आधुनिक महाराष्ट्र के शिल्पकार :...

AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ {eënH$ma … ed§Vamd MìhmUboIH$ : àm. S>m°. Ho$. Or. H$X_

1. wJrZ n[adoe Am¡a èd§Vamd MìhmU 1

2. èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m OrdZ d¥Îm 6

3. ^maVr` amOZr{V _| èd§VamdOrH$m àdoe 62

4. {demb {Û^m{fH$ Am¡a g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr 69

5. èd§VamdOr Ho$ {ZU© Am¡a H$m © 89

6. emgH$s` nX Am¡a H$m © 112

7. {d{dY {df`m|na èd§VamdOr Ho$ {dMma 124

8. _hmamï´> Am¡a ^maVr` amOZr{V _| èd§VamdOrH$m ñWmZ 146

9. AmYma J«§Wm| H$s gyMr 167

èd§Vamd MìhmU_hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>

AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$

{eënH$ma …

èd§Vamd MìhmU

First Edition developed under DEC development grant.

© 2011 èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï> _wŠV {dÚmnrR> � àW_ àH$meZ … Zmoìh|~a 2011Aja OwiUr … Amo_ H$m°åß wQ>g©, Zm{eH$àH$meH$ … S>m°. àH$me AVH$ao, Hw$cg{Md, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$

NB10-11-69

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1 _B© 2010 H$mo _hmamï´> amÁ` ñWmnZm H$mo 50 dfª nyU© hmo aho h¢Ÿ& Bg{bEgwdU© _hmoËgd _Zm`m Om ahm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z XwX£d H$s ~mV `h h¡$ {H$ _hmamï´> Ho$ nhbo_w»`_§Ìr, _hmamï> Ho$ {Z_m©Vm, VÎdkmZr Am¡a _mJ©Xe©H$ ed§Vamd MìhmU h g_mamohXoIZo Ho$ {bE Zht h¡Ÿ& ed§Vamd H$s ñ_¥{V {àË`W© CZHo$ à{V AmXam§Obr àH$Q> H$aZoHo$ {bE `h qhXr nwñVH$ àH$m{eV hmo ahr h¡Ÿ&

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èd§Vamd ~hwV AZw dr Am¡a Hw$eb àemgH$ WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo {Og {Og ñWmZ na{Oå_oXmar Ho$ H$m_ {H$ o Cg Cg ha EH$ ñWmZ na AnZo H$m © H$V¥©Ëd H$s N>mn S>mbrŸ&ñdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$, nmb© _|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar, _§Ìr, _w»`_§Ìr, {d{dY {d^mJ Ho$ H|$Ðr` _§ÌrAm¡a CnàYmZ_§Ìr Eogo MT>Vo H«$_ go CZH$m _mJ©H«$_U hwAmŸ& CÝhm|Zo ha g_` AnZr~w{Õ_Îmm H$m, H$m ©Hw$ebVm H$m Am¡a bmoH${à`Vm H$m àË`` bm {X`mŸ& CZH$s BÀN>mWr {H$ Jar~mo _| go Jar~ Am¡a {ZMbo ñVa Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo {dH$mg H$m \$b {_bZmMm{hEŸ& do Ohm± Ohm± J o dhm± dhm± do AnZo H$V¥©Ëd go OZVm Ho$ _Z _| ÑT> {dídmg Am¡alÕm {Z_m©U H$aZo _| g\$b hwEŸ& CZH$m amOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gmdYmZ H$m,CZHo$ em§V, g§ _r ÑT> ZoV¥Ëd H$m bm^ Ho$db _hmamï´> H$mo Zht Vmo g§nyU© Xoe H$mo {_bmŸ&g§nyU© Xoe _| OZVm Ho$ _Z _| CZHo$ ~mao _| AmXa, AmË_r`Vm Am¡a à{Vð>m WrŸ&

àm. S>m°. Ho$. Or. H$X_

E_.E., nrEM.S>r., gm{hË` _mV©ÊS>ßbm°Q> Z§. 117/59, C_m ZJar

_wamaOr noR>, gmobmnya-1 (_hmamï´>)_mo. 9420659658

AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ {eënH$ma … èd§Vamd MìhmU … 11 AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ {eënH$ma … èd§Vamd MìhmU … 11

1. wJrZ n[adoe Am¡a èd§Vamd MìhmU

wJrZ n[adoe go h_mam VmËn © VËH$mbrZ dmVmdaU AWm©V CZ amOZ¡{VH$,gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V`m| go h¡,Ÿ Omo ZoVm Ho$ OÝ_ Ho$ g_`, e¡edH$mb,{H$emoamdñWm, `m¡dZmdñWm Am¡a `m¡dZmoÎma H$mb _| {dÚ_mZ WrŸ& H$moB© ^r ZoVm AnZon[adoe go {ZVmÝV H$Q>H$a, Añn¥í` ahH$a, Aà^m{dV ahH$a AnZo ZoV¥Îd Ho$ CÎmaXm{`ÎdH$m {Zdm©h H$aZo _| g_W© Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& ZoVm eyÝ` _| H$m © Zht H$a gH$Vm, Š`m|{H${H$gr r ZoVm H$m ZoV¥Ëd Am¡a H$m © AnZo H$mb H$m Xn©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV… wJrZ n[adoeH$mo AbJ AbJ aIH$a {H$gr ^r ZoVm Ho$ H$m © H$m _yë`m§H$Z g§ d Zht hmoVmŸ&

(H$) amOZ¡{VH$ n[apñW{V

B©.g. 1885 _| amï´>r` _hmg^m H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ ~mX amï´>r` EH$Vm VWm ~m¡{ÕH$,Z¡{VH$, Am{W©H$, ì`mdgm{`H$ g§JR>Z Ed§ {dH$mg H$m gw moJ Xoe H$mo àmá hwAmŸ& A~"{d{dYVm _| EH$Vm' amï´>dm{X`m|H$m _yb_§Ì hmo J`m WmŸ& amï´>r` ZoVm JU ZdrZ H$am|,g¡{ZH$ ì`` d¥{Õ, emgZ H$s AZwXma Am¡a ñdmW©nyU© Zr{V go AgÝVwï> Wo, {H$ÝVw CÝhm|Zo{H$gr àH$ma H$m àË`j {damoY àH$Q> Zhr§ {H$`m WmŸ& {ZíM` hr H${Vn` àñVmdH¥$fH$m| H$s X`Zr` AdñWm Ho$ gwYma Ho$ {bE àñVwV {H$E JEŸ& {\$a r à_wI _m±Jm| H$mñdê$n {e{jV Cƒ _Ü`dJu` ñdmWm] Ho$ AZwHy$b WmŸ& S>m°. Jwé_wI {Zhmb qgh Ho$ _Vgo B©.g. 1885-1907 Ho$ wJ _| B§{S>`Z ZoeZb H$m±J«og Zo ^maVdm{g`m| _| amï´>r`MoVZm CËnÞ H$aZo, CÝh| EH$ gyÌ _§o§ ~m±YZo Am¡a amï´>r` Ed§ amOZ¡{VH$ OmJ¥{V \¡$bmZo Ho${bE _hÎdnyU© _m¡{bH$ H$m © {H$`m WmŸ& S>m°. grVmam_¡æ`mH$m ^r `hr {dMma h¡Ÿ&

B©. g. 1897 _| gwaoÝÐZmW ~¡ZOuZo "ñdamÁ`' AWdm "ñdemgZ' H$m Añnï>{MÌ h_mao gå_wI àñVwV {H$`mŸ& gmW hr bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ Ho$ ê$n _| amï>r`Vm _y{V©_mZhmo CR>rŸ& bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ ^maVr` OrdZXe©Z, AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm Am¡a amOZr{V H$sR>mog AmYma y{_ na amï´> H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm MmhVo WoŸ& B©.g. 1903 _| ES>dS>© gá_ Ho$amÁ`m{^foH$ Ho$ g_` OZVm H$m Ag§Vmof \y$Q> nS>mŸ& B©.g. 1905 _| ~§J- §J hwAmŸ&Bg ~§J- §J Ho$ {déÕ ì`mnH$ Am§XmobZ hwEŸ& n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$ _V go 1857Ho$ {dÐmoh Ho$ ~mX nhbr ~ma ^maV bS>Zo H$s j_Vm {XIm ahm WmŸ& {dXoer amÁ` Ho$gå_wI nmbVw new H$s Vah nam{OV hmoH$a X~ Zht ahm WmŸ& bm°S>© _°H$S>mo{Zb Ho$ _V

go ~§J- §J A§J«oOm| H$s ~S>r yb WrŸ& B©.g. 1905 _| nhbr ~ma ê$g na OmnmZ H$sgm_m[aH$ {dO` Ho$ \$bñdê$n maV _| MoVZm, B©.g. 1906 _| _wpñb_ brJ H$m OÝ_,B©.g. 1907 _| h[ad§eam` ~ƒZ H$m OÝ_ VWm B©.g. 1908 _| H«$m§{VH$mar nÌm| naà{V~§Y Am{X KQ>ZmE± à_wI h¢Ÿ& ~mah dfu` ~ƒZ Zo Om{b`m±dmbm H$m§S> H$s KQ>ZmXoIr Wr, Omo Cgo A^r VH$ `mX h¡Ÿ&

B©.g. 1920 _| Jm§YrOr Agh`moJ Ho$ Ñ‹T> g_W©H$ hmo J oŸ& CZHo$ Agh`moJ H$mVmËn © Wm - AmË_~b Ûmam {dXoer gÎmm go Agh`moJ, gaH$mar Cnm{Y`m| Am¡a gå_mZm|H$m Ë`mJŸ& S>m°. ~H$ Ho$ _V go- ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ Ho$ B{Vhmg _| àW_ ~ma {H$gr amï>r`ZoVm Ho$ {bE gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m _| gm§àXm{`H$ oX-^md wbmH$a OZVm EH${ÌV hwB©Ÿ&B©.g. 1928-29 _| nwZ… Xoe _| N>mÌ dJ© Ed§ wdH$ g_yh _| amï´>r` mdZm à_wI hwB©Ÿ&"Xoe _| wdH$ Am§XmobZ H$m àmXw m©d hmoZm Bg df© (1928) H$s {deofVm WrŸ& B©.g.1928 _| gmB_Z H$_reZ ^maV Am`mŸ& gmB_Z H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE bmhmoa _|bmbm bOnV Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| EH$ {demb Owbyg {ZH$mbm J`mŸ& AmV§H$dmXr gaH$ma ZoBg Owbyg H$mo Hw$MbZo Ho$ {bE bmR>r MmO© H$am`mŸ& \$bV… KQ>Zm ñWb na bmbmbOnVam` H$s _¥Ë w hmo J`rŸ&

26 OZdar 1930 H$mo nyU© ñdamÁ` {Xdg _Zm`m J`mŸ& Bgr df© 12 _mM©,1930 H$mo Jm§YrOr Zo XÊS>rJ«m_ H$s Amoa àñWmZ {H$`mŸ& 6 Aà¡b, 1930 H$moJm§YrOr Zo Z_H$ H$mZyZ VmoS>mŸ& 5 _B© H$mo Jm§YrOr H$mo ~ÝXr ~Zm {b`m J`m, \$bV…Xoe _| hS>Vmb| hwB©Ÿ& èd§VamdOr BZ KQ>ZmAm| go ANy>Vo Z ahoŸ& BgHo$ ~mX Jm§Yr-B{d©Z g_Pm¡Vm Am¡a Jmob_oO gå_obZ H$s {~«{Q>e Hy$Q>Zr{VH$ Mmbm| Zo Z Ho$db Bgàdmh H$mo amoH$ {X`m, bo{H$Z ~mX _| {dqb½S>Z Ho$ emgZ H$mb Ho$ àma§ (1931) _|Vrd« X_Z MH«$ ewê$ hmo J`mŸ& {ÛVr` Jmob_oO gå_obZ go Jm§YrOr H$mo {Zame bm¡Q>ZmnS>m, CZHo$ g{hV gmao ZoVmAm| H$s {JaâVm[a`m±, {\$a gm§àXm{`H$ {ZU© , Am¡a Vrd« goVrd«Va hmoVm {~«{Q>e gVm H$m X_Z MH«$Ÿ& \$bV… Am§XmobZ _| Hw$N> R>ÊS>mnZ Am J`mŸ&g_mOdmXr {dMmaYmam Ho$ ñdê$n B©.g. 1934 _| H$m±J«og _| g_mOdmXr Xb H$s ñWmnZmhwB©Ÿ&

B©.g. 1935 Ho$ ~mX maVr` amï>dmX g_mOdmX Ho$ àJ{Verb VÎdm| go AZwào[aVhwAmŸ& H$m±J«ogZo B©.g. 1937 Ho$ MwZmdm| _| ^mJ {b`m Am¡a ½`mah _| go N>… amÁ`m| _|CgH$s {dO` hwB©Ÿ& A~ H$moB© hbMb Z WrŸ&

1 {gV§~a 1939 H$mo {ÛVr` {díd wÕ {N>S> J`m Am¡a 3 {gVå~a H$mo maV H$mo^r Cg _| gpå_{bV H$a {b`m J`mŸ& _mM© 1940 _| _wpñb_ brJ Zo nm{H$ñVmZ H$s

1 2


_m±J àñVwV H$sŸ& OwbmB© 1940 _| gw mf ~mog H$mo ~ÝXr ~Zm {b`m J`mŸ& B©.g. 1942VH$ maV _| aŠV-a§{OV H«$m§{V hwB©, Omo {H$ Ag\$b ahrŸ& 1942 Ho$ AÝV VH$ bJ^J538 ~ma Xoe _| Jmobr MbrŸ& 3 OyZ 1947 H$mo Jm§YrOr Zo {d^mOZ ñdrH$ma H$a{b`mŸ& hm±, ñd § Jm§YrOr Bggo g§Vwï> Zht WoŸ&

{d^mOZ Ho$ ~mX Jm§YrOr H$s _¥Ë w, JUamÁ` H$s ñWmnZm, B©.g. 1962 H$mMrZr AmH«$_U, B©.g. 1965 H$m nm{H$ñVmZr AmH«$_U, Zohê$-emñÌr H$s _¥Ë w Am{Xà_wI KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ gmW {Xg§~a 1971 _| ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ wÕ Am¡a "~m§Jbm Xoe'H$m CX` hwAmŸ& BZ g~ KQ>ZmAm| go `ed§VamdOr ANy>Vo Z ahoŸ& BZ g~ amOZr{VH$KQ>ZmAm| H$m `ed§VamdOr na n[aUm_ hwAmŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ _|{hñgm {b`mŸ& BgHo$ {bE CÝh| Oob _| OmZm nS>mŸ& Xoe ñdV§Ì hmoZo Ho$ ~mX do amOZr{V_| hr aho Am¡a {d{dY emgH$s` nXm|na AmgZñW hmoH$a Xoe H$s àJ{V H$aZo Ho$ H$m_ _|OwQ> J oŸ&

(I) gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ n[apñW{V

gm_m{OH$ Ed§ Ym{_©H$ n[apñW{V`m± ^r {df_ Ed§ O{Q>b WrŸ& ^maVr` g_mOVmo gX¡d go hr ê${T>dmXr Am¡a na§namZwJm_r ahm h¡Ÿ& Y_© Vmo maVr` g_mO H$s ar‹T> H$shÈ>r h¡Ÿ& AV… {H$gr ^r H«$mpÝVH$mar n[adV©Z Am¡a gwYma Ho$ {b o dhm± AmH$pñ_H$AdH$me Z WmŸ& {ó`m| Am¡a eyÐm| H$m ñWmZ Xmgr Am¡a Jwbm_m| Ho$ g_mZ WmŸ& _ZwÛmam{ZYm©[aV dUm©l_ Y_©, g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~ àWm, ~mb{ddmh, ~hw{ddmh, gVràWm, ~mbhË`m,nXm©, lmÕ, {ó`m| H$s A{ejm Am{X H$m àMma WmŸ&

B©.g. 1937 VH$ ^r Bg pñW{V _| H$moB© gwYma Zht hwAm WmŸ& ny§OrdmXrAW©ì`dñWm nZnVr Mbr J`rŸ& y{_ H$a H$s g_m{á go H¥${f mo½` y{_ O_rZXmam| H$s{ZOr gån{Îm ~Z JB© WrŸ& Ý`m` H$m emgZgyÌ Omo A~ VH$ n§Mm`Vm| Ho$ hmWm| _| Wm,{ZH$b H$a O_rZXmam| Am¡a Ý`m`mb`m| Ho$ hmWm| _| Mbm J`m WmŸ& y{_-ñdm{_Ëd H$moboH$a nmañn[aH$ ñZohgyÌ Qy>Q>Zo bJoŸ& OZg§»`m d¥{Õ {H$gmZm| Ho$ IoVm| H$mo {d^m{OVAm¡a {dIpÊS>V H$aZo bJr WrŸ& AWm© md, A{ejm, AkmZ Am¡a ZdrZ gmYZm| H$sAZwnbpãY _| {H$gmZ g_` go bS>Vm ahmŸ& n[aUm_V… ^maVr` g_mO H$s AdñWmX`Zr` hmo J`rŸ&

J«m_rU H$s ^m±{V ZmJar OrdZ ^r AñV-ì`ñV WmŸ& ZJam| H$s hñVH$bm Am¡aCÚmoJm| H$mo {dXoer ny§Or MmQ> J`rŸ& O_rZXma H¥$fH$, CÚmoJn{V-l{_H$ Am{X dJ©ñnï> XoIo Om gH$Vo WoŸ& g§nyU© maV H$m T>m±Mm Ma_am H$a Qy>Q> ahm WmŸ& npíM_r {ejm

Ho$ AmJ_Z Zo ^maV _| npíM_r {ejm H$m AmamonU {H$`mŸ& A§J«oOr ^mfm VWm ahZ-ghZ na A{YH$ ~b {X o OmZo Ho$ H$maU {e{jV Am¡a gm_mÝ` OZVm Ho$ ~rM ImBª~‹T>Vr Mbr J`r Am¡a "gm_m{OH$ gÝVwbZ' {dZï> hmo J`mŸ& 1931 VH$ maV H$s 92à{VeV OZVm A{e{jV ~Zr ahrŸ&

Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU ^r gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y ~S>r Vrd«Vm go ~Xb aho WoŸ&g§ wŠV n[adma Qy>Q>Zo bJo Wo Am¡a {d^ŠV n[admam| H$m {e{jV g_wXm` ghO hr "ñd'H$s Amoa MoVZ hmoZo bJm WmŸ& Jm§YrOr Ho$ à^md go Nw>AmNy>V Am¡a dU© oX Xya H$aZo Ho$H$m\$s à`mg hwEŸ& Zmar MoVZm n`m©á àJ{Verb WrŸ& B©.g. 1929 _| à{gÕ "emaXmA°ŠQ>' Ûmam emXr Ho$ {bE Ý yZV_ Am w gr_m ~‹T>m Xr JB©Ÿ& amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ Am¡a XoeH$s J{V{d{Y`m| _| Zm[a`m± Iwb H$a mJ boZo bJt, AV… B©.g. 1930-31 Ho$ AdkmAm§XmobZ _| Zm[a`m|Zo à_wI ^mJ AXm {H$`m WmŸ&

(J) Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V

amOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$-Ym{_©H$ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ gmW hr Am{W©H$ n[apñW{V ^r{MÝVZr` WrŸ& "_mZgyZ H$s X`m na Or{dV ahZodmbm ^maV AH$mbm| _| Or{dV ahZoH$m O¡go Aä`ñV hmo MwH$m WmŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$ OÝ_ go nyd© 1850 Am¡a 1900 Ho$ _Ü`24 AH$mb nS>o Wo, {OZ _| go 18 Vmo 1875 Am¡a 1900 Ho$ ~rM Ho$ hr WoŸ& Adí`hr 1900 go 1950 Ho$ _Ü` AZoH$ CÚmoJm| H$s Ztd ^maV _| S>mbr J`rŸ& bmohm,H$nS>m, MrZr Am{X g^r CÚmoJ àJ{V H$aZo bJo, naÝVw gmW hr CZH$s emofU-{d{Y`m| Zo ^r H$_ àJ{V Zht H$sŸ& ^maVr` OZVm Zo 1905 _| gd© àW_ ñdXoerAm§XmobZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gm_«mÁ`dmXr gaH$ma H$s Am{W©H$ Zr{V Ho$ {déÕ H«$mpÝV H$s^mdZm ì`ŠV H$sŸ& gånyU© Xoe Zo {dXoer dóm| H$s hmobr ObmB©Ÿ& ~§J- §J Ho$ ~mXAm§XmobZ H$s J{V Am¡a ^r Vrd« hmo JB©Ÿ& H$O©Z Ho$ emgZ H$m amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$\$b ~{hîH$ma h¡Ÿ& Eogm {ZîH$f© ghOhr {ZH$mb {b`m J`mŸ& ~S>o CÚmoJm| Ho$ _yH$ bKwCÚmoJ Hw$Mb H$a ah J oŸ& ~H$ZZ Ho$ _V go "WmoS>o go Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ð Oê$a h¡, bo{H$ZXñVH$mar go {OVZo bmoJm| H$s amoQ>r MbVr h¡, H$maImZm| go Cggo A{YH$ bmoJm| H$samoOr Zht MbVrŸ& Xoe Ho$ à{V df© Ho$ Am`mV go {Z`m©V H$_ h¡Ÿ& emofU Ho$ {déÕ ~ma-~ma àXe©Z hmoVo aho, na Cgo {H$gr ^r _yë` na amoH$m Zht Om gH$mŸ&

B©.g. 1947 _| ^maV {d^mOZ Ho$ \$bñdê$n, Xoe _| Am{W©H$ Aì`dñWm ~‹T>JB©Ÿ& {d^mOZ Zo Johÿ±, H$nmg, Mmdb, OyQ> Am{X Ho$ Cn^moŠVm joÌ maV H$mo {X o Am¡aCËnmXZ joÌ nm{H$ñVmZ H$moŸ& \$bV… OZVmZo Am{W©H$ Xem gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE ZB© gaH$ma

3 4


Ho$ AmJo OmoaXma _m±Jo àñVwV H$sŸ& S>m°. ìhr. Ho$. Ama. dr. amd Ho$ _V go "^maV H$s ZB©gaH$maZo AJ_ Anma H${R>ZmB`m§o Ho$ ~rM OrdZ H$s amh na H$X_ CR>m`m WmŸ& Am¡aOmo AmñWmdmZ Wo, CZHo$ A{V[aŠV {H$gr H$mo ^r `h ñnï> Z Wm {H$ n[aUm_ Š`mhmoJmŸ&

B©. g. 1965 go nyd© VH$ `moOZmAm| na {Og àH$ma hmW ImobH$a ì`` {H$`m,Cggo bm^ EH$ {deof dJ© H$mo hr hþAmŸ& Bggo Am{W©H$ {df_Vm ~‹T> ahr h¡Ÿ& ImÚ H$sH$_r Ho$ H$maU h_Zo Ho$db ImÚ nXmWm] H$m hr Am`mV Zht {H$`m; h_mao Xoe Zo {dXoem|go Ho$db YZ hr F$U na Zht {b`m, ~pëH$ {dMmam| H$m ^r Iwbo Am_ ~‹S>r emZ goAm`mV {H$`mŸ& ^maVr` _Zrfm {dXoem| go {dMmam| H$m ~‹S>r _mÌm _| F$U bo ahr WrŸ&\«$m`S>, _mŠg©, B{b`Q>, B©Q²>g, Am{X Bg joÌ _| maVr` _Zrfm H$mo F$U XoZodmbo ahoŸ&

èd§VamdOr Ho$ _Z na BZ g~ amOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Am¡a Am{W©H$n[apñW{V`m| H$m Jham à^md n‹S>mŸ& n[aUm_ `h hþAm {H$ Xoe ñdV§Ì hmoZona CÝhm|Zo og~ ~mV| Ü`mZ _| aIr Am¡a O~ emgH$ ~Zo V~ o ~mVo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a AnZmamOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ H$m © ewê$ {H$`mŸ& `h H$m © ewê$ H$aVo g_` CÝhm|Zoh_oem AnZo gm_Zo _. OmoVramd \w$bo, amO{f© N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamO Am¡a S>m°. ~m~mgmh~Am§~oS>H$a Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo gm_Zo aImŸ&

{ZîH$f©V… wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ gÝX © _| amOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$,Am{W©H$, Am{X H$s Ñ{ï> go BZH$m ZoV¥Ëd maVr` amOZr{V _| AnZm n¥WH$ _hÎd aIVmh¡Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$ n[adoe _| ñd. ed§VamdMìhmU H$m Am{d^m©d Am¡a CZHo$ ZoV¥Ëd H$m {dH$mg ^maV Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ B{Vhmg H$sEH$ A{Zdm © Am¡a _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡Ÿ&

2. èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m OrdZ d¥Îm

amOZr{V _| amOZ¡{VH$ ZoVm H$m g§nyU© ì`{ŠVÎd A{^ì`ŠV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z¡{VH$ ZoVmH$s OrdZr Am¡a CZHo$ OrdZ Xe©Z H$m ZoVm Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ H$m © _| {d{eï> _hÎd h¡Ÿ&AV… OrdZr, ì`{ŠVÎd Am¡a OrdZ Xe©Z EH$ Xygao go gå~ÝY h¡ Am¡a BZ VrZm| H$mamOZ¡{VH$ gmYZm _| _hÎdnyU© moJ h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ZoVm Ho$ ì`{ŠVÎd Am¡a H$m © H$mo g_PZoHo$ {bE CgHo$ {H«$`mË_H$ OrdZ, gwI, Xþ…I, g§H$ën, {dH$ën VWm ñd^md Am{X H$mAÜ``Z Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

amOZ¡{VH$ ZoVm r gm_m{OH$ Ord h¡, AV… ~{hO©JV H$s KQ>ZmE± Cgo à^m{dVH$aVr ahVr h¡Ÿ& Bgr Vah go ZoVm Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ H«${_H$ CVma-M‹T>md XoI {d{eï>gå~ÝYm| Am¡a {H«$`m-H$bmnm|Ûmam h_ CgHo$ nyd© nr{R>H$m VWm _ZmoXem go ^br ^m±{Vn[a{MV hmo gH$Vo h¡§Ÿ& OrdZr Ho$ Ûmam h_o§ ZoVm Ho$ d`, {dH$mg VWm H$m © {Z_m©U H$sgå`H²$ ê$n aoIm Am¡a AmYma y{_H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

(1) d§e d¥Îm

èd§Vamd Ho$ XmXm H$m Zm_ dmKmoOr MìhmU Am¡a CZHo$ {nVm H$m AWm©VCZHo$ naXmXm H$m Zm_ amUmoOr MìhmUŸ& naXmXm Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ ~mbmoOr MìhmUWmŸ&

dmKmoOr MìhmU Ho$ Xmo nwÌ hþE (1) am_M§Ð (2) ~bd§Vamd. am_M§Ð ed§VamdHo$ MmMm WoŸ& ~bd§Vamd H$s Mma g§VmZo hþB© - (1) kmZmo~m (2) amYm~mB© (3)JUnVamd (4) èd§Vamd

kmZmo~m H$s nËZr H$m Zm_ Wm gmoZm~mB©Ÿ& amYm~mB© (èd§Vamd H$s ~hZ)am_M§Ð H$moVdmb Ho$ gmW ã`mhr JB© WrŸ& JUnVamd MìhmU H$s nËZr H$m Zm_ Wm^mJraWr~mB©Ÿ& èd§Vamd H$m doUyVmB© Ho$ gmW {ddmh hþAm WmŸ&

kmZmo~m H$s VrZ g§VmZo hþB© - (1) àVmn (2) gwYrOmB© (3) {edmOrŸ& àVmnAm¡a {edmOr o XmoZm| èd§Vamd Ho$ ^VrOo WoŸ& gwYrOmB© èd§Vamd H$s ^VrOr WrŸ&gwYrOmB© H$m \$bQ>U Ho$ XÎmmOramd ~oS>Ho$ Ho$ gmW {ddmh hþAm WmŸ&

àVmn H$s nËZr H$m Zm_ _Wwam~mB© Wm Am¡a {edmOr H$s nËZr H$m Zm_ {d_bWmŸ&

5 6


amYm~mB© am_M§Ð H$moVdmb H$s VrZ g§VmZo hþB© - (1) ~m~yamd (2) {XZH$a(3) hm¡gm~mB© Ÿ&

~m~yamd Am¡a {XZH$a o XmoZm| èd§VamdOr Ho$ ^m§Oo WoŸ& hm¡gm~mB© CZH$s ^m§OrWrŸ& hm¡gm~mB© H¥$îUmOr KmS>Jo Ho$ gmW ã`mhr JB© WrŸ&

JUnVamd MìhmU H$s Mma g§VmZo hþB© - (1) {bbmVmB© (2) XmXm (3) AemoH$(4) S>m°. {dH«$_ C\©$ amOm Ÿ&

XmXm, AemoH$ Am¡a S>m°. {dH«$_ o VrZm| ed§VamdOr Ho$ VrOo Wo Am¡a {bbmVmB©CgH$s ^VrOr WrŸ&

~m~yamd H$mbo Ho$ gmW {bbmVmB© H$m {ddmh hþAm WmŸ& CÝh| VrZ g§VmZo hþB©Ÿ&CZHo$ nwÌ H$m Zm_ g§O` H$mbo WmŸ& eof XmoZm| Ho$ Zm_ `mX ZhtŸ&

Mmê$bVm XmXm H$s nËZr WrŸ& CZH$s VrZ g§VmZo Wr Ÿ& (1) A{ÔrV MìhmU(2) amhþb MìhmU (3) MoVZ MìhmU, MoVZ H$s nËZr H$m Zm_ d¡embr WmŸ& _§Xm{H$ZrAemoH$ H$s nËZr WrŸ& pñ_Vm Xbdr, ~obJm±d, VoOpñdZr nmQ>rb, _hoe, amo{hVŸ&amo{hV H$s nËZr H$m Zm_ Wm H$ënZmŸ& e§VZw CZH$m nwÌŸ& _§Jb S>m°. {dH«$_ C\©$ amOmH$s nËZrŸ& {gÕmW© Am¡a {bUmŸ& AZwîH$ {gÕmW© H$s g§VmZŸ&

(2) _ybJm±d

èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m _yb Jm±d T>dboída h¡Ÿ& dh Jm±d ImZmnya Vhgrb _| h¡Ÿ&`h Jm±d ~hþV N>moQ>m h¡Ÿ& CZH$s _m± Zo CZgo `h dñVwpñW{V ~Vm`r h¡Ÿ& T>dboída _|MìhmU n[adma Hw$eb WmŸ& `h MìhmU n[adma {H$gr gmhÿH$ma H$mo Xÿgao EH$ F$U Ho${bE O_mZV ahmŸ& dh gmhÿH$ma H$O©Xma H$s Amoa go R>Jm J`mŸ& Bg{bE O_mZVdmboMìhmU n[adma H$m O_rZ Ow_bm gmhÿH$maZo AnZo H$ãOo _| {b`mŸ& Bg{bE T>dboída_| MìhmU n[adma H$m Hw$N> Zht ahmŸ& T>dboída go {dQ>m ZOXrH$ WmŸ& Bg{bE MìhmUn[adma Zo nhbo dhm± {Zdmg {H$`mŸ& h KQ>Zm em`X ed§Vamd Ho$ naXmXm Ho$ nhbo Ho$hmoJrŸ& {dQ>m AmZo Ho$ ~mX H$_ CnOmD$ Wmo‹S>r O_rZ CÝhm|Zo IarX br Am¡a Cg naAnZm CXma {Zdm©h Mbm`m Wm Am¡a Eogr hmbV _| do {dQ>m _| ahVo WoŸ&

am_M§Ð MìhmU èd§VamdOr Ho$ MmMm WoŸ& do Mm¡Wr H$jm VH$ n‹T>o WoŸ& CÝhm|ZoIoVr H$aZm N>mo‹S> {X`m Am¡a gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar H$aZo bJoŸ&

AmJo Hw$N> {XZm| Ho$ ~mX IoVr Ho$ CËnmXZ na n[adma H$m IM© Zhr§ Mb gH$VmWmŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo AnZo N>moQ>o ^mB© Ho$ {bE AWm©V èd§VamdOr Ho$ {nVmOr Ho$ {bEà`ËZ {H$`m Am¡a CÝho Zm{µOa H$s Zm¡H$ar {_bdm XrŸ& CZH$s {Z w{ŠV {dQ>m, X{hdS>r,

H$amS> Eogo ñWmZm|na AXb-~XbH$a hmoVr ahVr WrŸ& O~ ed§VamdOr H$m OÝ_ hþAmWm, Cg g_` CZH$s {Z w{ŠV H$amS> _| hþB© WrŸ& do H$amS> _| ~hþV df© ahoŸ& Bg àH$maXmoZm| ^mB© ^r Zm{µOa Ho$ ê$n _§o H$m_ H$a aho WoŸ&

n[adma H$s nmíd© y{_ Ü`mZ _| Am o Bg{bE ed§Vamd Zo h hH$sH$V XO© H$abr h¡Ÿ& Bggo H$ënZm AmVr h¡ {H$ h gmYmaU N>moQ>o {H$gmZ H$m Ka Wm, Mmho dh XmXmH$m Ka hmo `m {nVm H$m Ka hmoŸ& gmYmaU {H$gmZ Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ {hñgo _| AmZodmbr Omo~mV| hmoVr h¡, dhr g~ ~mV| ed§Vamd Ho$ n[adma Ho$ {hñgo _| Am`r WrŸ& Jm±d N>moS>H$aZm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE ^Q>H$Zm, ~rM-~rM _| IoVr H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoZo Ho$ {bE Jm±d H$s AmoaOmZm, IoVr H$m CËnmXZ hmW _| AmVm {H$ Zht, `h XoIZo Ho$ {bE OmZm, `h CZHo${nVm H$m VarH$m WmŸ&

èd§VamdOr H$m ~MnZ `h AÝ` bmIm| Kam| _| hmoZodmbo ~ƒm| H$s Vah ~rVJ`mŸ& XohmV _| ahZodmbo N>moQ>o Am¡a Jar~ {H$gmZm| H$s g§»`m Cg g_` Mmam|Amoa ~hþVWrŸ& Bgr àH$ma Ho$ EH$ n[adma _| èd§VamdOr H$m OÝ_ hwAm Wm, nbo-nmogo WoŸ&Bg{bE èd§VamdOr Ho$ OrdZ _| AÝ`m| H$s Anojm ~hþV Hw$N> Wm, Eogm ZhtŸ&gd©gmYmaUV… A‹S>MZo Am¡a Jar~r H$mo hr OrdZ Eogm Zm_ Wm Eogm H$hm Om` VmoMboJmŸ& o g~ H$hZo H$m hoVw BVZm hr h¡ {H$ do ^moJr hþB© Jar~r H$m A{Va§{OV dU©ZH$aZm Zht MmhVoŸ& J«m_rU OrdZ _| Cg g_` H$m `h gd©gmYmaU AZw d WmŸ&

AÀN>r IoVrdmbo Xg-nm±M n[adma Am¡a ì`mnma, gmhÿH$mar H$aZodmbo Xg-nm±Mn[adma N>mo‹S> {X o Vmo eof g^r bmoJm| Ho$ OrdZ H$m Am¡a ahZ-ghZ H$m ñVa EH$ hrWmŸ& `hm± Vobr, H§$~b ~wZZodmbo, H$moB© J‹S>[a`m ahVo WoŸ& bo{H$Z {XZâ H$ï> H$aZmAm¡a AnZm OrdZ {~VmZm, `hr {MÌ èd§VamdOr H$s H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma Cg g_`g^r Jm±dm| _| Wm, Eogm H$hm Om` Vmo AË w{ŠV Zht hmoJrŸ&

èd§VamdOr Ho$ ~MnZ Ho$ AZw d H$s h nmíd© y{_ h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ed§VamdOrH$mo Eogo ñVa _| Am¡a AhmVo _| hmoZodmbo ~mb-~ƒo-_Zwî` Ho$ ~mao _| EH$ àH$ma H$mHw$Vyhb Am¡a AmË_r`Vm h¡Ÿ& {\$a do {H$gr r Om{V Ho$ Š`m| Z hmo, do Am¡a ed§VamdOrEH$ Xygao _| Kwb{_b OmVoŸ& h AZw d CÝh| AnZo Z{Zhmb _| Am`mŸ& Am¡a hr AZw dO~ do H$amS> _| {ejm Ho$ {bE pñWa hþE, dhm± hr Am`mŸ& Z{Zhmb Ho$ Ka Ho$ nS>mog _|ahZodmbo N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r O_m{V _| ahZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ gmW CZH$m gå~ÝY WmŸ& H§$~b~wZZodmbo, JS>[a`m, _wgb_mZ, {nN>S>r Om{V H$m nS>mog `h CZHo$ OrdZ H$s {deofYamoha h¡, Eogm do h_oem _mZVo Am aho h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE CZHo$ Ka, CZH$s ahZ-ghZ,CZH$s MmbMbZ o AnZo Amn CÝh| AnZr hr bJVr WrŸ& CZH$s H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma,

7 8


CZH$m Cg g_` H$m AZw d Am¡a Cg _| go {Z_m©U hþB© ^mdZmË_H$ pñW{V `h CZHo$AJbo OrdZ _| Cn wŠV hþB©Ÿ&

(3) Xodamï>

gmVmam {Obo H$s gr_mna EH$ nhmS>r h¡Ÿ& Cg nhmS>r Ho$ H$adQ> _| Xodamï´> Zm_H$EH$ N>moQ>mgm Jm±d ~gm hþAm h¡Ÿ& Jm±d H$m Amg_§V Eo{Vhm{gH$ Adeofm| go am hþAm h¡Ÿ&`hm± Jw\$mE± h§¡, Xodmb` h§¡Ÿ& Jm±d H$s Z¡F$Ë` {Xem H$s Amoa _hmXod Ho$ nwamUo _§{Xa IS>oh¢Ÿ& g~ _| nwamZm _§{Xa g_wÐoída H$m AWm©V _hmXod H$mŸ& Jm±d Cgo "gmJamo~m' H$hVoh¡Ÿ& `h Jm±d H$m X¡dVŸ& nhmS>r ^r gmJamo~m H$s Amgnmg Ho$ Q>rbm| _| F${f _w{Z`m| H$sJwhmE± h¢Ÿ& Eogo H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ Xodamï´> h EH$ amÁ` H$m ñWmZ WmŸ& gmVdmhZ Ho$ amÁ`Ho$ ~mX _hmamï´> _| Omo AZoH$ N>moQ>o-~S>o amÁ`m| H$m CX` hþAm, CZ _| go EH$ Xodamï´> rh¡Ÿ& Bg amÁ` H$s amOYmZr H$m¢{S>Ê`nya, AWm©V AmO H$m Hw§$S>b Jm±d h¡Ÿ& Eogm H$hmOmVm h¡ {H$ Xodamï´> Ho$ amOm H$m Zm_ Hw$~oa Wm, Eogr `h H$Wm h¡Ÿ& Hw$~oaoída H$m _§{Xa^r `hm± h¡Ÿ&

Xodamï´> H$s Z¡F$Ë` {Xem H$s Amoa hmoZodmbo gmJaoída H$m _§{Xa nma H$a Ho$ S>oT>-Xmo _rb H$s gmJaoída H$s KmQ>r bm±KH$a ZrMo AmZo na H¥$îUm H$s KmQ>r bJVr h¡Ÿ& AmOHo$ ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb _| dhm± H$s g_¥{Õ _hgyg hmoVr h¡Ÿ& nhbo ^r dhm± g_¥{Õ WrŸ&BgH$s H$ënZm Cg àXoe _| ~go hþE Jm±dm| Ho$ Zm_ na go AmVr h¡Ÿ& Xhr, XÿY, Kr H$mo nyd©H$mb _| g_¥{Õ Ho$ bjUm| H$s H$gm¡Q>r _mZr J`r h¡Ÿ& {\$a H$ënZm AmVr h¡ {H$ EH$ hrH$Vma _| H¥$îUm ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao na ~go hþE XwYmar, Xømar, VmH$mar, Vwnmar BZ Zm_m| Ho$Jm±d h¡Ÿ&

gånyU© H¥$îUmH$mR> ed§VamdOr Ho$ ào_ H$m, {XbMñnr H$m Am¡a AmË_r`Vm H$m{df` h¡Ÿ& _hm~boída _| CX²J_go {ZH$b nS>r Am¡a H¥$îUm_mB© {H$Zmao {H$Zmao grYoamO_h|Ðr go boH$a CgHo$ _wI VH$ OmD±$ Eogm èd§VamdOr H$mo h_oem bJVm WmŸ&{H$Zmao na ~go hþE Jm±dm| go |Q> Xo Xÿ±, bmoJm| go OmZ-nhMmZ H$am by±, \$gb goS>mobZodmbo IoV XoI by±, Eogm CÝh| bJVm WmŸ&

èd§VamdOr Ho$ àXoe _| ~hZodmbr à_wI ZXr H¥$îUm ZXr h¡Ÿ& Bg H¥$îUm ZXr Ho${H$Zmao na dmB©, H$amS> Am¡a gm§Jbr O¡go eha ^r h§¡Ÿ& CÎm_ IoVr Ho$ H$maU à{gÕ hþEAZoH$ XohmV h§¡Ÿ& Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mb _| Bg àXoe _| AZoH$ H$V©¥Ëdg§nÞ ì`{ŠV {Z_m©U hþEh§¡Ÿ& H¥$îUm Ho$ {H$Zmao na pñWV _oUdbr go ZmZm \$S>U{dg H$m g§~§Y h¡Ÿ& d¡go hr C§~«Ogo YZmOr OmYd H$m g§~§Y h¡Ÿ& ghdmg go, ^mdZm go èd§VamdOr Am¡a CZHo$ g§Jr-

gmWr H¥$îUm_mB© go g§~§{YV h§¡Ÿ& H¥$îUm ZXr H$s `mX hmoZo na, AWm©V ~MnZ H$s Am¡a`m¡dZH$mbrZ OrdZ H$m {Z_m©U H$aZodmbo H$mb H$s mX AmZo na CZH$m _Z JX² JX² hmoCR>Vm h¡Ÿ&

Xodamï´> `h CZH$m Jm±d Am¡a Z{Zhmb hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$s ~MnZ H$s `mXo og~ Xodamï´> H$s `mXo h§¡Ÿ& CZHo$ nhbo Mma nm±M dfm] H$s Omo `mXo h¢, o g~ Xodamï´>,d‹S>Jm±d, Hw§$S>b, VmH$mar BZ Jm±dm| g| g§~§{YV h§¡Ÿ& `h Vmo J«m_rU OrdZ H$s nmíd© y{_CZHo$ OrdZ H$m lrJUoem h¡Ÿ& AmJo do amOZr{VH$ H$m_ Ho$ {Z{_Îm Am¡a gaH$mar H$m_Ho$ {Z{_Îm Xoe _| Am¡a {dXoem| _| ~hþV Ky_o-{\$aoŸ& {\$a r Bg àXoe H$m AmH$f©U CZHo$_Z _| h_oem Ho ${bE ahm h¡Ÿ& `h Eogm Š`m| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h CÝh| _mby_ Zht h¡Ÿ& bo{H$ZdñVwpñW{V Eogr h¡Ÿ&

Hw$Vyhb Am¡a AmË_r`Vm bJo Eogm h àXoe h¡Ÿ& XodËd boH$a OÝ_ {b`m hþAm hJm±d h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z Bg _| amï´> h H$ënZm g_m`r h¡Ÿ& gmJamo~m Ho$ Mmam| Va\$ AmZ§X~Z hrAmZ§X~Z h¡Ÿ& Y_©, AW©, H$m_, _moj o Mma nwéfmW© hm± {dMaVo h¢Ÿ& CnOmD$ O_rZ _|~rO ~mo m Vmo VoOr go ~T>Vm h¡Ÿ& d¡go `hm± Ho$ _Zwî` Am¡a _ZŸ& Bg {_Å>r H$m JwU Am¡a_Zwî` H$m _yë` Ky_Vo-{\$aVo {XImB© XoZo bJVm h¡Ÿ&

g_wÐ _| ñZmZ {H$`m Vmo {ÌbmoH$ _| VrW©joÌ H$m nwÊ` {_bVm h¡, Eogo nwamZo bmoJH$hVo h§¡Ÿ& Cgr Vah A_¥V godZ go g^r OrdZ agm| H$m godZm {_bVm h¡ Eogo hr H$hmOmVm h¡Ÿ& hm± Vmo g_wÐoída hr Hw§$S> _| IS>m h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ào_m_¥V go "gmoZ{ham' ~hVmh¡Ÿ& Bg N>moQ>r-gr ZXr H$mo bmoJ Zmbm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& dhm± V¡aZo _| hr CZH$m ~MnZ ~rVJ`mŸ& CgH$m A_¥V_` nmZr CZHo$ noQ> _| h¡Ÿ& gmoZ{ham H$s h A_¥V y{_ AWm©V CZH$m`h Z{ZhmbŸ& CZH$m A§Hw$a AdV[aV hþAm Vmo `hm± hrŸ&

Cg g_` Xodamï´> Jm±d H$s Am~mXr S>oT>-Xmo hOma H$s hmoJrŸ& Bg N>moQ>r grAm~mXr _| g^r Om{V-O_m{V Ho$ bmoJ ahVo WoŸ& nmQ>rb bmoJm| Ho$ Xmo ImZXmZ dhm± Wo,EH$ _moao nmQ>rb H$m Am¡a Xÿgam _qhÐ nmQ>rb H$mŸ& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV èd§Vamd Ho$Z{Zhmb Ho$ KmS>Jo, åhñHo$, _wbrH$, ^mogbo Eogo Am¡a nm±M-nMrg _amR>m| Ho$ Ka WoŸ&JS>[a`m bmoJm| H$s ~ñVr ^rŸ& CZHo$ Xg-n§Ðh n[adma WoŸ& g§»`m H$s Ñï>r go Xmo ~‹S>og_mO Wo - EH$ _wgb_mZ Am¡a Xÿgam {nN>‹S>r Om{V H$mŸ& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV ì`mnmaH$aZodmbo Hw$N> qbJm`V Am¡a Xmo-VrZ JwOamVr n[adma WoŸ& o JwOamVr n[adma gYZAm¡a gwIr WoŸ& qbJm`V bmoJm| H$s n[apñW{V ^r AÀN>r WrŸ& Xm|Zm| nmQ>rb n[adma _|Ho$db Xmo-Mma n[adma gwpñW{V _| WoŸ& Š`m|{H$ CZHo$ IoVm| _| Hw$E± WoŸ& Hw$E± _| nmZr WmŸ&Bg{bE CZHo$ IoVm| _| AÀN>r \$gbo AmVr WrŸ& eof g~ bmoJ gd©gmYmaU pñW{V _| WoŸ&

9 10


_wgb_mZ g_mO àm`… IoVr _| Zht WmŸ& bo{H$Z Xÿgao Hw$N> N>moQ>o-~‹S>o CÚmoJ H$aHo$AnZm OrdZ {~VmVo WoŸ& Jm±d _| Xg-nm±M _§{Xa Wo Am¡a EH$ Xmo _pñOX| WrŸ&

{nN>S>r Om{V H$m g_mO `h g§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go ~hþV Wm Am¡a Jm±d _| CZH$mX~X~m WmŸ& `h g_mO {nN>‹S>m hþAm Wm, bo{H$Z Cgo Añn¥í` Zht _mZm OmVm WmŸ&nmg-nS>mog _| CZH$m AmZm-OmZm WmŸ& CZH$m H$moB© {ZpíMV Eogm ì`dgm` Zht WmŸ&bo{H$Z ~rO-~rM _| IoVr na H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE OmVo Wo Am¡a Jar~ n[apñW{V _| doAnZr J¥hñWr MbmVo WoŸ& EH$-Xmo Kam| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a eof bmoJm| H$mo ahZoHo$ {bE ~m±YohþE Ka Z WoŸ& EH$ Xÿgao na nËWa aIH$a IS>r H$s hþB© Xrdmao Am¡a CZH$s D±$MmB© ^rH$_Ÿ& ~agmV _| {H$gr Vah ahZo Ho$ {bE H$s JB© ì`dñWmŸ& Eogr hmbV _| o bmoJ ahVoWoŸ& h ~ñVr ed§Vamd Ho$ Z{Zhmb Ho$ nmg WrŸ& Bg{bE Cg g_mO _| AZoH$ bmoJm|go èd§Vamd H$s OmZ nhMmZ hmo J`r Wr Am¡a dhm± OmZo na CZHo$ ~rM _| IobZo Ho${bE AmZodmbo b‹S>H$m| _| O¡go _amR>m Am¡a _wgb_mZm| Ho$ b‹S>Ho$ hmoVo Wo d¡go {nN>S>rOm{V Ho$ bS>Ho$ ^r AmVo ahVo WoŸ& H$^r-H$^r CZH$s ~ñVr _| OmZoH$m àg§J AmVmahVm WmŸ& èd§VamdOr dhm± CZHo$ gmW Iobo h¡, Ky_o-{\$ao h¡Ÿ& ~MnZ go CZHo$ gmWahZo go Am¡a ghdmg H$m h AZw d hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ed§VamdOr Ho$ _Z _| Cg g_mOHo$ {df` _| h_oem Ho$ {bE AnZm Ka H$a J`r h¡Ÿ&

Jm±d _| _Ü`_ pñW{V go boH$a CÎm_ pñW{V _| ahZodmbo Xg-n§Ðh ~«m÷U n[admaWoŸ& CZ_| go Hw$N> bmoJm| H$s O_rZXmar WrŸ& CZHo$ bS>Ho$ {ejm Ho$ {bE ~mha Ho$ Jm±dOmVo ahVo WoŸ& bo{H$Z ed§Vamd Ho$ ~MnZ _| BZ bmoJm| Ho$ ~mao _| Jm±d _| EH$ àH$ma H$mAmXa Wm, `h CÝhm|Zo XoIm WmŸ& bo{H$Z Bg AmXa Ho$ VhV T>±H$m hþAm EH$ A§Va WmŸ&bo{H$Z Cg A§Va H$m kmZ CÝh| ^{dî` _| hmoZo bJoŸ&

AZoH$ àH$ma go, AbJ-AbJ ñVa na OrdZ {~VmZodmbm Am¡a AbJ-AbJg§ñH¥${V _| ahZodmbm N>moQ>mgm g_mO Cg Jm±d _| ahVm WmŸ&

Bg Jm±d H$m m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoe EH$ AW© go _hÎdnyU© WmŸ& BgH$m _w»` H$maU h¡{H$ Bg àXoe _| hmoZodmbo Xodmb`Ÿ& Bg Jm±d H$s Z¡F$Ë` {Xem H$s Amoa gmJaoída H$m_§{Xa h¡Ÿ& `h _§{Xa Bg àXoe _| ahZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ _Z H$mo AmH${f©V H$aZodmbm ñWmZWmŸ& Bgr VahH$m qbJmo~m H$m Xÿgam ñWmZ h¢Ÿ& N>moQ>r-~‹S>r nhmS>r Ho$ H$adQ> _| ~go hþEXodñWmZ _Z H$mo àgÞ H$aZodmbo M¡VÝ`ñWmZ h¢Ÿ& H$amS> go boH$a VmH$mar VH$ AmZodmboOmZodmbo bmoJ H¥$îUm ZXr H$s KmQ>r _| go D$na AmZo na gmJaoída H$s KmQ>r Am¡agmJaoída Ho$ _§{Xa _| OmH$a Xe©Z {H$ o {~Zm AmJo Zht OmVoŸ& Bg{bE gmJamo~m Am¡aXodamï´> BZ XmoZm| _| EH$ àH$maH$m AQy>Q> ZmVm {Z_m©U hwAm h¢Ÿ&

Bg Jm±d H$s CÎma H$s Va\$ Xmo VrZ _rb na EH$ N>moQ>mgm Zmbm ~hVm h¢Ÿ& dhZmbm Cg Jm±d H$s IoVr Ho$ ~hþV go ^mJ H$mo ñne© H$aHo$ ~hVm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bECgH$m _hÎd h¡Ÿ& CgH$m Zm_ h¡ gmoZ{hamŸ& èd§VamdHo$ _Z _| Bg gmoZ{ham H$m_hÎdnyU© ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& CÝho CZH$s _m± H$s mX AmZona Xodamï´> H$s mX AmVr h¡ Am¡a {\$agmJaoída, gmoZ{ham BZ XmoZm| H$s `mX AmVr h¢ Am¡a gmoZ{ham H$m Zm_ {b`m Vmoèd§VamdOr H$mo _m± H$s mX AmVr h¡Ÿ& ~MnZ _| Eogo Omo Hw$N> ñWmZ h¡ do mdZmAm| H$moñne© H$aVo ahVo h¡Ÿ& do g~ H$^r H$^r AnZo _Z _| h_oem Ho$ {bE _hÎdnyU© àVrH$ ~ZOmVo h¢Ÿ& d¡gohr BZ ñWmZm| H$m hþAm h¡Ÿ&

d¡go XoIm Om` Vmo Xodamï´> _| CnOmD$ O_rZ Wmo‹S>r h¡Ÿ& Cg g_` {g\©$ Mma-nm±MñWmZm| na nmZr Ho$ Hw$E± Am¡a CgHo$ Amgnmg hmoZodmbo hao-hao ~mµJmZŸ& BVZohr Hw$N>g_¥{Õ Ho$ ñWmZ WoŸ& eof g^r IoVr gyIr WrŸ& Am¡a Bg gyIr IoVr na ~hþV H$ï>H$aZodmbo {H$gmZ XoIo OmVo WoŸ&

èd§VamdOr H$s C_« O¡go ~‹T>Vr J`r d¡go Jm±d H$s Bg Am{W©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$nmíd© y{_ na Jm±dHo$ àíZm| H$s Amoa XoIZo H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~XbVm J`mŸ& AmJo do AZoH$dfm]VH$ Bg Jm±d _§o AmVo Wo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo g_` g_` na Omo-Omo ~mVo XoIr Wr do g~~mV| Jm±d H$s gr_mVH$ _`m©{XV Wr, Eogm Zht WmŸ& Bg Jar~r _| ahZodmbo bmoJ_mZdVm go d§{MV Zht hþE WoŸ& `h Cg_| go EH$ AÀN>r ~mV WrŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo AnZo ~MnZ _| XoIo hþE _Zwî` Am¡a CZH$s bmo Zr` `mXo `mXAmVr h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ ZmZm Ho$ Ka Ho$ nS>mog _| ahZodmbo _wpñb_ n[adma go CZH$s {_ÌVmWrŸ& Cgr Vah nS>mog _| ahZodmbo H§$~b ~wZZodmbo Am¡a J‹S>[a`m bmoJm| go CZH$s ~‹S>rAmË_r`Vm WrŸ& CÝh| Cg g_` H$m g~ `mX AmVm h¡Ÿ& {\$a ^r Om{V-Om{V _| Amng_| eÌwVm H$~ H¡$go {Z_m©U hþB©, `h g_P _| Zht AmVmŸ& Cg g_` EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ gmW_mZdVm Ho$ [aíVo H$s à{V~ÕVm WrŸ&

EH$ ~mV ~VmZm Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ BZ g~ g_mO go Xÿa Am¡a Jm±d Ho$ ~mhaahZodmbo h[aOZ, _mV§J Am¡a M_ma BZ bmoJm| H$m Jm±d go H$_ g§nH©$ AmVm Wm, Am¡a OmoHw$N >Wm, dh {Og _Zwî`Vm H$m èd§VamdOr Zo D$na dU©Z {H$`m Wm, CgH$m CggoC{MV g§~§Y Wm, Eogm Zht H$hm Om gH$VmŸ& AmO èd§VamdOr X{bVm| Ho$ àíZm| H$sAmoa XoI aho h¢, dh X{bV g_mO Cg g_` Jm±d Ho$ ~mha AbJ VarHo $go AnZm OrdZ{~Vm ahm Wm, Cgo OrdZ `h Zm_ XoZm h¡ {H$ Zht, `h EH$ AbJ àíZ WmŸ&

bo{H$Z ed§VamdOr hm± Omo C„oI H$a aho Wo dh N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r Om{V-O_m{V`m|H$mŸ& Jm±d _| nmQ>rb bmoJm| Ho$ n[adma _mZ-gå_mZHo$ WoŸ& CZ _| r B‚mVXma ~wOwJ© bmoJ

11 12


g~H$mo g± mbH$a boZoH$m à`ËZ H$aVo WoŸ& bo{H$Z CgHo$ nrN>o EH$ gyÌ WmŸ& AmJoMbH$a ed§VamdOr H$mo BgH$m AZw d Am`mŸ& amÁ` emgZ go {_bOwbH$a Z_«Vm goahZm `h Bg gyÌ H$m Zm_ WmŸ& N>moQ>o-~‹S>o bmoJ Jm±d Ho$ nmQ>rb H$mo _mZ Xo, Jm±d Ho$nmQ>rb nmg-n‹S>mog Ho$ nw{bgm| H$mo _mZ Xo, Eogr àWm WrŸ& Jm±d H$m nQ>dmar `h H$Vm©_Zwî` _mZm OmVm WmŸ& Am¡a BZ g~ _| ~S>r Amgm_r AWm©V Vhgrb H$m VhgrbXmaŸ&VhgrbXma O~ Jm±d _| AmVm, V~ CZH$s ~hþV ~‹S>r Im{VaXmar H$s OmVrŸ& Bg{bEJm±d _| ~‹S>r hbMb _M OmVrŸ&

emgZ go S>aH$a Z_« hmoH$a ~Vm©d H$aZo H$s `h àd¥{Îm Cg g_` Ho$ OrdZ H$mEH$ J¥hrV H¥$Ë` WmŸ& Cg g_` CZH$s OmZH$mar dhm± VH$ nhþ±Mrhr Zht WrŸ& {ejmH$_, ~mha Ho$ g§gma go g§nH©$ H$_, Omo h¡ Cg _| g_mYmZ _mZZo H$s àd¥{Îm, {H$gr Ho$~rM _| Z n‹S>Zm, {g\©$ VQ>ñW ahZm, `hr Cg g_` H$s Zr{V WrŸ& `hr dhm± Ho$ OrdZH$s Zr{V WrŸ& Bg{bE Cg _| J{V ^r Zht Wr Am¡a àJ{V ^r Zht WrŸ& Bg Jm±d H$mAm`m hþAm h AZw d AmJo ed§Vamd H$m ©H$Vm© Ho$ ê$n _| O~ {Obo _| AÝ`Ì Ky_Zo-{\$aZo bJo V~ ^r WmoS>o ~hþV A§Va go CÝh| dhr AZw d {\$ago Am oŸ& Hw$N> ñWmZm| nag_¥{Õ A{YH$ WrŸ& dhm± Ho$ Y{ZH$ bmoJm| H$s AmH«$_Vm Jar~ bmoJm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| A{YH$WrŸ& `hr µ\$H©$ Hw$N> ñWmZm| na Adí` _hgyg hþAmŸ& bo{H$Z emgZ Ho$ {damoY _| Hw$N>Zht ~mobZm Mm{hE `h Cg g_` Ho$ {H$gmZ g_mOH$m Am¡a {H$gmZ g_mO Ho$ D$na{Z ©a ahZodmbo J«m_rU g_mO H$m ñd^md ~Z J`m WmŸ&

