a,erag" period of h'o ,. .. ar., "hich ola, be in­('rea...d or rtoduCl'd in 'po!cial cu.,..

The tehol .... i:ai~ mil be Leld io Grt'a' Britain, 00 tbe Conlimmt of Europe, 01' io America.

8.J.jKU of 8,uJy.-lAw, Medicine, }·ore.try, ,'et"rinar, 8ci"PClt, Agriculture alld Engiorering ha,.. b~o ezcludl!d trom tb".wp" of lbe prw.O& prapoeal. The ICbolarahi(.o' are ilS the tin' in.lallCli J.ropt»ed II) be u.~d ior the en­OI.u~m .. oC pi tbe mining iudu.lry ill Bengal, bot aoy other branch of indu.tr, caD limilarl, b. helped and fostl'r .. d. Jodu.tri .. iD .. bieb Dati, .. ca~ ital arid t'nterpn.. are eng&fi­I'd, or likel, &u be t'ng.grci, and in .·cich tb .. traifll'4i .cbolar migb&, 00 returo &u bie COUll try , find ICOpe for hi • • kill and abilily, .ill b. particularly appropriate for 't'lectioh

92 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

OonditimUl of .Awal·d.~The scbolarpbips are tenable by persona wbo are natives of India within tbe meaning of Sili:tior; 6 of the Statute 33, Vic., Chap. 3.

In tb" matter of eelection of scholars, Government wil1 be guided by considerations of the candidate's capacity. intelligence, pal·ticular ~nt,ere8ts in and connl'.ction witb tbe industry selected, and the a~suranctl tbat hb will continue to devote bi,mHelf to the 8ubj~ct on his return to India. Tbese being mattel's which cannot be dwided by the bold­ing of degrees obtained, by axamillation, or by compe~ition, no ~peciai eXlSmination ia cOlisidered necessary and 1I0ne will be hilld. "But a ~cholar before nomination pbould bave

.received tbe be~t technical educatioll avaHablt! in tb .. Pro­vince, inth" parr.iculllr industry which be blls to study, and no candinate wiiI be conPldt'red qualified uflie~~ be bas dis­played an aptitude fOl' technicai study.

No age limit has bt'en fixed. But it may b" fixl'd by Government in certain cases,

Returned Scholal's.-No pchular win be bound on hi8 return to India by any en~"gem~nt to serve Govt'rnment or a private firm, Ilnd the choice of his career will be ill thli firi!t imtance determined, on bill return from Europe, by his

own i~clinatiun. S.bould any occasioll arise, Government will be elad to turn hi~ ability and increBSlld knowl~dge to account, a8 teacher in aD industrial .cbool or in otber c8pacities c'Jnnected witb the improvement of local indus­

trie@.

lKVE8TlGATION • 93

. Applicatior .. for one or m.- of lucb Nlbulanbip., for 'hit d • ."lopm'tni of ,h. mining in!lu.tr1 in tblt fire' iDl&ana.o •• bould bit iliad. dif1lC\ '0 tbe Direotor of Public 1 ••• &ruclW'l. }'ull par~u"n .bould 1M! furni.bed a. 10

,hit "..., .duca&ional IllMtrienc:e, training and future rYquireln.n&. nf NCb applicant for a .cbolar.bip. Appli­can" .hoq!d abo indiO'ttl!, if pooo.ible, wba' tbe1 .. i,b to work a' in ,h.ir futano ear...-, on return to India. Th. ec:bolanbipa w.ll IHo awardlld by th. Goyernmen' 01 India on &be ~rnme .. da"on of ,b. LcC81 Govern­w"nl.

Thi. i. 'UI exc~lIent beginning. Benglll, to be .ure, ill only one corner, as it were, of India. but i~ i. a corner in which mininK bal already .bown great relultl, and it can only be expected tbat an experiment will be begun iD the most. promiainJl field. Meanwhile, however, it il satis­factory to note that the conditione of the scbolar­.hip" de) not preclude .cbolanhipl for students who will prospect in ()tber par ... of India tban Bengal. It may be boped tbat ,hi. excellent experiment on tbe parr. of tbe Government or India will be 10 luc('.essful thllt within a few yean tbere will be a number of young Indians

.·9.4 INDUSTRIAL I~DIA:

f!Uccessfully developing the resources. of eve.ry district in India.

Here it will be well to offer our villager a word of warning. In an earlier chapter the industt'ial patriot was urged not to he timid in enterprise; but here he, may be urged, on the otherhapd, not to be rash. A joint-stock­-company must not be founded on a hazardous likelihood' that a suggested industry will pay'; for if the venture should corne to grief and if the -shareholders, including the industrial patriot,

.'Should lose their, money, the industrial patriot will have brought upon his district a .curse instead of a blessing. III the case of an enter­prise which he' finances ell Iii rely llimself he may incur Huch risks as he. pleases, although even in this, case a fa.ilure may discourage future industriali~ts, bu,~ he must . be parti­-cularly careful incases ill which other peo­ple's mOlley is involved., Every new: .enterprise

.lnust .necessarily he a.ttended with a certain amount of risk, for there are nearly always miscalculatiolls, and unforeseen factors to he

ISVESTlG.A. TIOll. 95

t'eckoned with. But it is one thing to flLee a reuonaLle ri.k, and altogether another thing to launch ruhly on a speculative project. At the time of an indu.trial awakening, such u we may .believe to I,e the ltate of things in India now, it .often happens that certain persons g~t bitten with a lpeculative mania and that a number of wild-cat Ichemes are formed. In England, in 1720, during the speculative mania over the

.south Sea Scheme, a number of wild jointAltock

.enterprilles were started---one, for example, Jor extracting lIilver from lead and another fer .importing UBeS from Spllin. Our villager, leated . in the .hade of the big banyan tree pondering .over pouible .chemes, must accordingly be care­.ful ill what he doell. WLen the idea hu come .to llim of a tK:Lem8 that is really likely to be a henefit to himllelf and his village, let him turn it carefully over in his mind; let him have many .and llerioul conllultation. with such of his Deigh­iJ,)Unt as he clln persuade to jilin him, let him

..deville the scheme carefully in its detaiLl, and let Jlim, if lIeceBSary, seek expert advice; alld theo,

,96 INDUSTRIAL INDtA:

when he sees the way cIearlyin front of him and feels confident of success, let· the scheme be­'launched-and launch ell theti 'with a. coura­geous determinatioll that it shall surely succeed .

. It is not of course, in the villages 'alolle that. citizens of India must take an active part j'l industrial development; but it is in the villages. -'--.-where there is so little progress, and where-

,the object lessons of industrial developnlent are­:so few-'--that industrial development needs .specially to be preached. Some of India'g cities. are doing good industrial duty. The approach to Calcutta by the Hughli is likely to impress a new comer, even from one of the great industriaL

·centres of the West or of the Far West, with an idea of the city's industrial greatness. Huge­'chimneys on both sides oCthe river--which have made the" smoke nuisance" a serious topic· amongst Calcuttaites--pour forth such volumes 'as give unmistakable evidence of the' great. factories that they represent. Bombay, too~ and neighbouring cities are representative of great. things in the west onhe land, while Cawnpore,.

lSVUnG.l TION. 97

with ita cotton milL. and its woollen mills, with ita soap-works and ita leather works, is, with other citie8, represelltative of great things in the north. Ir. is in India'. cities, as distillct from her villages, that we must primarily look for great things--thiIlSs much greater than there now are. It is in the cities-where crowds of edu­cated men are gathered together~ where the standard of liying is far higber than in the fields, where d~iUed labour can be had and can b" deve .. loped, and where the houses and the shops and the ver1 streett are blatanr. with the productions of foreign enterprise-that enlightened citizen. should be rt=solved to play their part, either a8 organisen or as shareholders, in large industrial and commercial schemes, and be determined to let India kllow thar. India can do what to other nations is p<lfIsihle. Let the Indian J(eatleman, .eated in bis arm.chair, look round his room and consider itt conditions. The foreigner'. trademark-­which for India is" the mark of the beast"­is here, there, and everywhere. The lamp by hi •• ide was made in Germany, the chimney was

1

98 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

made .in Austria, the oil was produced in Russia, and the match with which the lamp was lit was made in Sweden or in Japan. The clock that ticks on the shelf was made in America, and the watch that ticks in his pocket was made at Geneva. The ink in his inkstand was made in London, the nib in the penholder was made at Birmingham, and the pendl in his pocket was made in Bavaria. The broadcloth of the coat on his back was made in Yorkshire, and the socks on his feet were made in Germany. The scissors with which his wife has just cut out a petticoat were made at SheHield--if not in Germany, the cotton cloth was made at Manchester, so is the thread with which she is sewing it, while the needle was made at Birmingham, and the silk of the jacket that she is wearing was made in France. The biscuit that the husband is nibbling was made at Reading, the plate from which he took it was made in Staffordshire, and the soda-water tumbler athis elbow was made in Austria. The oleographs on the wall were made in Germany, and the screws in the frames were made at Birmingham.

L~V&$TIGA TJON. 99

The liBt i, in no way complete, but it is long enough for & reminder of India', dependence. 'Ve will consider one more eXlf.mple. f:!uppose the reader Ihould be pall8ing a Ichool at & time when the Imall .cholarl are trooping out, each perhaps with his whole library in hil hand--a first reNler, & primer of Arithmetic, & primer of Geography, & Ilate, and a lix-pie ruled manu­script book for his exercise at home-and suppo"e th~ reader Ihould stop one ot t.he Arnall Icholara on his way and examine the exercise­book, it. illl almOlit cert.ain that. he would find the words" made in A ustri& " inscribed on the front. page. Surely it. is quite anomalous t.hat, with Inelia's resources luch as tbey are, it should be pos..,ihle for a European country to send out paper exercise-books for the use of the Ichool­goin~ population in India. Exercise-books may be Imllll things in their way; but, bound as they are in ~ay wrappers, with t.he anomoly of a pic­ture of the Emperor of India for the crest. and the words .. made in Austria" for the motto, they are ubifluitous reminders that the paper industry

100 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

in India is not what it might be. The paper industry has attained considerable dimensions in Bengal, but it was noticeable at the Madras Exhibition of ] lJ03-4 that there was only a single exhibit of paper, alld that this solitary exhibit was nothing better than the yellowish kind of paper that is in common use in the bazaar. There is room for well-managed paper factories in every presidency, and if things were worked rightly it should be impossible for conti­nental manufacturers to compete in the supply of an Indian demand. The instances of foreign importations which we have mentioned should be sufficient for anyone; but if still more instances are wanted, the bazaars, the European shops, and the very stree~s themselves, will supply them. Something must be done, and it is patrio­tic and enterprising men in the cities that must be foremost in doing it; they must stir themselves for the production of new things. The Indian Nati9nal Congress has made an excellent move with its industrial exhibitions ; some of its members might go even farther, by taking an

L1fVESTIGA TION. 101

active joint-lltock put. in the actual introduction of new and economic Indian enterprises. If it is profitahle to imporr. things into India, it should be still more profitable, under truly economic conclitionl, to maJlufacture them ill India itself.

Much hM bep.n ctune; but it is only a begin­ning after all. The M:ulras Exhibition of 1903-4 W&8 to mllny an agreeably surprising evillence of the great advance that India haa made in all kinds of industrial enterprise, and i& proved that India can turn out excellent articles in every branch of industry. Bllt there is much to be done yet. India has yet to develop her iron and Iteel, to estllblish her glass factories, to hamell8 her wllterfans, and to bring her industries up to the highest point of excellence; and India'. goltt~n age of indu8try will not have arrived till Ihe supplies every iota of her own wants and until the foreign importer finds his occupation gone. The end is A great olle ; and the citizen of India will have deserved well of his country who helps in however 8ti~hr. a wily towards it. fulfilment.

"1;:- 0: <1'

VI.

INDIAN ART.

