Not es

1 An Unseen Truth 1 Geoffrey R Stone Perilous Times WW Norton amp Company Inc New York

2004 p 419 2 httpgeorgewbush-whitehousearchivesgovnewsackreleases200109

20010920ndash8html 3 Paul K Davis Besieged 100 Great Sieges From Jericho to Sarajevo Oxford

University Press New York 2003 4 It led the then US secretary of state Madeline Albright to say the death of

500000 Iraqi children as result of sanctions was ldquoworth itrdquo John Pilger ldquoSqueezed to Deathrdquo Guardian March 4 2000

5 httpwwwnytimescom20100424uspolitics24immightml 6 FOX hypes stories to claim ldquoChristmas Under Siegerdquo httpmediamatters

orgresearch200412100006 (December 10 2004) 7 Charlie Savage Democratic Senators Issue Strong Warning about Use of the

Patriot Act March 16 2012 8 wwwwiredcomdangeroom201107 9 wwwdhsgovxaboutlawslaw_regulation_rule_0011shtm10 Found in the former Presidentrsquos autobiography Decision Points Crown

Publishing 201011 Weekly Standard December 5 200512 httpnewsantiwarcom20110307obama-approves-indefinite-detention-

without-trial13 Janine Jackson ldquoWhistling Past the Wreckage of Civil Libertiesrdquo Extra

September 2011 p 1314 Chris Anders Senators Demand the Military Lock Up of American Citizens in

a ldquoBattlefieldrdquo They Define as Being Right Outside Your Windowwwwacluorg (November 2011)

15 httpwwwacluorgblognat ional-securitypresident-obama-signs-indefinite-detention-law A New York judge tried to block the legislation in June 2012 Susan Madrak Federal Judge Blocks NDAA Indefinite Detention Crooks and Liars

16 Jack A Smith ldquoOur Civil Liberties under Attack Big Brotherrsquos Getting Even Biggerrdquo The Rag Blog April 18 2012

17 Dana Priest and William Arkin Top Secret America A Washington Post Investigation December 20 2010 httpprojectswashingtonpostcomtop-secret-americaarticlesmonitoring-americawpisrc=nl_politics

18 Ellen Nakashima ldquoOne Tip Enough to Put Name on Watch Listrdquo Washington Post December 30 2010

No t e s190

19 Smith ldquoOur civil liberties under attack Big Brotherrsquos getting even biggerrdquo The Rag Blog April 18 2012

20 httpwwwguardiancoukworld2012apr18cispa-unprecedented-access-internet-privacy

21 Kevin Zeese ldquoFBI Raids on Political Activistsrdquo Z Magazine November 2010 p 722 Maher Arar arrested on charges of alleged terrorism later shown to be

innocent Monia Mazigh Hope and Despair My Struggle to Free My Husband Maher Arar McClelland amp Stewart 2008

23 James M Klatell ldquoJose Padillarsquos Mental State at Issuerdquo CBS News February 11 2009 httpwwwcbsnewscomstories20070224cbsnews_investigatesmain2510272shtml

24 James Bovard Terrorism and Tyranny PalgraveMacmillan 2003 pp 108ndash10925 New York Times February 12 200626 Jane Mayer ldquoThe Secret Sharer Is Thomas Drake an Enemy of the Staterdquo New

Yorker May 23 201127 Chris Hedges ldquoSupreme Court Likely to Endorse Obamarsquos War on Whistle-

Blowersrdquo wwwtruthdigcom March 12 201228 Doug Mataconis ldquoOklahoma Outlaws Sharia Lawrdquo November 3 2010 www

outsidethebeltwaycom In January 2010 Peter King (R-NY) chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee wanted to hold hearings in what many consider McCarthyism like proceedings while fellow Republican Louie Gohmert (Texas) said on Frank Gaffneyrsquos radio show that it was a ldquocreepingrdquo threat httpthinkprogressorg20110119gohmert-sharia-hearings

29 Nouran El-Behairy ldquoCongresswoman claims Muslim Brotherhood infiltrating US governmentrdquo Daily News Egypt July 21 2012

30 httpthinkprogressorgpolitics20110826304306islamophobia-network

31 FAIR Extra 403 and 5ndash603 Also see Paul Rutherford Weapons of Mass Persuasion Marketing the War against Iraq University of Toronto Press 2004 Judith Millerrsquos New York Times uncritical reportage of the government rationale for war is well covered

32 The Patriot Act saw only Democrat Russ Feingold voting against it in the Senate Fellow Democrat Barbara Lee stood alone in all of Congress who voted against the authorization of use of force after 911

33 FAIR Extra October 2001 also httpwwwtherationalradicalcomdsepbill-oreilly-afghanistanhtm

34 Toronto Star August 20 201135 ldquolsquoIrsquod do it againrsquo says police commander filmed pepper spraying the faces of

women at Occupy Wall Street protestrdquo Daily Mail October 21 201136 Bill OrsquoReilly Occupy Wall Street Protesters Are lsquoDrug-Trafficking Crack headsrsquo

httpgawkercom5849721bill-oreilly-occupy-wall-street-protesters-are-drug+trafficking-crackheads

37 Extra magazine of FAIR October 14 2011 Also httpsjlendmanblogspotcom201111americas-media-war-on-owshtml

38 wwwcounterpunchorg20111018wall-street-firms-spy-on-protestors-in-tax-funded-center

39 ldquoOccupy Wall Street NYPD Attempt Media Blackout at Zuccotti Parkrdquo The Guardian November 15 2011

40 Rebecca Kemble ldquo8 Arrested in Wis Capitol Including The Progressiversquos Editor for Using Cameras or Holding Signsrdquo The Progressive November 2 2011

No t e s 191

41 wwwpeacecouncilnetpnl02712712CivilLibertieshtm42 Amnesty International httpwwwglobalissuesorgarticle263amnesty-

international-human-rights-backlash43 httpwebamnestyorglibraryIndexENGPOL100112003 httpwww

globalissuesorgarticle427amnesty-international-no-shortcut-to-genuine-security

44 httpwwwcommondreamsorgviews040317ndash12htm45 Ibid46 Proposed Bill C-30 presented in 2012 by Public Safety Minister Vic Toews47 wwwlegislationgovukukpga200124contents Anti-terrorism Crime and

Security Act 200148 httpwwwnotboredorgengland-historyhtml49 A survey by cableco NTL Telewest and carried out by YouGov polled more

than 2000 individuals Just over 80 percent supported use of CCTV httpwwwsil iconcommanagementpublic-sector20061123cctv-ok-with-uk-39164280

50 Stone Perilous Times p 55151 Attorney General John Ashcroftrsquos Assault on Civil Liberties (updated September

2003) httpwwwacluorgnational-securityattorney-general-john-ashcrofts-assault-civil-liberties-updated-september-2003

52 OrsquoReilly Factor April 30 2003 OrsquoReilly often threatened his listeners not to protest against the war as it would be a sign of disloyalty almost traitorous wwwglobalissuesorgissue245

53 Stone Perilous Times p 52954 Radio host Thom Hartman often speaks of it quoting historic incidents where

America has sacrificed liberty for security ending up with neither55 httpwwwangus-reidcompolls Of those polled 77 percent supported the

plan to strip citizens of US citizenship if shown connected to terrorism Most Americans Endorse Terrorist Expatriation Act (May 20 2010)

56 Ibid57 Hardoon Siddiqui Coming to Grips with New Anti-Semitism Toronto Star

September 17 201158 Interview with author 201159 Stone Perilous Times p 55760 Godfrey Hodgson The Myth of American Exceptionalism Yale University Press

New Haven 2009 p 3861 wwwlawberkeleyedufilesSteinfeldPaperMarch14CSLS(3)pdf Author email

interview with Bruce Bedell of the On Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies CUsersownerAppDataLocalTempLoyalist Institute Home Pagemht

62 Author email interview with R Wallace Hale Loyalist author and authority ldquoIrsquom quite certain no Federal compensation was ever paid to any Loyalist and canrsquot recall any mention of compensation paid by any of the States although itrsquos possible there may have been rare instances By the terms of the peace treaty Loyalists were supposed to be able to collect any debts owing them by the revo-lutionists (patriots) but most Loyalists who attempted doing so received hostile reception Usually failure or refusal to swear allegiance to the State resulted in attainder and banishment or forced expulsion by the patriots of the area Leaving brought on confiscation of propertyrdquo

63 Stone Perilous Times Amaury Cruz lawyer writer and political activist living in Miami Beach December 20 2010 from consul email Montreal ldquoIndeed

No t e s192

the equivalent of the crime of dangerousness was first established in the US through the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 These have been reincarnated in the Prevention of Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism 2007 which was passed in the House of Representatives but not yet in the Senate This is the result of legislation based on lsquofear and trembling a disease unto deathrsquo (to quote Kierkegaard titles) either here or in Cuba However Cuba has lived for fifty years under an obsessive policy of regime change by the worldrsquos most powerful nation the fear is not unjustifiedrdquo

64 Stone Perilous Times p 1265 Ibid66 Ibid p 17167 httpwwwessortmentcomespionage-history-1917ndash1918ndash21257html68 Stone Perilous Times p 23069 httpwwwbcedubc_orgavpcascommfree_speechsmithactof1940html70 Stone Perilous Times p 25271 Tim Weiner Legacy of Ashes The History of the CIA Anchor Books New York

200872 George C Herring From Colony to Superpower Oxford University Press New

York 2008 p 77073 Interview with author April 5 201174 Stone Perilous Times p 53375 Interview with author April 6 201176 Radio host Ed Schulz in response to an incredulous caller (2010) commented

he has never noticed any lessening of civil rights Most people accept the notion that if the individual is not doing anything wrong there should not be any objections to the surveillance programs

77 Interview with author April 6 201178 httpwwwconsortiumnewscomarchivebushhtml79 Sources State Department official source of Plame leak CNN Politics August

30 2006 httparticlescnncom2006ndash08ndash30politics80 Stephanie Miller radio show March 18 201181 Jonathan Turley ldquoThe Demon is Dead So are Many of Our Rightsrdquo USA

Today May 6 201182 July 2010 online survey by USA Today (1500 participants) indicated 94 per-

cent were in favor of lifting blockade Cuban UN report 2011 p 87 An April 2009 CNNOpinion Research Corporation poll showed that 64 percent of Americans surveyed think the United States should lift its travel ban on Cuba while 71 percent thought the United States should reestablish diplomatic rela-tions with the island nation ldquoPoll Three-Quarters Favor Relations with Cubardquo CNN April 10 2009

83 Cuba vs Bloqueo July 2011 Report by Cuba on resolution 656 of the UN General Assembly pp 88ndash89

84 Noam Chomsky Making the Future City Lights Books San Francisco 201285 Interview with author 201186 White House release September 2 2010 Presidential Memorandummdash

Continuation of Authorities Under the Trading With the Enemy Act87 httpwwwpolitisitecom2012022488 Cuba vs Bloqueo July 2011 Report by Cuba on resolution 656 of the UN

General Assembly p 54

No t e s 193

89 Comment made at meeting with intellectuals at Havana Book Fair February 2011

90 Lars Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic University of North Carolina Press 2009 p 4

91 Keith Bolender Voices From the Other Side An Oral History of Terrorism Against Cuba Pluto Press London 2010

92 The most infamous was Operation Mongoose after Bay of Pigs April 1961 invasion and ending in the October Missile Crisis 1962

93 Bolender Voices From the Other Side 94 The Cuban government knew about the invasion but not the specific dates

or location Thousands of Cubans were rounded up and imprisoned prior to the invasion based mostly on the accusations of their neighbors under the Committee for the Defense of the Revolution watch programs

95 Stephen Kimberrsquos account from his forthcoming book What Lies Across the Water indicated the FBI had been aware of the activities of the Cuban agents in Florida a few years prior to the arrests The information received from the Cuban authorities did not reveal the identities only apparently augmented what was already known One of the five Reneacute Gonzaacutelez finished his sen-tence and was realized in 2011 he remains in the United States serving out his probation order in South Florida His wife and others fear for his safety

96 Posada and Orlando Bosch have long been considered masterminds of bomb-ing of Cubana Airlines in 1976 killing all on board Bosch died in Miami in 2011 Posada continues to live in the city despite international calls for US authorities to try him as a terrorist

97 Don Bohning The Castro Obsession Potomac Books 2005 p 73 98 Speech during UN General Assembly vote against the US embargo on Cuba

The vote is 179 to 4 with 1 abstention httpwwwunorgNewsPressdocs2004ga10288dochtm

99 Department of State Foreign Relations of the United States 1958ndash1960 vol VI Cuba (1991) p 885

100 Noam Chomsky introduction Voices From the Other Side pp ix x101 Aviva Chomsky A History of the Cuban Revolution Wiley-Blackwell UK

2011 p 86102 Ann Louise Bardach Cuba Confidential Vintage 2003 p 132103 Peter Schwab Cuba Confronting the US Embargo St Martinrsquos Griffin

New York 1999 p 100104 Yoaacuteni Sanchez Cubarsquos most famous anti-Castro blogger has publicly stated

her opposition to Americarsquos aggressive policy against Cuba see later105 Interview with author 2011106 Schwab Cuba Confronting the US Embargo pp 171 172107 Correa Reiterates Condemnation of US Blockade of Cuba Quito Prensa Latina

December 28 2011108 Cuba offered compensation based on assessed tax values American refused In

the 1970s attempts were made under Carter to negotiate compensation which ended abruptly with the United States using Angola as an excuse according to former head of the US Interest Section in Havana Wayne Smith author interview 2011 See later

109 Lars Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic University of North Carolina Press 2009 p 105

No t e s194

110 httpuserspolisciwisceduLA260castrohtm From a 1961 interview with the Italian communist newspaper LrsquoUnita explaining that the Cuban Revolution was not in any way dogmatic

111 Dominica Republic Honduras Guatemala among others were actively hostile against the revolution

112 httpwwwciponlineorgcubacubaprojectNov20IPRpdf113 Jeffrey Goldberg Donrsquot Lump Cuba With Iran on US Terror List Bloomberg

View January 16 2012 The other countries on the lists include Iran Sudan and Syria For details as to why Cuba is on the list see httpwwwstategovdocumentsorganization65476pdf

114 Speaking at LASA conference in Toronto October 2010115 Interview with author June 2011116 Arrested under Law 88 specifically passed to counter provisions in Helms-

Burton Act that strengthened siege117 A nationwide series of meetings began in 2007 asking for feedback on ways

to improve the socialeconomic makeup of Cuba See chapter five in this volume

118 wwwradioguaimarococuenglishindexphpnewsnational-news105-cuba-will-talk-with-us-raul-castrohtml

119 ldquoRauacutel Castro Comments on Cuba-US Tiesrdquo Guardian unlimited120 Marc Frank ldquoExclusive Cuban Government Set for Broad Reorganizationrdquo

Reuters September 30 2011121 Quotable Cuba Triangle Monday January 3 2011122 Venezuela Peru Bolivia Argentina Brazil with center or center left govern-

ments have encouraged positive ties123 Cuba Experts Applaud Obamarsquos Defense of Cuban American Travel in

ldquoMegabusrdquo Negotiations Washington Office on Latin America December 16 2011

124 Interview with Miami-based Univision May 23 2011125 Laura Carlsen Center for International Policy (CIP) Analysts Look at Obamarsquos

First Year January 27 2010126 US OFAC Charges at Cuba Prensa Latina October 9 2011127 From his famous Chance for Peace Speech httpbeyondterrororgeisenhower

html128 Dwight Eisenhower The White House Years Waging Peace 1956ndash1961

Doubleday amp Company 1965 129 Wayne Smith former head of the US Interest Section in Havana Email inter-

view with author April 2012 In early 1960 secretary of state official Lester D Mallory admitted ldquoThe majority of Cubans support Castrordquo

130 USAID worker Alan Gross arrested for bringing into Cuba prohibited high-tech communication equipment See later

131 Bernie Dwyer and Roberto Ruiz Rebo documentary The Day Diplomacy Died Two Island Production 2009 for background and how Cuban state agents infiltrated the dissident organizations

132 See chapter four133 httpwwwcubaverdadnetrepressive_lawshtm134 Interview with author 2011135 httpuscodehousegovdownloadpls18C115txt136 wwwcafcgov137 Interview with author 2011

No t e s 195

138 Republican Marco Rubio Florida Senator a hard-liner against any engagement with Cuba born to Cuban parents but has never visited the island

139 Numerous bills to end the travel restrictions and embargo have been intro-duced during the past five years the most recent in summer of 2010 See chapter four

140 Victoria Burnett ldquoAn Airlift Family by Family Bolsters Cubarsquos Economyrdquo New York Times June 11 2011

141 Interview with author September 2011142 Interview with author July 2011143 Miami Herald posted on Thursday April 7 2011 ldquoFor Cuba Policy New

Ally at the DNC Calzon Receipt of Thousands of Dollars of Support Money from US Governmentrdquo

144 httprefspacecomquotesMan_and_Socialism_in_Cuba145 Paul DrsquoAmato CUBA Image and Reality International Socialist Review

Issue 51 JanuaryndashFebruary 2007146 Wayne Smith The Closest of Enemies WW Norton amp Company New York

1987 p 87147 ldquoIbero-American summit Supports Cubardquo Prensa Latina October 2005148 Andres Zaldiva Dieguez Blockade the Longest Economic Siege in History

Editorial Capitan San Luis Havana 2007 p 13149 Arturo Loacutepez-Levy This Time is Different for Cubarsquos Economic Reform Havana

Note December 24 2010 httpwwwthehavananotecomnode838150 Arturo Loacutepez-Levy ldquoChaos and Instabilityrdquo Human Rights and US Policy

Goals in Cuba NACLA Report on the Americas SeptemberOctober 2011 p 16

151 Salim Lamrani ldquoConversations with Cuban blogger Yoaacuteni Sanchezrdquo April 30 2010 httpwwwrebelionorgnoticiaphpid=104205

152 An examination of Cubarsquos efforts to engage the United States in order to end the embargo can be found at Peter Kornbluhrsquos website httpwwwgwuedu~nsarchivlatin_americacubahtm

153 httpwwwglobalresearchcaindexphpcontext=vaampaid=18664 (April 14 2010) Hillary Clinton said embargo to stay on until Cuba improves human rights

154 ldquoCuba challenges US to lift embargo lsquoeven for a yearrsquordquo Sydney Morning Herald April 26 2010

155 Interview with author March 2011156 Interview with author 2011157 Interview with author March 2011158 Jeff Franks ldquoRaul Castro Turns 79 with Eyes on Futurerdquo Reuters June 4 2010

2 Laying the Siege 1 Chalmers Johnson Dismantling the Empire Metropolitan Books Henry Holt

and Company New York 2010 p 52 2 Term as described in the title of Wayne Smithrsquos remembrance of US-Cuban

diplomacy The Closest of Enemies WW Norton amp Company New York 1987

3 Peter Blackwell A History of Latin America Blackwell Publishing MA 2004 p 454

4 April 28 1823 in US Congress House of Reps Island of Cuba p 7

No t e s196

5 Shout of Barie near Santiago signifying the call to arms 6 George C Herring From Colony to Superpower US Foreign Relations Since

1776 Oxford University Press New York 2008 pp 20ndash30 Also John Adams Simon amp Schuster 2001 by Pulitzer Prize winner David McCullough Both explore the theme that Francersquos overextending financial commitment to the American Revolution was a factor in their own revolution two decades later

7 Evan Thomas The War Lovers Little Brown and Company New York 2010 p 352

8 John Kirk ldquoJoseacute Mariacutei and the United States A Further Interpretationrdquo Journal of Latin American Studies Cambridge University Press 1997 9(2) 275ndash290

9 httpwwwourdocumentsgovdocphpflash=trueampdoc=5510 Louis A Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination University of North

Carolina Press Chapel Hill 2008 p 119 note 8811 httpwwwmarxistsorghistorycubasubjectbay-of-pigsindexhtm12 The Cuba Company was the largest foreign investment in Cuba in the first

two decades of the twentieth century It was critical in the development of the relationship between American business and national counterparts that formed the new republicrsquos relationship between the two countries under US hegemony Business History Review 2000 httpwwwjstororgpss3116352

13 Henry Louis Taylor Jr Inside El Barrio Kumarian Press Virginia 2009 p 23

14 One such example in the early 1900s in part reads ldquoFortunes in Cuba The Cuban Colonization Company Owns and holds deeds for two large tracts of the best land in Cuba situated on the north coast in the Province of Puerto Principe the most fertile and beautiful portion of the island This region is being rapidly colonized by enterprising Americans who own and are developing thousands of plantations in the immediate vicinity of our holdingsrdquo Enrique Circules Conversacion con el ultimo Norteamericano Editorial Letras Cubanas La Habana Cuba 1988

15 Jane Franklin Cuba and the United States Ocean Press Melbourne 199716 Louis A Perez Jr Cuba under the Platt Amendment 1902ndash1934 University of

Pittsburg Press 1986 pp 71ndash8017 Ibid p 15918 Ibid p 33719 Ibid20 This theme is covered extensively in the Perez works cited earlier Credit must

be acknowledged for his outstanding efforts on the historical perspective of the relationship between the United States and Cuba

21 Said to President Roosevelt on October 28 1901 Leonard Woods papers Manuscript Division Library of Congress

22 Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination p 247 note 8123 Congressional record March 1 1901 56th congress 2nd session vol 34 pt 424 Robert H Ferrell America Diplomacy A History New York 1959 p 24525 From an interview by Tracey Eaton May 2011 vimeocom24078247

703ndash528ndash795326 Leslie Bethell ed Cambridge History of Latin America Cambridge University

Press vol VII New York 1990 p 45127 The figures cited here come from Marifeli Perez-Stable The Cuban Revolution

Origins Course and Legacy Oxford University Press New York 1999 Based on United Nation and international agency reports

No t e s 197

28 Luis E Aguliar Cuba 1933 Cornell University Press Ithaca 1972 p 24029 Ibid30 From authorrsquos interview with Carlos Andreacutes Escalante 200831 This data was published by the International Labor Organization in Geneva

Switzerland in 1960 In 1958 Cuba had a labor force of 220400032 Manuel Yepe Cuba was Neither a Paradise Nor an Exception October 6 201133 Marifeli Peacuterez-Stable The Cuban Revolution Oxford University Press New

York 1999 p 3134 The Americans kept up support till ending arms supply March 1958 Right to

the end they hoped Batista would survive but finally convinced him to leave less than one month prior to the triumph

35 During a debate with Richard Nixon The Joint Appearances of Senator John F Kennedy and Vice President Richard M Nixon and Other 1960 Campaign Presentations 87th Congress 1st Session 1961 pp 147ndash148

36 US President John F Kennedy interview with Jean Daniel October 24 1963 httpwwwrevleftcomvbcuba-under-u-t144678indexhtmlt=144678

37 Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination p 22138 Ibid p 22039 Ibid p 24040 Lars Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic University of North

Carolina Press 2009 p 8741 Interview with author June 201142 Aviva Chomsky A History of the Cuban Revolution Wiley-Blackwell United

Kingdom 2011 p 72 note 1643 Ibid44 Marifeli Perez-Stable The Cuban Revolution Origins Course and Legacy

Oxford University Press New York 1999 pp 63ndash6545 The regime proposed if the land valued had been underestimated it could be

changed but back taxes plus interest plus a fine had to be paid In the case of the United States compensation would originate from the income generated from the sale of Cuban sugar to the United States From email interview with Nelson Valdes

46 Andres Zaldivar Dieacuteguez Blockade The Longest Economic Siege in History Capitan San Luis Havana 2007 p 38 citing New York Times April 19 1959

47 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 11948 Michael Miller Cuba Owes US $7 Billion For ldquoForgottenrdquo Property Claims

Lawyers Propose 10 User Fee Miami New Times March 16 201249 Olga Miranda Bravo CubaUSA Nacionalizacions y Bloqueo Editorial de

Cienceias Sociales La Habana 199650 Noam Chomksy Failed States Metropolitan Books New York 200651 Ibid See also Dieacuteguez Blockade p 2552 wwwhistoryofcubacom53 httppaseovedadoblogspotcom201005what-about-compensation-for-

us-propertyhtml54 Franklin Cuba and the United States p 2155 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 12256 Dieacuteguez Blockade p 6657 httpwritingupennedu~afilreis50sguatemalahtml See also Tim Weiner