IoVr go g§~§Y hmoZodmbm _Zwî` {ZH$Q> H$s amOZ¡{VH$ gÎmm H$mo ~hþV Cƒ _mZVmh¡Ÿ& `h AZw d CÝh| AmJo ^r AmVm ahmŸ& Xodamï´> H$m `h AZw d CZHo$ _Z H$mo EH$àH$ma H$s {ejm Xo ahm WmŸ& H$m ©H$Vm© Ho$ ê$n _| H$m © H$aZo Ho$ {bE _Z H$s Omo V¡ marhmoZr Mm{hE Am¡a gm_m{OH$ OmZH$mar Amdí`H$ hmoZr Mm{hE `h OmZH$mar CÝh|Bg_| go {_bVr J`rŸ&

CÎma H$s Va\$ go AmZodmbr H¥$îUm Am¡a X{jU H$s Va\$ go AmZodmbr H$mo ZmBZ Xmo Z{X`m| H$m Am_Zo-gm_Zo AmH$a àr{Vg§J_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Am¡a {\$a BZ Xmo Z{X`m| H$màdmh nyd© H$s Va\$ ~hVm h¡Ÿ& BZ Xmo Z{X`m| Ho$ g§J_ go hmoZodmbo H$mQ>H$moZ _| H$amS>Zm_H$m Jm±d ~gm hþAm h¡Ÿ& `h ~hþV àmMrZ Jm±d h¡, d¡go Bg Jm±d H$m B{Vhmg ^r h¡Ÿ&d¡go Cg g_` VH$ `h eha ~‹S>m Zht WmŸ& nMnZ go boH$a gmR> hOma VH$ Cg ehaH$s Am~mXr WrŸ& bo{H$Z èd§Vamd Cg Jm±d _| ~‹T> aho Wo, V~ Cg Jm±d H$s Am~mXrn§Ðh-gmobh hOmam| H$s WrŸ& Bg{bE g^r bmoJ EH$ Xÿgao H$mo nhMmZ gH$Vo WoŸ& AmO^r d¡gr pñW{V h¡Ÿ&

`{X h N>moQ>m H$g~m hmo Vmo Cgo AnZm EH$ ì`{ŠV_Îd WmŸ& ì`mnma H$m _hÎdnyU©H|$Ð, {dÚmì`mg§J H$s Am¡a kmZmonmgZm H$s nwamZr na§namŸ& H¥$îUm Ho$ {H$Zmao na~«m÷U ~ñVrŸ& H$mo Zm Ho$ {H$Zmao na _amR>m Am¡a AÝ` O_mVr H$s ~ñVrŸ& Jm±d H$s_Ü` ~ñVr _| ì`mnmar _wh„m, gãOr-_§S>r Am¡a D±$MmB© na _wpñb_ _wh„mŸ& Jm±d H$s nyd©Va\$ h[aOZm| H$s ~ñVrŸ& Bg Jm±d _| EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ gmW g§~§Y aIZo H$s Zr{V WrŸ&èd§Vamd H$s {dÚmWu AdñWm _| Bg Jm±d _| EH$ hmBñHy$b Am¡a {H$gr Vah MbZodmbmEH$ gmd©O{ZH$ dmMZmb` WmŸ& bo{H$Z h dmMZmb` ì`m»`mZ Am¡a MMm© H$m _hÎdnyU©H|$Ð ~Z J`m WmŸ& Bg Jm±d H$mo amOZ¡{VH$ na§nam WrŸ& amï´>r` {dMmam| H$s AÀN>rOmZH$mar aIZodmbo AZoH$ ì`{ŠV `hm± WoŸ& AmbVoH$a {nVm-nwÌ, lr. nm§Sw>AÊUm{eambH$a, ~m~yamd JmoIbo, JUnVamd ~Q>mUo, {H$gZbmb ào_amO o bmoJ CŠV{dMmam| Ho$ WoŸ& Bg Jm±d _| à_wI bmoJm| Zo `hm± bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ Ho$ ñ_maH$ Ho$ ê$n _|EH$ B§J«Or embm ewê$ H$sŸ& gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| EH$ _hÎdnyU© KR>Zm WrŸ&AmO H$amS> `h EH$ _hÎdnyU© {ejm H$m H|$Ð ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& CgH$m `h àma§ WmŸ& BgN>moQ>o go Jm±d H$mo amOZr{V H$m ~S>m AmH$f©U WmŸ& Xoe _| g^r _hÎdnyU© amOZ¡{VH$Am§XmobZ Ho$ à{V{Z{Y `hm± Wo, Am¡a do g^r {H«$`merb WoŸ& Eogo Jm±d Ho$ g§ñH$ma _|èd§VamdOr ~‹T> aho WoŸ&

H$amS> Ho$ dmVmdaU _| èd§VamdOr O~ ~‹T> aho Wo V~ _hmamï´> Ho$ gm_m{OH$OrdZ _| Hw$N> Z o àdmh Am¡a Hw$N> Z`r e{ŠV`m± H$m_ H$a ahr WrŸ& g§ moJ go {Og mJ_| Am¡a {Og OJh _| èd§VamdOr {H$am`m XoH$a ahVo WoŸ& dhm± H$amS> _| ImZXmZr_amR>m Hw$Qw>§~ H$s _hÎdnyU© ~ñVr WrŸ& H$amS> _| Cgo Sw>~b Jbr H$hVo WoŸ& dhm± do ahVoWoŸ& o g~ _amR>m n[adma g_mO _| à{V{ð>V WoŸ& H$amS> `h EH$ _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ WmŸ&Bg{bE hm± ~hþV go ~S>o ~S>o bmoJ AmVo-OmVo WoŸ& do bmoJ hm± AmH$a ~mVMrV H$aVoWo, dh g~ èd§VamdOr gwZVo WoŸ& Bg{bE AmZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ {dMmam| H$s H$ënZmAmZo bJrŸ& ed§VamdOr H$s g_P _| Am`m {H$ Cg g_` ~hþOZ g_mO H$s CÞ{V Ho${bE gËèmoYH$ Am§XmobZ Mb ahm WmŸ& AmJo Cgo amOZr{V _| ~«m÷UoVa Am§XmobZ H$mñdê$n àmá hþAmŸ& Bg{bE ~hþOZ g_mO _| b‹S>Ho$-bS>{H$`m| H$mo {ejm boZr Mm{hE,nR>Z H$aZm Mm{hE, gmd©O{ZH$ H$m_ _| em{_b Mm{hEŸ& Cg g_` Bg àH$ma H$m_mZ{gH$ Am¡a d¡Mm[aH$ dmVmdaU dhm± WmŸ&

(4) ed§Vamd H$m OÝ_, OÝ_{V{W Am¡a OÝ_ñWmZ

Xodamï´> Ho$ XmOr~m KmS>Jo H$s ~hZ {dR>m~mB© H$m ~bd§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ gmW

13 14


{ddmh hwAm WmŸ& EH$ {H$gmZ H$s b‹S>H$s Xygao {H$gmZ Ho$ Ka _| J`r WrŸ& ~bd§VamdMìhmU T>dboída Jm±d Ho$ _yb {Zdmgr WoŸ& bo{H$Z lr. am_^mD$ Omoer Zo MìhmU H$m_yb Jm±d ^mbdUr ~Vm`m h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z èd§VamdZo "H¥$îUH$mR>' _| AnZm _yb Jm±d"T>dboída' ~Vm`m h¡Ÿ& CZH$s _m± Zo CZgo `h ~mV ~Vm`r WrŸ& Bg{bE Bg ~mV H$mogM _mZZm hr nS>oJmŸ& T>dboída Zm_ H$m Jm±d {dQ>m Jm±d go nm±M-N>… _rb Xya h¡Ÿ&CgHo$ Amgnmg ^mbdUr, H$b§~r, Ambgw§X Zm_ Ho$ Jm±d h§¡Ÿ&

{dR>mB© A~ VrZ ~ƒm| H$s _m± ~Z J`r WrŸ& nhbm kmZmo~m, Xygar b‹S>H$samYm~mB© Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX JUnV Ÿ& {dR>mB© A~ Mm¡Wo ~mbH$ H$mo OÝ_ XoZodmbr WrŸ&ñd § èd§Vamd Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm "H¥$îUmH$mR>' _| {bIm h¡ - ""_¢ _oar _m± H$mnm±Mdm `m N>Q>dm± AnË` WmŸ&'' àgy{V Ho$ {bE dh Xodamï´> _| Am`r WrŸ& AmŠH$m H$sàgy{V AnZo Ka _| hmoVr h¡ h XoIH$a KmS>Jo Ho$ Ka _| g~ H$mo AmZ§X hwAmŸ& {dR>mB© H$s_m± H$s ~hwV J‹S>~‹S> Mb ahr WrŸ&

AmŠH$m H$s nhbr àgy{V`m± AÀN>r hwB© WrŸ& A~ H$s àgy{VŸ& bo{H$Z Bg g_ÈH$mEH$ n[apñW{V AbJ ~Z J`rŸ& Cg {XZ em_ go J‹S>~‹S> ewê$ hwB© WrŸ& {dR>mB© H$s_m± gmhgrŸ& _Z _| qMVm aIH$a {dR>mB© H$mo YraO XoZo H$m H$m_ H$aZm WmŸ& h Vmo H$m_ewê$ WmŸ& bo{H$Z g_` ~rV ahm WmŸ& V~ _m± H$m Y¡ © Qy>Q> ahm WmŸ& AmŠH$m H$mo nr‹S>m hmoahr WrŸ& àgy{V Omo{I_ H$s WrŸ& Jm±d N>moQ>mgm XohmVŸ& XdmnmZr H$s Hw$N> gw{dYm ZhtWrŸ& Vhgrb Ho$ Jm±d nhw±MZo Ho$ {bE ~¡bJmS>r Ho$ {gdm Xygar H$moB© gdmar Zht WrŸ&^moOZ H$m g_` Q>b J`m Wm V~ VH$ AmŠH$m ~ohmoe hmo J`r WrŸ& _m± H$s {MÝVm ~‹T>J`rŸ& AmŠH$m na AmZodmbm g§H$Q> Q>bZm Mm{hE WmŸ& jU-jU ~oM¡Zr ~‹T> ahr WrŸ&h_oem H$m XdmnmZr {H$`mŸ& Jm±d _| AZw dr ~y‹T>r {ò`m± EH$Ì hwB©Ÿ& CZ_| go {H$gr Ho$nmg àgy{V Ho$ {ZpíMV Cnm` WoŸ& g^r Cnm` hmo J oŸ& bo{H$Z àgy{V H$m {M• {XI ZhtnS>Vm WmŸ& Eoogo g_` XohmV _| EH$ hr Cnm` eof ahVm h¡Ÿ& dh h¡ Xod H$mo Jwhma bJmZm,_Zm¡Vr _ZmZm VWm ^ñ_ bJmZmŸ& Xod go {J‹S>{J‹S>mH$a Jwhma bJmH$a H$hZm {H$, "BgoqOXm aImoŸ&' KmS>Jo Ho$ Ka _| `hr H${R>U g_` Am`m WmŸ& V^r _m± Ho$ hmW T>rbo n‹S>J oŸ& WaH$Zodmbo hmW {\$a EH$Ì hwEŸ& _m± Zo gmJamo~m go hmW OmoS>o Am¡a CgZo AnZo _Zgo gmJamo~m H$s àmW©Zm H$s - ""AmŠH$m H$mo qOXm aImo, _oao hmW H$mo è XoŸ& Vwåhmamñ_aU h_oem H$aVr ah±ÿJrŸ&''

12 _mM© 1914Ÿ& {Z`{V H$m AZwJ«h {d{MÌ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Aì`ŠV ê$n go dh H¥$nmH$aVr h¡Ÿ& _m± Ho$ _Z _| gmJamo~mHo$ à{V Anma ào_Ÿ& {Zð>m ~hwVŸ& amV Ho$ g_` _| CgA§YH$ma _|, ~‹S>r em§{V go gmJamo~m H$mo bJm`r J`r Jwhma gmJamo~m VH$ nh±wM J`rŸ&

gmJamo~m Zo _m± H$s ~mV gwZ brŸ& CgZo _m± Ho$ hmW H$mo e {X`mŸ& Cg g_` KmS>Jo Ho$Ka _| EH$ ~mbH$ H$m OÝ_ hwAmŸ& AmŠH$m H$m H${R>U hmbV _| go Nw>Q>H$mam hwAmŸ& _m±H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy a Am oŸ& AmŠH$m AYIwbo ZoÌm| go Amgnmg XoIZo bJrŸ& {T>~ar Ho$àH$me _| Cgo Hw$N> Zht {XI ahm WmŸ& bo{H$Z ~mbH$ H$s AmdmO H$mZ _| AmZo bJrŸ&Cgo AÀN>m bJ ahm WmŸ& ~ƒm Am¡a AmŠH$m ^r AÀN>r WrŸ& `h g~ XoIH$a XmOr~mH$mo r AÀN>m bJmŸ& CZHo$ Ka _| EH$ ~ƒo H$m AmJ_Z hwAm h¡Ÿ& Bggo CÝh| ~hwV ~S>mAmZ§X hwAmŸ&

lr. am_^mD$ Omoer Zo èd§Vamd Ho$ OÝ_ H$s VmarI 12 _mM© 1914 {bIrh¡Ÿ& boIH$ ed§Vamd Zo H¥$îUmH$mR> _| {bIm h¡ - ""Eogo Xodamï´>'' Jm±d _| _oam OÝ_ 12_mM© 1913 H$mo hwAm h¡Ÿ&' embm H$m g{Q>©{\$Ho$Q> BVZm hr BgH$m g~yV hwAm h¡Ÿ& _¢ _oar_m± H$m nm±Mdm± AWdm N>Q>dm± AnË` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _oao OÝ_ H$s VmarI {H$gr Zo Zht{bIrŸ& _oam OÝ_ AWm©V² _hÎdnyU© gwdU©jU h¡ Eogr H$moB© n[apñW{V Zht WrŸ& AmOAZoH$ bmoJ _wPgo H$hVo h¢ - "Vwåhmar {ZpíMV OÝ_VmarI H${hEŸ&' Am¡a Bgr OÝ_VmarIH$mo _¢ _oar gmb{Jah _ZmVm h±ÿŸ& bo{H$Z eV-à{VeV `hr _oar OÝ_VmarI h¡, `h _¢{ZpíMV ê$n go Zht H$h gH$VmŸ& na§Vw _oar _m± Zo Am¡a ZmZr Zo _wPo _oao OÝ_-g_` H$s{dñV¥V OmZH$mar _oao ~MnZ _| H$hr WrŸ& AmJo _m± go nyN> H$a _¡Zo dh VmarI {ZpíMVH$s WrŸ& (èd§Vamd MìhmU - "H¥$îUmH$mR>', n¥.13) Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ èd§VamdOrH$s OÝ_VmarI 12 _mM© 1914 Z hmoH$a 12 _mM© 1913 hr h¡Ÿ& Bg _| Xmo _V Zhthmo gH$VoŸ&

Z{Zhmb _| _oar _m± H$mo g^r "AmŠH$m' H$hVo WoŸ& dh Ka _| g~ _| ~‹S>r WrŸ&Bg{bE AmZo-OmZodmbm _Zwî` ^r Cgo "AmŠH$m' hr H$hVm WmŸ& EH$ ~ma èd§VamdZ{Zhmb _| Wo V~ CgZo ZmZr go nyN>m Wm, V~ CgZo H$hm Wm - "AmŠH$m H$m Zm_ XodH$m h¡Ÿ& {dR>mB© AnZm Xod h¡Ÿ&'

ZmZr Š`m H$hVr h¡, dh _oar g_P _| Zht Am`mŸ& bo{H$Z CgZo Hw$N> AÀN>mH$hm h¡ Eogo _wPo bJmŸ&

Bg g_` ~mobVo ~mobVo CgZo _oao Zm_ Ho$ nrN>o Omo H$Wm Wr dh Cgo H$hrŸ& CgZoH$hm - "Vwåhmao OÝ_ Ho$ g_` ~‹S>r nr‹S>m hwB© WrŸ& dh ~ohmoe hmo J`r WrŸ& AnZm Jm±dEH$ N>moQ>mgm XohmV WmŸ& dhm± XdmnmZr H$s gw{dYm Zht WrŸ& Kaoby Am¡fYnmZr {H$`m,na CgH$m Hw$N> Cn`moJ Zht hwAmŸ& _wPo qMVm bJrŸ& Am{Ia gmJamo~m H$mo JwhmabJm`rŸ& CgZo A§V…H$aU go Xod H$s àmW©Zm H$sŸ& AmŠH$m H$mo qOXm aIZo _| _oao hmW H$moè XoŸ& Vwåhmao ñ_aU Ho$ ê$n _| b‹S>Ho$ H$m Zm_ ed§V aIy±JrŸ& gmJamo~m Zo _oar àmW©Zm

15 16


gwZ brŸ& Bg{bE Vwåhmam Zm_ "èd§V' aIm h¡Ÿ&'ZmZr Zo g§H$Q> Xya hmo OmE Bg{bE AnZo Jmb na go CgZo C§J{b`m± Kw_m`r Am¡a

AnZr C§J{b`m| H$s H$‹S>H$‹S> AmdmO H$a XrŸ& amV _| ZmZrZo "èd§Vamd' H$mo ^ñ_bJm`mŸ& "{dR>mB©' Am¡a "èd§V' Xmo Zm_m| Ho$ nrN>o H$m B{Vhmg nhbonhb _wPo _mby_hwAmŸ&

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(5) {nVmOr H$m {ZYZ Am¡a CZHo$ mB©

B©. g. 1917-18 H$m dh g_`Ÿ& wÕ g_má hmo ahm WmŸ& Am¡a Cg g_`qhXwñVmZ _| OZVm ßboJ O¡go _hm^ §H$a ~r_mar go g§Kf© H$a ahr WrŸ& ßboJ Zo Mmam|Amoa µH$ha T>m {X`m WmŸ& n[adma Ho$ n[adma Zï> hwE WoŸ& H$amS> _| ^r ßboJ H$m Hw$ham__M J`m WmŸ& do {XZ Wo AZmO H$s H$Q>mB© H$aZo Ho$Ÿ& ßboJ Zo Jm±d _| àdoe {H$`mŸ& V~Jm±d _| bmoJ ~mha nS>Zo bJoŸ& ~bd§Vamd H$mo ^r Jm±d Ho$ ~mha nS>Zm Amdí`H$ WmŸ&Bg{bE {dR>mB© Am¡a ~ƒm| H$mo Xodamï´> H$mo oO {X`mŸ& na§Vw _m_m Ho$ N>moQ>o go Ka _| o g~bmoJ Zht ah gH|$JoŸ& Bg{bE _qhX Ka Ho$ nmg hmoZodmbo ~‹S>o Ka _| Xmo H$_ao _|èd§Vamd Ho$ n[adma H$s ì`dñWm H$a Xr WrŸ& d¡go CZHo$ _m_m Ho$ Ka go CZH$m KaZOXrH$ WmŸ& Bg{bE {XZâ do _m_m Ho$ Ka Ho$ gm_Zo amñVo na IobVo ahVo WoŸ& Cgg_` èd§Vamd Mma dfm] Ho$ hm|JoŸ&

~bd§Vamd AHo$bo hr H$amS> _| ahoŸ& Zm¡H$ar H$m ~§YZ WmŸ& CgHo$ {bE CÝh| Jm±d_| hr ahZm n‹S>mŸ& {XZ ~rV aho WoŸ& {H$gr Z {H$gr n[adma na ha {XZ AmH«$_U hmoVmWmŸ& hmhmH$ma _M J`m WmŸ& ~bd§Vamd AnZr Am±Imo§ go dh Xw…I XoI aho WoŸ& Zm¡H$arH$a aho WoŸ& ~rM-~rM _o§ Xodamï´> OmH$a nËZr ~mb-~ƒm| H$mo XoIH$a dmng AmVo WoŸ&

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Am¡a Cg na do gmo J oŸ& èd§Vamd H$mo BgH$s H$ënZm Zht Wr {H$ CZH$s `h A§{V_eæ`m hmoJrŸ&

BgHo$ ~mX VrZ Mma {XZ hmoZo na r CZH$m Áda H$_ Zht hwAmŸ& _m± K~am J`rŸ&dh Xw…I H$aZo bJrŸ& ed§V H$s g_P _| Hw$N> Zht Am`m WmŸ& Jm±d _| bmoJm| H$m AmZmOmZm ewê$ hwAmŸ& Cggo H$ënZm Am`r {H$ Hw$N> Vmo J§ ra àg§J h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ n[aUm_m| H$sèd§V H$mo H$moB© H$ënZm Zht WrŸ& _¥Ë w Š`m hmoVr h¡ h ed§Vamd H$mo _mby_ Zht WmŸ&EH$ Xmo {XZ _| {nVmOr H$m ñdmñÏ` ~hwV J§ ra hwAmŸ& CZHo$ A§{V_ g_` _| ed§V Ho$gmW g^r ~ƒm| H$mo Ka Ho$ ~mha bm`m J`mŸ& Am¡a Vwbgr Ho$ M~yVao na H§$~b {~N>mH$a{~R>m`m J`mŸ& WmoS>r Xoa Ho$ ~mX èd§VZo _m± Ho$ Xw…I H$s Xhm‹S> gwZrŸ& hŠH$m-~ŠH$mhmoH$a g~ ^mB© Vwbgr H$m M~yVam N>mo‹S>H$a Ka H$s Amoa OmZo bJoŸ& bo{H$Z Xygao bmoJm|Zo CÝh| amoH$ {b`m Am¡a H$hm {H$ - "~ÀMm|, `hm± hr R>hamoŸ& Ka _| _V OmAmoŸ&'

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_m± nrha _| ~hwV {XZ Zht ah gH$Vr WrŸ& ßboJ Ho$ {XZ g_má hmo JEŸ& {\$a doH$amS> Am oŸ& H$amS> _| {Og {H$am o Ho$ Ka _| do ahVo WoŸ& Cg Ka _| do ahZo bJoŸ& bo{H$ZAmJo Š`m? `hr àíZ WmŸ& CZH$s _m± Zo H$ï> H$a Ho$ CÝh| {OÝXm aIm Am¡a gmhgr~Zm`mŸ&

Bg g_` èd§VamdOr Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB© kmZXod gÌh-ARm>ah dfm] Ho$ WoŸ&èd§VamdOr Ho$ {nVmOr Ho$ AZoH$ ~obr\$ {_Ì CZH$s _m± H$s gm§ËdZm Ho$ {bE AmVoAm¡a h_ Hw$N> Vmo à`ËZ H$a|Jo Eogo H$hH$a Mbo OmVoŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ {nVmOr ~‹S>oàm_m{UH$ Am¡a {Zð>m go H$m_ H$aZodmbo J¥hñW WoŸ& Bg{bE CZHo$ ~mao _| g_ì`dgm` _|hmoZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo ghmZw y{V WrŸ& {deofV… H$amS> Ho$ Cg g_` Ho$ _wÝgµ\$ H$mo ^rghmZw y{V WrŸ& CÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd H$s _m± H$mo ~wbmH$a Y¡ © {X`m Am¡a H$hm {H$ - "_¢Vwåhmao b‹S>Ho$ H$mo Zm¡H$ar XoZo H$s {g\$m[ae H$aVm h±yŸ&' na§Vw h ~mV CZHo$ hmW _| ZhtWrŸ& {Obm Ý`m`mYre Ho$ hmW _| WrŸ&

~obr\$ lr. qeJQ>o CZHo$ {nVmOr Ho$ AÀN>o {_Ì WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo CZHo$ ~§Yw H$sZm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE ~hwV à`ËZ {H$ oŸ& lr. qeJQ>o Ho$ _VmZwgma CZH$s _m± AnZo Xmo ~ƒm|

17 18


H$mo boH$a gmVmam Ho$ Ý`m`mYre go {_boŸ& CZHo$ H$hZo Ho$ AZwgma _m± AnZo ~ƒm| H$moboH$a gmVmam Mbr J`rŸ& lr. qeJQ>o ^r gmW WoŸ& do g~ gmVmam H$moQ>© _| nhw±MoŸ& dhm±OmZona qeJQ>o Zo H$hm - "Mbmo, Vwåho gmh~ Ho$ gm_Zo IS>m H$aZm h¡Ÿ&' do h_ g~H$moboH$a CZHo$ Am°{\$g _| Xygao EH$ A{YH$mar H$s Amoa boH$a J oŸ&

h_ dhm± go dmng {ZH$b nS>o V~ ed§Vamd H$s _m± H$s Am±Im| _| AmZ§X Ho$ Am±gyWoŸ& Š`m|{H$ {Obm Ý`m`mYreZo èd§Vamd Ho$ {nVmOr Ho$ [aŠV ñWmZ na ~S>o ~§Yw H$mo~obr\$ Ho$ ê$n _| Zm¡H$ar na boZm H$~yb {H$`m Wm Am¡a d¡gm AmXoe r V¡ ma H$a aImWmŸ&

èd§Vamd H$hVo h¢ {H$ EH$ A§J«oO A{YH$mar Zo h_mao n[adma Ho$ gmW _mZdVmH$m ~Vm©d {H$`m WmŸ& (naV§Ì àemgZ _| Eogm Zhr§ hmo gH$Vm WmŸ&) hwAm dh ^r_mZdVm Ho$ ZmVoŸ&

èd§Vamd AnZr _m± Ho$ gmW H$amS> dmng Am oŸ& EH$ Xmo gámh _| ed§VamdOrHo$ ~§Yw H$mo Zm¡H$arna hm{Oa hmoZo H$m AmXoe {_b J`mŸ& CZH$m Ka pñWa hwAm Am¡aH$ï>àX Š`m| Z hmo, bo{H$Z OrdZ H$s AJbr g\$a ewê$ hwArŸ& ed§VamdOr Ho$ {nVmOrHo$ EH$mEH$ {ZYZ go n[adma na Am`m hwAm g§H$Q> Hw$N> H$_ hwAm WmŸ& {\$a ^r CÝh|CZHo$ Z{Zhmb H$m ghmam boH$a MbZo H$s Oê$aV WrŸ& Bg{bE ha df© {Xdmbr H$sNw>Å>r _| `m Aà¡b Am¡a _B© _{hZo _| Nw>Å>r _| H$amS> go Xodamï´> OmZo H$m CZH$m H$m ©H«$_h_oem H$m H$m ©H«$_ ~Zm WmŸ& Bgr H$maU go èd§VamdOr H$s _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm nyarhmoZo VH$ Xodamï´> Jm±d go CZH$m g§~§Y h_oem ~Zm ahmŸ& Bg{bE Cg Jm±d _| gm_m{OH$n[apñW{V, dhm± XoIo hwE _Zwî`, dhm± AmE hwE AZw d o g~ CZHo$ mdZmerb OrdZHo$ A§J ~Z JE h¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB© Cg g_` {dQ>m (ImZmnya Vhgrb) _| Zm¡H$ar Ho$ {bEahVo WoŸ& èd§Vamd Am¡a CZH$s _m± XmoZm| H$amS> _| WoŸ& H$amS> _| ßboJ H$s ~r_mar hmoZoHo$ H$maU H$amS> H$s embm ~§X WrŸ& Bg{bE _±Pbo mB© JUnVamd Hw$N> _{hZm| Ho$ {bEn‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE VmgJm±d H$s embm _| Mbo J o WoŸ& H$_ go H$_ Aä`mg Vmo hmoJmŸ& dobJ^J Mma _{hZo VmgJm±d _| Wo Am¡a èd§Vamd VWm _m± H$amS> _|Ÿ&

Bg ~§Yw H$m ed§Vamd na ~‹S>m ào_ WmŸ& D±$MmB© go _Ü`_, H$mbm-gm±dbm dU©,Mohao H$m T>§J WmoS>m-~hwV èd§VamdOr O¡gm, {gana a§Jm`m hwAm gm\$m, hmW _|N>mVm, S>mobVo-S>mobVo MbZo H$s AmXV `h CZH$s {dÚmWu AdñWm go ZOa Ho$ gm_ZohmoZodmbm {MÌ Am{Ia VH$ èd§VamdOr Ho$ _Z _| ahmŸ& _Zwî` H$s nhMmZ H$aZo _|Am¡a {_ÌVm H$aZo _| do ~hwV hmo{e`ma WoŸ& bmoJm| Ho$ àíZ g_PH$a CZH$s _XX H$aZo Ho$

{bE CZ _| ~‹S>r C_§J WrŸ& Bg{bE CZH$s Anojm C_« go ~‹S>o hmoZodmbo bmoJm| _| dobmoH${à` WoŸ& CÝh| IobZo H$m AmH$f©U WmŸ& CZHo$ g_d`ñH$ {dÚm{W© m| Ho$ gmW doCÎm_ Hw$íVr IobVo WoŸ& {VbH$ hmBñHy$b _| EH$ Hw$íVr H$s ñnYm© _| CÎm_ Hw$íVr H$aHo$nwañH$ma àmá {H$`m WmŸ& `h Hw$íVr XoIZo Ho$ {bE èd§Vamd J o WoŸ& Am¡a dh Hw$íVrVWm Cg _| CZH$s {ZnwUVm XoIH$a èd§Vamd H$mo AnZo ^mB© Ho$ ~mao _| ~hwV AmXabJmŸ& CZHo$ g_mZ CÝh| AÀN>r Hw$íVr Zht AmVr WrŸ& do CZHo$ gmW ì`m`m_ embm _|OmVo WoŸ& ~rM-~rM _| CZHo$ AmJ«h go do gm\$m ^r ~m§YVo WoŸ& CZH$m ñdmñÏ` CZH$sAnojm CÎm_ WmŸ&

JUnVamd ñd § ~hwV ~w{Õ_mZ WoŸ& na§Vw h_mao Ka H$s Amn{Îm go Am¡a n[apñW{Vgo do AnZr {ejm nyar Zht H$a gHo$Ÿ& ed§Vamd Ho$ AZw d go do CÎm_ {Ibm‹S>r Am¡abmoH${à` {dÚmWu WoŸ& `{X do g~ g_` amOZr{V _| nS> OmVo Vmo CÝhm|Zo AÀN>m Zm_H$_m`m hmoVm, Eogm CZH$m AZw_mZ h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z CÝh| ñd § n[adma Ho$ àíZm| _| CbPZmnS>mŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo AnZr {ejm H$m ^r Ë`mJ {H$`m Am¡a CZH$s {ejmnyar H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^r à`ËZ {H$`mŸ&

n[adma Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z H$m g^r ~moP _m± na Wm Am¡a dh AnZo H$m_ g± mbH$a og~ H$a ahr WrŸ& èd§Vamd H$s _m± {Zaja WrŸ& bo{H$Z dh AnZo _Z go ~hwVgwg§ñH¥$V WrŸ& JUnVamd B§Xm¡a go dmng AmZo na CgZo Cgo H$hm - "B§Xya OmZo _| VyJbVr H$s h¡Ÿ& A~ Xygam| H$mo Xmof _V XmoŸ& Š`m|{H$ CgHo$ {~Zm H$maU H$Qw>Vm n¡Xm hmoJrŸ&AnZr JbVr AmnH$mo hr gwYmaZr Mm{hEŸ& Vy {\$a go embm _| OmZo Ho$ {bE ewédmVH$aŸ&'

JUnVamd Zo _m± H$s gbmh _mZ br Am¡a Cg df© _| hmoZodmbr narjm H$mo ~¡R>ZoH$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& na§Vw CZH$m _Z embm _| Zht bJmŸ& CgZo {ZpíMV V` {H$`m {H$ A~_¢ _m± H$mo H$ï> Zht H$aZo Xy±JmŸ& embm N>moS>H$a EH$ ñWm{ZH$ Zm¡H$ar ñdrH$ma H$a CÝhm|ZoAnZm OrdZH«$_ ewê$ H$aZm V` {H$`mŸ& CgZo Cg g_` èd§VamdOr go H$hm - "_m±H$m_ Zht H$aoJr Am¡a Vy AnZm {ejm-H«$_ nyam H$aŸ& n[adma MbmZo H$s {Oå_oXmar A~_wP na h¡Ÿ&'

Am¡a dh {Oå_oXmar CÝhm|Zo Am{Ia VH$ {Z^m`rŸ& Bg{bE n[adma _| g^r gXñ`m|Zo JUnVamd Ho$ à{V H¥$VkVm ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ&

(6) ed§Vamd H$s _mVm {dR>mB©

ImZmnya Vhgrb Ho$ AÝVJ©V Xodamï´> Zm_ H$m Jm±d h¡Ÿ& amdOr KmS>Jo {H$gmZ WoŸ&

19 20


CZHo$ bS>Ho$ H$m Zm_ XmOr~m h¡Ÿ& CZH$s ~hZ {dR>mB© ~bd§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ gmWã`mhr J`r WrŸ& CZHo$ Ka H$s n[apñW{V Jar~r H$s WrŸ& {\$a r Bgr hmbV _| {dR>mB©Zo{XZ {~Vm oŸ& CgZo amV{XZ H$ï> {H$`m Am¡a ~mb-~ƒm| H$mo {ejm XrŸ& Eogr H$ï>àXhmbV hmoZona ^r CgZo {H$gr Ho$ gm_Zo hmW Zht \¡$bm oŸ& dh ~‹S>r ñdm{^_mZr WrŸ&

~bd§Vamd Ho$ XmXm {dQ>m _| ñWm{`H$ hwE WoŸ& {dQ>m _| CZH$s VrZ-Mma EH$‹S>IoVr WrŸ& O_rZ gyIrŸ& {H$gr Vah Xmo-nm±M ~moao AZmO AmVm WmŸ& ~bd§Vamd Am¡a{dR>mB© Eogo d¡go {XZ {~Vm aho WoŸ&

_oao ~S>o ~§Yw H$mo Zm¡H$ar {_bZo Ho$ ~mX do Hw$N> {XZ H$amS> _| WoŸ& CgHo$ ~mXCZH$m V~mXbm {dQ>m _| hwAmŸ& na§Vw èd§Vamd H$s _m± Zo {ZU© {b`m {H$ XmoZm| N>moQ>m|H$mo boH$a dh H$amS> _| ahoJr Am¡a CZH$s {ejm nyar H$aZr Mm{hEŸ& Bg Ñ{ï> go CgZo{b`m hwAm {ZU© CZHo$ OrdZ H$mo {Xem XoZo Ho$ {bE \$m`Xo_§X hwAm, `h CÝh| ñnï>{XImB© Xo ahm h¡Ÿ Am¡a CgHo$ {ZU© go ed§Vamd Am¡a CZH$m n[adma H$amS>dmgr hwAmŸ&CgHo$ ~mX H$amS> go Omo g§nH©$ Am`m, dh h_oem H$mŸ& dh Jm±d CZH$m hmo J`m Am¡a dhm±CZH$m H$m ©joÌ ~Z J`mŸ&

èd§V H$s _m± embm _| n‹T>r Zht WrŸ& bo{H$Z {ejm H$m _mob (_yë`) AnZo _Z_| OmZVr WrŸ& d¡go XoIm Om` Vmo ed§Vamd Ho$ Ka H$s Jar~r WrŸ& {\$a r dh g§ñH$mago lr_§V WrŸ& `hr lr_§Vr h_ ~ƒm| VH$ nhw±MmZo H$m CgH$m h_oem H$m à`mg hmoVmWmŸ& "Xod AnZo nrN>o h¡Ÿ&' `hr CgH$s {Zð>m WrŸ& Bg{bE dh g§H$Q> H$mb _| H$^rS>J_Jm`r ZhtŸ& dh h_o h_oem Y¡ © XoVr ahrŸ& ~‹S>r ^moa _| {ngmB© nrgVo g_` -

""Zht ~ƒm| S>J_JmAmo,M§Ð gy © na Ho$ Om |Jo _oK...''

`h {Xbmgm XoZodmbr Amodr CgHo$ JmoX na gmoH$a èd§Vamd Zo {H$VZr hr ~magwZr h¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd H$s _m± CZHo$ Ka Ho$ g~ bmoJm| H$s e{ŠV WrŸ& h_ Š`m nT>Vo h¢ Am¡aŠ`m ~mobVo h¡, h dh gwZVr WrŸ& na§Vw Cgo Cg _| mJ boZm g§ d Zht WmŸ& bo{H$Z CgobJVm Wm {H$ AnZo ~ƒo Hw$N> AÀN>r ~mVo ~mobVo h¢, Hw$N> Z`r ~mVo H$aVo h§¡Ÿ& na§VwCgZo h_mao H$m_m| _| `m {dMmam| _| H$ht ^r éH$mdQ> Zht S>mbrŸ& bo{H$Z EH$ ~mV gMh¡ {H$ dh h_mao {bE ~hwV _wgr~V| CR>m ahr WrŸ& ~‹S>o ^mB© H$s VZ»dmh H$_Ÿ& CgVZ»dmh go WmoS>m-~hwV h_mao {bE oO XoVo WoŸ& eof ~mVm| Ho$ {bE èd§Vamd H$s _m±Zo AnZo ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE ~hwV H$ï> CR>m oŸ& JUnVamd Zo O~ _m± Ho$ H$ï>m| H$s `mX{Xbm`r, V~ èd§VamdOr H$m _Z â Am`mŸ&

_m± Zo èd§Vamd go H$hm - "~m~m, Vy nT>Vm h¡, Ky_Vm h¡, {\$aVm h¡ - o g~AÀN>m h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z {H$gr ~war ~mVm| _| Z CbPZmŸ& h_ Jar~ hmo Vmo AnZo Ka H$slr_§Vr AnZo ~mobZo-~Vm©d H$aZo _| h¡, àWmAm| _| h¡Ÿ& h ~mV h_oem Ho$ {bE Ü`mZ _|aIŸ& Vwåho {H$gr H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aZm h¡ Vmo _oam H$moB© hO© ZhtŸ& _¡§ H$ï> H$aHo$ Vwåhmar{ejm nyar H$ê±$JrŸ& bo{H$Z Vy Bg {ejm _| bmnadmhr hmoJr, Eogm _V H$aŸ& Vw_ n‹T>J o, Vmo Vwåhmam X¡d ~S>m hmoJmŸ&'

_m± Zo EH$ AW© go - h_o CgHo$ {dMma go EH$ VÎdkmZ {X`m WmŸ& dh J¥hñWrMbmVr WrŸ& Cg _| Š`m AS>MZo hmoVr h¢ h Cgo _mby_ WrŸ& na dh Y¡ © XoVr Wr h_oŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo H$hm {H$ - "_oar _m± gwg§ñH¥$V WrŸ& h CgHo$ ~Vm©d Am¡a ~mobZo go{XImB© XoVm WmŸ& h_mao Ka H$s Jar~r Š`m| Z hmo, bo{H$Z h_mao Ka H$moB© Am o J o VmoCZH$m `Wme{ŠV C{MV AmXam{VÏ` H$aZo _| CgZo H$^r JbVr Zht H$sŸ& H$^r H$^r[aíVoXma Am¡a Xodamï´> Ho$ AmR>-AmR>, Xg-Xg bmoJ _oh_mZ hmoH$a Am o, Vmo ^r CgZog~ H$s ì`dñWm H$sŸ& dh H$hVr Wr {H$, h_o \$mH$m nS>oJm Vmo MboJm na AmZoOmZodmbm| H$mo noQ>â ^moOZ {XbmZm Mm{hEŸ&'

Xod Y_© na CgH$s lÕm WrŸ& am_mÙ Ho$ H$Wm Ho$ ~mao _| Cgo ~hwV AmXa WmŸ&H$amS> Ho$ EH$ _§{Xa _| am_mÙ H$s H$Wm nT>r OmVr WrŸ& dhm± OmH$a dh AZoH$ _{hZm|VH$ dh H$Wm gwZVr WrŸ& ~rM ~rM _| dh _wPo r bo OmVr WrŸ& CgHo$ gmW OmH$a _¢Zo^r am_ H$Wm gwZr Am¡a _oao _Z _| ^r am_H$Wm Ho$ ~mao _| ag {Z_m©U hwAmŸ& _m± H$moam_mÙ H$s H$Wm àg§Jmog{hV _mby_ WrŸ& {\$a _¢ Cgo CbQo>-gwbQ>o àíZ nyN>Vm WmŸ&

V~ _m± H$hVr h¡ - "Vy n‹T>m {bIm h¡, dh n‹T>H$a XoI boŸ& _¢Zo Omo gwZm h¡ dh^{ŠV^mdZm go gM _mZVr h±yŸ& (am_ H$Wm V~ go _oar {à` H$Wm ~Z J`r h¡Ÿ&)'

_m± ~rM ~rM _| gmIao~wdm H$s "gmW© kmZoídar' n‹T>H$a boVr WrŸ& kmZoídarg_PZo Ho$ {bE WmoS>r H${R>ZŸ& nwamZr ^mfm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh èd§VamdOr H$mo O¡gmg_PZm Mm{hE Wm d¡go g_P _| Zht AmVm WmŸ& bo{H$Z _¢ nT>Vm Am¡a dh Cgo {ŠVnyd©H$gwZVr WrŸ& EH$ gßVmh _| èd§VamdOr Zo Cgo Xmo AÜ`m` n‹T>mH$a {XImE, V~ CgonyN>m - "Vw_Zo `h g~ gwZ {b`m, CgH$m gmam§e Vwåhmao _Z _| Š`m Am`mŸ?'

CgZo ed§VamdOr go EH$ dmŠ` _| H$hm - "H¥$îUXod AO©wZ go H$hVo h¢ {H$, VyAnZm "Ah§' N>mo‹S> Am¡a Vwåh| Omo H$m_ H$aZm Mm{hE, dh H$m_ Vy H$aVo ahZmŸ& g~ EogmH$hVo h¢ Am¡a dh C{MV h¡Ÿ&'

JrVm H$m BVZm gab, grYm Am¡a AmgmZ Ame` _¢ Xygao n§{S>V go gwZm Zht h¡Ÿ&CgH$s g_P AÀN>r WrŸ& _Z Y¡ ©erb Wm Am¡a CXma WmŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ AZwgma -

21 22


""h_mar gƒr embm h_mar _m± WrŸ&''~MnZ _| EH$ ~ma èd§Vamd ZmZr Am¡a _m± Ho$ gmW n§T>anya OmH$a {dÇ>b Ho$

Xe©Z H$aHo$ Am o WoŸ& CgHo$ ~mX ed§Vamd AZoH$ ~ma n§T>anya J o h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z do nhbo`m nyd© Xe©Z H$s mX ybVo Zht h¡Ÿ& à{g{Õ àmá hmoZo na, gÎmmYmar hmoZo na ed§VamdZo {dÇ>b H$m Amam_ go Xe©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z {~JS>Zodmbo ~S>do H$s Amoa Ü`mZ Z XoH$a_m± Zo N>moQ>o èd§Vamd H$mo CR>mH$a {dÇ>b Ho$ n¡am|na CÝh| aIH$a {dÇ>b H$m Xe©ZH$adm`mŸ& CgH$s Anydm©B© èd§Vamd H$mo h_oem `mX ahVr h¡Ÿ& ^r‹S> _o§ go do Mma-Xmo{XZ, M§Ð^mJm H$s aoVr _| hmoZodmbo ÔZm| Ho$ g_yh (\$S>) Am¡a dhm± Mbo hwE AÀN>oÔZ, CZH$s dh _rR>r AmdmO Am{X g~ KQ>ZmE± Am¡a {MÌ AmO ^r èd§VamdOrH$s Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo AmVo h¢Ÿ& O~ èd§Vamd n§T>anya OmH$a {dÇ>b Ho$ Xe©Z boVo h¢,Bg_| lÕm H$m ^mJ {H$VZm?

bmoJ _wPgo nyN>Vo h¢Ÿ& {\$a ed§Vamd CÎma XoVo h¡ - "nËWa H$s _y{V© _| B©ída h¡,Eogm H$^r ^r Zht _mZVmŸ& na_oída ê$n _| H$moB© ì`{ŠV H$ht ~¡R>r h¡ Am¡a dh g~Xw{Z`m MbmVr h¡, Eogm _oam _V Zht h¡Ÿ& na§Vw h_mar g_P _| Z AmZodmbr EH$ e{ŠVh¡Ÿ& Bg{bE CgH$m ApñVËd _mZZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ {~Zm AZoH$ ~mV| gwbPm`rZht Om gH$VrŸ&'

B©ída h¡ `h ~w{ÕdmX go {gÕ Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, d¡go dh Zht h¡, `h ^r{gÕ Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ& Bg{bE {Og ñWmZna g¡H$S>mo dfm] g_mO nwéf ZV_ñVH$hmoVm Am`m h¡, dhm± ZV_ñVH$ hmoZm _¢ lo ñH$a _mZVm hÿ±Ÿ& _§{Xa _| OmZo Ho$ nrN>o _oar`hr ^mdZm h¡Ÿ& Bgr ^mdZm go _¢ VwbOmnya OmVm hÿ±, àVmnJS> OmVm hÿ±Ÿ& Bg _| H$moB©A§YlÕm Zht h¡Ÿ& na§Vw h H$aZo go _oao _Z H$mo EH$ àH$ma H$m g_mYmZ {_bVm h¡Ÿ& h~mV _wPo ñdrH$ma H$aZr Mm{hEŸ&

{OÝXJr _| ~hwV dfm] Xw…I H$s gmW H$aZo na {Xbmgm Am¡a {XbXma ahZm `hB©ída H$s XoZ h¡Ÿ& _oar _m± H$m OrdZ Xrn Á`mo{V Ho$ g_mZ _wPo h_oem bJVm h¡Ÿ& Xr`mObVm h¡ŸCgHo$ àH$me _| _Zwî` Ky_Vo-{\$aVo h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z AnZm Cn`moJ bmoJm| H$mo hmoVmh¡Ÿ& `h Cg Á`mo{V H$mo, Cg àH$me H$mo _mby_ Zht hmoVmŸ& dh Xrn Á`mo{V H$m ObZm_m± H$m WmŸ&

JUnVamd H$mo h Am§XmobZ _hÎdnyU© bJVm h¡, h ~mV CÝh| ng§X AmVr WrŸ&na§Vw CÝhm|Zo Cggo namd¥Îm H$aZo H$m à`ËZ Zht {H$`mŸ& _wP go H$hm {H$ - "Vw_ h OmoH$aVo hmo, Š`m h _m± H$mo ng§X h¡? Bg {df` _| Vw_ Cggo ~mV H$a bmoŸ&'

èd§Vamd Vmo Bg Am§XmobZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| _m± go ha ~mV ~mobVo WoŸ&

"Vwåhmar {ejm _| ~mYm Am oJr, h Vmo _wPo qMVm h¡Ÿ&' h _m± Zo ed§Vamd goOê$a H$hm WmŸ& na§Vw èd§Vamd Omo H$aVo h¢, Cggo nrN>o _moS> boZo H$m à`ËZ Zht{H$`mŸ&

CgZo H$hm - "Vw_ Jm§YrOr H$m H$m_ H$aVo hmo, Vwåho "Zm' H¡$go H$hÿ±Ÿ& bo{H$ZVwåhmam ~S>m ^mB© gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar _| h¡, dh ZmamO Zht hmoJm, BgH$m {dMma H$aŸ&'

CgH$m H$hZm gM WmŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ ~S>o ^mB© Omo gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar _| Wo, CÝh|èd§Vamd H$m `h amOZ¡{VH$ H$m_ {~bHw$b ng§X Zht WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo èd§VamdOr goñnï> H$hm Wm {H$ - "Vwåhmao Bg CÚmoJ go H$^r r _oar Zm¡H$ar Ny>Q> gH$Vr h¡§Ÿ& Am¡a h_g~ AZmW ~Z Om |JoŸ&'

bo{H$Z èd§VamdZo CZHo$ ~mobZo H$s qMVm Zhr§ H$sŸ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo CZH$m H$m_Omar aImŸ&

Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ èd§Vamd Xoeào_r Wo Am¡a CZH$m A§{V_ Ü o Wm Xoe H$moñdV§Ì H$aZmŸ&

(7) ed§Vamd H$s {ejm Xrjm

èd§Vamd H$s nhbr nmR>embm Xodamï´> H$sŸ& Jm±d H$s npíM_ H$s Va\$ D±$MrnhmS>r na EH$ Vmbm~ Ho$ {H$Zmao na hmoZodmbo Xmo-VrZ H$_am| _| embm âVr WrŸ&èd§Vamd H$s {ejm H$m lrJUoem hm± hr hwAm WmŸ& do Ho$db embm _| OmVo-AmVo WoŸ&CZH$m Zm_ embm _| Xm{Ib Zht {H$`m WmŸ& lr. am_^mD$ Omoer Zo "èd§Vamd …B{VhmgmMo EH$ nmZ' n¥. 11 na {bIm h¡ - "èd§Vamd Xodamï´>m nhw±M J oŸ& {\$aXm{O~mZo dhm± H$s embm _| èd§Vamd H$mo Xm{Ib {H$`mŸ& èd§Vamd H$s Mm¡Wr VH$H$s {ejm Z{Zhmb _o§ Xodamï´>m _| hwB©Ÿ& H$amS> _| èd§Vamd H$mo {VbH$ hmB©ñHy$b _|Xm{Ib {H$`m J`mŸ&'

gM ~mV `h h¡ {H$, èd§Vamd H$s _¡Q´>rH$ VH$ H$s gmar {ejm H$amS> _| hwB©Ÿ&ñdmV§Í` nyd© H$mb _| nhbr B`Îmm H$mo BÝ\$ÝQ´>r H$hVo WoŸ& Cg g_` ZJa n[afX H$sembm H$mo ñHy$b ~moS>© H$s embm H$hVo WoŸ& Kadmbm| Zo ñHy$b ~moS>© H$s embm H«$. 1; 4_| èd§Vamd H$m Zm_ Xm{Ib {H$`mŸ& CZH$s 12-3-1913 OÝ_ VmarI {bIr h¡Ÿ&15-5-1918 CZH$m Zm_ BÝ\$ÝQ´>r _| Xm{Ib hwAm h¡Ÿ& CZH$m Zm_ èd§V ~mbmMìhmU {bIm J`m h¡Ÿ& CZH$s OmV _amR>m {bIr JB© h¡Ÿ& èd§Vamd Z o ê$n _| ñHy$b_| Xm{Ib hwE WoŸ& do Cg ñHy$b _| N>R>dr H$jm VH$ nT>o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo 31-5-24 H$modh ñHy$b N>mo‹S> {X`m Am¡a ñHy$b Z§. 2 _| gmVdr H$jm _| nT>Zo Ho$ {bE JE Am¡a do Bgr

23 24


ñHy$b _| go gmVdr H$jm CÎmrU© hwE Am¡a Bg H$jm H$mo nhbo ìh.\$m. ^r H$hm OmVmWmŸ& ñHy$b Z§. 2 _| CZH$m a{O. Z§. 187 WmŸ& Bg ñHy$b Ho$ a{OñQ>a _| ed§V ~bd§VMìhmU Zm_ {bIm h¡Ÿ& do B©.g. 1927 _| gmVdr narjm CÎmrU© hwEŸ&

BgHo$ ~mX do B©.g. 1927 _| {Q>bH$ hmBñHy$b _| Xm{Ib hwEŸ& H$amS> Ho$ {VbH$hmBñHy$b _| EH$ df© _| VrZ B`Îmm H$m H$mog© nmg H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do {VbH$ hmBñHy$b Ho${dÚmWu ~Z J oŸ& Cg g_` embm H$s \$sg _m_ybr WrŸ& Cg g_` bmb n¡go H$mo ~‹S>rH$s_V WrŸ& Y{ZH$ bmoJm|Ho$ bS>H$m| Ho$ {bE \$sg H$m àíZ CnpñWV Zht hmoVmŸ& Š`m|{H$CZHo$ nmg n¡go WoŸ& na BZ Xmo ~§YwAm| H$mo embm H$s EH$ _{hZo H$s \$sg XoZo Ho$ {bE Ka_| n¡gm eof Zht ahVm WmŸ& Jar~m|Ho$ bS>Ho$ T>moaS>§Ja H$s aIdmbr H$a, Jmo~a EH$ÌH$ao, Jm¡embm gm\$ H$ao, IoVr H$s aIdmbr H$ao, Eogr hr gwIdñVw g_Po OmZodmbobmoJm| H$s mdZm WrŸ& BZ bS>H$m| Ho$ H$ï> Ho$ _wAmdOo Ho$ ê$n _| eof ahm hwAm ~mgr AÞCÝh| XoZo H$m ~S>ßnZ do {XImVo WoŸ& {VañH$ma Vmo CZ bS>H$mo§ H$mo gwZZm hr nS>Vm WmŸ&Jar~ H$m H$moB© bS>H$m nT>Vm h¡ Vmo Cgo \$sg H$s _m_ybr _XX H$aZo H$s ~mV Vmo Xya,\$sg _m\$s Ho$ {bE H$moB© Jar~ g_mO _| {H$gr à{V{ð>V ì`{ŠV go Jar~r H$m {g\$m[aenÌ _m±Jm Vmo CgH$s {~XmB© {VañH$ma go hmoVr WrŸ&

{VbH$ hmBñHy$b _| n‹T>Zodmbm èd§V ^r Bg àH$ma Ho$ {VañH$ma _| go NyQ>mZhtŸ& Cg g_` embm _| \$sg _m\$s {_bmZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr à{V{ð>V ì`{ŠV go "{dÚmWuJar~ h¡' H$m {e\$m[ag nÌ boZm nS>Vm WmŸ& Eogo hr EH$ {XZ èd§V Jm±d _| EH$ImZXmZr lr_§V Ho$ nmg {e\$m[ag nÌ _m±JZo J`mŸ& MìhmU n[adma Jar~r _| {XZ {~Vmahm h¡ h ~mV Cg à{V{ð>V ì`{ŠV H$mo _mby_ WrŸ& na§Vw CgZo Jar~rH$m {e\$m[ag nÌXoZm BÝH$ma H$a {X`m Am¡a {VañH$ma Ho$ eãX ^r gwZmEŸ& `h EH$ N>moQ>rgr KQ>Zm, na§VwBg N>moQ>r-gr KQ>Zm go èd§Vm Ho$ _Z H$mo R>|g nh±wMrŸ& Jar~m| H$mo ñdm{^_mZ ZhthmoVm, Eogr hr Cg à{V{ð>V ì`{ŠV H$s ^mdZm hmoJrŸ& CÝh| {e\$m[ag nÌ Zht {_bmBgH$m CÝh| Xw…I Zht Wm, na CÝh| Xw…I Wm Cg VwÀN> eãX H$mŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| BgKQ>Zm go Q>rg n¡Xm hwB©Ÿ& na§Vw h eë` ed§Vamd Zo AnZo _Z Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| aI {X`mAm¡a dhm± go {ZH$b nS>mŸ& bo{H$Z CgZo AnZo _Z _| à{Vkm H$s {ejm H$s _XX Ho${H$gr ~S>o AmX_r Ho$ nmg OmZm Zht Mm{hEŸ& O¡gr r n[apñW{V hmoJr d¡gr n[apñW{V_| {ejm boZr Mm{hEŸ& CZHo$ ^mB©~§X WoŸ& bo{H$Z do Xya IS>o ahH$a XoI aho WoŸ&_hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejm Ho$ g_` ^r CgZo {H$gr Ho$ nmg `mMZm Zht H$sŸ& bo{H$Z {_ÌCZH$s _XX Ho$ {bE V¡ ma WoŸ& èd§V n‹T>o Eogo Hw$N> {_Ìm| H$s BÀN>m WrŸ& CZ _| gogwIr-g§nÞ EH$ {_Ì Zo èd§V Ho$ Cƒ {ejm H$s {Oå_oXmar ñd § ñdrH$ma brŸ&

àma§{^H$ H$mb _| {ejm _| AS>MZo Am`r Jar~r H$sŸ& BgHo$ {gdm` Cg g_` qhXwñWmZ_| Omo amOZ¡{VH$ n[apñW{V Wr Am¡a Am§XmobZ WoŸCg _| mJ boZo H$s BÀN>m hmoZo na rCZHo$ _mJ© _| AZoH$ AS>MZo WrŸ&

do Aà¡b 1934 _| _°Q´>rH$ H$s narjm nmg hwEŸ& AJbr {ejm Ho$ {bE CÝhm|ZoH$moëhmnya Ho$ amOmam_ H$m°boO _| àdoe {b`mŸ& dhm± go do ~r.E. hwEŸ& do H$moëhmnyaAmH$a pñWa hwE WoŸ& ~rM ~rM _| AS>MZo AmVr ahrŸ& CZHo$ ~§Yw JUnVamd Am¡a {_Ìm|Zo gmar AS>MZo Xya H$sŸ& gmVmam {Obo _| CZHo$ Omo H$m ©H$Vm© Am¡a {_Ì Wo, CZHo$ H$m_go do AbJ ahZm Zht MmhVo WoŸ& do Vmo gmVmam {Obo _| H$m±J«og Am§XmobZ H$m EH$ AQy>Q>^mJ ~Z J o WoŸ& CZgo {_bZo Ho$ {bE do H$^r gmVmam OmVo Am¡a CZHo$ {_Ì CZgo {_bZoHo$ {bE H$moëhmnya AmVoŸ& Am§XmobZ Ho$ H$m_ H$s Anojm do nT>Zo Ho$ {bE A{YH$ g_`XoVo WoŸ& nT>mB© Ho$ gmYZ ~hwV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~m¡{ÕH$ Am¡a d¡Mm[aH$ e{ŠV àmá H$aZo Ho$H$m_ _| ed§Vamd _¾ hmo J o WoŸ&