WHILE our villager is still considering the various ways in which he might confer

some industrial benefit upon his village, we will turn our attention for a few minutes to the im­portant subject of Indian art. Art may be con­sidered from different standpoints. Architecture, for example, is a very high art, and it is an art in which India has for centuries excelled. The magnificent Mahomedan mosques and ruins in the north, and the magnificerYt;if sometimes bar­baric, Hindu temples and ruins in the south, are amongst the world's wonders; and even ill the present day the coolie stone-cutter and :the deco­rative painter display milch of the artistic skill which' helped to adorn the ancient .buildings. But temples and mosques, since they are unable to be transported from their sites, have no part

INDIAN ART. 103

in the commercialillm which we are discussing; nei~her temple nor mosque could be bought and carried away; and Indian Art, therefore, so far as iL relates to our suhject. musL be considered under two heads-first under the head of ArL proper, as represented by pictures, and secondly under the head of Art applied to industry, as re­presented by such ar~istic productions as wood­carving, decorated metal-ware, and embroidered cloth. Art in India &.. represented by artist­ically decorated object.8 of industry is of a very high standard uf excellence, wl!ereas art in India as represented by pictures is decidedly poor.

We will consider the pictorial art of India firRt. Such prufessional artiHu as there are in India are mostly portraiL painters, making a poor living by painting th" portraiu of Rajahs and Zemindara who desire to see themselves on the walls of their ancestral dwelling". Such portraits are not. as a rule, worthy to be called I. works of art"; the futures are wooden, and the ex­pression is soulless: but, vruviJ~\l that the por­traiL is an unmistakable likeness, and, provided

104 INDUSTRIAt INDIA:

that the turban and the gold-laced coat make a brave show, the portrait is duly accepted and is hung on the ancestral walls. The writer would shrink from doing any injustice to any possibly unknown artists of merit; but j ud![ing from the Indian pictures that" one sees--the contribu­tions of Indian artists ~o pictllre exhibitions, the scenery and the painted drop-scenes in Indian theatres, the Indian pictures in Indian picture­shops, and the Indian pictures on the walls of " Indian gentlemen's houses, it is impossible to decide otherwise than that the pictorial art in India taken as a whole is by no means admirable. One artist in Illdia, the celebra­ted Ravi Varma of Travancore, paints pic­tures that would be admired anywherE', and he has done excellent work for India, inas-' much as he hilS devoted his brush to depicting scenes of Indian life and of Indian lore. He haS" risen above portrait. painting and has succeeded in 'Yorks of artistic 'creation', having painted from his imagination divers scenes illustrative of ancient Indian stories; and he may be said to

INDIAN ART. 105

have inaugurated an Indian Ichool or painting. Dut. besidel Ravi Varma-whose brother by the way haa rollowed in his rootsteps- there are but. (ew known Indian painters or any con­eiderable merit.. There are one or t.wo Panees in Bombay who turn out. creditable worlr, and there are al80 some meritorious painters in Bengal. Mr. Oangooly, (or example, a Bengali artist, exhibited a pleasing little picture at. the Madras Exhibition o( 1903-4; it. represented a bathing ghat, and the general design, a8 also the watery atmospheric effect, showed work or considerable geniuI; another Bengali artist. gained honours a few yean ago in Europe while he was only a Itudent in continental atudiol-whose work in India, however, haa not. up to the present won him (urther renOWD. Putting it. broadly, ic. may be said that the TrllVancore artist. atands almost alone AS a painter o( all-Indian renown; and it. may be repeated that, except (or his work and (or the work o( a few other painters, Art. in India aa represerated by pictures is down in the depths.

i06 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

There are several reasons for this inferiority of the pictorial art in India. In the first place, India as aiso China and Japan and other countries in the East, has never till lately been brought into touch with the highly refined style of art that has grown up in the West. It may be supposed that pictorial art all oyer the world was once upon a time of the crude style that still prevails in the East; but a new and improved style of art had its birth in ancient Greece, where art developed amongst a naturally artistic people; and as the greater part of Europe came under the Greek influence, art throughout Europe was gradually brought to its present high standard. Meanwhile, however, the Greek influence had little or no effect upon pictorial art in India or in China or in Japan, and'indigenous art in these Eastern countries remains therefore in the present day much as art was some three or four thousand years ago. In the present day, therefore, the Northlndian "artist" still frescoes his walls Fith god~ whose limbs are of decidedly non-human anatomy but whose features are by .no meaus

INDIAN ART. 107

divine, and who are grouped together in groups that are in aefiaJlc~ of llerllpective laws. The Indian child, therefort', IItarts life without any hereditary instincts of high art, such as seem to be inborn ill the averllge picture-lovillg child in Europe.

A rell8nn for tile very slow de\·elopment of art in I"dill even in the present '],'1 lies 110

doubt ill the fact Lhat the IlI(lian child 8ees few, if any, picture8 tiUlt will develup his taste. The English child wholle parellts I1fe ollly moderately well off "ees comely victurell 011 the walls of his own home and 011 th" walls of the homes of hill playmates; in hill dAily walk with his mother·bi­his .. une he stops at tll~ Ilicture-shop 'willJuws amI inhale8 artililtic fancies; AII(I, 'as he grows a little older,he ill takell to the National GAllery and other picture gallerieR, alld perhaps also to the Hoyal Academy'll allllulli t:xhibiliolls. How differellt'this from the picr ureleRs desert of life in Iudi.. The average Indian's idea.. III pictures are divided Let~-eell nightmare gods and panto­mine beasts, enlarged photographs, and cheap

108 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

oleographic platitudes of European ladies, of the German Emperor, and of Swiss lakes. What wonder if he is uninspired! or what wonder if his inspiration rises 110 higher than the stan­dards that he sees! When he paints he copies the oleographs, and when he draws he copies the photographs; and it is no wonder that the avera~e Indian when he paints in oils thinks that he has attained the acme of success if his picture looks as much like an oleograph as possible, and that when he draws a portrait in pencil he flatters himself that his work is e.x:cel­lent if he has attained a photographic effect! That this is the case will be testified by anyone who has studied the contributions that are sent by the majority of Indian painters to picture exhibitions in India. At these picture exhibi­tions, by the way, which are held from time to time at different towns in India, there are usually Ii certain number of faidy good picttlres both by European and Indian contributors, and such exhibitions should help greatly to a better appre­ciation of art; especially if the committees

INDIAN AHT. 109

were more careful to exclude crude inartistic productioll~. If every large town in India could gradually work lip ~ verlllllllellt picture gallery, into which the Indiall public mig'ht 8troll at will. a great dnl would hue neen done towards freeing Indi" from t.he reVl"Ollch of Leing a picturele8~ country.

It is a matter of BIlti!lfllctioll that all appreci­ation of pictorial art is undouLtedly developing Iudia, Lut it i. plllllliLle t.haL a p08iLi,"e hindrllnce to a development. of artiltLic feelin/! may be found ill the method ill which the Goverlltnellt. work II its j.!ood intelltiolls to create an arti8tic t.aste>. The Goverlllilenl, recognising the (leplor­able lack of artilttic appreciation in India, has ruled, at. lea8t in certaill province8, that every child in all forms up 1.0 the Matriculation cla8s. ahall learn frt-ehalld drawillg. Freehalld draw­ing is an excellellt. I.hing ill its way. It is the A, Band C and the grammar of art.. But the method of teaching freehand drawiog-and free­hand drawing ollly--up to the Matriculation atandarel is ruinous for true artistic appreciation.

110 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

Throughout his whole school career a lad's course . in art consists in being taught to draw squares and

-circles, geometrical patterns, and impossible flowers; it is these ollly that an Inspector will look at; and theInspector would ignore as an imperti­nence a prettily shaded sketch of a palm-grove or ()f a cow in a meadow-pictures of things that the Indian hoy sees, and the drawing of which would be likely to inspire him with a genuine appreciation of art. Suppose a teacher should attempt to create a taste for English literatnre in a similar fashion! Consider the process. The child, beginning with the alphahet·in the earliest

form, would continue with the study of spelling and grammar up to the end of his school course. He would never have read a story, never have learned so much. as a stanza of poetry; but by the time he had passed the Matriculation exam­ination he would perhaps be ahle to spell every word in the language and would perhaps know every grammatical rule. What a "ickening study it would be! The student might develop into a lexicographer but scarcely into a poet.

INDIAN .laT. 111

And jus, 10 "'ith ilie Government'. education in drawing. I, lDay develop the young student into a drafr.small, but scarcely into an artist. It. will improve his mechanical eye for a parallel.; opiped bu' it will "poil his artistic eye for a tree. It. will teach bim geometrical form but it will destroy the artistic spirit. These remarks are intended specially for India, where the youthful appreciation of art has to be created. In England, where the child will draw pictures for ir.s own delectation, ·over-doses of Freehand may no' be 80 harmful; but in India--where the drawing period in school is looked upon by the boys as an infiiction--such doses are deadly. Side by side with freehand drawing, there migh' be introduced into Indian SCHools small .. picture-copies" graded according to the respective Forms--equivalent of the small .. lltories" which the young language student reads with plt'asure and with profit even before he knows the parr.s of speech or the earliest grammatical rules. There is much possibility of art in India if the taste is developed; but

112 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

under present systems it. bids fair to be nau­seated with freehand drugs.

Rere the reader may appropriately break in for a while upon our villager's reverie under the banyan tree, and, after having impressed upon his understanding the advantage of havillg the aesthetic side of a boy's nature developed with lessons in art, he should bid the villager en­courage his own SOli, when the latter comes home for the holidays from Ilis English school, to try to improve upon his freehand lessons by attempt­ing to draw objects from nature--the village temple. his sister at the well, the sacred banyan tree, the village tank. It is not unlikely that. the efforts will be so crude that the young artist will need to tell people what each of his pictures means; but no matter; for the occupa-· tion will have given the boyan artistic pleasure, and the striving after nature will have been' wholesome even if the lad never develops into an artist.

Our villager, with a variety of industrial schemes in his head, may appropriately be kept.-

L'fDIU ART. 113

listening a little longer, while the talk tunIS upon tbe aecond heAd o( Indian art, namely, art a. applied to indulJtrial work. In thill kind of art, India, as we have said already, excels. Her wood carving, her ivory carving, her ornamental metal-ware, ber art pottery, and her embroidered cloths are o(£ell 1I108t beautiful, and are deserv­edly admired in an parts of the world. A few of the many .pecimen. of high-cla8s work exhibited at the MAdras Exhibition of 1903·04 may be inlltallced as illustration.. A pair of .alldalwooJ board. with which 1.0 bind a phota. graph album, and which had been carved by three wood-canera in Mysore, was a fine piece o( work; the carvillg, which repre8ented foliage and forest-animals, was in deep relief, and was truly Indian and llighly artistic; and the article wu bought. by hi. Excellency the Governor of Madras, for R.I. 450. Some ohhe othe'r exhibits of .andalwood carving were .till finer than this. An ivory tankard (rom the School of Arts at Travancore was anotLer fiue piece o( work; the delicately carved ivory repre8ented a State

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114 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

procession of the Maharajah of Travancore; the tankard was bought for the Government Museum at Madras, for Rs. 550. A wonderfully artistic piece of work was a pair of engraved iron elephant goads lent by the Rajah of Ettiyapuram ; the hard iron had been chiselled iuto a beautiful aud astonishingly delicate pattern. There were some fine pieces of art pottery from Vellore, and some good specimens of varied arts from the School of Arts at Madras; and the numerous and beautiful exhibits of ornamented cloth were such as only India could display.