Legacy of Ashes The History of the CIA Anchor Books New York 2008 pp 106ndash119

No t e s198

58 Dieacuteguez Blockade p 6559 Ibid p 25460 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 10961 Anthony F Kirkpatrick In Brothers to the Rescue Shootdown US Shares the

Blame Common Dreams March 1 200162 Keith Bolender Voices From the Other Side An Oral History of Terrorism Against

Cuba Pluto Press London 2010 p 16263 Ibid64 Ibid65 Spainrsquos inquisitorial system including pretrial investigations and detentions

can be seen as contrary to presumption of innocence See Isaac Saney Cuba A Revolution in Motion Fernwood Nova Scotia 2004 p 124

66 Granma reported legal proceeding against the United States May 31 199967 Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination p 22468 Ibid p 10269 Office of the Historian Bureau Of Public Affairs US Department Of State

John P Glennon et al eds Foreign Relations of the United States 1958ndash1960 vol VI CubandashWashington DC GPO 1991 885 From Progreso Weekly arti-cle by Saul Landau January 2010 This also appeared in counterpunch httpwwwcounterpunchorg20110121the-context-of-cuba-s-crisis

70 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic pp 124ndash12571 Ibid p 13472 httphistoricaltextarchivecomsectionsphpaction=readampartid=693273 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic pp 106ndash10774 Alan Luxenberg ldquoDid Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Sovietsrdquo

Journal of InterAmerican Studies and World Affairs vol 30 no 1 Spring 1988

75 Aleida March Remembering Che Ocean Press Melbourne 2012 p 9076 Simon Reid-Henry Fidel and Che Walker amp Company New York 2009 p 21877 George Lambie The Cuban Revolution in the 21st Century Pluto Press London

2010 p 13578 Reid-Henry Fidel and Che p 22179 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 12680 Cubarsquos involvement in Angola and Africa in general is recognized as a decision

made by Fidel without prior knowledge or approval of the Soviets who reluc-tantly came on board afterward

81 Ibid p 11682 Ibid83 Ignacio Ramonet My Life Fidel Castro Allen Lane England 2007 p 293

Speaking of efforts to topple Trujillo in the Dominica Republic and the training of antirevolutionaries Castro has maintained his internationalism was always done under accepted laws and not aimed at civilians

84 Department of State Foreign Relations of the United States 1958ndash1960 Volume VI Cuba 481 Paper Prepared by the 5412 Committee Washington March 16 1960 A program of Covert Action against the Castro Regime RE BAY OF PIGS 1

85 The strong do what they can the weak suffer what they must86 Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination p 24887 Castro said it during a speech to intellectuals that led to cultural conformity as

well as politicalsocial obedience

No t e s 199

88 Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination p 272 89 Ramonet My Life Fidel Castro 90 CDR had as one model the American Defense Leagues of 1917 set up dur-

ing World War I to keep an eye on neighbors who were displaying support for Germans or antiwar sentiments

91 Interview with author 2011 92 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 172 93 Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali One Hell of a Gamble WW Norton

amp Company New York 1991 pp 99ndash100 94 Franklin Cuba and the United States p 25 95 Ricardo Alarcoacuten and Miguel Alvarez Blockade The United States Economic

War against Cuba Editora Politica La Habana 2001 96 Dieacuteguez Blockade p 184 97 Ibid 98 Louis A Peacuterez Jr Cuba between Reform and Revolution third edn Oxford

University Press New York 2006 p 346 99 Kennedy aide Richard Goodwin came up with the idea of using the act as an

economic weapon since expressing regret for the move Before the embargo was finalized the President arranged for 1200 cigars to be brought to him from Cuba

100 Acting under the authority of the Foreign Assistance Act President John F Kennedy suspended all trade with Cuba Presidential Proclamation 3447 an embargo on all trade with Cuba prohibiting the ldquoimportation into the United States of all goods of Cuban origin and goods imported from or through Cubardquo and ldquoall exports from the United States to Cubardquo

101 638 Ways to Kill Castro Silver River Productions DVD 2007 An excellent account of US government involvement in the assassination attempts against Fidel can be found by Weiner Legacy of Ashes The book describes how after 1959 Cuba passed to become a central objective of the actions of the agency part of which was the consideration of ldquothe elimination of Fidel Castrordquo

102 Chomsky A History of the Cuban Revolution p 85103 Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination p 250104 Lars Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic University of North

Carolina Press 2009 p 552105 The Cuba Project ran from 1959 to 1962 Operation Mongoose its most

famous program Details of historical background and the damage it caused can be found in Fabian Escalante The Cuba Project Ocean Press Melbourne 2004 Escalante claims Robert Kennedy was deeply involved in the Operationrsquos daily activities

106 Bolender Voices From the Other Side p 109107 Dieacuteguez Blockade p 85108 Noam Chomsky Hegemony or Survival Metropolitan Books New York

2003 p 80 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic chapter 7 cover-ing these activities titled ldquoState-Sponsored Terrorismrdquo

109 httpwwwmarxistsorghistorycubasubjectciamongoosec-projecthtm

110 Bolender Voices From the Other Side Chomsky Hegemony or Survival p viii111 Chomsky Hegemony or Survival112 Ibid p 14113 Escalante The Cuba Project p 100

No t e s200

114 Weiner Legacy of Ashes115 Interview with author 2008 the name has been changed to protect original

source on his request116 The money was granted in September 2011 according to Tracey Eatonrsquos reportmdash

October 13 2011 httpcubamoneyprojectorgm=201110amppaged=2 Cuba program Total $8656177

117 See chapter four118 Michael Dobbs One Minute to Midnight Knopf New York 2008119 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 186 Fears of another inva-

sion leading to the missile crisis based on American military maneuvers in the Caribbean involving 40000 US troops and 79 ships Cuban intelligence pointed to planning for a full-scale invasion

120 Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali One Hell of Gamble WW Northon amp Company New York 1997

121 These claims were made by Thom Hartmann and Lamar Waldron Ultimate Sacrifice Carroll amp Graff New York 2005 The authors also claimed Che Guevara was in on the plot While evidence for the second invasion is substan-tial the claim Che and Almeida were involved in the plan to kill Castro and take over the government under US support is less so

122 Richard Gott Cuba A New History Yale University Press New Haven 2004 p 197 Fourteen voted in favor two against (Cuba and Mexico) and five abstained The Venezuelan foreign minister resigned in protest

123 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 175124 Dieacuteguez Blockade p 21125 httpwwwtreasurygovresource-centersanctionsProgramspagescuba

aspx126 ldquoItrsquos Not Easy Being Arrested for Illegal Travel to Cubardquo July 31 2009 516 PM

httpwwwmooncomblogscuba-costa-ricaits-not-easy-being-arrested-illegal-travel-cuba

127 ldquoUS Treasury OFAC Has 6 Times More Personnel on Cuba than Bin Ladenrdquo Havana Journal May 2004

128 David Ivanovich ldquoOFAC More Focused on Cuba than BayOil Case or Terrorism Fundingrdquo Houston Chronicle Washington Bureau February 26 2006

129 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 526 Incidents about a 75-year-old retired Wisconsin woman fined for travel to Cuba and a group of scuba divers on a charter boat who were all threatened with thousands of dollars in fines The 2004 OFAC letter revealed that over $8 million were col-lected in embargo violation fines since 1994 and over 10683 ldquoenforcement investigationsrdquo opened since 1990 wwwhistory of cubacom

130 Under Torricelli and Helms-Burton Acts the requirements tightened see later131 Dieacuteguez Blockade p 107132 Ibid p 108133 Franklin Cuba and the United States p 67 Canada immediately refuses the

others vacillated but continue to try and appease US demands while maintain-ing relations with Cuba

134 Kelly Knaub ldquoThe Cuban Adjustment Act 44 Years Laterrdquo Havana Times May 15 2010

135 httpcubantriangleblogspotcom201012federal-benefits-are-safe-andhtml

No t e s 201

136 Interview with author September 2011137 Knaub ldquoThe Cuban Adjustmentrdquo 138 Interview with author September 2011 One of the most famous rafters was

Elian Gonzalez139 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 471140 This incident can be found at httpwwwcubasocialistacomadjust1htm

anyone interviewing in Havana will easily find similar stories141 Interview with author September 2011142 Smith Closest of Enemies Speculation from Nelson Valdes is that the CIA

took the first boats over to pick up Cubans from Mariel which prompted the Cuban-Americans to follow suit and precipitated the crisis

143 Amnesty International Annual Report 1975ndash1976 London p 54144 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 456145 Smith Closest of Enemies p 243146 This included the CIA working with the Mafia on the various attempts to assas-

sinate Castro in the early 1960s as well as such plans as the Cuba Project and Operation Mongoose state-sponsored terrorist programs Described in Lamar Waldron Watergate the Hidden History Counterpoint Berkeley 2012

147 Interview with author September 2011148 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 437149 For total funding see the NED website and annual reports beginning in

1984 wwwnedorg150 Jean-Guy Allard Corruption in Radio-TV Marti Director Pedro Roig Submits

his Resignation September 9 2010151 Ann Louise Bardach and Larry Rohter ldquoKey Cuban Foe Claims Exilersquos

Backingrdquo NY Times July 12 1998 p 10152 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 521153 See Jean-Guy Allard httpmacheterawordpresscom20090918meet-

pepe-hernandez-canfs-terrorist-president154 Chomsky A History of the Cuban Revolution p 58155 Described during author interview with film documentarian Marina Ocoha

2008156 Interview with author February 2011157 USAID program aimed at Cuban young through cell phone texting and other

methods see chapter four158 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic pp 428ndash429159 Ibid p 425160 Ibid p 432161 Ibid p 461162 Ibid p 556163 Alarcoacuten and Alvarez Blockade p 31164 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic pp 451 464165 Cuba vs Bloqueo July 2011 Report by Cuba on resolution 656 of the UN

General Assembly ldquoNecessity of ending the economic commercial and finan-cial blockade imposed by the United States against Cubardquo (p 83) This includes losses due to US cruise ships not being able to visit Cuba

166 Ann Louise Bardach Cuba Confidential Vintage 2003 p 132167 wwwprogresoweeklycomindexphpprogreso=Jane_F (August 2006) Acc-

ording to historian Jane Franklin citing a newspaper report by J Scott Orr (Newark NJ Star-Ledger November 24) that Torricelli talked with President

No t e s202

Fidel Castro one night ldquofrom 8 pm until 230 amrdquo Orr noted that in ldquotour-ing Cuba during the triprdquo Torricelli found living conditions ldquoquite good com-pared to other Latin American nationsrdquo Torricelli said ldquoLiving standards are not high but the homelessness hunger and disease that is witnessed in much of Latin America does not appear evidentrdquo Torricelli lost his congressional position over corruption charges in 2003

168 Nestor Nunez ldquoEconomic Blockade Attempts to Turn Cuba into US Colonyrdquo Cuban News Agency 2010

169 Dieacuteguez Blockade p 200170 httpwwwcubatravelusacomhistory_of_cuban_embargohtm171 Canadian nickel mine company Sherritt Gordon President Ian Delany and

his family were one of the first affected prohibited from entering the United States under the regulations

172 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 484173 Ibid The new law like the other US measures seeking to change the political

situation in Cuba poses serious questions regarding whether or not Helms-Burton violates basic principles of international law A fundamental principle of international law is territorial sovereignty ie each nation is sovereign and so has the right to exercise jurisdiction and control over matters within its territory From its inception territorial sovereignty has been derived from three broad principles (1) all states are formally equal (2) no state may legally interfere in the purely internal affairs of another state and (3) territory and jurisdiction are coextensive Walker A Manual of Public International Law (1984) There are two other important concepts related to territorial jurisdiction (1) territo-rial integrity which gives a state the right to demand that other states refrain from committing acts that violate the independence or territorial supremacy of that state and (2) nonintervention which requires that a state not interfere with the internal or external affairs of another state A state may thus make laws that pertain to persons and activities within its territory and with which no other state may interfere (note ldquoThe Cuban Democracy Act Another Extraterritorial Act That Wonrsquot Workrdquo Brooklyn Journal of International Law v 20 [1994] pp 397ndash442) Helms-Burton would appear to violate these prin-ciples as well as the United Nationsrsquo Declaration on Principles of International Law (Declaration) concerning friendly relations and cooperation among states called for in the charter of the United Nations The Declaration which was adopted by the General Assembly in 1970 prohibits a state from using or encouraging the use of economic political or any other type of measures to coerce another state in order to obtain from it the subordination of the exercise of its sovereign rights and to secure from it advantages of any kind

174 Canada instituted the Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act specifying that any judgment from the measure ldquoshall not be recognized or enforceable in any manner in Canadardquo It did nothing to prevent subsidiaries of US compa-nies to stop doing business with Cuba Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 493

175 Peter Dale Scott Jose Basulto Leon Background in Lisa Peasersquos Real History Archives (httpwwwwebcomcom~lpease) February 1996

176 Gott Cuba A New History pp 304ndash306 Basulto was in another plane and escaped The controversy remains where the planes were shot down but evi-dence shows they had been over Havana airspace New evidence from book by Brazilian researcher Fernando Morais The Last Soldiers of the Cold War suggests testimony that the planes were shot down in international waters was

No t e s 203

given from a source linked with CANF ldquoEvidence against the Cuban Five Found to be Biasedrdquo Prensa Latina October 27 2011

177 Alarcoacuten and Alvarez Blockade p 36178 Ibid p 37179 httpthinkexistcomquotationfarewell-fidel-that-s-the-message-of-this-

bill589400html180 Eric Bates What You Need to Know about Jesse Helms Mother Jones May

June 1995181 Steve Clemons ldquoRep Dan Burton to Support End to Cuba Travel Banrdquo The

Washington Note March 22 2007182 Percy Francisco Confessions of Fraile Capitan San Luis Havana 2004183 Stephen Kimberrsquos forthcoming book on the Five What Lies Across the Water

asserts the FBI had known the agents for a few years and the Cuban informa-tion did not reveal their identities only confirmed their activities

184 httpwwwthecuban5orgwordpressthe-case Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention OPINION No 192005 pp 60ndash65 httpwwwohchrorgenglishbodieschrdocs62chrECN420067Add1pdf

185 Anne Louise Bardach and Larry Rohter ldquoKey Cuba Foe Claims Exilersquos Backingrdquo NY Times July 12 1998 p 10

186 httpcaselawlpfindlawcomdataconstitutionamendment0113html187 httpwwwcounterpunchorg20100917the-confessions-of-roger-

noriega188 For details of how the commission will deal with all aspects of Cuban soci-

ety see httpwwwcfrorgcubacommission-assistance-free-cuba-report-presidentp11093

189 Perez Jr Cuba between Reform and Revolution p 328190 Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) is Latin Americarsquos

answer to the European Union The concept to provide financial social and political assistance to the Latin and Caribbean countries as a counterweight to US influence

191 Patricia Gross Cuba Never Asked to Attend Summit of the Americas IPS March 9 2012

192 China is investing increasing amounts in Cubarsquos infrastructure- tourism- and energy-based industries and the regime leaders have expressed serious interest in augmenting its economic contacts

193 Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination p 247194 Arturo Loacutepez-Levy ldquolsquoChaos and Instabilityrsquo Human Rights and US Policy

Goals in Cubardquo NACLA Report on the Americas SeptemberOctober 2011 p 16

195 Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination p 247196 Ibid p 248197 Ibid p 242

3 Siege and Society 1 Lars Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic University of North

Carolina Press 2009 p 552 2 Author interviews with William Soler patients parents and staff September 2011 3 The State Department lists hospitals denied but do not offer explanations as

to why No Cuban official spoken to could offer an explanation

No t e s204

4 httpwwwmsnbcmsncomid34277833nsworld_news-americastembargo-genocide-us-cuba-spar-over-it

5 Randal C Archibold ldquoCuba Takes Lead Role in Haitirsquos Cholera Fightrdquo New York Times November 7 2011

6 httpkillinghopeorgbblum6aer94htmlnote-7 7 Cuba vs Bloqueo 2010 Report by Cuba on Resolution 646 of the UN General

Assembly ldquoNecessity of Ending the Economic Commercial and Financial Embargo Imposed by the United States against Cubardquo wwwcubavsbloqueocu

8 httpwwwlawgorgaction-center78-end-the-travel-ban-on-cuba935-un-cuba-vote-happy-20th-anniversary

9 Mark Lemstra ldquoCubarsquos Health Results Better at Fraction of Costrdquo Star Phoenix September 29 2011

10 Joseacute A De la Osa ldquo50 Years of Immunization in Cubardquo Granma February 10 2011

11 httpwwwletcubaliveorgCU_Apr11html12 The manipulation of visas continues with a number of Cuban scholars denied

entry into the United States to attend the Latin American Studies Association conference in San Francisco in May 2012

13 Ecuador agreed to purchase $1-billion worth of products in 2011 httpwwwcubastandardcom20110815ecuador-buying-up-to-1ndash5bln-of-cuban-medicine

14 ldquoCubarsquos Molecular Immunology Center Increases Exportsrdquo Prensa Latina Havana January 16 2012

15 ldquoCuba to Test New AIDS Vaccine on Humansrdquo Viet Nam News AFP March 6 2012

16 Cuba vs Bloqueo Report by Cuba on Resolution 656 of the UN General Assembly ldquoNecessity of Ending the Economic Commercial and Financial Embargo Imposed by the United States against Cubardquo July 2011 p 66 wwwcubavsbloqueocu

17 Ibid p 7018 Ibid p 7219 Ricardo Alarcoacuten and Miguel Aacutelvarez Blockade The United States Economic War

against Cuba Editora Poliacutetica La Habana 2001 pp 4ndash620 httpwwwpenultimosdiascomwp-contentuploads201106TWOF-01

_WelcomeDrCondoleezzaRicepdf21 There is growing discontent with the aftermath of revolution in Egypt with

complaints of no change military control and the same old corruption (ldquoEgypt A Revolution without Justicerdquo Toronto Star November 20 2011) One of the complaints in Egypt has been that the new authorities did not act ruthlessly enough against the old regime

22 Interview with author February 201123 Ibid24 Interview given on condition of anonymity25 Ibid26 httpwwwinternationalviewpointorgarticlephp3id_article=105227 Interview with author September 201128 Ibid29 Declaration of the First National Congress for Education and Culture 197130 David Craven Art and Revolution in Latin America 1910ndash1990 second edn

Yale University Press London 2006 p 75

No t e s 205

31 Ignacio Ramonet My Life Fidel Castro Allen Lane England 200732 Donald G McNeil Jr ldquoCubarsquos Fortresses against a Viral Foerdquo New York Times

May 7 201233 httpenwikipediaorgwikiEl_Diario_de_la_MarinaCite reference34 See Geoffrey R Stone Perilous Times WW Norton amp Company Inc New York

2004 for similar US examples including the New York Times vilified and threat-ened with legal action after running extensive excerpts from Wikileaks many touching on foreign relations matters Historically the American example occurred when President John Adams shut down a dozen newspapers during the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 the legislation giving him near dictatorial powers

35 Peter Orsi ldquoCubans Test Official Limits on Criticismrdquo Associated Press October 24 2011

36 Aviva Chomsky A History of the Cuban Revolution Wiley-Blackwell United Kingdom 2011 p 128 note 45

37 John McAuliff ldquoCounterproductive Contradictions Undermine US Policy on Cubardquo Havana Note March 22 2011

38 httpwebgccunyedudeptbildnpublicationsdocumentsFont4_000pdf An extensive examination of the Battle of Ideas can be found in the report

39 Pascal Fletcher ldquoSinger Pablo Milaneacutes Urges More Freedom in Cubardquo Reuters August 14 2011

40 httpgroupsyahoocomgroupCubaNewsmessage11248141 Luis Sexto ldquoChurch Magazine re Freedom of Expressionrdquo Progresso Weekly

February 10 201142 Bartolomeacute Sancho Morey ldquoPablo Milaneacutes Freedom Democracy and Racismrdquo

Rebelioacuten September 2011 at httpwwwwalterlippmanncomdocs3256html43 wwwnationalreviewcomnrdarticleq=NzdkZTFmMjY4YzQxN2RhOTM

0MDgzMWNlYzlkZTQ0NjE=44 Orsi ldquoCubans Test Official Limitsrdquo 45 Havana Note wwwhavananotecom 201146 From Huffington Post article ldquoLa Alboradardquo October 26 2011 httpwww

huffingtonpostcom47 Salim Lamrani Conversations with Cuban blogger Yoani Saacutenchez April 30

2010 httpwwwrebelionorgnoticiaphpid=104205 Photos of her injuries which Yoani said she had were never released

48 She even appealed to Brazilian President Dilma to assist in getting her per-mission to leave in order to attend a documentary on Cubarsquos free press httpwwwcubagreenscreencomforumshowthreadphptid=14903

49 Ibid50 httpajiacomixwordpresscom51 Margarita Alarcoacuten ldquoCensorship is a Two Way Streetrdquo Cubadebate January 201052 Marjorie Cohn ldquoPuerto Rican Political Prisoner Carlos Alberto Tores Released

Today After 30 Yearsrdquo Z Magazine November 2010 p 653 Stone Perilous Times p 52954 A comprehensive overview can be found in the video documentary Bernie Dwyer

and Roberto Ruiz Rebo The Day Diplomacy Died Two Island Production 200955 Isaac Saney Cuba A Revolution in Motion Fernwood Publishing Nova Scotia 200456 httpwwwcubavsbloqueocuDefaultaspxtabid=33057 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 53258 One of the rationales for continuing to keep Cuba on terrorist list is that they

werenrsquot sufficiently supportive of Americarsquos war against terrorism

No t e s206

59 httpctpiccasmiamieduJCasonhtm Cason is now mayor of Coral Gabels in Florida and connected with antirevolution organization Cuban Transition Project

60 httprealcubawordpresscom20120402illusions-told-as-forecasts61 Saul Landau Progresso Weekly httpwwwzcommunicationsorgconfessions-

of-roger-noriega-muscular-diplomacy-or-law-breaking-by-saul-landau62 Dwyer and Ruiz Rebo The Day Diplomacy Died63 Ibid64 Saul Landau Progresso Weekly httpwwwzcommunicationsorgconfes-

sions-of-roger-noriega-muscular-diplomacy-or-law-breaking-by-saul-landau (Noriega)

65 Ibid66 Dwyer and Ruiz Rebo The Day Diplomacy Died67 Wayne S Smith New Cuba Commission Report Formula for Continued Failure

Center for International Policy July 10 200668 Dwyer and Ruiz Rebo The Day Diplomacy Died69 Sec 321 of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

(Pl 104ndash132 110 Stat 1214) June 3 199670 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 538 note 5971 Taken from Salim Lamrain US Diplomacy and Cuban Dissidence March 15

2011 httpwwwzcommunicationsorgzspacesalimlamrani72 Ibid73 His death turned into another example of the siege against information as vari-

ous antirevolutionary elements tried to propose the accident was caused by gov-ernment agents A thorough investigation showed it was the result of the driver a former right-wing politican from Spain speeding on a broken section of high-way Claims were made that the Spaniard was in Cuba giving financial aid to Paya ldquoTruth and Reasonrdquo Granma July 31 2012

74 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 55075 Ibid76 Interview with author February 201277 httpwwwoswaldopayaorgesupVARELA20PROJECTpdf78 httpwwwthefreelibrarycomElizardo+Sanchez79 Ladies in White counterpart are the wives of the Cuban Five who have traveled

internationally promoting their cause to have their husbands released from US jail

80 ldquoCuba lsquoLadies in Whitersquo Protest Blocked in Havanardquo BBC September 201181 ldquoDisidente cubana teme que pueda ser encarceladardquo El Nuevo Herald May 21

2008 Tracey Eaton ldquoFactions Spar Over US Aid for Cubardquo The Houston Chronicle December 18 2010

82 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 53683 See note 68 84 httpwwwzcommunicationsorgu-s-diplomacy-and-cuban-dissidence-by-

salim-lamrani85 Jean-Guy Allard Cuban ldquoLadies in Whiterdquo Suspect Recently Deceased Leader of