~r.E. H$s narjm Ho$ {bE èd§VamdZo amOZr{V, B{Vhmg Am¡a AW©emñÌ o{df` {b o WoŸ& B©. g. 1938 _| CÝhm|Zo ~r.E. narjm XrŸ& CZHo$ gm_Zo àíZ CnpñWVhwAm {H$ H$mZyZ H$m AÜ``Z H$hm± H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& do Cnm{Y YmaH$ Vmo hwE Wo Am¡a AmJoŠ`m H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& A^r AmJo Š`m H$aZm h¡Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| Eb.Eb.~r. H$ê±$Jm EogmCÝhm|Zo {dMma {H$`mŸ& Eb.Eb.~r. H$aZo Ho$ nyd© Am{W©H$ V¡ mar H$aZr Amdí`H$hmoJrŸ& {dQ>m _| CZH$s VrZ Mma EH$‹S> IoVr WrŸ& dh ^r d{S>bmonm{O©VŸ& CÝh| CgH$mAÀN>m CËnmXZ Zht AmVm WmŸ& CZHo$ Xmo mB© m|Zo gwPm`mŸ& Cg IoVr H$mo ~oM S>mbZo goèd§Vamd CZ n¡gm| _| Eb.Eb.~r. hmo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

g~Zo {_bH$a {dQ>m _| OmH$a O_rZ H$m {~H«$sIV H$a {X`mŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$ bm°H$m°boO Ho$ Xmo dfm} Ho$ IM© H$s gw{dYm hmo J`rŸ&

Eb.Eb.~r. Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo nyZm MwZ {b`mŸ& Aä`mg Ho$ {bE CÎm_ dmVmdaUWmŸ& nhbo nhbo CÝhm¢Zo bm° H$m°boO XoImŸ& CgH$s B_maV hmb hr _| ~m§Yr J`r WrŸ&B_maV H$mo XoIVo hr CZH$m _Z àgÞ hwAmŸ& O~ CÝhm|Zo H$m°boO H$s bm`~«ar XoIr V~do ~hwV AmíM ©M{H$V hmo J oŸ& BVZm CÎm_ dmVmdaU CgZo AÝ`Ì Šd{MV XoIm hmoJmŸ&dmMZ Ho$ {bE Am¡a kmZmO©Z Ho$ {bE dhm± ~‹S>m {demb joÌ WmŸ&

1938 gmb H¡$go ~rV J`m dh g_P _| Zht Am`mŸ& {\$a H$mZyZ H$s AnojmCÝhm|Zo AÝ` ~mVm| H$m A{YH$ Aä`mg {H$`m WmŸ& CgH$m n[aUm_ `h hwAm {H$ do1939 H$s H$mZyZ H$s narjm _| AZwÎmrU© hwEŸ& ~hþV AÜ``Z H$aHo$ AJbo N>… _{hZm|_| do `h narjm CÎmrU© hwEŸ&

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1940 H$m df© g_má hmoVo Am ahm WmŸ& CgZo H$_am ~XbH$a H$mZyZ Ho$ Xygao df©H$s narjm H$s V¡ mar ewê$ H$sŸ& CZH$s _m± H$m CZgo h_oem g§Xoe AmVm WmŸ"A~ Vwåhmarnarjm hmoZo VH$ H¥$nm H$aHo$ H$_ go H$_ Oob _| _V OmAmoŸ& narjm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Vwåho OmoHw$N> H$aZm h¡ dh H$aŸ&' _m± H$s ~mV ed§VamdZo gwZ br Am¡a AÜ``Z {H$`mŸ& Aà¡b_| CZH$s narjm hwB©Ÿ& {\$a nyZm N>moS>H$a H$amS> Am oŸ& CZ na {Obm H$m±J«og Ho$ AÜ`jnXH$s {Oå_oXmar WrŸ& Bg{bE do h_oem {Obo _| Ky_ aho WoŸ& narjm H$m \$b A~ Kmo{fVhmoZodmbm WmŸ&

EH$-Xmo _{hZm| Ho$ ~mX CZH$s narjm H$m [aPëQ> Am`mŸ Am¡a èd§Vamd CÎmrU©hwEŸ& CZH$s _m± H$mo ~hwV AmZ§X hwAmŸ& èd§VamdZo Omo `moOZm ~Zm`r Wr, CgHo$AZwgma CgZo AnZr {ejm nyar H$sŸ& CZHo$ amOZ¡{VH$ H$m © Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ VrZ-Mmadfª ì`W© ~rV J oŸ& CgHo$ H$maU WmoS>rgr ~‹T>Vr C_« _| CgZo dH$sb H$m Aä`mg nyam{H$`m WmŸ& h ~mV do g_P J o WoŸ&

A~ d{H$br H$aZo H$m àíZ {Z_m©U hwAmŸ& gmVmam {H$ H$amS>Ÿ& èd§Vamd Zo{ZU© {H$`m {H$ - "d{H$br H$aZo Ho$ {bE _oam OrdZ h¡ Eogm _wPo Zht bJVmŸ& hwAm h¡Vmo dH$sb, Vmo H$amS> _| d{H$br H$aZo H$m à`ËZ H$a|JoŸ& CgHo$ gmW amï´>r` Am§XmobZH$m © r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&' CgZo H$amS> _| Jwédma noR> _| Xoenm§S>o H$m Ka {H$am o na{b`m Am¡a CgZo dhm± d{H$br ewê$ H$sŸ& CgZo df© a d{H$br H$sŸ& CZH$m d{H$brH$mAZw d ~hwV Hw$N> AÀN>m Zht WmŸ& gmVmam {Obo _| Omo H$m ©H$Vm© bmoJ Wo h_oem CZH$s^r‹S> ahVr WrŸ& Eogr hmbV _| d{H$br g§ d Zht WrŸ& AmJo MbH$a èd§VamdZoAm§XmobZ H$aZm, H$m±J«og H$m àMma àgma H$aZm Bg H$m © H$mo àYmZVm XrŸ&

èd§Vamd H$s {ejm-Xrjm BÝ\$ÝQ´>r go boH$a _°Q´>rH$ VH$ H$amS> _| hwB© Wr, Z {H$Xodamï´> _|Ÿ& o gmao à_mU _oao nmg h¡Ÿ& _oao nmg H$amS> _| embm Z§. 1, 4 Am¡a embm Z§.2 H$m Xm{Ibm {bpìh¨J g{Q>©{\$Ho$Q> h¡Ÿ& èd§Vamd {VbH$ hmBñHy$b _| go _°Q´>rH$ nmghwE Aà¡b 1934Ÿ& CZH$m {bpìh¨J g{Q>©{\$Ho$Q> _oao nmg h¡Ÿ&

(8) ed§VamdOrHo$ AmXaUr` AÜ`mnH$

èd§VamdOr {H$ {ejm H$m lr JUoem Xodamï> _| hwAm WmŸ& ~§Sy> Jmod§S>o ed§VamdH$mo nT>mZodmbo nhbo {ejH$ WoŸ& _Z bJmH$a nT>mZodmbo ào_r {ejH$ WoŸ&

Cg g_` ed§Vamd H$s embm _| eoUrbrH$a Zm_ Ho$ AÜ`mnH$ WoŸ& CÝh| em¡H$Wm n‹T>mZo H$m Am¡a {H«$Ho$Q> H$mŸ& CÝhm|Zo ed§Vamd H$mo {H«$Ho$Q> {gImZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m,na CÝhm|Zo Cg _| é{M Zht {XIbm`rŸ&

èd§Vamd Oob H$s ~amH$s _| WoŸ& dhm± "emHw§$Vb' Ho$ dJ© ewé hwE WoŸ& Hw$N> {XZm|Ho$ ~mX AmMm © mJdVZo ed§Vamd Am¡a CZHo$ {_Ìm| H$mo eoŠg{nà H$m ZmQ>H$ {gImZoH$s ~mV H$~yb H$s WrŸ& {\$a CÝhm|Zo èd§Vm H$mo "Á y{bAa grPa' ZmQ>H$ nT>m`mŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo amOmam_ H$m°boO _| {dÚmWu H$s h¡{g`V go àdoe {H$`m WmŸ& Cgg_` S>m°ŠQ>a ~mbH¥$îU H$m°boO Ho$ àmMm © WoŸ& d¥{Îm go amï´>r`, B{Vhmg Ho$ {dÛmZàmÜ`mnH$, dŠV¥Ëd g§nÞ Am{X H$maUm| go CÝh| amOmam_ H$m°boO _| Am¡a H$moëhmnya _|~hwV _mZ-gå_mZ WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd H$mo CnXoe {H$`m {H$ - "Vw_ H¥$nm H$aHo$g§ñWmZ H$s amOZr{V _| ^mJ Z bmo Am¡a Aä`mg H$aHo$ grIVo ahmoŸ&' èd§VamdZoCgH$s Amkm H$m nmbZ {H$`mŸ&

èd§Vamd H$mo g§ñH¥$V nT>Zm WmŸ& na§Vw emòr ~wAmZo H$hm - "_¢ A~«m÷Um| H$moXoddmUr g§ñH¥$V Zht nT>mD±$JmŸ&' CgHo$ ~mX èd§Vamd Zo AY©_mJYr {df` {b`mŸ&S>m°ŠQ>a CnmÜ o Zm_ Ho$ àmÜ`mnH$ CÝh| AY©_mJYr n‹T>mVo WoŸ& do ~hwV CÎm_ {ejH$ WoŸ&WmoS>o l_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX AY©_mJYr [df` _| AÀN>o JwU {_bVo h¢Ÿ& BgH$m ed§Vamd H$moAZw d Am`mŸ&

Cg g_` bmoH${à` CnÝ`mgH$ma lr. Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$ amOmam_ H$m°boO _| àmÜ`mnH$WoŸ& O~ èd§Vamd B§Q>a_r{OEQ> _| Wo V~ do CÝh| VH©$emò nT>mVo WoŸ& Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$~mha O¡go bmoH${à` Wo d¡go do {dÚm{W© m| _| ~hwV {à` WoŸ& {df` AmgmZ Am¡a _Zmoa§OH$H$aZo _| \$S>Ho$ CÎm_ WoŸ& `h Vmo CZHo$ AÜ`mnH$ hmoZo H$m CÎm_ g~yV WmŸ& Bg{bE_amR>r, B{Vhmg Ho$ gmW hr VH©$emò ^r CZHo$ ng§X Ho$ {df` WoŸ&

Cgr amOmam_ H$m°boO _| "_mYd Á w{b`Z' nQ>dY©Z Zm_ Ho$ àmÜ`mnH$ WoŸ& doCÎm_ H${d Ho$ ê$n _o§ _hmamï´> _| à{gÕ WoŸ& B§Q>a_r{OEQ> dJ© _| do èd§VamdOr H$moA§J«oOr n‹T>mVo WoŸ& do {dÛmZ Am¡a àH¥${V go J§ ra WoŸ& {ejH$ Am¡a {dÚmWu BZ XmoZm| Ho$~rM _o§ Omo AmË_r`Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ dh H$^r CZ _| {XImB©Zht XrŸ& o XmoZm| r AnZr AnZr Ñ{ï> go ~S>o AmX_r WoŸ& BZ XmoZm|o Ho$ à{V ed§VamdOrHo$ _Z _| ~‹S>m AmXa WmŸ& na CgH$m H$maU Š`m Wm CZH$s g_P _| `h ~mV ZhtAmVrŸ&

Cgr amOmam_ H$m°boO _| S>m°. ~mog Zm_ Ho$ B§J«Or Ho$ àmo\o$ga WoŸ& èd§VamdOrO~ ~r.E. Ho$ dJ© _| Wo do CÝh| A§J«oOr n‹T>mVo WoŸ& èd§VamdOr hmBñHy$b go boH$aH$m°boO VH$ H$s AdñWm _| èd§VamdOr AZoH$ {ejH$m| go H${dVm grIo h¢Ÿ& na§Vwàmo\o$ga ~mog H$s e¡br {H$gr H$mo gmÜ` Zht hwB©Ÿ O~ do hmBñHy$b _| n‹T>Vo Wo V~ CZHo${ejH$ lr. X§Vmon§V nmR>H$ _| CÝh| ~mog H$s e¡br {XIm`r XrŸ&

27 28


èd§Vamd O~ H$moëhmnya _| Mma dfm] VH$ grIZo Ho$ {bE Wo V~ CÝh| CZ g~H$s`mX AmVr h¡Ÿ&

{ejm {df`H$ OrdZ _| Eogo _hmZ ì`{ŠV`m| H$m à^md ~hwV {XZ {Q>H$m ahVm h¡Am¡a EH$ Ñ{ï> go dh A{dñ_aUr` ^r h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ CZH$s Amoa go {_bo hwE g§ñH$ma oh_oem Ho$ {bE {Q>H$Zodmbo g§ñH$ma hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

èd§VamdOr Ho$ OrdZ _| H$moëhmnya _| {ejm Ho$ Mma dfª Zrd ñWm{nV H$aZodmboAm¡a J{V_mZ ~ZmZodmbo Mma dfª WoŸ& BZ dfm] _| èd§Vamd Ho$ OrdZ _| ~hwV Hw$N>n[adV©Z hwEŸ&

èd§VamdOr 1938 _| ~r.E. H$s narjm CÎmrU© hwEŸ{_Ìm| Zo CZgo H$hm - "Vwåho AÜ`mnH$ `m g§nmXH$ hmoZm h¡ Vmo H$mZyZ H$m kmZ

Vwåhmao H$m_ _| H$moB© ~mYm CËnÞ Zht hmoJmŸ& H$mZyZ H$s narjm XoH$a ^r Vw_ AmJo OmgH$Vo hmoŸ& {g\©$ Cnm{YYmar Vmo ~rM _| hr bQ>H$Vo ahmoJoŸ&'

èd§VamdZo {dMma {H$`m {H$ CÝh| AÝV _| ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ H$s amOZr{VH$aZr h¡Ÿ& amOZr{V Am¡a d{H$br XmoZm| hmW _| hmW {_bmH$a MbVo h¢ h r do XoI ahoWoŸ&

Am¡a ~hwV {dMma Ho$ ~mX H$mZyZ H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm Mm{hE Eogm {ZU© CÝhm|Zo{b`mŸ&

1940 df© g_má hmo ahm WmŸ& èd§Vamd H$s _m± h_oem CÝh| g§Xoe oOVr ahr{H$ - "A~ Vwåhmar narjm hmoZo VH$ H¥$nm H$aHo$ H$_ go H$_ Oob _| _V OmAmoŸ& narjmhmoZo Ho$ ~mX Vwåho Omo Hw$N> H$aZm h¡ dh Oê$a H$aŸ&' CgHo$ ~mX ed§VamdZo VrZ _{hZoAä`mg {H$`mŸ& Aà¡b _| narjm hwB© Am¡a nyZm N>moS>H$a do dmng Am oŸ& CZ na {ObmH$m±J«og Ho$ AÜ`j nX H$s {Oå_oXmar WrŸ& H$m±J«og H$m © H$aZo Ho$ {bE do h_oem {Obo _|Ky_Vo {\$aVo WoŸ& narjm \$b Om{ha hmoZodmbm WmŸ& Bg{bE Ka _| H$moB© Oê$ar H$m_ ZhtWmŸ&

EH$ Xmo _{hZm| Ho$ ~mX ed§Vamd Ho$ Eb.Eb.~r. H$m narjm \$b Om{ha hwAmŸAm¡a do nyZm bm° H$m°boO go Eb.Eb.~r. CÎmrU© hwEŸ& CZH$s _m± H$mo ~hwV AmZ§X hwAmŸ&CÝhm|Zo Omo `moOZm ~Zm`r Wr, CgHo$ AZwgma CZH$s {ejm CÝhm|Zo nyar H$sŸ& CZH$samOZr{V Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ VrZ-Mma df© ì`W© ~rV J oŸ& WmoS>rgr ~‹T>Vr C_« _| CÝhm|Zod{H$br H$m Aä`mg {H$`m WmŸ& `h ~mV ^r CÝh| _hgyg hwB© WrŸ&

amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$amS> gw{dYmOZH$ h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo H$amS> _|d{H$br ewê$ H$sŸ& bJ^J EH$ df© CÝhm|Zo d{H$br H$sŸ& ha _{hZo _o Mma-nm±M gm¡ én o

{_bVo WoŸ& Ka Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo r _XX hmoZo bJrŸ& do ñd § n¡go H$_mZo bJo, BgH$m r CÝh|g_mYmZ WmŸ& CZH$m EH$ df© H$s d{H$br H$aZo H$m Omo AZw d Am`m Wm, dh AÀN>mZht WmŸ& CZHo$ Ka _| r‹S> ahVr WrŸ& na§Vw h r‹S> Vhgrb _| Am¡a {Obo _| H$m ©H$Vm©Am§oH$s WrŸ& AÝ` H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mo A{^_mZ Wm {H$ - "h_ _| go h_mao EH$ {_Ì ed§VamdZo d{H$br Ho$ noeo _| àdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ&' Bgr EH$ ~mV H$m CÝh| AmZ§X WmŸ& Bg{bEèd§Vamd H$moQ>© OmZo VH$ o bmoJ CZHo$ nmg ^r‹S> H$aHo$ ~¡R>o ahVo WoŸ&

(9) ed§VamdOr H$m {ddmh Am¡a XmånË` OrdZ

EbEb.~r. hmoZo Ho$ ~mX {dR>mB©Zo H$hm {H$ - "~m~m, {ddmh H$a boŸ&'èd§VamdZo H$hm - "hm±, R>rH$ h¡Ÿ& AÀN>r b‹S>H$s XoIZo _¢ Am`r Vmo _¡ Oê$a

{ddmh H$ê±$JmŸ&'{\$a dh b‹S>H$s XoIZo Ho$ CÚmoJ _| bJ J`rŸ& CgZo dh H$m_ JUnVamd na gm¢n

{X`m Am¡a H$h {X`m - "Am¡a A~ N>moQ>o ^mB© H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoŸ&'èd§VamdZo Hw$N> bS>{H$`m± XoIr, na CÝh| CZ _| ~hwVgm AmH$f©U {XI Zht

nS>mŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo Cgo ZOaA§XmO H$a {X`mŸ&1 _mM© 1985 H$mo _hmamï´> emgZ H$s Omo "bmoH$amÁ`' H$s nwpñVH$m àH$m{eV

hwB© Wr, Cg nwpñVH$m Ho$ noO H«$. 22 na {bIm h¡ {H$ ed§Vamd H$m {ddmh 1942 Ho$_B© _{hZo _| \$bQ>U _| hwAm WmŸ& `h ~mV JbV h¡Ÿ&

_oao nmg ed§Vamd Ho$ {ddmh H$s Omo {Z_§ÌU n{ÌH$m h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ AZwgma ed§VamdH$m {ddmh doUy Ho$ gmW 2 OyZ 1942 _| H$amS> _| hwAm h¡Ÿ&

CZHo$ {ddmh H$s {Z_§ÌU n{ÌH$m amï´>r` ^mdm| go n[anyU© h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE Cgn{ÌH$m H$m AnZm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd h¡Ÿ& {ddmh n{ÌH$m Bg àH$ma h¡ -

{à` _hme`,h_mao H${Zð> ~§Ywam. èd§Vamd

~r.E., EbEb.~r.CZH$m {ddmh ñd. am. aKwZmWamd _moao _w. \$bQ>U H$s H$Ý`mgm¡. H$m§. doUy

BgHo$ gmW Á oŸð> H¥$ 4 Vm. 2 OyZ 1942 Ho$ _§Jbdma em_ Ho$ JmoaO _hÿaV na(ñQ>±.Q>m. 7Ÿ&10) d¡{XH$ nÕ{V go g§nÞ hmoJmŸ& Bg gw_§Jb Adga na Amn CnpñWVahH$a dYwdam| H$mo Amerdm©X Xo Eogr àmW©Zm h¡Ÿ&

29 30


{ddmh ñWb AmnHo$ Z_«_amR>m ~mo{S>ªJ kmZmo~m ~bd§V MìhmUH$amS> JUnV ~bd§V MìhmUn{ÌH$m na {Va§Jm PÊS>m N>nm h¡Ÿ& h maV H$m _mZ {M• h¡Ÿ& Bggo ed§Vamd

H$m amï´> ào_ àH$Q> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s AnZo Xoe ^maV na AQy>Q> {Zð>m {XImB© XoVr h¡Ÿ&CgHo$ ~mX {bIm h¡ - "Hw$`m©V gXm _§Jb_²' BgH$m AW© h¡ -"h_oem Ho$ {bE _§JbhmoŸ&'

`h {Z_§ÌU n{ÌH$m ì`mnmar àog H$amS> _| N>nr J`r WrŸ&_m± H$s BÀN>mZwgma 1942 _| ed§Vamd {ddmh~Õ hmo JEŸ& \$bQ>U Ho$ _moao H$s

H$Ý`m doUy èd§Vamd H$s ghMm[aUr (nËZr) ~ZH$a CZHo$ Ka _| Am`rŸ& Xoe Ho$ñdmV§Í` Ho$ {bE gVV H$m_ H$aZodmbo èd§Vamd H$mo Kµa-J¥hñWr H$s Anojm Xoe Ho$J¥hñWr H$s A{YH$ qMVm bJr WrŸ& {ddmh hmoZona r ed§Vamd J¥hñWr ~ZZo H$m àíZ{Z_m©U Zht hwAm WmŸ& {dR>mB© Ka J¥hñWr XoIVr WrŸ& {ddmh Ho$ ~mX nhbr g§H«$m§V Wrgm¡. doUyVmB© H$sŸ& Bgr {XZ nw{bgm|Zo gm¡. doUyVmB© H$mo {JaâVma {H$`m Am¡a y{_JVèd§Vamd H$s ImoO bJmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& BYa JUnVamd H$mo ^r {dgmnya Oob _|aI {X`mŸ& CgHo$ ~mX Hw$N> {XZm| _| MìhmU n[adma na Amn{Îm T>h J`rŸ& CZHo$ ~‹S>o^mB© kmZXod H$s ~r_mar _| _¥Ë w hwB©Ÿ& y{_JV hwE ed§Vamd H$mo n§Ðh {XZm|Ho$ ~mX hdmVm© g_P J`rŸ& èd§Vamd H$mo ~hwV ~S>m Xw…I hþAmŸ& CÝh| _m± go {_bZo H$s Vrd«BÀN>m hwB©Ÿ& na H$moB© BbmO Zht WmŸ& ""^mdZm H$s Anojm H$V©ì` loð> hmoVm h¡'' `hr{dMma H$m ©H$Vm©Am| Zo èd§Vamd H$mo g_Pm`mŸ& èd§Vamd AnZo {dMma Ho$ AZwgma_m± go {_bZo Ho$ {bE Mbo OmVo Vmo gaH$ma CÝh| nH$S>Zo _| g\$b hmo OmVrŸ& Am{Iaèd§Vamd _m± go {~Zm {_bo nyZm _| hr ah J oŸ&

Bgr g_` gmVmam {Obo _| y{_JV Am§XmobZ J{Z_r gm{µOg H$s Vah geò hmoZoH$s V¡ mar H$a ahm WmŸ& Bg Am§XmobZ H$mo AmJo nÌr gaH$ma Eogm Zm_ {_bmŸ& Bgrg§H«$_U AdñWm _o§ do n[adma H$s g_ñ`mAm| go {Ka J o WoŸ& ~‹S>o mB© H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ nyd©gm¡. doUyVmB© H$s [ahmB© hwB© WrŸ& CZH$s ~r_mar _| doUyVmB© CZHo$ nmg ~¡R>r ahr WrŸ&doUyVmB©Zo CZH$s _¥Ë w H$mo ZOXrH$ go XoIm WmŸ& Bg{bE do _mZ{gH$ Ñ{ï> go ÌñV hwB©WrŸ& ed§Vamd H$mo h g_PZo na CZH$s _mZ{gH$ AñdñWVm ~‹T> J`rŸ& Cg g_` do~å~B©© _| y{_JV WoŸ& do ~å~B©© go nyZm Am oŸ& CÝhm|Zo doUyVmB© H$mo nyZm ~wbmH$a S>m°ŠQ>aH$mo {XIm`mŸ& doUyVmB© H$s {ZpíMV ~r_mar Š`m h¡ `h g_P _| Zht Am`mŸ& CZH$sV~r`V Vmo Iam~ hwB© WrŸ& do Mma N>… K§Q>m|_o ~ohmoe hmo OmVr WrŸ& CZH$s V~r`V H$s

ì`dñWm hmo Bg{bE èd§VamdZo doUyVmB© H$mo nrha \$bQ>U H$mo oO {X`mŸ& Am¡a BYaèd§Vamd H$s V~r`V Iam~ hmo J`rŸ& hdm_mZ ~XbZo Ho$ {bE do nyZm Ho$ nmgKmoS>ZXr Ho$ ñWmZ na ah J oŸ& CgHo$ ~mX do nyZm Am oŸ& nyZm AmZo na CÝh| gmVmam H$sn[apñW{V H$s OmZH$mar {_b J`rŸ& {eadS>o ñQ>oeZ ObmZodmbo CZHo$ g^r gmWrXmanH$S>o J oŸ& Cgr _wH$X_| g^r _wb{O_m| H$mo A{^ wŠVm| H$mo gµOm hwB©Ÿ& ed§Vamd Zo nwUoeha Am¡a {Obo Ho$ J«m_rU ^mJ _| ahH$a H$m_ H$aZm V` {H$`mŸ&

Am¡a EH$mEH$ gm¡. doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V {~J‹S> J`r h¡ Eogm g§Xoe \$bQ>U goAm`mŸ& èd§Vamd H$mo n[adm[aH$ {Oå_oXmar _hgyg hwB©Ÿ& Bg{bE CZH$s AñdñWVm~‹T> J`rŸ& do Q>°Šgr go \$bQ>U Am oŸ& _Z H$s {ÛYm AdñWm _| ~r_ma doUyVmB© H$mo Y¡ ©XoVo g_` d¡ÚH$s` CnMmam| H$m {dMma {d{Z_` hmo ahm WmŸ& na§Vw V~ VH$ èd§Vamd\$bQ>U _| Am o h¢ h I~a nw{bg H$mo {_b OmVr h¡ Am¡a {\$a nw{bg AmH$a ed§VamdH$mo {JaâVma H$aVr h¢Ÿ&

\$bQ>U Ho$ H$mamJ¥h _| OmZo na Xg _{hZm| H$m CZH$m y{_JV Am§XmobZ g_máhmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& gm¡ m½` go H$mamJ¥h _| y{_JV Am§XmobZ Am{X Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V OmZH$marnyN>r Zht OmVr, `h XoIH$a èd§Vamd H$mo AmZ§X hwAmŸ& do AmR>-Xg {XZ \$bQ>U,CgHo$ ~mX CÝh| gmVmam Ho$ Oob _| oO {X`mŸ&

gmVmam go èd§Vamd H$mo H$amS> bo J oŸ& dhm± CZ na _wH$mX_m Xmà H$aZo H$m{ZU© {H$`m J`mŸ& èd§Vamd Zo Vm§~do Jm±d _| Omo g^m H$s Wr, Cg _| CÝhm|Zo Omo^mfU {X`m WmŸCgHo$ {bE CZna BbµOm_ bJm`m Am¡a CÝh| N>… _{hZm| H$s H$‹S>r H¡$X XrJ`rŸ& CgHo$ ~mX CÝh| oadS>m Ho$ Oob _| oO {X`mŸ& gOm nyar hmoZo na CZH$s [ahmB©hwB©Ÿ& B.g. 1944 _| OZdar _{hZo _| do H$amS> dmng Am o Am¡a CZHo$ mB© JUnVamd^r [ahmB© hmoZo Ho$ ~mX H$amS> dmng Am o WoŸ&

gbmh-_e{dam Omar WmŸ& Xa{_`mZ Xmo gámh ~rV J oŸ& doUyVmB© H$m g§XoeAmZo na do XmoZm| ^mB© \$bQ>U JE Am¡a à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVm Ho$ AmXoe Ho$ AZwgmanw{bg Zo CZ XmoZm| H$mo {JaâVma {H$`mŸ& CgHo$ ~mX CÝh| oadS>m Oob _| oO {X`mŸ& dodhm± VrZ _{hZo WoŸ& BZ VrZ _{hZm| _| CZH$m {deof nR>Z Zht hwAmŸ& H$m ©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ghdmg _| nR>Z H$s Anojm AZw dm| H$s Am¡a {dMmam| H$s boZ-XoZ AÀN>r hwB©Ÿ& CZH$sV~r`V ^r AÀN>r Zht ahrŸ& Ho$db nm[adm[aH$ ì`Wm go èd§Vamd ~hwV ì`{WV hwEbJVo h¢Ÿ& do AnZo {ZdoXZ _| H$hVo h¢ - "BZ VrZ _{hZm| _| _oar V~r`V AÀN>r ZhtahrŸ& _H$mZ H$s Amoa go JUnVamd H$s V~r`V H$m g_mMma AmVm WmŸ& S>m°ŠQ>a go doAm¡fY nmZr boVo Wo Am¡a J¥hñWr MbmZo H$m à`ËZ H$a aho WoŸ& _oao _Z _| {dMmam| H$m

31 32


g§Kf© ewê$ hwAm Wm {H$ _¢ _oao n[adma H$mo {H$VZr mVZm Xo ahm hÿ±Ÿ& XmXm J oŸ& JUnVamdJ§ ra ~r_mar go ÌñV h¡Ÿ& gm¡. doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& _m± {~Zm ~mobo g~ ghahr WrŸ& na dh Xw…Ir WrŸ& CgZo _wPgo ~hwV AnojmE± H$s hmoJrŸ& na§Vw _¢Zo CgH$s H$moB©^r AnojmE± nyU© Zht H$sŸ& _oao _Z _| h Omo {dMma Wm dh _oZo _oao {_Ìm| go Oob _| H$h{X`m WmŸ&' èd§Vamd Ho$ {dMma gwZH$a CÝh| ^r ~wam bJm WmŸ& do ^r Š`m H$a gH$VoWoŸ& nmaV§Í` WmŸ& g~H$s AdñWm èd§Vamd O¡gr WrŸ& EH$ Xygao Ho$ à{V ghmZw y{V{XImZm `hr CZHo$ hmW _| WmŸ&

(10) nR>Z Am¡a d¡Mm[aH$ {dH$mg

èd§VamdOr H$mo nT>Z H$s ~‹S>r AmXV WrŸ& nhbo nhbr {XZH$aamd OdbH$aZo Mbm`m hþAm (H¡$dmar) d¥ÎmnÌ nT>m WmŸ& CgHo$ ~mX ^mD$gmh~ H$b§~oZo `h d¥ÎmnÌH$amS> _| àH$m{eV H$aHo$ Mbm`mŸ& Cg _| do AnZm {dMma àH$Q> H$aVo Wo {H$ - "~hþOZg_mO _| Omo wdm nr‹T>r h¡, CÝh| gËèmoYH$s` {dMma Am¡a g§ñH$ma XoZo Ho$ CÔoí` go CÝh|Z`r nÕ{V go {ejm XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡Ÿ&' CgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo EH$ H$moR>r {H$am o nabr Am¡a dhm± CÝhm|Zo "{dO`ml_' Zm_ H$s g§ñWm ewê$ H$s WrŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ ~§YwJUnVamd {dÚmWu H$s h¡{g`V go Cg Aml_ _| ahZo Ho$ {bEŸ& CZ na Cg Aml_ Ho$g§ñH$ma hþE WoŸ& CZHo$ ^mB© èd§VamdOr go ~mVMrV H$aVo WoŸ& Bg{bE CZHo$ _Z nagËèmoYH$s` Am¡a ~«m÷UoVa Am§XmobZ Ho$ g§ñH$ma hmoVo ahVo WoŸ&

{XZH$aamd OdbH$a Zo EH$ g^m _| ^mfU {H$`m WmŸ& Cg ^mfU _| CÝhm|Zo~«m÷U g_mO na AmbmoMZm H$s WrŸ& Cgr g^m _| "XoemMo Xþí_Z' (Xoe Ho$ Xþí_Z)nwñVH$ ~m±Q>m Om ahm WmŸ& CgH$s EH$ àV ed§VamdZo àmá H$s Am¡a CgZo dh n‹T> brŸ&Bg{bE do _Z go Am¡a {dMma go nyU© ~Xb JEŸ&

èd§Vamd gmVdr H$jm _o§ n‹T> aho Wo V~ go CÝh| d¥ÎmnÌ nR>Zo H$s AmXV bJrWrŸ& na§Vw Cg g_` ed§VamdOr H$mo Omo d¥ÎmnÌ n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE {_bVo Wo do Wo - "{dO`r_amR>m' Am¡a Xÿgam "amï´>dra'Ÿ& {dO`r _amR>m ~obJm±d go à{gÕ hmoVm WmŸ& amï´>dra nyZmgo à{gÕ hmoVm WmŸ& o XmoZmo d¥ÎmnÌ ~«m÷UoVa Am§XmobZ H$m nwañH$ma H$aZodmbo WoŸ&èd§Vamd nyZm go à{gÕ hmoZodmbm "_Oya' Am¡a ~å~B©© go à{gÕ hmoZodmbm "lÕmZ§X'd¥ÎmnÌ n‹T>Vo WoŸ& Bg{bE CZHo$ _Z na ì`mnH$ g§ñH$ma hmoZo bJoŸ& do Cg g_` nyZm H$m"ñdamÁ`' d¥ÎmnÌ n‹T>Vo WoŸ& do "h[aOZ' ^r n‹T>Vo WoŸ&

O~ CÝhm|Zo {VbH$ hmBñHy$b _| àdoe {H$`m V~ CZH$s nR>Z H$s AmXV nŠH$shþB©Ÿ& dhm± CÝhm|Zo h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o Ho$ CnÝ`mg nT>Zo H$s ewê$dmV H$sŸ& Ohm± go nwñVH$

{_bVr, dhm± go do boVo Am¡a nT>VoŸ& CÝh| Omo AÀN>m bJVm Wm do Cgo nT>Vo WoŸ& lrHo$bwgH$a Ûmam {bIm J`m "N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO H$m M[aÌ' èd§Vamd Zo _ZbJmH$a n‹T>mŸ& d¡go CÝhm|Zo {edam_ nam§Ono H¥$V "H$mb' _| à{gÕ hmoZodmbo "{Z~§Y'n‹T>Zo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& Ho$bwgH$a H$s _amR>r ^mfm gab Am¡a gmYr WrŸ& CZH$s ^mfmèd§Vamd H$s g_P _| AmVr WrŸ& bo{H$Z {edam_ n§V H$s _amR>r ^mfm H${R>Z WrŸ&CZH$s _amR>r g§ñH¥$V_` WrŸ& CÝh| g§ñH¥$V Zht AmVr WrŸ& Cg _| Omo gm¡§X © ñWb Wo doCZH$s g_P _| Zht AmVo Wo bo{H$Z {dMmam| H$m gyÌ Ü`mZ _| boH$a CÝhm|Zo AnZm nR>Zewê$ aImŸ&

Bg nR>Z Ho$ ~mX èd§Vamd Ho$ _Z na Am¡a {dMmam| na AbJ g§ñH$ma hþE WoŸ&èd§Vamd Zo AnZo ^mB© JUnVamd go nyN>m {H$ - "~hþOZ g_mO H$mo nT>Zm Mm{hE,`h Vmo gM h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z dh {H$g{bE? Ho$db Zm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE {H$ Xoe Ho$ {bE {deofHw$N> H$aZo Ho$ {bE?' èd§Vamd Ho$ o gab, grYo àíZ WoŸ& Bg na JUnVamdZo H$hm{H$ - "Ho$db ~«m÷Um| H$m Ûof {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE Eogm AmJ«h Zht h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z gm§ñH¥${VH$,Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| BZ bmoJm| Zo AÝ` g_mO Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo ~hþV ~‹S>r §ÌUmE± Xrh¡Ÿ& Bggo _w{ŠV Mm{hE {H$ Zht?'EH$ {XZ JUnVamd Zo èd§Vamd H$mo _hmË_m \w$boH$m M[aÌ nT>Zo Ho$ {bE {X`mŸ& em`X `h _amR>r_o§ nhbm M[aÌ hmoJmŸ&

_hmË_m \w$bo H$m M[aÌ n‹T>Zona CÝh| _hgyg hþAm {H$ _hmË_m \w$bo Ho$ {dMma_ybJm_r h¡ Am¡a do Hw$N> Z`r {Xem {XImVo h¡ Eogm CÝh| bJmŸ& {H$gmZ g_mO H$mhmoZodmbm emofU, X{bV g_mOna hmoZodmbm AÝ`m` Am¡a {ejm go d§{MV aIm hþAmg_mO Am¡a {ò`m| Ho$ àíZ gwbPm o {~Zm Xoe H$m H$m © Zht hmoJm, hr \w$bo Ho$ {dMmam|H$m gmam§e èd§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| A§{H$V hmo J`mŸ& bo{H$Z CgHo$ {bE {H$gr EH$ Om{VH$m Ûof {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE, `h ~mV èd§VamdOr H$mo {~bHw$b ng§X Zht WrŸ& Omog_mO nrN>o n‹S>o h¡ CÝh| OmJ¥V H$aZm, CZ _| EH$ ZdrZ {dMma {Z_m©U H$aZm `hr EH$CÎm_ _mJ© h¡ `hr CZH$m {dMma WmŸ&

{VbH$ Ho$ g§~§Y _| Omo gm{hË` Wm dh gm{hË` èd§VamdZo n‹T> {b`mŸ& CZHo$_Z na {VbH$ Ho$ ì`{ŠV_Îd H$m ~S>m n[aUm_ hþAmŸ& Om{V-O_mVr Ho$ Omo àíZ h¡,CZHo$ ~mha ahH$a Hw$N> amï´>r` ñdê$n Ho$ Omo àíZ h¢, CZHo$ {bE Vmo Hw$N> H$aZm Mm{hE`hr {dMma CZHo$ _Z _| Am`mŸ& CZHo$ _Z _| {VbH$ Am¡a Omo{Vamd \w$bo H$s VwbZm hmoJ`rŸ& CZ XmoZm| Ho$ {dMmam| _| èd§VamdH$mo H$moB© gmå` {XImB© Zht {X`mŸ& Bg{bECZHo$ _Z _| WmoS>mgm IoX WmŸ& {\$a ^r o XmoZm| ~‹S>o ì`{ŠV h¢Ÿ& èd§Vamd Zo XmoZm| H$sVwbZm H$aZo H$m {dMma N>mo‹S> {X`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z XmoZm| Ho$ Ûmam H$ho JE {dMma ~‹S>o _hÎdnyU©

33 34


h¢Ÿ& {VbH$ Zo "ñdamÁ`' H$m {dMma H$h {X`mŸ& {ejm go Jar~m| H$s CÞ{V hmoZr Mm{hEAm¡a g_mO _| g_mZVm {Z_m©U hmoZr Mm{hE, h {dMma _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$bo Zo H$hmŸ&o XmoZm| {dMma r _hÎdnyU© h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE o XmoZm| ì`{ŠV r AnZr-AnZr Ñ{ï> go ~S>o

h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma èd§Vamd H$m {ZU© hþAmŸ&H$amS> _| {XdmH$a d¡Ú H$m XdmImZm WmŸ& `h XdmImZm _mZmo EH$ dmMZmb`

WmŸ& do ~å~B©© go AmZodmbo lÕmZ§X, ZdmH$mb, {d{dY d¥ÎmnÌ n‹T>Vo WoŸ& ed§Vamd nyZmHo$ kmZàH$me Am¡a Ho$gar {Z`VH$m{bH$ nT>Vo WoŸ& dmMZmb` H$s ~¡R>H$ _| {d{dY{df`m|na MMm© hmoVr WrŸ& dhm± hmoZodmbr MMm©E± ~‹S>r ~moYàX WrŸ& na o MMm©>>E±èd§Vamd Ho$ {dMmam| go {_bVr OwbVr Zht WrŸ&

AmJo MbH$a _m± Zo gmIao~wdm H$s "kmZoídar' nT>Zo Ho$ {bE ed§Vamd go H$hm,èd§Vamd Zo "kmZoídar' nT>r, na g_PZo Ho$ {bE H${R>ZŸ& nwamZr mfm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU_m± èd§Vamd go kmZoídar nT>dm boVr WrŸ& Bg àH$ma Bg nR>Z go èd§Vamd Ho${dMmam| H$m {dH$mg hþAmŸ& AmJo MbH$a o {dMma èd§Vamd Ho$ ì`{ŠVÎd H$mo g_¥ÕH$aVo Mbo JEŸ&

Am¡a EH$ ~mV - EH$ g^m _| {XZH$aamd OdbH$a Zo EH$ g^m _| ^mfU {H$`mWmŸ& CgZo Cg ^mfU _| bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ H$s AmbmoMZm H$s WrŸ& bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$Vmo A§J«ooOm| Ho$ {déÕ b‹S>Zodmbo goZmn{V WoŸ& Eogr èd§Vamd H$s ^mdZm hþB© WrŸ&Bg{bE ~S>o ì`{ŠV na AmbmoMZm H$aZodmbo ì`{ŠV A§J«oOmo§ Ho$ {_Ì Zht h¡ Š`m? BgàH$ma H$m eH$ Am¡a {dMma ed§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| Am`mŸ& BVZrgr N>moQ>r C_« _| CZHo$ _Z_| h {dMma Am`m BgH$m CÝh| AmíM © bJVm h¡Ÿ&

AmJo do H$m±J«og Ho$ H$m ©H$Vm© ~Zo, do H$m±J«og H$m àMma H$aZo bJoŸ& {\$a ñdV§ÌVmHo$ ZoVm ~Zo Am¡a AZoH$ emgH$s` nXm|na {damO_mZ ~ZoŸ& BZ nXm| na ahH$a CÝhm|ZoAZoH$ gm_m{OH$ H$m © {H$ oŸ& CgHo$ ~mX {dXoe_§Ìr, ajm_§Ìr Am¡a AW©_§Ìr H$s h¡{g`Vgo H$m © H$aHo$ amï´>r` CÞ{V _| `moJXmZ {X`m Am¡a ^maV Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ B{Vhmg na Zm_A§{H$V {H$`mŸ&

(11) ed§Vamd Ho$ N>§X

èd§Vamd AnZo ^mB© Ho$ gmW ì`m`m_ embm _| OmVo WoŸ& ~rM-~rM _| CZHo$AmJ«h go do gm\$m ^r ~m±YVo WoŸ& CÝh| JrVm| H$m Am¡a ÔZm| H$m ~hþV em¡H$ WmŸ& na§VwCÝhm|Zo MbZo H$m ~hþV ì`m`m_ {H$`m WmŸ& ~rM ~rM _| do ì`m`m_ embm _| OmZo H$m^r à`ËZ H$aVo WoŸ& na Cg _| {ZË`H«$_ Zht WmŸ& na§Vw CÝhm|Zo V¡aZo H$m Iy~ ì`m`m_

{H$`mŸ&èd§Vamd H$m _H$mZ H$mo Zm ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmaona WmŸ& ñZmZ Ho$ {bE do H¥$îUm

Am¡a H$mo Zm ZXr na OmVo WoŸ& AmJo CÝhm§oZo V¡aZo _| AÀN>r àJ{V H$sŸ& CZH$m CÝh| ~‹S>m\$m`Xm ^r hþAmŸ&

èd§Vamd H$mo ZmQ>H$ XoIZo H$m N>§X WmŸ& do bJ^J VrZ Mma dfª ZmQ>H$ XoIVoahoŸ& ZmQ>H$m| _| Omo Hw$N> bm ~wam hmoVm h¡ dh r g_P _| AmZo bJmŸ& ZmQ>H$m| _| H$m_H$aZodmbo bmoJm| H$s OmZnhMmZ hmo JB©Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW èd§VamdOr Ho$ ñZoh g§~§Y ~‹T>J oŸ& Bg{bE Jm±d Ho$ g~ bmoJ èd§Vamd H$mo nhMmZZo bJoŸ& lr. Am¢YH$a {b{IV"~o~§Xemhr' ZmQ>H$ CÝhm|Zo Xmo-VrZ ~ma XoImŸ&

ZmQ>H$ H§$nZr Ho$ ZmQ>H$ do ~S>r CËgwH$Vm go XoIVo WoŸ& "AmZ§X-{dbmg _§S>br'EH$ df© `m S>oT> df© Ho$ ~mX H$amS> AmVr WrŸ& _mñQ>a XrZmZmW _§JoeH$a Am¡a aKwdragmdaH$a BZ à{gÕ ZQ>m| Ho$ ZmQ>H$ ^r H$amS> _| hmoVo WoŸ& èd§VamdZo o g^r ZmQ>H$CËgmh go XooIo WoŸ&

{H$bm}gdmS>r _| "_mBgmh~' Zm_ H$m ZmQ>H$ hþAm WmŸ& Bgr ZmQ>H$ _| ed§VamdZo H$m_ {H$`m WmŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo ~mbJ§Yd© Am¡a Ho$edamd XmVo BZ à{gÕ ZQ>m| Ho$ Zm_ gwZo WoŸ& naà`ËZ H$aHo$ ^r CZH$m H$m_ XoIZo H$mo Zhr§ {_bm WmŸ& Ho$edamd XmVo H$s _hmamï´>H§$nZr H$m ZmQ>H$ H$moëhmnya Am ahm h¡Ÿ& èd§VamdZo CZHo$ "ào_g§Ý`mg' H$m g_mMma"Zdm H$mb' d¥ÎmnÌ _| nT>m WmŸ& Bg{bE èd§VamdZo H$moëhmnya OmH$a ào_g§Ý`mgZmQ>H$ XoImŸ& O §Vm H$s y{_H$m _| Ho$edamd XmVo Zo H$m_ {H$`m WmŸ& CZH$m A{^ZÀm¡a eãX CƒmaU H$s nÕV èd§VamdOr H$mo AmH$f©H$ bJrŸ& {OgHo$ {bE do Am oWo, CgH$m Cn`moJ hþAm Am¡a g_mYmZ ^rŸ&

embm _| g§_obZ WmŸ& Bg{bE ~Zm©S>© em° H$m "S>m°ŠQ>a S>m`bo_m' ZmQ>H$ {H$`mJ`mŸ& Bg ZmQ>H$ Ho$ EH$ àdoe _| CÝhm|Zo H$m_ ^r {H$`m WmŸ& Bggo CÝh| ~Zm©S>© em° Ho$Zm_ H$s nhMmZ hmo J`rŸ&

èd§VamdOr H$mo V_mem XoIZo H$m ^r em¡H$ WmŸ& V_mem H$m è bmdZr naAm¡a bmdZr Ho$ gmWhr ZŠH$b Ho$ hm{OaO~m~ na Am¡a MVwa g§ mfU e{ŠV na {Z ©aahVm h¡Ÿ& ZŠH$mb `h àmUr _amR>r bmoH$ZmQ>ç _| {dZmoXr nwéf hmoVm h¡ Am¡a o H$m_H$aZodmbo H$bmd§V bmoJ ~hþV ghOñ\y$V© H$m_ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& CZ _| CZH$m ~w{ÕMmnë` Am¡ag§ mfU MmVw © {XI nS>Vm h¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd Zo AnZo {_Ìm| H$s ghm`Vm go "{ed N>ÌnVr _§S>b' ewê$ {H$`mŸ& lr.

35 36


^mD$gmh~ ~Q>mUo H$s _XX go CÝhm|Zo h H$m_ ewê$ {H$`mŸ& CZHo$ ~S>o {Ma§Ord {edmOr~Q>mUo CZHo$ _§S>bHo$ à_wI gXñ` Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aVo WoŸ& ~Q>mUo Ho$ _§{Xa _| hadf©JUoemoËgd _Zm`m OmVm WmŸ& Bg CËgd H$mo H$amS> _| EH$ à{Vð>m WrŸ& ed§Vamd Am¡aCZHo$ {_Ìm| Zo Cg CËgd Ho$ {bE EH$ _obm H$aZo H$s H$ënZm H$sŸ& ñd § ed§Vamd Cg_obo _| df©, Xmo df© JrV JmVo hþE Ky_Vo {\$aVo WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo Bg _obo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> nX{bIH$a XoZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m WmŸ& `h ~mV CÝh| AmO ^r `mX AmVr h¡Ÿ&

`h H$hZo H$m H$maU hr h¡ {H$ ~«m÷UoVa Am§XmobZ Ho$ jwÐ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _| go ~mha{ZH$bH$a Hw$N> {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE, Eogm CZHo$ _Z _| Omo AmH$f©U Wm, Cgo A~ H$htZ`m H$m ©joÌ {_b J`m WmŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo ewê$ {H$`m hþAm {edO §Vr CËgd AmJo ~hþV dfm] VH$ MbVmahmŸ& CËgd _| ì`m»`mZ, ÔZm| H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m OmVm WmŸ&

(12) dŠV¥Ëd ñnYm©

èd§Vamd H$mo {VbH$ hmBñHy$b _| {V>bH$ Ho$ g§~§Y _| ~hþV n‹T>Zo H$mo {_bmŸ&hmBñHy$b _| EH$ AÀN>r àWm Wr {H$ {VbH$ Ho$ {dMma Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| {Z~§YñnYm© Am¡a dŠV¥Ëd ñnYm© ha df© br OmVr WrŸ& BZ XmoZm| _| mJ boZo H$s ed§VamdH$s~S>r CËgwH$Vm WrŸ& Bg{bE {V>bH$ Ho$ g§~§Y _| Omo ^r gm{hË` Wm CÝhm|Zo dh n‹T>S>mbmŸ&

{V>bH$ hmBñHy$b H$s Vah nyZm Ho$ ZyVZ _amR>r {dÚmb` _| ha df© dŠV¥ËdñnYm©E± hmoVr WrŸ& ed§Vamd H$mo Cg ñnYm© _| mJ boZo H$s Vrd« BÀN>m WrŸ& 1931 _|nyZm _| hmoZodmbr ñnYm© _| èd§Vamd Zo ^mJ {b`mŸ& nyZm AmZo-OmZo H$m IM© WmŸ&bo{H$Z lr. {edmOramd ~Q>mUo Zo Bg H$m_ Ho$ {bE gh`moJ {X`mŸ& dhm± N>mÌ H$mo EoZdŠV na {df` XoH$a Xg {_ZQ> ~mobZo Ho$ {bE H$hm OmVm WmŸ&

èd§Vamd H$mo "J«m_ gwYmaUm' `h {df` XoH$a ~mobZo Ho$ {bE H$hm J`mŸ&CZH$m ^mfU gwZH$a narjH$ Iwe hþE {XImB© {X oŸ& {\$a CÝhm|Zo ~mobZo Ho$ {bEèd§Vamd H$mo Xg {_ZQ> {X oŸ& ^mfU hmoZo Ho$ ~mX g^r Zo CZH$s àe§gm H$sŸ& CgñnYm© _| CÝh| nm[aVmo{fH$ {_bmŸ& 1932 _| èd§Vamd H$mo gOm hþB©Ÿ& Cg g_` dhnm[aVmo{fH$ ^r OãV hþAm - gaH$ma _| O_m hþAmŸ&

(13) ed§VamdOr H$m AZoH$ ì`{ŠV`m| go g§nH©$

~MnZ go boH$a AÝVVH$ èd§VamdOr H$m AZoH$ ì`{ŠV`m| go g§nH©$ Am`mŸ&

CZH$m g§nH©$ joÌ ~‹S>m ì`mnH$ h¡Ÿ& CZH$m amOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$, gm{hpË`H$ì`{ŠV`m| go g§nH©$ Am`mŸ& CZ g~H$m {ddoMZ H$aZm g§ d Zht h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE CZHo$g§nH©$ _| Am o à_wI ì`{ŠV`m| H$m g§{já n[aM` XoZm C{MV h¡ -

èd§Vamd Ho$ ~S>o ^mB© H$mo Zm¡H$ar XoZo Ho$ {bE {nVmOr Ho$ {_Ì ~obr\$ lr.qeJQ>o Zo ~hþV à`ËZ {H$ oŸ& CZH$m Zm_ H$^r ^r wbm`m Zht Om gH$VmŸ&

{Og A§J«oO A{YH$marZo ^mB© H$mo Zm¡H$ar Xr, CgH$s _mZdVm AdU©Zr` h¡Ÿ&èd§Vamd Ho$ Z{Zhmb Ho$ _H$mZ Ho$ {_Ì lr. gImam_ åhñHo$ CZHo$ {hVqMVH$ WoŸ&^mD$gmh~ H$b§~o JwéOr gËèmoYH$s` {dMmam| Ho$ àMmaH$ WoŸ&

1927 Ho$ Amgnmg ^mñH$aamd OmYd ~å~B©© bo{Oñbo{Q>ìh H$m¡pÝgb Ho$Cå_rXdma WoŸ& èd§Vamd Zo CZH$m àMma {H$`m WmŸ& OmYd MwZH$a Am o WoŸ&

h[a^mD$ bmS> èd§Vamd Ho$ nwamUo {_Ì WoŸ& do N>moQ>rgr XþH$mZ MbmVo WoŸ&èd§Vamd d¥ÎmnÌ n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE dhm± OmVo WoŸ&

lr. JUnVamd C\©$ ^mD$gmh~ ~Q>mUo Ho$ Ûmam JUoemoËgd _Zm`m OmVm WmŸ&Bg CËgd H$mo ~S>r à{Vð>m WrŸ& Bg CËgd Ho$ {bE ~Q>mUo g^r _XX H$aVo WoŸ&

lr. gmho~amd H$S>onyaH$a nhbdmZ Wo Am¡a amï´>r` Am§XmobZ _| H$m © H$aVo WoŸ&èd§Vamd Am¡a CZ _| {_ÌVm hmo J`r Ÿ& gmVmam {Obo _| èd§Vamd Ho$ g^r H$m_ H$mg_W©Z H$aZodmbm dh CZH$m ghH$mar ~Z J`m, èd§Vamd H$mo h_oem CZH$s `mXAmVr h¡Ÿ&

26 OZdar 1930 H$mo ñdmV§Í` {XZ _ZmZo H$m {ZíM` hþAmŸWmŸ& BYa H$amS> _|^r P§S>m d§XZ H$aZo H$m {ZíM` hwAmŸ& P§S>m d§XZ H$aZo Ho$ g_` èd§Vamd Zo à{VkmnÌ V`ma {H$`mŸ& h[a^mD$ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| èd§Vamd Am¡a CZHo$ gmWr H¥$îUm ZXr Ho${H$Zmao na nhþ±MoŸ& dhm± P§S>m d§XZ {H$`mŸ& ñdmV§Í` Ho$ {bE à`ËZ H$aZm Mm{hE EogrCÝhm|Zo enW brŸ&

26 OZdar H$s gw~h èd§Vamd H$^r ^r Zht yb|JoŸ& amï´>r` H$m±J«og Ho$ {Va§JoP§S>o Ho$ ZrMo ed§VamdZo à{Vkm dmMZ {H$`mŸ& Bg{bE CZHo$ _Z H$s em§{V ~‹T> J`rŸ&CZH$m amOZ¡{VH$ OrdZ gƒo AWm} _| ewê$ hþAmŸ&

‹T>o‹T> (h[aOZ) g_mO _| ed§VamdOr Ho$ EH$ {_Ì WoŸ& CZH$m Zm_ Wm CWboŸ& doh_oem èd§Vamd Ho$ gmW ahVo WoŸ& do èd§Vamd O¡gm ~mobVo WoŸ& na do Bg H$m_ Ho${bE èd§Vamd H$mo H$^r ^r CZHo$ g_mO _| Zht bo J oŸ& èd§VamdZo CZgo EH$ ~manyN>m -

"Eogm Š`mo§?'