But in the matter of this kind of art-work, India has need to be on her guard. The market for this sort of work must be found abroad; but it will be a pity if the Indian workma.n, in trying to catch foreign customers, spoils his handi work; The vulgar cockney tourist, on the look-out for presents for home, is sometimes inclined to sneer at Indian patterns as crude, and the travelling buyer for dealers in Europe is wont to beat down high prices and clamour for things.that are cheap. It. is an evil thing for Indian art when an

INDLUr .lIlT. 11$

Indian workman is moved too lightly by the cockney toUri8t'. sneers or by the travelling buyer'. clamour (or ., things that are cheap;" (or it i.e an evil thing for Indian ar~ when a workman changes hi~ Indian 8tyle to a base imitation of European styleH, or when he drops off in excellence in order t.o supply " demand for cheap productions. I~dian art· work is good; and European art-work i~ ~ood ; but thar. which is neither the one lIor the other is unlovely. The sign. of an uprilting of a hybrid 8pecies are in the laml, and it is a pity. Too much freehand drawing may have wrought evil even here. The Indian workman used to work largely by the eye, And his patterns were fresh, vigorous, and in­di vid ual, even if they were sometimes not precise. Nowaday. the comp&M@S are coming too much into evidence; the patterns look too often &8 if they had been 'traced • from a freehand drawing­book, and the work tends to be monotonous. Drass p~ates hammered by the artistic eye into every variety of pattern are of their own indivi­dual beauty, but if t.he freehand drawing-copy

INDUSTJUAL INDIA:

comes too severely into play, worked with niler and compasses, the plates might. as well be hammered by ·machinery at so many hundred per. hour, and· Birmingham might meet the demand far better than India. It is well, of course, to improve upon the ignorant alld hideous caricatures of men awl animals that sometimes. spoil an otherwise beautifully em­broidered cloth, and to make other improvemellts of the same sort; but intelligent perSOIlS . who are in touch with Indian workmen should see that the individuality of Indian work is not lost, or else the whole of the industry will bid fair to disappear .. . The Indian craftsman is apt to overlook the fact that a design should always represellt that which is possible. For example, a fine piece of work at the Madras Exhibition of 1903-04 was spoiled by such forgetfulness. It was a carved table--a heavy piece of furniture--the legs of which rested mORt crushingly on the backs of diminutive elephants. It was quite painful to look at r There were several. other well carved

UDLUI ART. 111

pieces of furniture whicb were .poiled hy similar .bock. to the feelings.

Indian workmanship is often spoiled too by a careleu lack of filli"h. This is a fault wbich may interfere dillaHtroulIly with exportll; for fini.1t is one of the things that the European vpry properly demallds. An example of lack of fini"h w .. particularly 1I0ticeable in the case of a large and fine brass model of a shrine that w .. exhibited at the late Mlldrlls Exhibition. Tbe brazen fi;.!ures were exeelleot, and excellent too

11"" the gtmeral work; hut at the base where the ~l/lell of the br .. s plates had been bent to a right. an;!le, they had apparently btlen bent roughly round wir.h the fillgers, alld the brus had been screwed down with common steelscrewa-and th0ll8 not even acrewe,", home.

It would be out of place here to write at any length on the varillus art industries of India, al\(l it would be to no profit i for the splendid work ~n tl.e subject by Sir George Birdwood di8(:ul!ses it fully in expert fashion, and with a literary charm, ~nd is a book which .hould be

118 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

'known to all who take an interest in India's industries. At the Madras Exhibition there was ~ large and magnificent display--magnificent, although suggesti ve here and there of the need that .there is for the Indian art-workman to be on his guard. While the hope of Indi~'s indus:. 'trial future means that India must identify herself more and more with the ways of the West, the hope of India's art industry means that India must hold aloof from the foreigner's ways. For ,her industrial progress she must bring in the steam-engine and the machine; for the conti­nuationof her art she must be as she is. Indian art-work is excellent, but if Indian art-craftsmen are to be an abiding force they should maintain an individuality for their pfl')ductions, should see that their designs are according to nature, and should be careful to put a proper finish into their work.

VUe

INDIAN STORES.

\lTE will hltW imAgine that our villager haa : l made lIucce8Sful reaearches for something

thar. flis village is specially well fitted to producp.. and that in pll.rtnerehip with a party of hie fellow villagel'l he has succeeded in turning out some excellellt wares. We will imagine. for example. r.har. bis village is .itu.ted on the Bea-coast. ar. a poinr. where fish are IIpecially abundant. and where the fiBhing induBtry could be larjZely developed; and we will imagine that the parti­cular industry that he hu hit upon is tinned fish. Be h .. done the thing properly. He has made inquiries as to the imporr. of tillned sardines into India, amt has foulld it to be considerable. and he baa been told tbat if large and Bmall tine could be r.umed our. cheavly. tue sales. especially ~n inlalld town.. would be large. Sardines •. as

120 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

well as numerous other species of fish· appro­priate for canning, appear ill large shoals in his vil1age waters--so large indeed that sardines are used, as they actually are on the West coast of India, for manure. Ground-nut oil, too, can be obtained locally in abundance, and the cost of a tin of sardines would be practically no more than the price of the tin and of the oil--the price of the fish in each box being a negligible quantity. He has obtained expert advice as to the method of preserving and tinning; and, with a lengthy series of experiments by a capable hand, he has brought his tinned fish to a high degree of excellence. What must he do next ? He must seek the means of selling his wares in neighbouring towns; and he looks round for agents. The well established European and Parsee purveyors, indifferent as to whether his wares are goo~ or bad, will have no " native pro­ductions" on their shelves. And why should they f for if their customers will gi ve eight annas for a tin of Italiu sardines, why should they offer their customers a tin at two ann as six pies;

mD1411 8TOIlES. 121

A small consignment is accepted by Mahomed Dux in Lis little shop in the Musjid Bazaar, and is packed away on Mahomed', shelves, amongst a variety o( miscellaneous wares.

Mahomed Dux, is a "hawker" as well as a shopkefOper; and the next morning he adds an experimen~ box o( our villager's Indian sardines to the contents of his pack.

"Salaam, Memsahib"! and Mahom~d Bux proceeds to unload Lis pack at the feet of a lady ",·ho is sitting sewing in her verandah. The lady, with the abundallce of time that the Englishwoman in India usually haa at her dis­poIlal.laYI her aewing in ber lap and leans forward to amuse herself with tbe display. Mahomed Bux defLly unpacks his variety abow, with the stolid pennerance that tbe boxwallah possesses -paper, envelopes, sealing-wax, scissors, tbread, coUar·studs, bottles of lozenges, cakes of soap. boxes of match"., and-amongst the reaL-ilie box o( .ardine ..

The Memawb laughs. "Where in the world," .he asks, did you rake up that box of aardines P"

i22 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

--and she stretches out her hand curiously for what she supposes is the refuse of an auction stock. The tin, however, is new, and she reads the label--"Sardines: Ratna Pillay and Co., Muchlipatam "-_. and finds it a joke. " How much? " she asks with a laugh.

" Three annas," says Mahomed Bux apologeti­cally.

The -Memsahib turns to her husband, deep in his paper in his long arm-chair, and exclaims merrily; " Look here, Bertie! Indian sardines! I'll give you some this afternoon with your tea" !

"You'd better not"! says Bertie threateningly; " try them on Fido."

"Poor Fido!" says the Memsahib, rubbing the tin 011· the dog's nose, "naughty man wants to poison him; "--and she throws the sardines

contemptuously down, and buys a packet of needles and a reel of thread.

Mahomed. Bux packs up his bundle; and, with a few such experiences, he is thoroughly ashamed of his sardines before his morning's round has come· to an end ..

ISDJAN STORES. ]23

It ma~ be believed that many most promising industries starwt hy IIlltives of [ndill languish or fail altogether hecaulle the wares are not. intro­duced to the public in It. sufficiently. responsible f&llhion. Indian refilled sugar, Indian tea and coffee, Indian cigars, and other things that are produced by Europeallll in [ndilt. seU abundantly, becaulle t.he producers are able to see to it that. leading shopket!pers supply their wares. Such things. however, M I"dian hillCuit.'I, Iodi",n locks, and 10 Oil are, I\S a rule, 1I0t. obtainahle retail exc~VL ill tbe Imall shop in the Luaar, where the well-to-do buyer is unlikely to see them; (or the Europeall 1",<1y in her victoria, the Indian gentiemlUl in hill coach, will seldom go IIlumminJl fllr their want..'l i they prefer to draW' up before a portal "' which they can alight with (lignity, amI within which they find an airy and well arranged shuw room wherein to choo.'I. their purcluUJes. In the bazur a new production may lie neglected; for any newly introduced ware must, (LA a fulp., satisfy the higher claaa of buyer if it i. to succeed i the

124 INDUSTHIAL INDIA :

lower-class native is content with very little, and is very conservative ill that; wherefore new goods should appeal to the higher classes first, and then, as they cheapell, may gradually become .acceptable to the crowd. There is not, actually, .any aristocratic antipathy to the .native article as such--not even in the matter of things to -eat. Itl Madras, for example--to mention, amongst other establishments, a native tailor's shop ill the Mount Road, which, with its fine premises, is the fashionahle tailoring establish­ment for Europeans ill the c:ity, and also a magni­ucent establishment belonging to a firm of native jewellers, as well as a fine establishment belonging, to a 'parsee embroiderer, both of which ,are frequented by European buyers of high 1;1. egree-, -there is a native confectioner who, because his establishment is in the principal road and has always heen clean" is a favourite -caterer for Madras city, in competition with European firms, and is indented upon for high­dass supplies for all parts of the presidency; furthermore, 'there is a dairyman in the same

ISDlA!' IlTORIS.

road who, because his premises are respectahle and his milk a"d butLer are good, ltd a big busi­neal and' serves Inaoyof the hest people ill the city besides sending hi" Wllre" to other tOWIIII. BUL altbou;,:b tltt!nt ill III) alltip"thy, exeept 00

the pan of a few pr .. ju'lict!d fool8, to the Indian article U Iuch, it is lIon8 the Ie"" necellsary that the Indiall articl~, h'lw~ver gllod . iL may he, IhouJd have all IIppmprilLte iULroduction to the public if it ill to conllllalld succe88. The IImall intlustrialillL, howev~r, would ullually be unabJe to open busineMl wiLh aLtracti ve premilSes i alld what then ill he to do? The difficulty might be sui vetI IIy the institution uf Indilln stores.

Most readers will uuderlltand whaL is meant. in this IIellse by the worll "stores." A store is a large and commodioull retail estaLlishmenL, cooaiAtinK of "umerous Ihow-rooms opening oce into another, representing ditJ'erent departments of trade, in each of which the customer seea articlel coDveniently bid out for sale. There is, of course, no bara;aining, each article being IOld at iu ticketed or catalogued price; but' if

126 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

the store is properly managed, the sales in any large city should be so large that the prices might be low. It is a pleasure for a customer to do his shopping in an institution like this. There is a cOllvenient promena(~e along which he can walk, passing fr(Jm department to department without so much as going out of doors. There is the piece-goods department, the hosiery de­partment, the hardware department, the furni­ture department, the grocery department, the fancy department and 110 on, ill which the different goods are exposed. The" Stores" is merely a large" shop," in which goods produced by different makers are exposed for sale. Many of the large European shops in India are practically "stores" for the sale of European goods; and there are actual" stores" in Bombay and in certain other cities' in India. What would seem desirable for India if! that ,there should be- similar stores for Iudian goods, to whi~h the s~all iudul!trialist in India would be able to 'send his goods on approval, in the knowledge that they would have a better

INDIAII STOKES. 127.

introduction to the public than Mahomed Bux can give them in hit dingy shop or with his pedlar's pack.

Happily, a ~ginning hu been made already. Mr. J. Cbaudhuri, Barrister-at-Law and Master of _\ru of Oxford Univenity, wu tbe honorary lecretary of the Congress Industrial Exhibition heM at Calcutta in 1901, and when the exhibi~ \ion 11'&1 over he conceived the idea of starting a firm for the sale in India and abroad of Indian goods. The "Indian Stores, Limited," wu registered in June, 1902 i ita directorate is made up oCtwo Mabarajahs, olle of whom is a legislative councillor, four businefts men, a solicitor, and the afore-named barrister-at-Iaw, who is the secretary and managing director; and its auditon are a responsible firm of European chartered accountants. The company works, therefore, under conditions that should make it wortby of trust. Tbe following are its objects:-

(_) Tu coUed chit-lit aniclM uf India!) art. mahU­faclure. and produce, and &0 OpeD .how-room, 01' .bope lor the .. Ie of lacb articllW.

