ARCHAEOLOGY FRANKLIN: Wsiuku

This is an unpublished internal report.

approved for restricted circulation only.

It should not be cited in print without

permission from the Director-General of

Forests, Private Bag, Wellington.

The cover design. by Jill Pierce, is based

on a prehistoric Maori petroglyph (site N44/121),

Briers Block, Whangapoua State Forest.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE MANAGEMENT

IN NAIUKU STATE FOREST 186 :

A SUMMARY REPORT 1983

OCTOBER

1983

IAN LAN LOR

Conservancy Archaeologist

Auckland.

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WAIUKU S,F, 186

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY REPORT 1983

Copies of this report have been distributed as follows:-

Auckland Institute and Museum Library

N.Z. Archaeological Association Auckland Filekeeper

N.Z. Forest Service, Auckland Archaeofile

Sample Plot File

N.Z. Forest Service, Waitemata District Office

N.Z. Forest Service, Waiuku Forest H.Q.

N.Z. Forest Service, Wellington, Head Office (Environmental)

University of Auckland, Department of Anthropology Library

N.Z. Historic Places Trust, Wellington and Auckland

N.Z. Steel Limited (David Buist, Garry Hanley, John Hogan)

Managing Director, Huakina Development Trust, Pukekohe

'1

)111

Section

1.0

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.3

2.3.1

2.3.2

3.0

3.1

3.1.1

3.1.2

3.1. 3

3.2

4.0

5.0

6.0

6.1

6.2

CONTENTS

Title

Note on restricted circulation and citation.

Report circulation list

Contents

List of figures

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY

Archaeological History

European History

Introduction

Early Land Deals and Confisoations

Land Reclamation and Forest~d

Tangata Whenua

Submission Extraot

(by Mrs Nganeko Minhinnick)

Auckland Regional Authority's submission

SITES WITHIN WAIUKU STATE FOREST

Traditional Sites

Historio Waahi Tapu

Traditional Waahi Tapu

Dismission

Archaeological Sites

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

1

2

2

3

3

4

5

6

6

9

11

11

11

11

12

14

18

19

22

22

26

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LIST OF FIGURES

Number Title After Page

Map showing land subdivision within Waiuku State 1

Forest 186.

2 Time chart of Waiuku History. 4

3 1853 hydrographic chart of the Waikato River. 4

4 1867 plan of Waiuku No.3 Block, Manukau District. 4

Maori Deeds No. 290.

, \:111 5 Forest Service compartment map of Waiuku State enclosed

Forest showing historic places and archaeological investigations. ;"-

i"'--(;:W 6 Map showing the location of historic and traditional 11

:-~ waahi tapu (burial grounds).

i '"!;Jl]

7 Table showing names, areas, and allotment numbers of 11

l,- Maori waahi tapu within Waiuku State Forest.

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8 Stratigraphic section of midden site N51/114. 16

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report is a summary statement about archaeological site management in Waiuku State

Forest 186 (Fig 1). The history of the area is outlined and both archaeological and

traditional sites are described. Recommendations are made for their future management.

The management of sites within \'laiuku Forest is complicated by the fact that N.Z. Steel Ltd

is progressively mining the forest sands for iron are. It is therefore very important

that archaeological sites and traditional sites are identified, and if need be, protected.

They can then be incorporated into both Forest Service and N.Z. Steel Ltd management

proposals.

FIG.1. MAP SHOWING LAND SUBDIVISION WITHIN WAIUKU STATE FOREST 186 (Source NZMS 177 Cadastral Map).

9 1 km. 2 , !

NORTH AUCKLAND FRANKLIN COUNTY. MAlaRa.

WAIUKU WEST

PAR S H

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t t • • • t • •

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o ~~;~~~ ;~~te j\t!*~,il Maori Land

~ Waahi Tapu m1 ( Buria I Grounds)

CD Lot. 361 ® Te Papawhero (Lot. 362)

® Waiaraponia @ Te Kuo (Lot.98 ) tLot.99)

® Tangi tanginga

------------------

2

2.0 HISTORY

2.1 Archaeological History

This section has been included in this report so as to place the investigations

at l'laiuku State Forest within a regional context. A more detailed discussion of

archaeology within the lcider Auckland Region can be found in Davidson (1982).

Archaeological investigations within the Manukau Harbour and Waikato Heads region

has included site surveys and excavations.

Steve Edson, the New Zealand Archaeological Association filekeeper fOT Waikato, has

examined site distributions on early aerial photographs and these have been field-

checked by Fox (1982:53) and N.Z. Forest Service archaeologists (see this report,

Section 3.2). Janet Davidson, writing a regional perspective of the Auckland

Region archaeology, states south of the Manukau ... on the Awhitu Peninsula, the

density of sites more ~losely resembles that of South Kaipara. Between the Manukau

and i'laikato Heads there are marlY ~omplexes of large storage pits, as well as poo

and other sites (1982:34). The other sites include undefended or open settlement

areas (terraces) and middens (shell refuse heaps),

Three archaeological excavations have been undertaken within the region. They

investigated sites located at Manukau South Head (Ambrose 1961), Maioro (Fox 1982)

and Waitete Point (Bulmer n.d. and 1983 and Davidson 1982). Of the sites located

at the Manukau South Head, Davidson states that their locations are typical

of the situations often ohosen by early settZers throughout New Zealand. Artefacts

oollected from one or more sites in the eroding sandhills represent a fuZler range

of typical East Polynesian or archaic artefaots than is known elsewhere in the

region. These were almost certainly assooiated with moa bones, including those

of Dinornis species. A small controlled' excavation in one of these sites (N46-47/16)

in 1961 yielded sparse remains of small moa, fishbones, and a beautiful ~hi8el of

Archaic type (1982:35; also see Ambrose 1961). This is the only site in the

Auckland region that has evidence of possible pre A.D. 1300 human occupation.

Excavations at Maioro site (N51/5) were undertaken by Roger Green in 1965-66 and

have recently been described and interpreted by Aileen Fox and Green(1982). The

investigations of this small scarped knoll revealed four different occupations based

upon a succession of storage pits. Occupations ranged from an open or undefended

settlement, to a palisaded enclosure with pits and possibly a house, working floor

and cooking shed. The site was occupied as an open area, possibly as early as the

1''1 3

12th century, and as a defended settlement in the 15th to 16th centuries (Fox pers.

comm. 1933). The absence of European artefacts indicated the site was not occupied

in the 19th century (Fox 1982:78). Waitete Point is a paa (1) site (N46/14) which

was excavated in 1978 by Susan Bulmer, the N.Z. Historic Places Trust Archaeologist

for the Auckland Region (Bulmer 1983). Bulmer states that Waitete paa was a

seasonal fishing paa established by the Ngati Whatua~ the residents of the Auckland

isthmus~ for the pta>pose of asserting territoPiality -in the Waiuku region. It

stood on the main trade and communication route from north to south. The fortification

was built in 1835~ the same year that the Ngati Whatua returnee to permanent

residence in Auckland after exile during the Nga Puhi raids. The fortification

covered an area of about 2 ha on a cliff edge overlooking the Waiuku inlet and it

was divided into two areas. The outer area was a palisaded gru.'den, with zig-zag

double palisades that would have prevented effective musket fire.