37 38


CÝhm|Zo CÎma {X`m,"h_mao g_mO H$m Omo Xþ…I h¡, dh Vw_ O¡gm g_PVo hmo, CgH$s Anojm AbJ h¡Ÿ&

_hmË_m Jm§Yr, Am§~oS>H$a H$mo AnZo gmW Š`m| Zht bo OmVo, CÝhm|Zo `h {H$`m Vmo g~~Xb Om oJmŸ&'

bo{H$Z o g~ àíZ h_mar gr_m Ho$ ~mha Ho$ WoŸ&H$mH$mgmh~ JmS>Jrb ^mfU Ho$ {bE H$amS> Am o WoŸ& Cg g_` CÝhm|Zo CÝh|

àW_ XoImŸ& H$mH$mgmh~ Zo {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁèmhr na àIa AmbmoMZm H$s WrŸ& CZH$m^mfU AmdoenyU© WmŸ& CZHo$ e¡brXma ^mfU H$m bmoJm| na n[aUm_ hþAmŸ& V~ CZH$sJmS>Jrb go nhMmZ hmo J`rŸ&

èd§Vamd Ho$ _V go VH©$VrW© Ho$ mfU H$m d¡Mm[aH$ à^md gm_mÝ` _Zwî`m| naAm¡a {deofV… wdH$m| na A{YH$ nS>mŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ - "Vw_ H¥$îUm Ho$ {H$Zmao naOhm± ~¡R>o hmo, dh O¡go J_© hþAm h¡, d¡go Vwåhmar ~w{Õ Am¡a _Z ^r J_© hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&'VH©$VrW© emòr Zo Bgr EH$ dmŠ` go g^m H$mo OrV {b`mŸ&

èd§VamdOr Ho$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ Xmo VrZ H|$Ð ~Z J o WoŸ& o Jm±d h¡§ _gya, B§XmobrAm¡a Vm§~doŸ& _gya Ho$ amKy AmÊUm {b_ o, S>m°. \$mQ>H$, {dîUw_mñVa {ZJS>rH$a,grVmam_n§V JéS>, B§Xmobr Ho$ {XZH$aamd {ZH$_ Am¡a CZHo$ gmWr o à_wI H$m ©H$Vm©WoŸ& Vm§~do Ho$ H$m{eZmWn§V Xoe_wI ed§Vamd Ho$ {_Ì WoŸ& Xoe_wI Zo AnZo AmgnmgH$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mo ~S>m g_yh IS>m H$a {X`m WmŸ& Am¡a CÝhm|Zo O§Jb-gË`mJ«h H$m ~S>mH$m ©H«$_ ^r {H$`m WmŸ& Bg{bE dhm± Ho$ Hw$N> bmoJ Oob _| J o WoŸ&

Bg Am§XmobZ _| Omo g§K{Q>V {dÐmoh hþAm Wm dh {~bmer _|Ÿ& dh dmaUm ZXr naH$m à{gÕ ^mJ h¡Ÿ& lr. ~m~yamd MaUH$a Am¡a JUnVamd nmQ>rb Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| bJ^JMmbrg Jm±d _| nmQ>rb bmoJm| Zo gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar Ho$ BñVr\o$ {Xo o WoŸ& O§Jb gË`mJ«h ~S>on¡_mZo na hþAm Am¡a EH$ AW© go {~«{Q>e gaH$ma H$m A§_b g_má hþAm o g~ ed§VamdHo$ g§Jr gmWr WoŸ&

aËZm{Jar _| èd§VamdOr H$s gmdaH$a go oQ> hþB© WrŸ&gmVmam Ho$ g_W© gmám{hH$ Ho$ g§nmXH$ lr. AZ§Vamd Hw$bH$Uu Am¡a ed§Vamd

XmoZm§o EH$ hr embm _| Am¡a EH$ hr dJ© _| n‹T>Vo WoŸ& do ed§Vamd Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ Am§XmobZH$mo g_W©Z XoVo WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd H$mo g§ñH¥$V ^r n‹T>m`mŸ&

amdgmh~ JmoJQ>o Am¡a ed§Vamd XmoZm| r {_Ì WoŸ& XmoZmo§ r {VbH$ hmBñHy$b _|n‹T>Vo Wo Am¡a XmoZm| r EH$hr ~|M na ~¡R>Vo WoŸ& JmoJQ>o H$s nËZr Cfm Am¡a ed§Vamd H$snËZr gm¡. doUyVmB© BZ XmoZmo§ _| {_ÌVm WrŸ&

_mYdamd AUo, _mYdamd ~mJb, {H$gZdra, AmË_mam_ nmQ>rb, nm§Sw>a§J _mñVa,Jm¡arha qghmgZo o g^r èd§Vamd Ho$ gmWr WoŸ& èd§Vamd H$mo ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ _|BZ bmoJm| H$s ~‹S>r _XX hþB© h¡Ÿ&

VmË`m S>moB©\$moS>o Am¡a èd§Vamd P§S>m bJmZo Ho$ H$maU XmoZm| H$mo AR>mah _{hZm|H$s gOm hþB©Ÿ& AmMm © ^mJdV, h. am. _hmOZr CZHo$ ñZohr WoŸ& _mZd|Ðam` Ho${dMmam| H$s Amoa èd§Vamd AmH${f©V hþE WoŸ& na§Vw CZHo$ {dMma èd§Vamd H$mo ng§XZht Am oŸ& Bg{bE do CZgo Xÿa hmo J oŸ&

g_mOdmXr {dMmam| Ho$ g_W©H$ lr. Eg. E_. Omoer Am¡a wñHw$Q>o Ho$ gmW ^rCZH$m ñZoh WmŸ&

èd§VamdOr Ho$ {_Ì AmË_mam_ ~mny nmQ>rb am` gmh~ Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo g_W©ZXoZo H$s _ZpñW{V _| WoŸ& Am¡a èd§Vamd H$m±J«og Ho$ {dMmam| Ho$ g_W©H$ ~Z J oŸ& {\$aXmoZm| Ho$ _mJ© AbJ hmo J oŸ&

èd§Vamd nyZm _| bm° H$m°boO _| nT>Vo WoŸ& CÝh| nT>mZo Ho$ {bE nyZm Ho$ à{gÕdH$sb lr. b. ~. ^monQ>H$a WoŸ& do à{gÕ dH$sb WoŸ& do èd§Vamd H$mo Q>m°Q>© {df`n‹T>mVo Wo Ÿ& CZH$m ^mfm na à wËd Wm Am¡a do CÎm_ {ejH$ WoŸ& nyZm Ho$ H$å w{Zï> ZoVmlr. {dîUwn§V {MVbo Ho$ gmW èd§VamdOr H$m ñZoh WmŸ& lr. {MVbo _mŠg©dmXr{dMmaYmam Ho$ g_W©H$ WoŸ&

M§ÐmoOr nmQ>rb ed§Vamd Ho$ ñZohr WoŸ& do gm§Jbr {Obo _| H$m_oar Ho$ WoŸ& CZH$sghm`Vm go H$m_oar Ho$ Ho$. S>r. Cµ\©$ Ho$edamd nmQ>rb go èd§VamdOr H$s nhMmZ hmoJ`rŸ& CZH$s nhMmZ èd§VamdOr Ho$ Ñ{ï> go _hÎdnyU© WrŸ& AmJo bJ^J gmV-AmR>df© CZ go èd§VamdOr H$m àJmT> ñZoh WmŸ Am¡a amOZr{V _| CÝhm|Zo èd§VamdOr H$mo~hþV gh`moJ {X`mŸ&

VmgJmd Ho$ lr. {dÇ>bamd nmJo Ho$ gmW r ed§Vamd Ho$ g§~§Y WoŸ& do ñdmV§Í`g¡{ZH$ WoŸ& XmoZm| Ho$ {dMma EH$ gmW OwS> J o WoŸ& do nhbo go {Zð>mdmZ Jm§YrdmXr WoŸ&AmJo CÝhm|Zo VmpÎdH$ {dMma ñdrH$ma {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ _hmË_m Jm§Yr ~‹S>ohmo{e`ma goZmn{V h¢Ÿ& do H$mb Am¡a gmYZm| H$m C{MV g_` na MwZmd H$a|Jo Am¡a doAnZo nrN>o AmZo H$m g§Xoe X|JoŸ& V~ Y¡ © Z N>mo‹S>Vo hþE {dídmg go ~Vm©d H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

lr. {dÇ>bamd nmJo, ñdm_r am_mZ§X ^maVr, ^mD$gmh~ gmo_U, lr. dg§VXmXmnmQ>rb, Jm¡arha qghmgZo Am¡a ì §H$Q>amd ndma Eogo AZoH$ bmoJm| Zo d¡ {ŠVH$ gË`mJ«h_| mJ {b`mŸ& o g~ ed§Vamd Ho$ ñZohr WoŸ& lr.ì §H$Q>amd ndma o {Obm H$m±J«og Ho$AÜ`j WoŸ& do Oob _| J o WoŸ& CgHo$ ~mX ed§Vamd {Obm H$m±J«og Ho$ AÜ`j ~Z J oŸ&

39 40


EH$ ~ma hoS>Jodma ì`m»`mZ XoZo Ho$ {bE H$amS> Am o WoŸ& CZHo$ {dMma gwZH$aèd§VamdOr H$mo bJm {H$ BZ bmoJm| H$mo EH$ {d{eï> dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$s g§KQ>Zm ~ZmZrh¡Ÿ& V~ go do CZ go Xÿa ahZo bJoŸ&

gË`mJ«h Ho$ {XZ dmbM§X Jm§Yr Zo a{ddma Mm¡H$ _| g^m H$s ì`dñWm H$a aIrWrŸ& Cg g^m _| ed§VamdZo mfU {X`mŸ& na CZHo$ mfU _| H$moB© Amjonmh© Zht WmŸ&Bg{bE CÝh| {JaâVma Zht {H$`mŸ& CZHo$ {_Ì dmbM§XOr CR>o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo wÕ{damoYrKmofUmE± XrŸ& BgHo$ ~mX Vwa§V nw{bg Am`r Am¡a CÝhm|Zo dmbM§X eoR>Or H$mo {JaâVma{H$`mŸ&

1937 _| {Obm bmoH$b ~moS>© H$m MwZmd hþAmŸ& Cg MwZmd _| Ywbmßnm AmÊUmZdbo, gImam_ ~mOr aoR>aoH$a Am¡a Jm¡arha qghmgZo o èd§Vamd Ho$ {_Ì MwZmd OrVJ o WoŸ& èd§VamdOr BZ gXñ`m| Ho$ gbmhH$ma ~ZoŸ& BZ g~ Zo ~m~mgmh~ qeXo H$mo{Obm bmoH$b ~moS>© H$m AÜ`j ~ZmZo H$s ~mV V` H$s Am¡a do AÜ`j ~Z J oŸ& V~goqeXo H$m èd§Vamd go g§~§Y Am`m Am¡a Yra Yrao `h g§~§Y ~‹T> J`mŸ& Cg g§~§Y H$mê$nmÝVa àJm‹T> ñZoh _| hþAmŸ&

Bggo Hy$na gmVmam {Obo Ho$ gdm©{YH$mar WoŸ& na MwZmd _| hma OmZo na CZH$sgÎmm g_má hþB©Ÿ&

1941 _| Omo MwZmd hþAm Cg g_` Hy$na Ho$ gh`moJr AÊUmgmh~ H$ë`mUrAm¡a gaXma nmQ>UH$a o XmoZm| ^r Hy$na go AbJ hþEŸ& {\$a AÜ`jnX Ho$ {bE XmoCå_rXdma gm_Zo Am oŸ& EH$ AmZ§Xamd MìhmU Am¡a Xÿgao ~mbmgmh~ XogmB©Ÿ& BZ XmoZm|_| go AmZ§Xamd MìhmU o èd§Vamd Ho$ {dÚmWu AdñWm go {_Ì WoŸ& AmZ§Xamd Am¡aèd§Vamd BZ XmoZm| Zo B§Q>a Am¡a ~r.E. H$s narjm Ho$ g_` EH$Ì Aä`mg {H$`m WmŸ&AmZ§Xamd Am¡a ~mbmgmh~ XmoZm| H$m Vhgrb EH$ hr WmŸ& XmoZm| H$s {ejm H$moëhmnya _|hþB© WrŸ&CZHo$ [aíVo H$moëhmnya n[adma go WoŸ&

{\$a AÜ`j nX H$m MwZmd hþAmŸ& h_mao H$m±J«og H$m ©H$Vm©Amo§ Zo ~mbmgmh~XogmB© H$mo gh`moJ {X`mŸ& do MwZmd OrV J oŸ& ~mbmgmh~ H$mo h ~mV _hgyg hþB©Ÿ& BgrH$maU AmJo XmoZm| H$m gh`moJ ~‹T>Vm J`mŸAm¡a gmVmam {Obo _| CZH$m Am¡a èd§VamdH$m EH$ JwQ> _mZm OmZo bJmŸ& Bg àg§J _| èd§Vamd Zo AmZ§Xamd MìhmU H$mo Xþ…I{X`m, Bg ~mV H$m èd§Vamd H$mo ^r ~S>m Xþ…I hwAmŸ&

~mbmgmh~ Am¡a AmZ§Xamd XmoZm| ^r _hÎd Ho$ AmX_r WoŸ& ^{dî`H$mbrZamOZr{V_o§ XmoZm| H$s r Amdí`H$Vm WrŸ& Omo hmoZm Wm, dh hmo J`mŸ& gÎmm H$s amOZr{V_| H$^r H$^r Eogm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CYa gmVmam {Obo _| g^r à_wI H$m ©H$Vm© Oob _| Wo Am¡a

Eogr hmbV _| ed§Vamd Zo ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm AnZo H$ãOo _| br WrŸ& Bg{bE {H$gZdra,Ho$. S>r. nmQ>rb Am¡a èd§Vamd Zo `h Omo H$m © {H$`m Wm dh àe§gZr` WmŸ&

1941 gmb Ho$ {Obm ~moS>© Ho$ MwZmd _| Omo Hw$N> Z o _Zwî` ed§Vamd Ho$ {ZH$Q>Ho$ gmWr ~ZoŸCg _| ed§Vamd H$m lr. ed§Vamd nmb}H$a Ho$ gmW K{Zð> ào_ hþAm WmŸ&1941 _| èd§Vamd nmb}H$a Am¡a o XmoZm| {_Ì hmo J oŸ& AmJo èd§Vamd H$mo g^rH$m`m} _| CÝhm|Zo ghm`Vm H$sŸ&

h[a^mD$ Oob go ~mha AmZo na ed§Vamd CZHo$ gmWr hþEŸ& Bg g_` ed§VamdHo$ OrdZ _| EH$ _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm KQ>r WrŸ& BZ g~ MMm©Am| Am¡a Am§XmobZm| Ho$~mao _| MMm©>>E± Mb ahr WrŸ& o g~ g_PZo Ho$ {bE èd§Vamd _¾ hþE WoŸ& bo{H$Zèd§Vamd Ho$ {ddmh Ho$ {bE CZH$s _m± Zo èd§Vamd H$mo {ddmh H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmJ«h{H$`mŸ&

CÝhm|Zo ~ma ~ma AmJ«h {H$`mŸ& {ddmh àg§J _| _m± H$s {dO` hþB© Am¡a _¢ {ddmhHo$ {bE V¡ ma hþAmŸ& \$bQ>U {Zdmgr ñd. aKwZmW _moao H$s H$Ý`m doUyVmB© Ho$ ñWb H$mn¡Jm_ èd§Vamd Ho$ {bE Am`m WmŸ&

èd§VamdZo H$hm Wm {H$ `h bS>H$s gmVmam Am oJr Vmo _¢ Cgo XoI by§JmŸ& _B©_{hZo Ho$ àma§ _| V` {H$ o g_` na ed§Vamd Zo bS>H$s XoIrŸ&

dYw ng§XJr H$m èd§Vamd H$m EH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ WmŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ Ka _| Am¡a{deofH$a _m± go {_bVr-OwbVr ahoJr Eogr dYw Mm{hE Eogm CZH$m {dMma WmŸ& ñd.aKwZmWamd \$bQ>U Ho$ hmoVo hþE CZH$m g§nyU© n[adma ~å~B©© _| ahVm WmŸ& EH$ df© nhboCgH$m {ZYZ hþAm WmŸ& ~S>moXm Ho$ amOKamUo Ho$ {ZOr ImVo _| do _hÎd Ho$ J¥hñW WoŸ&_B© _{hZo Ho$ àma§ _| V` {H$ o ñWmZna èd§Vamd Zo bS>H$s XoIrŸ&

ñd. aKwZmWamd _moao H$s \$bQ>U _| IoVr WrŸ& do df© _| EH$ ~ma \$bQ>U AmVoWoŸ& do Xmo _{hZo \$bQ>U _| ahVo WoŸ& ImZXmZr b‹S>H$s H$mo AÀN>o g§ñH$ma {_bo, Bg{bEdo qMVm H$aVo WoŸ&

{e{jV, na g§ wŠV n[adma _| {Xb bJmH$a H$m_ H$aoJr Am¡a n[adma _| g^rgXñ`m| Ho$ gmW ào_ go ~Vm©d H$aoJr, Eogr dYw CÝh| Mm{hEŸ& gmVmam _| `mXmo JmonmbCZHo$ [aíVoXmam| Ho$ Ka _| èd§Vamd Zo doUyVmB© H$mo XoImŸ& Hw$N> àíZmoÎmao hþB©>&

Cg g_` èd§Vamd Zo H$hm {H$ - "_¢ dH$sb h±ÿ, {\$a _¢ amOZ¡{VH$ H$m ©H$Vm©hÿ±', `h ~mV _¢Zo ñnï> H$a XrŸ& _oar ~mV gwZZo na _wPo {dbjU gm¡å` àgÞVm {XImB©XrŸ& Xr o Ho$ g_mZ M_H$Xma ~‹S>r Am±Io XoIH$a _oao _Z Zo AZw_{V XrŸ&

H$amS> dmng OmH$a ed§VamdZo AnZr AZw_{V AnZr _m± go H$h XrŸ& _B© _{hZo

41 42


Ho$ àma§ _| o g~ hþAmŸ& Am¡a 2 OyZ 1942 H$mo CZH$m gm¡. doUyVmB© Ho$ gmW {ddmhg§nÞ hþAmŸ&

AmO O~ _¢ nrN>o _wS>H$a XoIVm hÿ±, V~ EH$ Va\$ go OZ Am§XmobZ H$s Va\$ goAnZm _Z V¡ ma H$aZodmbo èd§Vamd, Am¡a `h OZ Am§XmobZ XohbrO na AmVo g_`èd§Vamd {ddmh Ho$ {bE H¡$go IS>o aho, `h {dMma H$^r H$^r CZHo$ _Z _o| ahVm h¡,na§Vw {ZU© hþAm, `h gM h¡Ÿ& Am¡a Cg _| go CZH$m AJbm OrdZ {Z_m©U hmoVm ahmŸ&VH©$ Am¡a OrdZ h_oem hmW _| hmW S>mbH$a MbVo h¡, h gM Zhr§ h¡Ÿ& hr CgH$m AW©h¡Ÿ&

Am¡a EH$ Ñ{ï> go OZ Am§XmobZ H$m AJbm Vy\$mZ XoIZm WmŸ& CgHo$ {bE Amdí`H$dh gmWr - ed§Vamd H$mo {_bZodmbr WrŸ& CgH$m h EH$ g§ moJ Wm AWdm AW© Wm,Eogo H$hm Om` Vmo MboJmŸ&

èd§Vamd Ho$ {ddmh Ho$ {bE hOmam| H$m ©H$Vm© ~‹S>o AmZ§X go Am¡a ào_ go EH$Ìhmo J o WoŸ& {ddmh Ho$ {bE ñdm_r am_mZ§X ^maVr ^r CnpñWV WoŸ& {ddmh Ho$ {bECÝhm|Zo ^mfU ^r {X`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo ^mfU _| H$hm -

"`h OZ Am§XmobZ ~S>m gyMH$ h¡Ÿ&'èd§Vamd H$m Omo {ddmh hþAm, Cg _| Omo rS> Wr, CgH$m dU©Z H$aZm Ag§ d

h¡Ÿ& na BVZm {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ BVZm ~S>m {ddmh H$amS> _| nhbo H$^r Zht hþAm WmŸ&lr. Ho$. S>r. nmQ>rb èd§Vamd Ho$ ñZohr WoŸ& bo{H$Z CÝh| Bñbm_nya _| ~S>o

à{gÕ dH$sb lr. amZS>o H$m gh`moJ {_bVm WmŸ& lr. Ho$. S>r. Zo lr. amZS>o Ho$ gmW_oam n[aM` H$a {X`m WmŸ& do àd¥{Îm go Yra J§ ra WoŸ& H$moQ>© Ho$ H$m_ _| h_oem e {_bVmahVm WmŸ&

1942 _| H$amS> _| X{jU _hmamï´> gm{hË` g§_obZ ~S>o CËgmh go g§nÞ hþAmŸ&H${d ~mbH¥$îU, nw§. nm. JmoIbo, n§{S>V gào, e§H$aamd H$a§~boH$a, H¥$îUamd gaS>oAm{X gm{hpË`H$ CnpñWV WoŸ& H$amS> Ho$ g§_obZ _| ed§Vamd Zo {H«$`merb hmoH$a mJ{b`m WmŸ& Bg n[ag§dmX _| Xmo n[ag§dmX Am`mo{OV {H$ o WoŸ& lr. H¥$. nm§. Hw$bH$Uunhbo n[ag§dmX Ho$ AÜ`j WoŸ& Xÿgao n[ag§dmX Ho$ AÜ`j Wo èd§VamdOr MìhmUŸ&CZH$m ì`m»`mZ H$m {df` Wm - "~hþOZ g_mO Am¡a gm{hË`'Ÿ& XmoZm| n[ag§dmX ~S>ogw§Xa hþEŸ& ed§Vamd H$m AÜ`jr` g_mnZ H$m mfU ì`mg§JnyU© WmŸ& ed§Vamd H$m`h ^mfU lr. H¥$. nm§. Hw$bH$Uu H$mo ~hþV ng§X Am`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd H$mo `h~Vm`m ^rŸ& CgHo$ ~mX èd§Vamd H¥$. nm§. Hw$bH$Uu H$m AmË_M[aÌ "H¥$îUmH$mR>Mr_mVr' nT> aho WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo AmË_M[aÌ _| èd§Vamd Ho$ n[ag§dmX _| ^mfU H$m

Jm¡adnyU© CëboI {H$`m WmŸ&{dídZmW C\©$ VmË`mgmh~ H$moao `h EH$ CËH¥$ï> gh`moJr H$m ©H$Vm© WoŸ& CZH$m

Am¡a èd§Vamd H$m OrdZâ g§~§Y ahmŸ&1942 Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| lr. em§Vmam_ BZm_Xma Zo èd§Vamd H$mo g§nyU© gh`moJ

{X`mŸ& AXmbV H$m g_` g_má hmoZo na XmoZm| _| ñdmV§Í` H$s MMm© hmoVr WrŸ&7 AJñV 1942 H$mo ~å~B©© _| dm{b`m Q>±H$ na A{Ib maVr` H$m±J«og H${_Q>r

H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~¡R>H$ hþB©Ÿ& Cg ~¡R>H$ _| n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$Zo "^maV N>moS>mo' H$màñVmd aI {X`mŸ& gd© gå_{V go àñVmd nm[aV hþAmŸ& CÝhm|Zo àñVmd H$m ñnï>rH$aUH$aVo hþE H$hm {H$ - "h_mam `h àñVmd {H$gr H$mo Y_H$s Zht h¡Ÿ& `h h_mar eÌwVmH$s ^mdZm Zht'Ÿ&

^maV N>moS>mo H$m AW© nyN>Zo Ho$ {bE ed§Vamd Jm§YrOr Ho$ nmg J oŸ& Jm§YrOr ZoBgH$m AW© ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$hm - "h_ {~«{Q>em| H$mo qhXþñVmZ go Mbo OmAmo, Eogm OmoH$hVo h¢, BgH$m AW© A±J«oO _Zwî` H$mo VwaÝV qhXþñVmZ N>moS>Zm Mm{hE, Eogm Zht h¡Ÿ&{\$a ^r do qhXþñVmZ _| ah gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& _oam H$hZm BVZm hr h¡ {H$ {~«{Q>e Vwa§V AnZrgÎmm H$m Ë`mJ H$aoŸ& qhXþñVmZ _| Omo amÁ`H$Vm© A§J«oO bmoJ h¢, do qhXþñVmZ _| {_Ì Ho$ê$n _| ah gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&'

A{YdoeZ g_má hmoZo na ed§Vamd dmng Am J oŸ& {\$a ed§Vamd Zo doUyVmB©H$mo nÌ {bIH$a g§nyU© n[apñW{V H$s H$ënZm XrŸ& H$hm {H$ - "_¢ EH$ Vy\$mZ _| àdoeH$a ahm hÿ±Ÿ& _¡Zo j_m _m§JrŸ& Cgo Š`m bJm hmoJm `h _¢Zo nyN>m ZhtŸ&'

CYa amoS> Ho$ nmg WmoS>o A§Va na _oao ñZohr lr. e§H$aamd ~obmnwao _oar amh XoIVohþE IS>o WoŸ& do AÀN>r Vah _moQ>a gmB{H$b MbmVo WoŸ& "_¢ Am`m hÿ±' H$m Bemam H$aVo hrdo _moQ>a gmB{H$b boH$a _oao nmg Am J oŸ& CÝhm|Zo _wPgo H$hm - "~¡R>mo nrN>o, Mb|Joh_Ÿ&'

`hm± go èd§Vamd H$s Kw_ŠH$S>r H$s ewê$AmV WrŸ&24 AJñV H$mo H$amS> Vhgrbna _moMm© boZo H$m {ZíM` hþAmŸ& Bg _moMm© H$m

ZoV¥Ëd H$amS> Vhgrb _| H$m±J«og Ho$ à_wI ~mbmgmh~ nmQ>rb C§S>mbH$a H$a|JoŸ& lr.em§Vmam_ ~mny, H$mgoJmdH$a d¡Ú, gXm{edamd n|T>maH$a Am¡a wdH$ nrT>r _| Z o bS>H$m|H$s EH$ goZm H$amS> eha _| IS>r ahrŸ& BgH$m ZoV¥Ëd _hmXod OmYd Zo {H$`mŸ& ~hþV^rS> EH$Ì hþB© WrŸ& Hw$N> bmoJ Vhgrb H$Mhar Ho$ _¡XmZ _| {Va§Jm P§S>m boH$a J oŸ&nw{bg Zo C§S>mbH$a H$mo {JaâVma {H$`mŸ& BgHo$ gmW AZoH$ bmoJm| H$mo {JaâVma {H$`mŸ&{H$gr Vah H$m Š`m| Z hmo, AnZr {dO` hþB© h¡Ÿ& Bgr ^mdZm go bmoJ AnZo AnZo Jm±d

43 44


JEŸ& h_mao Bg _moMm© H$m nhbm à`ËZ Wm Am¡a dh g\$b hþAm WmŸ&{H$ado Jm±d Ho$ {dÇ>b~wdm _mderH$a Am¡a ~m~m qeXo H$mo boH$a èd§Vamd Zo

y{_JV H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$s ~¡R>H$ br Am¡a _moMm© Ho$ g§~§Y _| MMm© H$sŸ&H$amS> Ho$ ~mX nmQ>U _| _moMm© hþAmŸ& CgHo$ ~mX VmgJm±d _| _moMm© hþAmŸ& Bg

_moMm© _| {dÇ>bamd nmJo, H¥$îUamd Hw$èhmS>o, JmoqdXamd ImoV o à_wI bmoJ WoŸ& o g~bmoJ ed§Vamd go g§~§{YV WoŸ& dhm± lr. {ZH$_ A{YH$mar WoŸ& CÝh| Z¡{VH$ Ñ{ï> go OrV{b`m Am¡a {ZH$_ Ho$ {ga na Jm§Yr Q>monr aIH$a Vhgrb H$Mharna {Va§Jm P§S>m\$ham`m Am¡a Jm§Yr H$s OÒ`H$ma H$aVo hþE CËgmh Ho$ gmW bmoJ dmng Mbo J oŸ&

CgHo$ ~mX Bñbm_nya Am¡a dSy>O BZ XmoZm| ñWmZm| na _moM} hþEŸ& CZ ñWmZm| nanw{bg H$s Amoa go ~‹S>m AË`mMma hþAmŸ& {\$a ^r `h OZVm Ho$ _moM} XoIH$a {~«{Q>egaH$ma K~am J`rŸ&

Bñbm_nya Ho$ _moM} _| ed§Vamd r em{_b hþE WoŸ& lr. n§S>çm Zm_ Ho$ B§Or{ZàVÁk WoŸ& do Zm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE {H$bm}ñH$a dmS>r Am o WoŸ& do r Bg _moM} _| em{_b hþE WoŸ&do CÎma àXoe Ho$ WoŸ& ed§Vamd Zo Cgo _Zm H$a {X`m WmŸ& nw{bg H$s Jmobm~mar _| XmoZm|_Zwî`m| H$s Hw$~m©Zr hmo J`rŸ& Cg _| lr. B§{OZrà n§S>çm r EH$ WoŸ& ed§Vamd H$mo h~mV h_oem AñdñW H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Ka _| VéU nËZr H$mo aIH$a Bñbm_nya J o Am¡a do {\$aH$^r dmng Zht Am oŸ& nm§Sy> _mñVa h_mao {Obo Ho$ ~S>o ZoVm Wo Am¡a Bñbm_nya Ho$ _moM}H$s V¡ mar H$s WrŸ& èd§Vamd àË`j _moM} _| ^mJ boZm MmhVo WoŸ& na§Vw bmoJm|Zo CÝh|_Zm H$a {X`mŸ& nw{bg Zo nm§Sy> _mñVa Am¡a CZHo$ gm{W`m| H$mo {JaâVma {H$`mŸ& BgHo$~mX BZ bmoJm| Zo ~S>o CËgmh Ho$ gmW H$m_ H$aZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m WmŸ&

dSy>O H$m _moMm© hmoZo Ho$ nhbo èd§Vamd Am¡a Jm¡arha qghmgZo Am¡a AÝ`ñdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$ Oàm_ ñdm_r Ho$ dS>Jmd _| {_bo WoŸ& _moM} Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd H$m {ZU© nhbo hrhþAm WmŸ& lr. naewam_ KmJ} o Cg Vhgrb _| ~hþV ~S>o gå_mZr` ZoVm WoŸ& do hr _moMm©H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$ao h V` hþAm WmŸ&

H$m±J«og H$s VÎd àUmbr Ho$ AZwgma H$m±J«og H$m ©H$Vm© em§{V go _moMm© {ZH$mb|Jo,Eogm g§Xoe lr. ~§S>mon§V bmo_Q>o Zo gaH$mar A{YH$mar H$mo oO {X`m WmŸ& dS>Jmd Ho$bmoJm| Zo EH$ Owbyg {ZH$mbH$a lr. naewam_ KmJ} Am¡a CZHo$ gm{W`m| H$mo {~Xm H$a{X`mŸ&

Cg g_` H$s g\$a ^r _¢Zo EH$ _moQ>a gmB{H$b Ho$ nrN>o ~¡R>H$a H$s WrŸ& CgdSy>O Ho$ _moM} H$m B{Vhmg A~ à{gÕ hþAm h¡Ÿ& Cg ñWmZ na A_mZdr` Ñ{ï> go AZoH$_Zwî` _mao J oŸ& CZ _| naewam_ KmJ} Am¡a CZHo$ AÝ` gmWr à_wI WoŸ& naewam_ KmJ} H$m

hm¡Vmå` h 1942 Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$m EH$ _mZq~Xÿ WmŸ& CZH$m Zm_ A_a hþAmŸ& H$amS>,nmQ>U, VmgJm±d, dSy>O Am¡a Bñbm_nya _| Omo _moM} hþE do Vmo Am§XmobZ Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$gwZhao nÞo h¢Ÿ& èd§Vamd Vmo `hr _mZVo h¢Ÿ&

Hw§$S>b _| H«$m§{Vdra ZmZm nmQ>rb Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| H$m_ H$aZodmbo H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$s~‹S>r g§»`m WrŸ& CZ _| Or. S>r. ~mnyZo ~‹S>m H$m_ {H$`m WmŸ&

gm§Jbr _| dg§Vamd nmQ>rb Am¡a CZHo$ H$m ©H$Vm© Bgr àH$ma H$m H$m_ H$a ahoWoŸ& CZH$m H$m © EH$ namH«$_r nwéf O¡gm WmŸ& CZH$s g§KQ>Z-Hw$ebVm àe§gZr` WrŸ&^{dî` _| CgH$m CÝh| Cn`moJ ^r hþAmŸ&

dmbdo Vhgrb _| ~aS>o JwéOr o EH$ ñdV§Ì àd¥{Îm Ho$ H«$m§{VH$mar WoŸ& CÝhm|ZoAnZr nÕ{V go {eambm noQ>m Am¡a dmbdo Ho$ Hw$N> mJ _| H$m_ H$aZo H$s ewê$AmmV H$sWrŸ&

nwUo H$s g\$a _| {H$gZ dra nH$S>o J oŸ& èd§Vamd H$s {Zamem hþB©Ÿ& CZH$mg§Xoe Am`m {H$ h_ Oob \$moS>H$a ~mha Am Om |JoŸ& na èd§Vamd H$mo `h Ag§ dbJVm WmŸ&

AmJo VrZ _{hZo Ho$ ~mX lr. N>ÞyqgJ M§Xobo, nm§Sy> _mñVa Am¡a AÝ` {_Ìm| Ho$gmW {H$gZdra Oob \$moS>H$a ~mha Am oŸ& O~ {H$gZdra gmVmam {Obo _| Am o, V~CÝh| H$amS> Ho$ Amgnmg bmZo H$s ì`dñWm èd§VamdZo H$sŸ&

VmgJm±d Ho$ S>m°ŠQ>a ed§V gmohZr H$mo H$m ©H«$_ H$s ê$naoIm Ho$ g§~§Y _| ed§VamdZo nÌ {bIm WmŸ& S>m°ŠQ>a IwboAm_ g\$a H$aVo WoŸ& EH$ {XZ do nH$S>o J o Am¡a ed§VamdZo {bIm hþAm nÌ ^r OãV {H$`m J`mŸ& na èd§Vamd Zo CgH$s qMVm Zht H$sŸ&èd§Vamd H$mo `h nÌ XoIZo H$mo Zht {_bmŸ& Hw$N> g§emoYH$Zo dh nÌ XoIZo H$s ~mVH$hr h¡Ÿ& Cg nÌ _| Š`m Wm - aoR>ao H$s ~¡R>H$ _| Omo MMm© hþB© Wr CgH$m gmam§e WmŸ&èd§Vamd Zo H$hm Wm {H$ - "d¡ {ŠVH$ hË`m Am¡a gmd©O{ZH$ Om`XmX, {OZH$m wÕà`ËZ go H$moB© g§~§Y Zht h¡, CZH$m Zme Zht H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$èd§Vamd H$m Am§XmobZ {dYm`H$ ñdê$n H$m WmŸ&'

gaH$maZo èd§Vamd H$mo nH$S>Zo Ho$ {bE EH$ hOma én`m| H$m BZm_ aIm WmŸ&nw{bg CZHo$ nrN>o nS>r WrŸ& Bg{bE do Xmo-Mma _Zwî`m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| ahVo WoŸ& em§Vmam_~mny BZm_Xma èd§Vamd Ho$ K{Zð> gh`moJr WoŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ g^r H$m ©H«$_m| H$m{Z`moOZ em§Vmam_ ~mny H$aVo WoŸ&

ì §H$Q>amd AmoJbo Zo èd§Vamd H$s g§KQ>Zm H$mo Am{W©H$ _XX H$sŸ& lr.AÊUmgmh~ ghò~wÕo {d»`mV {dYm`H$ H$m ©H$Vm© WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo _hmamï´> _| y{_JV

45 46


g§KQ>Zm H$mo ~S>m gh`moJ {X`m WmŸ& H$amS> Ho$ lr. bú_U H$mgoJmdH$a d¡Ú Am¡agXm{ed n|T>maH$a BZ XmoZm| Zo ed§Vamd H$s y{_JV g§KQ>Zm _| ~hwV ~S>m H$m_ {H$`mWmŸ& lr. gXm{ed n|T>maH$a Zo èd§Vamd go H$hm Wm - "`h A§{V_ b‹S>mB© h¡, Cg _|_¡§Zo mJ Zht {b`m Vmo _oam OÝ_ ì`W© h¡Ÿ&' Bg {dMma go CÝhm|Zo H$m_ H$aZm ewê$ {H$`mWmŸ& Cg g_` do {H$bm}ñH$admS>r Ho$ H$maImZo _| EH$ A{YH$mar Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$a ahoWoŸ& y{_JV Am§XmobZ _| ed§Vamd AbJ AbJ ñWmZm| _| ahVo WoŸ& d¡go hr do gXm{edn|T>maH$a Ho$ {H$bm}ñH$admS>r Ho$ Ka _| ahVo WoŸ&

èd§Vamd ZmZm nmQ>rb go {_bZm MmhVo WoŸ& bo{H$Z CZgo {_bZm AmgmZ ZhthþAmŸ& y{_JV OrdZ H$mb _| CZgo {_bH$a {dMma {d{Z_` H$aZo H$s ed§Vamd H$sBÀN>m WrŸ& èd§Vamd CZgo H$^r ^r Zht {_b gHo$Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ CZHo$ nrN>o nw{bg bJrhþB© WrŸ& Bgr Ñ{ï> go do gmdYmZ ahVo WoŸ& `h ^r C{MV WmŸ& {dMma H$aHo$ èd§VamdZo CZgo {_bZm N>moS> {X`mŸ&

EH$ ~ma H$amS> _| ahZm èd§Vamd H$mo _wpíH$b hþAmŸ& V~ CÝh| H$ht Vmo ~mhaOmZm Amdí`H$ WmŸ& Bg{bE do lr. ed§Vamd nmQ>rb nmb}H$a Ho$ Ka _| EH$-Xmo {XZahoŸ& XmoZm| H$m ñZoh BVZm à{gÕ Wm {H$ CZHo$ `hm± ahZm ~hþV IVaZmH$ WmŸ& Bg{bEèd§VamdOr _gya-IamS>o Jm±d H$s gr_m _| OmH$a ahoŸ& XÎmmo~m H$mQ>H$a Am¡a CZH$snËZr nmd©Vr~mB© BZ XmoZm| Zo èd§Vamd H$s ahZo H$s ì`dñWm H$sŸ& do ñdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$WoŸ& 1930 Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| XmoZm| Oob _| J o WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo IoV _| ed§Vamd Ho$ {bEEH$ PmonS>r ~Zm Xr WrŸ& XÎmmo~m H$mQ>H$a H$s Cg PmonS>r _| ed§Vamd H$_ go H$_ XgJm±d Ho$ à_wI H$m ©H$Vm©Am| go {_bo WoŸ&

èd§Vamd Ho$ ñZohr MaoJmd Ho$ lr. ì §H$Q>amd _mZo CZ _| go EH$ WoŸ& do gmhgrAm¡a Xoe^{ŠV go ào[aV H$m ©H$Vm© WoŸ& èd§Vamd Zo Vmo CZH$m y{_JV Zm_ "eoa' aImWmŸ&

H$amS> eha Ho$ nmg Xmo _rb na H$md} Zm_ H$m Jm±d h¡Ÿ& dhm± JÞo H$s IoVr h¡Ÿ& JÞoH$s IoVr Ho$ {bE AmO dh Jm±d à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& dh Jm±d amï´>r` na§nam H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ&

Cg Jm±d Ho$ à_wI H$m ©H$Vm© Am¡a èd§Vamd Ho$ {_Ì lr. g§ mOramd WmoamV ZoAm§XmobZ Ho$ àma§ _| Oob _| OmZo H$s BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$s WrŸ& bo{H$Z èd§VamdZo CÝh|y{_JV Am§XmobZ Ho$ H$m_ _| go _wŠV {H$`m WmŸ&

H$md} _| ahZodmbo lr. AmË_mam_ ~mny OmYd ed§Vamd Ho$ {_Ì WoŸ& do y{_JVAm§XmobZ _| ~hþV {XZ ~hþV hmo{e`mar go H$m_ H$a aho WoŸ& do ~w{Õ go ~hþV VoO WoŸ&`moOZm V` H$aZo _|, H$m¡Z go g_` Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE, BgH$s gyMZm H$aZo _| _m{haŸ&

Bg ì`{ŠV H$m ed§Vamd H$mo ~hþV Cn`moJ hþAmŸ& Xÿgao {_Ì _mYdamd OmYd Zo AnZmì`{ŠVÎd Am§XmobZ _| V¡ ma {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo Amgnmg g¢H$S>mo H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mOmb V¡ ma {H$`m WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo {XZ XhmS>o H$amS> H$m Am°{\$g byQ> {b`mŸ& AmJo 1944_| do nw{bg Ho$ M±Jwb _| \±$g J oŸ& nw{bg Zo CÝh| H$amS> Ho$ Oob _| S>mb {X`mŸ& na do Oob\$moS>H$a ~mha Am J oŸ&

lr. H$mgoJmdH$a d¡Ú Am¡a lr. gXm{edamd n|T>maH$a BZ XmoZm| Zo {eadS>o aobñQ>oeZ ObmZo H$m H$m ©H«$_ V¡ ma {H$`mŸ& Bg H$m_ H$m ZoV¥Îd lr. gXm{edamd n|T>maH$aH$mo {X`m J`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo Xg-nm±M H$m ©H$Vm©Am|H$m gh`moJ {b`m WmŸ& Bg _| ed§VamdH$m m§Om ~m~yamd H$moVdmb r WmŸ& Cg _| nhbo go amï>r` d¥{Îm WrŸ& bo{H$Z ed§VamdZoCgo H$^r "Vy `h H$a' Eogm Zht H$hm WmŸ& CgZo ñd §ñ\y${V© go H$m_ H$aZo H$m {ZíM`{H$`m WmŸ& Bg _| dh H$m_ H$aVm h¡, BgH$m ed§Vamd H$mo r AmZ§X hþAmŸ& Cg g_`dh hmBñHy$b {dÚmWu WmŸ& BZ g~ Zo EH$ em_ Ho$ g_` {eadS>o aob ñQ>oeZ na h_bm{H$`mŸ& dhm± CÝhm|Zo CnpñWV ~§YyH$Ymar AnZo H$ãOo _| {b`m Am¡a CZH$s ~§XÿH¡$$ bo brAm¡a ñQ>oeZ Obm`mŸ&

Cgr {XZ ed§Vamd AmoJbo dmS>r _| ì §H$Q>amd AmoJbo Ho$ Ka _| WoŸ& lr. em§Vmam_~mny Am¡a H$mgoJmdH$a d¡Ú BZ XmoZm| H$mo BgH$s H$ënZm WrŸ&

EH$ ~§XÿH$Ymar H$m ©H$Vm© èd§Vamd go {_bZo Am`m WmŸ& {eadS>o ñQ>oeZ nah_bm H$aZodmbm| _| go EH$ WmŸ& do Hw§$S>b Ho$ am_amd ndma WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo CgH$s Hw§$S>bOmZo H$s ì`dñWm H$sŸ&

èd§Vamd H$s Omo ~¡R>H$ hþB© Cg ~¡R>H$ _| Hw$N> Z o bmoJ WoŸ& CZ _| H$moVdmbZm_ Ho$ EH$ J¥hñW WoŸ& AmJo MbH$a do hþVmË_m H$moVdmb Zm_ go à{gÕ hþEŸ&

~å~B©© H$m {Zdmg g_má H$aHo$ ed§Vamd ~S>o à`ËZ go gmVmam {Obo _| nhþ±MoŸ&do H$amS> go _moQ>a gmB{H$b na nrN>o ~¡R>H$a {eambm J oŸ& dhm± go {MIbr J oŸ& dhm±AmZ§Xamd ZmB©H$ Ho$ ~mJmZ _| do Xmo {XZ ahoŸ& dhm± go do H$m_oar Ho$ Ho$. S>r. nmQ>rb go{_bZo Ho$ {bE H$m_oar JEŸ& dhm± y{_JV Am§XmobZ Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© hþB©Ÿ&

{Xg§~a _{hZo _| {Obo _| Mmam| Amoa nw{bg H$m X~md WmŸ& y{_JV H$m ©H$Vm© Am¡añdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$ H$mo nH$S>o OmZo H$m S>a WmŸ& Bg{bE à_wI H$m ©H$Vm© {Obm N>moS>H$a~mha Mbo J oŸ& èd§Vamd nhZmdm ~XbH$a nyZm Mbo J oŸ& nyZm _| ahH$a do gmVmam{Obo go g§nH©$ aIVo WoŸ& ha gámh _| em§Vmam_ ed§Vamd go {_bVo WoŸ& nyZm _| ed§VamdCZHo$ {_Ì ~~Zamd Jmogmdr Ho$ Ka _| ahVo WoŸ& nyZm _| gXm{ed n|T>maH$a go |Q> hþB©Ÿ& do~hwV Iwer _| WoŸ& Bg Am§XmobZ _| Hw$N> Vmo _hÎdnyU© H$m_ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_m| H$s CÝh|

47 48


H$moB© nadmh Zht WrŸ&1943 Ho$ OZdar _| èd§Vamd Ho$ {XZ Eogo hr Mbo Om aho WoŸ&{eadS>o ñQ>oeZ Ho$ A{¾H$m§S> Ho$ _wH$X_o _| àm`… g^r bmoJ nH$S>o J o WoŸ& lr.

gXm{ed n|T>maH$a Am¡a CZHo$ gm{W`m| na _wH$X_o ewê$ WoŸ& BZ A{^ wŠVm| _| ed§VamdH$m m§Om ~m~yamd H$moVdmb r WmŸ& BZ g^r H$mo gOm hþB©Ÿ& BZ g^r bmoJm| Zo §ÌUmE±ghZ H$sŸ& dh ^r èd§Vamd Ho$ {b o Am¡a AnZr amï´>-{Zð>m Ho$ {bEŸ& gOmE± hmoZo na^r o Zht S>ao WoŸ& {deofH$a lr AmË_mam_ ~mny OmYd, ~m~yamd H$moVdmb, ~m~yamdH$mbo _mbXUH$a H$mo nw{bgm| Zo ~hþV §ÌUmE± XrŸ& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m± gwZH$a èd§VamdHo$ earana am|JQ>o I‹S>o hmo J o WoŸ&

(14) OrdZ Ho$ Hw$N> _hÎdnyU© àg§J

èd§Vamd H$m ì`{ŠVÎd Am¡a H$V©¥Ëd BVZm ~S>m h¡ {H$ CZHo$ OrdZ _| AZoH$gwI-Xþ…I Ho$ àg§J Am oŸ& CZ g^r H$m CëboI H$aZm Ag§ d h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z Omo _hÎdnyU©àg§J h¢, CZH$m CëboI H$aZm _¢ C{MV g_PVm hÿ±Ÿ&

(15) _¢ ed§Vamd MìhmU hmo OmD±$Jm

èd§Vamd O~ nT>Vo Wo V~ CZH$s embm _| lr. eoUmobrH$a Zm_ Ho$ {ejH$ WoŸ&g_`na ì`dpñWV VWm AÀN>o H$m_ H$aZodmbo {ejH$ Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$s »`m{V WrŸ&CÝh| nT>mZo H$m Am¡a {H«$Ho$Q> H$m em¡H$ WmŸ&

CÝhm|Zo EH$ ~ma èd§Vamd H$s H$jm _| bS>H$m| go nyN>m,"Vwåh| ha EH$ H$mo Š`m hmoZm h¡, dh Vw_ EH$ H$mJO H$s {MÇ>r na {bI H$a XmoŸ&'ha EH$ {dÚmWuZo AnZo gm_Zo AmXe© hmoZodmbo EH$ EH$ nwéf H$m Zm_ {bIH$a

{X`mŸ& èd§Vamd Zo AnZo _Z _| {dMma {H$`m {H$ {H$gr Vah ~S>o nwéf H$m Zm_{bIH$a XoZm AWm©V ñd § H$mo YmoIm XoZm h¡Ÿ& ~S>o ì`{ŠV AnZo H$V©¥Ëd go ~S>o hþE h¢Ÿ&CZHo$ g_mZ h_ r hmo Om o, h {dMma Vmo AÀN>m h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z d¡gm {ZU© AdmñVdŸ&Bg{bE _¢Zo _oar {MÇ>rna {bIm -

"_¢ èd§Vamd MìhmU hmo OmD±$JmŸ&'{ejH$ Zo g^r bS>H$m| H$s {M{Ç>`m± XoIr Am¡a _oar {MÇ>r XoIH$a do _oao nmg Am o

Am¡a H$hm -"Aao, Vy Vmo AÀN>m Ah§H$mar {XIVm h¡Ÿ& Vy gmd©O{ZH$ H$m_ _| mJ boVm h¡, h

Vmo AÀN>m h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z Vwåho§ Vmo H$_ go H$_ Xoe _| ~S>o _Zwî`m| H$m AmXe© AnZr Am±Im|

Ho$ gm_Zo aIZm Mm{hEŸ&'èd§VamdZo H$hm -"Vwåhmam H$hZm Vmo ghr h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z _wPo Omo bJm, dh _¢Zo {bI {X`mŸ&'_oar Ñ{ï> go `h {df` H$jm _| hr g_má hþAmŸ& bo{H$Z CÝhm|Zo Q>rMg© ê$_ _|

OmH$a {ejH$ ~§YwAm| go Bg ~mV H$s MMm© H$s hmoJrŸ& Š`m|{H$ nmR>H$ ga Zo _wPo nyN>mŸ&do h_mao _w»`mÜ`mnH$ WoŸ& _¢Zo CZgo gƒr ~mV H$htŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo _wPgo H$hm -

"Bg _| AZw{MV Š`m h¡? AnZm ì`{ŠV_Îd ~T>mZo H$m à`ËZ H$aZo H$s VwåhmarBÀN>m h¡, Eogm CgH$m AW© h¡, Am¡a dh C{MV ^r h¡Ÿ& eoUmobrH$a Zo Vwåho§ H$hm hmoJm,Vmo CgH$s Amoa Ü`mZ _V XmoŸ&'

(16) P§S>m \$hamZo H$m àg§J

èd§Vamd Am¡a CZHo$ {_Ìm| Zo P§S>m \$hamZo H$m {ZU© {b`mŸ& Xÿgao {XZ gw~hAmR> ~Oo èd§Vamd Am¡a CZHo$ {_Ì hmBñHy$b Ho$ _¡XmZ _| Omo Zr_ H$m noS> h¡ CgHo$Amgnmg BH$Ç>m hmo J oŸ& èd§Vamd Zo no‹S> na MT>H$a P§S>m \$ham`mŸ& {\$a g~ZoÜdO-d§XZ H$aHo$ P§S>o H$mo gbm_r XrŸ& ed§Vamd Am¡a CZHo$ {_Ìm| Zo "d§Xo _mVa_²' H$sKmofUmE± Xr Am¡a amï´>JrV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX g~ {dÚmWu AnZo-AnZo Ka JEŸ& na§Vw embmH$s Om±M Ho$ {bE Am o hþE EÁ wHo$eZb BÝgnoŠQ>a gm_Zodmbo ~hþboH$a Ho$ ~§Jbo _|_wµH$m_ Ho$ {bE R>hao WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd H$m P§S>m d§XZ H$m H$m ©H«$_ XoIm WmŸ& `hH$m ©H«$_ XoIZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo àYmZ AÜ`mnH$ go nyN>VmN> ewê$ H$sŸ&

BYa nm§Sy> VmË`m S>moB©\$moS>o H$mo nw{bg Zo {JaâVma {H$`mŸ& Xÿgao {XZ èd§Vamd11 ~Oo hmBñHy$b _| JEŸ& hmBñHy$b ewê$ hþAm Am¡a èd§V AnZr H$jm _| ~¡R>oŸ&hmBñHy$b H$s Vm{gH$m ewê$ WrŸ& na ed§Vamd H$m Cg _| Ü`mZ Zht WmŸ& hmB©ñHy$b H$sVm{gH$m g_má hmooZo go nhbo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ EH$ nw{bg A{YH$mar H$mo boH$a ed§VamdH$s H$jm _| AmEŸ& CÝhm|Zo ed§Vamd H$mo ~mha ~wbmH$a P§S>m d§XZ Ho$ H$m ©H«$_ Ho$ ~mao_| nyN>m -

èd§Vamd Zo H$hm - "hm±, _¢Zo h g~ {H$`m Am¡a Eogm H$aVo ahZm _oam {ZíM`h¡Ÿ&'

nw{bg A{YH$marZo _w»`mÜ`mnH$ go H$hm,"_¢ Bg {dÚmWu H$mo {JaâVma H$aVm hÿ±Ÿ Am¡a bo OmVm hÿ±Ÿ& CgHo$ A{^^mdH$mo§

gyMZm XmoŸ&'Am¡a Bg àH$ma èd§Vamd H$s nhbr emòewÕ {JaâVmar hþB©Ÿ&

49 50


nyao {XZâ nw{bg-H$Mhar _| èd§Vamd H$mo {~R>mH$a aImŸ& do ~rM ~rM _|èd§Vamd Ho$ nmg AmVo Am¡a CZgo Hw$N> OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡ {H$ Zht, BgH$s nyN>VmN>H$aVoŸ& bo{H$Z ed§Vamd Hw$N> r Zht H$hVo WoŸ& {XZâ à`ËZ H$aZona r ed§VamdH$s Amoa go Hw$N> A{YH$ OmZH$mar Zht {_bVr, `h XoIZo Ho$ ~mX amV hmoVo hr CÝhm|Zoèd§Vamd H$mo Oob H$s EH$ H$moR>ar _| T>Ho$b {X`mŸ&

èd§Vamd Ho$ Ka Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo h I~a {_br WrŸ& na do Bg g§~§Y _| Hw$N> Zhr§H$a gH$Vo WoŸ&

Hw$N> {XZ Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX EH$ {XZ èd§Vamd Am¡a VmË`m S>moB©\$moS>o BZ XmoZm|H$mo _°{OñQ´>oQ> Ho$ AmJo I‹S>m H$a {X`mŸ& CÝh| CZ na bJm o JE BbµOm_ n‹T>H$a {XIm oJEŸ& èd§Vamd Zo AnZo D$na bJmE BbOm_ ñdrH$ma {H$ oŸ& {\$a _°{OñQ´>oQ> H$m H$m_AmgmZ hmo J`mŸ& CgZo Vwa§V èd§Vamd H$mo AR>mah _{hZm| H$s g»V H¡$Xr H$s gOm\$a_m`r Am¡a _wH$X_o H$m H$m_ g_má hþAmŸ&

EH$ {_ZQ> Ho$ nhbo ed§Vamd H$ƒo H¡$Xr Wo Am¡a A~ nŠHo$ H¡$Xr ~Z J oŸ& CgC_« _| AR>amh _hrZo Ka go Am¡a Jm±d go Xÿa ahZo H$s H$ënZm ed§Vamd H$mo WmoS>r-grAñdñW H$aZodmbr bJrŸ&

gOm Ho$ Xÿgao {XZ _m± Am¡a Ka Ho$ g~ bmoJ ed§Vamd go {_bZo Ho$ {bE Am oŸ&CZHo$ gmW CZH$s _amR>r embm _| EH$ nwamZo {ejH$ r Am o WoŸ& nw{bg Zo ed§VamdH$mo H$moR>ar go ~mha {ZH$mbm Am¡a CZHo$ nhao _| CÝh| \$m¡OXma Ho$ H$m`m©b` H$s Amoa boJ oŸ& \$m¡OXma H$s CnpñW{V _| _m± H$s |Q> hþB©Ÿ& ed§Vamd H$mo XoIVo hr _m± H$s Am±Im|_| Am±gy Am oŸ& èd§Vamd C_« go N>moQ>o, Bgr C_« _| gOm, dh ^r XrK© Ad{Y H$sŸ&Bg{bE _m± H$m amoZm ñdm^m{dH$ WmŸ& {ejH$ Ka Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo {Xbmgm Xo aho WoŸ& ~rM_| hr CÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd go H$hm -

"\$m¡OXma gmh~ X`mbw h¢Ÿ& j_m _m§Jr Vmo N>moS> X|JoŸ&'"_mñVa, Š`m ~mobVo hmo Vw_? j_m _m±JZm! _wAm\$s _m§JZo H$m H$moB© EH$ H$maU

ZhtŸ& V~r`V H$mo g§ mbmoŸ&'"Xod AnZo nrR> Ho$ nrN>o h¢Ÿ&' _m± Zo `h ~mV H$ht Am¡a CR>H$a Mbr J`rŸ&èd§Vamd Am¡a _m± H$s |Q> g_má hþB©Ÿ&"_m± Ho$ Bg ñdm{^_mZr JwU H$s Yamoha AnZo öX` _| gwa{jV aIH$a ed§Vamd

AnZr H$moR>ar _o§ dmng J oŸ& do AnZo _Z go {ZpíM§V hmo J oŸ&'èd§VamdZo H$hm Wm {H$ - "AmO O~ h àg§J mX AmVm h¡, V~ _m± H$m h

~S>ßnZ _wPo {H$VZm CXmÎm _mo‹S> XoH$a J`m, `h _wPo _hgyg hmoVm h¡Ÿ&'

{OÝXJr _| ~hþV df© Xþ…I H$s gmW H$aZo na r {Xbmgm XoZm, {XbXma ahZm hB©ída H$s XoZ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd H$hVo h¢ {H$ - "_oar _m± H$m OrdZ h_oem XrnH$ H$s Á`mo{V Ho$ g_mZbJVm h¡Ÿ& XrnH$ ObVm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ àH$me _| _Zwî` {dMaVo h¢, Ky_Vo h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z bmoJm|H$mo _oam Cn`moJ hmoVm h¡, `h Cg Á`mo{V H$mo, Cg àH$me H$mo _mby_ Zht hmoVmŸ& CgXrnH$ Á`mo{V H$m ObZm _oar _m± H$m ObZm h¡Ÿ&'

èd§Vamd H$hVo h¢ -"no‹S> na P§S>m \$hamZo Ho$ H$maU _wPo gOm hþB©Ÿ&' Eogo AZoH$àg§J AmJo _oao OrdZ _| Am oŸ& Xþ…I Ho$ àg§J Am o, d¡go gwI Ho$ ^r àg§J Am oŸ& haàg§J Ho$ g_` _oar _m± EH$ hr dmŠ` ~mobVr ahVr Wr {H$ - "B©ída AnZo nrR> Ho$ nrN>oh¢Ÿ&' èd§Vamd Ho$ OrdZ H$s H${R>Z g\$a _| CÝh| B©ída AnZo nrR> Ho$ nrN>o h¢ H$mAZw d AmVm ahmŸ&

Eogm nwÌ-ào_ Am¡a _mV¥ {ŠV AÝ`Ì Xþb© h¡Ÿ&

(17) gm¡. doUyVmB© H$s {JaâVmar

15 OZdar H$mo ed§Vamd H$mo H$amS> go g§Xoe Am`m {H$ 14 OZdar H$mo AWm©Vg§H«$m§{V Ho$ {XZ H$amS> nw{bg Zo CZH$s nËZr doUyVmB© H$mo {JaâVma H$a H$amS> Ho$ Oob _o§aIm h¡Ÿ& nw{bg dhm± VH$ Om oJr Eogr èd§Vamd H$s Anojm Zht WrŸ& dh ^r CgHo${ddmh Ho$ ~mX nhbo g§H«$m§{V Ho$ {XZ Cgo Bg àH$ma Oob _| OmZm nS>m, `h ~mV CgoAÀN>r Zht bJrŸ& Bg ~mV H$m CgH$s V~r`V na Am¡a _Z…pñW{Vna Š`m n[aUm_hmoJmŸ& èd§Vamd H$mo Bg ~mV H$s qMVm bJr hwB© WrŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ n[adma H$moAm§XmobZ H$m AZw d WmŸ& bo{H$Z dh {Og Ka _| go ed§Vamd Ho$ Ka _| Am`r Wr, dhKa èd§Vamd Ho$ Ka H$s Anojm A{YH$ gwpñW{V _| WmŸ& CgHo$ {nVmOr A^r A^rMb ~go WoŸ& do ~S>moXm _hmamOm Ho$ {ZOr H$m_ H$aVo WoŸ& CZHo$ {dídmgnmÌ J¥hñW WoŸ&V~ CZH$s ahZ-ghZ Am¡a OrdZ nÕ{V Cƒ XO} H$s WrŸ& Bg nÕ{V H$m {dMma H$aVohþE {ddmh Ho$ ~mX Cgo Vwa§V Oob _| OmZm nS>m, h ~mV _mZ{gH$ §ÌUm XoZodmbr Wr,Eogo Hw$N> {dMma ed§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| Am J oŸ& bo{H$Z ed§Vamd Zo ñd § H$mo g_Pm`m{H$ àË`j ~{bXmZ H$aZo H$m H$m_ bmoJ Am§XmobZ _| H$aVo h¢, Vmo Bg BVZrgr _m_ybr~mV H$m AnZo _Zna ~moP Š`m|Ÿ& Bg{bE èd§Vamd Zo Bg ~moP H$mo Xÿa H$a {X`mŸ&

gm¡. doUyVmB© H$mo nw{bgm| Zo bJ^J N>… gámh H$amS> Am¡a Bñbm_nya Oob _| aImWmŸ&

Am§XmobZ g_má hmoZona _¡§Zo O~ Cgo nyN>m -

51 52


"nw{bgm|Zo Vwåhmao gmW H¡$gm ~Vm©d {H$`m?'V~ CgZo H$hm -"nw{bg O¡go ~Vm©d H$aVr h¡, d¡gm ~Vm©d {H$`mŸ&'O~ do nyN>VmN> Ho$ àíZ nyN>Vo Wo, V~ àíZ nyN>Zo H$s nÕ{V _| CX²YVm WrŸ& na

eof Hw$N> naoemZr Zht hþB©Ÿ& Oob H$m AÞ Ka Ho$ AÞ O¡gm Zht WmŸ& Bg{bE Cgo OmoHw$N> WmoS>m ~hþV H$ï> hþAm hmoJmŸ&