128 INDUSTIUAL, INDIA :

(b) To establish agenci~s in any pat of India for the. sale and purchase (If duch articles and to do the business of agents generally.

(e) To expert such articles and to. import others, and for such purposes to establish, if necessary. agencies outside India.

(d) To r:id and assiHt in all possible manner Indian workmen, al-tisans, manufacturars and crafts­men, with a view to. pI'oeure articl~s of Indian art, manufacture, and produce, suited to the re­quirements ofthe company:

(e) To establish facteries and workshops in cennec~ tion with the business of the company.

(j) To. premote the fermat ion of companies, trusts, and combinations, and such other public bodi~s,

8ecil'ties,and institutiens a8 may 'be necf;lssary er expedient for stimulati!lg or regulating the preductien and increasing the consumption of articles of Indian art, manufacture and preduce, in the int~rest of ,the" company and that o( Indian trade and cornm~rce.

(!J) , And otherwise to encourage, preserve, revive, and deveJ.op Indian jndu~tries, art, aud manufacture with a view to expand the business of the com­panland the scope of Indian trade and com­merce.

INDUS ITOBES. 129

When the company had been registered the director. decided to begin business as loon as Ii.

lalth oC rupees hlLd been ,ubscribed. This sum waa lublcribed in a very sbort time, and busi­ness began in September 1902. At the end of the year the audited accounts showed a net profit oC about 12 per cent. per annum on the paid capital, and this profit was discreetly set apart as a reserve fund lIucleus. This was a good Leginlling, and it should be satisfactory not ollly for the company but also for India if the company continue. aa well aa it has begun.

Enterprising citizens in di1ferent cities of India might look to it whether they could not make con,siderable profitl for themselves and at the .ame time confer a considerable benefit upon Indian trade by combining to promote Indian storea in their own citie.. The more powerful, however, an "Indian store,," might be, the more efficient would be its work; and rather, therefore, than start small concerns in rivalry with the company at Calcutta, it would be well for such enterprising citizens to strengthen the

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130 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

Calcutta company's hands and at the same time to acquire initial strength ·for local stores by combining ,with the Calcutta company for: ·one great '~Indian Stores, Limited" such as would command the' attention' not. only of India' but ~lso of the whole mercantile world. , . Mahoxned Bux might grumble; . for his pac~ :would be in sorry rivalry with the' "Indian Stores"~ Bllt the interests of the small hawklilr. tribe can scarcely. be considered in comparison 'With the· interests of productive workmen all ()ver India, whose number moreover would very largely increase if only there' were· a good means ()f getting their goodson· the :market. But even Mahomed Bux need not despair; for, until the Indian sun cools down,the memsahib will always be glad to. do her small shopping in the shade of her verandah ; and Mahomed Bux, as' a repre;. ~entative of the company, trundling a' smart hand-cart painted in large letters" Indian Stores, Limited", will be much more comfortably off than Mahomed Bux with a box of his own' goods on .his back. His sardines will no longer be

JXDU~ STORES. 131

rubbed on Fido'. nose, and his earnings will be greater than were his profits on a packet uf needles and & reel of thread.

The more one thillks of it, the grander will seem the po8sibility of a great Indian Stores, with a branch in every Indian city and a twig ill every town. Such a company would be a powerful fllctor for the development of Indian uade, and would be a powerful stimulus to production; the small indunria1iat, luch as our patriotic villager, would hl\'Ye an influential advisory body whom he might consult as to the likelihood of a demand for his proposed produc­t.ious, and would have a ready agency for the aale of his goods if they were counted worthy of being brought into the market; the customer in India woulll hue the entree to an attractive warehouse, in which he could buy reliable goods at minimum prices; alld the Storea themselves would hot only export their goods to foreign countries at wholesale prices but would a180 pro­vhle other exporters with an exhibition of goods in whidl they might deal.

132 IN1)USTIUAL INDIA:

A word of warning is perhaps necessary; for we must beware of raising a Frankenstein­a dangerous mOllster--in our luidst. We must keep our eyes OIl the fact that a great Indian S~ores such as weare thinking of might, if once itgor. the upper hand of Indian industrialism, become dangerously powerful alld socially and politically corrupt. . We by no· means want an Indian edition ofa "Tammany Hall," such as they have in New York, or of a "Trades Hall" such. as· they have in Melbourne. Tammany Hall· in New York, starting as an industrial organisa­tion, grew gradually ·so powerful, and at the 8ame·~imeso corrupt, that it staggered the whole city. . The Trades Hall in Melbourne, . starting similarly as an industrial organisation, became gradually so. powerful that. it tyrannized over the whole of Victoria and was able .less than a year ago to paralyse Australia with a great railway strike. This no doubt is to be looking somewhat far ahead in the matter of an innocent Indian Stores ;: but it is well to be careful. It is not impossible to imagine an Indian Stores,

I5DIAl' STORES. 133

Limited. Iwollen into an industrial oligarchy, content. t.o boom t.he lau8ez-/air8 productions of arillto(!ratic but non-progressive Indian firms and refulling t.o notice t.he excellent. wares of Imall competitorl; if. is not impossible to imagine a J.,FTuwt.h of backlltair authority, whereby the .mall producer would find bimseiJ compelled to bribe a bevy of minor officials before he could ger. his good. on the counter; and it is not impossible t.o imagine the directors t.hemselves --preslmt. company. of course, excepted !­increasing the annual dividends by extortionate means, or increalling their own emoluments by leeret commisllions, or making an unjustifiable use of their position all directors to secure the politicalllupport. of all thfOir employeell through­out the land. .All these may be only remote p08l1ibilities; and such remote possibilities should by no means Itand in the way of the present. development of Ill/lian trade; but precau­tions may appropriately be taken; and in the evenr. of any large development of an" Indian Stores • it might. be well perhaps to ensure from

134 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

the beginning that the directorate should not be· a local coterie, but should, by the very articles of association. include representatives of divers races and of different parts of India; it might also be ruled that every mari. with a new ware tooffel'·should on a fixed day of the week or of the· month have free access to an inspecting board. alid also that the proceedings in general should be as public as possible.:

In the development of. Indian stores there . should .undoubtedly .be most valuable work for the development of Indian I industries; and patriotic citizens might do . well· to consider whether this. is Dot work in which they might take a leading .part.

VIII.

INDIA'S CUSTOMERS.

'f HE prime objec~ of India', industrialists .hould be to ,upply India', every need;

(or it ia an economic scandal tbat a great coun.; • try like India, with ita vast and varied resource8,

.hould be a large buyer in foreign marketa. In thie It&temeot tbere i. no suggestion of protec­live duties for India. Free Trade .may be a fixeel principle; but tbe resource8 of India are ,uch tbat if India', iudu8triea were properly work eel, foreign imports mUIlt. automatically fall ofT; and, when once the native Indian iron become. a practical thing, the day of India's ab801utiam Ihould have come. India', prime cUlltomers, then, ,hould be the populat.ion within her own borders, and her lIeccllldary customers Bhould be foreign na,lolls. Lu whom she will send her ,urplu. !!tores. India is, to be sure, a

136 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

large exporter already, sending vast quantltles of . grain and hides and cotton and other such productions to foreigq lands; but it is "indus· trial" rather than agricultural or pastoral pro­ducts that we are specially considering. India's agriculture is magnificient; .it is her manufactur­ing industries that have yet to establish their greatness. Within her own borders there are three classes of customers whom industrial India may serve, namely •

1. Natives ofIndia . . 2. Europeans in India. 3. Governments, Municipalities, and

public companies. The native of India is a very much larger

buyer than he was, and his wants are increasing year by year. Nearly a century ago, when the question of the East India Company's monopoly of Indian trade WIIS under discussion, Colonel Munro-afterwards Sir Thomas ~unro, the emi­nent Governor, of Madras-wrote as follows;-

"No nation will take from another what it call furnish ,cbeaper and better itself. In India, almost every articl'3

JSDU'/J COSTOXERS. 137

which th. iob.biteo" r-quire Ie made cbe.per aDd bette&' tbao in Europe. A.mong tbeee .,. .U cotton and ,ilk manufacturM. lealber. paPW. JomNti., utenail. of bran and Iron •• nd hllplamotntl of AgTicultur... Tbeir coaree wool~ Mn .. 'hoollb bad, will a1w.!. kll8p thllir gruoud, from tbeir IG~ cbeapn .. ; 'beir finer camblbtl are .... rmer aud IDCWe luti"R tb.o oun .

•• GJu......,. i. in little ftque.t, "Ieept witb a Yery few priDcipeJ oali" .... nd amongtbllm i. coofined to mirror" and lamp.; and it Ie onl,. lucb n.tiYIII u are mocb COD­

nfICW witb EuropMnl who purcb .. 11 tbllle articlee. Tbpy 11 .. /) tbem, not to !fratily tbeir owo &ute. but to eli'pllY to 'b~ir European friend ••• blln they neei"ltbeir occuion.1 yi.iu; a' all oth.r .i!DIII U.ClI &rot put out of tbe "'.y .. u ... l_ iocumbtsr.cel. Tbeir .imple mode of liyiog, die­.. &ad both oy cut. and climate reDden aU our furoiture and orn.mente fur tbot decorali.ln of tbe boul. and tbe lab I .. ulterly uOIfJ,.io..abl. to tb. Hindu. ;Ii"ing in 10. mud bou_, ealinr on tb. bar • ..,.tb tbllY cannot require th ... riou. arliclt.e u-I alllonll Ul. Tbey b."e DO tablet! ; tbooir bou_ are nut furniabed, lloept tboel!)f ,b. rlcb, "bieb bay ••• mall carpet. or a f.. ma" .ud pillow •• Tb. HinduI .. d .Ione. m.ny fro .. cute in tb. Op"'D air, olb"n und .... ,bed., aDd out "f 1",,81 of tNlee io prefereDce to pl.tee. But tbi, i. tb. picture, parbape, of tbe uDfortu­nate naLi". reduced to !>O"erll bl Euro~n oppre .. iDd

Rodel'the company'. mouopoly! ~I.', it Ie equalll tbat of

13'8 . INDUSTRIAL ·INDIA;:

the .highest 8n~ richest Hindu. in every part of India. It is:th"t of. the Minister of State. Hill dweHing is little' better than: a shed; the walls are naked; and the mud floor, for the sake of cioohiess, is every mornin!!, sprinkled with a mixture of water and cow-dung. ·Hehas no furniture in it. . He distrihutes food t() whoever wants it, but. he gives no grand dinners to his friends. .He throws aside hifO upper garment; .. and, with nothing. but a cloth round. his loins; be, sits down hal~-naked, a3d eats his meal alone, upon th~ bare earth and under the op,;n sky."