Embezzling $20000 October 28 201186 Lorraine Bayard de Volo ldquoHeroines With Friends in High Places Cubarsquos Damas

de Blancordquo NACLA Report on the Americas SeptemberOctober 2011 p 2087 Pawns of the Empire documentary see also httpknightcenterutexasedu

blogcuba-reveals-dissident-journalist-fact-was-government-agent

No t e s 207

88 ldquoA Daughterrsquos griefrdquo Cuban Triangle Thursday October 20 2011 Posted at httpcubantriangleblogspotcom

89 ldquoFidel Castro Defends Treatment of Dead Dissidentrdquo Latin America Herald Tribune httplahtcomarticleaspCategoryId=14510ampArticleId=353106

90 ldquoCubarsquos Response to Dissident Deathrdquo Granma May 10 2011 91 Meacutedico asegura que Juan Wilfredo Soto murioacute por causas naturales y no por

una paliza de la Policiacutea cubana httpwwweuropapressesinternacionalnoticia-cuba-medico-asegura-juan-wilfredo-soto-murio-causas-naturales-no-paliza-policia-cubana-201105092010

92 httpcubajournalblogspotcom201011real-guillermo-farinas-who-pays-for-hishtml from Salim Lamrani article November 2010

93 httpwwwddcubacomopinion58-opinion2108-el-oportunismo-de-la-iglesiahtml

94 http21325114596cable20090409HAVANA221html ldquoJonathan D Farrar The US and the Role of the Opposition in Cubardquo United States Interests Section April 9 2009 cable 09HAVANA221 Jean-Guy Allard wrote ldquoDissidents donrsquot have much resonance in Cuba Despite all the politi-cal economic media and financial resources dedicated to the Cuban opposi-tion it has always lacked any popular baserdquo

95 Known as Peterson-Moran bill Representatives Collin Peterson (D-MN) and Jerry Moran (R-KS)

96 Will Weissert ldquoCuban Dissidents Cheer Bill to End US Travel Banrdquo Associated Press June 11 2010 Letter from Members of Cubarsquos Civil Society to the US Congress June 9 2011

97 Zoe Valdeacutes De la disidencia vendepatria June 11 2010 httpzoevaldesnet

98 Cuba Triangle June 2010 httpcubantriangleblogspotcom2010_06_01_archivehtml

99 httpwwwelnuevoheraldcom20100612740297carta-de-disidentes-crea-fuertehtml

100 httpwwwbbccoukblogsmundocartas_desde_cuba201106la_conspiracion_catolico-comunhtmlmore

101 httpwwwelnuevoheraldcom20110527950264ex-presos-cubanos-protestan-porhtml

102 httpwwweuropapresseslatamcubanoticia-cuba-denuncian-deten-cion-cuatro-ex-presos-cubanos-protestaban-madrid-ministerio-exteriores-20120523115509html

103 Jean-Guy Allard Comiacuteamos mejor en Cuba ex presos cubanos en Espantildea prot-estan y ldquoEl Paiacutesrdquo de repente no ve nada httpcontrainjerenciacomindexphpp=21096 June 27 2011

104 Valentina Cifuentes ldquoCubans Jailed for Handing Out Flyersrdquo Reuters May 31 2011 httpwwwntn24comnewsnewscubans-jailed-handing-out-flyers

105 httpwwwbrainyquotecomquotesquotesddwightdei149095html106 Juan Antonio Blanco with Medea Benjamin ldquoCuba Talking About

Revolutionrdquo Ocean Press Melbourne Australia 1994 p 65107 ldquoThe Mex Files Our Man in Havanardquo Posted by Cuba Journal at February 7 2011

httpcubajournalblogspotcom201102mex-f iles-our-man-in-havanahtml

108 httptinyurlcomyab3vqc

No t e s208

109 ldquoActions Against the Independence and Territorial Integrity of the Staterdquo In accordance with Article 91 of the Cuban Penal Code

110 Leslie Clark ldquoUS Rejects Conviction of Contractor by Cuba Demands His Releaserdquo Miami Herald March 13 2011 httpwwwmiamiheraldcom20110312v-print2112694us-rejects-conviction-of-contractorhtmlixzz1GUObbEBa

111 httpwwwusaidgovlocationslatin_america_caribbeancountrycuba112 Fulton Armstrong ldquoTime to Clean Up US Regime-Change Programs in Cubardquo

Miami Herald December 25 2011 wwwmiamiheraldcom20111225v-fullstory2559755time-to-clean-up-us-regime-changehtmlstorylink=cpy

113 Ibid114 Tracy Eaton ldquoAlong The Malecoacutenrdquo httpalongthemaleconblogspotcom

wrote December 3 2010 ldquoI Met With a Leader of Cubarsquos Jewish Community over the Summer and She Knew Nothing of Grossrdquo

115 httppennyforyourthoughts2blogspotcom201103curious-case-of-alan-gross-his-usaidhtml

116 Desmond Butler Associated Press ldquoUSAID Contractor Work in Cuba Detailedrdquo Atlanta Journal Constitution February 2 2012

117 Tom Diemer ldquoWhite House Condemns Prosecution of American Alan Gross in Cubardquo Huffington Post httpwwwpoliticsdailycom20110205white-house-condemns-prosecution-of-american-alan-gross-in-cuba

118 ldquoRos-Lehtinen Condemns Cubarsquos Sentencing of Alan Gross Demands Release of All Wrongly Imprisoned in Cubardquo Press Release House Foreign Affairs Committee US House of Representatives Ileana Ros-Lehtinen Chairman March 12 2011 foreignaffairshousegovpress_displayaspid=2115

119 Debbie Wasserman-Schultz ldquoOpposing View on Cuba Donrsquot Reward Atrocitiesrdquo USA Today September 26 2010

120 Philip Peters ldquoUS-Cuba Policy Needs Dose of Common Senserdquo Miami Herald March 16 2011

121 ldquoCuba Should Finally Release Alan Grossrdquo Washington Post Editorial Board December 31 2011

122 Andres Oppenheimer ldquoObama Unlikely to Make New Gestures to Cuba without Action from Havanardquo Miami Herald March 23 2011

123 httparchiveconstantcontactcomfs0021101822053869archive1108334620504html

124 wwwwashingtonpostcompoliticswife-american-contractor-imprisoned-in-cuba-since-2009

125 Desmond Butler Associated Press ldquoUSAID Contractor Work in Cuba Detailedrdquo Atlanta Journal Constitution February 2 2012

126 MONTGOMERY COUNTY Md (WJZ) May 10 2012127 httpwwwcubaupdateorgcuba-updateus-cuba162-mhphil-peters-us

-cuba-policy-needs-dose-of-common-sense128 Interview with author September 2011129 Along the Malecon June 1 2012 httpalong the maleconblogspotcom130 ALBA expels USAID from member countries httpvenezuelanalysiscom

news7069131 ldquoJailed US Citizen Alan Gross I Would Return to Cuba if They Let Me Visit

My Mother before She Diesrdquo CNN The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer May 4 2012

132 wwwcubaheadlinescom2011101034163

No t e s 209

133 ldquoClinton No Concessions to Free American in Cubardquo Associated Press February 29 2012

134 Interview with author January 2012135 Kelly Knaub ldquoThe Cuban Adjustment Act 44 Years Laterrdquo Havana Times

May 15 2010 Dan Erikson author of Cuba Wars Bloomsbury Press New York 2008

136 Damien Cave Americans and Cubans Still Mired in Distrust The New York Times September 15 2011

137 Interview with author 2011138 Saney Cuba A Revolution in Motion Fernwood p 179139 httplatinofoxnewscomlatinonews20120521cuba-mystery-over-

undersea-internet-cable140 Andrea Rodriguez Cuba High Speed Internet Mystery Shrouds Fate of Internet

Cable AP Jay 21 2012141 httpwwwhavanatimesorgp=48196142 Manuel Alberto Ramy Internet ldquoTheres no political obstaclerdquo ramymanuel

yahoocom February 8 2011143 Linares said there is no ban on direct Internet service to individuals Gerardo

Arreola | The Day | 27102010 wwwkaosenlarednet news admin-Arre-ola Havana October 26

144 Surfing the Net in Havana La Alborada August 29 from Wikileaks document http21325114596cable20090409HAVANA221html ldquoJonathan D Farrar The US and the Role of the Opposition in Cubardquo US Interests Section April 9 2009 cable 09HAVANA221

145 httpalongthemaleconblogspotcom201110talking-and-even-scream-ing-about-texthtml httparticleslatimescom2011oct24opinionla-ed-cuba-20111024

146 Juan O Tamayo ldquoCyber Commandos Spill Phone Numbers of Top Cuban Officialsrdquo Miami Herald November 26 2011

147 httpwwwmiamiheraldcom20111126v-fullstory2519901cyber-comma phone-numbershtmlixzz1erTJBJ00

148 For detailed examination of Internet in Cuba see httpwwwtravelblogorgCentral-America-CaribbeanCubaOesteLa-Habanablog-219325htm

149 httpwwwohchrorgenudhrpagesintroductionaspx150 Arturo Loacutepez-Levy ldquolsquoChaos and Instabilityrsquo Human Rights and US Policy

Goals in Cubardquo NACLA Report on the Americas SeptemberOctober 2011 page 16

151 EXTRA February 2012152 Ibid p 1153 Marc Bossuyt ldquoThe Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanctions on the

Enjoyment of Human Rightsrdquo Working Paper prepared for the Commission On Human Rights Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights UN Doc ECN4Sub2200033 Geneva UN Economic and Social Council June 21 2000 para 98ndash100

154 ldquoArabs Will Decide Who Governsrdquo Toronto Star November 19 2011155 James Peck Ideal Illusions Metropolitan Books New York 2010 p 97

note 111156 Arnold August Democracy in Cuba amp the 1997ndash98 Elections Canada Cuba

Distribution 1999157 Interview with author December 2011

No t e s210

158 Henry Louis Taylor Jr Inside El Barrio Kumarian Press VA 2009159 Interview with author December 2011160 Chomsky History of the Cuban Revolution p 129 note 47161 Julia E Sweig CUBA What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford University Press

2009 p 45162 httpwwwindependentcouknewsworldamericasthe-castropedia-

fidels-cuba-in-facts-and-figures-432478html163 Hugo Azcuy ldquoEstado y sociedad civil in Cubardquo Temas 4 1995164 George Lambie The Cuban Revolution in the 21st Century Pluto Press

London 2010 p 164165 Interview with author 2011166 Jesuacutes Arboleya Cervera Progreso Weekly August 10 2011167 Chomsky History of the Cuban Revolution p 126 Blanco talking about the

revolution168 Ibid p 127169 Ibid170 From International Socialist Review CUBA Image and Reality httpwww

isrevieworgissues51cuba_imageamprealityshtml httpgroupsyahoocomgroupDemocraticLeftmessage23982 Is there ldquodirect democracyrdquo or any democracy in Cuba

171 Jeff Franks Rauacutel Castro Defends One-Party System as Bulwark against US Imperialism Havana January 29 2012

172 Prensa Latina Single Party System Guarantees Sovereignty Rauacutel Castro Says January 30 2012

173 Bush Jrrsquos still controversial 2000 election increase in voter identification laws in states such as Wisconsin South Carolina Indiana aimed at poor and black voters critics claim

174 Susie Madrak Change Only Comes When People Organize and Fight from Outside the System November 28 2011 This is from an interview with Bill Moyers on Richard Heffnerrsquos PBS show ldquoThe Open Mindrdquo

4 The Political Economics of Siege 1 Interview with author 2011 2 Michael Miller ldquoCuba Owes US $7 Billion for lsquoForgottenrsquo Property Claims

Lawyers Propose 10 User Feerdquo Miami New Times March 16 2012 3 Isaac Saney Cuba A Revolution in Motion Fernwood Nova Scotia 2004

p 160 4 Cuba vs Bloqueo Report by Cuba on Resolution 656 of the UN General

Assembly ldquoNecessity of Ending the Economic Commercial and Financial Embargo Imposed by the United States against Cubardquo July 2011 wwwcubavsbloqueocu

5 Ibid 6 Ibid 7 See chapter three in this volume 8 Jay Weaver and Tere Figueras Negrete ldquoCastro Victims Awarded $91 Millionrdquo

Miami Herald November 28 2006 9 Robert Sandels ldquoCuba Claims and Confiscationsrdquo wwwcounterpunchorg

October 27 2007

No t e s 211

10 Juan O Tamayo ldquoCuban Bank Deposits Abroad Plummet from $565 to $28 Billionrdquo Miami Herlad July 31 2012

11 Rafael Lorente and Tamara Lytle ldquoCuban Exile Leaders Choose Political Friendsrdquo Florida Sun Sentinel Washington Bureau June 18 2000 The report estimated $1 million in donations in the past 20 years

12 Jean-Guy Allard ldquoA 10 000 doacutelares la mesa se reuacutenen los mayores patrocina-dores del odio a Cubardquo December 19 2010

13 httpcubamoneyprojectorg14 Interview with author January 201215 ldquoUSAID Shields Freedom Houserdquo March 25 2012 Alongthemaleconblogspot

com16 Juan O Tamayo ldquoAfter a Day-Long Bustle US Funds for Cuba Programs

were Partially Freedrdquo The Miami Herald July 29 201117 ldquoWhere Did the $45 Million Dollars for lsquoDemocracy in Cubarsquo Gordquo

Cubajournalblogspotcom April 8 201018 Ibid19 Ibid20 Request for Proposals To Expand Cuban Civic Participation and Leadership

in Social Relationships and Independent Civil Society Groups found at website current as of February 2012 httpwwwdevexcomenprojectsrequest-for-proposals-for-programs-to-support-democracy-human-rights-and-labor-in-cuba

21 From Tracey Eatonrsquos website cubamoneyprojectorg October 2011 Nine com-panies won more than $86 million in Cuba grants in September federal records show

22 httpwwwlatimescomnewsopinionopinionlala-ed-cuba-2011102403770098story

23 For complete details see httpcubamoneyprojectorgp=146724 Five agents arrested in Florida on conspiracy to spy charges sentenced to long

jail terms and subject of international movement to free them based on the irregularities of the case

25 Abby Goodnough ldquoUS Paid 10 journalists for Anti-Castro Reportsrdquo September 2006 See also httpwwwpslweborgreporters-for-hire ldquoLetrsquos Not Confuse US Propaganda With Journalismrdquo Miami Herald September 13 2006

26 Wilfredo Cancio Isla ldquoCuba Used Hallucinogens to Train its Spiesrdquo El Nuevo Herald June 4 2001

27 Salim Lamrani ldquoReporters Without Bordersrsquo Lies About Cubardquo Global Research July 2 2009 httpwwwglobalresearchcaindexphpcontext=vaampaid=14202

28 Cubannewsycr1321map amp 1435 wwwcubanewsaincu29 Interview with author 201230 Lars Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic University of North

Carolina Press 2009 p 54731 ldquoSnowplowing in Havanardquo April 7 2011 httpalongthemaleconblogspot

ca201104snowplowing-in-havanahtml DampM Snowplowing which shows an address of 11 Bowers Street in Massena New York has also received govern-ment contracts for snow removal

32 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 54733 ldquoMore Details on $18 Million in Cuba Grantsrdquo October 28 2011 cubamon-

eyprojectorgp=3369

No t e s212

34 Ibid35 See chapter two in this volume Also afrocubawebcomcanfhtm httpamy-

holguinblogspotcom201107corrupt-ex-director-of-radio-tv-martihtml36 ldquoMore Details on $18 Million in Cuba Grantsrdquo37 wwwmiamiheraldcom201112172551467_us-defends-34m-grant-to-

cubahtmlstorylink=addthis38 Tracey Eaton ldquoFormer Bush Aide Expected to Finish Jail Term This Monthrdquo

July 9 2011 httpalongthemaleconblogspotca201107former-bush-aide-expected-to-finishhtml

39 Lizette Alvarez ldquoFlorida Senator Denies Claim he Gilded His Family Historyrdquo St Petersburg Times October 20 2011

40 httpwwwlibreonlinecomhomeindexphpoption=com_contentampview=articleampid=18063dialogo-con-antunez-y-soler-desde-cuba-en-cumbre-de-libertad-el-senador-rubio-da-apoyo-a-los-opositoresampcatid=19ampItemid=29

41 Dawn Gable ldquoCongressman Diacuteaz-Balart Seeks to Punish Cuban-Americansrdquo Havana Times June 24 2011 The amendment would return to Bush-era restrictions of requiring specific license for family travel limit travel to every three years and limit remittances

42 httpCubacentralwordpresscom20120601deportations-for-visiting-cuba

43 See chapter three in this volume44 ldquoWho are the Democratic Partyrsquos Gang of 66rdquo July 30 2007 httpcubajournal

blogspotcom200707who-are-democratic-partys-gang-of-66html45 Ibid46 w w wdemocrat icundergroundcomdiscussduboardphpaz=v iew_

allampaddress=389x3035179 Wayne Smith ldquoThe Only Ones Hurt by the Amendmentrsquos Defeat are American Farmersrdquo March 2008

47 ldquo638 Ways to Kill Castrordquo Chanel 4 documentary directed by Dollan Cannell 2006

48 Keith Bolender Voices From the Other Side An Oral History of Terrorism Against Cuba Pluto Press London 2010

49 Cuban childrenrsquos theater directory responds to harsh attack by prominent US Congresswoman Cuba Debate October 18 2011 httpencubadebatecunews20111020

50 httphavanajournalcomcuban_americansentrymore-anti-american-behavior-from-ileana-ros-lehtinen-330

51 Interview with author 201152 Barbara Barrett ldquoLawmakers Shift on Cubardquo National November 16 200953 Ibid54 Ibid55 Ibid56 Nick Sabloff ldquoHow Cuban American Hard-Liners Influence US Policy With

Campaign Donations Reportrdquo Huffington Post March 18 2010 httpwwwhuffingtonpostcom20091116how-cuban-american-hard

57 Leslie Clark ldquoMoney Talks Report Links Donations Cuba Embargo Supportrdquo McClachy Newspapers November 16 2009

58 Jim Geraghty ldquoTorricelli Menendez Near Top in Donations by Cuban-Americansrdquo The Record (New Jersey) Colaboracion Armando F Mastrapa III La Nueva Cuba August 23 2001 httpwwwplenglishcomindexphpoption=com_contentamptask=viewampid=30

No t e s 213

59 ldquoAnti-Cuban Committees Donated More Than $3 Million to Democratic and Republican Party Electoral Campaignsrdquo Granma International July 15 2011 httpwwwgranmacuinglesinternational-i15julio-Anti-Cubanhtml

60 See this chapter61 This was latest in series of legislative attempts to end the travel ban including in

2009 HR 874 the ldquoFreedom to Travel to Cuba Actrdquo On February 12 2009 Senator Byron Dorgan (D-ND) introduced S 428 entitled the ldquoFreedom to Travel to Cuba Actrdquo

62 httpwwwsunshinestatenewscomstorybid-lift-travel-ban-cuba-stalls-congress

63 ldquoNine Corrupt Gang of 66 Democrats Block Tomorrowrsquos Vote on HR 4645rdquo cubajournal September 28 2010 httpcubajournalblogspotca201009nine-corrupt-gang-of-66-democrats-blockhtml

64 William E Gibson ldquoWasserman Schultz Defends Cuba Travel Banrdquo Orlando Sentinel Washington Bureau September 27 2010

65 Debbie Wasserman-Schultz ldquoOpposing View on Cuba Donrsquot Reward Atrocitiesrdquo USA Today editorial September 26 2010

66 Dan Sweeney ldquoThe Wasserman-Schultz Waltzrdquo Huffinton Post June 6 200867 httpwwwmiller-mccunecompoliticscuba-libre-345article_page=2 Cuba

Democracy PAC In the past two election cycles Wasserman-Schultz received $22000 from the committee and members of the PACrsquos board of directors gave her another $29000 in individual contributions for a total of $51000 Smith ldquoThe Only Ones Hurt By the Amendmentrsquos Defeatrdquo httpwwwdemocrati-cundergroundcomdiscussduboardphpaz=view_allampaddress=389x30351

68 ldquoWasserman-Schultz Slaps Obamarsquos Cuba Policyrdquo Florida Sun Sentinel February 15 2011

69 The 2000 Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Enhancement Act In October 2000 the US Congress passed the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act (TSRA) which started to relax the enforcement of the eco-nomic and trade embargo and allowed the sale of agricultural goods and medi-cine to Cuba httpwwwtreasurygovresource-centersanctionsProgramsPagestsraaspx

70 Cuba was permitted to buy food from the United States after 2000 when the gov-ernment started buying after Hurricane Michelle The largest amount bought was in 2008 at $700 million it has since diminished by almost 50 percent annu-ally httpwwwcubagreenscreencomforumshowthreadphptid=15227

71 Wasserman-Schultz Slaps Obamarsquos Cuba Policy 72 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 51073 Winston Galt ldquoFree Trade with CubamdashThe Real Economic Stimulus Planrdquo

March 4 2009 httpsquarewondotorgwordpresscom20090304free-trade-with-cuba-the-real-economic-stimulus-plan

74 ldquoAfter Years of Trying There is Positive Movement on Trade with Cubardquo staff report Farm Futures July 2 2010 httpfarmfuturescomstoryaspxafter-years-of-trying-there-is-positive-movement-on-trade-with-cuba-0ndash39716

75 Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic p 51076 In a forum early in the 2008 campaign Senator Obama stated that it was time

to end the embargo with Cuba wwwthepoliticalguidecomProfilesPresidentUSBarack_ObamaViewsCuba

77 ldquoUS Seeks Additional $4 Million for Cuba Operationsrdquo March 1 2011 cubam-oneyprojectorgp=414

No t e s214

78 Ibid 79 Ibid 80 Interview with author 2011 81 Lilliam Riera ldquoUS Blockade Delivers a Blow to Cuban Tourist Industryrdquo

wwwgranmacuinglescuba-i21octubre-turisbloqueohtm 82 Andrea Rodriguez ldquoCuba Travel Ban Costs US Businesses $11B a Yearrdquo

Business Week December 17 2009 83 httpweblogssun-sentinelcomnewspoliticsdcblogcuba 84 Anya Landau French ldquoGroundhog Day in Florida Bill Targets Firms Doing

Business with Cubardquo The Havana Note March 14 2012 85 Doreen Hemlock ldquoLicense for Ferry to Cuba Deniedrdquo Florida Sun Sentinel

March 7 2012 httparticlessun-sentinelcom2012ndash03ndash07newsfl-cuba-ferry-denied-20120307_1_ferry-service-ferries-last-year-communist-led-island

86 ldquoDirect Maritime Shipments from Miami to Havana Beginrdquo Havana Note July 11 2012

87 Lilliam Riera ldquoUS Blockade Delivers a Blow to Cuban Tourist Industryrdquo Granma October 21 2010

88 Interview with author June 2011 89 httpthehavananotecom201007dorgan_v_menendez_cuba_travel_1

html 90 Adam Liptak ldquoA Wave of the Watch List and Speech Disappearsrdquo New York

Times March 4 2008 91 Ibid 92 ldquoWashington Sanctions Cuba Onlinerdquo Juventude Rebelde March 2011 93 Julien Neaves ldquoUS Big Stick for Raulrdquo December 6 2011 httpwwwtrini-

dadexpresscomnewsUS_BIG_STICK_FOR_RAUL-135145443html 94 ldquoHilton Slammed in Oslo for Cuba Embargordquo Ottawa Recorder May 1 2007

httpwwwcubaheadlinescomhilton_slammed_in_oslo_for_cuba_embargohtml

95 Andres Zaldiacutevar Blockade The Longest Economic Siege in History Capitan San Luis Havana 2007 p 215

96 ldquoUS Fines French Shipping Company for Services to Cubardquo Pensa Latina August 2011

97 ldquoUS Seizes UN Health Funds for Cubardquo Prensa Latina httpwwwcuba-standardcom20110313u-s-seizes-un-health-funds-cuba-says

98 ldquoCuba Exposes US Breach of WTO Regulationsrdquo Prensa Latina Geneva January 21 2012