The inner area of the paa was protected by double ditch-and-bank earthwo2'ks about

50 m apar-t, and the majority of the evidence of habitation (midden, pit and house

sites) is within the inner ditch-and-bank~ which is the larger of the two ...

The stratigraphic sequence ... shows three periods of human activity ... : the

construction and use of the paa

presumably for seasonal camping

; followed by the sporadic use of the site,

; and European faPlming activity ... (1983:47-51).

In summary, the region between the Manukau South Head and the Waikato River contains

a wide variety of evidence for former Maori occupation. The sites range from large

complex defended paa which were probably occupied many times, to small discrete heaps

of shell, which probably represent the remains of single meals. Artefacts 'and radio

carbon age estimates indicate that the region contains some of the earliest evidence

for human occupation in the Auckland area.

2.2 European History

2.2.1 Introduction

The history of the Waiuku area has been recorded in a number of publications

(including Morris 1965 : Muir 1957; Muir and Muir 1980; Waiuku Centenary

Committee, Brochure Committee 1954; and Westhead 1949). Of these, Morris's

book Early Days in Franklin provides the most comprehensive discussion of

early land deals between Maori and European.

(1) The double vowel (eg: aa) is used in this report to identify the long vowel and to assist with the

correct pronunciation of Maori words.

2.2.2

4

Historical events have been summarised in this report as a time chart

(Fig 2) to facilitate discussion.

IVaiuku Forest on the northern side of the i'laikato River mouth comprises

1508 hectares (3725 acres) (Fig 1). This headland at the time of

European arrival was characterised by extensive wind-blown coastal sand

dunes and areas of high maanuka and fern. An 1853 hydrographic chart

(Fig 3) shows the area as sand hills with wooded summits about 500 feet

high. The main features to note upon the chart are the locations of

Native Settlement. Mission Station, \fuite Shell Summit, and the 1917 coast

line on the North Head (Tatamoerua).

Gum in the soil and logs within swamps indicate that the area was originally

covered with Kauri forest.

Early Land Deals and Confiseations

Reference to Figure 2 will be helpful in the following dicussion.

The land upon which l'Iaiuku Forest is situated was part of the Waiuku

Peninsula Block which was to be purchased by the Crown from the Ngati Te Ata

tribe in November 1864 for the sum of£5,250 (Fig 4) (Turton 1877:350-353).

In this Deed (No. 288) 5153 acres were set aside for the Ngati Te Ata tribe

as waahi rahui (native reserves) and 1253 acres, the waahi tapu (burial grounds)

of the Maoris, were excluded from the purchase (Turton 1877:352-351). The

Deed records four waahi tapu which are located within the Waiuku State Forest

area: Te Papawhero (509 acres), Waiaraponia (30 acres), Te Kuo (123 acres)

and Tangitanginga (63 acres). These waahi tapu are defined on Lands and Survey

cadastral maps as allotments 362,98,99 and 100 respectively (Fig 1).

Payments for the Waiuku Peninsula Block were to be spread over four years

but in December 1864 the whole area was confiscated by the Government

under the N.Z. Settlements Act (1863) because of local Maori involvement

in war and rebellion. In 1865 the area was gazetted and set aside for

settlement and colonization (N.Z. Gazette 1865:2): During the same year

Maori claims against the confiscation were heard and approximately 4705

acres was returned to the Waiuku and Awhitu Maoris (Deeds Index Book8~

Vol. 170:779-794; also see Supplement to N.Z. Gazette~ No. 56, of

19 October 1876). These grants included the four Waiuku State Forest

•

FIG, 2 TIME CHART OF WAIUKU HISTORY

1793-1820's Ngapuhi raids on Auckland Isthmus, Waikato and Thames. "T~

?1824 Captain J.R, Kent moved to Waikato under the patronage of Tewhereowhero and traded

for cargoes of flax,

pre -1830 Captain (?) Payne recorded as a resident trader at Waikato Heads,

1830 Charles Narshall landed at Waikato Heads to exchange muskets for flax.

1835 Waikato tribes under Tewherowhero reoccupied Waiuku area after Ngapuhi raids,

Armed with muskets.

1836 Missionaries arrive and set up a station at Moeatoa,

1839 Alexander Dalziel bought land at Waiuku. When the claim went before the

Land Commissioners the claim was disallowed. No compensation was paid to

Dalziel (N.Z. Gazette~ No.1 1841),

1842-1843 First land offered to Crown for sale by the Ngati Te Ata in Franklin County

(Pukekohe Block).

1843 First white people at Waiuku.

1850 Maoris trading large quantities of produce to Onehunga and Auckland,

E, Constable living at Waiuku.

1851 Government offered allotments for sale at Waiuku,

1852 Alexander Kennedy journeyed to Waiuku and up Awaroa Creek.

1854-1856 Waiuku is an established settlement with five European families living in

the area, .. ~ 1854 Waiuku No,1 Block purchased by the Crown (43,700 acres) but Ngati Te Ata chiefs

Aihepene Kaihau and Katipa did not sign (Turton 1877: 329) ,

Okokeka No,1 Block Waiuku (same area as above) purchased by the Crown

for &1100 (Turton 1877:331).

Whakaupoho Block (same area as above) purchased by Crown again (Turton 1877:332).

1855 Settlers required more land. The Chief Commissioner of the Waste and Board

reports that relevant to the Waiuku Block he received enquiries from as far away

as Sydney. The Surveyor was well ahead with the survey of this block, The

Commissioner reported that there are 45,000 acres of land of which it is estimated

one third is swamp and bad ground and the rest is of highly fertile land. He

suggested that, from its position in regard to water carriage and proposed tramway,

all that is available will be rapidly sold.

(1) Time chart is based up?n a number of publications (see text).

.. . /2

FIG. 2 cont.

1856 Seven reserves of land were made on account of the Maoris, by the general

Government or by the natives themselves in the Waiuku Block :

1. Puhetahi (100 acres) 5. Aka Aka (300 acres)

2. Putumahoe (700 acres) 6. Codlins Block (283 acres)

3. Auaunga, Purupuru (1,000 acres) 7. Waiuku Village (1 acre 3 roads)

4. Purupuru (2 acres)

1858 Ferdinand von Hochstetter visited area.

1860 Ngati Tarnaoho warrior killed at Patumahoe. Maori-Settlerrelations unsettled.

1863 British forces invade the Waikato. Ngati Te ~ta, under Aihepene Kaihau, helped

to protect Waiuku township from molestation by Maori King's forces. A few of

Aihepene'smen joined the rebel forces and were captured during fighting at

Rangiriri .

1864 (November) A further Land Deed (No.288, see Turton 1877:350-353) was signed

by the Ngati Te Ata tribe at Waiuku for the whole of the Waiuku Peninsula and the

area west of the Awaroa Creek. Although much of this land had already been sold

in the 1850's (see above), a further payment of &5,250 was made. Installments

were tobe spread over four years. In this Deed 5153 acres were set aside for the

Ngati Te Ata tribe and 1253 acres, the bu.ria1 grounds of the Maoris, were excluded

from the purchase (see 1867).

(December) A proclamation was 'issued saying that the Governor would retain all the

land in the Waikato taken by His Majesty's forces and that all lands north of this

and up to the waters of the Manukau and Waitemata belonging to the Rebel Natives or

tribes be confiscated. Some 146,000 acres were confiscated in the Franklin County area.