Sir Thoma.s M~nro was a. keen observer of men' and manners,' 'and h~ was a clear and forcible ~riter; and even those whose knowledge of India can go back 'no farther than a couple of decades can easily conceive that Sir Thomas's remarks iiiust have been a very p:recise account of things as they were:in his time. The picture, indeed, is not altogether a caricature of things as ~heyare in the present day. Even now in rural districts the wants of the people are few, and even now the rural grandee who lives his inlier life in a bare-walled room thinks it necessary to have one showy apartment hung with big mirrors and with lustra-decked. .chandeliers, wherein to

UIDIA', CUSTOMEU8. )3~

receive the Collector on his JamabfJndi tour or luch other European officials or touri8ts or .hiJ.:tJrell as mAy occa8ionally vi8it him. But. educated IlIdi&, conllervati 9'e thuugh India is. has changed e.Eceedingly 8ince Sir Thumas Munro'. day8, and IIItIi&, &II a buyer of manu­factured goods, i. very different from what i.t then WAS. Not ollly ball the development of mills in LancuLire oU8t~d IlIdia's halld-made cotton, which in Sir Thoml&ll Munro', days Was

.. made cheaper and Letter than ill Europe," but oLber arLicles of European manufacture are very much more in demand Lhan they were. In the day. of Munro ~lll8lvr&re WIl' .. in little requeHt.'~ It is in very cOllsillerahle requen IImv. 'flu~

appearAnce of cheap kerosene oil And of cheap glaM.' lamp~ hu worked a change. The humble labourer mayatill be content to lighten his dark­ness wiLh • glimmering wick in all earthen laucer of country oil, hut. the keroselle lamp has made its way int.I» every town, and ia common evell in villag~. In every .. Lig bazaar" there is at least. one lamp-8hop, and it. does a thriving

140 INDUSTRIAL INl>lA:

trade. In lamp chimneys· alone there is room for a great Indian industry. Lamps and mirrorsj moreover.' are not the only glassware that is iJJ demand. The town-bred Inriian of the upper a.nd middle classes has a fondness for Roda': water--too often with a dash of whisky or brandy superadded--and glass tum hIers, as well as soda-water bottles are in legionary requi~ sIttqn. In the better houses, moreover, glass window-panes are taking the place of the old~

fashioned shutter which kept out the light when it was necessary to keep out the rain, and in the better shops glass-paned show-cases are taking

,the place of dusty 'shelves. In the days.of Munro. a brass dish, a hrass drinking vessel. and pl!llltain-leaf-plates were the only tea and dinner service of an Indian household. Leaf-plates still hold their own, but the use of crockery is coming in; one or more "tea-shops" exist in every bazaar, and cups and !laucers line .the board. Fingers are still, to be sure, the food-bearers from the plate to the mouth; so spoons and forks, except in the case of Anglicized Indians, are not yet in

nimA. CliSTOMER8. 141

any cOlilideraLle demllnd ; but tbere is a begin­ning of the ulle even o( these in tbe service or thts mea1t. The rou~h country-made paper that. Munro descrihed ullupplyilig the Indian'. wAnta i8 seldom used nmuday. for "nythin~ bettt!r than wrapl'ing up goodll. and th.,re are few respectabl& Nativel lIowadays who Ulle otht!r than 1I0te­paper or foollteap fur their correKpolldence. The greaL change thllL II ... cume over India is. marlifetit. Tbe ltarlilud of living is continually growing higher. Whether or 1I0t thill is t~

India'. aLlvant.age-whether or IIOr. India is the hAppier (or the dlall;!e, it is 1I0r. (or us bere to di-cuss. It. is tbe Indian·, wants t.hat we are dealing wit~ anl\ it is a fact that. hi. wants are continually increasill).!. and that t.here i8, conse­quently. a much ~reater demand--which India .bould supply--for manufact.ured articles t.han tbere wu in former Il"Y8. The town poplllnt.ion o( India is multiplying rapidly, and every immi­grant into a town cont.racts a waDt .of maDY things thar. his rustic father never knew. He­dresses better than hi. father did, and he wears-

142 INDVSTRIAL INDIA:

more clothes; and in his every-day life he has many: more comfort.'1. On returning home after bis :day'syvork he reclines, in a long-arm chair, whereas' his father used. to recline on the do­mestic pial. * He writes Oil paper, . at a table, whereas his father-' -if his father ever wrote at .all--used to 'write ona cadjan leaf on his knee. He reads. in. comfort by the light ·of a !l'eadiilg~lamp, whereas his father used to strain his eyes by the glimmer of achimg. t He washes with soap, whereas' his father used to rub himself with water. Perchance he play's the violin, whereas his father used to bang the tom­tom or click his finger and thumb.' He tells the time by his watch, whereas his father used to' guess tlJe time by the sun or the stars. :Every' Iridian, reader will be able to fill in the picture for himself, and will be able to recognise that if India can succeed in supplying her own wants,' importing lit~le or, JJothing'from,abroad~ her l

Indian 'customers alone will be very largecon-' .gumers of. the goods that India; turns out.

* V~randah.lloor. t l'ative eartben' lamp.

~DLl" CUSTOllXRS. lU

The European population, 'apart from the •• country-borna" and the Eurasians, form a very amall community. but they are a community amongst whom high ,&laries and experisive 'tutes prevail; and they cOllstitute a fine body of buyen wbose absolute cOIItom would be well worth India'a having. The salary ofaEuropean in India may be laid to be on an average some ten times the salary or a native in a corresponding sta.te of life. The servicea of a native graduate can be readily ,obtained on an initial salary of Rs. 25 a month; but there are not many Euglish graduatea who would come out to India on lesa than aD initial salary of RB. 250, if on that! A native clerk in a mercantile office is glad to get RB. 15 a month to start with; but the imported European .. usistant." W1ually geta more 'thaD Its. 150. A salary of RB. 100 a month is &8 big a plum amongst. ~ativea of India &8 a 'Alary of Ra. 1,000 aRlongst imported Europeans. The united earnings, therefore, of all Europeans in India-in the Civil and Military services, in' the rolice, the Forest, the Edacational and other

144 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:,

departments, as well 'as in Railways, ill Mines, in 'tpe Law, and in Commerce--'must a~ount to O;Cr:cesicsum such a~ might fqrm the subject of a million'aire's dream. And what the European ear~s iIi India he generally spends--and often a:gootl,dea.l ,more! The pity of it is that India's ~lanufacturers ge~ so few of, his rupees., If we would , discuss why a European in India spends so, much, we might answer in the first place that it is somewhat expensive to live in India in ~trict, accordance with European style. The, Eur.opeanwho comes to Inclia llaturally desires to; enjoy: the same things in India that he has been accustomed,to hi Europe; and such things '~re ,often expensive. For a homely example, if 1;1e ,has been accustomed to eggsalld bacon for breakfast in England, he may like to have eggs and bacon' for breakfast out ,here; 'but though eggs in India are cheap, the ~inned bacon that: he ,must buy in India is very much dearer than the humble" rasher'~ that he feasted on at home; flitnilarly, if he drank beer in England f he could get' a, tumbler 'of the best. draught ale for two

I!fDIA', CUSTOMKRS. 145

petlf!e, W'berea~ in [ndi" lu, must geL hia tumbler-. (ul oat or a b()ttl~, whi('h will coat him at leaat four or five time~ au much. It may also be an~wered that the J1:uropellll in India ia by 110

mea"" a. " rule, 10 provide"t Aa hia brother Uflually i~ at home. I .. En~tallll. when pAy-day (.'Omel round the aalary-ellrner will very likely be reckoning up bit (utur~ expenses. with a view to calculating how much he call "dd to hia crediL at. the bank i in Indill, though he haa a I"rger aalarr, he will probably be reckoning up hi" past expell~es, with " view to calculat.ing how much 'he ballk will aeld to hi~ flebir.. The conditiull' o( life in India by no meAn.. t.end to mak,. the Eurupelln a providenr. creAture. In all the .erviees, both civil and military, as well •• in lDany priy&te departments, there i. no nece..sity to .ave i (or there i. a pellsioll to look forward to, (or oneself in old age or (or one', wife and children i and in cue, where ·there is flO peDl,ion European. in India are generally benevolent enough to geL up a big-figure Bub-· scription for old Brown', widow and children if

10

146 INDUSTRIAL INi>IA:

.the winding up of the defunct Brown's supposed. magnificent business leaves his widow and chil­dern penniless. European social life, too, in India is expensive. It is too hot to do much pleafmring in the day-time ; so, apart from business, life in India resolves itself into a round of expensive dinners, bridge parties, and hours at the club. People with big sala~ies give the lead, and peo­ple with small salaries .try to follow suit. The young man whose tastes in. England were of the simplest learns· to appreciate a glass of sherry­and-bitters before dinner and a glass of char­treuse at the end; the young man who in England used to smoke occasi()nal pipefuls of cut tobacco learns in India to smoke unlimited Egyptian .cigarettes; the man who in England went down to office in a tram finds it . necessary in India ,to go down in a brougham; the man who in England would have put down his name for a shilling or half-a-crown :as a subscription to parish festivities is ashamed in India to con­tribute lees than twenty rupees to statiOl'J.sports. It is the Indian system; and he would be a brave

INDIA', CUSTOMERS. 141

-and Dot necessarily admirabl~man who would break absolutely through it. It ill tbe l&lDe with the 'I1I8TMalaih. Indian bousekeeping, 10 far as t.be actual necessities of life go, is abeurdly cheap; bill. the round of dinner. and f"1ltertainmentl and amu!lements makes it abnor­mally dear. Many of our European house­_iVai in India belong, of coune, to a class of locif!ty in which t.hey would bave been accus­tomed t.o continual roun<h of social entertain­mellts . before t.hey came to the country; but many do not._ In India, however, a second nature il loon acquired; An,l the clernman'. dau~hter who in England may have heen· acculltomed t.o lIeighbourly tea-partiell, with t.he luber excitement. of a small dinner-party when the bishop came to confirm t.he children at her fatheil church, IOOIl learns to go with the currerot when ahe marries her cousir' in India, and ere many week. have p&8sed "be dines and gives dinnen &II to the Anglo-Indian manner born. European life, t.hen, in India is an expensive t.hing; and it is a pity for India tbat

1,48 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

India should not obtain more of the European's custom than she does. If India eould supply good articles cheap--from a packet of pins to a grand piano--the English housewife in India would take them. For the Englishwoman is hy natnre thrifty; and, although in India she ma)' be extravagant, she likes, nevertheless, t() get her extrava~ances cheap. Even t.he spendthrift wife is usually a hard bargainer with Iler cook and with her bazaar purveyors; and it is in the knowledge of this natural fmulness of all Englishwolllan for getting things eiJeap that tile European draper is so constantly advertising II.

"sale," with" astounding hargai'~s "-; and if the Indian manufacturer will only provide good bargains in the shape of Jlew manufactures, he will assuredly reap his rewltrcl. The extent of Europeau buying in India can be seen ill the fact of the great European emporiums of European goods, which emporiums are continu­ally frequented by European buyers, and which do a still larger business by value-payable post in the mofussil. Indian manufacturers have

ISOlA'. CUSTOMERS. U9

their eyes no doul,t on the importers' catalogues, and Indift. mlly hupe that, as time ~oell on, the impore.. will graclually give more and more way to the 111I1ia-made article. It wall !!hown in the lut chllpter tllar. there i. no actual antipathy to India-made goods .. sucb; and herein Lhere is mur.b hope. The hl'O firms, to he !!ure, which aL Lhe Madraa ExhiLition of 1 !l03-4 exhibited .pecimens of india-made whisky may 110

doubt expect thaL the antipathy to Indian whiaky will \'e .uch that !leveral years must go over their head. beror. Indian whisky will be drunk aL a SL. AIlc1rew'. dinller, however ~ood an imir.aLion of the I!enuine IW/uebau:/', Lhe Illdian article may be; but, .pllrt from willes and .pirits-alld even in tht!lle there ill mucb hope for India-in the trade thereof, though not in the drinking l­it mlly be believed that enterprising manufac­turer. in India could cut very lllrgely illto the importing husiness. Atld to the fluctuating European population the large number of domi­ciled Anglo-JlltHanli anti Eurllsillns, all of whom

150 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

share more or less in the demand for E1.).ropean goods, alld the total is a very considerable body of buyers whose wants might be snp­plied.

As for the requirements of the Supreme and Provincial Governments, of Local Boards and Municipalities, of Railways, of Mines, and of divers semi-public and private bodies, the reader will easily conceive that the buying here is enor­mous. In the matter of Governments, India is happily past the days when unsympathetic Secre­taries of State used indirectly to sneer at Indian production and to in~ist on supplying every want of Indian secretariats and public works with articles purchased by themselves in England. The change that has been brought about is a most happy one by which the supplies, in the shape of such articles as locks and safes and paper, are largely purchased in India, alld by which. large contracts, as for saddles and boots, for clothing, and for soap, for military and other purposes, are given to manufacturers-not, of course, necessari.;. ly native manufacturers-in India. The. work-

DiDU" CDSTOHEBS • 151

• hope of the different rail wa ya, moreover, are great. technical instir.utions in India, employing large numben of handa and spreading a knowledge of mechanical engineering throughout the country ; and when Iodia's native iron can be practically worked it will be a great day when Indian engi­neen .hall turn out engine. in India. In the matter of hOftpita18, it WAI of much interest to see at r.he Madra. Exhibition of 1903-4 what a Iplen(li(1 exhibit of high-class and up-to-date lurgical instrumenu a firm at Calcutta was able to display. Industrial India may indeed be hopeful in the matter of public buyers.