Bg nÕ{V go h_mao n[adma na y{_JV Am§XmobZ H$m AmKmV Yrao-Yrao nS> ahmWmŸ& lr. JUnVamd {dOmnya Oob _| WoŸ& gm¡. doUyVmB© H$amS> m Bñbm_nya Oob _| WrŸ&Am¡a èd§Vamd Eogo hr H$ht Kw_ŠH$S>r H$aVo hþE Ky_Vo {\$aVo ahoŸ& BgH$s Hw$N> Q>rgèd§VamdOr Ho$ _Z H$mo h_oem bJr ahrŸ&

èd§VamdOr nwUo eha Am¡a {Obo Ho$ J«m_rU joÌ _| y{_JV nÕ{V go H$m_H$aHo$ Z o g§nH©$ gyÌ OmoS>Zo H$m à`ËZ H$a aho WoŸ& Bg g_` EH$ {XZ _B© _hrZo Ho$ _Ü`_| ed§VamdOr H$mo \$bQ>U go g§Xoe Am`m {H$ gm¡. doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V {~JS> J`r h¡Am¡a dh _aUmoÝ_wI h¡Ÿ& Cg nyao {XZ Am¡a amV _| ed§Vamd gmo Zht gHo$Ÿ& _oam H$V©ì`Š`m h¡, BgH$m èd§Vamd AnZo _Z _| {dMma H$aZo bJo {H$ - "n[adma Ho$ {bE _oarHw$N> {Oå_oXmar h¡ {H$ Zht, Bgr {dMma go _¢ AñdñW hmo J`m Am¡a Xÿgao {XZ \$bQ>UOmZo H$m {ZU© {b`mŸ&'

èd§Vamd \$bQ>U nhþ±MoŸ& èd§Vamd \$bQ>U AmZona doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V naAÀN>m n[aUm_ hwAmŸ& CgHo$ _Z H$m Y¡ © ~‹T> J`mŸ& CgH$s ~r_mar O¡go emar[aH$ Wrd¡go dh _mZ{gH$ ^r WrŸ& èd§VamdZo doUyVmB© go H$hm {H$ AmO H$m {XZ `hm± ahÿ±JmAm¡a amV _| {ZH$bH$a OmD±$JmŸ& \$bQ>U _| S>m°ŠQ>a ~d} à{gÕ Xoe^ŠV WoŸ& ed§VamdZoCÝh| ~wbm`mŸ& ed§Vamd H$mo XoIH$a CÝh| YŠH$m bJmŸ& ed§Vamd Zo CÝh| g^r n[apñW{VAm¡a CZH$s _mZ{gH$ pñW{V H$s H$ënZm XrŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo CZgo H$hm - "{H$gr AÀN>o S>m°ŠQ>a Ho$ nmg doUyVmB© H$mo gm¢nmOmZm Mm{hE, Bg{bE _¢ `hm± Am`m hÿ±Ÿ&'

S>m°. ~d} Zo ed§Vamd H$s ~mV ñdrH$ma H$s Am¡a Cg {XZ ed§Vamd dhm± R>haoŸ&èd§Vamd H$s H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma do dhm± AmZo H$s OmZH$mar ~hþV H$_ bmoJm|

H$mo hmoJrŸ& bo{H$Z H$hm Zht Om gH$VmŸ& Amgnmg Ho$ Kam| _| ahZodmbo bmoJm| _| go{H$grZo XoIm hmoJmŸ& Š`m|{H$ Xÿgao {XZ do doUyVmB© Ho$ nmg ~¡R>o WoŸ& Cgr {XZ Xþnha Ho$g_` g§ñWmZ Ho$ nw{bgm|Zo CZHo$ ggwamb Ho$ Ka H$mo Koam S>mb {X`mŸ&

èd§Vamd H$m N>moQ>m gmbm ~m~mgmh~ _moao \$bQ>U _| hr WmŸ& CgZo ed§Vamd

go AmH$a H$hm {H$ nw{bg Am`r h¢Ÿ& èd§Vamd g_P MwHo$ {H$ CZH$s y{_JV Am wg_má hmo J`rŸ& CÝh| EH$hr qMVm Wr {H$ CZH$s {JaâVmar H$m n[aUm_ doUyVmB© H$sV~r`V na Š`m hmoVm h¡? Š`m|{H$ nw{bg Zo AmH$a CgHo$ g_j ed§Vamd H$mo {JaâVma{H$`m WmŸ& èd§Vamd Zo doUyVmB© H$mo g_Pm`m Am¡a H$hm {H$ -

"_wPo Hw$N> Zht hmoJm, Vw_ qMVm _V H$amoŸ& A~ Vmo Vw_ AnZr V~r`V H$s AmoaÜ`mZ Xmo Am¡a \$bQ>U _| _V ahmo Am¡a Vwa§V H$amS> _| _m± Ho$ nmg Mbr OmAmoŸ&'

gm¡. doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V AÀN>r Zht WrŸ& bo{H$Z CÝhm|Zo ed§Vamd H$s {JaâVmarH$m àH$ma ~S>o Y¡ © go ghZ {H$`m Am¡a Cg amV _| \$bQ>U g§ñWmZ Zo ~m±Yo hþE Z o Oob_| àW_ amOH¡$Xr Ho$ ê$n _| èd§Vamd H$m _wH$m_ hþAmŸ&

AmíM © Bg ~mV H$m h¡ {H$ Cg amV _| èd§VamdOr Jhar ZtX _| gmo J oŸ&èd§Vamd H$s {Oå_oXm[a`m± Am¡a qMVmE± g_má hmo J`r WrŸ& Xg _{hZm| H$m CZH$my{_JV OrdZ g_má hþAm WmŸ& A~ gaH$ma Ho$ hmW _| Omo hmoJm dh gaH$ma H$aoJrŸ&

Eogm {dMma CZHo$ _Z _| Am`mŸ&èd§Vamd Oob _| h¢, h g_PZo Ho$ ~mX CZH$s _m± CZgo {_bZo Ho$ {bE Am`rŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo Oob Ho$ à_wI A{YH$m[a`m| go àmW©Zm H$s {H$ _¢ O~ _oar _m± go {_by±Jm V~Vw_ _| go dhm± H$moB© nw{bg m A{YH$mar CnpñWV Z hmoŸ& dh Xþ…Ir h¡, Cgo Bggo _wŠVhmoZm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE dhm± {Vgam _Zwî` hmoZm R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& Cg Oob Ho$ A{YH$mar Ho$ nmg_mZdVm WrŸ& CgZo H$hm {H$ _¢ d¡gr ì`dñWm H$aVm hÿ±Ÿ& bJ^J N>… _{hZm| Ho$ ~mXèd§Vamd AnZr _m± go {_b aho WoŸ& XmXm H$s _¥Ë w H$m Xþ…I CÝhm|Zo amo-amoH$a hbH$m{H$`m WmŸ& _|Zo Cgo g_Pm`mŸ& èd§Vamd H$s V~r`V AÀN>r h¡ `h XoIH$a _m± IwehþB©Ÿ& Bg Xw…I Ho$ g_` ed§Vamd BVZo {XZ AnZr _m± go {_bo Zht WoŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$_Z _| `h Omo Mw Z Wr, dh H$_ hmo J`rŸ&

Xmo VrZ gámh ~rV J o Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX gm¡. doUyVmB© Ho$ AmJ«h go dh Am¡aèd§Vamd XmoZm| r Xmo {XZ Ho$ _wµH$m_ Ho$ {bE \$bQ>U Mbo J oŸ& AmíM © H$s ~mV Vmo`h h¡ {H$ \$bQ>U _| ahVo hþE {\$a go gmVmam {Obo Ho$ nw{bg A{YH$mar à{V~§YH$ñWmZ~ÕVm H$mZyZ H$m dma§Q> boH$a Am o WoŸ& {Og ñWmZna èd§Vamd H$mo nhbo nhb{JaâVma {H$`m Wm, Cg ñWmZ na Am o WoŸ& gm¡. doUyVmB© H$mo Vmo YŠH$m bJmŸ& Cgo bJm{H$ ed§Vamd \$bQ>U Am o {H$ CÝh| {JaâVma {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& gm¡. doUyVmB© Zo ed§Vamdgo H$hm - "_¢Zo Vwåho \$bQ>U AmZoH$m {H$g{bE AmJ«h {H$`mŸ&' Bg àH$ma dh Xþ…IH$aZo bJrŸ& èd§Vamd Zo Cgo g_Pm`m Am¡a CgHo$ gmW èd§Vamd H$amS> H$s Amoa{ZH$b nS>oŸ& ed§Vamd Zo nw{bg A{YH$mar go H$hm- "_¢ _oar nËZr H$mo Ka _| N>moS> Xÿ±Jm

53 54


Am¡a dhm± _¢ Vwåhmao H$ãOo _| AmD±$JmŸ& V~ VH$ Vwåhmam à~§Y _oao Amgnmg aIZo Ho$ {bE_oam H$moB© hO© Zht h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ AZwgma g~ hþAm Am¡a {\$a oadS>m H$s g\$a ewê$ hþB©Ÿ&'

Bg g_` ed§Vamd H$mo "~' dJ© Zht {X`m J`mŸ& oadS>m Ho$ H¡${X`m| Ho$ {bE OmoVrgam dV©wb h¡Ÿ Cg_| go EH$ ~amH$s _| èd§Vamd H$mo oO {X`mŸ& Bg ~amH$s _|èd§VamdOr H$mo {Obo _| AZoH$ H$m ©H$Vm©, {_Ì {_b J oŸ& CÝh| mX AmVm h¡ {H$ dhm±AmË_mam_ OmYd, h[a^mD$ bmS> O¡go AZoH$ H$m ©H$Vm© {_boŸ& AmË_mam_ ~mny H$mo Omo^ §H$a §ÌUmE± Xr J`r Wr, dhr §ÌUmE± AmË_mam_ ~mny Zo ed§Vamd H$mo Bgr ~amH$s_| H$h XrŸ& ed§Vamd H$s gm_Zodmbr ~amH$s _| lr. Zm. J. Jmoao Am¡a gh`moJr {_Ì WoŸ&èd§Vamd H$s Am¡a CZ {_Ìm| H$s ~rM ~rM _| |Q> hmoVr WrŸ&

BZ VrZ _{hZm| _| èd§Vamd H$m Hw$N> {deof nR>Z Zht hþAm WmŸ& bo{H$Z CÝh|H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$m ghdmg Vmo {_b J`m WmŸ& CZHo$ gmW Jnen H$aZm, AnZo AZw dH$hZm, CZHo$ AZw d gwZZm Am{X _| CZH$m gmam g_` ~rV J`mŸ& BZ VrZ _hrZm| _|èd§Vamd H$s V~r`V AÀN>r Zht ahrŸ& Ka H$s Amoa go JUnVamd H$s V~r`V H$mg_mMma AmVm WmŸ& do S>m°ŠQ>a go Am¡fY boVo Wo Am¡a J¥hñWr MbmZo H$m à`ËZ H$a ahoWoŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| {dMma g§Kf© ewê$ hþAm Wm {H$ _¢ _oao n[adma Ho$ {bE {H$VZr§ÌUmE± Xÿ±? XmXm J o, JUnVamd J§ ra ~r_mar go ~r_ma h¡Ÿ& gm¡. doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V

R>rH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& _m± Hw$N> {~Zm ~mobo g~ ghZ H$a ahr WrŸ& bo{H$Z dh Xþ…Ir h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo_wP go ~hþV AnojmE± H$s hmo§JrŸ& bo{H$Z ed§VamdZo CgH$s Hw$N> r AnojmE± nyar ZhtH$sŸ& CZHo$ _Z _| `h Omo Mw Z h¡ dh CÝh| OrdZ â Mw Vr ahrŸ&

gm¡. doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V H$^r R>rH$ ahVr, H$^r {~JS>VrŸ& Bg{bE doUyVmB© H$mo{_aO Ho$ AñnVmb _| aIm J`mŸ& ed§Vamd r dhm± J oŸ& EH$ S>m°ŠQ>aZo CZH$s V~r`VXoIr, CgH$s Om±M H$s Am¡a WmoS>o hr {XZm| _| Am¡fY go doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V AÀN>r hþB©Ÿ&èd§VamdOr H$mo ~hþV AmZ§X hwAmŸ& CVZm AmZ§X CÝh| H$^r Zht hþAmŸ& ed§Vamd H$s`h nËZr {Zð>m àe§gZr`, àoaUmXm`r Am¡a AZwH$aUr` h¡Ÿ&

(18) ed§Vamd H$s H$éUm

dSy>O {O. gmVmam H$m ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ - B{Vhmg _| A_a hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& dSy>O_| O~ g~ Am§XmobZH$m[a`m| Zo EH$Ì hmoH$a _moMm© {ZH$mbm V~ A±J«oO gaH$ma H$snw{bgm| Zo CZ na A§XmYw§X Jmobr~ma {H$`m WmŸ& CZ _| N>… gmV bmoJ _mao J oŸ& g~Ho$AmJo naewam_ KmJ} WmŸ&

èd§VamdZo h g~ XoIm Am¡a do EH$ Va\$ OmH$a Nw>nH$a ~¡R>o WoŸ& CZH$s Am±Im|

go Am±gy ~h aho WoŸ& Cg g_` dhm± ì §H$Q>amd Am o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ed§VamdOr go nyN>m -"AmnH$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy Š`m|?' V~ èd§VamdOrZo H$hm - "ì §H$Q>amdOr, BZ bmoJm|Zo ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE ~{bXmZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo n[adma VH$ H$m {dMma Zht {H$`mh¡Ÿ& A~ CZHo$ n[adma _| bmoJm| H$s Š`m hmbV hmoJrŸ& do Š`m Im |Jo, Am¡a H¡$go ah|Jo?CÝh| {H$gH$m AmYma h¡, Bgr qMVm _| _¢ hÿ±Ÿ&'

ì §H$Q>amdZo H$hm - "èd§Vamd qMVm _V H$s{OEŸ& _¢ CZ g~ hþVmË_mAm| Ho$n[adma H$s XoI^mb H$ê±$JmŸ& V~ CZH$s ~mV gwZH$a èd§VamdOr H$mo AÀN>m bJmAm¡a CZHo$ Xþ…I H$m ~moP ^r H$_ hþAmŸ&'

(19) Xoe^ŠVm| Ho$ à{V ed§Vamd H$s {Zð>m

AZoH$ H«$m§{VH$maH$m| H$mo Oob _| oO {X`m WmŸ& dhm± CÝh| ~ohX §ÌUmE± Xr J`rŸ&Zm¡H$aemhr H$m {OZna Jwñgm Wm, Eogo AZoH$ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$mo H$mobmhmoa Ho$ fS> §Ì Ho$Omb _| CbPm`m WmŸ& Bgr g_` èd§Vamd Ho$ ^md-{díd _| H«$m§{V H$aZodmbr EH${deof KQ>Zm K{Q>V hmo J`r WrŸ& dh KQ>Zm h¡ -

"`VrÝÐXmg Xmg Zo ewê$ {H$`m hþAm Am_aU CnmofUŸ&'dñVwV… bmhmoa Ho$ fS> §Ì go VrÝÐXmg H$m Xÿa go hr g§~§Y hmoZo H$m g~yV A±J«oOm|

Ho$ nmg Zht WmŸ& bo{H$Z 20 gmb Ho$ Agh`moJ Am§XmobZ _| mJ boZo Ho$ H$maU gaH$maH$m CZna Jwñgm WmŸ& nm±M dfm] _| CÝh| Mma ~ma Oob _| oO {X`m WmŸ& Mm¡Wr ~ma O~_¡_ZqgJ Ho$ Oob _| Wo, V~ CÝh| ~hþV §ÌUmE± Xr J`r, Bggo naoemZ hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo Oobgwn[a¨Q>|S>oQ> Ho$ gmW g§Kf© {H$`mŸ& Bg{bE CÝh| H$mbH$moR>ar H$s àIa gOm Xr J`rŸ&

amOZ¡{VH$ H¡${X`m| Ho$ gmW JwZmhJma O¡go ~Vm©d {H$`m OmVm WmŸ `h XoIH$agmpËdH$ g§Vmn go VrÝÐZo Oob _| CnmofU ewê$ {H$`m WmŸ& Bggo nhbo gaXma JVqgJAm¡a ~Qw>Ho$ída XÎm BZ XmoZm| Zo CnmofU ewê$ {H$`m WmŸ& Cg g_` Bg CnmofU Zo gmao XoeH$m Ü`mZ AmH${f©V {H$`m WmŸ& nhbo Mma-N>… {XZ ~rV OmZo na ~hþV qMVm bJr ahrŸ&Cg g_` èd§Vamd H$s PmonS>r H¥$îUm ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao na EH$ IoV _| WrŸ& dhm± goH$amS> _| AmH$a do d¥ÎmnÌ XoIVo Wo {H$ CnmofU _| `VrÝÐZmW H$s V~r`V H¡$gr h¡Ÿ&

H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ CnmofU go ed§Vamd AñdñW hþE WoŸ& VrÝÐXmg H$s V~r`VCnmofU go H$_Omoa hmoVr Om ahr WrŸ& àË oH$ {XZ èd§Vamd H$s AñdñWVm ~‹T> ahrWrŸ& Cg g_` AI~ma _| AmZodmbo dU©Z öX`ÐmdH$ WoŸ& VrÝÐZmW Ho$ eara na _wX©ZrN>m J`r h¡, `h ~mV n‹T>H$a èd§Vamd AñdñW hmo aho WoŸ& do ~oM¡Z hmo J o Wo Am¡aKm`b hmo J o WoŸ& {~«{Q>e gaH$ma H$s `h {Zðw>a A_mZwfVm Zo `_ H$mo hr b{‚mV

55 56


H$aZodmbr h¡ Eogm CÝh| bJmŸ& O_mZV XoZo H$s eV© na gaH$ma Zo CgH$s _wŠVVm H$aZoH$s AZw{MV CXmaVm {XIm`rŸ& na ñd § `VrÝÐZmW Eogr ~XZm_r Ho$ {bE V¡ ma ZhtWoŸ& CgH$s Anojm CgZo Bg BhbmoH$ Ho$ ~§Xrdmg _| go Nw>Q>H$mam H$a boZo H$s ~mV gmoMrhmoJrŸ&

Am{Ia dh Xþï> {XZ {ZH$b Am`mŸ& EH$ {XZ bmhmoa Ho$ Oob _| Xmonha Ho$ g_ÈH$ Ho$ Amgnmg àIa gy © H$mo gmjr aIH$a CÝhm|Zo àmUmhþ{V XrŸ& _mV¥ y{_ Ho$ {bEH$U H$U go N>rOH$a CÝhm|Zo VoOñdr AmË_mn©U {H$`mŸ&

Bg KQ>Zm go èd§Vamd ~oM¡Z hmo J oŸ& CZHo$ ~mb _Z na Bg KQ>Zm H$m Jhamn[aUm_ hþAmŸ& Xoe Ho$ {bE àmUmn©U H$aZodmbo `VrÝÐXmg _oao {ZH$Q> Ho$ [aíVoXma h¢,Eogo _wPo bJmŸ&

X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma Mb aho WoŸ& bo{H$Z ed§Vamd AnZo _Z _| Imo JE WoŸ& do Jha|Xþ…I _| Sy>~ J o WoŸ& H$hm± OmD±$, Š`m H$ê±$, {H$go H$hÿ±, CÝh| Hw$N> gwPVm Zht WmŸ&

gmR>d| {XZ gmao Xoe H$mo emoH$ gmJa _| Sw>~mH$a CnmofU H$aZodmbo VrÝÐXmg H$m{ZYZ hþAmŸ& Cg {XZ Xodamï´> H$m N>moQ>m èd§V AnZo dmngr Ho$ nW na \y$Q>\y$Q>H$a amoahm WmŸ& amoVo amoVo Mb ahm WmŸ& MbZm Oê$a WmŸ& Bg{bE dh Mb ahm Wm Am¡a amo ahmWmŸ& EH$ ~§Jmbr H$m ©H$Vm© Ho$ {bE Am¡a EH$ Xoe^ŠV Ho$ {bEŸ& O~ do AMoV _Z go doIoV _| AnZr PmonS>r H$s Amoa Mb aho WoŸ& V~ CÝh| dmVmdaU Yw±Ybm {XImB© Xo ahmWmŸ&

O~ ~ñVr na nhþ±Mo V~ A§YH$ma hmo J`m WmŸ& noQ> _| yI hmoZo na ^r ^moOZH$aZo H$s BÀN>m Zht hþB©Ÿ& do Ho$db O_rZ na em§V nS>o ahoŸ& do amV Ho$ A§YH$ma _|AmH$me _| eyÝ` Ñ{ï> go XoI aho WoŸ& AmH$me _| VmaH$mnw§O _| VrÝÐ H$hm± {XI nS>Vo h¢,`h do nmJb O¡go XoI aho WoŸ& bo{H$Z bJ^J 90 {XZ AWdm em`X A{YH$ r hm|JoŸEH$_mZ{gH$ H«$m§{V _o§ go VrÝÐXmgZo Y¡ © go h CnmofU Omar aIm WmŸ& amOH¡${X`m| Ho$ hH$Ho$ {bE Am¡a {~«{Q>e gÎmm Ho$ {ZfoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo Omo CnmofU {H$`m Wm, dhEH$ ~‹S>r VníM`m© WrŸ& CZH$s VníM`m© CZH$s _¥Ë w go nyar H$sŸ& `VrÝÐXmg H$m~{bXmZ wJ- wJ Ho$ {bE A_a ahoJmŸ&

BVZm Vmo gM h¡ {H$ Bg KQ>Zm go èd§Vamd H$s _Zmod¥{Îm _| ~Xb hmo J`mŸ&èd§Vamd Xoe _| KQ>Zodmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$m AW© g_P boZo H$s _Z…pñW{V VH$ nhþ±Mo WoŸ&OmVr` {dMmam| Ho$ g§Hw${MV H$m§Or hmD$g _| go ~mha nS>Zo H$m CZH$m {dMma nŠH$mhþAmŸ& CÝhm|Zo {ZU© {b`m {H$ _wPo AnZm OrdZ Xoe-H$m © Ho$ {bE g_{n©V H$aZmMm{hEŸ& CZHo$ ~MnZ _| CÝh| N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r Om{V`m| H$m Am¡a Ym{_©H$ àíZm| H$m WmoS>m

~hþV AmH$f©U WmŸ& bo{H$Z CZHo$ {dMma Yrao-Yrao ñnï> hmo aho WoŸ& `h ^r CVZm gMh¡Ÿ& g§Hw${MV d¥{Îm go H$m_ H$aZo H$s Anojm {H$gr ì`mnH$ Ñ{ï> go H$m_ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&Eogo CZHo$ _Z H$m JR>Z hmo ahm WmŸ& VrÝÐXmg H$s _¥Ë w go CZH$m ÑT> {ZíM` hþAm Am¡a`h àíZ èd§Vamd Zo AnZo Amn gwbPm`mŸ& jU-jU go Am¡a H$U-H$U go {OgHo${bE XohË`mJ H$aZm Mm{hE, Eogo Ü o Am¡a H$m_ Bg Xoe _| Iy~ h¢, CgHo$ {bE VmoAnZm OrdZ h¡ Eogm CZH$m {dMma WmŸ& _wPo _oao Am w H$m _Vb~ g_P J`m, Eogm H$hmVmo hO© ZhtŸ&

(20) g^r Om{V Y_© Ho$ à{V AmXa

Cg g_` lr. {dÇ>b am_Or qeXo e¡j{UH$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| AJ«Ur WoŸ&èd§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| CZHo$ ~mao _| AmXa H$s mdZm WrŸ& CZgo {_bZm h¡ Vmo H¡$go? AÝV_o§ ed§Vamd AHo$bo hr nyZm J oŸ& gw~h hmoVo hr nyN>VmN> H$aVo hþE do lr. {dÇ>b am_OrqeXo Ho$ Ka nhþ±MoŸ& lr. {dÇ>b qeXo Ka _| hr WoŸ& Z_ñH$ma H$aHo$ ed§Vamd Zo AmZo H$mH$maU ~Vm`mŸ& do èd§Vamd H$s Amoa XoI aho WoŸ& nhbo nhbo do ~hþV Zht ~moboŸ&bo{H$Z do ~rM ~rM _| nyN>Vo Wo - "Amn H$m¡Z h¡? H$hm± Ho$ ahZodmbo, Š`m H$aVo hmo,Ka_| H$m¡Z H$m¡Z h¢, CZH$s ñdrH¥${V h¡ {H$ Zht?' èd§Vamd H$s ~mob-Mmb na~rarH$s go Ü`mZ WmŸ& Am{Ia H$amS> AmZo H$s AZw_{V XrŸ& CgHo$ gmW EH$ eV© aIrŸ&CÝhm|Zo H$hm -

"_oao gmW ^moOZ Ho$ {bE h[aOZ H$mo ^r Ka _| ~wbmZm nS>oJmŸ&'_¢Zo na§Vw ñdrH¥${V XrŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo H$hm -"bo{H$Z Ka _| bmoJm| go nyN>m h¢?'_¡§Zo BÝH$ma H$aVo hþE H$hm -"g^r Om{V Ho$ {_Ì Ka _| AmVo h¢Ÿ& Cg g§~§Y _| _m± H$s H$moB© {eH$m`V Zht h¡Ÿ&'Am{Ia h[aOZm| Ho$ gmW n§JV hmoJr, BgH$m {dídmg hmoZo na CÝhm|Zo AZw_{V Xr

h¡Ÿ&V` {H$ o hþE g_` na do Am oŸ& ed§Vamd H$mo _mZmo ñdJ© {_b J`mŸ& ñQ>oeZ na

go Vm§Jo go do Jm±d _| Am oŸ& do ed§Vamd Ho$ gmW Ky_o, {\$aoŸ& h[aOZ ~ñVr _| Am o Am¡aH$m ©H«$_ g_má hþAmŸ&

èd§Vamd haamoO em_ Ho$ g_` gmV ~OH$a Vrg {_ZQ> Ho$ ~mX h[aOZ ~ñVr_| embm MbmZo Ho$ {bE OmVo WoŸ& CZH$s embm àm¡T> bmoJm| Ho$ {bE WrŸ& CZ _| go H$moB©Am oJm, Eogo _wPo {XI Zht nS>mŸ& {\$a do Mma Ka _| OmH$a J o Am¡a CZgo {ejm Ho$

57 58


g§~§Y _| ~mVMrV H$sŸ& V~ EH$ d`mod¥Õ _Zwî` H$mo X`m Am`r Am¡a CÝhm|Zo AnZo bmoJm|go H$hm -

"Aao bS>H$m|! o haamoO AnZr Amoa AmVo h¢Ÿ& V~ h_ _| go Hw$N> bmoJm| H$mo n‹T>ZoHo$ {bE OmZm Mm{hEŸ&'

Xÿgao {XZ go nm±M-Xg AmZo bJoŸ& ed§VamdZo AÜ`mnH$ H$m H$m_ {H$`mŸ& gMVmo CÝh| Bg H$m_ H$m AZw d Zht WmŸ& {\$a CÝhm|Zo H$jm MbmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ&CZH$m `h à`moJ Xmo-VrZ _{hZo MbmŸ& àm¡T> {dÚm{W© m| H$s g§»`m H$_ hmo J`rŸ&CÝhm|Zo ~‹S>o CËgmh go ewê$ H$s hþB© embm AnZo Amn ~§X nS> J`rŸ&

èd§Vamd H$mo bJm {H$ h g~ hµH$sH$V H$_©dra qeXo H$mo gy{MV H$aZr Mm{hEŸ&Zht Vmo CÝh| bJoJm {H$ AnZo H$mo YmoIm {X`m J`mŸ& Bg{bE _wPo Omo AZw d Am`m, dhCÝhm|Zo qeXo H$mo {dñV¥V nÌ {bIH$a gy{MV {H$`mŸ&

(21) ed§Vamd H$s Z_«Vm

EH$ ~yT>r \$Q>r hþB© gm‹S>r _| Hw$N> bnoQ>H$a bm`r WrŸ& ~w‹T>mno Ho$ H$maU WaWaH$m±nVo-H$m±nVo ed§Vamd go {_bZo H$m à`ËZ H$a ahr WrŸ& bo{H$Z nw{bgm| Zo Cg ~y‹T>rH$mo ed§Vamd Ho$ nmg OmZo Zht {X`mŸ& ed§VamdOr Zo h XoImŸ& CÝhm|Zo Cg ~y‹T>r H$moAnZo nmg ~wbm`m Am¡a nyN>m - "Š`m| Am`r Wr _m±?'

~y‹T>>rZo CÎma {X`m - "g^r Jm±d èd§V H$s àe§gm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE Cgo `h\y$bm| H$m hma XoZo H$s BÀN>m h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE Am`r hÿ±Ÿ&' CgZo \$Q>r hþB© gm‹S>r _| go dh \y$bm|H$m hma ~mha {ZH$bm Am¡a dh hma CgZo èd§VamdOr H$mo {X`m Am¡a èd§VamdZo dhhma {b`m Am¡a ~y‹T>r Ho$ Jbo _| S>mb {X`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo CgHo$ n¡am|na _ñVH$ aIH$aZ_ñH$ma {H$`mŸ& CgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo doUyVmB© go Cg ~yT>r H$mo ImZm {IbmZo Ho$ {bEH$hmŸ&

h¡ Eogr Z_«Vm {H$gr ~S>o ZoVm Ho$ nmg?

(22) ed§Vamd H$s H¥$nm, ào_ Am¡a ghmZw y{V

~mJbmU àm§V _| EH$ ~wT>r òr WrŸ& CgH$m EH$ bS>H$m WmŸ& dh nT>m {bIm WmŸ&dh Zm¡H$ar Ho$ {bE {Obm A{YH$mar H$m`m©b` _| MH$am _ma ahm WmŸ& bo{H$Z CgoZm¡H$ar Zht {_brŸ& Bg{bE dh naoemZ WmŸ& Cgo _OXÿar Ho$ {gdm _mJ© Zht WmŸ& CgZoAnZr ~yT>r _m± go gmar hµH$sH$V H$h S>mbrŸ& Cgo H$m_ Z {_bZo go Xmo r _m± ~oQ>o {~ZmIm o gmo OmVo WoŸ&

EH$ {XZ dh ~y‹T>r ~mJbmU àm§V go {Xëbr Mbr J`rŸ& {Xëbr ñQ>oeZna CVaZona O~ dh ñQ>oeZ Ho$ ~mha Am`r Vmo Mmam| Amoa [ajmE± Am¡a Jm{S>`m± WrŸ& Bggo dhPw§Pbm J`rŸ& CgZo EH$ [ajmdmbo go nyN>m - "Aa§ ~m~m, Am_À`m _hmamï´> gm`~mM§Ka Hw$R> hm`. Ë o gm§J ~r AZ å`m Vwbm XmoZ én o XoVr ~J' [ajmdmbo H$mo X`m Am`rŸ&Cgo _mby_ Wm {H$ _hmamï´> H$m gmh~ ed§Vamd MìhmU h¢Ÿ& Cg [ajm dmbo Zo Cg ~y‹T>>rH$mo ~§Jbo Ho$ \$mQ>H$ Ho$ gm_Zo N>moS> {X`m Am¡a dh Mbm J`mŸ&

N>… ~Oo MìhmU gmh~ Am oŸ& CÝhm|Zo XoIm {H$ EH$ ~yT>r AnZo \$mQ>H$ H$s Va\$~¡R>r h¡Ÿ& ed§Vamd Pw±Pbm J oŸ& do JmS>r _| go ZrMo CVao Am¡a ~y‹T>>rgo nyN>m - "ho _m±, VyH$hm± go Am J`r h¡?' CgZo H$hm - "_¢ ~mJbmU go Am`r hÿ±Ÿ&' Vwåh| {H$ggo {_bZm h¡Am¡a CZHo$ nmg Vwåhmam Š`m H$m_ h¡?

CgZo H$hm - "Am_À`m _hmamï´>mMm gmh~ BW§ amhVmo åhUË`mV. Am_r CnmgrMamhVmo ~Jm. nmoaJ§ {eH$b§ , nU {OëømÀ`m A{YH$mar AgVy åhU§ H$s, Ë`mÀ`mH$S>§nmoaJ§ JobV§ nU Ë`mZ§ H$m` ZdH$ar {Xbr Zm`. _J Am_r OJm`M§ H$g§? H$m \$mgKoD$Z _am`M§ H$m?' ~yT>r H$s ~mVo gwZH$a ed§Vamd Cgo ~§Jbo _| bo J oŸ& CÝhm|Zo Cgo~§Jbo _| Xmo {XZ aI {b`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo Cg ~y‹T>rH$mo Mmobr gmS>r nhZmH$a gËH$ma{H$`m, {Ibm`m, {nbm`mŸ&

Cg ~yT>r Ho$ bS>Ho$ na AÝ`m` hþAm WmŸ& Cg g_` èd§VamdZo Cg g_`Zm{eH$ Ho$ g§gX gXñ` H$hm§S>mob WoŸ& èd§Vamd Zo H$hmS>mob Am¡a Zm{eH$ Ho${Obm{YH$mar H$mo \$moZ bJmH$a Bg ~yT>r Ho$ bS>Ho$ H$mo Zm¡H$ar {Xbdm`rŸ&

èd§VamdZo ~yT>r go H$hm - "Vwåhmao bS>Ho$ H$mo Zm¡H$ar Xr h¡Ÿ&' ~yT>r Iwe hwB©Am¡a CgZo ed§Vamd H$mo Amerdm©X {X`mŸ& ed§VamdZo Cg ~yT>r H$mo dmngr H$m {Q>H$Q>{ZH$mbH$a aob JmS>r _| {~R>mH$a Zm{eH$ oO {X`mŸ& O~ `h dmVm© AI~ma _| N>nH$aAm`r V~ Zm{eH$ Ho$ g^r bmoJm| H$mo AmíM © bJmŸ&

èd§Vamd gdm}ƒ nXna {damO_mZ WoŸ& {\$a ^r CÝhm|Zo gm_mÝ` ~yT>r H$mo OmoghmZw y{V, ào_ {XIm`m dh àe§gZr` h¡Ÿ&

59 60


(3) ^maVr` amOZr{V _| èd§VamdOr H$m àdoe

(1) nhbm MwZmd

1937 H$m gmb H$m MwZmd Am¡a 1946 gmb H$m MwZmd BZ XmoZm| MwZmdm| _|~hþV \$H©$ h¡Ÿ& EH$ ~S>m OZ-Am§XmobZ g_má hþAm WmŸ& {ÛVr` _hm wÕ r g_má hþAmWmŸ& Bg g_` Cå_rXdma H$m MwZmd Cƒ ñVa go Am¡a g^r Ho$ gbmh_e{dao go hmoZmMm{hEŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$ AZoH$ gmWrXma y{_JV h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> Oob _| h¢Ÿ& Eogr n[apñW{V_| Bgo Cå_rXdmar Xmo Am¡a Bgo Cå_rXdmar _V Xmo, Eogr MMm© _| H$_ go H$_ do Vmo mJZht bo§Jo Am¡a _¢ Cå_rXdma hÿ± Eogr ~mV H$hZo Ho$ {bE èd§Vamd {H$gr go H$hZo Ho${bE Zht Om |JoŸ&

MwZmd ZOXrH$ Am o WoŸ& Bg{bE Cå_rXdmam| H$s MMm© ewê$ hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$WmŸ& ñdm_r am_mZ§X ^maVr Ho$ _V go g^r H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mo BH$Å>o H$aHo$ gbmh boZrMm{hEŸ& maVr Ho$ AÜ`jVm _| dmbdo Vhgrb _| EH$ Jm±d _| ~S>r g^m hþB© Am¡a ~hwVMMm© hþB©Ÿ& Eogr ~mV èd§Vamd Zo gwZr WrŸ& èd§Vamd Cg g^m _| Zht J o WoŸ&CVmdbm hmoH$a Bg g^m _| CnpñWV Zht ahZm Mm{hEŸ& Eogm Hw$N> {dMma èd§VamdHo$ _Z _| Ka H$a J`m Wm Am¡a Xÿgar ~mV h h¡ {H$ JUnVamd H$mo ~r_mar H$s AdñWm_| aIH$a MwZmd H$s amOZr{V _| ^mJ boZm, `h H$ënZm èd§Vamd H$mo AÀN>r ZhtbJVr WrŸ& Cg g^m _| CbQ>-gwbQ>, Za_-Ja_ MMm©E± hþB©Ÿ& AÝV _| Cå_rXdma Ho$ Zm_Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$m ©H$Vm©Am|Zo _VXmZ {H$`mŸ& V~ ed§Vamd {_aO _| WoŸ& g^m _| CnpñWVH$m ©H$Vm© ed§Vamd go {_bZo Ho$ {bE em_ Ho$ g_` {_aO Am oŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ -"g~go A{YH$ _V Vwåhmao Zm_ H$mo {_bo h¢Ÿ& A~ Vw_ AmJo n¡a aImo Am¡a MwZmd H$sV¡ mar _| bJ OmAmoŸ&' ed§Vamd H$mo hr gbmh XoZo Ho$ {b o o H$m ©H$Vm© {_aO Am oWoŸ& èd§Vamd H$s "hm±' {H$ "Zm' MMm© _| JUnVamd Zo _Ü`ñWVm H$s Am¡a CÝhm|ZoH$hm-

"`{X _oar ~r_mar Ho$ {bE Vy `h MwZmd Zht b‹S>oJm Vmo Bg AñnVmb _| _¢ EH$jUâ ^r Zht ahÿ±JmŸ& OrdZ _| Hw$N> Adga AnZo Amn MbH$a AmVo h¢, V~ CZH$mBÝH$ma Zht H$aZm Mm{hE, CZHo$ gm_Zo OmZm Mm{hEŸ& Eogo Adga {\$a Am |Jo, BgH$m`H$sZ Zht hmoVm, XþamJ«h N>mo‹S> XmoŸ&'

JUnVamd H$m eãX èd§VamdZo ñdrH$ma {H$`m Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX Cå_rXdmahmoZo H$s Ñ{ï> go ed§Vamd H$m_ _| bJ J oŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$ g^r {_Ìm| H$mo AmZ§X hþAmŸ&{Obo Ho$ à_wI ZoVmAm| Zo èd§Vamd go nyN>m {H$ AÝ` H$m¡Z Cå_rXdma hmoZo Mm{hEŸ&èd§Vamd Ho$ _V go dmbdo Vhgrb H$s Amoa go lr. Ho$. S>r. nmQ>rb H$mo Cå_rXdma Ho$ê$n go MwwZZm Mm{hEŸ& CZHo$ Zm_ H$mo ñdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$m| H$m g_W©Z WmŸ& {Obm H$m±J«og Ho$nwamZo AÜ`j lr. ì §H$Q>amd ndma o r EH$ Cå_rXdma hmoZo Mm{hEŸ& gmVmam {Obo Ho$X{jU ^mJ Ho$ {bE èd§Vamd Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ gmW Mma Zm_ ñdrH¥$V hþEŸ&

{nN>bo bJ^J 40 df© èd§Vamd MwZmd H$s amOZr{V H$aVo h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z BVZrgab, {~ZmIM© H$s, VÎd{Zð> OZVm Ho$ ñd §ñ\y$V© g_W©Z na AmYm[aV Eogm H$m¡ZgmMwZmd hmoJm, Vmo 1946 H$m MwZmd h¡Ÿ& `h CÝh| ñdrH$ma H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

(2) 1946 H$m MwZmd

1942 Ho$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ ~mX hmoZodmbm `h nhbm MwZmd WmŸ& Bg Am§XmobZ H$màMma h Bg Am§XmobZ H$m e H$m àMma WmŸ& bmoJm| H$m _Z CËgmh go BVZm b~mb~hþAm Wm {H$ h_ Cå_rXdma mfU H$aZo Ho$ ~Om` Ho$db Z_ñH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm|Ho$ gm_Zo I‹S>o aho Vmo Vm{b`m| H$s H$S>H$S>mhQ> hmoVr WrŸ& bmoJm| H$m ào_ b~mb~ âmhþAm WmŸ& h_ Ohm± OmVo, dhm± hOmam| bmoJ h_mar amh XoIVo hþE I‹S>o ahVo WoŸ& ed§VamdZoH$hm h_ Mmam| Cå_rXdma àMma Ho$ {bE EH$Ì Ky_o,{\$ao, CgH$m ^r C{MV n[aUm_hþAmŸ& èd§Vamd H$m MwZmd H$m H$m_ ewê$ hmoZo na lr. JUnVamdZo AñnVmb N>moS>{X`m Am¡a grYo H$amS> _| ahH$a do MwZmd àMma Ho$ H$m_ _| bJ JE, ed§VamdZo CZgoH$hm ^r na CgH$m Hw$N> Cn`moJ Zht hþAmŸ& AnZm ^mB© ~å~B© {dYmZ g^m Ho$ {bEMwZmd b‹S> ahm h¡, BgH$m hr CÝh| ~hþV AmZ§X hwAm WmŸ& CZHo$ Cg AmZ§X _| Hw$N> H$_rAm o, Eogr BÀN>m ed§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| Zht WrŸ& Bg{bE ed§VamdZo dh àíZ dhm± hrN>moS> {X`mŸ&

{nN>bo Mmbrg dfm] _| ed§Vamd Zo {dYmZ g^m Am¡a g§gX Ho$ Xg MwZmd bS>oŸ&H$^r WmoS>o _Vm| go, H$~r bmI _Vm| go Vmo H$^r {~Zm {damoY Eogo g^r MwZmd ed§VamdZo OrVo h¢Ÿ& ha EH$ MwZmd _| AbJ AZw d, amOZ¡{VH$ H$gm¡{Q>`m± AbJ, amOZ¡{VH$nj r AbJ WoŸ& bo{H$Z 1946 Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ g_mZ Xÿgam gd©_mÝ` MwZmd H$^r ZhthþAm WmŸ& h Am¡a Zm{eH$ H$m bmoH$g^m H$m MwZmd N>mo‹S> {X`m Om` Vmo ed§Vamd Ho$g^r MwZmd Vy\$mZr hmo J o WoŸ& à{Vnjm| Zo AnZr AnZr Vmo\|$ XmJ Xr WrŸ& CÝhm|Zo A^ÐAm¡a H$Qw>Vm H$m àMma {H$`mŸ& BZ g^r MwZmd _| ed§Vamd AnZo Amn hr àMmaH$ WoŸ&

61 62


èd§Vamd Ho$ Ü`mZ _| Am`m Wm {H$ g§ mfU e¡br _| {_bZgma ñd^md, gwg§ñH¥$V,VÎd{Zð> Am¡a àm§Ob àMma o CZH$s ~S>r e{ŠV h¡Ÿ& BZ g^r Vy\$mZm| _| OZVm Ho$Amerdm©Xgo Am¡a CZHo$ H$m ©H$Vm©, {_Ìm| Ho$ gh`moJ go èd§Vamd Anam{OV ah JEŸ&OZV§Ì amOZr{V _| BgH$s Anojm A{YH$ H$aZo H$s Š`m Oê$ar h¡?

bmoH$g^m Ho$ {bE 1963 _| èd§Vamd Zm{eH$ {Obo _| go MwZmd bS>o§ V~{H$gr Ho$ {damoY Ho$ {~Zm do MwZH$a Am oŸ& Bgr H$maU go bmoJm| _| àMma Ho$ {bE OmZoH$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht n‹S>r Am¡a OZg§nH©$ ^r Zht hþAmŸ& Bg MwZmd _| `h EH$ Ìw{Q>èd§Vamd H$mo _hgyg hþB©Ÿ& Zm{eH$ Ho$ bmoJm| Zo èd§Vamd H$mo {damoY {H$ o {~ZmMwZH$a {X`m, BgH$m CÝh| h_oem A{^_mZ bJVm h¡Ÿ& Zm{eH$ Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ ~mX Zm{eH$_| âr hþB© g^m _| H${d Hw$gw_mJ«O Zo Omo CX²Jma {ZH$mbo Wo, do CX²Jma èd§VamdOrH$^r Zht ^yb|JoŸ&

" yJmob _| H¥$îUm-JmoXmdar g§J_ Zht h¡ - na B{Vhmg _| Bg MwZmd Ho$ H$maU`h g§J_ hþAm h¡Ÿ&'

èd§Vamd Am¡a CZHo$ gmWrXma MwZmd OrVH$a Am oŸ& ed§VamdOrZo OrdZ Ho$EH$ Z o joÌ _| àdoe {H$`m WmŸ& Bg MwZmd go ed§Vamd Ho$ OrdZ _| g§nyU© ~Xb hþAmh¡, h ~mV CÝh| ñdrH¥$V H$aZr Mm{hEŸ& ed§Vamd AnZo ~§Yw H$s gbmh Z _mZVo hþEWmoS>m Xÿa ahZo H$m à`ËZ H$aVo Vmo CZH$s Am w _| h ~‹S>r JbVr hmo OmVrŸ& do Bg ~mVH$mo àm_m{UH$Vm go ñdrH¥$V H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

MwZmd _| è {_bZo na èd§VamdZo _m± Ho$ MaUm| H$mo ñne© H$a Ho$ Z_ñH$ma{H$`mŸ&

CgHo$ ~mX AZoH$ _{hbmAm| Zo èd§Vamd H$s AmaVr CVmarŸ&èd§Vamd H$s nËZr gm¡. doUyVmB© Zo ^r èd§Vamd H$s AmaVr CVmarŸ& V~

èd§Vamd H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy Am oŸ& CÝhm|Zo Cggo H$hm -"doUy~mB©, Bg è _| Vwåhmam {hñgm h¡Ÿ&'dh V{ZH$ h±gr Am¡a H$hm -"Eogm ~±Q>dmam Zht H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&'ñdmV§Í` bS>mB© _| hmoZodmbo AZoH$ {_Ì Am o Am¡a Am±Im| _| Am±gy bmH$a Jbo _|

Jbm S>mbH$a A{^Z§XZ H$aHo$ Mbo J oŸ&èd§VamdZo è Ho$ AmZ§X H$m AZw d {b`m, dh Hw$N> Am¡a hr WmŸ&OrdZ _| Eogo jU EH$mY ~ma AmVo h¢Ÿ&

(3) nmb© _|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar

1946 Ho$ _mM© _{hZo _| MwZmd hþAm Wm Am¡a _mM© H$s Vrg VmarI H$mo H$m±J«ognmb© _|Q>ar ~moS>© H$s g^m ~å~B© àXoe H$m±J«og H${_Q>r Ho$ H$m`m©b` _| ar WrŸ& nj H$sg^m h EH$ Am¡nMm[aH$ g^m WrŸ& lr. ~mbmgmh~ Ioa nj ZoVm MwZo J oŸ& Cg g_`gaXma nQ>ob ^r CnpñWV WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo Amerdm©XmË_H$ ^mfU {H$`m Am¡a g^m g_máhþB©Ÿ& _§{Ì_§S>b ~ZmZo H$s MMm© ewê$ hþB©Ÿ& CZH$s Am¡a lr. ~mbmgmh~ Ioa H$s nhMmZZht WrŸ& Bg{bE ~mbmgmh~ go {_bZo H$s ~mV ed§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| Zht Am`rŸ& lr.^mD$gmh~ gmo_U h[aOZ Cå_rXdma Ho$ {bE à`ËZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am o WoŸ& `hr ~mVCÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd go H$hr§ WrŸ& lr. gmo_U èd§VamdHo$ {bE {H$gr go H$h Xo, EogmàíZ hr {Z_m©U Zht hþAmŸ& bo{H$Z lr. Ho$. S>r. nmQ>rb H$s BÀN>m Wr {H$ h_o ^r Hw$N>à`ËZ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& CZH$s Am¡a _moamaOr^mB© XogmB© H$s oadS>m Oob _| nhMmZ hþB©WrŸ& CZHo$ _Z _| Am`m {H$ _moamaOr^mB© go {_bZm Mm{hEŸ& bo{H$Z èd§VamdZo CÝh|amoH$ {b`mŸ& èd§VamdZo CZgo H$hm -

"AnZm H$m_ Am¡a AnZo Zm_ ZoVmAm| H$mo _mby_ hmoZo Mm{hEŸ& Zht Vmo do ZoVmH¡$go? Amn H¥$nm H$aHo$ _oao {bE à`ËZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE _V OmAmoŸ& Vwåhmao {bE à`ËZH$aZm h¡ Vmo Oê$a OmAmoŸ&'

èd§VamdZo H$hm -"_wPo _§{Ì_§S>b _| OmZo H$s {~bHw$b BÀN>m Zht h¡Ÿ& à`ËZ H$aZm hmoJm Vmo

Vwåhmao {bEŸ&'Eogm hr EH$ {XZ ~rV OmZona èd§Vamd Ho$ {Obo _| go MwZH$a Am o hþE

{dYmZg^m gXñ` lr. ~m~mgmh~ qeXo Am¡a {eambm noQ>m Ho$ {Zdmgr ~å~B© _| dH$mbVH$aZodmbo lr. _mYdamd Xoenm§S>o èd§Vamd H$s ImoO H$aVo hþE _mYdml_ _o§ Am oŸ&lr. Ho$. S>r. nmQ>rb H$ht ~mha J o WoŸ& dhm± ed§Vamd AHo$bo hr WoŸ& lr. ~m~mgmh~qeXoZo èd§Vamd H$mo AnZo gmW MbZo H$m AmJ«h {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$hm -

"lr. _mYdamd Xoenm§S>o Vwåho bo OmZo Ho$ {bE Am o h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW h_ Om |JoŸ&'"{H$g{bE? H$hm±?' h ed§VamdZo nyN>mŸ& na CÝhm|Zo CÎma XoZo Ho$ {bE Q>mb_Q>mob

H$sŸ& do JmS>r boH$a Am o Wo Am¡a do CZH$s JmS>r _| hr J oŸ&èd§Vamd Zo CZgo nyN>m -"h_ H$hm± Om aho h¢Ÿ&'lr. _mYdamd Xoenm§S>o Zo H$hm -

63 64


"h_ CnZJa _| Mbo Om aho h¢Ÿ& lr. ~mbmgmh~ Ioa Zo Vwåho bo AmZo Ho$ {bE H$hmh¡Ÿ& Bg{bE _¢ Vwåhmao nmg Am`m hÿ±Ÿ&'

Bg g_` VH$ h_ lr. ~mbmgmh~ Ho$ ~§Jbo Ho$ XadmOo VH$ nhþ±MoŸ& èd§VamdHw$N> AmíM ©M{H$V hmo J o WoŸ& do Hw$N> Pw±Pbm J o WoŸ& _oao gmW hmoZodmbo Xmo Á oð> {_Ìm|Ho$ gmW èd§Vamd Zo Cg Ka _| àdoe {H$`m Am¡a h_ ~mbmgmh~ H$s ~¡R>H$ _| OmH$aI‹S>o ahoŸ& gmYm nmoemI nhZo hþE lr. ~mbmgmh~ Ioa h_oem H$s Vah h±gVo hþE,Z_ñH$ma H$aVo hþE AmJo Am o Am¡a H$hm -

"AmBE MìhmU, AmBE, ~¡{R>EŸ&'"_¢ Vwåho§ _§{Ì_§S>b _| bo Zht gH$VmŸ& na _¡§Zo nmb© _|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar (g§gXr`

g{Md) Ho$ {bE Vwåhmam MwZmd {H$`m h¡Ÿ&'`h g~ èd§Vamd H$mo {~bHw$b AZno{jV WmŸ&CgHo$ g§~§Y _| h_o Š`m ~mobZm Mm{hE, h ed§Vamd Ho$ Ü`mZ _| Zht Am`mŸ&

CÝhm|Zo H$hm, "Rr>H$ h¡, _¢ Ka OmH$a dmng AmVm hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ Hw$N> OëXr CnpñWV Zhtahÿ±JmŸ&'

èd§Vamd O~ Bg KQ>Zm H$m {dMma H$aVo h¢, V~ CÝh| nmb© _|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar H$mnX {X`m J`m WmŸ& Bg{bE h CÝh| Hw$N> AÀN>m Zht bJm WmŸ& CZH$m H$m_ Am¡a CZH$sOmZH$mar H$s VwbZm go `h _m_ybr H$m_ h¡, Eogr CZH$s ^mdZm hþB© WrŸ&

dhm± MMm© {H$ o {~Zm h_ dhm± go {ZH$boŸ& èd§Vamd Zo ~mbmgmh~ Ioa Ho$Am^ma _mZoŸ& CÝhm|Zo XmoZmo§ {_Ìm| Ho$ ^r Am^ma _mZoŸ&

lr. ~mbmgmh~ qeXo H$mo èd§Vamd H$s _Z…pñW{V g_Pr hmoJrŸ& ~mha AmZoHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd go H$hm,

"èd§Vamd, JbVr H$amoJoŸ& BÝH$ma _V H$amoŸ& Vwåhmar \w$agV go Š`m| Z hmo, naAmH$a CnpñWV ahmoŸ&'

~m~mgmh~ H$m èd§Vamd na ~hþV bmo WmŸ& èd§Vamd Zo CZHo$ ^r Am^ma_mZo Am¡a Q>°Šgr H$a Ho$ _mYdml_ _| Am oŸ& V~ VH$ Ho$. S>r. r dhm± dmng Am o WoŸ&èd§Vamd Zo g~ d¥ÎmmÝV CÝh| H$h {X`mŸ& lr. Ho$. S>r. o ~‹S>o ì`dhmar _Zwî` WoŸ&èd§Vamd Zo CZHo$ nmg CZH$s ^mdZm ñnï> H$sŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo H$hm,

"Vwåhmar mdZm _¢ g_P gH$Vm hÿ±Ÿ& na ~m~mgmh~ qeXo Zo Omo gbmh Xr h¡, Cgo_mZH$a MbZm Mm{hEŸ&'

èd§Vamd H$mo CZH$s g^r ~mVo§ g_P _§o Am ahr WrŸ& na ng§X Zht bJ ahrWrŸ&

èd§VamdZo H$hm,"_wPo Bg g§~§Y _| {dMma H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& _¢ OëXr go hm{Oa Zht ahÿ±JmŸ& h_

A~ dmng Om |JoŸ&'lr.~mbmgmh~ Ioa Zo Zm_m| H$s KmofUm H$sŸ& Cg _| ed§Vamd H$m Zm_ nmb©

_|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar Ho$ ê$n _| à{gÕ hþAm Am¡a Bg à{gÕr Ho$ dmVmdaU _| ed§Vamd H$amS>nhþ±MoŸ&

lr. JUnVamd H$s Hw$N> {Zamem hþB© {XI n‹S>rŸ& èd§Vamd Zo CZgo - _wPoŠ`m bJVm h¡, dh H$h {X`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo gbmh _mZ boZr Mm{hE, Eogm _V ì`ŠV {H$`mŸ&

CgHo$ ~mX Xg {XZ èd§Vamd H$amS> _| Wo Am¡a AÝ` {_Ìm| go MMm© H$a ahoWoŸ& g^r H$m _ZmoX` Wm - "_wPo OmZm Mm{hEŸ&'

gm¡. doUyVmB© Ho$ _Z _| Š`m h¡, `h OmZZo H$m à`ËZ èd§Vamd Zo {H$`mŸ&gm¡. doUyVmB© Zo H$hm - "AmO VH$ BVZo ~S>o H${R>Z {ZU© {b o, V~ Amn Ho$

_Z H$s {ÛYm AdñWm Zht hþB© WrŸ& {\$a A~ hr Eogo Š`m|?'èd§Vamd BgH$m AW© g_P J oŸ&AÝV _| ed§Vamd Zo AnZr _m± go nyN>m - V~ _m± Zo H$hm,"_wPo Vwåhmar amOZr{V g_PVr ZhtŸ& bo{H$Z Vwåh§o Hw$N> Z`m H$m_ H$aZo H$m

_m¡H$m Am`m h¡, Vmo A~ BÝH$ma _V H$amoŸ&'èd§Vamd Ho$ {b o h d[að> Ý`m`mb` H$m AmXoe WmŸ& Bg{bE ed§VamdZo

~å~B© OmZo H$m {ZU© {b`mŸ&Xÿgao {XZ em_ Ho$ g_` g~go {~Xm brŸ& Am¡a {\$a _m± Ho$ n¡am| na _ñVH$

aIH$a èd§Vamd Ka Ho$ ~mha {ZH$b nS>o Am¡a ~å~B© nhþ±MoŸ&èd§Vamd _Z _| {dMma H$aZo bJo {H$ - "_oao OrdZ _| ~S>m ~Xb hþAm h¡Ÿ&

H¥$îUm Ho$ {H$Zmao na _¢ ~‹T> J`m, Ky_m, {\$am, g§Kf© {H$`mŸ& AZoH$ Z o H$m_ {H$ o,{_ÌVm H$s, AZoH$ _Zwî`mo§ go g§~§Y àñWm{nV {H$ oŸ& ~S>o A{^_mZ H$m AmZ§X H$m H$mbWmŸ& A~ _¢ H¥$îUm H$m {H$Zmam N>mo‹S>H$a Z o {j{VO H$s Amoa Om ahm h±ÿŸ& A~ dh{j{VO a§J {~a§Jm {XI ahm h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z àË`j dhm± nhþ±MZo VH$ Š`m d¡go ah|Jo? h ~mVH$m¡Z OmZo?'