The Ngati Te Ata lost nearly all their land except for 6,000 acres at Waiuku (SO acres

at Pokeno, 4,594 acres at Waipipi and 1913 acres at Maioro were retained).

1865 (January) Waiuku North and South Blocks gazetted and set aside for settlement and

colonization under the N.Z. Settlements Act (1863) (N.Z. Gazette 1865:2).

(April-May) Judge Fenton heard land claims by Maoris against land confiscations.

Immigrant families recruited by the Government arrive to occupy lands in Waiuku area.

(October) Crown Grants of 4705 acres 8 roods awarded to Waiuku and Awhitu Maoris.

Grants include four allotments wi thin the area of Waiuku State Forest (No's. 362, 98, 99

and 100) (Ueeds Inde~ Books~ Volume 17D:786-794).

1867 Land Deed No. 290 (see Turton 1877:355-358) for the Waiuku Peninsula was signed

and £5,250 paid by the Crown. (see 1864).

1873 Disposal of land within the Waiuku Blocks was as follows :

about one fifth was taken up by immigrants, a little more than one fifth had

been sold, approximately one fifth was native land, and the remainder was undisposed of.

1876 Waiuku Native Grants Act passed. Crown Grants of 1865 cancelled and scheduled and

reallocated because of difficulties which arose from carrying out the Trusts in the

original grant (Supplement to the N.Z. Gazette, No.56, 1876). This Act includes four

allotments within the area of Waiuku State Forest (No's. 362, 98, 99 and 100) .

.. . /3

FIG. 2 cont.

1860-1880 Area depressed because of less trade; main communications route shifted further

east away from Waiuku.

1880 Development of swamplands at Otaua and Aka Aka. NT"

?1917 R.A. Reid, Ministry of Public Works reclamation engineer, visited area because

of local concerns that mobile sand dunes were invading and covering farmland.

1932 Public Works Department started dllile reclamation programme by planting marram

grass and lupin before pine trees. Work provided employment during depression.

1935 Tree planting (Pinus radiata~ P. maritime and P. murieata) began in the north

and progressed south and east to fix dunes.

1939 Allotment 362 (then referred to as No.97, Te Papawhero waahi tapu) was gazetted

by the Crown for sand dune reclamation pUrposes (N.Z. Gazette 1939;2429) (see 1957). 1947

Allotment 361 (42,000 acres of sand dunes at Waikato Heads, Auckland Acclimatization

~"T! District) declared to be a Sanctuary under the Animats Protection and Game Act

(1921-22) (N.Z. Gazette 1947:1015).

1952 "8

Forest Service took over forest from Ministry of Public Works.

1957 Allotment 362 (gazetted in 1939) acquired for a Government work declared to be crown

land (D.Z. Gazette 1957:326). ';"!l' 1959

Allotment 98, and part allotments 99 and 100 (Maori waahi tapu known as Waiaraponia,

Te Kuo and Tangitanginga) were gazetted for State Forest Purposes. Part of

allotments 99 and 100 were left as Maori land (N.Z. Gazette 1959:529, 1222). 1960 lOBO hectares of Waiuku Forest planted.

1969 N . Z. Steel Ltd start mining iron sands in the north-eastern section of

Waiuku Forest.

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1867 PLAN OF WAIUKU NO.3 BLOCK, MANUKAU DISTRICT MAORI DEEDS NO. 290, (TURTON 1877, VOL.2).

AUCKLAND

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OISTRICT;

J- Jan", - J{J67 /

WEST c. 0 A S'T

VVAIUKU' BlOC.K

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2.2.3

5

waahi tapu described above.

The successful claims by the Ngati Te Ata against the land confiscation,

were probably successful because Aihepene Kaihau, an elder and chief,

helped to protect, the European settlers at Waiuku from the rebel Waikato

Maori forces (Muir and Muir 1980). The actions of Aihepene Kaihau were

probably also instrumental in the signing of a second Land Deed (No. 290)

for the Waiuku Peninsula Block between the Government and Ngati Te Ata in

1867. This Deed duplicates the 1864 Deed which was signed before the

confiscation and includes the waahi tapu located within the Waiuku State

Forest area.

In 1876 the Government passed the Waiuku Native Grants Aet because of

difficulties which arose in carrying out the trusts in the 1865 grants.

The Act cancelled the grants of 1865 and scheduled and re-allocated them,

naming the owners and -interested persons of each of the blocks. The

four waahi tapu located within Waiuku State Forest (identified above)

were recorded in this Act.

Westhead records (1949:55) that by 1873 the disposal of land in the

Waiuku Blocks was as follows: about one fifth was taken up by immigrants,

a little more than one fifth had been sold, approximately one fifth was

native land, and the remainder was undisposed of.

Through the 1860 l s and 80 l s the Waiuku area was not as prosperous as it

had previously been. It was no longer the main communication route

between the Tamaki Isthmus and the Waikato. In 1880 the swamplands at

Aka Aka and Otaua were developed, opening more land for farming.

Land RecZamation and Forestry

In 1917 (approx.) R.A. Reid, the Ministry of Public Works reclamation

engineer. visited the north Waikato Heads area because of local concern

that mobile sand dunes were invading and covering adjacent farmland.

The Public Works Department subsequently started a reclamation progranune

in 1932 by planting marrarn grass. Tree planting (Pinus radiata~

P. ma1'itime aY'4 P. mur'ioata) began in 1935 in the north and progressed

south and east to fix the dunes.

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It was from the early 1930 ' s through to the 60's that most of the

blocks of land \dthin the Waiuku Forest were acquired by the Crown (see Fig 2).

The north-eastern part of the forest has been progressively mined since

1969 by N.Z. Steel Ltd for iron ore from the sand (SF file 20/186,

19 January 1981) (Fig 5 enclosed). The ore is extracted by a magnetic and

centrifugal separation process using water from the Waikatb River.

The non-magnetic tailings and water are piped to bunds where the solids

are deposited and the water percolated back into the river. Pine forests

cover has been re-established upon the old tailings. It was estimated

in 1981 that the forest will be mined at the rate of 11 hectares per year.

Both forestry and mining operations are potential sources of disturbance

to archaeological and traditional sites within the Waiuku Forest.

2.3 Tangata Whenua

One of the most important aspects of the management of Maori sites, on all land, is

the concerns and wishes of the local community. The following section of the report

has been included because it expresses these concerns and wishes. The past history

of alienation of Maori land, outlined above, explains to a large extent the anxieties

of the Maori community regarding current landuse proposals.

This section of the report is based upon a submission, by Mrs Nganeko Minhinnick of

the Ngati Te Ata hapu of Waikato, to the Commission for the Environment on the

Proposed N.Z. Steel Mill Environmental Impact Report (SF file 20/186, 11 September 1980).

Although the submission was directed at N.Z. Steel Mill Expansion operations, there

are many points which should be the concern of Forest Service. Mrs Minhinnick is a

shareholder in the Maori land wi thin Waiuku Forest.

2.3.1. Submission Ext~act

The Ngati Te Ata hapu of Waikato have been associated with the area between

the Manukau HCC1'bou~ and the Waikato River since the arrival of the Tainui

Canoe back in 1350 AD. At this time the hapu was known as Te Rua Kai Whare.

Te Rua Whare~ a tribal. taniwha, is guardian of the Manuka:u, a faet which is

acknowledged in the Auckland Harbour Board's policy document fo~ this harbour

(Manukau Harbou~ Pl.an~ Part Two, Supplementary Papers 1978:119).