On the lubject of Iudi,,', exports to foreign land. ir. is a matter of much satisfaction tbat tbe condition. are full of fact and of promise. In Africa t.hey ate particularly good. Tbe & States­men', Year Book,' in tbe pages on Zanzibar. states thar. within the islan,l "there are 7.000 British Indian ,ubjec~, through whose hands almost tbe whole trade of ZAnzibar and of East Africa passe. directly or indirectly." Writing pC tbe East African Protectorate (Mombassa). the

152 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

same book remarks that "the trade is at present in the hands of East Indian merchants; the imports are Manchester goods, Bombay cloth, brass, wire, beads, provisions." With the exception of Man­chester goods, these imports are almost entirely from India; and it may be noted as an interest­ing example of a foreign order that on the opell­ing day of the Madras Exhibition of JlJO:3-4 the Indiall. Stores, Limited, at Calcutta receiv~d an order from East Africa for Indian carpets to the value~. 5,000. The words" at present" in tU's"tatemellt that the trade of East Africa" is at present in the hands of East III dian merchants" are somewhat ominous for Ilidian merchant~ in that part of the world, implyillg that the Indian merchallts may expect to have powerful cOlnpe­titors before long; hut indeed, as Africa is opened up, the trade ill likely to develop so largely that there will be room for an increased number of dealers. Indian merchants have the advantage, at any rate, of being first ill the field, and, with India.'s clJeap labour and the directness of transport between the West coast of India.and

L'CDU" CU8TO)(IRS • 153 . the Eall' cout of Africa, the Indian merchantl IIhould be well able to hold their own. In South . Africa, in t.he Straitl Setr.lements, in Mauritius and in tbe EMt India Island. there are numerous Indian mercbauta; and, AI India's manufactures develop, India', good. ou;:ht, indeed. in view of the cheapneu of their pruduction, to find accept­alice no' ollly in India bu, ,,1110 throughout the world.

Customers are waiting fur India'. goods­both in India and abroad; alul all tba, i. wanted is a development of indulltriallabour.

IX.

TURNING THE CORNER.

OUR industrialist, when he is calculating the amount of capital that is necessary for the

industry that he means to start, must remember to provide a sum which shall last till his business­has "turned the corner" of the initial expenses,. and has begun to yield a profit. Too many a promising industry has failed because its organi­sers have failed to pI:ovide for those early weeks­or months, or even years, during which a business­may very possibly be working at a loss. They buy the necessary plant or appliances, start work,. and expect to make a profit at once; and if they are disappointed in their expectation tbey are obliged to give up their undertaking because their capital is at an end. Even though they could find more money if they would, the chan­ces are that they will be so seriously discouraged

TCR.'iINO THB CORNER 15~

that tllllY will re:.rard t.beir enterprille &II a failure. and will volulltarily close thp.ir business. They .hould bear ill mind dUlt. the public will seldom buy a lIew article .. 10011 as it. appears; and, although t.he industrialist himself thinks, per­hapA. night. and day of his industry, many a lIight. and day will very likely pass before the public so much as heu about it. or at. le&8t before tbtly pay it. any practical at.tentioll. One man bere IUld olle man r.here will t.ry the new produc Liun; and then, gradually, if it supplies a real want, one man and anoLher who have tried it. will recommend it. to t.heir friends, the demand will grow, and at lut. the enterprise will have t.urned the corner uf a dead 1088, and will begin to pay. A ~reat deal of pat.ience alld perserverallce may be neceuary berore t.Le profit. comes in; but. if t.be industrialist baa assured Limself that bis en­terprise i. really a good one, his paLience and perseverance will very likely reap a rich reward. Industrialists might do well to work upon the following piece of advice: "Be sure not to start an enterprise before its soundlless is usured ; but.

156 INDUSTRIAl. INDIA.:

once having started it, he sure not to abandon it till its soundness is disproved/'

Two stories of Indian illdustrialists who have beellsuceessful inforlller days should he an en­couragement for presellt-day industrialists to be enterprising and to persevere

Our first story shall he the story of Sir J am~ setjee Jejeebhoy, the first Indian baronet, a mem­ber of that enterprising mee, the Parset's, and a

man whose succesl'! was all the more wor:derful inasmueh· as he was altogether' a self-made man. Jamset.jee Jt'jeebhoy was born at Bomhay, in ,J 78~, of the proverbial "poor but respectable parents; " Rlld, heillg l~ft all orphall ill his child­hood, he experieneecl the miser'ies of actual want. He receivecl bllt a minimum of school­ing, and while quite a Illllall hoy he had to work for his livillg' in a merchallt's office. But J amset.jee was not the kinei. of boy who would settle down to c:opyillg letters and writ­ing Ollt in voices; and at the age of sixteen he determined to become iJis OWII master. His spi rit of enterprise prom pted. him to the career

TUkSING TIIK CCJKNU. la1

of a travelling mercluUlt ; allll, with such VE'u'Y fUlids all, ",·itb the help •• f frielld,., he could get. tA"6"tber, IJe It:ft hi .. lIative city af. that urly age. Makill~ I.i .. way to CAlcutta, bt! weilL from there to Chilla UII 11I11l11 (:nlllmilllliolll.-I!. Luld en:'t:r .. Vri8e illdeed, fur ChillI!. was hut little klluwn ill tlu)!!e claYI. Illid the you II;: travellp.r had to face all ri.k. cm Iii .. OWII relll'ulisibility. But hi8 Luldue88 WAI rewllrclecl ; for the ~lItervrille VN)I­

pt!r~t. aud hefnre IUlill I .. , Wltl travellin:: bltck­wllrd,. 1111(\ forwardll between I",ti" Allet Claill&~

disposing of hi,. own merd.alldille ill p.ither coulltry. III J SO"' the velillel thllt carried him alld his .arell WU cAptured I)y the Freucl., ""itia

whom ElIlllall" Willi thell ilL war. I!.lId youllg Jamlletjee wa. Illlldecl by hill captor .. ah.mlutely pellllilelll at the Cave of Gnnet Hope, which was then a Dutch pc.·)II8ellHion. Sume charitllble

Uutch ladie .. PUL 80me of their ~uilderl L,,~ether &0 send the ullfortunate {lilliAn hack to IJis native lanet, am\ tln·re, At the Age of "relltY'one, be I.&d to begin life afresh. U ndaulltecl by mi ... fortune, the yOUII;: PUllee at once renewed his,

158 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:'

voyages to China, and, wir,h his increased ex-· perience, walJ so filuccessful in his business that ill a very few years he was olle of the richest Parsees in Bombay. In the days of lIis wealth he remembered the days of his poverty, and he blest his native city with an immenNity of pri­vate benevolence and pu~lic munificence. He. was a leader of men, and his public spirit was such that he was rewarded with knighthood in 1842 and with a baronetcy in 1858. He died in 1877; at the advanced age of 94, and left behind him the memory of a man \\oho had done well for himself and for India.

The story of another enterpritling Parsee baronet, the late Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, is -equally interesting. The founder of the Petit family was a Parsee merchant who flourished in Bombay in the first half uf lastcelltury. The story of the origin of the Ilame " Petit" is an in­teresting episode. A century ago the French were much !ll0re intp.rested in India than they are now. There were persons still ali ve in India who had re-' membered Dupleix in his glory and the capture of

TUB.~L~G TB& CORNER. 159

lladru in 1146 by a French deet; Frenchmen bad been numeroul in the Ben ice of Hyder Ali and other native princel, and it. wal nottill1810 that. Bourbon and Mauritius were captured,'" the islandt from whose shelter tbe French had been able to menace the British power and prey upon Indian commerce for half a century;-" and in 1813. when the Ea.t India Company lost its monopoly of t.be Indian trade, F,'ench lea-cap­tains and French trader. were numerous in Bombay. The Parsee mercbant did a great. deal ()( buainell with the French tnderl, but hill name, wbich wal "Manockjee N ulserwalljee CowlUljee Bomolljee," wu far too much for their mercan­tile patience. He was a very little man for 10'

big a llame, and the French traders simplified the sLort. statured Parsee merchan,'1 appellation by calling him "Ie petit "-" the little man." Par­eeea auimilate lurnamel lome what. readily, and we find in Bombay the following fixed iuroames amongst many others of the IOrt-Mr. 'Reporter', Mr. 'Bottlewallah', Mr. 'Writer', all ofthem 8igni-

• ~' •• Ted·Book of IDdIaa BIa&orJ.-

160 INDUSTRIAL· INDIA:

fying-· -as so many old ·English 'surilames do-­the. occupation of an ancestor. The little Parsee merchant accepted his personal description-­Petit-,-the little man--· _. ill the same fashion; and, with au Anglicised prollunciation, it is now the name of the family. The 'merchant's SOli,

therefore, whose example is before us was a Petit hy birthright--Dinshaw Manockjee Petit, born at Bombay in J 82;~, and he was a merchant .like his .father before him. Dinsha w Manockjee Petit was a man who, besides being full of activity, had the happy gift of seizing opportUnitIes. Thus, wheil the American Civil War of 1861 created a COttOIl famine which telld­ed for some years afterwards to ruin the cotton manufactures in Lancashire, Dinshaw Manockjee petit, recognising Inoia's opportunity, a.cquired in that !!elf-same year a piece of land for a cot­ton-mill in Bombay; commenced the Manockjee Petit Company's first mill in the following year, and started work as soon as possible. The busi­nes,s was not by any means enc·ouraging at first. It was olle thing to make cloth at Bombay, but

TUBING THa CORNER. 161

i" was another thing to find markets for large outtuml, and ,uppliea of cloth had to be got. rid of by IUch ulliatiafactory metbod. u retail trade and auction, of bales or of piecel for wbat. "bey wouLl fetcb. Bar. through Manockjee Petir.', indomitable energy r.be enterprise prosper:.. ed, tiU in 1881 the company W8I able to erect wllar. W81 then the largeAt engine in tbe world. and tbe Manockjee Per.it Manufacturing Com­pany came &0 be a migbty manufacturing con­cern. Mean while the enterprising Parsee was not merely making mOlley; he W&I interest­iDg himself in numerous educational and charitable caU8eA, and was disbursing vast 'UOll ., con""ribution. &0 deserving purpose8. Honoured "broughour. his whole life, public honourt came thick upon him in his later years; In 1887, at th., al:e of 64, he W&l made Sherift of Bombay, and W8I knighted; in the following year he was appointed a member of tbe Vice:' roy'. Council; and finally, in 1890, at the age of 67-tbe year in which be 108t his wife Sakerbai, to whom he had been wedded (or more tban hali

U

162 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

.a century-he became a bar9net-one of the ,very few baronets of. India. The Heralds' Office made a pun ,on his name when they gave him a .coat of arms. The word petit is not only a Fr,ench word meaning " little," but it is also a Latin word :meaning " he seeks" ; and they gave him for a fa.mily motto the Latin sentence COT/se­

,quitur quodcunque petit: ," He obtains whatso­-ever he seeks"-a splendid motto! for ill Petit's -case "seeking" meant not "asking," but an -enterprising and indomitable spirit.