èd§Vamd Eogo {dMma Ho$ YwZ _§§o WoŸ& R>rH$ Cgr g_` CZHo$ {Obo Ho$ [anpãbH$Znj Ho$ EH$ ZoVm amdgmh~ _Ymbo èd§Vamd Ho$ nmg Am o Am¡a H$hm,

"H$hm± Om aho hmo?'èd§VamdZo CZgo H$hm -

65 66


"~å~B©Ÿ&' Z`m H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bEŸ&CÝhm|Zo AmZ§X ì`ŠV {H$`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo H$hm,"Vw_ ~hþV AÀN>o {XZ `h Z`m H$m_ ñdrH$ma H$a aho hmoŸ&'èd§VamdZo H$hm,"_¢ n§Mm§J XoIH$a Zht Om ahm hÿ±Ÿ& bo{H$Z AmO H$m¡Zgm _hÎdnyU© {XZ h¡?'CÝhm|Zo H$hm - "AmO 14 Aà¡b H$m {XZ h¡Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a Am§~oS>H$a H$m AmO

OÝ_{XZ h¡Ÿ&'èd§VamdZo H$hm -"~hþV AÀN>m g§ moJ h¡Ÿ&' _oao Ü`mZ _| Z hmoVo hþE h {XZ MwZm J`mŸ& h _oao

OrdZ H$s _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡, `h _¢ _mZVm hÿ±Ÿ&Am¡a h_mar S>oŠH$Z ŠdrZ I§S>mbr H$s KmQ>r _o§ go EH$ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ gwa§J

N>moS>Vo hþE Vrd« J{V go AmJo Om ahr WrŸ&H$^r A§YH$ma, Vmo H$^r àH$me _| h_mar g\$a AmJo ~‹T> ahr h¡Ÿ&Š`m AJbo OrdZ H$m `h àVrH$ Vmo Zht h¡?

(4) {demb {Û^m{fH$ Am¡a g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$

_w»`_§Ìr

26 \$adar 1961 _| a{ddma H$m {XZŸ& ed§Vamd Ah_Xm~mX Ho$ Xm¡ao na OmZoHo$ {bE {ZH$b nS>o WoŸ& Cgr g_` VH©$VrW© bú_Uemòr Omoer Zo CZgo nyN>m -"èd§Vamd, nagmo _¢Zo Xr hþB© Xmo A§J«oOr nwñVHo$ Š`m AmnZo nT>r h¡?' èd§Vamd ZoH$hm {H$ _wPo g_` hr Zht {_bmŸ& AmOH$b H$m_ H$s ì`m{á BVZr ~‹T>r h¡ {H$ nwñVHo$n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE g_` hr Zht {_bVmŸ& Eogr hr n[apñW{V ahoJr Vmo _wPo bJVm h¡ {H$ N>…dfm] _| _¢ AkmZr ~Z OmD±$Jm&

èd§Vamd H$s n[apñW{V Eogr h¡ {H$ bmoJ O~ gmoZo X|Jo V~ gmo Om |Jo, bmoH$O~ ^moOZ H$aZo X|Jo V~ ^moOZ H$a|JoŸ&

_. Jm§Yr H$s BÀN>mZwgma EH$ Jar~ {H$gmZ H$m ~oQ>m AmO _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§ÌrHo$ nX na Amê$T> hþAm h¡Ÿ&

Omo AnZr {dÚmWu AdñWm _| embm H$s \$sg ^r â Zht gH$Vm Wm, {OgHo$eara na H$moQ> Am¡a n¡am| _| OyVo S>mbZm ^r Ag§ d Wm, {OgH$s _mVm H$mo H$ï> _OXÿarH$aZm nS>Vm Wm Eogr Jar~r H$s n[apñW{V {~VmZodmbm h "èd§V' AmJo _hmamï´> H$m_w»`_§Ìr hmoJm Eogm {H$gr Ho$ r gnZo _| Am`m Zht hmoJmŸ& ed§VamdOr Zo 1930 Ho$Jm§Yr à{UV AghH$m[aVm Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| ^mJ {b`mŸ& {H$gr H$s nadmh {H$ o {~ZmJm§YrOr Ho$ amOZr{VH$ Am§XmobZ _| gm_rb hmoZm AWm©V g^r g§H$Q>m| H$mo Jbo bJmZmhmoJm - _Vb~ \$H$sar go XmoñVmZm H$aZm WmŸ&

Jm§YrOr H$s nwH$ma gwZH$a ed§Vamd Zo AmJo nrN>o Zht XoImŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo KaAm¡a OrdZ H$s nadmh Zht H$sŸ& CÝhm|Zo EH$ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ AmZodmbo g§H$Q>m| H$m_wH$m~bm {H$`mŸ& 1932 _| CÝh| AR>mah _{hZm| H$s gOm wJVZr nS>rŸ& CÝhm|Zo 1941_| dH$mbV ewê$ H$sŸ& 1942 Ho$ "H$a|Jo `m _a|Jo' H$s bS>mB© _| do Hy$X nS>oŸ& AmJo doy{_JV hþEŸ& ~S>o ^mB© H$s _m¡V hmo J`rŸ& Zd{ddm{hV nËZr H$mo {JaâVma {H$`m J`m

Am¡a dh AmJo ~hþV ~r_ma nS>rŸ& na§Vw èd§Vamd BZ {XZm| _| S>J_Jm o ZhtŸ& Ü o goCZH$m _Z {dM{bV Zhr§ hþAmŸ&

Bg g_` CZH$s dra _mVm Zo Am¡a ghZerb nËZr Zo ~‹S>m Y¡ © {XIm`mŸ& ed§Vamd

67 68


Ho$ ~S>ßnZ H$m lo BZ XmoZm| H$mo h¡Ÿ&"_¢ _hmË_m hþAm BgH$m H$maU _oar H$ñVwa~m' o CX²Jma {ZH$bH$a Jm§YrOr Zo òr

Om{V H$m ~S>m Jm¡ad {H$`m WmŸ& d¡gmhr à^md doUyVmB© Ho$ Ë`mJ H$m ed§Vamd Ho$ _Z nah¡Ÿ& doUyVmB© Ho$ H$_Omoa V~r`V Ho$ ~mao _| {H$grZo àíZ nyN>m - Vmo èd§Vamd H$hVo h¢{H$ CZH$s V~r`V Iam~ hmoZo Ho$ {bE _¢ hr H$maU hÿ±Ÿ& {ò`m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| CZH$s Ñ{ï>h_oem AË §V ghmZw y{VnyU© WrŸ& CµZH$m Cnhmg Am¡a Agw{dYm hmoVr h¡ Eogm {XI nS>ZonaCÝh| dh ghZ Zht hmoVmŸ& EH$ ~ma Eogm àg§J Am`mŸ& Ag|ãbr hm°b _| H$m_ g_má H$ado ~mha hr OmZo Ho$ {bE {ZH$bo V~ CÝh| {XI nS>m {H$ {dYmZg^m dZ H$s àojH$m| H$sJ°bar _| Hw$N> _{hbmE± OJh Ho$ A^md _| I‹S>r h¢Ÿ& o XoIVohr do ~oM¡Z hmo J oŸ& CÝhm|ZoVwa§V CZHo$ ~¡R>Zo H$s ì`dñWm H$sŸ& O~ do _{hbmE± ~¡R>r, V~ CÝhm|Zo H$hm -

"hþAm _oam H$m_, A~ _¢ MbVm hÿ±Ÿ& Bg{bE Vmo BVZr Xoa do R>hao WoŸ&'OdmhabmbOr H$hVo Wo {H$ Jm§YrOr H$m g§nyU© Ñ{ï>H$moZ {H$gmZm| H$m WmŸ&

qhXþñVmZ Ho$ {H$gmZm| H$mo AWm©V ~hþOZ g_mO Ho$ OrdZ go EH$ê$n hmo J o WoŸ& ~hþOZg_mO Ho$ {df` _| CZH$m ào_ BVZm AWmh Wm {H$ " o bmoJ h¢ Bg{bE _oam ApñVËdh¡Ÿ&' Eogo Jm§YrOr H$hVo WoŸ& èd§VamdOr H$m {demb Ñ{ï>H$moZ d¡gm hr WmŸ&

"_w»`_§Ìr nX H$s {Oå_oXmar èd§Vamd Zo {H$gmZ, H$m_ H$aZodmbo bmoJm| Ho${bE br h¡Ÿ& V~ _¢ {Oå_oXmar Ho$ H$m_ _| \±$g J`m, JbVr H$s Vmo {H$gmZ \±$g Om oJmAm¡a _OXÿa ^r \±$g Om oJmŸ&' Eogo CZHo$ {dMma h¢Ÿ& AmO amï´>{nVm Jm§Yr hmoVo Vmo doèd§Vamd H$s Amoa XoIH$a àe§gm H$aVo Am¡a _oar ñdmV§Í` b‹S>mB© _| hmoZodmbm EH$ VéU{H$gmZ g¡{ZH$ _hmamï´> amÁ` H$m _w»`_§Ìr nX {d y{fV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a {H$gmZm| H$s{h_m`V boH$a CZHo$ H$ë`mU H$s à{Vkm H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

Jm§YrOr H$s B©ída{Zð>m AWmh WrŸ& èd§Vamd ^r AÝV _| B©ídar BÀN>m na{Z ©a ahH$a {ZpíM¨V hmoVo h¢Ÿ& O~ O~ EH$mY JwËW_JwËWr H$m, AË §V H${R>Z g_ñ`mH$m àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡, V~ Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE Am¡a Š`m Z H$aZm Mm{hE, Eogo g_`do H$hVo h¢ "R>rH$ h¡, _wPo B©ída Omo gy{MV H$aoJm AWdm Omo àoaUm XoJm d¡gm _¢ {ZU©by±JmŸ&'

{dX ©dm{g`m| H$m èd§Vamd na ào_ h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ AZoH$ H$maU h¢Ÿ& EH$ Vmo dYm©godmJ«m_ _| _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$m AZoH$ dfª dmñVì` WmŸ& Cg H$mb _| godmJ«m_ maV H$samOZ¡{VH$ amOYmZr ~Zr WrŸ& ZmJnya {d^mJ _| Mma {Obmo _| ahZodmbr OZVm Jm§YrOrHo$ dmñVì` go, CZH$s {dMmaàUmbr go {deof à^m{dV hþB© WrŸ& èd§Vamd AmO_w»`_§Ìr h¢Ÿ Bg{bE CZ na {dX ©dm{g`m|H$m ào_ ÑT> hþAm h¡Ÿ& hr Zht, wJ _| hmoH$a,

JmYrOr H$s nwH$ma gwZH$a ñdmV§Í` Ho$ kHw§$S> _| Hy$X nS>Zodmbo ed§Vamd h_ _| go EH$~hmXÿa goZmZr h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE {dX © H$s OZVm H$m CZ na ào_ h¡Ÿ& amÁ` nZa©MZm ZhthmoVr Vmo CZHo$ {df` _| AË`mXa H$m, AnZËd H$m ^md {dX © H$s OZVm _| Zht hmogH$VmŸ&

npíM_ _hmamï´> Am¡a {dX © H$m ^mJ AbJ AbJ àm§Vm| _| ahVm WmŸ& {\$a ^ramï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$s Ñ{ï> go CZ _| h_oem EH$mË_Vm WrŸ& bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ H$s _¥Ë w Ho$~mX CZHo$ {eî`m| _| Xmo JwQ> nS>o WoŸ& EH$ JwQ> Jm§Yr H$m ZoV¥Ëd öX` go _mZZodmbm Am¡aXÿgam JwQ> Jm§Yr H$m ZoV¥Ëd Z _mZZodmbmŸ& {dX © {d^mJ _| Jm§YrOr H$m ZoV¥Ëd _mZZodmbm~S>m JwQ> WmŸ& ~hþg§»` OZVm Jm§YrOr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hþB© WrŸ& _hmamï´> _|amï´>r` {dMma _| hþB© h nhbr d¡Mm[aH$ H«$m§{V Wr Am¡a dh EH$ Xÿgao H$s A{^_mZr ~ZJ`rŸ& Bg H«$m§{V go npíM_ _hmamï´> Am¡a {dX © _| Jm§Yr ào_r OZVm EH$ {dMmagyÌ _|Am`r Am¡a Xÿgar d¡Mm[aH$ H«$m§{V amÁ` nwZa©MZm H$mb _| hþB©Ÿ& Bg {dMma H«$m§{V H$mP§S>m èd§Vamd Ho$ hmW _| Am`mŸ& Bg H«$m§{V H$s KmofUm {XZm§H$ 1 {Xg§~a 1955 _|\$bQ>U _| hþB©Ÿ& amÁ` nwZa©MZm Ho$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ H$mb _| h Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hÎdnyU© jUh¡Ÿ& H$m±J«og H$s Zm¡H$m Vy\$mZ _| \±$g J`r WrŸ& H$m±J«og Vhg-Zhg hmoZo Ho$ nW na bJrWrŸ& ì`{ŠV{Zð>m loð> {H$ g§ñWm{Zð>m loð> h àíZ gwbPmZm WmŸ& Bg g_` ed§Vamd{Z © Vm go gm_Zo Am oŸ& 1 {Xg§~a 1955 _| CÝhm|Zo \$bQ>U _| KmofUm H$s {H$ -"~å~B© amÁ` aMZm Ho$ ~mao _| H$m±J«og H$m ©H$m[aUr Omo A§{V_ {ZU© boJr, dh {ZU©_¢ {eamoYm © _mZy±JmŸ&' g§ wŠV _hmamîQ´> Am¡a n§{S>V Zohê$ Eogr g_ñ`m _oar gm_Zo Am`rVmo _¢ n§{S>V Zohê$ Ho$ à{V {Zð>m aIy±JmŸ& Bg _| H$m±J«og gwa{jV ahoJr `hr hoVw WmŸ&èd§Vamd Zo H$m±J«og OZm| H$mo àg§Jmo{MV _mJ©Xe©Z {H$`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo _hmamï´> H$m"nm{ZnV' Zht hmoZo {X`mŸ&

Bg {ZU© go CZHo$ {df` _| OZVm _| ~hþV jmo {Z_m©U hþAmŸ& CZ na Jm{b`m|H$s ~m¡N>ma hþB©Ÿ& CZH$m OJh-OJh na Cnhmg, An_mZ hmoZo bJmŸ& CÝh| amOH$sÒrdZ go {Zdm©{gV H$aZo Ho$ Mmam| Amoa go à`ËZ ewê$ hþE WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo o g~ em§{V go Am¡aY¡ © go ghZ {H$`mŸ& AÝV _| do Bg A{¾{Xì` _| go nma hmo J o Am¡a _hmamï´> H$m±J«og H$mog§OrdZ àmá H$a {X`mŸ& H$Þ_dma Am¡a CZHo$ gmWr Cg g_` {dX © Ho$ nwañH$Vm© WoŸ&{\$a r ed§Vamd Ho$ Bg nwéfmW© go Am¡a ~hmXyar go do à^m{dV hþE Am¡a CZHo$ ZoV¥ËdH$s Amoa AmH${f©V hþEŸ& Š`mo§{H$ do r {dX © H$s Anojm H$m±J«og-{Zð>m Am¡a maV {Zð>mH$mo àW_ ñWmZ XoZodmbo WoŸ& gmam§e `h h¡ {H$ èd§Vamd Ho$ g_W©H$m| H$s Am¡a H$m±J«og{Zð>md§Vm| H$s nbQ>Z BYa npíM_ _hmamï´> _| Am¡a CYa {dX © _| I‹S>r hwB© WrŸ&

69 70


(1) ~å~B© H|$Ð em{gV

BgHo$ ~mX WmoS>o {XZm| _| {XZm§H$ 16 OZdar 1956 H$mo n§{S>V OdmhabmbZohê$Zo ao{S>Amona ^mfU H$aHo$ "~å~B©' H$mo H|$Ðem{gV aIZo H$s ~mV µOm{ha H$sŸ& `h{ZU© µOm{ha hmoVo hr Va§V Xÿgao {XZ 7 OZdar H$mo H$Þ_dma Am¡a CZHo$ gm{W`m|ZoñdV§Ì {dX © H$m Am§XmobZ ñW{JV H$a {X`mŸ&

OdmhabmbOr H$s Cn ©wŠV KmofUm Ho$ ~mX _hmamï´> H$m±J«og H${_Q>r H$s g^mnwZm _| hþB©Ÿ& CZHo$ {Z_§ÌU go H$Þ_dma Am¡a CZHo$ gmWr dhm± CnpñWV hþEŸ& ~å~B©AbJ H$aHo$ _hmamï´> amÁ` ñWmnZm H$s ewê$AmV hþB© WrŸ& ~å~B© Ho$ g{Mdmb` _| Xmo~¡R>Ho$ hþB© WrŸ& Bg Adga H$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a H$Þ_dmaZo gmVmam, H$moëhmnya Am¡agm§Jbr {Obo _| Xm¡am {H$`m Am¡a H$m±J«og H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$s g^mAm| _| mfU {H$ oŸ& dhm±AZoH$ bmoJm| Zo H$Þ_dma go H$hm {H$ - "Amn Z o h¢? Amn ed§Vamd Ho$ nrN>o ahZo goAmn AnZm Am¡a {dX © H$m ^bm Zht H$a gH$moJoŸ&' gmVmam Ho$ _wH$m_ _| amOogmh~{Z§~mbH$aZo H$Þ_dma go nyN>m {H$ "Vwåhmar Am¡a Vwåhmao gm{W`m| H$s Zr{V Š`m ahoJrŸ&'H$Þ_dmaZo Vwa§V CÎma {X`m {H$ - "Ohm± èd§Vamd dhm± _¢ Am¡a _oao gmWr ah|Jo? {\$aèd§Vamd Aën_V _o§ aho m ~hþ_V _|Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ AnZr Am¡a h_mar OmV EH$ h¡Ÿ& dh^maV Am¡a {Zð>md§Vm| H$sŸ& h [aíVm AnZo g~ H$mo h_oem Ho$ {bE EH$ gyÌ _| OH$‹S>H$aaIZo Ho$ {bE hmoJmŸ&'

do Am o, CÝhm|Zo XoIm Am¡a OrV {b`mŸ& {H$gr Ho$ Ü`mZ _| Am¡a _Z _| Zht WmŸ&AMmZH$ 10 AJñV 1956 H$mo {demb {Û^m{fH$ ~å~B© amÁ` H$m {~b bmoH$g^m _|nm[aV hþAmŸ& BÀN>m hmo AWdm Z hmo, g§gX H$m {ZU© h_ g^r H$mo ñdrH¥$V H$aZmnS>mŸ&

AmJo VmarI 1 Zd§~a 1956 H$mo {demb ~å~B© amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm hþB©Ÿ& ed§VamdBg amÁ` Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr nX na Amê$T> hþEŸ&

{Û^m{fH$ amÁ` `h ^maV _| àW_ loUr H$m amÁ` h¡, Eogr Omo »`m{V hþB© WrCgHo$ {bE èd§Vamd hr H$maU hþEŸ& `h amÁ` MbmZo H$m H$m © AË §V H${R>Z Ed§noMrXm WmŸ& Bg {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` Ho$ _§Ìr_§S>b _| EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ g§~§Y ÑT> Zht hmo gHo$Ÿ&AÝV _| Amng Ho$ PJS>o go h amÁ` Qy>Q> J`m Eogm {H$gr VahH$m BbµOm_ ed§Vamd ZoAnZo D$na AmZo Zht {X`mŸ&

A~ {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` H$m {dgO©Z hmoJm Bg{bE JwOamWr bmoJm| Zo ed§Vamd naJwñgm {ZH$mb {b`mŸ& do èd§Vamd H$mo dm{h`mV ~mobZo bJoŸ&

EH$ Amoa {dX © H$m àíZ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa XmoZm| amÁ`m| Ho$ ~±Q>dmam Ho$ àg§J _|JwOamWr ~m§Ydm| H$s AZw_{V àmá H$aZo Ho$ g§~§Y _| {dMma{d{Z_` Mb ahm WmŸ& ~rM~rM _| _V oXm| H$s {MZJm[a`m± CR>Vr Wr, na èd§Vamd Zo Jwñgm AmZo Zht {X`m,Vrd«Vm ~T>Zo Zht XrŸ&

{Û^m{fH$ ~å~B© amÁ` H$m {dgO©Z hmoZo H$m àíZ {Z_m©U hþAm V~ go boH$a AÝVVH$ ed§VamdOr Zo _moamaOr^mB© Ho$ gmW AÀN>o g§~§Y aIo WoŸ& _moamaOr mB© Ho$ {ZdmgñWmZ _o§ ahH$a èd§Vamd _moamaOr^mB© go H$hVo Wo - "A~ h_ JwOamWr ^mB©-^mB©AbJ hmo aho h¢, h_o Amerdm©X XmoŸ& {nVmOr H$s h¡{g`V go h_mar Om`XmX H$m C{MV{d^mOZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amn h_o ghmæ` H$s{OEŸ&'

Xÿgam| H$m {dídmg g§nmXZ H$a H$m_ H$adm boZo H$s H$bm ~hþV H${R>Z hmoVr h¡Ÿ&na èd§Vamd Bg _| g\$b hþEŸ& ~mha Ho$ Hw$N> bmoJ `h àíZ Ny>Q>Zo Ho$ g_` AS>MZon¡Xm H$aZo bJoŸ& CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ h àíZ 1962 Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ ~mX boZm Mm{hEŸ&na èd§Vamd Zo Eogm _m¡H$m AmZo Zht {X`mŸ& gmar ~mVMrV| g\$b H$s, èñdr~Zm`rŸ&

_hmamï´> amÁ` {Z{_©{V Ho$ g§~§Y _| AZoH$ njm| m Xbm| Ho$ à`ËZ hþE h¢Ÿ& Bg _|OZVm H$m {deof lo r h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z ed§Vamd O¡gm Hw$eb, àg§JmdYmZr {dMmad§V ZoVmZ hmoVm Vmo AmO H$m h _hmamï´> BVZm OëXr XoI gH$Vo {H$ Zht BgH$m eH$ hmoVm h¡&

g¢H$S>m| dfm] go {dX © Am¡a _amR>dmS>m H$m npíM_ _hmamï´> go mVm`mV Zht WmŸ&BZ Xmo _hmZ Im{‹S>`m Am¡a (g_wÐ H$m dh ^mJ Omo VrZ Amoa IwíH$s go {Kam hmoŸ&IbrµO ZXr H$m dh mJ {Og _| g_wÐ Ho$ Ádma H$m nmZr nhþ±MVm h¢Ÿ&) Z{X`m| Ho$ H$maU{dX © Ho$ 90 bmI bmoJ Am¡a _amR>dmS>o Ho$ 50 bmI _hmamï´>r`Z OZVm AbJ n‹S>rWrŸ& AË §V à`ËZ go Am¡a n[al_ go _hmamï´> Ho$ _hmZ VÁk B§{O{ZAaZo - ed§VamdZo hmb hr _| Xmo ~‹S>o goVw ~m±YH$a _hmamï´> H$s gmS>o VrZ H$moQ>r OZVm EH$Ì bm`rŸ& g^rÑ{ï> go nañna `mVm`mV H$s ì`dñWm H$sŸ& Bg{bE èd§Vamd ZmJnya H$mo H$mob§~ nybHo$ {bE Am gHo$Ÿ& _hmamï´> pñWa, _O~yV H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_ g~ H$mo à`ËZm| H$s Ma_gr_m VH$ à`ËZ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& {\$a Eogo {H$VZo ^r nËWam| Ho$ {_Å>r Ho$ nyb Am¡a amñVoOJh-OJh V¡ ma hmo Om |Jo Am¡a OZVm Ho$ gwI _| d¥{Õ hmoJrŸ& A~ Vwåhmar AS>MZ Vmoh_mar A‹S>MZ g_PH$a EH$Vm H$s ^mdZm h_ _| {Z_m©U hmoZr Mm{hEŸ&

ñdmV§Í` àm{á VH$ ~å~B© gm§ñH¥${VH$, Ym{_©H$ Am¡a Am§XmobZ H$m loð> Am¡a à_wIH|$Ð ñWmZ WmŸ& Cg g_` Ho$ ~hþ m{fH$ ~å~B© amÁ` Ho$ amOYmZr _| èd§Vamd EH$nmb©_|Q>ar g{Md H$m nX ñdrH$maZo Ho$ {bE J oŸ& CÝhm|Zo nmb©_|Q>ar g{Md H$m nX H$m

71 72


ñdrH$ma {H$`m>>Ÿ& ed§Vamd H$m ñd^md Eogm Wm {H$ Omo ghO {_bVm h¡, Cg _| g§Vmof_mZZm Mm{hEŸ& emgZ Ho$ _w»` àdmh _| àdoe {_b J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo Cg _| hrg§Vmof _mZmŸ&

(2) _moamaOr J¥h_§Ìr

Cg g_` _moamaOr XogmB© J¥h_§Ìr WoŸ& _hmamï´> H$s amOZr{V _| AnZm ñWmZ_O~yV {H$ o {~Zm ~å~B© amÁ` H$m àemgZ AÀN>r Vah Mbm Zht gH|$JoŸ& h OmZH$aCÝhm|Zo gm_mÝ` J«m_rU OZVm _| Zdmo{XV, H$V©¥Ëdg§nÞ VéU H$mo AnZo H$m_ H$s _XX Ho${bE Amdí`H$ g_PmŸ& Bg{bE _moamaOr^mB© Zo AmË_r`Vm Am¡a Z_« mfm _| ed§VamdOrH$s nyN>VmN> H$s {H$ - "Š`m Amn J¥h {d^mJ _| Xm{Ib Š`m| Zht hmoVo?' {\$aèd§Vamd J¥h {d^mJ _| Xm{Ib hmoH$a J¥h {d^mJ H$m H$mamo~ma XoIZo bJoŸ& _moamaOr{~«{Q>e emgZ _| gmh~ WoŸ& Bg gmh~ H$s H¥$nm g§ mbH$a èd§Vamd Zo àemgZ na~S>r Iy~r go H$ãOm {H$`mŸ& CËH¥$ï> àemgH$ Ho$ ê$n _| _moaaOr^mB© H$s »`m{V WrŸ&èd§Vamd Zo _moamaOr Ho$ àemgZ H$s Hw$ebVm àmá H$sŸ& _moamaOr ñd^md go H$amarWoŸ& ed§Vamd Zo _moamaOr Ûmam gm¢no hþE g^r H$m_ AÀN>r Vah go nyao {H$ oŸ& ed§VamdZo nw{bg §ÌUm H$m à_wI {d^mJ ~m[aH$s go Om±M {b`mŸ&

(3) qhXÿ-_wgb_mZm| Ho$ X§Jo

1948-49 _| qhXÿ-_wgb_mZm| Ho$ X§Jo C_‹S>H$a Am oŸ& Cg g_` MìhmU Zohmo_JmS>© H$s g§KQ>Zm V¡ ma H$sŸ& g§ajUmW© {gÕ Eogr ñdV§Ì ZmJ[aH$m| H$s EH$ àH$maH$s goZm hr CÝhm|Zo V¡ ma H$sŸ& ZmJar ny{V© _| AZwemgZ bm`mŸ& CZ _| O¡go CƒA{ÔmV a{gH$Vm Wr d¡gohr J«m_rU mJ _| S>µ\$br-Vwahr Ho$ _¡XmZr bmoH$ H$bm _| CÝh|Iy~ é{M WrŸ& ed§VamdZo nhb nhb V_mem bmoH$H$bm H$mo emgH$s` _mÝ`Vm àXmZH$sŸ&

(4) 1946 go 1956 VH$ {dbjU g§J«m_

1946 go 1956 BZ Xg dfm] _| _hmamï´> _| Am¡a ^maV _| amOZr{V H$m a§J_§M{dbjU g§J«m_ ZmQ>ç go OëXr go ~Xb ahm WmŸ& H$m±J«og _| Xm o-~m o Eogo JwQ> {Z_m©UhþE Wo Am¡a CZ _| ñnYm© ewê$ hþB© WrŸ& ñdV§Ì maV H$s KQ>Zm g{_{V ñdV§Ì Am¡a EH$mË_^maV H$s OZV§Ì àYmZ amÁ` KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aZo _| èñdr hþB© WrŸ& Am{e`m I§S> _|EH$ {demb OZV§Ì amï´> H$s AWm©V ^maV H$s {Z{_©{V hþB©Ÿ& bo{H$Z `h amÁ` KQ>Zm

{Z_m©U hmoVo g_` amï´>{nVm _. Jm§Yr H$m EH$ qhXþËddmXr CJ«dmX Zo dY {H$`mŸ& CgH$s^rfU à{V{H«$`m _hmamï´> Ho$ eham| _| Am¡a {deofH$a J«m_rU ^mJm| _| C_‹S>H$a Am`rŸ&{nN>bo gm¡ dfm] _| d¥qÕJV hþE ~«m÷U-~«m÷UoVa dmX Zo qhgH$ Am¡a {dÜd§gH$ ê$n{b`mŸ& AZoH$ eham| _| Am¡a g¢H$S>m| XohmVm| _| Am¡a Vhgrb Ho$ Jm±dm| _| hmoZodmbo ~«m÷Um|Ho$ Ka Obm o J oŸ& bJmVa bJ^J 6 _{hZo BZ g§hmaH$ KQ>ZmE± ewê$ WrŸ& Cg _|èd§Vamd Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd H$s H$gm¡Q>r bJ J`rŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$amS> Am¡a H$amS> Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$^mJm| _| ñd § CnpñWV ahH$a J«m_rU àjwãY hmoH$a Ky_Zodmbo bmoJm| H$mo em§V {H$`mŸ&

àË`j H$m±J«og g§KQ>Zm _| _hmamï´> _| H$m±J«og _| go \y$Q>H$a {ZH$bo hþE ~m o JwQ>H$m "eoVH$ar H$m_H$ar nj' 1949 Ho$ Xa{_`mZ ñWm{nV hþAmŸ& ~hþOZ g_mO _| Hw$N>AZw dr ZoVm H$m±J«og N>moS>H$a Bg Z o nj H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo bJoŸ& e§H$aamd _moao, mñH$aamdOoYo, XÎmm Xoe_wI, VwbgrXmg OmYd, a. Ho$. Im{S>bH$a, èd§Vamd _mo{hVo Am{XZoBg nj àgma Ho$ {bE J{V bm`rŸ& èd§Vamd ^r CZH$s MMm© _| gm_rb hþE WoŸ& njñWmnZm Ho$ g_` ed§Vamd {ddoH$ go Xÿa hmo J o Am¡a A§{V_V… do H$m±J«og _| ahoŸ&

(5) nhbm gmd©{ÌH$ MwZmd

1952 _| ^maV H$m nhbm gmd©{ÌH$ MwZmd hþAmŸ& _hmamï´> _| H$m±J«og {déÕeoVH$ar Am¡a H$m_H$ar nj Eogm _wH$m~bm hþAmŸ& Bg MwZmd _| _moao-OoYo Ho$ nj H$snamO` hþB©Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX Mma-nm±M dfm] _| OoYo-_moao, VwberXmg OmYd, Im{S>bH$a,èd§Vamd _mo{hVo H$m±J«og _| `mZr {H$ ñdJ¥h _| dmng Am oŸ&

1952 Ho$ MwZmd _| ~mbmgmh~ Ioa I‹S>o Zht hþEŸ& Ioa H$m emgZ g_má hþAmŸ&gƒo AWm] _| dh _moamaOr H$m emgZ WmŸ& na§Vw A~ Bg MwZmd Ho$ ~mX _moamaOr njZoVm Ho$ ê$n _| MwZH$a Am oŸ& _moamaOrZo AnZo _§Ìr _§S>b _| èd§Vamd MìhmU Am¡a^mD$gmh~ {hao BZ XmoZm| J«m_rU OZVm Ho$ ZoVm H$mo AnZo _§Ìr _§S>b _| g_m{dï> {H$`mŸ&Bg H$mb _| _hmamï´> àm§{VH$ Ho$ AÜ`jnX ^mD$gmh~ {hao H$s Amoa Mbm J`mŸ& `h~hþ m{fH$ ~å~B© amÁ` WmŸ& Bg _| JwOamV, _hmamï´> Am¡a H$Zm©Q>H$ o VrZ m{fH$ àXoeg_m{dï> hmo J oŸ&

_hmamï´> H$s amOZr{V _| BVZmhr Zht ^maV H$s amOZr{V _| ^m{fH$ amÁ`m| H$s_m±J H$m Am§XmobZ ~T> J`mŸ& ^maV Ho$ H$m±J«og njr` H|$Ðr` gÎmmYmar ^m{fH$ amÁ`{Z{_©{V Ho$ g§~§Y _| gme§H$ _Z…pñW{V _| Wo, na§Vw ^m{fH$ àXoe amÁ`m| H$s AË §VJJZ oXr AmdmO go hmoZo bJrŸ& Am§Y« _| Bg àíZ H$m VH$mOm ~‹T> J`mŸ& àYmZ_§Ìrn§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$Zo ñdV§Ì Am§Y« amÁ` H$s moOZm g§gX Ho$ gm_Zo aIr Am¡a Am§Y«

73 74


H$s _m±J H$mo ñdrH¥$V {H$`mŸ& 1946 go g§ wŠV _hmamï> H$s _m±J H$m Am§XmobZ ewê$ hþAmŸ&Bg Am§XmobZ _| _hmamï´> Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo AJwAmB© H$sŸ& gm{hË`H$mam| Ûmam ewê$ {H$`mAm§XmobZ H$m OZVm Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| ê$nm§Va hmo J`mŸ& BgH$m AmíM ©H$maH$ àË §Vag§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| {_b J`mŸ& maV gaH$maZo mfmdma àm§V aMZm Ho$ {bE\$mOb Abr Am`moJ H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& Cg Am`moJ H$s anQ> 1955 Ho$ AŠVy~a _|à{gÕ hþB©Ÿ& V~ _hmamï´> Ho$ H$m±J«og nj _| g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$s _m±J H$m àñVmd EH$_Vgo nm[aV {H$`mŸ& \$mOb Abr Am`moJ Zo g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$s _m±J H$mo ñdrH¥$V Zht{H$`mŸ&

(6) {Û^m{fH$ ~å~B© amÁ`

1 Zd§~a 1956 H$mo {Û^m{fH$ ~å~B© amÁ` {Z_m©U hþAmŸ& Cg {Û^m{fH$ ~å~B©amÁ` Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| èd§Vamd MìhmU Zo gÎmm AnZo hmW _| brŸ& Cg g_`g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$mo AË §V {demb, CËH$Q> Am¡a ì` ê$n àmá hþAm WmŸ&^ì` _moM} Am¡a ~S>r {dñV¥V àM§S> g^mAm| go g§nyU© _hmamï´> jwãY hmoH$a I‹S>m hmo J`mWmŸ& _moamaOr XogmB© Ho$ emgZH$mb _|, 1952 go 1956 VH$ Ho$ H$m ©H$mb _| Am§XmobZX~mZo Ho$ {bE 105 bmoJ _mao J o Am¡a hþVmË_m hwEŸ&

\$mOb Abr Am`moJ _hmamï´> H$s _m±J AñdrH¥$V H$aZo na _hmamï´> H$m±J«og _|Ja_ Am¡a Za_ Xb Eogo Xmo JwQ> nS>o WoŸ& ^mD$gmh~ {hao Ja_ (CJ«) Xb Ho$ ZoVm WoŸ&g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$s bS>mB© ~T> ahr WrŸ& mD$gmh~ {hao g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$mog_W©Z Xo aho WoŸ& ed§Vamd MìhmU _Z go g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ _m±J H$m nwañH$Vm© WoŸ& nag_` AmZo na H$m±J«og go \y$Q>H$a Am§XmobZ _| gm_rb hmoZo Ho$ {bE CËgwH$ Zht WoŸ&Bg{bE _moamaOr XogmB© ZoVm Ho$ {bE IS>o Zht hþEŸ& Bg{bE CÝhmoZo èd§Vamd H$monjZoVm Ho$ ê$n _| I‹S>m {H$`mŸ& ed§Vamd MìhmU njZoVm Ho$ ê$n _| {dO`r hþEŸ& hgmam B{Vhmg Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo hmoVo hþE r ed§Vamd Zo h H${R>Z ~‹S>r {Oå_oXmar boZona CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ "_¡ EH$ ^r Jmobr Zht MbmD±$JmŸ& {\$a ^r amOH$mamo~ma AÀN>rVah MbmD±$JmŸ&' CÝhm|Zo ~S>r hmo{e`mar Am¡a Hw$ebVm go amÁ` Mbm`mŸ& n§{S>VOdmhabmb Zohê$ O¡go _hmamï´> ñWmnZm Ho$ ~mao _| gme§H$ hmoZodmbo d[að> ZoVmAm| Ho$Jbo CVma {X`m {H$ JwOamWr, _amR>r Am¡a H$mZS>r BZ VrZ m{fH$ OZVmAm| Ho$ ZoVmAm|H$s EH$ amÁ` _| ahH$a _Z go ghH$m © go H$m_ H$aZo H$s V¡ mar Zht h¡Ÿ& AÝV _|èd§Vamd Zo `h ^r H$hm {H$ AJbo gmd©{ÌH$ MwZmd _| H$m±J«og _hmamï´> Am¡a JwOamWamÁ` _| Zht Am gHo$JrŸ& BZ Xmo amÁ`m| _| H$m±J«og H$s namO` hmoJrŸ& `h ~mV d[að>

ZoVmAm| Ho$ Jbo CVa J`rŸ& dèhmS> ({dX ©), _amR>dmS>m Am¡a H$moH$U Ho$ gmW CÎma-X{jU _hmamï´> H$mo {_bmH$a _amR>r m{fH$ amÁ` ñWmnZ H$aZo H$m {dYo H$ g§gX Am¡aamÁ`g^m Zo ñdrH¥$V {H$`mŸ& 1 _B© 1960 H$mo ed§Vamd Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| _hmamï> amÁ` H$sñWmnZm hþB©Ÿ& 1946-60 VH$ Ho$ H$mbI§S> _| èd§Vamd MìhmU H$s ~oarO H$samOZr{V g\$b hþB©Ÿ& _¡Ìr, gX² mdZm, ewÕ Mm[aÍ` Am¡a ì`mdhm[aH$ hmo{e`mar BZgX²JwUm| Ho$ H$maU èd§Vamd èñdr hwEŸ&

(7) _hmamï´> H$m gdmªJrU {dH$mg

1956 go boH$a 1962 VH$ Ho$ N>… dfm] Ho$ emgZ H$mb _| ed§VamdZo _hmamï´>Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$s Zrd S>mbrŸ& Jar~ _Zwî` H$mo {ejm Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$ht g_ñ`mZ hmo, Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo {ejm {df`H$ _hÎdnyU© {~b A§_b _| bm`mŸ& J«m_rU mJm| H$sXþX©em Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm H$mo g_W© ~ZmZo H$m H$mZyZ nm[aV{H$`mŸ& ghH$mar g§ñWm H$m {dñVma H$a Ho$ _hmamï´> Ho$ H¥${f-Am¡Úmo{JH$ AW©ì`dñWmH$s Zrd S>mbrŸ& Bg AdYr _| èd§Vamd H$s _hmamï´> _| amOZ¡{VH$ H$V©¥Ëd H$s H$s{V©gmao maV _| VoOr go \¡$b J`rŸ&

(8) ajm_§Ìr

1962 _| MrZ Zo ^maV na AmH«$_U {H$`mŸ& Bg AmH«$_U VH$ "qhXr-{MZr^mB©-^mB©' H$s ^mdZm _| ^maVr` amÁ`H$Vm© ZoVm JU _¾ WoŸ& Bg g_` Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìrn§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$ gƒo {_Ì H¥$îU_oZZ WoŸ& CÝh| Bg AmH«$_U H$s V{ZH$ ^rqMVm Zht Am`rŸ& CZHo$ {déÕ bmoJm| H$m jmo MaUgr_m VH$ nhþ±MmŸ& g§gX Zo Am¡aamÁ`g^ mZo H¥$îU_oZZ H$mo hQ>mZo H$s _m±J H$s & èd§Vamd Zo _hmamï´> Ho$ {dH$mg H$m^{dî` H$mbrZ {MÌ AnZo gm_Zo aIH$a _hmamï´> H$m H$mamo~ma Mbm`m WmŸ& ^maVgaH$ma Zo CÝh| ajm _§Ìr nX ñdrH$maZo Ho$ {bE {Z_§{ÌV {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo {Zê$nm` hmoH$a_hmamï´> H$m _w»`_§Ìr nX N>mo‹S> {X`m Am¡a H|$Ð gaH$ma _| ajm_§Ìr H$m nX ñdrH$ma{H$`mŸ&

(9) H$m±J«og H$s namO`

1977 _| bmoH$g^m Ho$ MwZmd _o| B§{XamOr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| H$m±J«og nj H$s namO`hþB©Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX 1980 VH$ ed§Vamd Am¡a yVnyd© àYmZ_§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§Yr BZ XmoZm| _|Xþamd Am`m Am¡a 1981 _| B§{Xam JmYr H$m±J«og _| àdoe {H$`mŸ&

75 76


BVZm hmoZo na r ed§VamdOr Ho$ _Z _| H$^r H$Qw>Vm H$s, {VañH$ma H$s mdZm{Z_m©U Zht hþB©Ÿ& CZHo$ _Z _| B§{Xam Ho$ à{V CXma ^mdZm WrŸ& Eogr CXmaVm AÝ`ÌXþb© h¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd H$s y{_H$m _| EH$ àH$ma H$s XÿaX{e©Vm WrŸ& Š`m|{H$ g§ wŠV _hmamï´>H$s {Z{_©{V H$m {ZU© H|$Ðr` gaH$ma boZodmbr WrŸ& {deofV… H$m±J«og nj H$s H$m ©H$m[aUrBg g§~§Y _o§ {ZU© boZodmbr WrŸ& {ZU© boZo H$s {Oå_oXmar ~hþV ~S>o n¡_mZo na n§{S>VOdmhabmb Zohê$ na WrŸ& ed§VamdOr nhbo go amï´>r` EH$Vm Am¡a amï´> Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$_w»` àdmh `m Bg g§~§Y _| AË §V gwñnï> _V hmoZodmbo ZoVm Wo Am¡a Bg{bE CZH$sy{_H$m Ho$ ~mao _| JbV\$h_r hþB©Ÿ& {\$a ^r do AnZr y{_H$m Ho$ AmJ«hr ahoŸ& Bg{bE

Cg _§M na ahH$a _hmamï´>r` OZVm H$m _ZmoJV ñnï> H$aZo H$m O~ Adga {_bm V~CÝhm|Zo AnZm Am¡a OZVm H$m _ZmoJV ñnï> {H$`m Am¡a AnZr ^mdZmE± ì`ŠV H$sŸ&n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ H$mo Bg àíZ Ho$ ~mao _| amOr H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo AnZo gmW {b`mŸ&Bg{bE Vmo gƒo AWm] _| g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$s {Z{_©{V hmoZo Ho$ {bE ~hþV ~‹S>m ghmæ`hwAmŸ& BgH$m AW© g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$s {Z{_©{V Ho$ {bE g§ wŠV _hmamï´> g{_{VÛmam{H$`m hþAm OZOmJaU Am¡a Cg _| AZoH$ VéUm| H$m hm¡VmËå` BgH$m _hÎd H$_ Zhth¡Ÿ& g{_{V Zo OZOmJaU H$aZo H$m Am¡a OZ_V g§K{Q>V H$aZo H$m ~S>m _hÎdnyU© H$m_{H$`mŸ& Bg{bE {X„r H$mo `hr ~mV XO© H$aZr nS>rŸ& n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Am¡aVËH$mbrZ H$m±J«og AÜ`jm lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr BZ XmoZm| H$mo gmW boZo _| MVwaVm {XImB©Ÿ&Bg{bE g§ wŠV _hmamï´> {Z{_©{V _| CZH$m ~hþV ~S>m {hñgm h¡ Bg ~mV _| Xmo _V Zht hmogH$VoŸ&

(10) OZV§Ì Ho$ g_W©H$

èd§Vamd _ybV… OZV§Ì Ho$ g_W©H$ WoŸ& gÎmm H$m {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aZm Amdí`H$h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$mo Cg _| em{_b hmoZo H$m _m¡H$m XoZm Mm{hEŸ& O~ Eogm_m¡H$m {X`m Om` Vmo do gm_m{OH$ àíZ gwbPm X|JoŸ& Š`m|{H$ CÝh| gm_m{OH$ àíZm| H$sOmZH$mar hmoVr h¡Ÿ& gÎmm Ho$ {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$m gyÌ H¥${V _| bmZo H$s Ñ{ï> go {Obmn[afXm| Ho$ g§X © _| CÝhm|Zo AnZr `h y{_H$m àñVwV H$sŸ&

{Obm n[afX Ho$ Ûmam J«m_rU ZoV¥Îd {Z_m©U H$aZo H$s ed§Vamd H$s h Anojm~hþV ~S>o AZwnmV _| eñdr hþB©Ÿ& h ~mV h_o {ZpíMV ê$n go _mZZr nS>oJrŸ& _hmamï´>Ho$ AZoH$ {Obm n[afX _| go V¡ ma hþE VéU {dYmZ g^m _|, g§gX _| Am¡a AZoH$ ñWmZm|na Om gHo$ Am¡a AÀN>o H$m_ H$a gHo$Ÿ& Bg{bE do amÁ` ñVa na _§Ìr H$m H$m_ H$aVo

g_` M_H$ J oŸ& ed§Vamd H$s h ~‹S>r {dO` WrŸ&_hmamï´> _| H$maImZo `m AÝ` ghH$mar Am§XmobZ ~S>o n¡_mZo na ~‹T> J oŸ& BZ_|

g^r H$m gh`moJ, g^rH$m g_mZ A{YH$ma `h Zr{V ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na ñdrH¥$V H$s J`rŸ&BgH$m gmam lo èd§Vamd H$s nwamoJm_r {dMmaYmam H$mo h¡Ÿ&

{V>bH$ ^dZ H$s ~¡R>H$ _| 1964 _| ~¢H$m| H$m amï´>r`rH$aU hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& `hàñVmd ed§VamdOr H$s àoaUm go _hmamï> àXoe H$m±J«og g{_{V Zo EH$_V go g§_V {H$`mWmŸ& àË`j ê$n go CgH$m {ZU© 1969 _| hþAmŸ& ^maV _| dh y{_H$m g~go nhbo_hmamï´> Zo èd§Vamd Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| ñdrH¥$V H$s WrŸ&

_hmamï´> Zo Xoe Ho$ àdmh _o§ gVV ghZm Mm{hE Eogm CZH$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ WmŸ& CZH$m`h Ñ{ï>H$moZ n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$ g_` go Mbm Am ahm WmŸ& _hmamï´> H$mo amï´>r`_w»` àdmh _o§ aIZo Ho$ {bE 1956-57 _| CÝh| _hmamï´> Ho$ AZoH$ bmoJm| H$s ZmamOJrghZ H$aZr nS>r WrŸ& Cgr nÕ{V go Bg g_` r A~ h_o amï´>r` _w»` àdmh _| OmZmMm{hEŸ& `h CZH$s Cg g_` Ho$ {dMmam| go gwg§JV y{_H$m WrŸ& eaX ndma Ho$ gmWH$m±J«og Am` _| OmZm Mm{hEŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo N>… _{hZo, EH$ df© ndma H$s àVrjmH$sŸ& bo{H$Z ndma H$s y{_H$m _| èd§Vamd H$s y{_H$m _| ~‹S>m A§Va WmŸ& Bg{bEèd§Vamd AnZr y{_H$m H$m nwañH$ma H$aHo$ Am` H$m±J«og _| Mbo J oŸ& Bg g§~§Y _|CZna AmbmoMZm hþB©Ÿ& Hw$N> bmoJm|Zo H$hm {H$ - "do bm^ Ho$ {bE, Hw$N> H$_mZo Ho$ {bEJ o h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> àm{á Am¡a bm^ H$s Anojm go do ~hþV D$na J o WoŸ& Hw$N> {_boJm Am¡a Hw$N>bm^ hmoJmŸ Bg{bE do B§{Xam H$m±J«og _o§ J o Eogm hoVwnyd©H$ BbµOm_ bJmZodmbm EH$ dJ©h¡ Cgo èd§Vamd g_Po hr Zht WoŸ&'

èd§Vamd Ho$ àemgZ H$m¡eb H$m Adí` CëboI H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& 1956-57Ho$ g_` amÁ` _| H$m±J«og nj H$mo Zm__mÌ ~hþ_V WmŸ& EH$ Amoa gd©lr Eg. E_. Omoer,CÕdamd nmQ>rb, AmMm © AÌo O¡go Ywa§Ya ZoVm WoŸ& {\$a ^r CÝhm|Zo {Z{d©dmX ê$n goH$m_ Mbm`mŸ& AË §V H${R>Z H$mb _| èd§VamdZo Xoe H$m J¥h_§Ìr nX g± mbmŸ& Cgrg_` AZoH$ amÁ`m| _| AbJ AbJ njm| H$s gaH$mao WrŸ& Xoe _| AZoH$ g_ñ`mE± WrŸ&CgHo$ gmW hr nydu` amÁ` H$m àíZ H${R>Z hþAm WmŸ& Cg H$mb _| do à^mdr g§gXnQy> Ho$ê$n _| à{gÕ hþEŸ& do AÀN>o AÀN>o àemgH$ ^r hþEŸ& CÝhm|Zo Xoe H$mo ñdÀN> àemgZ{X`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo gÎmm H$m Xþén`moJ {H$`m Eogm BbµOm_ {damoYr nj Ho$ bmoJ r Zht bJmgHo$Ÿ& à^mdr àemgH$ Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$m bm¡{H$H$ hþAmŸ& Zm¡H$aemhr H$mo {dídmg _|boH$a do H$m_ H$aVo WoŸ&

amÁ`H$Vm©Am| H$mo Xÿgam| H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_P boZm Mm{hEŸ& AI~ma _| hmoZodmbr

77 78


AmbmoMZm go AWdm ì`mgnrR> na go hmoZodmbo h_bo go K~amZm Zht Mm{hE Am¡a _Z _|Jwñgm Am¡a eÌwËd H$s ^mdZm Z aIVo hþE Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_Vmob Am¡a d¥{Îm em§V aIZrMm{hEŸ& Bg y{_H$m H$m ed§Vamd H$mo Vy\$mZ H$s pñW{V _| ~hþV Cn`moJ hþAmŸ& amÁ`{H$g nj H$m h¡, dh H$m¡Z MbmVm h¡, BgH$s Anojm dh H¡$go Mbm`m OmVm h¡ Bgo ~hþV~‹S>m _hÎd h¡Ÿ& Mmby H$mb g§H«$_U H$m h¡, CgHo$ gmW H$gm¡Q>r H$m ^r h¡Ÿ& OZV§Ì H$moAmˆmZ {X o Om aho h¢Ÿ& BZ AmˆmmZm| H$m _wH$m~bm H$aZona ^maVr` OZV§Ì {Q>Ho$Jm,~T>oJm Eogr èd§Vamd H$s lÕm WrŸ&

EH$ {XZ èd§Vamd Zo AnZr `mX ~VmVo hþE H$hm {H$ "_¡ Cg g_` {S>\o$Ýg{_{ZñQ>a WmŸ& bo{H$Z Cg g_` Cg ImVo H$m EH$ goZm à_wI h_oem èd§Vamd H$mo{damoY H$aVm WmŸ& Bg{bE do ÌñV hmo J o WoŸ& Bg{bE naoemZ hmoH$a EH$ {XZ Zohê$ Ho$Zm_ na èd§Vamd Zo BñVr\$m {bIH$a oO {X`mŸ&' n§{S>V Zohê$Zo èd§Vamd H$mo amVHo$ Zm¡ ~Oo ~wbm`mŸ& do J o V~ Zohê$ H$m Jwbm~ Ho$ g_mZ hmoZodmbm Moham gy ©q~~ Ho$g_mZ hþAmŸ& AnZr eoadmZr Ho$ Oo~ _| go ed§Vamd H$m BñVr\o$ H$m H$mJµO \$S>\$S>mVohwE CÝhm|Zo H$hm - "`h Š`m ~XV_rOr h¡? _wPo BñVr\$m oO XoVm h¡? {H$g{bE?' _¡§ZoCgo g~ ~Vm`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo h±gH$a H$hm - "_yI© h¡Ÿ& dh Omo Am°{\$ga h¡ Z Omo VwåhonaoemZ H$aVm h¡, Cgo ajm _§Ìr hmoZm WmŸ& Bg{bE _¢Zo Cgo Vwåhmao ImVo _| oO {X`mŸ&_wPo H$h XoVm Vmo _¢ g~ {Z^m boVmŸ&' bo{H$Z BgHo$ AmJo Eogm BñVr\$m oO XoZo H$s~odHy$\$s _V H$aŸ& CÝhm|Zo _oam BñVr\$m \$mS>H$a _oao _w±h na \|$H$ H$a H$hm - "{\$a goEogr _yI©Vm Z H$aŸ& Eogo Wo àYmZ_§Ìr n§{S>VOrŸ&'

(11) X{bVm| H$mo Ý`m`

X{bVm| H$mo Ý`m` {_bZm Mm{hE, CÝh| gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ àmá hmoZm Mm{hEŸBg{bE èd§VamdZo g_PXmar go à`ËZ {H$ oŸ& h[aOZ-{JarOZ bmoJm| Ho$ H$m_ H$sAmoa A{YH$ Ü`mZ {X`mŸ& "_hma dVZ' aX H$aHo$ h[aOZm| H$s b{‚mV OrdZ go _wŠVVmH$sŸ& S>m°. Amå~oS>H$a H$s ~hþV {XZm| H$s _m±J nyU© H$sŸ& {J[aOZm| Ho$ bS>H$m| Ho$ {bEAml_embmE± ewê$ H$sŸ& CÝh| IoVr CnOmD$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE O§Jb _o§ O_rZ H$s [aAm`VoXrŸ& BVZmhr Zht, "Zhr' ao H$Vm©Am| H$mo AmJo bmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& amÁ` _| Z o Z oCÚmoJ ewê$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE do CÚmoJn{V`m| go {_bo Am¡a _hmamï´> _| CÚmoJ ewê$ H$aZo Ho${bE àd¥Îm {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$mZyZ go Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV {Z_m©U H$sŸ& O_rZ, nmZr,{~Obr, eò Am{X H$s gw{dYm CnbãY H$a H$maImZo IS>o H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÎmoOZ{X`mŸ& IoVr Ho$ gmW H$maImZm| _| CËnmXZ ~T>mZm Mm{hE, _OXÿar ^r A{YH$m{YH$

CnbãY hmoZr Mm{hE Bg{bE MìhmUZo o g~ OmZH$a à`ËZ {H$ oŸ& _hmamï´> AmOCÚmoJ joÌ _| AmJo {XImB© XoVm h¡, OJh-OJh na Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmh{V`m± I‹S>r h§¡Ÿ&CgH$m ~hwV lo èd§Vamd H$s Amoa OmVm h¡Ÿ&

~mbmgmh~ Ioa Am¡a _moamaOr XogmB© BZ Xmo _w»`_§{Ì`m| H$s VwbZm H$s Om` Vmoèd§Vamd MìhmU H$s y{_H$m dmñVddmXr Am¡a nwamoJm_r bJVr h¡Ÿ& _ybmoÚmoJ, {ejm`moOZm, eam~~§Xr H$m AdmñVd H$m ©H«$_, Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZ, g»Vr H$s A§J«oOr {ejm,H$bm, gm{hË` Am{X b{bV H$bm Ho$ g§~§Y _| à{VJm_r, XþamJ«hr y{_H$m èd§VamdMìhmU Zht bo gHo$Ÿ& g^r àíZm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| CZH$m _Z Iwbm WmŸ& nwamZo AZw dm| H$mAm¡a Z o {dMmam| H$m ñdmJV H$aZo Ho$ {bE CZH$m _Z h_oem VËna Am¡a CËgwH$ ahVmWmŸ& CZHo$ g^r Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Ed§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| CZHo$ {dMmaàH$Q> hþE h¡Ÿ&

ghH$mar Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_mZ eŠH$a H$maImZo Ho$ g§~§Y _| èd§Vamd Zo AbJ{ZU© {b`m Am¡a _hmamï> _| eŠH$a H$maImZo Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo AbJ _moS> {X`mŸ& 1957-1958 _| gm§Jbr {Obo _| eŠH$a H$maImZm {ZH$bZo Ho$ {bE lr. dg§VXmXm nmQ>rb ZoAOu H$s WrŸ& na§Vw Cg g_` eŠH$a H$maImZo H$mo _§Oyar XoZo H$s V¡ H$s hþB© nÕV WrŸ&JÞo H$s \$gb {H$VZr h¡ `h XoIH$a dh JÞm H$maImZo H$s Oê$aV nyar H$aoJm VmoH$maImZo H$mo BOmOV XoZo H$s nÕV WrŸ& h {ZîH$f© hm± bJm`m OmVm Vmo h H$maImZmht hmo gH$VmŸ& na§Vw Bg {d^mJ _| JÞo H$s \$gb ~T>Zo H$s gwá e{ŠV ~‹S>r WrŸ& Am¡aCgHo$ AmYma na eŠH$a H$maImZm CÎm_ MbmZo H$m nyU© g§ d WmŸ& Eogo g_` V¡ H$s hþB©brH$ na Z OmVo hþE AbJ _mJ© go {ZU© boZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm WrŸ& Bg{bE ed§VamdZo dhm± ñdV§Ì Ñ{ï> go {ZU© {b`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo dhm± nhbo eŠH$a H$maImZo H$s BOmOV XrWr CgHo$ ~mX dhm± JÞo H$s d¥{Õ hmoZo bJrŸ& h_oem H$m Omo _mJ© Wm Cgo Xÿa H$a {X`mŸ&Bg{bE dhm± ^maV _| àW_ loUr H$m eŠH$a H$maImZm hmo J`mŸ& AmO Bg eŠH$aH$maImZo go g¢H$S>m| {H$gmZm| Ho$ OrdZ _| n[adV©Z Am J`mŸ& BgH$m lo dg§VXmXmnmQ>rb Ho$ A{dlm§V à`ËZ H$mo Am¡a ZoV¥Ëd H$mo XoZm nS>oJmŸ& BgHo$ g^r H$maU ed§VamdHo$ ñdV§Ì Am¡a gO©Zerb H$mamo~ma {df`H$ {ZU© _| ImoOZo nS>|JoŸ&

(12) {dÚmnrR> H$s ñWmnZm

_amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR> Ho$ ñWmnZm Ho$ g_` CÝhm|Zo {b`m hþAm {ZU© ^r CZHo$AbJ H$mamo~ma {df`H$ Zr{V H$s gmj XoVm h¡Ÿ& {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` _| _amR>dmS>m hmb hr_| gm_rb hþAm WmŸ& Bggo nhbo AZoH$ df© _amR>dmS>m h h¡Xam~mX g§ñWmZ Ho$ amÁ` _|