7

We became known as Ngati Te Ata after our anee8tre88~ T8 Ata-i-Rehia, who

lost her life in battle~ but in doing so, saved the tribe.

The Manukw.A. Harbour and the Waikato River is as important to us as the

air' we breathe. The ancestral- land and waters of OUT' forefathers, nOW

drastioally reduoed, the trees, the plant life, and all- that has been

given by nature and our Almighty Father, shares equal status of i;nportance.

Our Marae, papakainga were established throughout Awhitu and waiuku, the

more recent ones being Rangiriri, Moeatoa and Tahuna.

In the 1920's, at Moeatoa Marae (oommonZ-y known as liThe Needles"), over

90 families were either imprisoned or forced to leave the Marae and their

waahi tapu (including the cemetery) by the Public T~8tee. This action

resulted in the people from Moeatoa Marae joining their whanaunga at

Tahuna Marae.

Tahuna Marae still remains today and is located on the western shores of

the Manukau Harbour~ opposite the N.Z. Steel Mill at Glenbrook~ Waiuku.

The Whare puni (meeting house) at Tahuna Marae is named Teuwira. It i3

about 11? years old and it is only here within its tranquil setting that

we continue the traditions of our tupuna (ancestors). It is her>e~ too~

that we continue the pledges of loyalty made by our tupuna to the King-itanga.

These submissions are based on our concerns for the r>etention of our> social

cultural and traditional environment.

An Environmental Impact Report has been prepared and it states that the

proposed expansions (of N.Z. Steel Mill) is seen to be in the "National

interest ll• However~ full appreciation and understanding of Maori cultural

values are not evident in the Repor>t.

Consultation with the affected Maori people is an essential part of

assessing the social and environmental implication of the proposed expansion

rye believe that the methods of consultation used in this process are vital.

Maori cultural values are not always immediately obvious to the pakeha

observer for they involve intangible qualities of life - spiritual and

secular. Also~ environmental impacts may be interpreted differently~

depending on the culturg interpreting them.

Under Section 3 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1977:

The relationship of the Maori people

and their cu Z- ture and tradi tions wi th

their ancestral land

8

are declared to be of national importance. Therefore we take this

(1) oPPol·tunity as a community to present our concePrlS and submissions

We are concerned with the effect that water

discharges would have on the seafood. (2)

With the present set up~ at times kaimoana

(seafood) is dying from water pollution and this

must became more pronounced when the proposed

scheme is put into effeot with the acknowledged

increase in water discharges and accompanying

pollution.

Thus~ our traditional fishing grounds3

which we

have used for centuries3 will be unusable _

these same fishing grounds and rights were supposed

to be protected under the terms of the Treaty of

Waitangi.

Schemes for monitoring environmental impacts need to be

extended and their findings be made public and

open to further discussion. This would serve as

a reminder of their existence and demonstrate

their usefulness to both community and environment.

Protection for and aaoess to our waahi tapu (sacred

places) must be ensured.

The Auokland District Maori Council be included

on the ~utomatio mailing list.

(1) Many submissions relate directly to the N.Z. Steel Mill Expansion and its effects on the

environment. The submissions listed here relate to traditional sites within Waiuku Forest.

(2) This submission has been included because it relates to the Maori owned block within

Waiuku Forest called Tangitanginga (see Section 3.1 below).

2.3.2

9

Our local kaumatua, Mr Joseph Takanini Wirihana, must be

co-opted immediately by N.Z. Steel Ltd as a kaumatua­

consultant to advise and liaise between our people

and the development authorites.

In any future developments, access to our lands and

traditional fishing grounds must be ensured.

We had 80 much and like Moeatoa Marae it is sloWly but surely being

stripped from us.

With no regard whatsoever to us the tangata whenua nor to our ancient

waahi tapu, upupa or land, the land which we owned is now used for

State Forest purposes. In 1959 what land we had within the forest was

stripped from us under the Public Works Act 1928, and it is known now

as the "Nne Si te.

Now we are faced with another loss. Once again the resources of the

Waikato River are being called upon.

The Waikato River and the Manukau Harbour to us is like the Ganges River is

to the Hindus. It is sacred.

We wish to remind the Commission that~ although the proposals may be

/lin the national inter>ests" it has been ou!' e:r;perience~ based on the

Waahi3 Waiau Paa QPA Ohaaki communities~ that the Mao!'i is not neceasarily

part of that national interest3 and that it is because of the geneloaZ

uncer>tainty and ambiguity of the Report3 together with past experience~

that we formally convey to you our objections to the proposed scheme.

Auckland Regional Authority's Submission

The Auckland Regional Authority also made a submission to the Commission

for the Environment which refers to Maori interests within the mine site

and forest area. Submission 7.1, entitled Mine Site. is quoted in full:

There are a number of urupa (Maori burial grounds) within the mine site~

not just one as shown in the r>epor>t. The report contains no disG~ssion as

to protection measures except to sqy that mining elsewher>e talks of the

10

Taharoa experience and N.Z. Steet should be able to draw on this

experienoe in managing the mine site. A detailed survey of the

mine site is obviously necessary before an expanded mining prograrrone

begins 3 and the assistanae of an archaeologist should be obtained for

thie survey. A Komatua aonsultant from among the local Maori tribes

should be appointed to give advice on sacred matters. The Waahi tapu

should be protected from mining and access to urupa should be guaranteed

for tangata whenua. Access shouZd not be made too diffiault~ ie: sites

should not be left as "islands" with the sides mined away. The sides

should be battered and protected against erosion by wind and water.

11

3.0 SITES WITHIN WAIUKU STATE FOREST

3.1 Traditional Sites

3.1.1

3.1.2

HistoY'ie rlaahi Tapu

Historic records show that the Waiuku State Forest contains at least four

traditional sites (Fig 6). These have been called "historic waahi tapu"

and they have been distinguished from other "traditional waahi tapu ll

recently identified by Ngati Te Ata elders (see below). Te Papawhero (Fig. 1)

(allotment 362) was gazetted under the Public WOr>ks Act (1929) by the

Government in 1939 for sand dune reclamation purposes (N.Z. Gazette

1939:2429) and declared Crown land in 1957 (N.Z. Gazette 1957:326).

Waiaraponia (allotment 98), and Te Kuo and Tangitangingaa (part allotments

99 and 100) were gazetted in 1959 for State Forest purposes (N.Z. Gazette

1959:1222); these waahi tapu were presumably taken so that areas of open

sand within these blocks could be reclaimed and afforested Iv-ith the surrounding

land (SF file 20/186, 1 October ]980). The remaining parts of allotments

99 and 100 (8 hectares Dr 19 acres) were left as Maori land and became

respectively known as Te Kuo upupa and Tangitanginga landing or fishing

reserve.

The Forest Service has always respected the Maori owned land as sacred areas,

leaving them unplanted so that the natural vegetation could regenerate.

Together the four historic waahi tapu comprise 293 hectares (725 acres)

and make up approximately one fifth of the forest area (Fig 7).

While searching historic survey plans three Maori place names were noted

from the southern tip of the Waiuku Forest (see Survey Office Roll Plan 466,

No.2 Land situated bevween Dalziel's claim and Waikato Heads~ 1864).