99 Zaldiacutevar Blockade p 224100 Ibid101 Marc Frank ldquoCuba Struggling to Pay Off Debts Again Bond Interest

Rates at 9rdquo Reuters June 10 2009102 Duncan Campbell ldquoBank Ditches UK Firms Trading With Cubardquo The

Guardian June 16 2008103 ldquoThe Case of Scotia Bank Dangerous Precedent That Threatens Other

Nationsrdquo Granma International April 7 2006 httpwwwcubavsbloqueocuDefaultaspxtabid=1258

104 Abogados de Florida cobran herencias en Cuba May 14 2010 httpwwwcubaencuentrocomesmultimediavideosabogados-de-f lorida-cobran-herencias-en-cuba httpcubantriangleblogspotcom200710wills-and-sanctionshtml

No t e s 215

105 httpcafefuertecomindexphpoption=com106 ldquoING Says Could Face Fines Following US Investigationrdquo Reuters July 25

2011107 Andrew Clark ldquoBritish Bank Fined for Doing Business With Cubardquo Guardian

couk August 16 2010108 Karen Freifeld ldquoING to Pay $619 Million over Cuba Iran Sanctionsrdquo Reuters

June 12 2012109 Eamon Javers ldquoJPMorgan to Pay $88 Million for Violating US Sanctionsrdquo

CNBC August 2011 httpwwwcnbccomid44276107110 ldquoThe US has Confiscated More Than $493 Million in Cuban Funds since

2010rdquo Prensa Latina Havana April 11 2012111 Zaldiacutevar Blockade pp 28ndash29112 Cuba vs Bloqueo Report by Cuba on Resolution 656 of the United Nations

General Assembly ldquoNecessity of Ending the Economic Commercial and Financial Embargo Imposed by the United States against Cubardquo July 2011 wwwcubavsbloqueocu

113 httpwwwcubaheadlinescom2010101927242swift_turning_away_cuban_banks

114 Ibid and through email correspondence with Simon McGuiness Cuban soli-darity group Ireland March 2012

115 Email to author February 2012116 Email to author March 2012 you tube By Redaction AHORA redacc

ahoracu Wednesday April 27 2011 0907 speech was delivered to a public audience in Liberty Hall Dublin on April 2011 on the 50th anniversary of the revolutionrsquos triumph over the Bay of Pigs invasion

117 ldquoGerman Store Selling Cuban Rum Online Cut Off By PayPalrdquo ExportLaw August 3 2011 httpwwwexportlawblogcomarchivescategoryforeign-countermeasurest

118 httpwwwhuff ingtonpostcom20090122wal-marts-entry-into-chil_n_160115html

119 Manuel E Yepe ldquoHow Cuba Could Ease the Oil Crisisrdquo httpwwwwalterlippmanncomdocs3254html Cubarsquos state oil company Cubapetroleo (Cupet) says the reserves may be four or five times larger

120 ldquoCubarsquos Oil Dreams Take Hit from Failure of First Well But High-Stakes Gamble Has More Rollsrdquo Associated Press May 27 2012

121 httpwwwupstreamonlinecomincomingarticle1250183ece122 Lawrence Wilkerson ldquoOil Drilling in Cubardquo the Havana Note April 2011

httpthehavananotecom201104hello_washington_anyone_there_123 Interview with author 2012124 Leslie Clark ldquoUS Pressures Others Not to Drill for Oil in Cubardquo Miami

Herald February 3 2011 Ros-Lehtinen has previously been a strong sup-porter of drilling for oil in the Gulf and expressed no concerns for BPrsquos opera-tion prior to the spill

125 ldquoCuba Readies to Dive into Offshore Oil Explorationrdquo Reuters July 31 2010 Why Ros-Lehtinen wants to sabotage Cubarsquos access to oil reserves contrainjer-enciacom May 3 2011

126 Lesley Clark ldquoOil Drilling off Cuba Coast Draws US Foesrdquo Miami Herald February 4 2011

127 ldquoSenator Nelsonrsquos Better Ideardquo May 3 2011 httpcubantriangleblogspotca201105senator-nelsons-better-ideahtml

No t e s216

128 httpthomaslocgovcgi-binqueryzc112S405129 Tim Padgett ldquoThe Oil Off Cuba Washington and Havana Dance at Arms

Length Over Spill Preventionrdquo TIME January 27 2012130 David Goodhue ldquoOil Rig to Drill South of Keys by Septemberrdquo Miami

Herald May 20 2011131 Ibid132 Clark ldquoUS Pressures Others Not to Drillrdquo133 Robert Sandels ldquoAn Oil-Rich Cubardquo Monthly Review September 2011

httpmonthlyrevieworg20110901an-oil-rich-cuba

5 A Changing CubamdashA Stagnant Siege 1 ldquoUN Member States Condemn US Embargo of Cuba for 20th Consecutive

Yearrdquo Associated Press October 25 2011 2 Marce Cameron cubasocialistrenewalblogspotca 3 Cuban officials use this term more than ldquoreformrdquo 4 CubasocialistrenewalblogspotcaMarch 1 2012 5 Joseacute Alejandro Rodriacuteguez ldquoCubarsquos Changes Go Deeprdquo Progreso Weekly

August 20 2011 6 Chavez told this on Venezuelan television saying Castro told him in an infor-

mal talk Jeff Franks ldquoRaul Castro Turns 79 With Eyes on Futurerdquo June 4 2010

7 Interview by Manual Alberto Ramy Radio Progreso Alternativa April 27 2011

8 Marc Frank ldquoCuban Government to Contract With Private Sectorrdquo Reuters November 28 2011

9 Shasta Darlington ldquoCuba Studying Ways to Allow Residents to Travel Abroadrdquo CNN May 9 2011

10 Portia Siegelbaum ldquoRaul Castro Says Cuban Economy Will Be Tweaked but Remain Socialistrdquo CBS Havana August 1 2010

11 httpcubantriangleblogspotca201112tax-relief-for-entrepreneurs-and-otherhtml

12 httpwwwlexingtoninstituteorglibraryresourcesdocumentsCubaResearchProducts

13 httpwwwtrabajadorescusin_pausa 14 Damien Cave ldquoCubans Can Buy and Sell Property Government Saysrdquo

November 3 2011 Arturo Loacutepez-Levy ldquoHouses Used Cars and Markets Change Cubans Can Believe Inrdquo November 9 2011 The article explained ldquoFor decades rigid communist regulation of real estate and car sales created major resentment in Cuba After a brief interregnum from 1984 to 1988 when Cubans could sell their houses Fidel Castro cancelled this right arguing that it was fomenting inequalities creating a class of intermediaries who were capitalizing on transactions and rewarding the nouveau riche His character-istic aversion to market mechanisms also exerted a virtual veto against the sale of automobiles acquired after 1959rdquo

15 The permuta allows the buying and selling of homes a swap accompanied by a payment to compensate who gives up the higher value property Lawyers ensure all have clear title A chain of swaps also can result among many buyers and sellers ldquoIn Cuba Houses Never Sale Just Swaprdquo Tampa Bay News June 2008 httpwwwtampabaycomnewsworldarticle606065ece

No t e s 217

16 Jeff Franks ldquoCuba to Offer Loans to Self-Employed in Latest Reformrdquo Reuters November 2011

17 Yenia Silva Correa ldquoSubsidies for Home Construction and Repair to benefit low-income familiesrdquo Granma January 2012

18 Ibid19 Jose Pertierra report March 201220 Ibid21 Interview with author September 2011 he declined to give his last name22 Richard Feinberg ldquoReaching Out Cubarsquos New Economy and the International

Responserdquo November 2011 httpwwwbrookingsedutopicscubaaspx For most Cubans this is their first experience with taxes and filling out income tax forms Entrepreneurs who hire employees will have to pay a 25 percent payroll tax on their salaries and all Cubans who are self-employed must allot 25 percent of their income into a social security system from which they will eventually draw a pension

23 Se extiende a otras actividades modalidad de arrendamiento para trabajadores por cuenta propia httpwwwgranmacubawebcu20111226nacionalartic10html

24 Marc Frank ldquoIn Cuba Peso Makes a Comeback Pleasing Customersrdquo Reuters February 1 2010

25 ldquoCuba Securing the Revolutionrdquo httprealcubawordpresscom March 17 2012

26 Andrea Rodriguez ldquoCuba Has Given Private Farmers Nearly 25M Acresrdquo Associated Press June 25 2010

27 Ibid28 Elsa Claro ldquoAgriculture The Key to the Reformrdquo Granma Wednesday

May 25 201129 Andrea Rodriguez ldquoCuba Authorizes 1100 Stores Selling Agricultural Inputsrdquo

Associated Press October 201030 Yaima Puig Meneses ldquoAutorizan venta directa de los productores agriacutecolas a las

entidades turiacutesticasrdquo Granma November 21 201131 httpcubantriangleblogspotca201204new-pilot-project-cooperatives

html32 John O Tamayo ldquoCuba Announces Changes in Health Systemrdquo Miami Herald

June 2 201133 wwwelnuevoheraldcom2010102982812534 Marc Frank ldquoCuba Cracks Down on lsquoGuayaberarsquo Crimerdquo Reuters May 20

201135 Ibid36 Ibid37 Ibid38 httpestebanmoralesdominguezblogspotca39 Esteban Morales ldquoCorruption The True Counter-Revolutionrdquo April 2010

From the UNEAC website40 Interview with author March 201241 Marce Cameron ldquoCubarsquos Socialist Renewal Changes under Raul Castrordquo

Direct action42 Paul Haven ldquoCuba Says Travel Restrictions to Remain in Placerdquo Associated

Press December 23 201143 httpwwwcubagreenscreencomforumshowthreadphptid=1338

No t e s218

44 Haven ldquoCuba Says Travel Restrictions to Remain in Placerdquo45 httpwwwcubagreenscreencomforumshowthreadphptid=133846 Haven ldquoCuba Says Travel Restrictions to Remain in Placerdquo47 ldquoTruth about Cuban right to Travelrdquo Communication popular blog October

2010 The truth is that under Cuban law there is no impediment to leave the country temporarily or permanently Those interested in leaving the country must apply for their passport at the Immigration and Nationality Directorate and then apply for an exit visa Given the acute shortage of currency caused by the blockade (which generates a constant trade deficit settled only by the inflow of foreign exchange from tourism) permission for temporary leave is granted to those who really need it for work or other reasons that are really a priority

48 ldquoAlarcon Announced Immigration Reform Ensures That Will Be Radical and Profound in the Coming Monthsrdquo Agence France Presse April 14 2012

49 httprealcubawordpresscom20120405cuba-meets-the-challenges-of 50 ldquoAlarcon Announced Immigration Reformrdquo Just prior to publication of this

book the Cuban government announced the ending of the tarjeta blanca and letter of invitation The only requirement for Cubans to travel now is a valid passport and visa issued by the country of destination Cubans can also stay outside the country for two years without losing property or rights Restrictions still apply for doctors and members of the military top athletes and certain other groups Cuba does not want to lose for national security reasons The new regulations will take affect January 2013 Jeff Franks ldquoCuba lifting travel restrictionsrdquo Reuters October 16 2012

51 Jaime Suchlicki ldquoIs Cuba Planning a Legal Marielrdquo Cuba Transition Project Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies University of Miami Issue 164 May 3 2012

52 httpthecubaneconomycom53 Omar Everleny Peacuterez ldquoThese Reforms Will Update the Cuban Model and Spur

Economic Growthrdquo httpwwwamericasquarterlyorgnode245054 Elsa Claro ldquoNevertheless It Movesrdquo Progress Weekly 201155 Lecture to CCFA meeting Toronto April 201156 Ibid57 Joseacute Antonio Ocampo ldquoThe Reforms Do Not Go Far Enough to Jump-Start

the Economy and Protect the Vulnerablerdquo Americas Quarterly Spring 201158 httpwwwtrabajadorescunews20120429259252-fiesta-por-conquistas-

irrenunciables59 Marc Frank ldquoExclusive Cuban Government Set for Broad Reorganizationrdquo

Reuters September 30 201160 ldquoWhat Would You People Have Done With Frank Paisrdquo August 2 2011

httpcubantriangleblogspotca201108what-would-you-people-have-done-withhtml

61 Ibid62 Gerardo Arreola ldquoApplication of Market Rules Reveals Black Holes in Cuban

Economyrdquo La Journada June 18 2012 p 2863 Gerardo Arreola ldquoAct in Favor of Economic Reform As Agreed in the Last

National Conferencerdquo La Jornada February 6 2012 p 2364 Andrea Rodriguez ldquoCubarsquos Economic Czar Heads New Generation of Leadersrdquo

Associated Press July 4 201165 wwwcsmonitorcomWorldAmericas20110420Castro-hails-new-

generation-of-Cuba-leaders-but-appoints-old-guard

No t e s 219

66 Ricardo Alarcoacuten President of Cubarsquos parliament interviewed by Manuel Alberto Ramy Radio Progreso Alternativa April 27 2011

67 Carlos Fuenes ldquoEl socialismo cubano se ha estancadordquo Publico December 29 2008

68 Interview with author June 201169 The Cuban government however continues to refuse entry on many return-

ing Cuban-Americans who left the country during the balsero (rafter) crises of 1994 Alvaro F Fernandez ldquoLying is Not a Solution to the Balsero Dilemmardquo Progresso Weekly March 28 2012

70 ldquoReaching Out to the Cuban Peoplerdquo Office of the Press Secretary the White House For Immediate release January 14 2011

71 There are many sources including Elizabeth Newhouse The United States Should Take Immediate Steps to Improve Relations With Cuba February 14 2011 Center for International Policy

72 President Obama in first meeting with Hispanic journalists September 12 2011 httpwwwthehavananotecomarchive201111

73 President Obama in second meeting with Hispanic journalists September 28 2011 httpwwwthehavananotecomarchive201111

74 ldquoCuba Issue Deals Blow to US Stature at lsquoSummit of the Americasrsquordquo msnbccom and news services April 15 2012

75 ldquoA no recibe respuesta a una agenda de diaacutelogo que presentoacute a EEUUrdquo Europa Press Madrid May 21 2009

76 Interview with author March 201277 Andres Oppenheimer ldquoObama Unlikely to Make New Gestures to Cuba with-

out Action from Havanardquo Miami Herald March 23 201178 httpwwwcapitolhillcubanscom201102valenzuelas-defense-of-castros-

tricklehtml79 Feinberg ldquoReaching Outrdquo 80 Albor Ruiz ldquoIn Spite of Changes Washington Remains Dead Set in Old Cuba

Policyrdquo New York Daily News April 27 201181 httpwwwcsmonitorcomWorldAmericasLatin-America-Monitor

20120302Obama-administration-gets-real-on-Cuba82 Feinberg ldquoReaching Outrdquo 83 Interview with author March 201284 Ibid85 httpwwwcnncomvideovideobestoftv20120510tsr-vidal-full

-intvcnn86 See chapter one in this volume87 Interview with author March 2012 the person asked for anonymity88 httpwwwlonelyplanetcomthorntreethreadjspathreadID=203514289 Interview with author April 201290 httpwwwtheatlanticcompastdocsissues91marshuthtm91 ldquoUS Lifts Trade Embargo against Vietnamrdquo President Bill Clintonrsquos speech

Transcript US Department of State Dispatch February 14 199492 httpwwwusvtcorginfocrsCRS-BTA-Dec01pdf93 Binh P Le ldquoDoi Moi a Selected Bibliography of Vietnamrsquos Economic Trans-

formation 1986ndash2000rdquo The Pennsylvania State University94 Feinberg ldquoReaching Outrdquo 95 Pavel Vidal Alejandro ldquoMonetary and Exchange Rate Reform in Cuba Lessons

From Vietnamrdquo Institute of developing economics Japan external trade organization

No t e s220

96 ldquoCuba and Viet Nam Sign Cooperation Agreement on Pharmaceutical Sectorrdquo acn Havana December 2011

97 ldquoCuba and Viet Nam Implement Program to Boost Rice Productionrdquo acn Pinar Del Rio

98 Gerardo Arreola ldquoCuba en la etapa maacutes difiacutecil el cambio de mentalidad sentildeala liacuteder vietnamitardquo La Journada April 16 2012

99 Peter Kornbluh ldquoJimmy Carter Lift Trade Embargo against Cubardquo The Nation March 30 2011

100 Hillary Rodham Clinton Celebrating the 15th anniversary of United States-Vietnam relations US Department of State Hanoi July 22 2010 wwwstategovsecretaryrm201007145064htm

6 The Future of Siege 1 httpwwwaltiusdirectorycomSocietyfidel-castro-biographyhtml 2 Moiseacutes Nami ldquoThe Havana Obsessionrdquo Newsweek June 22 2009 3 Lars Schoultz That Infernal Little Cuban Republic University of North

Carolina Press 2009 p 499 note 123 4 Humberto Fontova ldquoJimmy Carter Does Havanardquo Washington Times April

6 2011 5 ldquoBiden Says US Does Not Plan to Lift Cuba Embargordquo Reuters March 28

2009 6 Daniel Bruno Sanz ldquoCuba at a Crossroads The New American Strategyrdquo

Booksurge 2009 7 wwwbrainyquotecomquotesquotesaalberteins133991html 8 George C Herring From Colony to Superpower Oxford University Press New

York 2008 p 786 9 Manuel E Yepe ldquoIllusions Told as Forecastsrdquo April 2 2012 httprealcuba

wordpresscom20120402illusions-told-as-forecasts 10 Louis A Perez Jr Cuba in the American Imagination the University of North

Carolina Press Chapel Hill 2008 p 247 11 Harvey MacKay ldquoSanctions on Cuba are Hitting a Different Targetrdquo Star

Tribune April 12 2012 httpwwwstartribunecombusiness147367625html

12 httpwwwthefreemanonlineorgcolumnspotomac-principles-washingtons-inadvertent-support-for-cuban-communism

13 James Bamford ldquoThe NSA is Building the Countryrsquos Biggest Spy Centerrdquo Wired March 15 2012

14 See chapter four in this volume 15 Agence France Presse April 14 2012 16 Juan O Tamayo ldquoCuban Diplomats in Washington Will Host Eacutemigreacutes for

Talks on US Policy toward the Islandrdquo Miami Herald April 25 2012 17 Interview with author May 2012 18 httpwwwcubastudygrouporgindexcfmour-opinionsContent

Record_id=b99d0d50-d598ndash4e22-a378ndash9dd473965507 19 Cindy Boren ldquoOzzie Guilleacuten Says Hersquoll Apologize in Miami for Fidel Castro

Commentrdquo Washington Post April 9 2012 20 httpespngocomespnotlstory_id7821105ozzie-guillen-contro

versial-comments-fidel-castro-reveal-depths-change-play-miami

No t e s 221

21 ainnewsaincu 22 Michael Miller ldquoTravel Agency Destroyed Owner Suspects it was Firebombed

for Booking Trips to Cubardquo Miami Herald April 27 2012 23 Interview with author April 2012 24 Jackie Calmes and William Neuman ldquoAmericas Meeting Ends with Discord

over Cubardquo New York Times April 15 2012 25 ldquoInfluential US Senator Says Washingtonrsquos Cuba Policy is lsquoOut of Steprsquordquo

acn Havana April 17 201226 ldquoObama lsquoOpen to a New Relationship With Cubarsquordquo ABC News (blog) September

28 201127 One of the most thorough examinations of the legalities the President has to

ease embargo regulations from Memorandum produced by Michael Krinsky US Economic Measures Against Cuba Presidential Authority Rabinowitz Boudin Standard Krinsky amp Lieberman PC Attorneys at Law New York December 2 2008

28 Ibid29 John McAuliff ldquoOne Year On The Semi-opening of Cuba Travelrdquo January 20

201230 httpwwwstategovjinlrlsnrcrpt2012vol1184099htmCuba 2012

INCSR Country ReportsmdashCroatia through Haiti Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs March 7 2012

31 Ramoacuten Muntildeoz and Miguel Jimeacutenez ldquoWashington Pressures Spainrsquos Telefoacutenica over Cuban Affiliatesrdquo El Pais March 21 2012

32 Richard Read ldquoFeds Investigate Portlandrsquos Esco Corp for Violating US Embargo against Cubardquo The Oregonian March 16 2012

33 BBC interview March 201034 Edmund Burke Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790 Penguin Classics

198235 John Sayles Los Gusanos Nation Books New York 1991 p 420

Bibl iogr a ph y

Alarcoacuten de Quesada Ricardo and Miguel Aacutelvarez Saacutenchez Blockade The United States Economic War against Cuba Ediacutetora Poliacutetica Havana 2001

Allard Jean-Guy and Eva Golinger La agresioacuten permanente Usaid NED y CIA Coleccioacuten alfredo maneiro Serie Testimonios Caracas 2010

Benjamin Jules R The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution An Empire of Liberty in an Age of National Liberation Princeton University Press Princeton 1990

Bohning Don The Castro Obsession US Covert Operations Against Cuba 1959ndash1965 Potomac Books Washington 2005

Bolender Keith Voices From the Other Side An Oral History of Terrorism Against Cuba Pluto Press London 2010

Bravo Olga Miranda CubaUSA Nacionalizaciones y Bloqueo Editorial de Ciencias Sociales Havana 1996

Castro Espin Alejandro The Price of Power Capitan San Luis Havana 2009Chomsky Aviva A History of the Cuban Revolution Wiley-Blackwell United

Kingdom 2011Chomsky Noam Failed States The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy

Metropolitan Books New York 2006Cluster Dick and Hernandez Rafael The History of Havana Palgrave Macmillan

New York 2006Davis Paul K Besieged 100 Great Sieges From Jericho to Sarajevo Oxford University

Press New York 2003Demanda Del Pueblo Cubano Contra El Gobierno De Estados Unidos Por Los Dantildeos

Econoacutemicos Ocasionados A Cuba Editora Politica La Habana 2000Erikson Daniel P The Cuba Wars Fidel Castro the United States and the Next

Revolution Bloomsbury Press New York 2008Escalante Fabian The Cuba Project CIA Covert Operations 1959ndash62 Ocean Press

Melbourne 1995Franklin Jane Cuba and the United States A Chronological History Ocean Press

Melbourne 1997Gott Richard Cuba A New History Yale University Press London 2004Haney Patrick J and Vanderbush Walt The Cuban Embargo The Domestic Politics

of an American Foreign Policy University of Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh 2005Hnuong Bui Huy FDI Disbursement in Vietnam The Gioi Publishers 2010Kapcia Antoni Cuba in Revolution A History Since the Fifties Reaktion Books

London 2008Lambie George The Cuban Revolution in the 21st Century Pluto Press London

2010

Bi bl io gr a ph y224

Peck James Ideal Illusions How the US Government Co-opted Human Rights Metropolitan Books New York 2010

Peacuterez Louis A Jr Cuba between Reform and Revolution Oxford University Press New York 2006

mdashmdashmdash Cuba in the American Imagination Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill 2008

mdashmdashmdash Cuba under the Platt Amendment 1902ndash1934 University of Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh 1986

mdashmdashmdash The War of 1898 The United States amp Cuba in History amp Historiography The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill 1998

Peacuterez-Stable Marifeli The Cuban Revolution Origins Course and Legacy Oxford University Press New York 1999

Ramonet Ignacio My Life Fidel Castro Allen Lane London 2007Reid-Henry Simon Fidel and Che A Revolutionary Friendship Walker amp Company

New York 2009Roman Peter Peoplersquos Power Cubarsquos Experience with Representative Government

Rowman amp Littlefield Lanham 2003Saney Issac Cuba A Revolution in Motion Fernwood Publishing Nova Scotia

2004Schoultz Lars That Infernal Little Cuban Republic The University of North

Carolina Press Chapel Hill 2009Schwab Peter Cuba Confronting the US Embargo St Martinrsquos Griffin New York

1999Smith Wayne S The Closest of Enemies A Personal and Diplomatic Account of US-

Cuban Relations Since 1957 WW Norton amp Company New York 1987Spadoni Paolo Failed Sanctions Why the US Embargo against Cuba Could Never

Work University Press of Florida Gainesville 2010Stone Geoffrey R Perilous Times Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of

1798 to the War on Terrorism WW Norton and Company New York 2004Sweig Julia A Cuba What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford University Press New