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WmŸ& Bg{bE _amR>dmS>m H$s {ejm H$s àJ{V bJ^J gm¡ dfª Zht hmo gH$s WrŸ&_amR>dmS>m Ho$ e¡j{UH$ àJ{V H$mo ghmæ` H$aZm Oê$a WmŸ& èd§Vamd H$m `hr {dMmaWm {H$ _amR>dmS>m H$mo ñdV§Ì {dÚmnrR> XoZm Mm{hEŸ& Cg g_` {dÚmnrR> Ho$ {bEAmdí`H$ _hm{dÚmb` dhm± Zht WoŸ& nhbo _hm{dÚmb`m| H$s g§»`m ~T>Zr Mm{hEAm¡a {\$a {dÚmnrR> ApñVËd _| AmZm Mm{hEŸ& Eogm {dMma Hw$N> {ejm {df`H$ VÁkm|ZoàñVwV {H$`mŸ& Bg nÕ{V go nwUo {dÚmnrR>, ZmJnya {dÚmnrR> Am¡a AÝ` Hw$N> {dÚmnrR>m|H$s ñWmnZm hþB© WrŸ& na§Vw _amR>dmS>o Ho$ g§~§Y _| h_ Bgr _mJ© go J o Vmo CgH$s {ejmH$s àJ{V _| Xoar hmoJr, Eogm S>a èd§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| WmŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo dhm± nhbo{dÚmnrR> Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX _hm{dÚmb` ñWmnZm H$m H$m ©H«$_ ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$m {ZU©{b`mŸ& CgHo$ AZwgma CÝhm|Zo dhm± 1958 _| {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZ H$aZo H$m {ZU© {H$`mŸ&AJbo Xmo-VrZ dfm] _| AZoH$ _hm{dÚmb` ewê$ hþEŸ& V~ _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR> _|AZoH$ _hm{dÚmb` {ZH$b n‹S>oŸ& A~ CZH$s g§»`m gmR> WrŸ& {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZ H$aVog_` èd§Vamd {Z`_ Am¡a nwamZo _mJ© na go Mbo OmVo Vmo _amR>dmS>m H$s e¡j{UH$àJ{V hmoZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ dfª bJ OmVoŸ& g¢H$S>m| {dÚmWu Bg {dÚmnrR> go Cnm{Y`m±boH$a ~mha Am aho h¢Ÿ& BgH$m g§nyU© è èd§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ {ZU© H$m h¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd b{bV H$bm Ho$ moŠVm WoŸ& _§Ìmb`, g§gX J¥h, H$m±J«og nj H$m`m©b`_| H$m_ H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$bm ào_ H$s Amoa AZXoIr Zht H$sŸ& CZH$m nR>Z ~hþVWmŸ& emñÌmoŠV g§JrV Am¡a do ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ a{gH$ WoŸ& _hmamï´> _| g§JrVH$ma, ZmQ>H$H$maAm¡a {gZo_m H$bmH$ma, boIH$ Am¡a H${d {Xëbr _| AmZo na èd§Vamd H$s o§Q> {bE{~Zm Zht OmVo Wo Am¡a èd§Vamd ^r CZH$m Iwbo {Xb go ñdmJV H$aVo WoŸ&

(13) gm{hpË`H$m| H$s bS>mI _moM} H$mo oQ>

Bg g§~§Y _| Xmo KQ>ZmAm| H$s `mX AmVr h¡Ÿ& èd§VamdZo {dZ§Vr H$aZo na_hmamï´> _| Hw$N> boIH$ Am¡a H${d`m| H$s EH$ Qw>H$S>r Zo bS>mI _| _moM} H$mo §oQ> XrŸ& BgQw>H$S>r _| ñd. J. {X. _mS>JybH$a, ñd. nw. ^m. ^mdo Am¡a dg§V ~mnQ> Am{X g_m{dï>WoŸ& CZHo$ AmdoenyU© boIZ go ajm {df`H$ g_ñ`m gm_mÝ` OZVm H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE_XX hþB©Ÿ& AÝ` amÁ`m| _| hmoZodmbo boIH$ Am¡a H${d`m| Ho$ Eogo hr Xm¡ao Am o{OV {H$ oJ oŸ& CZH$s gyMZm go hr bVm _§JoeH$a Zo " o _oao dVZ Ho$ bmoJm|' `h à{gÕ JrVÜd{Z_w{ÐV {H$`mŸ& `h JrV bVm _§JoeH$a Zo 1963 _| JUamÁ` {XZ Ho$ g_mamoh _|Z¡eZb ñQ>o{S>`_ na Jm`m WmŸ& Bg J«m_mo\$moZ [aH$mS>© H$m {~H«$s H$m CËnÞ amï´>r` ajm{Z{Y _o§ O_m H$a {X`m Om` V~ ~hþV AÀN>m hmoJmŸ& èd§Vamd H$s `h BÀN>m H${d

àXrn, g§JrVH$ma Ho$. gr. am_M§Ð Am¡a Jm{`H$m bVm _§JoeH$aZo Vwa§V nyar H$sŸ&g§ wŠV _hmamï´> {Z{_©{V _| g§Kf© H$mb _| {Z_m©U hþAm H$m±J«og {damoYr dmVmdaU

Yrao-Yrao em§V H$aZo _| ed§Vamd H$m amOZ¡{VH$ H$m¡eb g\$b hþAmŸ& g§ wŠV _hmamï´>H$s {Z{_©{V Ho$ {bE Omo àIa Am§XmobZ hþAm Wm Cgr H$maU hr ~å~B©© Ho$ gmW g§ wŠV_hmamï´> H$s {Z{_©{V hmo gH$sŸ& h gË` H$^r r BÝH$ma Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ& g§ wŠV_hmamï´> {Z{_©{V Ho$ ~mX ~å~B©, npíM_ _hmamï´>, _amR>dmS>m Am¡a {dX © BZ g~ _|^mdZmË_H$ EoŠ` {Z_m©U H$aZo H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m © èd§Vamd Zo {H$`mŸ& `h gË`^mdr B{VhmgH$ma H$^r ^r yb Zht gH$VoŸ& S>m°. Jmonmbamd IoS>H$a, XmXmgmh~H$Þ_dma, dg§Vamd ZmB©H$, ZaoÝÐ {VS>Ho$, eofamd dmZIoS>o, Zm{gH$amd {VanwS>o, e§H$aamdMìhmU, àm. Mm¡hmZ, Xoe_wI Am{X {dX ©, dèhmS>, _amR>dmS>m _| d¡gohr npíM__hmamï´> _| Ag§»` ghH$mar {_Ìm| H$mo EH$Ì bmH$a g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$s ^mdZmË_H$EH$Vm H$s _O~yV Zrd aIZo H$m H$m_ ed§VamdOr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| hþAmŸ& CZHo$ ZoV¥Ëd _|hr _hmamï´> H$m±J«og H${_Q>r H$mo nwamoJm_r {dMma Am¡a {Xem XoZo H$m H$m © H$m`m©pÝdVhþAmŸ& maV _| Cg Ñ{ï> go _hmamï´> àXoe H$m±J«og H${_Q>r g^r H$s MMm© H$m Am¡a Hw$VyhbH$m {df` hþAm WmŸ& {Obm {Zhm` Am¡a àm§V {Zhm` H$m ©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ Ag§»` {e{~aAm`mo{OV {H$ o J o Am¡a Cg _| g_Vm na AmYm[aV H¥${f Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOaMZm{Z_m©U H$aZo H$m {ZYm©a ì`ŠV {H$`m WmŸ&

èd§VamdZo CZHo$ _w»`_§Ìr nX Ho$ emgZ H$mb _| ghH$mar Am§XmobZ {df`H$EH$ {dYo H$ V¡ ma {H$`mŸ& 28 Aºy$~a 1960 H$mo `h {~b amOnÌ _| Om{ha {H$`mŸ&amÁ` KQ>Zm _| _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdZwgma ghH$mar Am§XmobZ H$m H«$_e… C{MV {dMma H$aZoHo$ {bE `h {dYo H$ MìhmU gaH$maZo àñVwV {H$`m WmŸ& ghH$mar H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgmaBg {dYo H$ Zo Hw$b {_bmH$a Xþê$pñV`m± H$s WrŸ& Bg{bE g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aZo Ho$ ~mao _|bMrbmnZ Am`m Am¡a n[aUm_V… ghH$mar joÌ g_mO Ho$ {ZMbo ñVa VH$ nhþ±MH$a dh{dñV¥V hmoZo Ho$ {bE _XX hþB©Ÿ& bmoJm| Zo CgH$m g§nyU© \$m`Xm CR>m`mŸ& ghH$mar Am§XmobZJ«m_rU joÌ _| ~S>o AZwnmV go N>m J`mŸ& Cg _| go ghH$mar H$maImZXmar IS>r hþB©Ÿ&hOmam| bmoJm| H$mo J«m_rU {d^mJ _| Y§Ym {_b J`mŸ& noQ> âZo Ho$ {bE eha H$s Amoa^mJZodmbo bmoJm| H$s r‹S> ~S>o AZwnmV _| amoH$s J`r Am¡a hm± H$s IoVr gwYma H$mo àoaUm{_b J`rŸ&

{H$gmZ _hmamï´> H$m àmU h¡Ÿ& {H$gmZ _hmamï´> Ho$ amÁ`H$Vm© h¡Ÿ& `h ~mV àH$Q>ê$n go H$hZodmbo ed§Vamd _hmamï> Ho$ nhbo _w»`_§Ìr WoŸ& IoVr Am¡a Amdí`H$ CÚmoJY§Xm| Ho$ {bE ì`{ŠV`m| H$mo à{e{jV H$aZo Ho$ {b o IoVr {df`H$ embmAm| H$s {Z{_©{V

81 82


H$sŸ& _hmamï´> Ho$ àË oH$ XohmV _| {~Obr nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo moOZm ~Zm`rŸ& IoVrjoÌ _| grqbJ A°ŠQ> ~Zm`mŸ& `h XoIH$a ^maV gaH$maZo Xg-~mah dfm] Ho$ ~mXgrqbJ H$m H$mZyZ ~Zm`m `mZr {H$ H$_mb O_rZ YmaUm {dYo H$ ~Zm`mŸ&

emgH$s` H$m © H$aVo g_` do _mZdVm H$mo Zht yboŸ& Zd§~a 1966 _| CÝhm|ZoH|$Ðr` nX^ma g§ mbmŸ& V~ gmV-AmR> {XZm| _| {Xëbr nw{bgm| Zo EH$mEH$ Am§XmobZewê$ {H$`mŸ& Ag§»` nw{bgm|Zo CZHo$ {Zdmg ñWmZ H$mo Koa {X`mŸ& BVZmhr Zhr§ Vmo em_Ho$ g_` Hw$N> nw{bg AhmVo _| Kwgo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo KmofUm XoZo H$s ewédmV H$sŸ& `h g~Iob _Z H$mo _ZñVmn XoZodmbo WmŸ& o bmoJ$ Xygao {XZ r Zht J oŸ& gmh~ Am°{\$$g Ho$~mha Am o V~ CÝhm|Zo g§~mo{YV H$aHo$ H$hm, "Amn AnZr S>çyQ>r na dmng OmAmoŸ&AmnHo$ àíZ _¢ g_P gH$Vm hÿ±Ÿ& Amn H$m ~Vm©d C{MV Zht h¡Ÿ& {\$a ^r _¢ Amn Ho$~ÀMm| H$s Va\$ XoIH$a H$hÿ±Jm {H$ `{X Amn dmng S>çyQ>rna JE Vmo _¢ g~ ybOmD±$JmŸ& {H$gr Zo Amn H$mo ~hH$m`m h¡Ÿ&'

(14) bmoH${à` ZoV¥Ëd

gZ 1942 go 1962 VH$ lr. ~mbmgmh~ Ioa, lr. _moamaOr XogmB© Am¡aèd§Vamd MìhmU BZ VrZm| Zo _hmamï> Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd H$s {Oå_oXmar g§ mbrŸ& na§Vw ed§VamdZoAnZo H$m ©H$mb _| dmñVddmXr Am¡a nwamoJm_r Zr{V AnZm`rŸ& Bg{bE CZH$m ZoV¥ËdA{YH$ bmoH${à` hþAmŸ& Bg H$mb _| gm{hË`, g§ñH¥${V, g_mO gwYma, ghH$ma, H¥${f,{ejm, CÚmoJ Am{X Ho$ ~mao _| _hmamï´> H$mo àJ{V nW na bo OmZo H$m _hmZ H$m © CÝhm|Zo{H$`mŸ& AnZo H$m ©H$mb _| ghH$ma Ho$ {bE nyaH$ `moOZm, qgMZ àH$ën ewê$ {H$ oŸ&H$mo Zm Ob {dÚwV àH$ën, _amR>dmS>m _| nyUm© àH$ën, {dX © _| nmag W_©b nm°dañQ>oeZ o èd§VamdZo _hmamï´> H$mo {X o hþE ~S>o Cnhma h¢Ÿ& dabr XÿY `moOZm, H$m|H$Uaoëdo H$m lrJUoem, y{_{hZm| H$mo O_rZ XoZm Am{X `moOZm H$m Ama§ CZHo$ H$m ©H$mb_| hþAmŸ& Xoe _| pñWa nwamoJm_r Am¡a g^r ~mao _| OmJ¥V amÁ` Eogr _hmamï´> H$s à{V_m{Z_m©U hþB© Am¡a dh AmO hr H$m`_ h¡Ÿ& BgH$m g§nyU© lo ed§Vamd Ho$ nwamoJm_r Am¡admñVd Ñ{ï>H$mo h¡Ÿ&

Om{V na AmYm[aV J«m_rU g_mOgwYmaUm, Zï> H$aZo H$m Am¡a ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm,~§YwËd Am¡a Ý`m` BZ VÎdm|na AmYm[aV ZdrZ J«m_rU g_mO aMZm {Z_m©U H$aZo H$mH«$m{VH$mar H$m © CÝhm|Zo {H$`mŸ& `h amÁ` "_amR>m' amÁ` hmoJm {H$ _amR>r amÁ` hmoJm`h eH$ Xÿa H$a _hmamï´> amÁ` H$m Zm_ gmW©H$ {H$`mŸ& h amÁ` {H$gr EH$ {deof Om{VO_m{V H$m Z hmoH$a g^r _amR>r OZVm H$m amÁ` h¡ Eogm `H$sZ CÝhm|Zo {Xbm`mŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo AnZo H$m ©H$mb _| S>J_JmZodmbr H$m±J«og H$mo g± mbm Am¡a Cgo`mo½` {Xem XrŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$m±J«og H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$s EH$ ~bembr g§KQ>Zm ~Zm`rŸ& OJhOJh na H$m±J«og {e{~a boH$a H$m±J«og H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mo g_mO ~moYZ H$s {ejm XrŸ&CÝhm|Zo H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mo EH$ d¡Mm[aH$ A{Yð>mZ àmá H$a {X`mŸ& d¡gohr H$m±J«og g§KQ>ZmAm¡a emgZ BZ XmoZm| _| gwg§dmX ñWm{nV {H$`m Am¡a VéU {nT>r H$mo H$m±J«og H$mo ~bdmZH$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& èd§Vamd H$s d¡Mm[aH$ {damgV boH$a AmJo hþE eaXndma O¡go AZoH$ VéU Cg {nT>r Ho$ à{V{Z{Y h¢Ÿ&

B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$s hË`m Ho$$ ~mX Omo n[apñW{V {Z_m©U hþB© WrŸ Cgo Ü`mZ _| boH$aèd§Vamd Zo amOrd Jm§Yr H$m g_W©Z {H$`mŸ& ed§Vamd H$mo AnZr Am w _| Hw$N> àmáH$aZo H$s A{^bmfm Zht WrŸ& {Og ñdmV§Í` Ho$ {bE do AnZo gmobhdo df© _| ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_ _| Hy$X nS>o WoŸ Eogo g_` AnZm Xoe AIÊS> ahZm Mm{hE Eogr CZH$s ÑT> BÀN>mWrŸ& H$m±J«og na CZH$s AZÝ` {Zð>m WrŸ& H$m±J«og hr CZHo$ OrdZ H$m Y_© ~Z J`m WmŸ&Cg H$m±J«og H$s eVg§dËgar XoIZo Ho$ {bE do AmO AnZo _| Zht h¡, BVH$m A\$gmogAg§»` H$m±J«og ZoVmAm| H$mo hmoVm ahoJmŸ&

(15) {Û^m{fH$ Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr

g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ g§~§Y _| CZH$s y{_H$m ñdÀN> WrŸ& Bg Ho$ gmW hr CZH$sZohê$ {Zð>m d¡Mm[aH$ ñdê$n H$s WrŸ& n§. Zohê$ H$mo do maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$m àVrH$ _mZVoWoŸ& 1957 H$m MwZmd hmoZo Ho$ ~mX {\$ago èd§Vamd _w»`_§Ìr ~ZoŸ&

Owb¡ 1961 _| nmZeoV Am¡a IS>H$dmgbm ~m±Y \y$Q>H$a nwUo eha Ob_` hþAmŸ&BZ eham| H$s An[a{_V hmZr hþB©Ÿ& èd§Vamd Vwa§V nyZm J oŸ& èd§VamdZo n[apñW{VH$m AZw_mZ bJm`m Am¡a _XX nhþ±Mm`rŸ& _XX H$m © Ho$ {bE g. Jmo. ~d} H$s AÜ`jVm_| EH$ g{_{V {Z wŠV H$sŸ& ~m‹T> Ho$ ~mX 12 {XZm| _| Bg Amn{Îm H$s Om±M Ho$ {bE Ý`m.~mdS>oH$a H${_eZ {Z wŠV {H$`mŸ& bo{H$Z WmoS>o hr {XZmo§ _| ~mdS>oH$a Zo AmË_hË`m H$sŸ&èd§Vamd gaH$ma na AmbmoMZm H$m Vy\$mZ CR>mŸ& CÝhm|Zo AmbmoMZm H$m CÎma {X`mAm¡a Ý`m. ZmB©H$ H$s AÜ`jVm _| Xÿgam H${_eZ {Z wŠV {H$`mŸ& ed§Vamd H$m h Omo{dH$mg H$m © Mb ahm WmŸ Bgr ~rM `h g_ñ`m IS>r hþB© WrŸ& èd§VamdZo AnZrH$m ©Hw$ebVm go `h g_ñ`m gwbPm`rŸ&

(15) H$m±J«og H$s àM§S> {dO`

\$adar 1962 _| _hmamï´> {dYmZ g^m H$m MwZmd hþAmŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _|

83 84


H$m±J«og nj H$s àM§S> {dO` hþB©Ÿ& èd§Vamd {\$a _w»`_§Ìr hþEŸ& èd§Vamd H$sbmoH${à`Vm {eIa VH$ nhþ±MrŸ& bmoH$ CÝh| "à{V {edmOr' Ho$ Zm_ go g§~mo{YV H$aZobJoŸ& CÝhm|Zo bmoJm| go H$hm - "_¢ EH$ H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$m à{V{Z{Y hÿ±Ÿ& {edmOr Zht,à{V {edmOr r ZhtŸ& _wPo \±$gmAm| _V, Vw_ r \±$gmo _VŸ&' n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$Zo Om{ha g^m _| ed§Vamd Ho$ amOH$mamo~ma H$m Jm¡ad {H$`mŸ& gdm}X`dmXr bmoH$Zm`H$O`àH$me ZmamÙ Ho$ AZwgma "èd§Vamd Xoe _| gdm}Îm_ _w»`_§Ìr h¢Ÿ&'

gmobmnya _| "gwerb a{gH$ g^m' Bg g§ñWm H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aVo g_` Zm. ed§VamdMìhmU Zo Owb¡ 1984 _| {H$ o hþE ^mfU _| H$hm - "gm{hË` _| amÁ`H$Vm©Am| H$mhñVjon Zht hmoZm Mm{hE Eogo H$hm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z amOZ¡{VH$ H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mogm{hË` _| é{M hmoJr Am¡a {X do gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| Am o Vmo Š`m {~JS>oJm?'

_hmamï´> _| AmO d¡Mm[aH$ boIZ H$m A^md {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& Cg {df` _| IoXì`ŠV H$aVo hþE _m. ed§VamdZo AmJo H$hm - "_amR>r gmañdV {d{dY dmL²>_` àH$mago g_¥Õ hmo Am¡a _amR>r ^mfm g§nÞ hmo Bg{bE EH$ ì`mnH$ d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$ H$s A~~hþV Amdí`H$Vm h¡Ÿ&'

qghmgZ Amê$T> hþB© AnZr _amR>r ^mfm _| AmoOñdr, à^mdr N>Q>nQ>mZodmbrgm{hË` H¥${V`m| H$mo AmH$me VH$ nhþ±MZo Ho$ {bE Jê$S> Pon A~ {\$a go boZr Mm{hEŸ&

eò H$s Anojm eãX Am¡a boIZ A{YH$ à^mdembr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& h Xþ{Z`m ~hþVH${R>Z h¡ `h Ü`mZ _| boZm Mm{hEŸ& EH$ H${d H$s H${dVm _wPo `mX AmVr h¡Ÿ& H${dH$hVm h¡ {H$ - "Y{‚m`m AmoT>H$a gmoZm ~oMZo Ho$ {bE ~¡R>m Vmo {M{S>`m± ^r nmg ZhtAm oJrŸ& na§Vw gmoZm AmoT>H$a Y{‚m`m± ~oMZo Ho$ ~¡R>m Vmo ^r‹S> Zht hQ>oJrŸ&' EogrAdñWm AmO hþB© h¡Ÿ& Bg AdñWm H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo à`ËZ H$aZmMm{hEŸ&

(16) MìhmU H$s OrV

H|$Ðr` {dÎm_§Ìr lr. qMVm_Uamd Xoe_wI Z| g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ àíZ na BñVr\$m{X`mŸ& Am¡a CZH$m BñVr\$m 26 Owb¡ 1956 H$mo ñdrH¥$V hþAmŸ& CgHo$ ~mX n§Ðh {XZm|Ho$ ^rVa g§gX Zo {Û^m{fH$ ~å~B©© amÁ` H$s H$ënZm H$m g_W©Z {H$`mŸ& EH$ _V goMwZmd hþAm Vmo Z o amÁ` Ho$ H$m±J«og {d{Y_§S>b nj H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aZo Ho$ {bE _moamaOrXogmB© V¡ ma WoŸ& na§Vw ^mD$gmh~ {hao Zo _moamaOr ^mB© Ho$ {déÕ ZoV¥Ëd nX H$m MwZmdbS>Zo H$s KmofUm H$s V~ _moamaOr nrN>o hQ> J oŸ& 16 AŠVy~a 1956 H$mo {hao Am¡aMìhmU _| MwZmd hþAmŸ& Bg MwZmd _| èd§Vamd H$s OrV hþB©Ÿ&

MìhmUZo _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| ~å~B©© amÁ` Ho$ gyÌ AnZo hmW _| {b oŸ& Om{hag^m boZm Am¡a ^mfU H$aZm H$m±J«og Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo Ag§ d Am¡a H${R>Z hmo ahm WmŸ&nËWam| H$s Am¡a OyVm| H$s _ma ì`mgnrR>na hmoVr Wr Am¡a ZoVmAm| H$mo h_ooem nw{bg H$sajm boZr nS>Vr WrŸ& H$mbo P§S>mo§ go ZoVmAm|H$m ñdmJV hmoVm WmŸ& bmoH$ nw{bgm| H$m KoamVmoS>H$a ZoVmAm| H$s _moQ>a Jm{S>`m| H$mo Koam S>mbVo Wo Am¡a g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$s KmofUmXoVo WoŸ& g§Vá O_md H$mo H$m~y _| aIZo Ho$ {bE H$ï>àX H$m_ nw{bgm| H$mo H$aZm nS>VmWmŸ&

_mM© 1957 _| Xÿgam gmd©{ÌH$ MwZmd hþAmŸ& èd§VamdOr 1700 _Vm| go{dO`r hþEŸ& Bg MwZmd _| H$mH$mgmh~ JmS>Jrb, h[a^mD$ nmQ>gH$a, nr. Ho$. gmd§VAm¡a S>r. Ho$. Hw§$Q>o O¡go AZoH$ ZoVm MwZmd _| nam{OV hmo J oŸ& Bg MwZmd Ho$ ~mX Ho$dbN>… _{hZm| _| _hmamï´> àXoe H$m±J«og g{_{V Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$mo g§ajUmË_H$ y{_H$m boZrnS>rŸ& èd§Vamd Zo _hmamï´> H$m±J«og _| go nwamZo ZoVmAm| H$mo ~mOy H$mo hQ>mH$a AnZog_W©H$m| H$mo bo Am oŸ& _hmamï´> H$m±J«og H$mo ~bdmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo {dMmanyd©H$`moOZm ~Zm`rŸ& 30 Zd§~a 1957 H$mo àVmnJS>na N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO Ho$ nwVboH$m CX²KmQ>Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ H$mo ~wbm`mŸ& _hmamï´> H$m±J«ogg{_{V Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$mo àYmZ_§Ìr Ho$ Bg o§Q> H$m \$m`Xm boH$a J«m_rU {d^mJ _| r ~hþVbmoJm| H$m h_o g_W©Z {_bVm h¡ `h {XImZm WmŸ& èd§Vamd Bg H$m ©H«$_ _| èñdrhþEŸ& CÝhmo§Zo n§{S>V Zohê$ H$mo `h ^r {XIm`m {H$ npíM_ _hmamï´> _| H$m±J«og {OÝXr h¡Ÿ&

{\$a ^r Cn MwZmd _| H$m±J«og hma J`rŸ& ~å~B©© Am¡a _amR>dmS>m _| hþE nam^d goZoVmAm| H$mo AmíM © H$m YŠH$m bJmŸ& Bg{bE g. H$m. nmQ>rb Zo àYmZ_§Ìr H$mo nyd©{ZU© H$m nwZ…{dMma H$s _m±J {H$ o {~Zm _hmamï´> _| bmoJm| Ho$ _Z OrVo Om Zht gH|$Jo`h CÝhmo§Zo nhMmZmŸ& 23 AJñV 1958 Ho$ Am¡a§Jm~mX _| hþB© g^m _| mfU H$aVo hþEH$hm - "g§ñWm H$m nyd© {ZU© ~XbZo Ho$ {bE gXñ`m| Ho$ _Z em§{V nyU© VarHo$ go _moS>{X o Om` Vmo _oar H$moB© ~mYm Zht hmoJrŸ&' AŠVy~a 1958 _| Zohê $Zo h¡Ðm~mX _| AnZrgm{W`m| Ho$ gmW MMm© _| ~å~B©© amÁ` Ho$ {d^mOZ H$m {df` {ZH$mbm WmŸ& Zohê$ Ho$M[aÌH$ma E_. Jmonmb Ho$ _VmZwgma - "Bg àíZ H$m gdmªJrU {dMma H$aZo Ho$ {bEàYmZ_§ÌrZo {ZOr ~¡R>H$ ~wbm`r WrŸ&' Bg ~¡R>H$ _| n§V, _moamaOr, Am¡a èd§VamdMìhmU CnpñWV WoŸ& Bg g§~§Y _| {ZU© boZodmbm| H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ OmZH$a MìhmU ZoCÝh| ~Vm`m {H$ {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` MbmZm {XZ-~-{XZ H${R>Z hmo ahm h¢Ÿ& ~å~B©© _§Ìr_§S>b _| Xmo JwQ> nS>o WoŸ& h ~mV ~hþV bmoJ OmZVo Wo Am¡a ed§Vamd ~S>o à`ËZ go CÝh|g± mb aho WoŸ& Bg àíZ H$m Aä`mg H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$m±J«og H$s Z`r AÜ`jm lr_Vr

85 86


B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$s _XX H$aZo Ho$ {bE Zm¡ gXñ`m| H$s g{_{V {Z wŠV H$s WrŸ& n§V Bgg{_{V Ho$ AÜ`j WoŸ& àmXo{eH$ boZ XoZ H$s ~hþV AS>MZo {Z_m©U Zht hþB©Ÿ& Š`m|{H$‹S>mJ {Obm Am¡a R>mUo VWm npíM_ ImZXoe _| AZoH$ Jm±d JwOamV H$mo XoZo H$s ~mVèd§VamdZo H$~yb H$s WrŸ& {d^mOZ Ho$ g_` Am{W©H$ àíZ na dmX {Z_m©U hþAm WmŸ&Bg{bE JwOamV H$mo Xg dfm]VH$ AW© ghmæ` XoZo Ho$ {bE ed§Vamd V¡ ma hþEŸ& 1 _B©1960 H$mo ~å~B© gh Z`m g§ wŠV _hmamï´> amÁ` ApñVËd _| Am`mŸ& èd§VamdZo~mVMrV go A§{V_ Ü o àmá {H$`mŸ& {\$a r CÝhm|Zo OZVm H$mo lo {X`mŸ& Bg g§~§Y _|{damoYr njZo Omo AmˆmZ {X`m WmŸ amÁ`H$Vm© nj Zo ^r {damoYr njHo$ AmˆmZ H$moà{VgmX {X`mŸ& Bg{bE A§{V_ Ü o àmá hþAmŸ&

(5) èd§VamdOr Ho$ {ZU© Am¡a H$m ©

~rgdr eVmãXr _| _hmamï´> _| AmYwZ{H$ ZoVmAm| _| ed§Vamd MìhmU H$m ñWmZAJ«JÊ` h¢Ÿ& _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_Ìr nX Ho$ gmW hr H|$Ð gaH$ma _| ajm, AW©, {dXoe,J¥h_§Ìr nX go boH$a Am§Vaamï>r` ñVa na H$m © H$aVo g_` g§gma _| Hy$Q>Zr{Vk, amOZ¡{VH$àkmd§V, AW©emòk, amOZ¡{VH$ gÎmmYmar Am{X _| CZH$m ì`pŠV_Îd {ZIa CR>mŸ&{Û^m{fH$ _hmamï´> H$mo _w»`_§Ìr nX Ho$ gyÌ CÝhm|Zo AnZr C_« Ho$ 42 do df© _| hmW _|{bEŸ& BVZr VéU C_« _| _w»`_§Ìr nX H$m ~hw_mZ {_bo hwE do nhbo _w»`_§Ìr WoŸ&CZH$m _w»`_§Ìr nX H$m H$m © H$mb Iy~ _ehÿa hwAmŸ&

_hmamï´> _| OZgm_mÝ` Ho$ {hV Ho$ {bE èd§Vamd Zo 1957 go 1960-62 Ho$H$mb _| Omo {ZU© {b o, OZVm H$m ghH$m © {b`m, àemgZ H$mo J{V Xr CgHo$ H$maU_hmamï´> H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, Am¡Úmo{JH$, IoVr Am¡a {ejm{df`H$ gyaV-eŠbnyar Vah go ~Xb J`rŸ& Bg{bE _hmamï´> H$s Xoe _| nwamoJm_r Am¡a g^r joÌm| _| OmJ¥VamÁ` Ho$ ê$n _| ^maV _| à{V_m {Z_m©U hwB© Am¡a dh AmOVH$ ñWm`r ê$n go {dÚ_mZh¡Ÿ&

J«m_n§Mm`V Am¡a CgHo$ g§KQ>Zna CÝhm|Zo AnZm Ü`mZ H|${ÐV {H$`mŸ& J«m_n§Mm`V`h OZV§Ì H$s Zr§d h¡Ÿ& o g§ñWmE± Ho$db XohmVm| H$m ZmJar H$mamo~ma MbmZodmbrg§ñWmE± Zht ahZr Mm{hEŸ& CZna XohmV _| g_mO OrdZ Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$s{Oå_oXmar h¡ Eogr èd§VamdOr H$s YmaUm WrŸ& XohmV ñdmdb§~r hmo, OZV§Ì H$sñWmnZm XohmV _| hmo, Bg{bE J«m_n§Mm`V, ghH$ma g§ñWm Am¡a embm BÝht Ho$ gh`moJ gonwZé‚mrdZ H$aZodmbm J«m_n§Mm`V H$m H$mZyZ CÝhm|Zo ~Zm`mŸ& gÎmm H$m {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aHo$ XohmVr AmX_r H$mo amOZ¡{VH$ g~H$ {gImZo H$m à`ËZ eñdr hwAmŸ&

nmb©_|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar Am¡a {d{dY {d^mJm| Ho$ _§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$m H$m © AÀN>mhwAmŸ& Cg _| go CZH$s àemgH$s` Hw$ebVm Am¡a nwamoJm_r {dMmaYmam H$m AZw dAm`mŸ& Cg H$mb _| ed§VamdOr _| hmoZodmbo JwU {deof ê$n go àH$Q> hwEŸ& Cg g_àmOZ¡{VH$ dmVmdaU Vá WmŸ& g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$m Am§XmobZ Omoam| na WmŸ& 1 Zd§~a1956 H$mo {Û^m{fH$ ~å~B© amÁ` ApñVËd _| Am`mŸ& Bg {demb {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` H$mH$m±Q>oar _wHw$Q> èd§VamdOrZo ñdrH$ma {H$`mŸ& `h ~å~B© amÁ` ^maV _| g^r amÁ`m| _|{dñVma go ~‹S>m WmŸ& na§Vw BZ g^r _| ~‹S>o amÁ` H$m H$mamo~ma C_« go g~ _| N>moQ>o

87 88


_w»`_§Ìr hmoZodmbo ed§VamdOr Zo ~S>r gyP-~yP g§ mbH$a g~ na AnZm à^md S>mb{X`mŸ&

bmoJm| H$m, bmoJm| Ho$ {bE Am¡a bmoJm|Ûmam Mbm`m J`m `h amÁ` h¡Ÿ& bmoJm| Ho${hV Ho$ {bE èd§VamdOr Zo A{YH$mam| H$m Am¡a H$m_ H$m {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aZo H$m_hÎdnyU© {ZU© {b`mŸ& bmoJm| H$s Ñ{ï> go h Amdí`H$ WmŸ& _m_ybr Am¡a X¡Z§{XZ H$m_Ho$ {bE bmoJm| H$mo Bg {gao go Cg {gao VH$ amOYmZr H$s Amoa OmZm Z nS>o, CZH$m H$m_OëXr Am¡a {~Zm H$ï> go hmo, Bg CÔoí` go CÝhm|Zo amÁ`m| H$m N>… {d^mJm| _| {d^mOZ{H$`mŸ& amOH$moQ>, Ah_Xm~mX, ~å~B©, nwUo, Am¡a§Jm~mX Am¡a ZmJnya o {d^mJm| Ho$_w»` ñWmZ ~Zm o J oŸ&

N>… {d^mJ _| {d^mOZ H$aVo g_` g{Mdmb` Ho$ {d^mJ Ho$ H$m_ _| r \o$a~Xb{H$`mŸ& {Z`moOZ Am¡a {dH$mg {d^mJ H$m H$m_ XoIZo Ho$ {bE {dH$mg Am wŠV H$s{Z w{ŠV H$sŸ& ZmJnya Am¡a Am¡a§Jm~mX _| aoìhoÝ w Q´>m`ã wZb H$s ~|Mog ewê$ H$sŸ& ZmJnyaAm¡a amOH$moQ> _| hm`H$moQ>© Ho$ ~|Mog ñWmnZ H$aZo H$m CÝhm|Zo _hÎdnyU© {ZU© {b`mŸ&amÁ` H$m AmH$ma Am¡a ~moP Ü`mZ _| boH$a g{Mdmb` _| {d^mJm| H$s Am¡a ImVo à_wIm|Ho$ H$m`m©b`m| H$s 25 à{VeV d¥{Õ H$aZo H$s EH$ `moOZm ^r CÝhm|Zo ~Zm`rŸ& H$mamo~magwb^ H$aZo H$s Ñ¥{ï> go gaH$mar g^r {d^mJ Am¡a CZHo$ H$m`m©b`m| H$m EH$ÌrH$aUAmdí`H$ WmŸ& CgHo$ {bE EH$ ñdV§Ì B_maV H$s Amdí`H$Vm WrŸ& _w»`_§Ìr nX Ho$ gyÌhmW _| boZo Ho$ ~mX Ho$db 12 {XZm| _| CÝhm|Zo ~å~B©© _| g{Mdmb` Ho$ ì` N>… _§{OboB_maV H$m {ebmÝ`mg _moamaOr^mB© Ho$ H$a H$_bm|Ûmam {H$`m Am¡a CgHo$ Vwa§V ~mXH$m_ H$m àma§ {H$`mŸ&

gÎmm J«hU H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Ho$db 15 {XZm| _| èd§VamdOrZo amÁ` _| Xm¡am H$aHo$Z o amÁ` Ho$ {df` _| OZVm Ho$ _Z _| {dídmg {Z_m©U H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& {d^mJr`{dH$mg Ho$ H$m_m| H$mo J{V XoZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo gbmhJma _§S>b H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& amÁ`Ho$ g^r ^mJm|§ _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ H§$n{Z`m± WrŸ& CZHo$ CÚmoJ Y§Xo H$s Oê$aVo nyar H$aZo Ho${bE CÝhm|Zo ~å~B© amÁ` \$m`ZmpÝe`b (A~ H$m _hmamï´> amÁ` {dÎmr` _hm_§S>b)H$mnm}aoeZ H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& CÚmoJ {d^mJ _| g^r A{YH$m[a`m| H$s ~¡R>H$ ~wbmH$aCÝh| amÁ` _| g^r gm_J«r H$m Á`mXh go Á`mXm Cn`moJ H$a boZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na ~b{X`mŸ&

ZmQ>ç H$bm H$mo CÎmoOZ XoZo Ho$ {bE 2.16 bmI én`m| H$s `moOZm ~Zm`rŸ&ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ nwñVH$m| H$mo nwañH$ma, CËgmhr H$bmd§Vm| H$m ZmQ>ç _hmoËgd, Iwbo ZmQ>çJ¥hm| H$s {Z{_©{V, {dnÞ AdñWm _| H$bmd§Vm| H$mo ghmæ`, g§JrV Am¡a ZmQ>ç embmAm| H$mo

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n§Mdm{f©H$ moOZmE± ewê$ hwB© WrŸ& Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU Ho$ Am¡a O_rZ gwYma Ho$ joÌ_| CËnmXZ H$m © H$mo àoaUm {_bZr Mm{hEŸ& Cg nÕ{Vgo Zr{V V¡ ma H$aZm Am¡a CgHo$gmW g^r H$mo Ý`m` {_bm XoZm gaH$maZo AnZm `h H$V©ì` _mZ {b`m WmŸ& èd§VamdZo Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU H$s EH$ gdªH$f `moOZm ~Zm`r WrŸ& CËnmXZ H$m bm^ _m{bH$,l{_H$ Am¡a OZVm BZ g^r H$mo hmo Am¡a Cg _| g_mZVm Am¡a EH$gyÌVm hmo Bg naCÝhm|Zo ~b {X`mŸ&

CÚmoJY§Xm| Ho$ {dH$mg go Xoe H$s AW©ì`dñWm na hr Zht Vmo Xoe Ho$ gm_Ï © _| r_hmamï´> Zo ~hw_yë` `moJXmZ {X`m Eogm CZH$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ WmŸ& CÚmoJm| H$s d¥{Õ Ho$dbeha _| hmo OmZo go eha Am¡a XohmV CZ XmoZm| _| ImB© A{YH$ ~T>Vr Om ahr WrŸ& Cg_|go AZoH$ g_ñ`mE± {Z_m©U hmo OmVr h¢Ÿ& Cgo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hwE J«m_rU OrdZHo$ ZmJarH$aUH$mo ~T>mdm {X`mŸ&

O_rZ gwYma go bmIm| {H$gmZ ~m§Ydm| Ho$ OrdZ na _hÎd Ho$ n[aUm_ hmoVo h¡Ÿ&`h àíZ _Zdr Am¡a Am{W©H$ ñdê$n H$m hmoZo go dh ghmZw y{V go Am¡a H$ënH$Vm gogwbPmZo na CÝhm|Zo ~b {X`mŸ& amÁ` _| àË oH$ g_mO H$mo, àXoe H$mo Am¡a JwQ> H$mo C{MVAm¡a Ý`mæ` ~Vm©d {_bZm Mm{hE Eogr Zr{V CÝhm|Zo AnZm`rŸ& o g~ ~mV| H$aZodmboàemgZ H$s H$m ©nÕ{V r {ZpíMV H$sŸ& CÝhm|Zo emgZ §ÌUm H$mo OZVm Ho$ Oê$aVm| Ho$g§~§Y _| OmJ¥V ahZo H$s gbmh XrŸ&

bmoJm| H$mo {dídmg _| boZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo Omhra {H$`m {H$ {Og g_` _w»`_§Ìr

89 90


EH$mY {Obm, Vhgrb H$mo |Q> XoZo Ho$ {bE Am Om |Jo, Cg g_` dhm± Ho$ bmoJ CZH$soQ> b|§Jo Am¡a AnZr AS>MZo§ Am¡a g_ñ`mE± H$h X|JoŸ& Bg{bE do EH$ S>oT> K§Q>o H$m g_`

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{ejm, IoVr, AW©ì`dñWm, CÚmoJ H$mamo~ma H$m {dH|$ÐrH$aU, ghH$ma, ~m±Y,Zhao, H$bm, dmL²>_`, ^mfm, gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V, H¥${fCÚmoJ, Xw½YmoËnmXZ Am{Xg^r joÌm| _| g_ñ`mAm| H$m Aä`mg H$a CÝhm|Zo nwamoJm_r {dMmaYmam aIH$a Cg g§~§Y_| {ZU© {b o Am¡a CgH$m A§_b r ewê$ {H$`mŸ& H$m_ H$mo J{V Xr Am¡a g^r {d^mJm|H$m bJm_ _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ ZmVo AnZo hmW _| aI {X`mŸ& Bg{bE CZH$m Ü o gmÜ` hwAmŸ&do EH$ Ho$ nrN>o EH$ OZH$ë`mUH$mar {ZU© boH$a CgH$m A§_b Omoa go H$a gHo$Ÿ&

(1) _wâV {ejm moOZm

{ejm {df`H$ H$m © H$mo J{V XoZo Ho$ {bE nwñVH$s {ejm Ho$ gmW ì`mdgm{`H${ejm VH$ {d{dYm§Jr H$m ©H«$_ CÝhm|Zo ~S>r _mÌm _| ewê$ {H$ oŸ& _ybmoÚmoJ {ejm H$mo~T>mdm {X`mŸ& àm¡T> {ejm H$s ì`m{á ~T>m`rŸ& _wâV {ejm H$s moOZm amÁ` _| ed§VamdZo nhbo nhb ewê$ H$sŸ& Bg{bE {ejm Ho$ XadmOo g^r Ho$ {bE Iwbo hwEŸ& BgH$m bm^{nN>S>r Om{V _| hmoZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo A{YH$ hwAmŸ& àma§ _| {OZ nmbH$m| H$m dm{f©H$CËnÞ 900 én`m| H$s Anojm Á`mXm Z hmo Eogo nmë`m| H$mo _wâV {ejm H$m {Z`_ bmJy{H$`m Am¡a OëXr hr `h CËnÞ H$s _`m©Xm 1200 én`m| VH$ ~T>m XrŸ& (AmO `h_`m©Xm 4800 én`m| VH$ h¡Ÿ&) Bg gw{dYm go J«m_rU ^mJ _| {ejm H$m àgma hmoZo Ho${bE AÀN>r J{V {_brŸ& Bg Ho$ gmW hr nm±Mdr H$jm go A§J«oOr {df` EopÀN>H$ {H$`mŸ&J«m_rU ^mJ _| {dÚm{W© m| H$mo A§J«oOr nT>mZo H$s Amoa ^r Ü`mZ {X`mŸ& _amR>dmS>m{d^mJ _| {ejm H$m àgma hmooZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo {ejm {df`H$ g§ñWmAm| H$mo _wŠV H$a-H$_bm|Ûmam AZwXmZ {X`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo _amR>dmS>m Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì {dÚmnrR> H$s ñWmnZmH$sŸ& 23 AJñV 1958 H$mo n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$ H$a-H$_bm| Ûmam Cg {dÚmnrR>H$m CX²KmQ>Z hwAmŸ& Bg g_` n§{S>V Zohê$Zo MìhmU Ho$ H$m © H$m _wŠV H§$R> go Jm¡ad{H$`mŸ& X{jU _hmamï´> Ho$ {bE èd§VamdZo AnZo H$m ©H$mb _| H$moëhmnya _| {edmOr{dÚmnrR> H$s ñWmnZm H$s Am¡a 18 Zd§~a 1962 H$mo amï´>n{V S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ Ho$H$a-H$_bm|Ûmam {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$m CX²KmQ>Z hwAmŸ& CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bEèd§VamdZo 50 bmI én`m| H$m à~§Y {H$`mŸ& Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>go Jar~ {dÚm{W© m| Ho$ {bEB.~r.gr. H$s gw{dYm XoH$a m \$sg _m\$ H$aHo$ CZH$s {ejm H$s gw{dYm H$sŸ& Am{Xdmgr

bS>H$m§o Ho$ {bE {Zdmgr Aml_embm H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& Cƒ {ejm Ho$ {bE {d{dY{eî`d¥{Îm H$s KmofUm H$s Am¡a CZH$m A§_b CZHo$ H$m ©H$mb _| gwé hwAmŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo gmVmam g¡{ZH$s ñHy$b H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo go Z¡eZb {S>\o$Ýg AH$mX_rHo$ {bE {ejm H$s gw{dYm Bg ñHy$b _| CnbãY hwB©Ÿ& maV _| Bgr àH$ma H$m h nhbmg¡{ZH$s ñHy$b WmŸ&

Am{Xdmgr bS>H$m| H$s {ejm Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo EH$ _hÎdnyU© {ZU© {b`mŸ& {ejmH$s J§Jm Am{Xdmgr Ho$ XadmOo VH$ nhw±MmZo H$s Ñ{ï> go CÝhm|Zo Aml_ embm H$s moOZm~Zm`rŸ& {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| H«$m§{VH$maH$ AZoH$ {ZU© èd§Vamd Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd Zo {b oŸ&èd§Vamd Zo H$amS> Am¡a Am¡a§Jm~mX _| Xmo Z o B§{O{ZA[a¨J _hm{dÚmb` Imob {X oŸ&ZmJnya _| gaH$mar B§{O{ZA[a¨J H$m°boO H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& _mÜ`{_H$ embm H$s \$sgd¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU emgH$s` {VOmoar na ~moP nS> ahm WmŸ& Bg{bE ed§VamdZo \$sg d¥{ÕH$aZo H$s BOmOV aÔ H$sŸ&

(2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ Cn{Zdoe H$s ñWmnZm

amÁ` _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ Cn{Zdoe ñWmnZ H$aZo H$s EH$ gdªH$f `moOZm Cg g_`~å~B© amÁ` gaH$ma Zo ~Zm`rŸ& emgZ Ho$ gmW ZJanm{bH$m, ghH$mar g§ñWm Am¡a{ZOr CÚmoJ BZ g~ Zo Bg H$m_ _| AJwAmB© H$aZr Mm{hE Eogr èd§Vamd H$s YmaUmWrŸ& AemgH$s` g§ñWm H$mo Am¡Úmo{JH$ Cn{Zdoe ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZw_{V XoZmdmbmnhbm ~å~B©© amÁ` h¡Ÿ& Cg g_` ~å~B©© amÁ` _| 15 Am¡Úmo{JH$ Cn{Zdoe ñWmnZ H$aZoH$m V¡ {H$`m J`mŸ& J§Xr ~pñV`m± Am¡a ~oH$mar Xya H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go KZr bmoJ dñVr Ho$eham| _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ Cn{Zdoe ñWmnZ H$aZo H$s `h `moOZm WrŸ& nmZr, Zmbo, aobgm`qS>J, amñVo, {~Obr Am{X gw{dYmE± BZ Cn{Zdoe _| H$aZr WrŸ& H$moëhmnya _| CÚ_ZJa Am¡a nwUo Ho$ hS>nga _| Cn{Zdoe H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo H$s `moOZm àË`j _| gmH$mahmo J`rŸ& WmoS>o hr {XZm| _| qMMdS>, qnnar, mogar {d^mJ _| Eogo Cn{Zdoe ñWm{nV H$sJ o h¢Ÿ& N>moQ>o Am¡a Kaoby CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE ~m°å~o ñQ>oQ> \$m`ZmpÝe`b H$mnm}aoeZ H$s Amoago H$O© XoZo H$s ì`dñWm H$s J`rŸ&

(3) ghH$ma H$mo àoaUm

ghH$mar joÌ {dñV¥V H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a CZHo$ J«m_rU OrdZ H$s n[apñW{V _|gwYma H$aZ Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo àoaUm XrŸ& IoVr Ho$ {bE H$O© H$s ny{V© H$aZm, IoVr Ho$ {bE_mb H$s {~H«$s H$aZm, IoVr Ho$ {bE Am¡a Kaoby Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE bJZodmbo dñVw H$s

91 92


{~H«$s, IoVr {dH$mg, IoV _mb H$s {~H«$s, Xw½Y CËnmXH$m| H$s g§KQ>Zm Eogo {d{dY H$m_èd§VamdOr Ho$ emgZ Zo, ewê$ {H$ oŸ& J¥h {Z_m©U Ho$ ghH$mar g§ñWm H$mo àoaUm XrŸ&Bg{bE ghH$mar Am§XmobZ XohmV go eha VH$ Am nhw±MmŸ& J«m_rU mJm| _| g_mO gwYmaHo$ {bE CÝh| H$O©ny{V© H$s gw{dYm CÝhm|Zo ghH$mar ~±H$, y{dH$mg ~±H$, àmW{_H$y{dH$mg ~±H$ Ho$ Ûmam H$a XrŸ& AJñV 1957 _| èd§VamdOr Ho$ gaH$ma Zo amÁ` _|

18 ghH$mar eŠH$a H$maImZm| H$mo XO© H$a Ho$ Xoe _| AJ«ogaËd àñWm{nV {H$`mŸ& Z oeŠH$a H$maImZo {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE emgZ Zo ny±Or H$s ì`dñWm H$sŸ& AmO eŠH$aH$maImZm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| Xoe _| _hmamï´> H$mo AJ«ogaËd H$m Omo _mZ-gå_mZ {_bm h¡,CgH$m lo èd§VamdOr Ho$ Cg g_` H$s Zr{V H$mo h¡Ÿ& èd§VamdOr Zo ghH$ma{df`H$ EH$ {dYo H$ V¡ ma H$aHo$ dh {dYmZg^m _| g§_V H$a {b`mŸ& Bg {dYo H$ goghH$mar g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aZo _| bMrbmnZ Am J`mŸ&

(4) Omo IoVr _| H$m_ H$aoJm dhr CgH$s O_rZ

{H$gmZ hr _hmamï> H$m àmU Am¡a dhr _hmamï> H$m amÁ`H$Vm© h¡Ÿ& Eogr ed§VamdOrH$s YmaUm WrŸ& ~å~B©© amÁ` Zo Z`m H$míVH$ma H$mZyZ ñdrH$ma H$a Omo IoVr H$aVm h¡CgH$s O_rZ hmoVr h¡ Bg VÎd H$m ñdrH$ma {H$`mŸ& Bg{bE _hmamï´> Ho$ IoVr joÌ _|Am¡a O_rZ Ho$ _m{bH$ Ho$ joÌ _| àM§S> H«$m§{V hwB©Ÿ& Bg{bE gd©gm_mÝ` {H$gmZ gaH$maH$s Amoa EH$ AnZËd H$s Ñ{ï> go XoIZo bJmŸ& 1 Aà¡b 1959 go Qw>H$S>o~§Xr Am¡a Qw>H$S>oVmoS> h H$mZyZ àË`j A_b _| bm`mŸ& O_rZ H$m joÌ gbJ hmoZo H$s Ñ{ï> go BZ H$mZyZH$m C{MV n[aUm_ hwAmŸ& H$mZyZ ~ZmH$a gaH$maZo Ohm{JaXmar nÕV Zï> H$sŸ& IoVO_rZ Ho$ H$_mb YmaUmna _`m©Xm S>mbZo H$m ({gqbJ) H$mZyZ H$a {X`mŸ& Bg{bE_hmamï´> amÁ` nwamoJm_r h¡ `h {gÕ hwAmŸ&

(5) qgMZ moOZm

_hmamï´> H$s IoVr ~agmV na {Z ©a h¡Ÿ& IoVr _| \$gb n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE nmZr{_bZo Ho$ {bE h_oem H$s ì`dñWm H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go qgMZ `moOZm, CgHo$ Ûmam nmZrì`dñWm, nmZr H$s CnbãYVm Am¡a {~Obr H$s {Z{_©{V Am{X {d{dY hoVw go CÝhm|ZoH$m_ H$m {Z`moOZ {H$`mŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo amÁ` _| B[aJoeZ {S>ìhrOZ Am¡a g~ {S>pìhOZñWmnZ H$aHo$ CnbãY nmZr ny{V© H$s gw{dYm H$m {ZarjU H$aZo Ho$ AmXoe {X oŸ&CÝhmoZo ~å~B©© amÁ` B[aJoeZ ~moS>© H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& qgMZ `moOZm Am¡a Ob g§n{Îm Ho$g§~§Y _| _hmamï´> H$m {\$ago EH$ ~ma g§nyU© {ZarjU H$aZo Ho$ {bE g. Jmo. ~d} H$s

AÜ`jVm _| amÁ` qgMZ _§S>b ñWmnZ {H$`mŸ&_hmamï´> H$m m½` àH$m{eV H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$mo Zm Ob moOZm H$m àma§ 1 _mM©

1958 H$mo èd§VamdHo$ H$a-H$_bm| Ûmam CX²KmQ>Z hwAmŸ& `moOZm _| nhbm O{ZÌ ^r16 _B© 1962 _| èd§VamdHo$ H$a H$_bm| Ûmam ewê$ hwAmŸ&

_amR>dmS>m H$m H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE nyUm© àH$ën H$m àma§ ed§VamdHo$ H$a H$_bm| go hwAmŸ& {dX © _| nmag W_©b nm°da ñQ>oeZ `h ^ì` {Xì` àH$ënèd§Vamd Ho$ H$m © H$mb _| nyU© hwAmŸ& h àH$ën d¡Xû` OrdZ H$m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUH$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go EH$ _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡Ÿ&

(6) gÎmm H$m {dH|$ÐrH$aU

èd§Vamd Ho$ H$m ©H$mb _| gÎmm Ho$ {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$m H$mZyZ ñdrH¥$V hwAm WmŸ&~bd§V _ohVm g{_Vr Zo gy{MV H$s hwB© {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$s gyMZmAm| H$m {dñV¥V {dMmaH$aZo Ho$ {bE dg§Vamd ZmB©H$ H$s AÜ`jVm _| EH$ g{_{V {Z wŠV H$sŸ& Bg g{_Vr ZoN>… gmV _{hZm| _| Aä`mg H$aHo$ AnZm Ahdmb noe {H$`mŸ& ed§VamdZo dh Ahdmb7 Aà¡b 1961 H$mo {dYmZg^m _| aI {X`mŸ& `h Ahdmb {dYo H$ Ho$ ê$n _| 8{Xg§~a 1961 H$mo g§_V hwAmŸ& gaH$ma Zo ^r `h Ahdmb ñdrH¥$V H$aZo H$s ~mVOm{ha H$sŸ& 1 _B© 1962 H$mo àË`j ê$ngo {Obm n[afX Am¡a n§Mm`V g{_{V ApñVËd_| Am`rŸ& Bg àH$ma H$s `moOZm A§_b _| bmZodmbm _hmamï´> amÁ` nhbm amÁ` h¡Ÿ&

(7) _Zmoa§OZ H$a _| Ny>Q>

ZmQ>ç H$bm H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoZo Ho$ {bE ZmQ>ç _hmoËgd, ZmQ>ç H$bm Ho$ {e{~am|H$mo CÝhm|Zo àmoËgmhZ {X`mŸ& Aà¡b 1957 go {MÌnQ>m| H$mo _Zmoa§OZ H$a _| Ny>Q> XoZo H$sZ`r nÕV bmJy H$sŸ& àmXo{eH$ ^mfm _| CËH¥$ï> nwñVH$m| H$mo nwañH$ma Om{ha {H$ oŸ&èd§VamdOr Zo emgZ H$s Amoa go H$bmd§Vm| H$mo emgZ H$s Amoa go Am{W©H$ gmhmæ`XoZo H$s àWm ewê$ H$sŸ& ~mbJ§Ydm} H$mo CZH$s {dnÞmdñWm _| é. 300 _m{gH$ _mZYZewê$ {H$`mŸ& d¡gohr amOH${d èd§V H$mo "_hmamï´> H${d' Cnm{Y go {d y{fV H$a CÝh|Am_aU 400 én o _m{gH$ _mZYZ XoZo H$m {ZU© {b`mŸ&

(8) _hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V _§S>b H$s ñWmnZm

1 _B© 1960 H$mo ~å~B©©gh g§ wŠV _hmamï´> amÁ` H$s {Z{_©Vr hwB©Ÿ& ZmJnya ehaH$m _hÎd H$m`_ aIZo H$s Ñ{ï> go èd§VamdZo {d{Y_§S>b H$m OmS>o H$m A{YdoeZ

93 94


ZmJnya _| H$m`m©pÝdV H$aZo H$m {ZU© {H$`mŸ& CgH$m A_b AmO VH$ ewê$ h¡Ÿ& BgA{YdoeZ _| 21 {Xg§~a 1960 H$mo _hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V _§S>b H$mCX²KmQ>Z èd§VamdZo {H$`mŸ& Bg _§S>b H$s ñWmnZm AWm©V _hmamï´> amÁ` {Z{_©{V Ho$~mX gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ _| hwB© EH$ _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡Ÿ& gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$s d¥{Õ Ho${bE Am¡a g§dY©Z Ho$ {bE VH©$VrW© bú_Uemòr Omoer H$s AÜ`jVm _| {dÛ‚mZm| H$sEH$ §ÌUm IS>r H$sŸ&

17 _B© 1962 H$mo dmB© _| gm{hË` Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ _§S>b Zo {dídH$mof H$m`m©b`ñWm{nV {H$`mŸ& èd§Vamd Zo Cg H$m`m©b` H$m CX²KmQ>Z {H$`mŸ& 23 _B© 1961 H$monyZm _| bmoH$ gm{hË` Am¡a bmoH$ g§ñH¥${V g§_obZ H$m Am`moOZ {H$`mŸ&

(9) _amR>r amÁ` mfm

_hmamï´> amÁ` {Z{_©{V Ho$ ~mX _amR>r ^mfm H$mo amÁ`^mfm H$aZo H$m èd§VamdZo V` {H$`mŸ& CgHo$ {bE ^mfm g§MmbZmb` H$s {Z{_©{V H$s J`rŸ& gaH$mar H$mamo~ma_| _amR>r ^mfm H$m _mÜ`_ Ho$ ê$n _| Cn`moJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Vwa§V Cnm` {H$ o J oŸ&emgH$s` H$m`m©b` _| H$mamo~ma _amR>r mfm _| MbmZo H$m {ZU© {b`mŸ& g^r VhgrbH$m`m©b` _| H$mamo~ma, nÌ ì`dhma _amR>r ^mfm _| H$aZm Mm{hE Eogm {ZU© {b`mJ`mŸ&

(10) dabr XyY moOZm

~å~B©© eha H$mo XyY H$s ny{V© H$aZo Ho$ {bE dabr XyY S>oAar `moOZm V¡ ma H$sŸ&`h VrZ H$moQ>r én`m| H$s `moOZm WrŸ& 1961 _| Ho$db 18 _{hZm| _| CgH$m ew ma§hwAmŸ& Amao S>oAar _| S>oAar Q>oŠZm°bm°Or g§ñWm _| maVr` Xw½Ymb` nX{dH$m Aä`mgH«$_èd§Vamd Ho$ H$m ©H$mb _| ewê$ hwAmŸ& Bg àH$ma H$m `h ^maV _| nhbm Aä`mgH«$_h¡Ÿ& g§ wŠV amï´> g§KQ>Zm Ho$ AÞ Am¡a H¥${f g§KQ>Zm Ho$ Ûmam S>oÝ_mH©$ gaH$ma Am¡a ^maVgaH$ma Ho$ gh`moJ go Xw½Y ì`dgm` Ho$ g§~§Y _| Xygar {ejm H$jm CÝhm|Zo Amao S>oAar_| ewê$ H$sŸ&

(11) H$moH$U aob H$m lrJUoem

H$moH$U {d^mJ _| {Xdm-XmgJmd _mJ© na aob ewê$ H$a H$moH$U _| aob bmZo H$mH$m_ èd§VamdOr H$m h¡Ÿ& {Xdm-nZdob aob _mJ© H$m H$m_ CÝhm|Zo ^maV gaH$ma H$s_§Oyar boH$a AnZo H$m ©H$mb _| ewê$ {H$`mŸ&

(12) ~m¡Õm| H$mo ghÿ{b`V

nX X{bVm| H$mo Ý`m` XoZo H$m EH$ _hÎdnyU© {ZU© èd§VamdOr Zo {b`mŸ&h[aOZm| H$mo Omo ghÿ{b`Vo {_bVr Wr, dhr ghÿ{b`Vo ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$ma H$aZodmbm| H$s~§X H$a Xr J`r WrŸ& ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$maZo na CZH$m gm_{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a e¡j{UH${nN>‹S>onZ H$_ hmoZodmbm Zht WmŸ& h[aOZm| H$s {_bZodmbr ghÿ{b`Vo ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$maH$aZodmbm| H$mo {_bZr Mm{hE h _m±J ed§Vamd Zo ñdrH$ma H$sŸ& CÝhm|Zo CÝho§ ghÿ{b`VoXoZo Ho$ AmXoe {ZH$mboŸ& Bg{bE [anpãbH$Z nj Zo CÝh| YÝ`dmX {X oŸ&

ZmJnya _| {Og ñWmZ na S>m°. Amå~oS>H$a Zo ~m¡Õ Y_© H$s Xrjm br, Cg Xrjmy{_ na S>m°. Amå~oS>H$a H$m ñ_maH$ ~ZmZo H$m {ZU© {b`mŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$ _Z _| S>m°.