These names have been included on Fig 5. The survey plan also identified

the four waahi tapu within the Waiuku Forest area.

Tradi tional f.laahi Tapu

At a recent meeting with David Buist, David Thorp (N.Z. Steel Ltd Engineer and

Mine Site Manager, respectively) and John Esling, (Murray North Partners Ltd,

Surveyor), a map lv-as produced which showed the location of seven additional

waahi tapu within the forest (Figs 5 and 6). These traditional sites were

o I

FIG 6 MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF HISTORIC AND TRADITIONAL

WAAHI TAPU (BURIAL GROUNDS)

NORTH AUCKLAND FRANKLIN COUNTY, MAlaRa,

1 km, 2 , ,

WAIUKU WEST

PAR S H

.. +

• • t

•

• t

*0+ +

* • ~

t

f

* t • t +

* '" • .. • • ..

• + fi1~ .. II' .l .. ~

Waiuku Forest

•

State 186

Maori Land

., " ... '-'/ "; ,

I" ,,' I' ".., I f .. ~'

I ~,.1 J I ~, / /

, .' I II

-:> ""'" / - ,., I J

"',,1 1 ( / ;~ (:" I I , *,""" r, .. J,J .... \,

.... L'

~ Historic ~ Waahi Tapu (Source: Historic Records)

::J'~\\ Tradit ional :;,::/- Waahi Tapu

(Source: Ngati Te Ata Elders)

•

FIG. 7 TABLE SHOWING NAMES, AREAS, AND ALLOTMENT NUMBERS OF MAORI iI'AAHI TAPU WITHIN WAIUKU STATE FOREST

Allotment Approximate Area Percentage Number Name Number Area of (See FIG.5) Hectares Acres Forest

WAIUKU FOREST 1 361 1132 2798 75

RESIDUAL

HISTORIC 2 Te Papawhero 362 206 509 13.7 WAAHI TAPU 3 Waiaraponia 98 12 30 0.8

4a Te Kuo Pt 99 44 109 2.9 4b Te Kuo (Maori Land) Pt 99 6 14 0.4 Sa Tangi tanginga PtlOO 23 58 1.5 5b Tangi tanginga Pt100 2 5 0.1

(Maori Land)

TRADITIONAL W4AHI TAPU 6 13 32 0.9

7 17 42 1.1 8 10 25 0.7 9 9 22 0.6

10 15 37 1.0 11 6 15 0.4 12 13 32 0.9

TOTAL 1508 3725 100 I -- I

3.1.3

12

located on a map by a Tohunga (teacher or priest) of the Ngati Te Ata

tribe at the request of N.Z. Steel Ltd in 1980 (see SF file 6/186/21/1,

7 November 1982).

A further meeting between N.Z. Steel Ltd Liaison Conooittee, representatives

of the Huakina Development Trust Board, Ngati Te Ata ~epresentatives. and

N.Z. Forest Service was held (SF file 6/186/21/1, 13 December 1982). The

waahi tapu areas, including the two blocks of Maori land, were visited

and a round table discussion was held.

Four points were discussed at the meeting:

(1) identification of waahi tapu during the fieldtrip;

(2) future recognition and identification;

(3) access; and

(4) a future meeting.

The major problems which arose from the discussions focussed upon defining

the extent of the waahi tapu and their future protection. It was hoped

that these pro'blems could be resolved at a future meeting when forest

management could also be considered.

Disoussion

A number of communications within the Auckland Conservancy files indicate

that staff members were aware that other sacred sites were located within

the forest,

(The Officer in Charge at Waiuku) says the two

areas of Maori land are not marked on the ground

(other than by Survey Pegs in case of Te Kuo UrupaJ

although they are marked on Cadastral maps(l).

There is a controversy over the exact location of

the urupa. The looal Maoris ... regard the burial

ground as being a quarter a mile away (from the

gazetted area) in an area planted in pines which

nobody will touch.

(1) A note on the minute sheet states pegged in the 1960's. This presumably means that the

urupa and reserve were pegged by surveyors in the 1960 1s.

No other Maori sites have been recorded in

the area nor have any artefacts been found. (1)

(SF file 20/186, 24 September 1980)

The urupa site as defined at the time (of gazettal)

was left unptanted. Howevel'~ its exact location

is unknown and there is disagreement amongst

local Maoris as to the site's precise whereabouts.

Some believe it to be a planted area about 50am

from the mapped site and have made the area tapu.

(SF file 20/186. 1 October 1980)

Two officers of the Department of Maori Affair'S

visited the forest ... They inspected the block

of Maori land on Loop Road (urupa) and ... an

area in Compartment 34, south of Tapu Road,

immediately to the west of the large clay pan.

This is an area believed by some to be a burial

ground. There is a body of opinion which suggests

that this is lIthe u'l'Upa ff in pr>eference to the si te

officially set aside as MaoPi land on Loop Road, but I

inferred from Tuesday IS meeting that it was in

addition to this one ...

In a discussion with Carter Mer>chants bush boss

I learnt that ther>e was also considered to be a

13

burial ground (along the river boundary of Compartment

32) •

This was also known to one of the Mao!i Affairs

people who also referred to the rumoured existence

of a fourth, the location of which was not known

to her.

This visit was in the nature of a reconnaissance

and I understood they intended to retura to

locate them more positively. It is my opinion

(1) Bob Jolly, a registered collector of Maori artefacts, has some artefacts from the Waiuku Forest

area. They were collected before the forest was established (peTS. comm. John Coster 1982).

however, that drifting sand~ up untit the time these

areas were stabiZised in the late 1940's would most

likely have obscured all indication of their location.

14

(SF file 6/186, 3 October 1980)

These communications identify the location of at least three waahi tapu

which coincide "lith traditional sites recently located by the Ngati Te

Ata Elders (see Fig 5 "Maori Waahi Tapu tl• numbers 7. 9 and 10).

3.2 Archaeological Sites

Two archaeological surveys have been undertaken within Waiuku Forest. On

29 October 1982, two Conservancy archaeologists (Jill Pierce and Helen Charters)

surveyed the southern coastal strip of the forest. The recorded sites and the

route taken during the survey are marked on Fig 5.

The results of this survey were presented in an interim report (Charters 1981).

Five sites were recorded; four middens (N.l. Archaeological Association site

numbers N51/101 to 104) and one possible terrace (N51/100). The position of

these middens coincides very closely with the white shell summit which was

located upon the 1853 hydrographic chart (Fig 3). If the North Head (Tatamoerua)

coastline was washed away by 1917, as the chart shows, many of the middens

are probably recent additions to the landscape.

The recorded sites were all given a C grade because they were considered to be

damaged. isolated or insignificant sites, and an Authority for modification was

requested from the N.l. Historic Places Trust (NlHPT). (For a description of

site grades and management, see Coster 1979:92).

A decision on this application was deferred by the NZHPT until they had more

information on the sites.

On 8 June 1982, two Conservancy Archaeologists (Helen Charters and Robert Pollock)

and a NZHPT Staff Archaeologist (Kevin Jones) visited four areas within the forest

(Fig 5):

(1) The exposed dune face within the N.l. Steel

Ltd sand extraction area (Compartment 21) was

examined. No sites were found;

•

(2) Compartment 23, a future sand extraction area was

examined. No sites were visible because of the

dense ground cover of marram grass and mature pines;

(3) Several potential sites within the northern half of

the forest were examined. These sites were recorded

by Stephen Edson (Waikato Art Museum) from early aerial

photographs of the region. The approximate location

of these sites has been recorded on Figure 5. No

surface evidence for these sites was recorded during

the inspection; and

(4) Sites N51/100 to 104 were reinspected and three

additional midden sites were recorded (NSl/114 to 116).