York 2009Taylor Henry Louis Jr Inside El Barrio A Bottom Up View of Neighborhood Life in

Castrorsquos Cuba Kumarian Press Sterling 2009Weiner Tim Legacy of Ashes The History of the CIA Anchor Books New York

2007Wylie Lana Perceptions of Cuba Canadian and American Policies in Comparative

Perspective University of Toronto Press Toronto 2010Zaldiacutevar Dieacuteguez Andreacutes Blockade The Longest Economic Siege in History Capitan

San Luis Publishing House Havana 2007

1933 Revolution 441940 Constitution 126ABN AMRO 150Abu Jamal Mumia 106Acopio 160Adams John Quincy 40Afghanistan 5 6 107 123Agrarian Reform Act 50

policy of starvation 52settled claims 51UN resolution 51US refusal to negotiate 51

Agriculture Committee 141Al Ahram Cairo 124Alamo 1Alarcoacuten Margarita 105 164Alarcoacuten Ricardo 35 68 70 71 77 105

119 156 164 167ndash8 182 186ALBA 80 119Alfonso Maria Isabel 182Alfonso Pablo 136Alien and Sedition Act 11Almeida Juan 66Alpha 66 68 78Al-Qaeda 7 29 108Ambos Mundos 146American Enterprise Institute 62American Revolution

Francersquos role 40mythology of 83siege of Yorktown 40

American Society of HematologyBlood magazine 90

American University 24 120Amnesty International 8 14 33

70 121Amron International 91Angola 70Anti-Loyalist Act 1780 11

Anti-Terrorist Act 2001 9Arab Spring 92Arar Maher 5Arbenz Jacobo 177Arboleya Cervera Jesuacutes 129Argentina 46 92Armey Richard 143Armstrong Fulton 117Artemisa 156Ashcroft John 9Assembly of the Peoplersquos Power 156Associated Press 109 111 112 118Association of Combatants of the

Cuban Revolution (ACRC) 61ATampT 134August Arnold 125ndash6 128 129

130 168Azcuy Hugo 127 129

Ballester Joseacute M 90ndash1Ballet Nacional de Cuba 97Bank of Nova Scotia 149Barclays PLC 150Baruch College

Latin American Studies 158Basic Industry Ministry 166Basulto Joseacute 77Batista Fulgencio 45 47 48 49 50

125 126 164 177Sergeants Revolt 44

Bay of Pigs 16 18 52 57 58ndash9 60 61 62 63 94 102 134

Berman Howard 135ndash6 142Biden Joe 178Bingaman Jeff 184bin Laden Osama 3 6 14 67Biacutescet Oscar Elias 114Black Hugo 1Blanco Juan Antonio 115 126 129

Inde x

I n de x226

Blitzer Wolf 172Bodeguita Del Medio 78Bolivia 123Bolton John 106bombings

Cubana foreign offi ces 63hotel facilities 54

Borges Rafael 85ndash6 87Borges Vidal Caridad 85Bosch Orlando 139Bossuyt Marc 123Bowles Chester 59Brandeis Louis 10Bravo Olga Miranda 51Britain 62 68Broadband Global Area Network

(BGAN) 116 119Broadcasting Board of Governors

(BBG) 136Brookings Institute 170Brothers to the Rescue 53 77Buchanan Vern 152Buena Fe 183Buena Vista Social Club 97Bureau of Democracy Human Rights

and Labor 136Burke Edmond 186Burton Dan 72 76 78Bush Doctrine 171Bush George HW 22Bush George W (Jr) 2 4 6 7 13

22 63 67 74 79 106 135 137 149 173

Butterfi eld GK 140Butt Mohammed 6

Cafeacute Pnocho 159Calzoacuten Frank 31 44 137Cambodia 174Cameron David 10Canada 17 46 68 76 96 184 185

reaction to 911 9Cancio Isla Wilfredo 136Capital Hill Cubans 170CaricomCuba Summit 148Carter Jimmy 22 67 70 75 109

168 175 178Casals Saacutenchez Carmen 146Cason James 79 106ndash7 108Castor Kathy 145

Castro Fidel ix 17 18 19 20 22 33 35 47 48 50 52 53 55ndash60 61 70 74 80 82 83 84 88 97 98 99 104 107 109 124 126 129 139 143 177 179 181 183

assassination attempts against 63Battle of Ideas 101and the media 99winning election 28

Castro Mariela 99Castro Rauacutel x 25 26 28 34 38 59

60 93 94 99 102 103 104 109 112 114 120 129 130 154 155 156 157 162 163 165 166ndash7 175 180

Castro Soraya 73 93ndash5 96ndash7 140Catauro 101Catholic University Association 47Center for a Free Cuba 31 121 136

137 138Center for American Studies 127 162Center for Democracy in the

Americas 170Center for Responsive Politics 141Center for Studies of International

Migration 93Center for the Studies of the United

States 93Center for the Study of Cuban

Economy 165Central Bank of Cuba (BCC) 150Central de Trabajadores de Cuba 128Chaacutevez Hugo 80 92 156Chavito (CUC) 150 159 160Chile 15 130 151China 56 81 124 125 143 144

152 161 177 184CIA 7 19 54 55 63 64 66 68 71

99 117 168report on Cuba 18spying on citizens 12

Civil Rightserosion of 5 14under constitution 12western democracies 10

Claver-Carone Mauricio 141 154Clinton Hillary 36 101 119 124

139 141 170ndash1 175ndash6Clinton William (Bill) 17 22 76 117

144 173

I n de x 227

Clyburn James 139CNN 172collective punishment

American policy against Cuba 19Columbia 184Columbia University 166Commission for Assistance to a Free

Cuba 30 79 130Committees for the Defense of the

Revolution (CDR) 18 60Communications Assistance for Law

Enforcement Act 4Communist Party Congress 25 167Congress 2 3 11 17 30 48 52 67

71 75 77 112 135 140 142 144 147 174 182 184 185

legislation after 911 4Constantinople 1Conte Silvio 82Correa Rafael 22Council of Ministers 167Coyula Mario 158Credit Suisse Group AG 150Cuba

Doctrine 178First War of Independence 39government repression ixnationalism 31popular support ixSecond War of Independence 40security programs 14social comparison pre and post

revolution 45ndash6social contract 37using siege to defl ect shortcomings 34withstanding siege 14

Cuba al Descubierto 122Cubana Airlines Flight 455 53 139Cuban Adjustment Act 68 164

wet foot dry foot 69Cuban Affairs Offi ce 144Cuban-American exiles 28

face of siege 30ndash1Cuban American National Foundation

(CANF) 70ndash1 72 74 75 78 134 137 138 139

Cuban Americans For Engagement (CARE) 182

Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) 66ndash7 68

Cuban Asset Targeting Group 150Cuban Catholic Church 101 102 114Cuban Civil Code 127Cuban Communist Party (CCP) 127

130 166Cuban Communist Party (PSP) 60

Sixth Congress 157 174Cuban Democracy Act see TorricelliCuban Five 18 78 119 136 183Cuban Import Regulations 62Cuban Institute of Friendship Between

People (ICAP) 58Cuban Interest Section 119Cuban Liberty and Democratic

Solidarity Act see Helms-Burton Act

Cuban Liberty Council 72Cuban Medical Professional Parole

(CMPP) 86Cuban Missile Crisis 62 63 65Cuban Molecular Immunology

Center 91Cuban Money Project 135Cuban Penal Code

compared to US Code 29Cuban Revolution 29 39 56 57 61

74 82 95 96 105 123 177 178 186 187

Cuban Support Group Ireland 151Cuban Telephone Company 50Cuba Project The 65

Task 21 63Tasks 16ndash20 64

Cubela Rolando 63Cyber Sharing and Protection Act 5

Dallas Morning News 135Daniel Jean 47Davis Paul K 2 14 20Debs Eugene 11 106De Ceacutespedes Carlos Manuel 39De Ceacutespedes Carlos Miguel 44Defense Department 117De la Fuente Pedro 157Delaney Ian 76De la Pena Blas 187Delay Tom 143Delgado Lorenzo 20Democratic National Committee

(DNC) 72 141

I n de x228

Democratic Party 131 138Dengue 2 53Department of Homeland Security

4 86Development Alternatives 116Dewey John 11Diario de la Marina 99Diacuteaz-Balart Lincoln 72 113 138

141 142Diacuteaz-Balart Mario 72 138 145Di Celmo Fabio 53 72 78Dillon Douglas 19dissidents

2003 jailing 28 78 106in Spain 114

Dorgan Byron 143 147Drake Thomas 6Draper Theodore 81Dulles Allen 49 57ndash8Dworin Adela 117

Eastern Block 73Eaton Tracey 109 135 136ndash7

138 152Eder Dick 33Egypt 92Einstein Albert 178Eisenhower Dwight 18 19 23

27 51 52 55 56 58 63 114 144 178

El Almirante 159El Nuevo Herald 103 136El Pais 104El Salvador 70Energy and Mining Ministry 166England 11 57 68 87 148 see also

United KingdomErikson Dan 120Escalante Anibal 56 60Escalante Fabian 68ESCO Corporation 185Espacio Laical 101Espionage Act 6 11Esposito Laacutezaro 167EU Regulation No 227196 151European Union 26 93

response to 911 8Evangelical Christian Humanitarian

Outreach 136Everleny Perez Omar 165ndash6

Fairfex Lord 11Farintildeas Guillermo 111 112 113Farrar Jonathan 112 121FBI 78

raids on peace groups 5Federal Loyalist Oaths 12Federation of Cuban Women

(FMC) 61Federation of University Students

(FEU) 61Ferrell Robert 44Flake Jeff 142Florida 18 24 26 30 31 38 52 54

68 71 72 78 83 103 113 118 119 134 135 138 144 145 152 181ndash2

Florida International University Miami 153

Florida Marlins 183Fontaine Roger 178Foraker JB Amendment 42Foreign Affairs Committee 139

140 170Foreign Agents Relations Act 116Foreign Aid Act 62Foreign Relations Committee 135 141Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba

(FHRC) 137Fox News 6 7 9Frank Paiacutes Hospital 91Freedom House 135 137Freie John F 8Friedman Thomas xFuentes Carlos 168Fundador Orlando 114Fund for Reconciliation and

Development 173 183Fung Thalia 93 97

Gang of 66 139Garciacutea Felix 63Garciacutea Joe 138Garciacutea Manuel 161Garciacutea Peacuterez Jorge Luis 113Garciacutea Yadira 161Generation Y see Yoani SaacutenchezGibbs Robert 117Gilpatric Roswell ixGoldwater Barry 179Gonzaacutelez Alejandro 86ndash7 89 91

I n de x 229

Gonzaacutelez Eliaacuten 139 183Google 121Gorki 102Gounod Osiel 97Graham Lindsey 4Granma 101 167Grassley Chuck 141Grau Ramoacuten 44 45 48Grey Years 35 98Gross Alan 24 30 115ndash20 123 142

169 172 183Gross Judy 118Grupo de Apoyo a la Disidencia 121Grupo de Apoyo de la Democracia 137Guantaacutenamo Bay 4 16 43Guatemala 15 52 56 130 177Guevara Che 32 56 57 60 64 95Guillen Ozzie 183Guiteras Antonio 44Gulf of Mexico 151 153

Habanastation 98Habanos SA 161Hagel Chuck 142Haig Alexander 18 70Haiti 66 69 86 151Hanoi 173 175Harper Stephen 10Hart Armando 60Harvard 62Havana 70 73 77 83 85 92 96

103 105 116 117 118 119 120 138 139 145 146 148 151 152 155 157 158 159 162 164 165 167 169 172 175 176

bombing campaign against 72 78Ferry Partners 145Old Havana 146ndash7society pre-revolution 45 46

Heberport 185Helms-Burton Act (Cuban Liberty and

Democratic Solidarity Act) ix x 22 28 74 76 77 78 81 97 106 110 116 130

Title II 76Title III 76Title IV 76

Helms Jesse 76 77 78Henken Ted 158Heritage Foundation 62

Hernaacutendez Francisco (Peppy) 72Hernaacutendez Frank 137Hernaacutendez Orlando 149Hernaacutendez Rafael 25 31 37

97ndash8 100ndash1 155 see also Temas Magazine

Herter Christian 52Hidalgo Ariel 33Hilton Hotel 148Ho Chi Minh City 173Homeland Security Act (HSA) 4Homeland Security Department 4Hotel Copacabana 78House of Representatives 135 139HR 4645 (Travel Bill) 141 142

143 144Huddleston Vicki 69 107 180Huffi ngton Post 104Human Rights 25Human Rights Watch 8 121Hussein Saddam 67 110Huston Plan 12

ING 150INS 69Inter-America Development Bank 149Inter-American Dialogue 120International Monetary Fund (IMF)

149 170International Relief and

Development 136International Republican Institute 137Internet 4 104 116 117 118 120

121 122Iran 106 124 130 150Iraq 2 4 5 6 7 106 107Iris Medical Instruments 87Italy response to 911 8

Japan 64Jericho 1Johnson Chalmers 39Johnson Lyndon 68JP Morgan 150Juan of the Dead 98Juventud Rebelde 101

Kennedy John 17 19 22 47 58 62 66

Kennedy Robert 64 66

I n de x230

Kerry John 135Khan Irene 14King JC 55Klauthammer Charles 4 7Klienberg Robert 52Kuwait 123

La Bodeguita del Medio 146Labrada Laura 111La Colmenita 98 139La Coubre 53Ladies in White 110 111La Gaceta 101Lage Carlos 103La Jornada 99Lambie George 128Lansdale Edward 63 64LA Times 51Latin America 15 19 23 24 26 27

38 39 46 53 55 58 62 70 75 80 86 117 119 127 138 147 149 177 184

Law 28 29 78ndash9 88Law Against Acts of Terrorism 106Law of Associations 127Lawyers Without Borders 137Lazo Carlos 148Leal Eusebio 147Leibowitz Shamai 6Levin Carl 4Lexington Institute 118 167Libya 92 150Lincoln Abraham 11Literacy Campaign 45 53Lloyds TBS 149 150Loacutepez Acea Mercedes 167Loacutepez-Levy Arturo 35 81 104

122 161Los Angeles Times 136Los Gusanos 187Loyalists exiled from United States 11Loyola St Ignatius 2Loyola University of Chicago 137Lunes de Revolution 98Lyon David 10 13 60

Machado Gerardo1933 Revolution 44

Machado Jose Ramon 122 167Mafi a 151

Major John 9Mallory Lester D 19mambises 48Mariconchi 102Mariel Boatlift 70 145Maritime Boundary Agreement 153Mark Connie 75Marshall Steve 148Marti Jose 40 41 81 147

children organization 61Martinez Carmela 96Martinez Tony 31 120Marxism 35 68Masada 1Mas Canosa Jorge 71 72 74 75Maseda Heacutector 110Maslow Abraham 122Masuida Raul 71Matos Huber 54Mayabeque 156McAuliff John 173 174 175 183

184ndash5McCain John 4McGuinness Simon 151McIntyre Mike 140media coverage of occupy movement 7medical products denied to Cuba 87Menendez Bob 72 140 141Merck and Co 87Met Life 150Mexico 68 147 148 153Miami 18 21 26 30 42 54 58 62

73 77 78 83 95 103 105 106 113 134 135 136 140 145 146 158 169 174 176 182 183 185

based terrorist groups 68Miami Herald 111 117 118 136 170Milaneacutes Pablo 97 102 103Military Commission Act 4Miller Brad 140Ministry of Agriculture 167Ministry of Foreign Relations

(MINREX) 171 184Ministry of Public Health 160Ministry of Sugar 166Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) 146Morales Esteban 161ndash5 169Morales Roberto 160Moran Jerry 142 143Moyers Bill 131

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

Bi bl io gr a ph y224

Peck James Ideal Illusions How the US Government Co-opted Human Rights Metropolitan Books New York 2010

Peacuterez Louis A Jr Cuba between Reform and Revolution Oxford University Press New York 2006

mdashmdashmdash Cuba in the American Imagination Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill 2008

mdashmdashmdash Cuba under the Platt Amendment 1902ndash1934 University of Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh 1986

mdashmdashmdash The War of 1898 The United States amp Cuba in History amp Historiography The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill 1998

Peacuterez-Stable Marifeli The Cuban Revolution Origins Course and Legacy Oxford University Press New York 1999

Ramonet Ignacio My Life Fidel Castro Allen Lane London 2007Reid-Henry Simon Fidel and Che A Revolutionary Friendship Walker amp Company

New York 2009Roman Peter Peoplersquos Power Cubarsquos Experience with Representative Government

Rowman amp Littlefield Lanham 2003Saney Issac Cuba A Revolution in Motion Fernwood Publishing Nova Scotia

2004Schoultz Lars That Infernal Little Cuban Republic The University of North

Carolina Press Chapel Hill 2009Schwab Peter Cuba Confronting the US Embargo St Martinrsquos Griffin New York

1999Smith Wayne S The Closest of Enemies A Personal and Diplomatic Account of US-

Cuban Relations Since 1957 WW Norton amp Company New York 1987Spadoni Paolo Failed Sanctions Why the US Embargo against Cuba Could Never

Work University Press of Florida Gainesville 2010Stone Geoffrey R Perilous Times Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of

1798 to the War on Terrorism WW Norton and Company New York 2004Sweig Julia A Cuba What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford University Press New

York 2009Taylor Henry Louis Jr Inside El Barrio A Bottom Up View of Neighborhood Life in

Castrorsquos Cuba Kumarian Press Sterling 2009Weiner Tim Legacy of Ashes The History of the CIA Anchor Books New York

2007Wylie Lana Perceptions of Cuba Canadian and American Policies in Comparative

Perspective University of Toronto Press Toronto 2010Zaldiacutevar Dieacuteguez Andreacutes Blockade The Longest Economic Siege in History Capitan

San Luis Publishing House Havana 2007

1933 Revolution 441940 Constitution 126ABN AMRO 150Abu Jamal Mumia 106Acopio 160Adams John Quincy 40Afghanistan 5 6 107 123Agrarian Reform Act 50

policy of starvation 52settled claims 51UN resolution 51US refusal to negotiate 51

Agriculture Committee 141Al Ahram Cairo 124Alamo 1Alarcoacuten Margarita 105 164Alarcoacuten Ricardo 35 68 70 71 77 105

119 156 164 167ndash8 182 186ALBA 80 119Alfonso Maria Isabel 182Alfonso Pablo 136Alien and Sedition Act 11Almeida Juan 66Alpha 66 68 78Al-Qaeda 7 29 108Ambos Mundos 146American Enterprise Institute 62American Revolution

Francersquos role 40mythology of 83siege of Yorktown 40

American Society of HematologyBlood magazine 90

American University 24 120Amnesty International 8 14 33

70 121Amron International 91Angola 70Anti-Loyalist Act 1780 11

Anti-Terrorist Act 2001 9Arab Spring 92Arar Maher 5Arbenz Jacobo 177Arboleya Cervera Jesuacutes 129Argentina 46 92Armey Richard 143Armstrong Fulton 117Artemisa 156Ashcroft John 9Assembly of the Peoplersquos Power 156Associated Press 109 111 112 118Association of Combatants of the

Cuban Revolution (ACRC) 61ATampT 134August Arnold 125ndash6 128 129

130 168Azcuy Hugo 127 129

Ballester Joseacute M 90ndash1Ballet Nacional de Cuba 97Bank of Nova Scotia 149Barclays PLC 150Baruch College

Latin American Studies 158Basic Industry Ministry 166Basulto Joseacute 77Batista Fulgencio 45 47 48 49 50

125 126 164 177Sergeants Revolt 44

Bay of Pigs 16 18 52 57 58ndash9 60 61 62 63 94 102 134

Berman Howard 135ndash6 142Biden Joe 178Bingaman Jeff 184bin Laden Osama 3 6 14 67Biacutescet Oscar Elias 114Black Hugo 1Blanco Juan Antonio 115 126 129

Inde x

I n de x226

Blitzer Wolf 172Bodeguita Del Medio 78Bolivia 123Bolton John 106bombings

Cubana foreign offi ces 63hotel facilities 54

Borges Rafael 85ndash6 87Borges Vidal Caridad 85Bosch Orlando 139Bossuyt Marc 123Bowles Chester 59Brandeis Louis 10Bravo Olga Miranda 51Britain 62 68Broadband Global Area Network

(BGAN) 116 119Broadcasting Board of Governors

(BBG) 136Brookings Institute 170Brothers to the Rescue 53 77Buchanan Vern 152Buena Fe 183Buena Vista Social Club 97Bureau of Democracy Human Rights

and Labor 136Burke Edmond 186Burton Dan 72 76 78Bush Doctrine 171Bush George HW 22Bush George W (Jr) 2 4 6 7 13

22 63 67 74 79 106 135 137 149 173

Butterfi eld GK 140Butt Mohammed 6

Cafeacute Pnocho 159Calzoacuten Frank 31 44 137Cambodia 174Cameron David 10Canada 17 46 68 76 96 184 185

reaction to 911 9Cancio Isla Wilfredo 136Capital Hill Cubans 170CaricomCuba Summit 148Carter Jimmy 22 67 70 75 109

168 175 178Casals Saacutenchez Carmen 146Cason James 79 106ndash7 108Castor Kathy 145

Castro Fidel ix 17 18 19 20 22 33 35 47 48 50 52 53 55ndash60 61 70 74 80 82 83 84 88 97 98 99 104 107 109 124 126 129 139 143 177 179 181 183

assassination attempts against 63Battle of Ideas 101and the media 99winning election 28

Castro Mariela 99Castro Rauacutel x 25 26 28 34 38 59

60 93 94 99 102 103 104 109 112 114 120 129 130 154 155 156 157 162 163 165 166ndash7 175 180

Castro Soraya 73 93ndash5 96ndash7 140Catauro 101Catholic University Association 47Center for a Free Cuba 31 121 136

137 138Center for American Studies 127 162Center for Democracy in the

Americas 170Center for Responsive Politics 141Center for Studies of International

Migration 93Center for the Studies of the United

States 93Center for the Study of Cuban

Economy 165Central Bank of Cuba (BCC) 150Central de Trabajadores de Cuba 128Chaacutevez Hugo 80 92 156Chavito (CUC) 150 159 160Chile 15 130 151China 56 81 124 125 143 144

152 161 177 184CIA 7 19 54 55 63 64 66 68 71

99 117 168report on Cuba 18spying on citizens 12

Civil Rightserosion of 5 14under constitution 12western democracies 10

Claver-Carone Mauricio 141 154Clinton Hillary 36 101 119 124

139 141 170ndash1 175ndash6Clinton William (Bill) 17 22 76 117

144 173

I n de x 227

Clyburn James 139CNN 172collective punishment

American policy against Cuba 19Columbia 184Columbia University 166Commission for Assistance to a Free

Cuba 30 79 130Committees for the Defense of the

Revolution (CDR) 18 60Communications Assistance for Law

Enforcement Act 4Communist Party Congress 25 167Congress 2 3 11 17 30 48 52 67

71 75 77 112 135 140 142 144 147 174 182 184 185

legislation after 911 4Constantinople 1Conte Silvio 82Correa Rafael 22Council of Ministers 167Coyula Mario 158Credit Suisse Group AG 150Cuba

Doctrine 178First War of Independence 39government repression ixnationalism 31popular support ixSecond War of Independence 40security programs 14social comparison pre and post

revolution 45ndash6social contract 37using siege to defl ect shortcomings 34withstanding siege 14

Cuba al Descubierto 122Cubana Airlines Flight 455 53 139Cuban Adjustment Act 68 164

wet foot dry foot 69Cuban Affairs Offi ce 144Cuban-American exiles 28

face of siege 30ndash1Cuban American National Foundation

(CANF) 70ndash1 72 74 75 78 134 137 138 139

Cuban Americans For Engagement (CARE) 182

Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) 66ndash7 68

Cuban Asset Targeting Group 150Cuban Catholic Church 101 102 114Cuban Civil Code 127Cuban Communist Party (CCP) 127

130 166Cuban Communist Party (PSP) 60

Sixth Congress 157 174Cuban Democracy Act see TorricelliCuban Five 18 78 119 136 183Cuban Import Regulations 62Cuban Institute of Friendship Between