The examples of Jejeebhoy and Petit are ex­amples of eminently distinguished men, whose profits of many lakhs of rupees may be far beyond the scope or even the ambition of sm'all industrial­ists like our villager; but they are testimonies to the brilliant success that is possible. ,If these men made their crores, lesser men should be .able to make ,their .lakhs or their thousands. Numerous examples could be given of living industrialists in India who have been particular­ly successful in small ,ways, but it would savour too. much of the tricks of advertisement if their

TDUIKG rna CODER. 163

Darnel were to be mentioned here. It wouId be poMible, for example. to name a rich old mall, Itill living, who W&I a bWlock-driver'l son and who began life u a common coolie In the daYI of hi! .cooliehood he used often to cut firewood in the jungle and bring hil Ihoulder .. load to town Cor lale, and from this he rose to taking up Imall contract! Cor cuttin~ tim­ber. From thil h. gradually acquired a small patch of jungle of hit own i and eventually, with cooliea and carpenters in his employ, he evolved luch a paying busine88 that now, in hi! old age of leilured ease, he i8 a well­to-do man, possel8ed of a large house and land8 and a goodly ltore of thousands of rupees. Anyone who Itrolled round the Madras Exhibi­tion of 1903-4, chatting with the exhibitors or their a/lenU, could learn the ltories ofuumerou8 small industriali8u--carpenters, locksmiths, dairymen, leather-workers, soap-boilers, candle­maken. and the like, who had already turned the corner of their respective indultries, and had~ began to receive goodly rewards.

1.64 INDUSTRIAl. INDIA :-

, There is plenty of room in the industrial world; hut ihe industrialist must bear in mind that industrial success is not won in a moment, alid that there is often a long and thorny path to be travelled before an industrialist turns the cornel' into the high way of success. He must work courageously if he is to work at all, and -he should make sure that his capital is sufficient 'to outlast a considerable period of trial.

x.

CONCLUSION.

We Olay now bring our .. otes to an end, wit~ a few final luggestions to industrial beginn~rs.

One luggestion is that an article should not ollly be good in itaell but should also be present~ ed in a fashion that will be likely to beget confi ... deuce in the buyer. An article may be of excel­lent quality, but ita intrinsic excellence will be badly discounted if its surroundings are in­appropriate. A diamond is. of coune, just as good a diamond whether it be wrapped up in a piece of old newspaper or set in " ring of eigbteen-carat gold i but the general public wouM appreciate it much more in the gold set­tin:: than in the newspaper wrapping i and in the lIame way our villager's sardilles would be::et more confidence if they were packed in uniform sardine tins, with a printed lid ofthei~

166 L.'iDUSTBIAL INDIA:

own, than if they were packed. in a hap-hazard collection of old butter-tins, old jam-tins, old cheese- tins, and divers other old cans of rubbish­heap suggestion. This remark is prompted by the fact that at the Madras Exhibition of 1903-4 some specimens of local banana flour were exhi­bited in glass bottles on which i& was stated in motilded letters that the contents were medici­nal tabloids manufactured by an American firm. Until the manufacture of glass develops in India, the supply of glass bottles will of course be dear; and the sooner, therefore, that such manufacture develop!l~the better for many industries; but meanwhile the industrialist, if he hopes to inspire the public with confidence in his wares, should avoid supplying them in contradictory glass. If he would get a supply of cheap plain-glass bottles, label them with a neatly printed label, and cap them with a tinfoil cap. the expense would not be very great, and his wares would appear in respectable garments before the con­suming world. It is highly satisfactory to find that many Indian firms. already recognise the

CONCLC8101l'. 161

deairability or presentable packing; Bome of the I<:entl and lOapa, for example, exhibited a' the Madr .. Exhibition were offered for sale in acent­bott1ea .. dainty and in lOap-wrappers as artistic as any in which the Bcentl and soaps or first-class English and Continental firms are to be seen, and" Ayurvedic medicines," wbatever may be their remedial value, were in any case most elective in retpect or their packing.

A word may be laid on tbe lubjec' or adver­tisementl. This i. an advertising age, and mOlt thinga nowadaya have to be advenised if they are to aucceed. Advertising is expensive, but ir it is done judiciously it ia exceedingly profitable; and it would perhaps be difficult to name an eminently luccell8rul firm or industrial­ist.a or or dealers that Dever advertises. Money, however, that is disbursed ror advertisemente is a very tangible ezpense, "hereas the profit that i. directly due to a running advertisement is Dot easilyaeen. Now the native of India, as a rule, haa a special aversion for paying out monel which is not calculated to bring him a tangible

168 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

benefit; and any newspaper ma~ager in India. will testify ,that ~a.tive Indian firms 'are yery: poor advertisers. . Look through the pages of an Anglo-Indian' newspaper, and it will be found i

that, except perhaps for one cor, two successful Indian jewellers, there will be scarcely any Jndian advertisers at all. Look through' the advertisement pages of an Indian newspaper, and, it will possibly be found that, except for the advertisements ~f the self-same jewellers, the advertisements of secret remedies--referred to iIi anearli'er chapter--the profits of:which advertisements are undoubted--occupy pretty well the whole of the advertisement space~' ,This indisposition to advertise is a pity; for it is of no ,use' for a ma.n to 'start an industry-unless he tells the public 'that h~ has done so; and advertising is: .the best mediutn for his tale: There is no necessity. for vulgar puffs. It is politic, to be sure, ahd it is' also legitimate, to word advertise­mentsin laudatory language and to have them displayed in an attractive style; but vulgar puffs, written in slangy language which is vainly meant

C05CLUSIO~. 169.

to be humoroua, are particularly objection­able and are calculated to repel respectable customer,. Advertiting nowadays it a p08itive art; and many firDll that advertise largely engage, on a good ,alary, the permanent eervicelt of a man with literary t&lentl, whose duty it is to be for ever concocting new advertisements, or perhapt to be writing a continnou8 round of startling stories, of the well-known 80rt that reeolve themselves 80 igeniou81y into ad v.rtisemenu by the time the story i8 finished.

A very necessary factor for the succe8S of an· industry i8 enthusiastic faith on the part of the indlUtrialiat. A man who merely .. fancies" that a certain iudustry .. might perhaps succeed " and decides .. to give it a trial" is not the 80rt of man who i,likely to bring it to succe8l. The lucceMful industrialist should have absolute raith in the indust.ry thar. he would promote; for without faith he will be shutting down his works before 'he industry has had a fair trial. AnI} he should have ardent enthusiasm; for if

170 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

he "doesn't much care whether it succeeds or not," he is not likely to have patience enongh to. bring it through. The man who is likely to make a new indnstry succeed is the man who. will think about it by day and dream about it by night, and whose friends will nickname him after the article of which he so often talks. As a specimen of an Indian industry that has been created by a man who had faith and enthusiasm in its respect, we may mention the aluminium industry the creator of which was Mr. Alfred Chatterton, a professor of engineering, in charge of the Madras School of Arts. As long: ago as 1890, when the dam of the great Periyar reser­voir was being constrncted, Mr. Chatterton,. conceiving that there was room for an aluminium industry in India. suggested that· some of the water in the reservoir might be . utilised, on its way to low-level rice-fields, to provide power for the manufacture of alumininm on a large scale from indigenous corundum; but a. committee of other engineers--who were per­haps sbort-sighted--reported unfavonrably on

CONCLU810S. 111

lIr.ChatterCOn'.cormal proposal. to Govemment. But Mr.Cbattercon', faith in an aluminium indus­try lor India remained. In 1896 he IlUggested to­

the Director of Public Instruction, .,1 Madras,. that. a ,mall uperimental manufacture of vesse'" from imported aluminium Ihould be tabn up in t.he Madora Technical Inltitute i-but. nothing was done. Still, however, Mr. Chattert()n per­'eYered; and in the following year, .hile he was. on furlough in England, he interviewed the­aecretary 01 an aluminium ,upply company, and ... presented with a hondredweight of the­metal, with which CO experiment. in India. Apply­ing one., more to the Direccor of Public Instruc­t.ion, t.hi, time with a request. t.hu he might. ex­periment. with hi. imported aluminium at the­Yadraa School of Arta, 01 which be waa io charge, he waa told t.bat. he migbt. do 10, but. with the lOme what. ungracioul proviso that it. mUAL be at. hi, own expenee. Mr. Chatt.erton .u persevering enough to do 110, and his experiments were 110 lar ,ucceasCul that. in t.he lollowing year,

1898, he wal given permi88ion to enter upon the

INDU.STRIAL IN:PIA:'

work o~ a· commercial basis at Government cost. A determined confidence had carried him so far, but somethinl! more than confidence was neces­sary in order to make the new industry pay; and it waR here that enthusiasm came in. The use of aluminium vessels was unknown in India, and it seemed at first that in this conservative country the venture would fail. for want of a market. But Mr. 'Chatteron lived for his indus­try. He wrote pamphlets; be lectured; he exhi­bited; and he travelled through India, .the apostle of alumininm. The industry grew, and at last it paid handsomely; and when its succe~s had been assured, the Government gracefully made the whole concern over to an "IndiaTl Alu­minium Company;" .and there is now a new and stable industry in ,the land. Mr. Chatterton is .now interesting himself in the creation of yet a.nother industry--. chrome-tanning--a new a.nd improved method of preparing leather; and it may be believed. that if he brings as much confidence and enthu'Siasm to bear upon chrome-tanning a'S he brought to bear upon.

COSCLOSIOlC'. 113

aluminium, hia .econd industry may be eveD a greater lueceM than the fint.

Besides being enthu!lialltic over his schemes, ,be inftUltrialin Ihowd be careful to make him­.elf IIgreeable. h ia right, of course, to make oneself u ag-reellble u p088ible to whomlloever one comea acrou, for it is the fulfilment of a mara'. duty to his neighbour to be agreeable to all men i but, oYer alld arove tbe duty to his neighbour, a busine88 man is lerving his businelll interests wl:en he takes care to make himself gent!rallyliked. Popularity ill in every walk of life a great factor towards success; and an industrialist who is univenaUy dis· liked will find it a IlpeciaUy difficult taak to

hrin!! about an acceptance of anything that i. new. The writer rememben a talk. that he had lOme yean ago with· a profe!l8ional actor, a maD of much merit but who had failed to come to the forefront in the theatrical world:. The actor accounted for his want of success by his want of popularity. Though full of liCe and fire on the stage, he wu IOmewh.t duD and

INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

taciturn iu private, and be had hut very few friends. "I never had the art," be said,uof making myself popular; and therefore I get passed ov~r when the best parts are being allot­ted; and on first nights I have no crowd of f,iends to give me !,ou!ld~ of applliuse or of friendly critics to give me eulogies in the press." Possibly his assertion that Sir Henry Irving owed his .renown more to the. greatn~ss of his popularity .in private circles than to the excel­lence of his· performances on the 8tage was over­drawn, but bis remarks on popularity were nevertheless to the point; and it may bebeliev­ed that just as popularity helps an actor to get good parts, so popularity may help a man of business to get good clients.

It is no doubt unnecessary to 8ay very much about the .importance of ihe strictest honesty in every dealing. It has been remarked by some thoughtful writer that the maxim 'Honesty is the b~st policy' sets honesty on a. very low pedestal. This is true ; hut, . nevertheless, in an ,industrial volume . such as this it may be appropriate

005CLUSIOll. 175

to urge honeaty even on the commercial ground that it iI • the best policy.' Esteem ia nry much more important than popularity; and the intelligent man of boaineu whom every~ body respects, the intelligent mao of buswea whose word will be accep~ed .. hil bond, the intelligent man of bUlineli whom every one know. to be above a mean aCLion ia the man to whom buainesl will come. Commercial morality is not very high in the present. age; there are too many • tricb of the t.rade,' too many attempts • to get the better of' ODe'. fello .... ; and the man, therefore, who haa a reputat.ion for absolutely etraight. dealing it all the more likely to come to the front..