15

The archaeologist in charge of the second survey concluded that these sites

should cause no obstruction to forest management, but an archaeologist should

be present during clearfelling operations to record any further details of

the middens which may be exposed (SF file 6/186/21/1, 7 July 1981). The sites

were subsequently given a B grade .

Two Authorities (numbers 1982/13 and 1982/14) for the modification of sites

NSl/100 to 104 and NS1/114 to 116 were subsequently issued by the NZHPT, with the

condition that a suitable archaeologist be notified before ~ogging operations

commenced so that the sites could be monitored as the work proceeded and

archaeologically important information recorded (SF file 6/186/21/1, 21 July

and 6 October 1982).

On 4 November 1982, two Conservancy Archaeologists (Ian Lawlor and Helen Charters)

carried out an inspection of both traditional and archaeological sites within

Waiuku Forest.

An inspection of the two Maori owned Blocks of land within the southern half of

the forest revealed that the Tangitanginga Reserve had been covered by the

dumping of tailings by N.Z. Steel Ltd. Mr David Thorp, N.Z. Steel Ltd Mining

Site Manager, was not aware that there was a 2 hectare Maori owned Fishing Reserve

within the area of mining operations, but he did identify a small knoll within the

vicini ty as a Maori lookout (pers. carom. 1982).

16

A 1980 NZFS report entitled Environmental Impact Report~ N.Z. Steel Mining

Waiuku Forest states that the reserves shall not be interfered with by mining

operations and be preserved in their present state. Any mining beyond the

looam radius (see Fig 5 in this report) must leave ample buffer zones around

the reserves (SF file 20/186, 8 October 1980).

The reserves were not to be disturbed in any way. The 1980 report fails to

mention that the Tangitanginga Reserve lies within the raOOm radius economic

distance limit, and was as a result under direct threat of disturbance. It does

state that the reserve had a very ancient and practically forgotten history

and that it was not used in any way.

Site N51/114 was inspected at the request of the Officer in Charge (Ian Currie),

because the construction of a skid and logging operations was going to significantly

alter the site. The site was recorded as a thin cap of shell midden on top of

the east bank of Reid Road No. 60. Although some damage had occurred to the site

when the road was constructed, it is possible to suggest that it initially covered

an area of approximately 100 square metres.

The bank was excavated and the stratigraphic section recorded (Fig 8). There

were two distinct layers (numbers 2 and 4) of pipi (Paphies australis) separated

by mottled grey iron sand (layers I, 3 and 5). The sand between the shell

layers also contained a few pipi shell fragments.

A 300 gram sample of shell was extracted for radiocarbon age determination

from Nithin the lower midden layer 40 to 45cm beloN the surface. A feN small

unidentifiable fragments of decomposed fish bone and water-worn rounded pumice

pebbles were noted amongst the shell.

Areas of the site exposed by skid construction were examined. A scatter of pipi

shell and charcoal fragments, and a single scallop (Pecten novaezelandiae)

valve were all that was found. During operations, workmen had noted at least

one concentration of haangi stones and charcoal blackened sand among the

scattered shells.

I

FIG. 8 WAIUKU SF 186

Stratigraphic section from site N51/114

o

10

20

30

40

"' '" 50 ...

'" E

- 60 c

'" u

70

---- -""'\.. ~-,- - -- --- --" ---::---- - -- -.... r ~

-------=---:® (. •

,-, l

-- -::"".: = - r--~:- -- ~-:- ---_ - - - r- -_-:::--_=...- __ - _-_ -c _ - ... --:. = ;:-_ = ,-(14 - -:. _ '-<-;:. __ - sample--(Do - - --, --. .:. -- : -~ :: -- .:: -:'--. - -- - --- - ..,. -- - - - - -- ---,...,.,-::-... - - "- - - ~ -.............. , ' ........ :.~--- ..... -.""-.-"""

80 ®

90

100

scatter"d broken sh,,11 on su rf ac,,~

dark brown silty a f"w lumps of charcoal.

sand fragm"nted

who I" a nd bra ke n pipi shell

dark grey with a f"w fragments

conc"nt ra t"d shell

iron sand pi pi. shell

whol" pipi

som" fragments of pi pi a nd charcoal

dark gr"y stain at bas" of shell

mo ttled grey sand

Q) = layer

-17

Both stratigraphy and surface features indicated that the site initially functioned

as a cooking and refuse dumping area. A large quantity of pipi was consumed. as

well as fish and scallop. This kaimoana was most likely gathered from local sources

within a 2 kilometre radius of the site.

The fact that the lower midden layer was covered by sand indicates the site was

occupied when adjacent dune surfaces were mobile. The presence of pipi fragments

within the sand between the shell layers suggests some adjacent areas of the

site were possibly occupied at this time. The upper midden indicates a second

period of cooking and refuse dumping.

t I

t I:

t I

t Ii Ii

[ I [ !

!

~

l

r !

t

[

t 'i l

4.0

18

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 All archaeological sites have been recorded as grade B sites.

In future, when forestry or mining operations threaten sites, (N51/100 to

104 and 114 to 115) the Conservancy archaeologist should be notified

before operations commence (see NZHPT Authority No. 1982/13 and 1982/14).

4.2 Five potential archaeological sites (numbers 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7, Fig. 5) in

4.3

4.4

4.5

the northern half of the forest (compartments 12, 8, 4 and 6, 5 and 2

respectively) have been recorded from early aerial photographs. Although

no surface evidence was noted during a brief inspection of some of these

areas, there is good reason to believe that these sites did once exist.

Forestry staff should be made aware that during future operations within

these areas, evidence of Maori occupation could be uncovered.

To preserve the two blocks of Maori land from future damage, post, wire and

batten fences should be erected. A vehicle sized gate should provide access

into the blocks. This is the only way that protection for, and access to,

the waahi tapu can be ensured.

An archaeological survey and assessment, and a tacheometric survey have

established that tailings from N.l. Steel Ltd mining operations have been

deposited on the waah-i tapu Tangitanginga Reserve (Appendix 1). Additional

damage to the southern section of the Reserve has occurred through the erosive

actions of the I'laikato River. The Maori owners and N.Z. Steel Ltd should

be informed of the surveys and assessment and asked for comments. The

Maori owners should be notified of the results because they have requested

that access to their land and traditional fishing grounds be ensured. To

this end a list of names and addresses of owners has been included as

Appendix 2.

Waiuku Forest contains four historic waahi tapu and seven traditional

waahi tapu. Altogether the burial grounds comprise one quarter of Waiuku

Forest. The location of the waahi tapu should be made known to the staff

of the Forest Service and N.l. Steel Ltd. The Forest Service and N.l, Steel Ltd

need to liaise with the local Maori elders to come to management decisions

regarding the use of the burial areas for State forest purposes and mining

operations.

u

5.0 REFERENCES

Ambrose, W. 1961

Bulmer, S. Nid.