People (ICAP) 58Cuban Interest Section 119Cuban Liberty and Democratic

Solidarity Act see Helms-Burton Act

Cuban Liberty Council 72Cuban Medical Professional Parole

(CMPP) 86Cuban Missile Crisis 62 63 65Cuban Molecular Immunology

Center 91Cuban Money Project 135Cuban Penal Code

compared to US Code 29Cuban Revolution 29 39 56 57 61

74 82 95 96 105 123 177 178 186 187

Cuban Support Group Ireland 151Cuban Telephone Company 50Cuba Project The 65

Task 21 63Tasks 16ndash20 64

Cubela Rolando 63Cyber Sharing and Protection Act 5

Dallas Morning News 135Daniel Jean 47Davis Paul K 2 14 20Debs Eugene 11 106De Ceacutespedes Carlos Manuel 39De Ceacutespedes Carlos Miguel 44Defense Department 117De la Fuente Pedro 157Delaney Ian 76De la Pena Blas 187Delay Tom 143Delgado Lorenzo 20Democratic National Committee

(DNC) 72 141

I n de x228

Democratic Party 131 138Dengue 2 53Department of Homeland Security

4 86Development Alternatives 116Dewey John 11Diario de la Marina 99Diacuteaz-Balart Lincoln 72 113 138

141 142Diacuteaz-Balart Mario 72 138 145Di Celmo Fabio 53 72 78Dillon Douglas 19dissidents

2003 jailing 28 78 106in Spain 114

Dorgan Byron 143 147Drake Thomas 6Draper Theodore 81Dulles Allen 49 57ndash8Dworin Adela 117

Eastern Block 73Eaton Tracey 109 135 136ndash7

138 152Eder Dick 33Egypt 92Einstein Albert 178Eisenhower Dwight 18 19 23

27 51 52 55 56 58 63 114 144 178

El Almirante 159El Nuevo Herald 103 136El Pais 104El Salvador 70Energy and Mining Ministry 166England 11 57 68 87 148 see also

United KingdomErikson Dan 120Escalante Anibal 56 60Escalante Fabian 68ESCO Corporation 185Espacio Laical 101Espionage Act 6 11Esposito Laacutezaro 167EU Regulation No 227196 151European Union 26 93

response to 911 8Evangelical Christian Humanitarian

Outreach 136Everleny Perez Omar 165ndash6

Fairfex Lord 11Farintildeas Guillermo 111 112 113Farrar Jonathan 112 121FBI 78

raids on peace groups 5Federal Loyalist Oaths 12Federation of Cuban Women

(FMC) 61Federation of University Students

(FEU) 61Ferrell Robert 44Flake Jeff 142Florida 18 24 26 30 31 38 52 54

68 71 72 78 83 103 113 118 119 134 135 138 144 145 152 181ndash2

Florida International University Miami 153

Florida Marlins 183Fontaine Roger 178Foraker JB Amendment 42Foreign Affairs Committee 139

140 170Foreign Agents Relations Act 116Foreign Aid Act 62Foreign Relations Committee 135 141Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba

(FHRC) 137Fox News 6 7 9Frank Paiacutes Hospital 91Freedom House 135 137Freie John F 8Friedman Thomas xFuentes Carlos 168Fundador Orlando 114Fund for Reconciliation and

Development 173 183Fung Thalia 93 97

Gang of 66 139Garciacutea Felix 63Garciacutea Joe 138Garciacutea Manuel 161Garciacutea Peacuterez Jorge Luis 113Garciacutea Yadira 161Generation Y see Yoani SaacutenchezGibbs Robert 117Gilpatric Roswell ixGoldwater Barry 179Gonzaacutelez Alejandro 86ndash7 89 91

I n de x 229

Gonzaacutelez Eliaacuten 139 183Google 121Gorki 102Gounod Osiel 97Graham Lindsey 4Granma 101 167Grassley Chuck 141Grau Ramoacuten 44 45 48Grey Years 35 98Gross Alan 24 30 115ndash20 123 142

169 172 183Gross Judy 118Grupo de Apoyo a la Disidencia 121Grupo de Apoyo de la Democracia 137Guantaacutenamo Bay 4 16 43Guatemala 15 52 56 130 177Guevara Che 32 56 57 60 64 95Guillen Ozzie 183Guiteras Antonio 44Gulf of Mexico 151 153

Habanastation 98Habanos SA 161Hagel Chuck 142Haig Alexander 18 70Haiti 66 69 86 151Hanoi 173 175Harper Stephen 10Hart Armando 60Harvard 62Havana 70 73 77 83 85 92 96

103 105 116 117 118 119 120 138 139 145 146 148 151 152 155 157 158 159 162 164 165 167 169 172 175 176

bombing campaign against 72 78Ferry Partners 145Old Havana 146ndash7society pre-revolution 45 46

Heberport 185Helms-Burton Act (Cuban Liberty and

Democratic Solidarity Act) ix x 22 28 74 76 77 78 81 97 106 110 116 130

Title II 76Title III 76Title IV 76

Helms Jesse 76 77 78Henken Ted 158Heritage Foundation 62

Hernaacutendez Francisco (Peppy) 72Hernaacutendez Frank 137Hernaacutendez Orlando 149Hernaacutendez Rafael 25 31 37

97ndash8 100ndash1 155 see also Temas Magazine

Herter Christian 52Hidalgo Ariel 33Hilton Hotel 148Ho Chi Minh City 173Homeland Security Act (HSA) 4Homeland Security Department 4Hotel Copacabana 78House of Representatives 135 139HR 4645 (Travel Bill) 141 142

143 144Huddleston Vicki 69 107 180Huffi ngton Post 104Human Rights 25Human Rights Watch 8 121Hussein Saddam 67 110Huston Plan 12

ING 150INS 69Inter-America Development Bank 149Inter-American Dialogue 120International Monetary Fund (IMF)

149 170International Relief and

Development 136International Republican Institute 137Internet 4 104 116 117 118 120

121 122Iran 106 124 130 150Iraq 2 4 5 6 7 106 107Iris Medical Instruments 87Italy response to 911 8

Japan 64Jericho 1Johnson Chalmers 39Johnson Lyndon 68JP Morgan 150Juan of the Dead 98Juventud Rebelde 101

Kennedy John 17 19 22 47 58 62 66

Kennedy Robert 64 66

I n de x230

Kerry John 135Khan Irene 14King JC 55Klauthammer Charles 4 7Klienberg Robert 52Kuwait 123

La Bodeguita del Medio 146Labrada Laura 111La Colmenita 98 139La Coubre 53Ladies in White 110 111La Gaceta 101Lage Carlos 103La Jornada 99Lambie George 128Lansdale Edward 63 64LA Times 51Latin America 15 19 23 24 26 27

38 39 46 53 55 58 62 70 75 80 86 117 119 127 138 147 149 177 184

Law 28 29 78ndash9 88Law Against Acts of Terrorism 106Law of Associations 127Lawyers Without Borders 137Lazo Carlos 148Leal Eusebio 147Leibowitz Shamai 6Levin Carl 4Lexington Institute 118 167Libya 92 150Lincoln Abraham 11Literacy Campaign 45 53Lloyds TBS 149 150Loacutepez Acea Mercedes 167Loacutepez-Levy Arturo 35 81 104

122 161Los Angeles Times 136Los Gusanos 187Loyalists exiled from United States 11Loyola St Ignatius 2Loyola University of Chicago 137Lunes de Revolution 98Lyon David 10 13 60

Machado Gerardo1933 Revolution 44

Machado Jose Ramon 122 167Mafi a 151

Major John 9Mallory Lester D 19mambises 48Mariconchi 102Mariel Boatlift 70 145Maritime Boundary Agreement 153Mark Connie 75Marshall Steve 148Marti Jose 40 41 81 147

children organization 61Martinez Carmela 96Martinez Tony 31 120Marxism 35 68Masada 1Mas Canosa Jorge 71 72 74 75Maseda Heacutector 110Maslow Abraham 122Masuida Raul 71Matos Huber 54Mayabeque 156McAuliff John 173 174 175 183

184ndash5McCain John 4McGuinness Simon 151McIntyre Mike 140media coverage of occupy movement 7medical products denied to Cuba 87Menendez Bob 72 140 141Merck and Co 87Met Life 150Mexico 68 147 148 153Miami 18 21 26 30 42 54 58 62

73 77 78 83 95 103 105 106 113 134 135 136 140 145 146 158 169 174 176 182 183 185

based terrorist groups 68Miami Herald 111 117 118 136 170Milaneacutes Pablo 97 102 103Military Commission Act 4Miller Brad 140Ministry of Agriculture 167Ministry of Foreign Relations

(MINREX) 171 184Ministry of Public Health 160Ministry of Sugar 166Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) 146Morales Esteban 161ndash5 169Morales Roberto 160Moran Jerry 142 143Moyers Bill 131

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

1933 Revolution 441940 Constitution 126ABN AMRO 150Abu Jamal Mumia 106Acopio 160Adams John Quincy 40Afghanistan 5 6 107 123Agrarian Reform Act 50

policy of starvation 52settled claims 51UN resolution 51US refusal to negotiate 51

Agriculture Committee 141Al Ahram Cairo 124Alamo 1Alarcoacuten Margarita 105 164Alarcoacuten Ricardo 35 68 70 71 77 105

119 156 164 167ndash8 182 186ALBA 80 119Alfonso Maria Isabel 182Alfonso Pablo 136Alien and Sedition Act 11Almeida Juan 66Alpha 66 68 78Al-Qaeda 7 29 108Ambos Mundos 146American Enterprise Institute 62American Revolution

Francersquos role 40mythology of 83siege of Yorktown 40

American Society of HematologyBlood magazine 90

American University 24 120Amnesty International 8 14 33

70 121Amron International 91Angola 70Anti-Loyalist Act 1780 11

Anti-Terrorist Act 2001 9Arab Spring 92Arar Maher 5Arbenz Jacobo 177Arboleya Cervera Jesuacutes 129Argentina 46 92Armey Richard 143Armstrong Fulton 117Artemisa 156Ashcroft John 9Assembly of the Peoplersquos Power 156Associated Press 109 111 112 118Association of Combatants of the

Cuban Revolution (ACRC) 61ATampT 134August Arnold 125ndash6 128 129

130 168Azcuy Hugo 127 129

Ballester Joseacute M 90ndash1Ballet Nacional de Cuba 97Bank of Nova Scotia 149Barclays PLC 150Baruch College

Latin American Studies 158Basic Industry Ministry 166Basulto Joseacute 77Batista Fulgencio 45 47 48 49 50

125 126 164 177Sergeants Revolt 44

Bay of Pigs 16 18 52 57 58ndash9 60 61 62 63 94 102 134

Berman Howard 135ndash6 142Biden Joe 178Bingaman Jeff 184bin Laden Osama 3 6 14 67Biacutescet Oscar Elias 114Black Hugo 1Blanco Juan Antonio 115 126 129

Inde x

I n de x226

Blitzer Wolf 172Bodeguita Del Medio 78Bolivia 123Bolton John 106bombings

Cubana foreign offi ces 63hotel facilities 54

Borges Rafael 85ndash6 87Borges Vidal Caridad 85Bosch Orlando 139Bossuyt Marc 123Bowles Chester 59Brandeis Louis 10Bravo Olga Miranda 51Britain 62 68Broadband Global Area Network

(BGAN) 116 119Broadcasting Board of Governors

(BBG) 136Brookings Institute 170Brothers to the Rescue 53 77Buchanan Vern 152Buena Fe 183Buena Vista Social Club 97Bureau of Democracy Human Rights

and Labor 136Burke Edmond 186Burton Dan 72 76 78Bush Doctrine 171Bush George HW 22Bush George W (Jr) 2 4 6 7 13

22 63 67 74 79 106 135 137 149 173

Butterfi eld GK 140Butt Mohammed 6

Cafeacute Pnocho 159Calzoacuten Frank 31 44 137Cambodia 174Cameron David 10Canada 17 46 68 76 96 184 185

reaction to 911 9Cancio Isla Wilfredo 136Capital Hill Cubans 170CaricomCuba Summit 148Carter Jimmy 22 67 70 75 109

168 175 178Casals Saacutenchez Carmen 146Cason James 79 106ndash7 108Castor Kathy 145

Castro Fidel ix 17 18 19 20 22 33 35 47 48 50 52 53 55ndash60 61 70 74 80 82 83 84 88 97 98 99 104 107 109 124 126 129 139 143 177 179 181 183

assassination attempts against 63Battle of Ideas 101and the media 99winning election 28

Castro Mariela 99Castro Rauacutel x 25 26 28 34 38 59

60 93 94 99 102 103 104 109 112 114 120 129 130 154 155 156 157 162 163 165 166ndash7 175 180

Castro Soraya 73 93ndash5 96ndash7 140Catauro 101Catholic University Association 47Center for a Free Cuba 31 121 136

137 138Center for American Studies 127 162Center for Democracy in the

Americas 170Center for Responsive Politics 141Center for Studies of International

Migration 93Center for the Studies of the United

States 93Center for the Study of Cuban

Economy 165Central Bank of Cuba (BCC) 150Central de Trabajadores de Cuba 128Chaacutevez Hugo 80 92 156Chavito (CUC) 150 159 160Chile 15 130 151China 56 81 124 125 143 144

152 161 177 184CIA 7 19 54 55 63 64 66 68 71

99 117 168report on Cuba 18spying on citizens 12

Civil Rightserosion of 5 14under constitution 12western democracies 10

Claver-Carone Mauricio 141 154Clinton Hillary 36 101 119 124

139 141 170ndash1 175ndash6Clinton William (Bill) 17 22 76 117

144 173

I n de x 227

Clyburn James 139CNN 172collective punishment

American policy against Cuba 19Columbia 184Columbia University 166Commission for Assistance to a Free

Cuba 30 79 130Committees for the Defense of the

Revolution (CDR) 18 60Communications Assistance for Law

Enforcement Act 4Communist Party Congress 25 167Congress 2 3 11 17 30 48 52 67

71 75 77 112 135 140 142 144 147 174 182 184 185

legislation after 911 4Constantinople 1Conte Silvio 82Correa Rafael 22Council of Ministers 167Coyula Mario 158Credit Suisse Group AG 150Cuba

Doctrine 178First War of Independence 39government repression ixnationalism 31popular support ixSecond War of Independence 40security programs 14social comparison pre and post

revolution 45ndash6social contract 37using siege to defl ect shortcomings 34withstanding siege 14

Cuba al Descubierto 122Cubana Airlines Flight 455 53 139Cuban Adjustment Act 68 164

wet foot dry foot 69Cuban Affairs Offi ce 144Cuban-American exiles 28

face of siege 30ndash1Cuban American National Foundation

(CANF) 70ndash1 72 74 75 78 134 137 138 139

Cuban Americans For Engagement (CARE) 182

Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) 66ndash7 68

Cuban Asset Targeting Group 150Cuban Catholic Church 101 102 114Cuban Civil Code 127Cuban Communist Party (CCP) 127

130 166Cuban Communist Party (PSP) 60

Sixth Congress 157 174Cuban Democracy Act see TorricelliCuban Five 18 78 119 136 183Cuban Import Regulations 62Cuban Institute of Friendship Between

People (ICAP) 58Cuban Interest Section 119Cuban Liberty and Democratic

Solidarity Act see Helms-Burton Act

Cuban Liberty Council 72Cuban Medical Professional Parole

(CMPP) 86Cuban Missile Crisis 62 63 65Cuban Molecular Immunology

Center 91Cuban Money Project 135Cuban Penal Code

compared to US Code 29Cuban Revolution 29 39 56 57 61

74 82 95 96 105 123 177 178 186 187

Cuban Support Group Ireland 151Cuban Telephone Company 50Cuba Project The 65

Task 21 63Tasks 16ndash20 64

Cubela Rolando 63Cyber Sharing and Protection Act 5

Dallas Morning News 135Daniel Jean 47Davis Paul K 2 14 20Debs Eugene 11 106De Ceacutespedes Carlos Manuel 39De Ceacutespedes Carlos Miguel 44Defense Department 117De la Fuente Pedro 157Delaney Ian 76De la Pena Blas 187Delay Tom 143Delgado Lorenzo 20Democratic National Committee

(DNC) 72 141

I n de x228

Democratic Party 131 138Dengue 2 53Department of Homeland Security

4 86Development Alternatives 116Dewey John 11Diario de la Marina 99Diacuteaz-Balart Lincoln 72 113 138

141 142Diacuteaz-Balart Mario 72 138 145Di Celmo Fabio 53 72 78Dillon Douglas 19dissidents

2003 jailing 28 78 106in Spain 114

Dorgan Byron 143 147Drake Thomas 6Draper Theodore 81Dulles Allen 49 57ndash8Dworin Adela 117

Eastern Block 73Eaton Tracey 109 135 136ndash7

138 152Eder Dick 33Egypt 92Einstein Albert 178Eisenhower Dwight 18 19 23

27 51 52 55 56 58 63 114 144 178

El Almirante 159El Nuevo Herald 103 136El Pais 104El Salvador 70Energy and Mining Ministry 166England 11 57 68 87 148 see also

United KingdomErikson Dan 120Escalante Anibal 56 60Escalante Fabian 68ESCO Corporation 185Espacio Laical 101Espionage Act 6 11Esposito Laacutezaro 167EU Regulation No 227196 151European Union 26 93

response to 911 8Evangelical Christian Humanitarian

Outreach 136Everleny Perez Omar 165ndash6

Fairfex Lord 11Farintildeas Guillermo 111 112 113Farrar Jonathan 112 121FBI 78

raids on peace groups 5Federal Loyalist Oaths 12Federation of Cuban Women

(FMC) 61Federation of University Students

(FEU) 61Ferrell Robert 44Flake Jeff 142Florida 18 24 26 30 31 38 52 54

68 71 72 78 83 103 113 118 119 134 135 138 144 145 152 181ndash2

Florida International University Miami 153

Florida Marlins 183Fontaine Roger 178Foraker JB Amendment 42Foreign Affairs Committee 139

140 170Foreign Agents Relations Act 116Foreign Aid Act 62Foreign Relations Committee 135 141Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba

(FHRC) 137Fox News 6 7 9Frank Paiacutes Hospital 91Freedom House 135 137Freie John F 8Friedman Thomas xFuentes Carlos 168Fundador Orlando 114Fund for Reconciliation and

Development 173 183Fung Thalia 93 97

Gang of 66 139Garciacutea Felix 63Garciacutea Joe 138Garciacutea Manuel 161Garciacutea Peacuterez Jorge Luis 113Garciacutea Yadira 161Generation Y see Yoani SaacutenchezGibbs Robert 117Gilpatric Roswell ixGoldwater Barry 179Gonzaacutelez Alejandro 86ndash7 89 91

I n de x 229

Gonzaacutelez Eliaacuten 139 183Google 121Gorki 102Gounod Osiel 97Graham Lindsey 4Granma 101 167Grassley Chuck 141Grau Ramoacuten 44 45 48Grey Years 35 98Gross Alan 24 30 115ndash20 123 142

169 172 183Gross Judy 118Grupo de Apoyo a la Disidencia 121Grupo de Apoyo de la Democracia 137Guantaacutenamo Bay 4 16 43Guatemala 15 52 56 130 177Guevara Che 32 56 57 60 64 95Guillen Ozzie 183Guiteras Antonio 44Gulf of Mexico 151 153

Habanastation 98Habanos SA 161Hagel Chuck 142Haig Alexander 18 70Haiti 66 69 86 151Hanoi 173 175Harper Stephen 10Hart Armando 60Harvard 62Havana 70 73 77 83 85 92 96

103 105 116 117 118 119 120 138 139 145 146 148 151 152 155 157 158 159 162 164 165 167 169 172 175 176

bombing campaign against 72 78Ferry Partners 145Old Havana 146ndash7society pre-revolution 45 46

Heberport 185Helms-Burton Act (Cuban Liberty and

Democratic Solidarity Act) ix x 22 28 74 76 77 78 81 97 106 110 116 130

Title II 76Title III 76Title IV 76

Helms Jesse 76 77 78Henken Ted 158Heritage Foundation 62

Hernaacutendez Francisco (Peppy) 72Hernaacutendez Frank 137Hernaacutendez Orlando 149Hernaacutendez Rafael 25 31 37

97ndash8 100ndash1 155 see also Temas Magazine

Herter Christian 52Hidalgo Ariel 33Hilton Hotel 148Ho Chi Minh City 173Homeland Security Act (HSA) 4Homeland Security Department 4Hotel Copacabana 78House of Representatives 135 139HR 4645 (Travel Bill) 141 142

143 144Huddleston Vicki 69 107 180Huffi ngton Post 104Human Rights 25Human Rights Watch 8 121Hussein Saddam 67 110Huston Plan 12

ING 150INS 69Inter-America Development Bank 149Inter-American Dialogue 120International Monetary Fund (IMF)

149 170International Relief and

Development 136International Republican Institute 137Internet 4 104 116 117 118 120

121 122Iran 106 124 130 150Iraq 2 4 5 6 7 106 107Iris Medical Instruments 87Italy response to 911 8

Japan 64Jericho 1Johnson Chalmers 39Johnson Lyndon 68JP Morgan 150Juan of the Dead 98Juventud Rebelde 101

Kennedy John 17 19 22 47 58 62 66

Kennedy Robert 64 66

I n de x230

Kerry John 135Khan Irene 14King JC 55Klauthammer Charles 4 7Klienberg Robert 52Kuwait 123

La Bodeguita del Medio 146Labrada Laura 111La Colmenita 98 139La Coubre 53Ladies in White 110 111La Gaceta 101Lage Carlos 103La Jornada 99Lambie George 128Lansdale Edward 63 64LA Times 51Latin America 15 19 23 24 26 27

38 39 46 53 55 58 62 70 75 80 86 117 119 127 138 147 149 177 184

Law 28 29 78ndash9 88Law Against Acts of Terrorism 106Law of Associations 127Lawyers Without Borders 137Lazo Carlos 148Leal Eusebio 147Leibowitz Shamai 6Levin Carl 4Lexington Institute 118 167Libya 92 150Lincoln Abraham 11Literacy Campaign 45 53Lloyds TBS 149 150Loacutepez Acea Mercedes 167Loacutepez-Levy Arturo 35 81 104

122 161Los Angeles Times 136Los Gusanos 187Loyalists exiled from United States 11Loyola St Ignatius 2Loyola University of Chicago 137Lunes de Revolution 98Lyon David 10 13 60

Machado Gerardo1933 Revolution 44

Machado Jose Ramon 122 167Mafi a 151

Major John 9Mallory Lester D 19mambises 48Mariconchi 102Mariel Boatlift 70 145Maritime Boundary Agreement 153Mark Connie 75Marshall Steve 148Marti Jose 40 41 81 147

children organization 61Martinez Carmela 96Martinez Tony 31 120Marxism 35 68Masada 1Mas Canosa Jorge 71 72 74 75Maseda Heacutector 110Maslow Abraham 122Masuida Raul 71Matos Huber 54Mayabeque 156McAuliff John 173 174 175 183

184ndash5McCain John 4McGuinness Simon 151McIntyre Mike 140media coverage of occupy movement 7medical products denied to Cuba 87Menendez Bob 72 140 141Merck and Co 87Met Life 150Mexico 68 147 148 153Miami 18 21 26 30 42 54 58 62

73 77 78 83 95 103 105 106 113 134 135 136 140 145 146 158 169 174 176 182 183 185

based terrorist groups 68Miami Herald 111 117 118 136 170Milaneacutes Pablo 97 102 103Military Commission Act 4Miller Brad 140Ministry of Agriculture 167Ministry of Foreign Relations

(MINREX) 171 184Ministry of Public Health 160Ministry of Sugar 166Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) 146Morales Esteban 161ndash5 169Morales Roberto 160Moran Jerry 142 143Moyers Bill 131

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x226

Blitzer Wolf 172Bodeguita Del Medio 78Bolivia 123Bolton John 106bombings

Cubana foreign offi ces 63hotel facilities 54

Borges Rafael 85ndash6 87Borges Vidal Caridad 85Bosch Orlando 139Bossuyt Marc 123Bowles Chester 59Brandeis Louis 10Bravo Olga Miranda 51Britain 62 68Broadband Global Area Network