In Lbe fint chapter we talked largely about pat.riotiam of t.rade; and we will make one more remark ou the Iubject. here. It ii mOlt unpatriotic, and is mOlt injurious to the interests of Indian industry at large, that. Indian firma should advertise themselves under borrow­ed European name.. A large Dumber of Indian firm., thinking, it is to be IUPpOled, that

176 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

:the fiction of Europeanism will inspire mOre confidence in' buyers, resort to this trick. In a :fe:w' cases such firms have developed into large c~ncerns ;' but, as a rule, the trick is a failure; :and: the· dingy shop' in . the bazaar with a fictitious' Mackenzie and Go.', on the name-board outside and aliving Ramaswamy at the counteri!! 'an absurd~ ell;hibition, which probably does Ramaswamy's business more. harm than good. The firm,: on the other hand, that succeeds is successful no~ because of its fictitious name,but ,because its· wares are' good ;-tbe deceit may possibly' influence a fe\v undiscerning customers in the begi~ning, 1,>ut 1\ Euro~eanname will by no means maintain ,,' business that is not sound of itself. . In any case an injury has been done ,to Iudian· trade. The successful firm has rob­bed' Illdia of the ctedit. of its success-it bas sailed und.er a false flag ;. and in the case of .success ot 'Of non~succ~s the deceit is an ugly declaration that an Indian name is not good enough for a business, anq the deceit is, there­.fote, to the discredit of India.' Slich tricks should

CONCLCSION. 177

be avoided by ¥el!-reMpecting citizens of India; and it Indian imlulltrialisu and Indian dealers are true to themselve8 and also trne to their customers, tbe time sbould come, in the era of India', future illdulltrialism, when an Indian trade-name will in8pire confidence throughout the world.

Enough! IudUlitrialludia is a great. .ubject on which many long and learned volumes might be wriLten i but. the very greatne88 or India', re80urce. make .. len~rt.hine88 hardly nece8sary. There i.. DO room for doubt. that India', Vallt reltOurcea may be immeullely tleveloped, and t.here ia room for much encouragement in the know­ledge t.ba.L Indian indUlsloriali8u are already deve­loping t.hem. h bas bePll lohe purpose of this liLLie volume to luggest t.hat. every Ion of India may t.ake part, directly or indirectly, in t.he ..:ood work. The titular prince in his palace, t.he village headman in his thatched cot.tage, may uch of t.hem help. If the reader is a lion of India, i.. he going to do anyt.hing for t.Le count.ry of Ilia birth? He will

178 INDUSTRIAL INDIA:

do best if he will initiate or develop some industry ; but if he cannot do this directly himself, he will probably be able to be a large or a small shareholder in the financial develop­ment of some promising industry organised by others. .There is no call upon him to give any money away--no call to spend a pice-~bl1t he might directly" invest" some of his capital in some concern that promises to bring him in a good dividend and at the ;same time to add to his country's wealth. India has been so great in the past that it would be a pity that she should not be great in the future too. But the iron age-the industrial age--is upon her now; and her children should learn to move with the times and to win a share in India's greatness whilst they help to make India great.

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~hakespeare'sChal·t of Life. , • BEtNa SlUDlES OF

HAMLET, KING LEAR, OTHELLO & MACBETH.

By the Rev.' Or. William Miller, C.l.E., '

Pt'incipal, .ll ad1'Qs Clwistiu'n Collegp•

The .lfadl"us, Jlail :-,Dr. Miller has taught Shakes­pe.tl'e for o'<'er 40 years to hundreds of students who have passed through the Christian College. ' And in his classes if he has enforced one lesson morc than another, it has been that these plays must have been written with the ob­ject, o.mong others, of making plo.in the InOl'al pl'inclples which underlie the ordinary occurrences in human life, and that it is this featnre of 'Shakespeare's plays which makes them not only an intellectual discipline but a means of real benefit to those upon whom they haye their full nlld proper influence,

The .lfahl"uttu.-It is a delightful task to ha,-e to re"iew ~ work like' Shakespeare's Chart of Life.' It "onsists of thoughtful monographs on Shakespeare'R four great tragedies-King Lear, Macbeth, Hamlet and Othello. It is unique both in style and treatment, is thoroughly prac­tical nnd mark~ a much-needed departure in studying poet.I·Y. It eminently se ..... es the purpose set forth bi the author, viz., of reading the innermost meaningof Shakes­peare's tragedies to Indian students.

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Swami Vivekananda. Thill i .. " lehgthy nnd illh'r.",ting .k",tl'h of th" lif. "fill t.-Achinglt of thi" .. mi,;" .. t In.liMo aMint, with ('opiouJI extract.; fl'Ow I,i .. """UC'h ... 8nd writinl,,'8. With" portrait. Ali. 4.

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14ahadev Govinda Ranade.-A c1_r aI·d .·o, ... i .... IU'("Ollllt "I hi. life anti CAre .. r, with extrKCbi fr,," hi. ~ll6f'Ch .. anti writingM, ilIulltr .. tive of hi .. vi .... Oil lo,lian Pl'oltlem", 8'lCi31 and &,oDorui(,,,l. (·,'nl.Jtillll .. rortr"it of Ilim anti ,,1111, lUI apprf:Cia· ti .. n l.y the n"o. ~Ir. Ookh .. I.. Pri.,., All. Four.

Swami Vivekananda. Thill ill" IllI'gthy and illh.r .... ting .ketch of th .. life ,,1It1 t.."".,ingll of thi • .. mi ••• mt In,li"'1 Mint, with ('opioull extra,,"" fl"Om hi. " ptlur h .. and writing... With a portruit. All.'.

Dadabhai Naoroji.-.o\ elMr an.t ooncill8 &C.

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The Hon. Mr. G. K. Gokhale. C.I.E.-TI.e ~k .. t.·h ro"t..inll aD ..... ·ount of hi" lifo an.t an ap" \'r ... ·i.ti"n of hi ....... vi._. with ('Opio"" I'xtrn. t .. il· III.tral illl.C I,i. opt:mi"lll. I,i .. i.it>fll .. oC puhlie lif .. , hill ..... j"mw .. r th .. !'I_nt ._.litie.1 Kituatioll, hi.; four Jl'r .... t .. 1I,j.: .... tio .... Cor a,llIIini .. t".tivf' rl'(ol'lll.lln<1 his • i.· .. ·• on InJian Finall<->tI,etc. R"it/a"I",rtrail. AII.2.

Three Departed Patrioll.-Skt't.,h.", tlf the " ..... ",1 ~""'"' of &h. I"te Anand" !\Iohun nOlIe, 1'-"'I·u<J.\'1I Tyabji, \V. C. H"ooerjM, with th .. ir I~Jt1.I"lAi:.. an.1 ropiou.. extract.. fl'om tI .. ,ir "pt!eChes an,1 witb aPI.I"ft·iMtiona by 1\Ir. D. E. W ... ·IUl ar.d th .. lion. 1\1 r. O .. kl",I... Pri .... A~. d. To .mb· ...... il .. ·r .. of tbe I,,,li,, .. R~"~,,, Aa ....

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malabar and its Folk. i. systematic clesC'I'iption 'of the soC'£(tl C1tst01nS

and institutions of Jlfrtln1Jrw.

BY T. K. GOPAL PANIKKAR, B.A.

Second ,EditirJ1l. Revised (md Enlrtrgpd.

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Tales of Tennali Raman.'-'fhe famollf'.Court­Jester -of Southern India. 21 Amusing Stories. By Pandit S.M. N atesa Sastri. Third E,lition. All. 4.

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H/~ SPEECHES AND WRITING8. Thia p .. hli .... tioR i. th .. 11",,& of ita kind. It i. the mo.'

...... ".li ••• nd eomprtoh_at,.. eoll .. ..tion of Ih .. work. of "".mi \i'" ...... nd. hith ..... o puhli.I....J. It ('OntAino • ........ R olh,,". hi ... I "'pHOn' .. harsc·ttor .k.,t .. h of" lfy ~I.ot.-r .. : h •• C'O'Ir, ... tt'Cl ..... tll .... t u ... ~t P .... liamlml of '''·''Ilion. at ('hwAllO; &II the importallt .11.1 ... Iu.blp .~·h"" add ............. d di...-ou ....... d .. /i".,n-d in Enltland. A_r"'L •• d 'nd .... n lin ••• Yo!(&. fII.&J.ti \·oj(O. KarOl. \ .,.,.. \ HI.nla, •• HI 1I .... III •• m : ... 1 .... lio ... from Ih.. .,10-.! ... · .. L otirnoll ... d in.";rillil .~ ..... h .. gar .. in .... ply to •• loIn .. _ of ... I.'On ... th.t __ p ........ ntrd to h.m .t d.n ...... nt tnwn •• nd .·iLi ... in Ind •• dllrinll h •• hi.tori" J" .. T ... , from I ·ol .. mho to AlmorL on hi. r.-tllm fro," ,\Illf"r",a; • rhoit. rollt"t-tjon of tta,p <"Ontrihutiooll of Ow " ..... 11 to ... nou. p........ .nd I"'riooi.·.I. hit ...... to 1I0t

.... 1.1.1 .. In ........ 'ur.n; 100 ... of hi. p""alP k>U ....... to 'ri ..... I.; .0.1 ••• ·I ... ·t ... o from the ..... "tif .. 1 portr)' th.t. h .. "n.", i .. tM tro .... p .... t of the _.

OETAILItl> (·OIlTP..,T ...

~h JIIa.I .. r: H.oo .... m ... Hrli,:i .. n: I"'plv to the A.J.I ...... _ of I ·on~IIlotJ .. n. from lIad ..... nd ~ ·.Wlltta : ,'/0. ' ... ·.1 of (·ni ...... ' 1C.·Iij:ion; Clnd on t:'~lh.nll; '",mona"" : .. th .. 1-00111 'mmortal; Th .. t·.......J .. m uf th .. 1\ .... 1; M.' •• n.l 111" •• 00; ~I., ..... 1 t .... (·on",·vtioll of 1;00' ~Ia, •• nd F ....... I'"n: The Hr&I.nd th.. ,\ "",,"'nt ~'a" Th.""",.I"I ... nd )lanif ... tatIOD; (·o.h io H ........ ;t'; Th. ( ....... "". Th..}J OM"Ot'O.m : Th.. I 'oomoa : The ~I.rr."·"",,,: 1l_Io""tion: K.rma- Yoga; ~1"lAl'h, .i ... iu I .. d •• : 1I.·on .... m.tlOn: Jlh.kti or ' ... ,mlDn: \·...t .. nta; 1he \·...Janl. io Ind.an I.if .. : Th.. M,ooion or u... \ ",1.nLa: , .... ""II'" of 'nd .. ; (1,"~t, The M ........ nl/O ... ; The 11,.1 .... ". "f R,,,I.lh •• m to Ihndtl •• m: Th .. 'l'me .I.·th .. d .. f " .... ial Rrform: 'fhf' RrforlD of {' .... I .. : F.du-r.b .... t .. 1'."" •• 1 I.on_; The {'on'j....t of 11 ... World h~ ID ..... Thollttht; Th. H.m.lav .. ; lin ~liillf'r-A "...Jant,.t: .J."". ; To. Frif'nd; Tile H,mo of e ...... tion; And I"" hhn01. O'n .... T ........ ; T"tt... A .. ·akf'nf'd Ind'L

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0." "AT.~AlI " l'O., ,,"PI'" !'! A I'''. '110 .......

Tille Swadeshi Movement. . A SYMPOSIUM .BY l

.Mrs. Annie Bea~:tnt, "'Sis~er NivtJdita, Sit· P. M. Melit>l. '~~r. D. E. Wacha, ,*RaJahPeal'Y MohunMukerjee, The Hon. MI'. Gokbale, Mr. R. C. Dutt, The Hon.· MI'. Surendr'a Nath Ba­nerji, The Hon. Mahmud Ym;uf Kh~r; Bahadur, Mr. A: Rasul, Bal'l'ister-at-Law, *The Hon. Mr. -Goculd,lS Parekh, !IC'Dewan, Bahadur, Ragunatha Rao, *Dewan Bahadur Krishnaswami Rau Avl., *Mr. David Gostling, *Mr. Harry Ormerod, *Mr. G. S. Khapal'de, Mr. B; G. Tilak" MI'. N. V.Kelkar, "'Mr. V. Krishnaswami Aiyar, *Mr. Asvini Kumar Datta, *Mr. Lala Lajpat Rai, Mr. G. Subramania Aiyar, MI'. Bepin Chandra Pal; Rai Bahad ur Lala Baij N atli ; Mr. A. Challdri, Bar-at,Law; 'Mr., C. J. O'DonntJlJ; Mr._ y. S. Arundale and several other ,vell-known Hindu and MahomedaD: gentlemen. '

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