Bulmer, S. 1983

Charters, H. 1981

Coster, J. 1979

Davidson, J. 1982

Deeds Index Books 1865

Fox, A. 1982

19

Excavations at Wattle Bay, Manukau

South Head. New Zealand Arohaeological

Association Newsletter 4(2):52-53.

Preliminary report on excavations at

Waitete Point Pa, South Manukau.

Typescript 2 pp. N.Z.H.P.T. (1978).

Waitete paa: an early nineteenth century

fishing fortification. In A lot of

Spadework To be Done N.Z. Archaeological

Association Monograph No. 14 edited by

S. Bulmer, G, Law and D. Sutton.

Unpublished Interim report to N.Z. Forest

Service and N.Z. Historic Places Trust,

N.Z.F,S. Auckland.

Exotic forestry and site management in

the Auckland region, In Archaeological

Resouroe Management in Australia and

Ooeania~ edited by J.R. McKinlay and K. Jones,

N.Z. Historic Places Trust Publication No. 11,

Wellington.

Auckland. In The First Thousand Years:

Regional Perspeotives of New Zealand Archaeology.

Edited by Nigel Prickett, The Dunmore Press,

Palmerston North.

Deeds Index Book~ Volume 170, Lands and

Deeds, Private ,Bag, Auckland.

Excavations at Maioro, N51/5, South Auckland,

1965-66. Records of the Auckland Institute

and Museum 19:53-80.

Hydrographic Chart

Manukau Harbour PZan

Morris, N.M.

Muir, B.

/l'fuir, B.D and

V.M. Muir

New Zealand Gazette

N.Z.M.S. 1977 Cadastral Map

State Forest (SF) Files

1853

1978

1965

1957

1980

1841

1865

1939

1947

1957

1959

1959

20

Hydrographic Chart (reprinted 1978)

of the Waikato River. On the N.Z. North

Island Sheet VI, 2535 Manukau Harbour to

Cape Egmont.

Wellington.

Government Printer,

Part Two, supplementary Paper~.

Early Days in FrankZin. Percy Salmon,

Wills and Grainger Limited, Auckland.

Waiuku and DistPict. Waiuku News.

OZd Waiuku and District. Amba Graphics

Limited, Auckland.

No. 1 page 8

No. 1 page 2

No. 1-5 page

No. '6 page

No. 15 page

No. 23 page

No. 53 page

6/186

6/186/21/1

20/186

2429

1015

326

529

1222

3 October 1980

2. September 1980

1 October 1980

7 July 1981

21 July 1982

6 October 1982

7 November 1982

13 December 1982

11 September 1980

October 1980

8 October 1980

Supplement to the N.Z. Gazette

Survey Office Roll Plan 466

Turton, H.H.

l'Iaiuku Centenary Conuni ttee

Brochure Subcommittee

Waiuku News

Westhead, B.

1876

1864

1877

1954

1949

21

No. 56 Waiuku Native Grants Act.

No.2 land situated be~ween DaZziel's

CZaim and Waikato Heads. Surveyed by

R.C.L. Reay, 8 December 1964. Lodged

with the Chief Surveyors Office,

Auckland.

Maori Deeds and Land PtU'chases in the

North Island of New Zealand. (2 volumes).

Government Printer, Wellington.

The Waiuku Story 1854-1954.

West of the Manukau. Waiuku News.

6.0 APPENDIXES

6.1 Appendix

6/186/21/1

IL:ms

13 October 1983

NZ Forest Service

Auckland

F I L E NOT E

MAORI LMW (Lot PT 100 - TANGITANGINGA) WAIUKU S.F. 186 SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

On 26 September the Conservancy Archaeologist inspected Lot Pt 100

located on the north-eastern edge of Waiuku S.F. 186 (Fig. 1), with

Conservancy Surveyors (Paul Smith and Paul Buckley).

The inspection of Pt 100 was to:-

1 redefine and stake the boundary

2 assess the extent of damage, and

3 make a series of recommendations regarding futur~ protection and

management.

2.0 BRIEF HISTORY

Lot Pt 100, otheTldse known as Tangitanginga Fishing Reserve aT waahi tapu

(sacred area), is one of two blocks of Maori land that remain in Waiuku S.F.

Since 1969 N.Z. Steel Ltd has mined iron are sand from within Waiuku S.P.

The tailings from these operations have covered a significant portion of

the Reserve.

A summary report on ~Archaeological Site Management in Waiuku State

Forest 186' (Lawlor 1983) recommended that both areas of Maori land be

re-surveyed. An assessment of the extent of damage to the Tangitanginga

Fishing Reserve was to be mad'e.

= 23

During an inspection of sites within Waiuku S.P. (10 December 1982) with

N.Z. Steel Ltd and Maori elders a representative of the tangata whenua

(Tahuna Minhinnick) requested that UTangitanginga Reserve be resurveyed

and set aside from any future disturbance by mining operations II (see file

note 6/186/21/1, 13 December 1982).

3.0 INSPECTION

Lot Pt 100 was redefined by Conservancy Surveyors 10 September 1983

(Fig. 2). This work confirmed earlier observations that the northern

half of the Reserve had been affected by N.Z. Steel Ltd mining operations

(see file note 11/3!1, 16 September 1983).

3.1 Survey - On the 26th September 11 temporary red-painted stakes were surveyed

in and placed on the tailings to mark the old boundary of the Reserve (Fig. 2).

3.2 Extent of Damage - Damage to the Reserve has resulted from ~iver erosion

and the dumping of a 15 m thick (approx) deposit of sand tailings by

N.Z. Steel Ltd. Sand tracks cross the Reserve in several places (Fig. 2).

4.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

401 Discussion - Tangitanginga Fishing Reserve (Lot Pt 100) originally formed

part of a much larger (approx 23 ha or 58 acres) waahi tapu (Lot 100)

which was set aside for the Maori owners in 1876 under the Waiuku Grants Act. (1)

This area was important to the Maori people because it gave them direct

access to the Waikato River and it contained important fish resources.

The Tangitanginga waahi tapu protected their ancestral fishing rights to the apea.

Prior to Ministry of Works sand dune reclamation operations a small creek

(including a small lagoon approximately half an acre in area) flowed through

this area out to the Waikato River. The creek was used for eeling. In the

1930 1 s the Ministry of Works inadvertently planted the waahi tapu with pine

trees. The creek and lagoon dried up. In 1959 most of Lot 100 was

acquired by the Crown under the Public Works Act for State forest purposes

and a chain strip (approx 2 ha or 5 acres) along the bank of the Waikato River

was left in Maori ownership. Since 1969 the Reserve has become covered with

tailings from N.Z. Steel mining operations. Submissions were made to

N.Z. Steel Ltd in 1980 by the local Maori Elders, the Auckland Regional

Authority and the N.Z. Forest Service (see section 2.3 of summary report).

These submissions requested protection and access to waahi tapu.

(1) Land Deeds record that the Reserve was first set aside in 1865 (see Lawlor 1983).

24

4.2 Recommendations _ The following recommendations have been made in the

light of the history of the Tangitanginga Fishing Reserve (discussed above).

4.201

4.2.2

4.2.3

4.2.4

4.2.5

4.2.6

4.2.7

4.2.8.

4.2.9

N.l. Steel Ltd operations cease within the Reserve area. This

includes the use of sand tracks which pass through the Reserve.