(BGAN) 116 119Broadcasting Board of Governors

(BBG) 136Brookings Institute 170Brothers to the Rescue 53 77Buchanan Vern 152Buena Fe 183Buena Vista Social Club 97Bureau of Democracy Human Rights

and Labor 136Burke Edmond 186Burton Dan 72 76 78Bush Doctrine 171Bush George HW 22Bush George W (Jr) 2 4 6 7 13

22 63 67 74 79 106 135 137 149 173

Butterfi eld GK 140Butt Mohammed 6

Cafeacute Pnocho 159Calzoacuten Frank 31 44 137Cambodia 174Cameron David 10Canada 17 46 68 76 96 184 185

reaction to 911 9Cancio Isla Wilfredo 136Capital Hill Cubans 170CaricomCuba Summit 148Carter Jimmy 22 67 70 75 109

168 175 178Casals Saacutenchez Carmen 146Cason James 79 106ndash7 108Castor Kathy 145

Castro Fidel ix 17 18 19 20 22 33 35 47 48 50 52 53 55ndash60 61 70 74 80 82 83 84 88 97 98 99 104 107 109 124 126 129 139 143 177 179 181 183

assassination attempts against 63Battle of Ideas 101and the media 99winning election 28

Castro Mariela 99Castro Rauacutel x 25 26 28 34 38 59

60 93 94 99 102 103 104 109 112 114 120 129 130 154 155 156 157 162 163 165 166ndash7 175 180

Castro Soraya 73 93ndash5 96ndash7 140Catauro 101Catholic University Association 47Center for a Free Cuba 31 121 136

137 138Center for American Studies 127 162Center for Democracy in the

Americas 170Center for Responsive Politics 141Center for Studies of International

Migration 93Center for the Studies of the United

States 93Center for the Study of Cuban

Economy 165Central Bank of Cuba (BCC) 150Central de Trabajadores de Cuba 128Chaacutevez Hugo 80 92 156Chavito (CUC) 150 159 160Chile 15 130 151China 56 81 124 125 143 144

152 161 177 184CIA 7 19 54 55 63 64 66 68 71

99 117 168report on Cuba 18spying on citizens 12

Civil Rightserosion of 5 14under constitution 12western democracies 10

Claver-Carone Mauricio 141 154Clinton Hillary 36 101 119 124

139 141 170ndash1 175ndash6Clinton William (Bill) 17 22 76 117

144 173

I n de x 227

Clyburn James 139CNN 172collective punishment

American policy against Cuba 19Columbia 184Columbia University 166Commission for Assistance to a Free

Cuba 30 79 130Committees for the Defense of the

Revolution (CDR) 18 60Communications Assistance for Law

Enforcement Act 4Communist Party Congress 25 167Congress 2 3 11 17 30 48 52 67

71 75 77 112 135 140 142 144 147 174 182 184 185

legislation after 911 4Constantinople 1Conte Silvio 82Correa Rafael 22Council of Ministers 167Coyula Mario 158Credit Suisse Group AG 150Cuba

Doctrine 178First War of Independence 39government repression ixnationalism 31popular support ixSecond War of Independence 40security programs 14social comparison pre and post

revolution 45ndash6social contract 37using siege to defl ect shortcomings 34withstanding siege 14

Cuba al Descubierto 122Cubana Airlines Flight 455 53 139Cuban Adjustment Act 68 164

wet foot dry foot 69Cuban Affairs Offi ce 144Cuban-American exiles 28

face of siege 30ndash1Cuban American National Foundation

(CANF) 70ndash1 72 74 75 78 134 137 138 139

Cuban Americans For Engagement (CARE) 182

Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) 66ndash7 68

Cuban Asset Targeting Group 150Cuban Catholic Church 101 102 114Cuban Civil Code 127Cuban Communist Party (CCP) 127

130 166Cuban Communist Party (PSP) 60

Sixth Congress 157 174Cuban Democracy Act see TorricelliCuban Five 18 78 119 136 183Cuban Import Regulations 62Cuban Institute of Friendship Between

People (ICAP) 58Cuban Interest Section 119Cuban Liberty and Democratic

Solidarity Act see Helms-Burton Act

Cuban Liberty Council 72Cuban Medical Professional Parole

(CMPP) 86Cuban Missile Crisis 62 63 65Cuban Molecular Immunology

Center 91Cuban Money Project 135Cuban Penal Code

compared to US Code 29Cuban Revolution 29 39 56 57 61

74 82 95 96 105 123 177 178 186 187

Cuban Support Group Ireland 151Cuban Telephone Company 50Cuba Project The 65

Task 21 63Tasks 16ndash20 64

Cubela Rolando 63Cyber Sharing and Protection Act 5

Dallas Morning News 135Daniel Jean 47Davis Paul K 2 14 20Debs Eugene 11 106De Ceacutespedes Carlos Manuel 39De Ceacutespedes Carlos Miguel 44Defense Department 117De la Fuente Pedro 157Delaney Ian 76De la Pena Blas 187Delay Tom 143Delgado Lorenzo 20Democratic National Committee

(DNC) 72 141

I n de x228

Democratic Party 131 138Dengue 2 53Department of Homeland Security

4 86Development Alternatives 116Dewey John 11Diario de la Marina 99Diacuteaz-Balart Lincoln 72 113 138

141 142Diacuteaz-Balart Mario 72 138 145Di Celmo Fabio 53 72 78Dillon Douglas 19dissidents

2003 jailing 28 78 106in Spain 114

Dorgan Byron 143 147Drake Thomas 6Draper Theodore 81Dulles Allen 49 57ndash8Dworin Adela 117

Eastern Block 73Eaton Tracey 109 135 136ndash7

138 152Eder Dick 33Egypt 92Einstein Albert 178Eisenhower Dwight 18 19 23

27 51 52 55 56 58 63 114 144 178

El Almirante 159El Nuevo Herald 103 136El Pais 104El Salvador 70Energy and Mining Ministry 166England 11 57 68 87 148 see also

United KingdomErikson Dan 120Escalante Anibal 56 60Escalante Fabian 68ESCO Corporation 185Espacio Laical 101Espionage Act 6 11Esposito Laacutezaro 167EU Regulation No 227196 151European Union 26 93

response to 911 8Evangelical Christian Humanitarian

Outreach 136Everleny Perez Omar 165ndash6

Fairfex Lord 11Farintildeas Guillermo 111 112 113Farrar Jonathan 112 121FBI 78

raids on peace groups 5Federal Loyalist Oaths 12Federation of Cuban Women

(FMC) 61Federation of University Students

(FEU) 61Ferrell Robert 44Flake Jeff 142Florida 18 24 26 30 31 38 52 54

68 71 72 78 83 103 113 118 119 134 135 138 144 145 152 181ndash2

Florida International University Miami 153

Florida Marlins 183Fontaine Roger 178Foraker JB Amendment 42Foreign Affairs Committee 139

140 170Foreign Agents Relations Act 116Foreign Aid Act 62Foreign Relations Committee 135 141Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba

(FHRC) 137Fox News 6 7 9Frank Paiacutes Hospital 91Freedom House 135 137Freie John F 8Friedman Thomas xFuentes Carlos 168Fundador Orlando 114Fund for Reconciliation and

Development 173 183Fung Thalia 93 97

Gang of 66 139Garciacutea Felix 63Garciacutea Joe 138Garciacutea Manuel 161Garciacutea Peacuterez Jorge Luis 113Garciacutea Yadira 161Generation Y see Yoani SaacutenchezGibbs Robert 117Gilpatric Roswell ixGoldwater Barry 179Gonzaacutelez Alejandro 86ndash7 89 91

I n de x 229

Gonzaacutelez Eliaacuten 139 183Google 121Gorki 102Gounod Osiel 97Graham Lindsey 4Granma 101 167Grassley Chuck 141Grau Ramoacuten 44 45 48Grey Years 35 98Gross Alan 24 30 115ndash20 123 142

169 172 183Gross Judy 118Grupo de Apoyo a la Disidencia 121Grupo de Apoyo de la Democracia 137Guantaacutenamo Bay 4 16 43Guatemala 15 52 56 130 177Guevara Che 32 56 57 60 64 95Guillen Ozzie 183Guiteras Antonio 44Gulf of Mexico 151 153

Habanastation 98Habanos SA 161Hagel Chuck 142Haig Alexander 18 70Haiti 66 69 86 151Hanoi 173 175Harper Stephen 10Hart Armando 60Harvard 62Havana 70 73 77 83 85 92 96

103 105 116 117 118 119 120 138 139 145 146 148 151 152 155 157 158 159 162 164 165 167 169 172 175 176

bombing campaign against 72 78Ferry Partners 145Old Havana 146ndash7society pre-revolution 45 46

Heberport 185Helms-Burton Act (Cuban Liberty and

Democratic Solidarity Act) ix x 22 28 74 76 77 78 81 97 106 110 116 130

Title II 76Title III 76Title IV 76

Helms Jesse 76 77 78Henken Ted 158Heritage Foundation 62

Hernaacutendez Francisco (Peppy) 72Hernaacutendez Frank 137Hernaacutendez Orlando 149Hernaacutendez Rafael 25 31 37

97ndash8 100ndash1 155 see also Temas Magazine

Herter Christian 52Hidalgo Ariel 33Hilton Hotel 148Ho Chi Minh City 173Homeland Security Act (HSA) 4Homeland Security Department 4Hotel Copacabana 78House of Representatives 135 139HR 4645 (Travel Bill) 141 142

143 144Huddleston Vicki 69 107 180Huffi ngton Post 104Human Rights 25Human Rights Watch 8 121Hussein Saddam 67 110Huston Plan 12

ING 150INS 69Inter-America Development Bank 149Inter-American Dialogue 120International Monetary Fund (IMF)

149 170International Relief and

Development 136International Republican Institute 137Internet 4 104 116 117 118 120

121 122Iran 106 124 130 150Iraq 2 4 5 6 7 106 107Iris Medical Instruments 87Italy response to 911 8

Japan 64Jericho 1Johnson Chalmers 39Johnson Lyndon 68JP Morgan 150Juan of the Dead 98Juventud Rebelde 101

Kennedy John 17 19 22 47 58 62 66

Kennedy Robert 64 66

I n de x230

Kerry John 135Khan Irene 14King JC 55Klauthammer Charles 4 7Klienberg Robert 52Kuwait 123

La Bodeguita del Medio 146Labrada Laura 111La Colmenita 98 139La Coubre 53Ladies in White 110 111La Gaceta 101Lage Carlos 103La Jornada 99Lambie George 128Lansdale Edward 63 64LA Times 51Latin America 15 19 23 24 26 27

38 39 46 53 55 58 62 70 75 80 86 117 119 127 138 147 149 177 184

Law 28 29 78ndash9 88Law Against Acts of Terrorism 106Law of Associations 127Lawyers Without Borders 137Lazo Carlos 148Leal Eusebio 147Leibowitz Shamai 6Levin Carl 4Lexington Institute 118 167Libya 92 150Lincoln Abraham 11Literacy Campaign 45 53Lloyds TBS 149 150Loacutepez Acea Mercedes 167Loacutepez-Levy Arturo 35 81 104

122 161Los Angeles Times 136Los Gusanos 187Loyalists exiled from United States 11Loyola St Ignatius 2Loyola University of Chicago 137Lunes de Revolution 98Lyon David 10 13 60

Machado Gerardo1933 Revolution 44

Machado Jose Ramon 122 167Mafi a 151

Major John 9Mallory Lester D 19mambises 48Mariconchi 102Mariel Boatlift 70 145Maritime Boundary Agreement 153Mark Connie 75Marshall Steve 148Marti Jose 40 41 81 147

children organization 61Martinez Carmela 96Martinez Tony 31 120Marxism 35 68Masada 1Mas Canosa Jorge 71 72 74 75Maseda Heacutector 110Maslow Abraham 122Masuida Raul 71Matos Huber 54Mayabeque 156McAuliff John 173 174 175 183

184ndash5McCain John 4McGuinness Simon 151McIntyre Mike 140media coverage of occupy movement 7medical products denied to Cuba 87Menendez Bob 72 140 141Merck and Co 87Met Life 150Mexico 68 147 148 153Miami 18 21 26 30 42 54 58 62

73 77 78 83 95 103 105 106 113 134 135 136 140 145 146 158 169 174 176 182 183 185

based terrorist groups 68Miami Herald 111 117 118 136 170Milaneacutes Pablo 97 102 103Military Commission Act 4Miller Brad 140Ministry of Agriculture 167Ministry of Foreign Relations

(MINREX) 171 184Ministry of Public Health 160Ministry of Sugar 166Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) 146Morales Esteban 161ndash5 169Morales Roberto 160Moran Jerry 142 143Moyers Bill 131

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x 227

Clyburn James 139CNN 172collective punishment

American policy against Cuba 19Columbia 184Columbia University 166Commission for Assistance to a Free

Cuba 30 79 130Committees for the Defense of the

Revolution (CDR) 18 60Communications Assistance for Law

Enforcement Act 4Communist Party Congress 25 167Congress 2 3 11 17 30 48 52 67

71 75 77 112 135 140 142 144 147 174 182 184 185

legislation after 911 4Constantinople 1Conte Silvio 82Correa Rafael 22Council of Ministers 167Coyula Mario 158Credit Suisse Group AG 150Cuba

Doctrine 178First War of Independence 39government repression ixnationalism 31popular support ixSecond War of Independence 40security programs 14social comparison pre and post

revolution 45ndash6social contract 37using siege to defl ect shortcomings 34withstanding siege 14

Cuba al Descubierto 122Cubana Airlines Flight 455 53 139Cuban Adjustment Act 68 164

wet foot dry foot 69Cuban Affairs Offi ce 144Cuban-American exiles 28

face of siege 30ndash1Cuban American National Foundation

(CANF) 70ndash1 72 74 75 78 134 137 138 139

Cuban Americans For Engagement (CARE) 182

Cuban Assets Control Regulations (CACR) 66ndash7 68

Cuban Asset Targeting Group 150Cuban Catholic Church 101 102 114Cuban Civil Code 127Cuban Communist Party (CCP) 127

130 166Cuban Communist Party (PSP) 60

Sixth Congress 157 174Cuban Democracy Act see TorricelliCuban Five 18 78 119 136 183Cuban Import Regulations 62Cuban Institute of Friendship Between

People (ICAP) 58Cuban Interest Section 119Cuban Liberty and Democratic

Solidarity Act see Helms-Burton Act

Cuban Liberty Council 72Cuban Medical Professional Parole

(CMPP) 86Cuban Missile Crisis 62 63 65Cuban Molecular Immunology

Center 91Cuban Money Project 135Cuban Penal Code

compared to US Code 29Cuban Revolution 29 39 56 57 61

74 82 95 96 105 123 177 178 186 187

Cuban Support Group Ireland 151Cuban Telephone Company 50Cuba Project The 65

Task 21 63Tasks 16ndash20 64

Cubela Rolando 63Cyber Sharing and Protection Act 5

Dallas Morning News 135Daniel Jean 47Davis Paul K 2 14 20Debs Eugene 11 106De Ceacutespedes Carlos Manuel 39De Ceacutespedes Carlos Miguel 44Defense Department 117De la Fuente Pedro 157Delaney Ian 76De la Pena Blas 187Delay Tom 143Delgado Lorenzo 20Democratic National Committee

(DNC) 72 141

I n de x228

Democratic Party 131 138Dengue 2 53Department of Homeland Security

4 86Development Alternatives 116Dewey John 11Diario de la Marina 99Diacuteaz-Balart Lincoln 72 113 138

141 142Diacuteaz-Balart Mario 72 138 145Di Celmo Fabio 53 72 78Dillon Douglas 19dissidents

2003 jailing 28 78 106in Spain 114

Dorgan Byron 143 147Drake Thomas 6Draper Theodore 81Dulles Allen 49 57ndash8Dworin Adela 117

Eastern Block 73Eaton Tracey 109 135 136ndash7

138 152Eder Dick 33Egypt 92Einstein Albert 178Eisenhower Dwight 18 19 23

27 51 52 55 56 58 63 114 144 178

El Almirante 159El Nuevo Herald 103 136El Pais 104El Salvador 70Energy and Mining Ministry 166England 11 57 68 87 148 see also

United KingdomErikson Dan 120Escalante Anibal 56 60Escalante Fabian 68ESCO Corporation 185Espacio Laical 101Espionage Act 6 11Esposito Laacutezaro 167EU Regulation No 227196 151European Union 26 93

response to 911 8Evangelical Christian Humanitarian

Outreach 136Everleny Perez Omar 165ndash6

Fairfex Lord 11Farintildeas Guillermo 111 112 113Farrar Jonathan 112 121FBI 78

raids on peace groups 5Federal Loyalist Oaths 12Federation of Cuban Women

(FMC) 61Federation of University Students

(FEU) 61Ferrell Robert 44Flake Jeff 142Florida 18 24 26 30 31 38 52 54

68 71 72 78 83 103 113 118 119 134 135 138 144 145 152 181ndash2

Florida International University Miami 153

Florida Marlins 183Fontaine Roger 178Foraker JB Amendment 42Foreign Affairs Committee 139

140 170Foreign Agents Relations Act 116Foreign Aid Act 62Foreign Relations Committee 135 141Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba

(FHRC) 137Fox News 6 7 9Frank Paiacutes Hospital 91Freedom House 135 137Freie John F 8Friedman Thomas xFuentes Carlos 168Fundador Orlando 114Fund for Reconciliation and

Development 173 183Fung Thalia 93 97

Gang of 66 139Garciacutea Felix 63Garciacutea Joe 138Garciacutea Manuel 161Garciacutea Peacuterez Jorge Luis 113Garciacutea Yadira 161Generation Y see Yoani SaacutenchezGibbs Robert 117Gilpatric Roswell ixGoldwater Barry 179Gonzaacutelez Alejandro 86ndash7 89 91

I n de x 229

Gonzaacutelez Eliaacuten 139 183Google 121Gorki 102Gounod Osiel 97Graham Lindsey 4Granma 101 167Grassley Chuck 141Grau Ramoacuten 44 45 48Grey Years 35 98Gross Alan 24 30 115ndash20 123 142

169 172 183Gross Judy 118Grupo de Apoyo a la Disidencia 121Grupo de Apoyo de la Democracia 137Guantaacutenamo Bay 4 16 43Guatemala 15 52 56 130 177Guevara Che 32 56 57 60 64 95Guillen Ozzie 183Guiteras Antonio 44Gulf of Mexico 151 153

Habanastation 98Habanos SA 161Hagel Chuck 142Haig Alexander 18 70Haiti 66 69 86 151Hanoi 173 175Harper Stephen 10Hart Armando 60Harvard 62Havana 70 73 77 83 85 92 96

103 105 116 117 118 119 120 138 139 145 146 148 151 152 155 157 158 159 162 164 165 167 169 172 175 176

bombing campaign against 72 78Ferry Partners 145Old Havana 146ndash7society pre-revolution 45 46

Heberport 185Helms-Burton Act (Cuban Liberty and

Democratic Solidarity Act) ix x 22 28 74 76 77 78 81 97 106 110 116 130

Title II 76Title III 76Title IV 76

Helms Jesse 76 77 78Henken Ted 158Heritage Foundation 62

Hernaacutendez Francisco (Peppy) 72Hernaacutendez Frank 137Hernaacutendez Orlando 149Hernaacutendez Rafael 25 31 37

97ndash8 100ndash1 155 see also Temas Magazine

Herter Christian 52Hidalgo Ariel 33Hilton Hotel 148Ho Chi Minh City 173Homeland Security Act (HSA) 4Homeland Security Department 4Hotel Copacabana 78House of Representatives 135 139HR 4645 (Travel Bill) 141 142

143 144Huddleston Vicki 69 107 180Huffi ngton Post 104Human Rights 25Human Rights Watch 8 121Hussein Saddam 67 110Huston Plan 12

ING 150INS 69Inter-America Development Bank 149Inter-American Dialogue 120International Monetary Fund (IMF)

149 170International Relief and

Development 136International Republican Institute 137Internet 4 104 116 117 118 120

121 122Iran 106 124 130 150Iraq 2 4 5 6 7 106 107Iris Medical Instruments 87Italy response to 911 8

Japan 64Jericho 1Johnson Chalmers 39Johnson Lyndon 68JP Morgan 150Juan of the Dead 98Juventud Rebelde 101

Kennedy John 17 19 22 47 58 62 66

Kennedy Robert 64 66

I n de x230

Kerry John 135Khan Irene 14King JC 55Klauthammer Charles 4 7Klienberg Robert 52Kuwait 123

La Bodeguita del Medio 146Labrada Laura 111La Colmenita 98 139La Coubre 53Ladies in White 110 111La Gaceta 101Lage Carlos 103La Jornada 99Lambie George 128Lansdale Edward 63 64LA Times 51Latin America 15 19 23 24 26 27

38 39 46 53 55 58 62 70 75 80 86 117 119 127 138 147 149 177 184

Law 28 29 78ndash9 88Law Against Acts of Terrorism 106Law of Associations 127Lawyers Without Borders 137Lazo Carlos 148Leal Eusebio 147Leibowitz Shamai 6Levin Carl 4Lexington Institute 118 167Libya 92 150Lincoln Abraham 11Literacy Campaign 45 53Lloyds TBS 149 150Loacutepez Acea Mercedes 167Loacutepez-Levy Arturo 35 81 104

122 161Los Angeles Times 136Los Gusanos 187Loyalists exiled from United States 11Loyola St Ignatius 2Loyola University of Chicago 137Lunes de Revolution 98Lyon David 10 13 60

Machado Gerardo1933 Revolution 44

Machado Jose Ramon 122 167Mafi a 151

Major John 9Mallory Lester D 19mambises 48Mariconchi 102Mariel Boatlift 70 145Maritime Boundary Agreement 153Mark Connie 75Marshall Steve 148Marti Jose 40 41 81 147

children organization 61Martinez Carmela 96Martinez Tony 31 120Marxism 35 68Masada 1Mas Canosa Jorge 71 72 74 75Maseda Heacutector 110Maslow Abraham 122Masuida Raul 71Matos Huber 54Mayabeque 156McAuliff John 173 174 175 183

184ndash5McCain John 4McGuinness Simon 151McIntyre Mike 140media coverage of occupy movement 7medical products denied to Cuba 87Menendez Bob 72 140 141Merck and Co 87Met Life 150Mexico 68 147 148 153Miami 18 21 26 30 42 54 58 62

73 77 78 83 95 103 105 106 113 134 135 136 140 145 146 158 169 174 176 182 183 185

based terrorist groups 68Miami Herald 111 117 118 136 170Milaneacutes Pablo 97 102 103Military Commission Act 4Miller Brad 140Ministry of Agriculture 167Ministry of Foreign Relations

(MINREX) 171 184Ministry of Public Health 160Ministry of Sugar 166Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) 146Morales Esteban 161ndash5 169Morales Roberto 160Moran Jerry 142 143Moyers Bill 131

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x228

Democratic Party 131 138Dengue 2 53Department of Homeland Security

4 86Development Alternatives 116Dewey John 11Diario de la Marina 99Diacuteaz-Balart Lincoln 72 113 138

141 142Diacuteaz-Balart Mario 72 138 145Di Celmo Fabio 53 72 78Dillon Douglas 19dissidents

2003 jailing 28 78 106in Spain 114

Dorgan Byron 143 147Drake Thomas 6Draper Theodore 81Dulles Allen 49 57ndash8Dworin Adela 117

Eastern Block 73Eaton Tracey 109 135 136ndash7

138 152Eder Dick 33Egypt 92Einstein Albert 178Eisenhower Dwight 18 19 23

27 51 52 55 56 58 63 114 144 178

El Almirante 159El Nuevo Herald 103 136El Pais 104El Salvador 70Energy and Mining Ministry 166England 11 57 68 87 148 see also

United KingdomErikson Dan 120Escalante Anibal 56 60Escalante Fabian 68ESCO Corporation 185Espacio Laical 101Espionage Act 6 11Esposito Laacutezaro 167EU Regulation No 227196 151European Union 26 93

response to 911 8Evangelical Christian Humanitarian

Outreach 136Everleny Perez Omar 165ndash6

Fairfex Lord 11Farintildeas Guillermo 111 112 113Farrar Jonathan 112 121FBI 78

raids on peace groups 5Federal Loyalist Oaths 12Federation of Cuban Women

(FMC) 61Federation of University Students

(FEU) 61Ferrell Robert 44Flake Jeff 142Florida 18 24 26 30 31 38 52 54

68 71 72 78 83 103 113 118 119 134 135 138 144 145 152 181ndash2

Florida International University Miami 153

Florida Marlins 183Fontaine Roger 178Foraker JB Amendment 42Foreign Affairs Committee 139

140 170Foreign Agents Relations Act 116Foreign Aid Act 62Foreign Relations Committee 135 141Foundation for Human Rights in Cuba

(FHRC) 137Fox News 6 7 9Frank Paiacutes Hospital 91Freedom House 135 137Freie John F 8Friedman Thomas xFuentes Carlos 168Fundador Orlando 114Fund for Reconciliation and

Development 173 183Fung Thalia 93 97

Gang of 66 139Garciacutea Felix 63Garciacutea Joe 138Garciacutea Manuel 161Garciacutea Peacuterez Jorge Luis 113Garciacutea Yadira 161Generation Y see Yoani SaacutenchezGibbs Robert 117Gilpatric Roswell ixGoldwater Barry 179Gonzaacutelez Alejandro 86ndash7 89 91

I n de x 229

Gonzaacutelez Eliaacuten 139 183Google 121Gorki 102Gounod Osiel 97Graham Lindsey 4Granma 101 167Grassley Chuck 141Grau Ramoacuten 44 45 48Grey Years 35 98Gross Alan 24 30 115ndash20 123 142

169 172 183Gross Judy 118Grupo de Apoyo a la Disidencia 121Grupo de Apoyo de la Democracia 137Guantaacutenamo Bay 4 16 43Guatemala 15 52 56 130 177Guevara Che 32 56 57 60 64 95Guillen Ozzie 183Guiteras Antonio 44Gulf of Mexico 151 153

Habanastation 98Habanos SA 161Hagel Chuck 142Haig Alexander 18 70Haiti 66 69 86 151Hanoi 173 175Harper Stephen 10Hart Armando 60Harvard 62Havana 70 73 77 83 85 92 96

103 105 116 117 118 119 120 138 139 145 146 148 151 152 155 157 158 159 162 164 165 167 169 172 175 176

bombing campaign against 72 78Ferry Partners 145Old Havana 146ndash7society pre-revolution 45 46

Heberport 185Helms-Burton Act (Cuban Liberty and

Democratic Solidarity Act) ix x 22 28 74 76 77 78 81 97 106 110 116 130

Title II 76Title III 76Title IV 76

Helms Jesse 76 77 78Henken Ted 158Heritage Foundation 62

Hernaacutendez Francisco (Peppy) 72Hernaacutendez Frank 137Hernaacutendez Orlando 149Hernaacutendez Rafael 25 31 37

97ndash8 100ndash1 155 see also Temas Magazine

Herter Christian 52Hidalgo Ariel 33Hilton Hotel 148Ho Chi Minh City 173Homeland Security Act (HSA) 4Homeland Security Department 4Hotel Copacabana 78House of Representatives 135 139HR 4645 (Travel Bill) 141 142

143 144Huddleston Vicki 69 107 180Huffi ngton Post 104Human Rights 25Human Rights Watch 8 121Hussein Saddam 67 110Huston Plan 12

ING 150INS 69Inter-America Development Bank 149Inter-American Dialogue 120International Monetary Fund (IMF)

149 170International Relief and

Development 136International Republican Institute 137Internet 4 104 116 117 118 120

121 122Iran 106 124 130 150Iraq 2 4 5 6 7 106 107Iris Medical Instruments 87Italy response to 911 8

Japan 64Jericho 1Johnson Chalmers 39Johnson Lyndon 68JP Morgan 150Juan of the Dead 98Juventud Rebelde 101

Kennedy John 17 19 22 47 58 62 66

Kennedy Robert 64 66

I n de x230

Kerry John 135Khan Irene 14King JC 55Klauthammer Charles 4 7Klienberg Robert 52Kuwait 123

La Bodeguita del Medio 146Labrada Laura 111La Colmenita 98 139La Coubre 53Ladies in White 110 111La Gaceta 101Lage Carlos 103La Jornada 99Lambie George 128Lansdale Edward 63 64LA Times 51Latin America 15 19 23 24 26 27

38 39 46 53 55 58 62 70 75 80 86 117 119 127 138 147 149 177 184

Law 28 29 78ndash9 88Law Against Acts of Terrorism 106Law of Associations 127Lawyers Without Borders 137Lazo Carlos 148Leal Eusebio 147Leibowitz Shamai 6Levin Carl 4Lexington Institute 118 167Libya 92 150Lincoln Abraham 11Literacy Campaign 45 53Lloyds TBS 149 150Loacutepez Acea Mercedes 167Loacutepez-Levy Arturo 35 81 104

122 161Los Angeles Times 136Los Gusanos 187Loyalists exiled from United States 11Loyola St Ignatius 2Loyola University of Chicago 137Lunes de Revolution 98Lyon David 10 13 60

Machado Gerardo1933 Revolution 44

Machado Jose Ramon 122 167Mafi a 151

Major John 9Mallory Lester D 19mambises 48Mariconchi 102Mariel Boatlift 70 145Maritime Boundary Agreement 153Mark Connie 75Marshall Steve 148Marti Jose 40 41 81 147

children organization 61Martinez Carmela 96Martinez Tony 31 120Marxism 35 68Masada 1Mas Canosa Jorge 71 72 74 75Maseda Heacutector 110Maslow Abraham 122Masuida Raul 71Matos Huber 54Mayabeque 156McAuliff John 173 174 175 183

184ndash5McCain John 4McGuinness Simon 151McIntyre Mike 140media coverage of occupy movement 7medical products denied to Cuba 87Menendez Bob 72 140 141Merck and Co 87Met Life 150Mexico 68 147 148 153Miami 18 21 26 30 42 54 58 62

73 77 78 83 95 103 105 106 113 134 135 136 140 145 146 158 169 174 176 182 183 185

based terrorist groups 68Miami Herald 111 117 118 136 170Milaneacutes Pablo 97 102 103Military Commission Act 4Miller Brad 140Ministry of Agriculture 167Ministry of Foreign Relations

(MINREX) 171 184Ministry of Public Health 160Ministry of Sugar 166Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) 146Morales Esteban 161ndash5 169Morales Roberto 160Moran Jerry 142 143Moyers Bill 131

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x 229

Gonzaacutelez Eliaacuten 139 183Google 121Gorki 102Gounod Osiel 97Graham Lindsey 4Granma 101 167Grassley Chuck 141Grau Ramoacuten 44 45 48Grey Years 35 98Gross Alan 24 30 115ndash20 123 142

169 172 183Gross Judy 118Grupo de Apoyo a la Disidencia 121Grupo de Apoyo de la Democracia 137Guantaacutenamo Bay 4 16 43Guatemala 15 52 56 130 177Guevara Che 32 56 57 60 64 95Guillen Ozzie 183Guiteras Antonio 44Gulf of Mexico 151 153

Habanastation 98Habanos SA 161Hagel Chuck 142Haig Alexander 18 70Haiti 66 69 86 151Hanoi 173 175Harper Stephen 10Hart Armando 60Harvard 62Havana 70 73 77 83 85 92 96

103 105 116 117 118 119 120 138 139 145 146 148 151 152 155 157 158 159 162 164 165 167 169 172 175 176

bombing campaign against 72 78Ferry Partners 145Old Havana 146ndash7society pre-revolution 45 46

Heberport 185Helms-Burton Act (Cuban Liberty and

Democratic Solidarity Act) ix x 22 28 74 76 77 78 81 97 106 110 116 130

Title II 76Title III 76Title IV 76

Helms Jesse 76 77 78Henken Ted 158Heritage Foundation 62

Hernaacutendez Francisco (Peppy) 72Hernaacutendez Frank 137Hernaacutendez Orlando 149Hernaacutendez Rafael 25 31 37

97ndash8 100ndash1 155 see also Temas Magazine

Herter Christian 52Hidalgo Ariel 33Hilton Hotel 148Ho Chi Minh City 173Homeland Security Act (HSA) 4Homeland Security Department 4Hotel Copacabana 78House of Representatives 135 139HR 4645 (Travel Bill) 141 142

143 144Huddleston Vicki 69 107 180Huffi ngton Post 104Human Rights 25Human Rights Watch 8 121Hussein Saddam 67 110Huston Plan 12

ING 150INS 69Inter-America Development Bank 149Inter-American Dialogue 120International Monetary Fund (IMF)

149 170International Relief and

Development 136International Republican Institute 137Internet 4 104 116 117 118 120

121 122Iran 106 124 130 150Iraq 2 4 5 6 7 106 107Iris Medical Instruments 87Italy response to 911 8

Japan 64Jericho 1Johnson Chalmers 39Johnson Lyndon 68JP Morgan 150Juan of the Dead 98Juventud Rebelde 101

Kennedy John 17 19 22 47 58 62 66

Kennedy Robert 64 66

I n de x230

Kerry John 135Khan Irene 14King JC 55Klauthammer Charles 4 7Klienberg Robert 52Kuwait 123

La Bodeguita del Medio 146Labrada Laura 111La Colmenita 98 139La Coubre 53Ladies in White 110 111La Gaceta 101Lage Carlos 103La Jornada 99Lambie George 128Lansdale Edward 63 64LA Times 51Latin America 15 19 23 24 26 27

38 39 46 53 55 58 62 70 75 80 86 117 119 127 138 147 149 177 184

Law 28 29 78ndash9 88Law Against Acts of Terrorism 106Law of Associations 127Lawyers Without Borders 137Lazo Carlos 148Leal Eusebio 147Leibowitz Shamai 6Levin Carl 4Lexington Institute 118 167Libya 92 150Lincoln Abraham 11Literacy Campaign 45 53Lloyds TBS 149 150Loacutepez Acea Mercedes 167Loacutepez-Levy Arturo 35 81 104

122 161Los Angeles Times 136Los Gusanos 187Loyalists exiled from United States 11Loyola St Ignatius 2Loyola University of Chicago 137Lunes de Revolution 98Lyon David 10 13 60

Machado Gerardo1933 Revolution 44

Machado Jose Ramon 122 167Mafi a 151

Major John 9Mallory Lester D 19mambises 48Mariconchi 102Mariel Boatlift 70 145Maritime Boundary Agreement 153Mark Connie 75Marshall Steve 148Marti Jose 40 41 81 147

children organization 61Martinez Carmela 96Martinez Tony 31 120Marxism 35 68Masada 1Mas Canosa Jorge 71 72 74 75Maseda Heacutector 110Maslow Abraham 122Masuida Raul 71Matos Huber 54Mayabeque 156McAuliff John 173 174 175 183

184ndash5McCain John 4McGuinness Simon 151McIntyre Mike 140media coverage of occupy movement 7medical products denied to Cuba 87Menendez Bob 72 140 141Merck and Co 87Met Life 150Mexico 68 147 148 153Miami 18 21 26 30 42 54 58 62

73 77 78 83 95 103 105 106 113 134 135 136 140 145 146 158 169 174 176 182 183 185

based terrorist groups 68Miami Herald 111 117 118 136 170Milaneacutes Pablo 97 102 103Military Commission Act 4Miller Brad 140Ministry of Agriculture 167Ministry of Foreign Relations

(MINREX) 171 184Ministry of Public Health 160Ministry of Sugar 166Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) 146Morales Esteban 161ndash5 169Morales Roberto 160Moran Jerry 142 143Moyers Bill 131

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x230

Kerry John 135Khan Irene 14King JC 55Klauthammer Charles 4 7Klienberg Robert 52Kuwait 123

La Bodeguita del Medio 146Labrada Laura 111La Colmenita 98 139La Coubre 53Ladies in White 110 111La Gaceta 101Lage Carlos 103La Jornada 99Lambie George 128Lansdale Edward 63 64LA Times 51Latin America 15 19 23 24 26 27

38 39 46 53 55 58 62 70 75 80 86 117 119 127 138 147 149 177 184

Law 28 29 78ndash9 88Law Against Acts of Terrorism 106Law of Associations 127Lawyers Without Borders 137Lazo Carlos 148Leal Eusebio 147Leibowitz Shamai 6Levin Carl 4Lexington Institute 118 167Libya 92 150Lincoln Abraham 11Literacy Campaign 45 53Lloyds TBS 149 150Loacutepez Acea Mercedes 167Loacutepez-Levy Arturo 35 81 104

122 161Los Angeles Times 136Los Gusanos 187Loyalists exiled from United States 11Loyola St Ignatius 2Loyola University of Chicago 137Lunes de Revolution 98Lyon David 10 13 60

Machado Gerardo1933 Revolution 44

Machado Jose Ramon 122 167Mafi a 151

Major John 9Mallory Lester D 19mambises 48Mariconchi 102Mariel Boatlift 70 145Maritime Boundary Agreement 153Mark Connie 75Marshall Steve 148Marti Jose 40 41 81 147

children organization 61Martinez Carmela 96Martinez Tony 31 120Marxism 35 68Masada 1Mas Canosa Jorge 71 72 74 75Maseda Heacutector 110Maslow Abraham 122Masuida Raul 71Matos Huber 54Mayabeque 156McAuliff John 173 174 175 183

184ndash5McCain John 4McGuinness Simon 151McIntyre Mike 140media coverage of occupy movement 7medical products denied to Cuba 87Menendez Bob 72 140 141Merck and Co 87Met Life 150Mexico 68 147 148 153Miami 18 21 26 30 42 54 58 62

73 77 78 83 95 103 105 106 113 134 135 136 140 145 146 158 169 174 176 182 183 185

based terrorist groups 68Miami Herald 111 117 118 136 170Milaneacutes Pablo 97 102 103Military Commission Act 4Miller Brad 140Ministry of Agriculture 167Ministry of Foreign Relations

(MINREX) 171 184Ministry of Public Health 160Ministry of Sugar 166Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) 146Morales Esteban 161ndash5 169Morales Roberto 160Moran Jerry 142 143Moyers Bill 131

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x 231

Mundt Karl 53Murillo Jorge Marino 167Muslim

intolerance to 9responsible for terrorism 10

Muslim Brotherhood 6

NAFTA 76Naim Moiseacutes 178National Assembly 26 69 70 77 119

127 128 163 164 see also Ricardo Alarcoacuten

National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) 61

National Counter Terrorism Center (NCTC) 5

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 4

National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 72 134 136 137

National Intelligence Offi cer 117nationalization legal precedence 22National Pediatric Cardiac Center 88National Revolution Militia (MNR) 61National Right to Life Committee 78national security response to 911 8National Security Council 67National Statistics Offi ce 121 160Nelson Bill 152ndash3New York 5 7 11 44 63 134

137 139New York Times x 6 33 72 76

78 121Nicaragua 130Nixon Richard 12 22 178Non-Aligned Movement 57Noriega Roger 79 107 108North Korea 106 124 147Noy Fernando 161NSA 181

Obama Barack 4 5 6 14 22 24 104 135 138 139 141 144 145 149 150 168 169 170 171 172 184 185

pre-election stance on Cuba 26Ocampo Joseacute Antonio 166Occupy Wall Street 7October Missile Crisis 63 66Offi ce of Cuba Broadcasting 136

Offi ce of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) 67 145 149 150 151 185

OrsquoHara Barratt 48oil drilling in Cuba 152Omega 7 68 78Operation Mongoose 54 63 64 68Operation Peter Pan 53Operation Pluto 58Oppenheimer Andres 118 170OrsquoReilly Bill 6 7 9Organization of American States

(OAS) 66Ortega Jaime 102ndash3 112Orthodox Party 126Ortiz Ramon 96Ostend Manifesto 40Otero Carlos 183

Padilla Heberto 98Padilla Jose 5Pakistan 3 6 8 124Palabra Nueva 101Palante 101Palenzuela Herminia 88ndash90Panama 130Paris 1Pastor Robert A 24 120Patriot Act 3 4 9 12Paya Oswaldo 109 112Pay Pal 151Peck James 123Peltier Leonard 106Perdomo Jose Luis 121Peacuterez Ninoska 113Peacuterez Roque Felipe 19 33 103 108permuta 158Pertierra Joseacute 15ndash16 24 30 36 107

108 133 144Peters Phil 118 167Petrocaribe 153Philippines 177Phillips 90Phillips Richard 68Phu Trong Nguyen 175Pinon Jorge 153Plame Valerie 13Platt Amendment 42ndash4 45 74 79 82Pollan Laura 110 111Pope Benedict XVI 102

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x232

Pope John Paul II 102Posada Carriles Luis 16 18 54 72

78 139Powell Al 53Professor Mentepollo 102Project America Act 4Public Campaign 140 141Puerto Rico 144 177

Radio Martiacute 72 111 122 134 136Radio Progreso 101Radio Rebelde 101Radio Swan 62Rand Corporation 62Rangel Charles 139Rawkin John 148Reaffi rmation of Cuban Dignity and

Sovereignty (Law 88) 28ndash9Reagan Ronald 18 22 67 70 71 72

178 180Refl ections on the Revolution in

France 186Reporters without Frontiers 136Repsol YPF 152 153Republican Party 30 70 71

131 138Reuters 108Revolutionary War 11Revolution Square 114Rice Condoleezza 85 92Rivera David 92 138 139 142 170Rivers Mendel 54 82Roa Rauacutel 50Roca Bas 60Roca Vladimiro 110Rodriacuteguez Bruno 155 169Rodriacuteguez Gustavo 167Rodriacuteguez Lobaina Nestor 113Rodriacuteguez Loacutepez Luis Alberto 122Rodriacuteguez Silvio 97Roman Peter 29 103 119Roosevelt Franklin 12Roosevelt Teddy 40

Rough Riders 132Roque Marta Beatriacutez 110Ros-Lehtinen Ileana 72 138 139

140 142 150 152 153Rothchild Matt 7Rubio Marco 72 118 138Rubottom Sr R Richard 23 51 111

Sabzali James 149Saladrigas Carlos 182Salgado Victor 164Saacutenchez Elizardo 109 113Saacutenchez Jorge Mario 165Saacutenchez Yoani 36 104ndash5 113Sancti Spiritus 161Sandels Robert 154San Juan Hill 132Santa Clara Las Villas 112Santana Diosiris 114Saudi Arabia 15 124Scarabeo 9 152Schlesinger Arthur 64Schneyer David 118Schwab Peter 22Scott Joan 148Scowcroft Brent 178Scudder Townsend 44Second War of Independence 40 41

81 see also Spanish-American WarSedition Act of 1798 11Senate Foreign Relations

Committee 117September 11 (911) 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 12 13 14 15 16 18 29 33 34 36 54 67 180 181

countries response to 8Serbia 2Serpa Carlos 111Serrano Joseacute 144Shaira Law

legislation against 6Sheraton hotels 148Shultz George 180siege

as American strategy 27 82banks fi ned under 149ndash51civil rights 3 4Congress control of 77cost of 133ndash42as defense to external threat 6defi nition 2denial of 21development of mentality of 16different rationale 22ndash4as excuse for civil restrictions 22government response 3historic examples 1individual response 3

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x 233

to induce regime change 37as metaphor 16social consequences to Cuba 15and Soviet Union 57used by Cuban government 27warfare against Cuba 14

Sigler Amaya Ariel 113Sigler Amaya Guido 113Sixto Felipe 138Smathers George 52Smith Act of World War II 11 78Smithsonian Institute 139Smith Wayne 27 37 108 169Snyder Joe 51Soberon Jorge 165Society for Worldwide Interbank

Financial Telecommunication SCRL (SWIFT) 150

Songa Mercur 152Soto Juan Wilfredo 111 112South Africa 2 20Soviet Union 17 21 23 25 28 35

49 55 56 57 66 68 72 73 74 78 81 92 102 127 143 146 161 162 177 178 179

Spain 39 41 48 68 148Spanish-American War 177Special Period 92 93 95 96 97 99

127 180balsero crisis 77Cubarsquos economic collapse 72health impact 74recovery from 80

Stalingrad 1State Department 58 62 68 71 87

107 112 116 133 135 144punishment of Cuba 55

Stephens Sarah 170Stone Geoffrey 12ndash13 106Strawberry and Chocolate 98Suchlicki Jamie 164Sudan 124 150sugar

economic infl uence 39Summit of the Americas 80

169 184Sunstein Cass R 9Supreme Court 5 70 124Surveillance Studies Centre 10Syria 5 106 124

Tamayo Orlando 111Tamayo Reina Luisa 113Tampa 145Taylor Charles 74Tecnotex 161Tejera Carlos Manuel 49ndash50Telefoacutenica 185Teller Amendment 41Temas Magazine 25 97 100ndash1 155

see also Hernaacutendez Rafaelterrorism 53

against Cuba 18September 11 3 4sponsor of 24

Terrorist Information and Prevention Systems (TIPS) 12 13

Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA) 12 13

Thatcher Margaret 10Time Magazine 104Torres Ricardo 165Torricelli (Cuban Democracy Act)

ix x 21 74 75 76 79 91 97 106

Robert 19 72 75 81 123 139Track II 75

Trade Sanctions Reform and Exportation Act 142

Trade Union Federation of Cuba (CTC) 61

Trading With the Enemy Act (TWEA) 17 62 66 173

Travel Restriction Reform and Export Enhancement Act 141

Treasury Department 66 67 68 75 148 150

denied hospital list 89Tropicana Nightclub 78Troy 1Tunisia 92Turley Jonathan 14TV Martiacute 72 122 134 136

Udall Mark 3Unidades Militares de Ayuda a la

Produccioacuten (UMAP) 35 98United Fruit Company 42 46 52United Kingdom

reaction to September 11 9 see also England

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125

I n de x234

United Nations 2 14 19 56 63 76 78 149 166 178

Declaration of Human Rights 122 123

Global Fund 88Human Rights Council 123vote to end embargo 87

United Statesafter September 11 33blockade of Cuba 26defi nition of democracy 123Medical embargo 86overthrow of Cuban government

ix xreaction to revolution 35relations with Vietnam 172ndash5self-image 81support for dissidents 75under siege 11

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 24 65 66 116ndash19 130 134ndash7 141 142 173

United States Interest Section 2 9 25 69 79 106 107 108 110 111 121 137 144

University of Ciego de Aacutevila 91University of Denver 161University of Havana 73 93 96 165University of Miami 62 137 164University of Pittsburgh 62Urban Reform Law 56Urrutia Manuel 54Uruguay 46US-Cuba Now Political Action

Committee (PAC) 31 134 136 139 140 141 154

US Government Accountability Offi ce 137

US Penal Code 29USS Maine 40

Valdeacutez Juan 129Valdeacutez Nelson 69 119Valdeacutez Mesa Salvador 166Valdeacutez Viengtsay 97Vallandigham Clement 11Varadero 96 153 155 158

bombing campaign against hotels 72 78

Varela Project 110 see also Paya Oswaldo

Venezuela 80 92 121 124 152Operation Miracle 86

Vicksburg 1Vidal Josefi na 171ndash2

184 185Vienna 1Vietnam 26 81 123 173ndash5

Doi Mo 173North 173Sixth Party Congress 173 174

Vilas Jorge 64Vygon 87

Wadsworth James 58Wall Street Journal 86Wal-Mart 151Washington 13 15 19 23 24

28 30 51 70 83 109 110 119 123 133 148 164 169 170 171 175 182 184 185

Washington Post 7 118 121citizen surveillance report 5

Wasserman-Schultz Debbie 72 118 139 141 142

Welles Summer 44Western Union 172William Soler National Childrenrsquos

Hospital 85ndash6 87ndash90 91Wilson Woodrow 42Wood Leonard 42 43 75Woo John 7World Bank 149 170World Health Organization (WHO)

87 88World Heritage Site UNESCO 146World Trade Organization (WTO)

149 174World Watch 93Wyden Ron 3

Yepe Manuel 46 107Yorktown 11 40Young Communist League

(UJC) 61

Zaldiacutevar Andreacutes 33 66Zhongli Liu 125