Bare sand tailings behind the Reserve should be contoured with

earthmoving machinery and a lupin (Lupinus arboreus) and/or marram

(Ammophila arenaria) cover established to maintain sand stability

around the Reserve.

A buffer zone of at least SO m should be left around the Reserve.

A post, wire and batten fence should be erected around the Reserve

and a vehicle sized gate should- provide access into the Reserve.

The present sand track down to the Waikato River should remain

accessible to vehicle traffic.

Since it would be highly impracticable to remove the N.l. Steel Ltd

tailings which cover the Reserve, a programme should be initiated

to re_establish a vegetation cover of native species.

Since the damage to the Reserve has come about through N.Z. Steel Ltd

mining operations, it is recommended that the Forest Service gain

the active co-operation of N.l. Steel Ltd to fulfill the other

recommendation (listed above). N.l. Steel Ltd is to bear the costs

that are incurred though the implementation of these recommendations.

Discussions should be held by N.Z. Steel Ltd with the Waikato Valley

Authority and the Auckland Regional Authority on the feasibility of

protecting the southern section of the Reserve from wind and water

erosion.

This recommendation follows a previous submission made by the Auckland

Regional Authority (see section 2.3.2. of summary report.

The Maori owners of the Tangitanginga Reserve should be informed of the

management strategies that have been recommended in this file note.

Ii

IAN LAWLOR

Contact address:-

The Managing Director

Huakina Development Trust

PO Box 534

PUKEKOHE

CONSERVANCY ARCHAEOLOGIST

encl.

2S

FIG.l. MAP SHOWING LAND SUBDIVISION WITHIN WAIUKU STATE FOREST

Q

(?ource NZMS 177 Cadastral Map).

1 km. 2 I I

NORTH AUCKLAND FRANKLIN COUNTY MAlaRa

WAIUKU WEST

PAR S H

* * t .t ~

1 t t • ~ * .t 1 ~ ..... J *

.. CD *." J * j • t I • : : :~: : :. I

1 1 • l • t • • •

.. .t. ,. • J • •

• • •

r:-l Waiuku State 1\\i!:·'.:??1 Maori Land ~ Forest 186 !'!K;i,'t:

<D ®

Lot. 361

m Waahi TapGu . 1 r:a ( Buria I rounds

Te Papaw hero (Lot. 362)

Te Kuo Waiaraponia ( Lot.9a) (Lot.99)

® Tangi tanginga

~'

::

N -z. steel Sand Trock5

Sand Cliff

D Pt. 100. Maori land

LAND DISTRICT NORTH SURVEY BLK.& DIST. VII

AUCKLI\ND

MAIORO NZMS SH EEl N°·

)9 200

JNTY

Area riled In

t of registered rveyor and holder of an annual preetisl (or who may ct as 8 registered sUlVeyor pUrsU81 to the proviso to sec n 33 (2) of the SUlVeyors Act 19 6) hereby certify that this n has been made from SUIV s executed by me or under my ections, and that both pi and survey 8r8 correct and have b n made in accordance ith the Survey Regulations 1972.

Dated at

01

Field Book

Reference Plans

Examined

p. p.

Approved al t

Depolite

Fil ceived

1nsfructions

th il day of

Diltrict La~Jle~~

IBt)/2-

FIG. 2

26

6 . 2 APPENDIX 2

List of people who have interests in the Maori land · and Waahi tapu within l'laiuku

State Forest.

This list was compi led from the Waikato-Maniapoto District ~ 130ri Land Court records of

Waiuku West Parish Part Allotment 100. It has subsequently been updated by

Mrs Nganeko Minhinnick (personal communication "1982). (*/Deceased, m/male, and f/female).

1. (m) Aihepene Kaihua *

2. (m) Ngakoroko Moeatoa •

3. (m) I'li hemu Tauroa *

4. (f) Wh eriko Kaihau

5. (m) RangiNhakaeNa Kaihau

(or Paraone) •

6. (m) Stewart Oiroa Kaihau *

7. (m) Te Kurirangaunu Kaihau

8. ( f ) Kimlyn Urikore

9. (m) Te Mahau Kaihau •

10. (m) Aehepene Kaihau

(or Henare III )

11. (f) Hera Kaihau

(or Nepia)

12. (f) Rongorua Kaihau

(or Taylor)

13. (m) Hohepa Kaihau

14. (m) Tuherea Kaihau

15. ( f) Nganeko Minhinnick

16. (f) ~larino Kaihau

(or Peita)

17. (m) Te Pou Kaihau

18. (m) Whititera Kaihau

19. (f) Reta Hariata Kaihau

20. (f) Jackie Ka ihau

(Puke)

21. (m) Mark Tohera Ao tearoa Puke

(Refer Mr J. Thompson, Von Sturmer and

and Ringer, Solicitors, Queen Street,

Waiuku.)

(Refer Mr E . Brough, Mason, Munro and

Brough, Solicitors, Queen Street. Waiuku.)

(As for 5.)

11 Cedar Heights. Massey , Auckland 8.

51 Smiths Avenue, Papakura.

44 King Street , Waiuku.

33 m11ais Street, Grey Lynn,

Auckland 2.

R. D. 3, \Vaiuku.

15 Jordan Road, ~langere.

78 King Street, Waiuku .

48 Co lumbo Road, Waiuku.

32A Favant Street , Christchurch 4 .

18 Doughty Place , East Tamaki, Auckland 6.

(As for 19.)

(As for 19.)

27

22. (m) Kerry Puke (As f or 19 .)

23. Te Mahau Kaihau •

(or Kipi Kaihau)

24. (m) Douglas Kaihau S1 Sm i ths Avenue, Papakura .

2S. (£) Te Puah"a Kaihau 36 Victoria Street, Pukekohe .

=- --=- ----

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UI

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FIG. 5

':.

.. • .. §

?paa (N51 210017)

100

Go drlQht OTM8S

• I 10_

o

N

\ I

./

/

- --G I ht

OT 868 -r . •

1

.. • • 8

95110

.

WAIUKU HISTORIC LACES

•

Serra OTM732

s. F. 186 AND ARCHAEO OGICAL

.. • .. g '

, 0

"

t

M Bo"

OPEN CAST. PIT

21

1 .... ........

(

.. • • 0 0 0

Mlneslte 'Woter Intoke

T lUNGS DUMP

"

51-/17

"

,

•

(

an Sea

, . • "

CD

-, 1000m radiuseconom\c distance limit (1980) for NZ Steers mining operations / Potential archaeological sites recorded from early aerial photographs

~

"

(N51 236010) Site grid refere nce

Maori land

0_0-- _._ Archaeological survey routes 1981 ( October!

.......... ... u ..... Archaeological survey routes 1982 (June! 1-4

• N51/116 Sit e and NZAA number

---------

•

25 (N.P

,-I I ] r ]

1 [ . I

- 1 I

, , .c@c

. t Jt?1l104 u~ midden

, Whakomoe

/

/ /

X.

,

N51 1101 midden

N51/10~d N51 1 1831

en midden

I 0

~ \

~ 0

0 \

L

EP.'~~£1~lin ~ .,., Maori "lookout"

MAORI WAAHI TAPU

12 Number ( See FIG. 7)

• ClJ ~ Historic ~'~::" ~

:.\ . ... / 1

Tradit ional - , II...! I

( approximate boundar ies )

Jldditions to compartment species map

by Ian Lawlor 1 Decemb er 1982.