Amå~oS>H$a Ho$ à{V AmXa WmŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo 14 An¡«b H$mo S>m°. Amå~oS>H$a Ho$ O §{V{Z{_Îm gmd©O{ZH$ Nw>Å>r Om{ha H$sŸ& h[aOZ Am¡a ~m¡Õ bmoJm| H$s g_ñ`mE± gwbPmZo Ho${bE ed§Vamd Zo {H$ o hwE à`ËZ ~hw-_yë` h¡Ÿ& CZH$m h H$m © AÝ` amÁ`m| Ho$ {bEAmXe©dmXr Ed§ AZwH$aUr` h¡Ÿ&

(13) h[aOZ (_hma) dVZ nÕV Zï>

_hmamï> _| h[aOZ dVZ nÕV ApñVËd _| WrŸ& Bg nÕ{V go g_mO H$m AY…nmVhwAm WmŸ& CÝh| Jwbm_r H$m OrdZ OrZm nS>Vm WmŸ& èd§VamdZo "~m°å~o BpÝ\$[aAapìhboO dm°ÝQ>g A°~m°{beZ A°ŠQ> 1958' H$m H$mZyZ Bg h[aOZ dVZ nÕ{V H$moà{V~§Y bJm`mŸ& dVZ O_rZ H$s {VJwUr {H$_V boH$a à~§YH$ _m{bH$m| H$mo ñdm{_ËdH$m hH$ dmng H$a CZHo$ H$ãOo _| XrŸ& `h EH$ ~S>m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m © CÝhm|Zo {H$`mŸ&

(14) y{_{hZm| H$mo O_rZ XoZm

h[aOZ dVZ nÕV Zï> hwB©Ÿ& bo{H$Z CZH$m Am¡a AÝ` {nN>S>r hwB© Om{V Ho$ noQ>H$m àíZ gwbPm Zht WmŸ& h y{_hrZ dJ© yI go VS>n ahm WmŸ& "CÝh| amoQ>r Ho$ {bE,noQ> Ho$ {bE O_rZ Xmo' Eogr _m±J g§gX gXñ` XmXmgmh~ Jm`H$dmS >Zo H$sŸ& ed§VamdH$mo h _m±J Ý`m` Am¡a C{MV bJrŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo y{_{hZm| H$mo O_rZ XoZo H$m H$m_ewê$ {H$`mŸ& èd§Vamd H$m `h {ZU© H«$m§{VH$mar ñdê$n H$m WmŸ&

(15) JwS>r nmS>dm H$mo Nw>Å>r

_hmamï´> amÁ` H$s {Z{_©{V hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ed§VamdZo JwS>r nmS>dm H$mo Nw>Å>r XoZo H$m

95 96


{ZU© {b`mŸ& g^r bmoJm| Zo Cg {ZU© H$m ñdmJV {H$`mŸ& _§{Ì`m| Ho$ ~§Jbm| Ho$ Zm_A§J«oO gmh~m| Ho$ WoŸ& CZHo$ ñWmZna gømÐr, _oKXyV, am_Q>oH$, dfm© Am{X Zm_ {X oŸ&BZ go _hmamï´> H$mo A{^_mZ bJVm h¡Ÿ&

(16) _w»`_§Ìr {ZYr

Am{W©H$ A^md go AZoH$ godm^mdr g§ñWm Am¡a g§KQ>ZmE± g§H$Q> _| nS> OmVrWrŸ& Bg{bE àW_V… èd§Vamd Zo _w»`_§Ìr {Z{Y H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& AZoH$ godm^mdrg§ñWmAm| H$mo Bg {Z{Y go _XX {_bVr h¡Ÿ& BVZm Zht, H$moB© J§ ra ~r_ma nS>m, {H$grHo$ öX` H$m Am°naoeZ H$aZm hmo, {H$gr H$s ObH$a _¥Ë w hmo J`r hmo, {H$gr H$m KaObm hmo BZ g~ H$mo Bg {Z{Y go _XV {_bVr h¡Ÿ&

(17) A{¾H$m§S> _| nr{S>V bmoJm| H$mo H$O© H$s _wAm\$s

_. Jm§Yr Ho$ dY Ho$ ~mX _hmamï´> _| Omo A{¾H$m§S> hwAmŸ& Cg _| AZoH$ ~«m÷Um|Ho$ Ka, XwH$mZo, H$maImZo Ob J oŸ& CZHo$ nwZd©gZ Ho$ {bE emgZ Zo CÝh| H$O© ê$n go_XX H$sŸ& BZH$s J¥hñWr Vhg-Zhg hmo OmZo go H$O© H$m wJVmZ H$aZm CZH$s e{ŠVHo$ ~mha H$m H$m_ WmŸ& _hmamï´> {Z{_©{V H$m _m¡H$m gmYH$a èd§Vamd Zo Cg {XZ ObohwE nr{S>V bmoJm| Ho$ H$O© _wAm\$ H$aZo H$s KmofUm H$sŸ& CgH$s Bg KmofUm H$m OmoaXmañdmJV hwAmŸ& CnH$ma H$s mdZm go h H$O© _wAm\$ Zht {H$`m h¡, h H$hZo Ho$ {bEdo Zht yboŸ&

(18) _hmamï´> amÁ`

_hmamï´> amÁ` {Z{_©{V Ho$ ~mX `m _amR>r ^m{fH$ amÁ` H$m Zm_ "~å~B©© amÁ`',"~å~B©© _hmamï´> amÁ`', "_hmamï´>' Eogr {d{dY gyMZmE± Am`r WrŸ& ed§VamdZo H$m±J«ogd {damoYr nj Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo {dídmg _| boH$a _hmamï´> amÁ` h Zm_ {ZpíMV {H$`mŸ&{dYmZ g^m _| h Zm_ EH$_V go gh_V hwAmŸ&

(19) gr_m àíZ na _Ü`ñWVm

_hmamï´> Am¡a åh¡gya gr_m àíZmo§ Ho$ g§~§Y _| MMm© H$aVo g_` ed§Vamd Zo AnZo_V {Z © Vm go H$h {X oŸ& Bg àíZ na Cnm` gwbPmZo Ho$ {bE _Ü`ñW {Z wŠV H$aZo H$sgyMZm CÝhm|Zo ñdrH$ma H$sŸ&

_hmamï´> H$m H$mamo~ma ñdÀN> Am¡a g_`na H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr ^r ~mV gog_Pm¡Vm Zht {H$`mŸ& àemgZ _| CÝhm|Zo CËgmh H$m Am¡a {dídmg H$m dmVmdaU {Z_m©U{H$`mŸ& Cgo ì`dhmar Am¡a _mZdVm H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ àmá H$a {X`mŸ& _w»`_§Ìr H$mb _|CZHo$ H$V¥©Ëd H$s à{V_m D±$MmB© na nhw±M J`rŸ& àYmZ_§Ìr n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ ZoOm{ha g^m _| ed§VamdOr H$m Jm¡ad {H$`mŸ& O`àH$me Zmam`ZZo CÝh| gdm}Îm_ _w»`_§ÌrH$hmŸ& èd§Vamd _hmamï´> H$mo nwamoJm_r g_¥Õ amÁ` ~ZmZo _| ì`ñV WoŸ& Bg g_`{h_mb` Zo _XX Ho$ {bE gømÐr H$mo nwH$mam Am¡a _hmamï´> H$m gømÐr {h_mb` H$s _XXHo$ {bE Mbm J`mŸ&

{dX © _| Owbmhm| H$s gyV H$VmB© H$s ghH$mar {_b H$mo ZmJnya _| ewê$ H$aZo Ho${bE èd§VamdZo 50 bmI én o IM© H$s `moOZm H$mo _mÝ`Vm XrŸ&

(20) ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ _| moJXmZ

ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ _| ed§Vamd ñd § Hy$X nS>oŸ& H«$m§{Vqgh ZmZm nmQ>rb, ed§VamdMìhmU, dg§VXmXm nmQ>rb, {H$gZdra o Cg g_` gmVmam {Obo _| AJ«JÊ` bmoJ WoŸ&na§Vw BZ g~ _| ed§Vamd H$s ~m¡{ÕH$ D±$Mr g~go Á`mXm WrŸ& Bg{bE ed§Vamd H$mZoV¥Ëd gVV {dH${gV hmoVm ahmŸ& Anè h eãX ed§Vamd H$mo H$^r r _mby_ ZhtWmŸ& Am¡a amOZr{V _| gwg§ñH¥$V Ñ{ï >go dmX{ddmX Z H$aVo hwE, Jm{b`m± Z XoVo hwEgwg§ñH¥$V Ñ{ï >go amOZr{V H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ h ~mV CÝhm|Zo _hmamï´> H$mo {XIm`rŸ& Am¡aXoe _| _hmamï´> H$s AbJ, Cƒ Am¡a AÀN>r à{V_m {Z_m©U H$sŸ& ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mb _|bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ Ho$ H$maU _hmamï´> Xoeâ _| O¡go n[a{MV Wm d¡go ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb _|bJ^J Vrg df} èd§Vamd Ho$ H$maU _hmamï´> ^maV Xoe _| n[a{MV hwAmŸ& {Xëbr _|CÎma ^maVr` bmoJ èd§Vamd H$mo gømÐr H$m eoa H$hVo WoŸ& èd§Vamd C{MV _Zwî`H$mo MwZVo WoŸ& do AÀN>o _Zwî` H$mo AnZo nmg aIVo WoŸ& do CÝh| g_W©Z XoVo WoŸ& doamOZr{V _| A{YH$ go A{YH$ gMmB© go, B©_mZXmar go H$m_ H$aVo WoŸ& èd§Vamd Zo{Z_©b nÕ{V go 25 dfm]VH$ amOH$mamo~ma {H$`mŸ& g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ Am§XmobZ _|èd§VamdOr Zo _hmamï´> H$s Anojm n§.Zohê$ ~S>o h¢ Eogm {dYmZ {H$`m WmŸ& Bg{bECÝh| àM§S> AmbmoMZm ghZ H$aZr nS>rŸ& CÝhm|Zo 25-30 df} amOH$mamo~ma {H$`mŸ&CZHo$ Bg {dYmZ Ho$ nrN>o Xoe {hV H$s ^mdZm àYmZ WrŸ& Bg{bE bmoH$jmo hmooZo na^r ed§Vamd Zo AnZm {dYmZ nrN>o Zht {b`mŸ& Xoe Ho$ ñVana Zohê$ H$s O¡go Am¡Úmo{JH${dH$mg H$s Zr{V Wr Am¡a {dkmZ H$mo ~T>mdm XoZo H$s y{_H$m WrŸ& Zohê$ H$m O¡go

97 98


gm{hË` na, g§JrV na, a{gH$Vm na ào_ Wm d¡gohr ed§VamdOr H$m gm{hË`, g§JrV naào_ WmŸ& do gm{hË`H$mam§o Am¡a g§JrVH$mam| _| a__mU hmo OmVo WoŸ&

(21) gm{hË` Am¡a gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ à{V AmXa

èd§Vamd gwg§ñH¥$V _Zwî` WoŸ& CÝh| gm{hË` Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ AmH$f©U WmŸ&ñd. J. {X. _mS>JybH$a, aU{OV XogmB©, H${d èd§V, nw. b. Xoenm§S>o, Zm. Ym|._hmZmoa, ì §H$Q>oe _m§S>JybH$a, lr{Zdmg Hw$bH$Uu Am{X gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ ghdmg Ho${bE bmbm{`V hmo OmVo WoŸ& g_mO Ho$ _mZg _| Omo hmoVm h¡ dh gm{hË` _| A{^ì`ŠVhmoVm h¡, `m gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$ Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ _yë`m| H$m EH$ Xygao go AbJmdZht {H$`m OmVmŸ& Eogo CZHo$ {dMma gm{hpË`H$ _h{\$b _| gm{hË`H$ma gwZVo WoŸ& g^rgm{hpË`H$m| H$mo {\$a dh Z o ê$n go AmJo Am`m hwAm bú_U _mZo hmo do Cggo ào_ go~Vm©d H$aVo WoŸ& ñd. ^mD$gmh~ Im§S>oH$a Vmo CZHo$ öX` _| __©ñWmZ WmŸ& ^mD$gmh~Ho$ "nm§T>ao T>J' Am¡a "XmoZ Y«wd' BZ XmoZm| CnÝ`mgm| H$m CZna ~hwV à^md nS>m WmŸ&Jar~m| Ho$ ~mao _| X`m AWdm H$éUm Zo EH$ AmXe©dmXr OrdZ OrZo H$s àoaUm BZ XmoZm|CnÝ`mgm| Zo CÝh| XrŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ H$amS _| gm{hË` g§_obZ hwAm WmŸ& èd§Vamd^mD$gmh~ Im§S>oH$a H$mo Yrao-Yrao gm{hË` g§_obZ _| bo Am o WoŸ& h g~ XoIZo Ho$ ~mX_wPo Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ gmh~ H$m _yb ñd^md gm{hË`H$m h¡Ÿ& na ~hwV bmoJm| H$s g_P_| `h ~mV Zht Am`rŸ& CZH$m gm{hË` Am¡a gm{hpË`H$m| na H$m ào_ `h EH$ amOZr{VH$m ^mJ h¡ Eogm o bmoJ _mZVo h¢Ÿ& Cggo gmh~ H$mo ~S>o Šbof hwEŸ& "{edZoarÀ`mZm¡~Vr, gøm{ÐMo dmao, F$UmZw~§Y' Am{X CZHo$ nwñVH$m| _| CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ JwUm| H$sàMr{V AmVr h¢Ÿ& AÝV _| CZH$m "H¥$îUmH$mR>' à{gÕ hwAmŸ& Am¡a {\$a g^r H$mogm{hpË`H$ ed§Vamd H$m n[aM` hwAmŸ& bo{H$Z Cg g_` ~hwV Xoa hþB© WrŸ& H$amS> Ho$gm{hË` g§_obZ _| CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm - "Vw_ gm{hpË`H$ bmoJ Omo godm H$b_ go H$aVo hmodh h_ amOZ¡{VH$ bmoJ dmUr (dmMm) go H$aVo h¢Ÿ&'

gÎmm Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ O§Jb _o§ ahH$a CÝhm|Zo gwg§ñH¥$VVm N>moS>r ZhtŸ& AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$Am¡a CZHo$ {_Ì WoŸ& CÝh| J«§Wm| H$m bmo WmŸ& eãXm| na CZH$m ào_ WmŸ& do AnZo ^mfU_| ~hwV ~ma g_w{MV eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo Wo, `h gwZH$a à{WVè gm{hpË`H$ ^rIwe hmo OmVo WoŸ& CÎm_ eãX aMZm H$mo a{gH$Vm go do XmX XoVo WoŸ&

_amR>r _| _¢Zo Omo CÎm_ dŠVm gwZo h¢Ÿ CZ _| èd§Vamd H$m ~hwV Cna H$m H«$_bJVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$m ~mobZm ~hwV \y$Vubm ahVm WmŸ& Bg JwU Ho$ H$maU do g^m OrV boVoWoŸ& do hOmam| bmoJm| H$mo _§Ì_w½Y H$aVo WoŸ& g_w{MV ^mfm, _¥Xw AmdmO Am¡a g_w{MV

eãXaMZm Ho$ H$maU CZH$m ^mfU n[aUm_nyU© hmoVm WmŸ&gÎmm ñWmZ _| ahVo hwE gm{hË` Am¡a g§JrV H$m ào_ CÝhm|Zo H$m`_ aIm WmŸ&

nR>Z H$s YwZ H$m`_ aIr WrŸ& MìhmU Ho$ {ZdmgñWmZ _| g^r {dMmam| Ho$ gm{hpË`H$,g§JrVH$ma Am¡a ZmQ>H$H$ma EH$Ì hmo OmVo WoŸ& {Xëbr XoIZo Ho$ {bE AmZodmbo h[aÛma,F${fHo$e `mÌm H$mo OmZodmbo _hmamï´>r` bmoJ MìhmU Ho$ Ka OmH$a CZH$m A{V{WgËH$ma boVo WoŸ& CZHo$ Ka _| H$^r r_goZ Omoer H$s g§JrV H$s _h{\$b hmoVr Wr, VmoH$^r JPb-H$ìdmbr H$m H$m ©H«$_ hmoVm WmŸ& amOZr{V H$s ì`ñVVm _| o g~ H$aVo Wo,`h XoIH$a AZoH$ bmoJm| H$mo AmíM © bJVm WmŸ& CZHo$ gmWhr do {dnjr bmoJm| H$m ào_go ñdmJV H$aVo WoŸ& do {dnjr bmoJm|Ûmam H$s J`r AmbmoMZm H$m _Z _| Jwñgm Zht aIVoWoŸ& ed§Vamd H$m H$m¡eb {dbjU WmŸ& h ZoVm, h amOZr{Vk, h _§Ìr, h _ZwîÀbJ Wm, Ý`m`r WmŸ& bo{H$Z H$mb H$R>moa hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ gm_Zo {H$gr H$s Hw$N> ZhtMbVrŸ& H$mbm` Vñ_¡ Z_…Ÿ& èd§Vamd A{YH$ {XZ VH$ {OÝXm ahVo Vmo ....

(22) bmoH$H$bm Ho$ à{V é{M

èd§Vamd H$m OrdZ gd©ñneu WmŸ& CZHo$ gX²JwUm| Ho$ AZoH$ nhby WoŸ& doA{ÔmV Am¡a emòr` g§JrV Ho$ O¡go a{gH$ Wo d¡go hr do ^mdJrVm| Ho$ ào_r WoŸ& ZmQ>çHo$ à{V CZH$s ~S>r é{M WrŸ& H$^r H$^r do _hmamï´> H$s H$bm AWm©V bmoH$ZmQ>ç ^ra{gH$Vm go XoIVo WoŸ& gd©gm_mÝ` OZVm H$s {à` bmdUr r H$^r-H$^r XoIVo WoŸ& do{MÌH$bm H$m ^r AmñdmX boVo WoŸ&

(23) g~ H$s qMVm

Xm¡ao na hmoVo g_` gmh~ gmW Am o hwE g~ H$s ñd § nyN>VmN> H$aVo WoŸ& Š`m{H$grZo ImZm Im`m {H$ Zht? Š`m {H$gr H$mo Hw$N> H$_ nS>m h¡? BZ g~ ~mVm| H$s donyN>VmN> H$aVo WoŸ& Bg{bE {gnmhr go boH$a A{YH$m[a`m|VH$ bJVm Wm {H$ gmh~AnZo Hw$Qw>§~ à_wI h¢Ÿ& lr AZ§V eoQ>o gmh~ Ho$ gmW ObJm±d Xm¡aona J o WoŸ& gmh~ aobgo ObJm±d go ~å~B©© dmng OmZodmbo WoŸ& ñQ>oeZna CÝhm|Zo g~H$s nyN>VmN> H$s WrŸ&lr. eoQ>o EH$ Va\$ IS>o WoŸ& gmh~Zo eoQ>o go nyN>m - "A~ ~å~B©© H¡$go OmAmoJo?' V~CZHo$ {ZOr g{Md lr. lrnmX S>m|Jao gmh~ Zo H$hm - "CÝh| _¡ _oar JmS>r XoVm hÿ±Ÿ& Cg_|go do ~å~B©© Am Om |JoŸ&'

H$mo ZmZJa Ho$ g_mamoh _| gmh~ H$m mfU Üd{Z_w{ÐV H$aZo Ho$ {bE lr. AZ§VeoQ>o J o WoŸ& gmh~ H$m mfU g_má hmoZo na do g~ dmB© J oŸ& do g~ VH©$VrW© bú_U

99 100


emòr Ho$ Ka _| R>haoŸ& eoQ>o Zo VH©$VrW© H$mo gmh~ H$m Üd{Z_w{ÐV ^mfU gwZm`mŸ& dhgwZH$a VH©$VrW©Zo CX²Jma {ZH$mbo - "dmh! EH$X_ Aà{V_ ^mfUŸ&'

"_§Jb Xoem n{dÌ Xoem, _hmamï´> Xoem, àUm_ ¿`mdm _mPm hm lr _hmamï´> Xoem'`h JrV gmh~ H$mo ~hwV AÀN>m bJVm WmŸ& eoQ>o Zo dh JrV gmh~ H$mo AZoH$ ~magwZm`mŸ&

(24) OZgm_mÝ` bmoJm| Ho$ {df` _| AmH$f©U

lr. amOmam_ _mZo H$hVo h¢ {H$ _oam Jm±d H$amS>go Ho$db Xmo _rb na hmoZo goèd§Vamd h_oem h_mao Jm±d AmVo OmVo WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo "H¥$îUmH$mR>' _| "H$md} Jm±d'H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Cg g_` do gmB{H$bna go H$md} Jm±d AmVo WoŸ& V~ _¡ nm±MdrN>R>dr H$jm _| nT>Vm WmŸ& Cg g_` 1946 H$m MwZmd hwAmŸ& Cg g_` AmR> én o IoVH$s bJmZ âZodmbm Am¡a gmVdr nmg hwE ì`{ŠV H$mo _VXmZ H$m A{YH$ma WmŸ& Cgg_` àm¡T> _VXmZ nÕ{V àM{bV Zht WrŸ& Cg g_` gd©lr èd§Vamd MìhmU, nw.nm§. C\©$ ~m~yamd JmoIbo, Ho$. S>r. nmQ>rb Am¡a ì §H$Q>amd ndma o H$m±J«og Ho$ Cå_rXdmaWoŸ& _Vn{ÌH$m na CZHo$ H«$_m§H$ 1, 3, 4 Am¡a 8 WoŸ& V~ h_Zo KmofUm H$s Wr - "EH$,VrZ, nm±M, AmR, h_mao _|~a `hr MmaŸ&' Cg MwZmd _| gmh~ A{YH$ _Vm| go {dO`rhwEŸ& Am¡a {\$a do J¥h{d^mJ Ho$ nmb© _|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar hwEŸ& gd©gmYmaU Ñ{ï> go EH$mYAmX_r XohmV _| go eha _| Mbm OmVm h¡ Vmo dh gm\$m ~m±YZodmbo AmX_r H$mo yb OmVmh¡Ÿ& na§Vw gmh~ H$s ~mV AbJ WrŸ& do gm\o$dmboH$m| H$^r Zht yboŸ& 1965-66 H$s~mV WrŸ& gmh~ Ho$ H$a-H$_bm|Ûmam JmoaoJmd Ho$ emòrZJa dgmhV H$m CX²KmQ>Z WmŸ&Cg g_` _oao {nVmOr ~å~B©© _| WoŸ& gmh~ ajm_§Ìr WoŸ& XmXm hma boH$a _oao nËZr H$moboH$a g^m ñWmZna J oŸ& do H$S>r gwajm Ho$ H$maU AmJo Zht Om gHo$Ÿ& BVZo _| gmh~H$m Ü`mZ XmXm Ho$ gm\o$ H$s Amoa J`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo EH$ BÝgnoŠQ>a H$mo CÝho§ AmJo bo AmZoHo$ {bE H$hmŸ& {\$a XmXmZo CZHo$ Jbo _| hma S>mb {X`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo nyN>m {H$ `hm± H$~Am o?

EH$ MwZmd Xm¡ao H$s `mX h¡Ÿ& gmVmam _VXma g§K _| åhgdS> H$s g^m Xoa amV _|hwB©Ÿ& R>§S>H$ ~hþV WrŸ& EH$ ~yT>r òr ñQ>oO H$s Amoa AmZo Ho$ {bE Moï>m H$a ahr WrŸ& na§VwH$moB© r Cgo AmJo OmZo Zht XoVm WmŸ& BVZo _| gmh~ H$m CgH$s Amoa Ü`mZ J`mŸ& ~yT>ròr èd§Vamd Ho$ nmg Am`rŸ& CgZo \$Q>o hwE H$nS>o _| ~m§YH$a bm`r hwB© ~mOao H$samoQ>r, _ŠIZ Am¡a MQ>Zr gmh~ Ho$ AmJo aI Xr Am¡a H$hm {H$ - "~m~m! AmYr amV hmoJ`r WrŸ& H$^r ImZm Im`m hmoJm {H$go _mby_? ~yT>r H$s BVZr amoQ>r ImŸ&' Am¡a Š`m

AmíM © ! gmh~Zo ñQ>oOna hr Cg ~yT>r H$s amoQ>r Im`rŸ&AmO Bg mX go _Z ~oM¡Z hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a bJVm h¡ {H$ gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$mo Eogm

ñZoh H$hm± {_boJm?

(25) ñ\$moQ>H$ dmVmdaU _| OZV§Ì àWm H$s ajm

amÁ` nwZa©MZm Ho$ ~mX Zd§~a 1956 _| Zm_Xma MìhmU ~å~B©© amÁ` Ho$ _w»`_§ÌrhwEŸ& Bg Z o amÁ` _| Cg g_` H$m dmVmdaU g§Vá Am¡a àjmo H$ WmŸ& bmoJm| H$moAÝ`m` Ho$ An_mZ Ho$ eãX Mw Vo WoŸ& OZgm_mÝ` hr Š`m, OZdoÎmm ^r {ddoH$ H$sAnojm ^mdZmde hmo J o WoŸ& gmd©{ÌH$ MwZmd _| H$m±J«og H$mo _hmamï´> _| AZno{jV~hwV ~S>m Anè Am`m WmŸ& _hmamï´>r` H$m±J«og nj _| r A§VJ©V A{¾ gwbJ ahr WrŸ&AÝ` amÁ`m| _| AÀN>m-~wam, gË`mgË`, g_P-J¡ag_P AÝ` àm§Vm| _| \¡$bo WoŸ& EogoM_ËH$m[aH$ dmVmdaU _| Zm. èd§Vamd Zo Z o ~å~B©© amÁ` H$m ZoV¥Ëd ñdrH$ma H$a{b`m WmŸ& V~ èd§Vamd Ho$ gƒo gwöX` Am¡a {hVqMVH$ ^r Cg è Ho$ g§~§Y _|gme§H$ WoŸ&

Eogo ñ\$moQ>H$ dmVmdaU _|, YramoXmÎm d¥{Îm go, em§{V go, na {ZíM` go ed§VamdZo _mJ© {ZH$mbmŸ& H$mbo P§S>m| H$m Am¡a OyVm| H$m g§MbZ Am¡a A^Ð, A{eï>, Ag§ñH¥$VAnàMma hmoVo hwE ^r em§{V go, AmË_{dídmg go n[apñW{V H$m _wH$m~bm {H$`m Am¡adh n[apñW{V CÝhm|Zo AnZo {Z §ÌU _| H$a brŸ& {dnjr ZoVmAm| Zo ^r CZHo$ g§~§Y _|Jm¡admoX²Jma {ZH$mboŸ& {nN>bo N>ã~rg _{hZm| _| CÝhm|Zo OZV§Ì H$mamo~ma H$s Am¡a àWmH$s Zr§d S>mbrŸ& OZV§Ì `h EH$ OrdZ-{Zð>m h¡Ÿ& ì`{ŠV Am¡a ì`ŠV g_wÐ Ho$ öX` _|CgH$s à{Vð>mnZm H$aHo$ Bg Xoe _| CgH$s {dMmanyd©H$ ajm H$aZr Mm{hEŸ& BgH$sàVr{V aIH$a CZH$m H$mamo~ma Mbm`m h¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd g§gXr` OZV§Ì Ho$ VÎdm| H$m àË`j AmMma-{dMma H$aVo WoŸ& OZV§Ì_| àË oH$ ì`{ŠV H$mo, CgHo$ _V H$mo, {\$a dh ì`pŠV Jar~ hmo, YZdmZ hmo, N>moQ>r-~S>r hmo, ñdnjr` hmo m {dnjr` hmo Cgo H$s_V h¡Ÿ& do Bg ~mV H$mo AÀN>r Vah OmZVoWoŸ& do CgHo$ AZwgma H$m © H$a aho WoŸ&

{dnjr bmoJ ^r OZVm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y h¢Ÿ& `h ~mV do OmZVo WoŸ& Bg{bE MìhmUboZ-XoZ H$s V¡ mar go {dnj ZoVmAm|Ho$ gmW {dMma-{d{Z_` H$aVo Wo Am¡a CÝh| AnZo{dídmg _| boVo WoŸ& Bg àH$ma CZHo$ OZV§Ì{Zð> ~Vm©d go {dnj ZoVmAm| Ho$ {damoY H$sVrd«Vm H$_ hwB©Ÿ& Am{Ia {dnj Ho$ ZoVmAm| H$mo CZHo$ ZoV¥Ëd H$m gå_mZ H$aZm nS>mŸ&BVZo Cƒ nX na ahVo hwE ^r ñdnj Ho$ H$m ©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ gmWhr èd§Vamd {dnj Ho$

101 102


gm_mÝ` H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mo Wmg§ d _XX H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_oem V¡ ma Am¡a Xj ahVo WoŸ&Ah_Xm~mX _| hwE JmobrH$m§S> H$s Om±M Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo H${_eZ {Z wŠV {H$`mŸ&

Bggo CZH$s OZV§Ì {Zð>m ì`ŠV hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

(26) OZVm OZmX©Z H$s nyOm

{H$gr Zo {dR>mB©go àíZ nyN>m - "Š`m èd§Vamd XodnyOm H$aVo h¢?' lr_Vr{dR>mB©Zo CÎma {X`m - "h_ H$amS> _| XodnyOm H$aVo h¢Ÿ& èd§Vamd nyOm Zht H$aVoŸ&bo{H$Z Xod CZHo$ öX` _| _w±h _| h¢Ÿ&' XodKa _| nËWa-{_Å>r Ho$ {ZOud YmVw Ho$ XodXodVmAm|H$s nyOm Zm. èd§Vamd Zht H$aVoŸ& bo{H$Z OZH$ë`mU H$s `moOZmAm| H$s ê$naoImV¡ ma H$a Cgo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE do amV-{XZ H$ï> H$aVo h¢Ÿ& `hr CZH$s OZVm OZmX©ZH$s nyOm h¡Ÿ& {dR>mB© Ho$ H$hZo _| gË`Vm Vmo h¡ hr Am¡a Jham AW© âm hwAm h¡Ÿ&

(27) J«§Wào_r ed§Vamd

J«§W ào_ h ed§Vamd H$s {deofVm WrŸ& CËH¥$ï> J«§Wm| H$m g§J«h H$aZm h CZH$s{deofVm WrŸ& CZHo$ _b~ma {hb Ho$ {ZdmgñWmZ _| CÎm_moÎm_ MwZo hwE J«§Wm| H$m EH$J«§Wmb` WmŸ& CZHo$ J«§W R>rH$ Vahgo bJmZo Ho$ {bE EH$ _Zwî` OmVm WmŸ& dh ed§VamdHo$ Bg {dbjU N>§X H$s àe§gm H$aVm WmŸ&

H$^r H$^r Eogm hmo OmVm {H$ èd§Vamd AÀN>o J«§W na EH$ N>moQ>m H$mJO{MnH$mVo Wo Am¡a Cg na ñdhñVmja _| {bIVo Wo {H$ - "`h nwñVH$ _¢Zo nyU© nTr h¡Ÿ&AÀN>r h¡Ÿ& Amn ^r n{T>EŸ&' `h {e\$m[ag AnZo _§Ìr_§S>b _| EH$mY _§Ìr H$mo H$sOmVr WrŸ& ed§Vamd AnZo H$m_ H$s ì`ñVVm _| J«§Wm§o H$m nR>Z H$~ H$aVo h¡§, Bg ~mVH$m g~H$mo AmíM © bJVm WmŸ&

(28) OrdZ _| {ZUm© H$ MwZmdr à{V`mo{JVm

1957 _| g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$m Am§XmobZ Mb ahm WmŸ& H$amS> _| Cg MwZmd _|gmh~ Am¡a Ho$edamd XmXm BZ XmoZm| Cå_rXdmam| _| {ZUm© H$ à{V`mo{JVm WrŸ& Cg_VXma g§K _| Ym|. _. _mo{hVo EH$ gßVmhâ XmXm H$m àMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE Ky_ aho WoŸ&h_mar N>moQ>r ~hZ Bgr _VXma g§K _| H$moaoJmd Zm_H$ XohmV _| ã`mhr J`r WrŸ& H$moaoJmdAm¡a H$md} o XmoZm| Jm±d H$m±J«ogHo$ WoŸ& {dnjr bmoJm| H$mo dhm± àdoe Zht WmŸ& h_mar ~hZZo EH$ w{ŠV H$sŸ& CgZo N>moQ>o bS>Ho$ H$mo EH$ KmofUm nT>m`rŸ& Ohm± _Zwî` ~¡R>o ahVo h¢,

dhm± dh b‹S>H$m OmVm Am¡a H$hVm {H$ - "~¡b ~m±Ymo no‹S> H$mo, _V Xmo JmS>r H$moŸ&' ~hZ Ho$n{V Jm±d Ho$ nmQ>rbŸ& do Iy~ ~oM¡Z hmo OmVo WoŸ& na H$a|Jo Š`m? gmh~ H$m Xm¡am H$moaoJmdAm`mŸ& Jm±d Ho$ àdoeÛma na Jm±ddmbo EH$Ì hwEŸ& gmh~ H$s AmaVr CVmaZo Ho$ {bE Jm±dH$s gwdm{gZ V¡ maŸ& h_mar ~hZ Jm±d H$s nmQ>brUŸ& Bg{bE AmaVr CVmaZo H$m gd©àW__mZ CgH$mŸ& Cgo S>mQ>Vo hwE CgZo ~hZ H$mo JS>~S> Z H$aZo H$s gbmh XrŸ& N>moQ>m bS>H$mXya aho Eogr ì`dñWm H$s J`r WrŸ&

gmh~ Am oŸ& ~hZ Zo CZHo$ _mWona Hw§$Hw$_ {VbH$ bJm`mŸ& AmaVr CVmaVo g_`CgZo H$hm - "gmh~, _¢ Ym|. _. _mo{hVo H$s ~hZŸ&' na§Vw CgHo$ H§$Yo na hmW aIH$agmh~Zo Cggo nyN>m - "{\$a Vy {H$go _V XmoJr?' CgZo hr Vwa§V CÎma {X`m - "_V XoVog_` V¡ H$ê±$JrŸ&'

AÝV _| Bg MwZmd _| èd§Vamd {dO`r hwEŸ& CgHo$ ~mX èd§Vamd AmJo hr~T>Vo J oŸ&

(29) Xoe-ào_, ñdmV§Í` {n« Vm Am¡a {_Ì-ào_

gw~h Ho$ 11-30 ~Oo WoŸ& H$amS> Ho$ {VbH$ hm`ñHy$b _| nm±Mdr H$jm Ho${ejH$ {dÚm{W© m| H$mo nmR> nT>mVo WoŸ& JmoJQ>o Am¡a èd§Vamd EH$ hr ~|Mna ~¡R>o WoŸ&BVZo _| hm`ñHy$b Ho$ AhmVo _| EH$ ~‹S>r ^r‹S> Am`rŸ& "_hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s O`' EogrKmofUm gwZZo _| Am`rŸ& CgZo _wPo Bemam {H$`m Am¡a "_hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s O`' EogrKmofUm XoVo hwE dh H$jm Ho$ ~mha Mbm J`mŸ& dh ~S>o Omoa go KmofUm XoZo bJmŸ& jUâ_| hm`ñHy$b Ho$ g^r bS>Ho$ H$jm N>mo‹S>H$a ~mha Am oŸ& JmoJQ>o H$hVo h¢ {H$ _oao nmg ~¡R>mhwAm bS>H$m Vwa§V Zr_ Ho$ no‹S> na MT>m Am¡a CgZo noS>na amï´>r` {Va§Jm P§S>m \$ham`mŸ&g~Zo ~S>m O`Kmof {H$`m Am¡a {VbH$ hmBñHy$b _| P§S>m \$ham Zo Ho$ ~mX dhm± hr ~‹S>rg^m hwB©Ÿ& CgZo g^m _| CËH¥$ï> ^mfU {H$`mŸ& g^r dmVmdaU amï´> ào_ go à^m{dVhwAmŸ& CgHo$ ^mfU H$m VéU _Z na n[aUm_ hwAmŸ& g^r Ho$ _Z _| amï´> ào_ H$mñ\w$pëb§J OmJ¥V {H$`mŸ& BZ VéUm| Zo _oao {_Ì H$mo AnZm ZoVm _mZmŸ& dh {_Ì AWm©Vèd§Vamd MìhmU {OgZo AmJo MbH$a _hmamï´> H$m ZoV¥Ëd {H$`m Am¡a _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n_| _hmamï´> H$m aW-gmaÏ` {H$`mŸ&

~å~B©© Ho$ S>m°. ~mdS>oH$a Ho$ hm°pñnQ>b _| lr. ~m. _. JmoJQ>o ñbrn {S>ñH$ H$sdoXZm go ì`mHw$b WoŸ& h _oam {_Ì ed§Vamd naXoe Xm¡am H$aHo$ {Xëbr _| Am`mŸ& CgZogw~h Ho$ AI~ma _| nT>m {H$ CZH$m {_Ì JmoJQ>o ~r_ma h¡Ÿ& èd§Vamd Vwa§V ~å~B©©hm°pñnQ>b _| OmH$a Cggo {_boŸ& Cg {_Ì ào_ H$m _hÎd Š`m H$ho?

103 104


JmoJQ>o H$hVo h¢ {H$ - "ha EH$ MwZmd Ho$ g_` _¢ Am¡a Cfm h_mao {_Ì go {_bZoHo$ {bE gmVmam OmVo WoŸ& OmVo g_` do àgmX Ho$ ê$n _| {eam Am¡a Xmb boH$a OmVo WoŸ&oQ> hmoZo Ho$ ~mX VrZm| AmZ§X go ImVo WoŸ& V~ _oam {_Ì H$hVm WmŸ& _Yw, Vy Am¡a Cfm h

na_oída H$m àgmX hr bo AmVoŸ& {Xëbr _| CZHo$ ~§Jbo _| go ~mha AmVo g_` _oao {_Ìèd§VamdZo H$hm, "AJbo gámh _| Vw_ XmoZm| ew àgmX boH$a gmVmam AmAmoŸ&' bo{H$ZXw m©½`go `h hwAm ZhtŸ& èd§Vamd Zo gmVmam Ho$ g_W© gmám{hH$ Ho$ g§nmXH$ lr.AZ§Vamd Hw$bH$Uu go nÌ {bIm WmŸ& h nÌ 19 _B© 1975 H$m h¢Ÿ& ed§Vamd Zo CgnÌ _| {_ÌVm H$m AW© H$hm h¡ - "n¢Vmbrg dfm] H$s Vwåhmar Am¡a _oar {_ÌVm h¡Ÿ& dh{_ÌVm Vw_Zo A~ VH$ gwa{jV aIr h¡Ÿ& Vw_Zo Amem go Hw$N> Zht {H$`mŸ& Vw_Zo ñdÀN>Am¡a {Z_©b ^md go {_ÌVm H$s h¡Ÿ&' èd§VamdZo "H¥$îUmH$mR>' _| AZ§Vamd H$s {_ÌËdH$m CëboI {H$`mŸ& Cg _| ^r CÝhm|Zo {_ÌËd H$m Jm¡ad {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

lr. g. H$m. nmQ>rb ~m°å~o hm°pñnQ>b _| AË`dñW WoŸ& h_ Hw$N> bmoJ lr. E.Ama. gwbo Ho$ gmW ~mar ~mar go dhm± ~¡R>Vo WoŸ& amV AmR> ~Oo Ho$ ~mX _¢ Ka dmngAm`m WmŸ& nm±M N>… {XZ go nmQ>rb AË`dñW WoŸ& oQ> Ho$ {bE AmZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo donhMmZ Zht gH$Vo WoŸ& EH$ amV _| "Zdg§Xoe' Ho$ g§nmXH$ lr. a_oe ^moJQ>o H$moèd§VamdOr H$m \$moZ Am`m {H$ "Ah_XZJa _| lr. AÊUmgmh~ qeXo H$s bS>H$s H$m{ddmh h¡Ÿ& _¢ H$b gw~h hdmB© OhmO go OmH$a AmVm hÿ±Ÿ& nagmo gw~h AmR> ~OZo Ho$nhbo [apìhEam _| AmAmoŸ& h_ dhm± go ~m°å~o hm°pñnQ>b _| Om |JoŸ&'

CZHo$ H$hZo Ho$ AZwgma JmoJQ>o [apìhEam _| J oŸ& {XdmUImZo _| ~¡R>H$a do AI~manT>Zo bJoŸ& BVZo _| èd§VamdOr Am oŸ& CZHo$ H§$Yona hmW aIH$a do grT>r CVa J oŸ&h_ ~m°å~o hm°pñnQ>b _| JEŸ& _hoída R>mHy$a dhm± hr WoŸ& ed§VamdOr H$mo boH$a do Am¡a_¢ ^rVa J`mŸ& nmQ>rb H$s dh Xem XoIH$a èd§VamdOr JX²JX hmo J oŸ& nm±M gmV{_ZQ> CÝhm|Zo Cgr AdñWm _| BYa CYa Ky_H$a nmQ>rbOr H$mo {Zhmam Am¡a ZOa goCÝhm|Zo _wPo ~mha {ZH$bZo Ho$ {bE H$hmŸ& XadmOo Ho$ ~mha AmVo hr JX²>JX hwEèd§VamdOr AnZr {ggH$s H$m~y _| Zht aI gHo$Ÿ& _hmamï´> H$m qgh AmO EogmAJ{VH$ hmoH$a nS>o h h_mam XwX£d h¡, Xw m©½` h¡Ÿ& BÝhr eãXm| _| CÝhm|Zo AnZm _ZmoJVì`ŠV {H$`m Am¡a XadmOo Ho$ ~mha EH$Ì Am o bmoJm| H$mo Z_ñH$ma H$aHo$ _oao H§$Yo nahmW aIH$a {ZH$b nS>oŸ&

èd§VamdOr na {bIVo g_` h àg§J _¢Zo Bg{bE {bIm h¡ {H$ - "èd§VamdAm¡a Aßnmgmh~ nmQ>rb BZ XmoZm| _| ~hwV eÌwËd WmŸ& do EH$ Xygao H$s Amoa ^r ZhtXoIVo, Eogo Omo bmoJ H$hVo Wo CÝh| _mby_ hmoJm {H$ ed§Vamd Or {H$VZo H$mo_b öX` Ho$

Wo, {H$VZo ^mdwH$ WoŸ&' Aßnmgmh~ nmQ>rb C_« go ~S>o Wo Am¡a ZoV¥ËdJwU g§nÞ ^r WoŸ&Eogo _amR>r _Zwî` Ho$ ~mao _| èd§VamdOr H$mo ~hwV AmXa bJVm WmŸ& CgH$m Xe©Zgd©gmYmaU _amR>r _Zwî` H$mo hmoZo Ho$ {bE èd§VamdOr ~S>o hwE WoŸ& do Eogo JwUnyOH$d¥{Îm Ho$ H$maUŸ bmoH$_mÝ` {VbH$ Ho$ ~mX bybo nS>o hwE, Anm{hO nS>o hwE _hmamï´> _|H$m±J«og H$mo gƒm ZoV¥Ëd {X`m èd§VamdOrZo Am¡a AmO ~hwOZ g_mO {Og emZ go_hmamï´>r` amOZr{V _| {dMaVm h¡ dh ^r èd§Vamd H$s XyaÑ{ï> Ho$ H$maUŸ&

(30) n[adma H$s {Oå_oXmar

nmb© _|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar Ho$ nX na ahH$a ed§VamdOr H$m_ H$a aho WoŸ& CZH$m eara~å~B©© _| Am¡a _Z H$amS> _|Ÿ& ~å~B©© amÁ` H$m H$mamo~ma H$aVo g_` CZH$s {ÛYm_ZpñW{V hmo J`r WrŸ& na_{à` ~S>o ~§Yw JUnVamd H$mo j` H$s ~r_mar hmo J`r WrŸ&CZH$s godm H$aVo g_` CZH$s nËZr H$mo g§gJ©OÝ` ~r_mar hmo J`r WrŸ& BZ XmoZm| H$sgodm H$aVo g_` doUyVmB© H$mo j` H$s ~mYm hwB© WrŸ& 1947 Ho$ {Xg§~a _{hZo _|JUnVamd H$m {ZYZ hmo J`m WmŸ& Xmo dfm] _| JUnVamd H$s nËZr H$m r {ZYZ hmo J`mWmŸ& JUnVamd Ho$ bS>H$m| H$s AWm©V ^VrOm| H$s {Oå_oXmar èd§Vamd na Am nS>rŸ&j` H$s ~r_margo doUyVmB© H$s V~r`V {~JS> J`r WrŸ& Eogr Amn{Îm Ho$ Koao _| ed§Vamd\±$g J o WoŸ& {_aO Ho$ S>m°. Om°ÝgZ Bg {_eZar S>m°ŠQ>a go doUyVmB© H$s ~r_mar Xya hmoJ`rŸ&

(31) ed§Vamd H$s Xodr-XodVm na lÕm

bmoJ gmh~ H$mo XodVm Ho$ g_mZ _mZVo WoŸ& gmh~ ^r Xod H$mo _mZVo WoŸ& gmh~àdmg _| hmo Vmo r _wH$m_ Ho$ Amgnmg à{gÕ XodñWmZ hmo Vmo dhm± J o {~Zm Zht ahVoWoŸ& gmVmam {Obo _| Am¡a _hmamï´> _| H$moB© XodñWmZ hmo Vmo do gm¡. doUyVmB© H$mo gmW boH$adhm± AZoH$ ~ma J o h¢Ÿ& na§Vw H$mer Ho$ {dídZmW _§{Xa Am¡a h[aÛma H$s "har H$snmdS>r' H$m Xe©Z H$^r MwH$m`m ZhtŸ& J§JmoÌr OmH$a J§Jm H$s Am¡a e§H$a H$s nyOm H$aZo_| H$^r Zht MwHo$Ÿ& gmh~ lÕm H$s nyOm H$aZo _| H$^r Zht MwHo$Ÿ& gmh~ H$s lÕm qhXyY_© H$s Xodr-XodVmAm|Ho$ gmW gmW AÝ` Y_© na ^r WrŸ& AO_oa Am¡a {ZOm_wÔrZ({X„r) XJ}na r OmVo WoŸ& 1977 Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ ~mX ed§VamdZo doUyVmB© go h_ AmJ«mOm |JoŸEogo H$hm & doUyVmB© H$mo BgH$m AW©~moY Zht hmo gH$mŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$AmJ«m Ho$ nmg \$Îmonya {eH«$s h¡Ÿ& dhm± gbr_ {IñVr H$m XJm© h¡Ÿ& CgH$m Xe©Z boZo H$s_oar BÀN>m h¡Ÿ& Vwa§V XJ}na S>mbr OmZodmbr MÔa, nyOm H$m gm{hË` bmZo Ho$ {bE _Zwî`

105 106


oO {X`mŸ& Xygao {XZ gw~h gmh~, gm¡. doUyVmB©, AZ§Vamd nmQ>rb Eogo VrZm| \$Îmonya {gH«$snhw±MoŸ& n§Yam ~rg {_ZQ> R>haH$a g_m{Y H$m Xe©Z {H$`mŸ& gm¡. doUyVmB© H$mo 9-10 K§Q>oH$s g\$a H$aZm CZH$s V~r`V Ho$ {bE Ag§ d WmŸ& bo{H$Z lÕm Ho$ gm_Zo CÝh| CgH$m_hÎd Zht bJVm WmŸ& gmh~ gw~h gmB© ~m~m H$s _y{V© Ho$ gm_Zo Am¡a Xod Ho$ gm_Zo 5-10 {_ZQ> ZV_ñVH$ hmoH$a IS>o ahVo Wo Am¡a {\$a H$_ao Ho$ ~mha AmVo WoŸ&

EH$ amOZr{Vk AmX_r H$s lÕm àoaUmXm`r h¡Ÿ&

(32) àemgH$

_w»`_§Ìr _moamaOr^mB© H$s EH$m§Jr y{_H$m go bmoJm| Ho$ _Z Xw…{IV hwE WoŸ& CgHo$~mX ed§Vamd _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr ~Zo WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo ~§XwH$s Ho$ Omoa na {Û^m{fH$ amÁ`H$m H$mamo~ma MbmZm AZw{MV g_PmŸ& g{_{V Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$m aobm, bmoJm| Ho$ _V H$mOmoa Am¡a èd§Vamd Ho$ H$mamo~ma H$s OmoS> BZ g~Ho$ H$maU _hmamï´> amÁ` H$s ñWmnZmhwB©, V~ _amR>r _Z _| Z`r Amem H$s H$m|nbo \y$Q> nS>rŸ& Bg{bE Hw$gw_mJ«O O¡go ~S>oH${d Zo KmofUm H$s -

""Zì`m OrdZmMm ZmX_bm EoHy$ oV Amho Ÿ&Ÿ&

bj eyÝ`mVyZH$mhr lo AmH$mamV AmhoŸ&Ÿ&''

èd§Vamd Zo eŠH$a H$maImZm| H$s `moOZm Am¡a Cgo nyar H$aZo Ho$ {bE gaH$maH$s Zr{V ~Zm`r Am¡a gaH$ma H$s Amoa go CÝh| _XX r H$sŸ& {ejm àgma Ho$ {bE embmAm¡a _hm{dÚmb` Imob {X oŸ& _amR>dmS>m Am¡a {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ&CÝhm|Zo _hmamï´> Ho$ g^r joÌm| _| CÞ{V H$s Zr§d S>mbrŸ& Am¡a Bgr H$maU _hmamï´> Xoe _|AJ«oga hwAmŸ&

(33) ñdÀN> à{V_m H$m ZoV¥Ëd

EH$ Xo{Xß`_mZ JwU èd§Vamd Ho$ nmg WmŸ& dh JwU `hm± H$hZm Mm{hE h¡Ÿ&AmO H$s amOZr{V _| h Á`mXm Xwb© JwU h¡Ÿ& ed§Vamd go amOZ¡{VH$ _V oX H$aZodmbmH$moB© ^r _Zwî` èd§Vamd AZmMmar Wo Eogm BbOm_ ñdßZ _| ^r Zht H$a gHo$JmŸ&èd§Vamd Zo n¡go {b o, ed§Vamd Ho$ AmX_r IwX Ho$ H$m_ Ho$ {bE gaH$ma MbmVo h¢,èd§Vamd Zo {g\$m[ae H$s hmoJr Eogm BbOm_ H$moB© r Zht H$a gH$mŸ& ñdÀN> à{V^mg§nÞZoV¥Ëd Eogm bm¡{H$H$ èd§Vamd Zo {nN>bo 25-30 df© gwa{jV aIm h¡ Am¡a dh ^r

Am{Ia VH$Ÿ& `h ~mV XoIZo Ho$ {bE AmgmZ bJVr h¡, na ì`dhma _| ~hwV ~‹S>m_wpíH$b h¡Ÿ& _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| CÝhm|Zo AÀN>m, AmXe© Am¡a AZwH$aUr`H$m_ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Xoe Ho$ ajm_§Ìr, AW©_§Ìr, {dXoe_§Ìr Am{X {d{dY Am¡a ~‹S>o nXm| naCÝhm|Zo H$m_ {H$`m Am¡a dh H$m_ H$aVo g_` do {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ _moh _| CbPo Zht Am¡aCgHo$ {déÕ Hw$N> Agä` dU©Z {H$gr r AI~ma _| N>nH$a Zht Am`mŸ& amOZr{V Ho$JT>o _| ahVo hwE r CÝhm|Zo AnZo eara na H$sM‹S> H$s Oam r N>tQ>o Zht AmZo XrŸ& CZHo$_VmZwgma g\o$X YmoVr Am¡a g\o$X H$_rO nhZH$a amOZ¡{VH$ OrdZ OrVm Om gH$Vmh¡Ÿ& h _hmamï´> H$s amOZr{V _| gdm}ËH¥$ï> à`moJ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& amOZr{V _| ahH$aBVZr {Z_©bVm, BVZr gmYZew{MVm, BVZm gm_§Oñ`, BVZr eãXm| H$s _¥XwVm Am¡aMm[aÍ` H$s ñdÀN>Vm AmOVH$ {H$gr ZoVm Zo {XImB© Zht Am¡a AmJo H$moB© {XIm oJmZhtŸ& Bg{bE èd§VamdOr H$m ZoV¥Ëd {dbmo Zr` Am¡a g~H$mo {à` WmŸ&

(34) Cƒ amï´>r` Mm[aÍ`

Am¡a EH$ ~hwV ~S>m Xwb© JwU èd§Vamd _| WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo ì`{ŠVJV amï´>r`Mm[aÍ` H$mo OrdZ _| ~S>m _hÎd {X`m WmŸ& AmO H$s amOZr{V _| ~hwV ZoVm ñd § H$sgw{dYm XoIVo h¢Ÿ& ñd § H$m Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm H$hm± hmoVm h¡, BgH$m do {dMma H$aVo h¢ Am¡aAnZo níMmV Xmo nr{T>`m| H$m à~§Y H$aVo h¢Ÿ& èd§Vamd {H$VZo Cƒ XOm© Ho$ ZoVm WoŸ&{nN>bo Mma-nm±M dfm] _| CÝhm|Zo _hmamï´> Am¡a ^maV H$mo CÞV ~ZmZo _| ~S>m `moJXmZ{X`m h¡Ÿ& Bggo CZHo$ _hmZ H$m © H$m Xe©Z hmoVm h¡Ÿ& 1975-1980 _| CÝhm|Zo B§{XamJm§Yr H$m {damoY H$aZo H$s y{_H$m AXm H$sŸ& na Cg y{_H$m _| CÝhm|Zo H$^r J§Xo ~mVoZhr§ H$sŸ& na {Og jU H$mo CÝh| bJm {H$ gmam Xoe B§{XamOr Ho$ nrN>o h¢ Cg jU H$moCÝhm|Zo {dMma {H$`m {H$ A~ H$m±J«og nj H$mo e{ŠV XoZr Mm{hEŸ& AV… CÝhm|Zo ì`{ŠVJV_mZ-An_mZ EH$ Va\$ aIH$a B§{XamOr H$s ghm`Vm H$sŸ& CZHo$ {_Ìm| Zo CZH$s BgZr{V H$s AmbmoMZm H$sŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ {dMmam| H$s D±$MmB© ~hwV ~‹S>r WrŸ& amï´>r`àíZm| H$mo _hÎd XoZo H$s CZH$s y{_H$m {ZU© mË_H$ WrŸ& ed§Vamd Zo Mma dfª Ho$ nyd©`h ~mV ñnï> H$s WrŸ& amîQ´>r` {hV Ho$ gm_Zo ì`{ŠVJV amJ, bmo VwÀN> hmoVo h¢Ÿ& `h~mV èd§Vamd Zo AnZr {ZUm© H$ H¥${V go {XIm XrŸ& nX {_bo AWdm Z {_bo amï´>r`H$V©ì` _| H$^r ^r H$gya Zht H$sŸ& èd§Vamd H$s amOZ¡{VH$ OrdZ H$s _hÎmm Eogoàg§Jm| go {gÕ hwB© h¢Ÿ& amOrd Jm§Yr àYmZ_§Ìr hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo Omo AmdmhZh¢ Eogo g_` g_PXmar go Am¡a hmo{e`mar go gbmh XoZodmbo _Zwî` amOZr{V _| Yrao YraoH$_ hmo aho h¢Ÿ& Eogo g_` èd§Vamd O¡gm Vmam CIS> OmZm `h _hmamï´> Am¡a Xoe H$m

107 108


XwX£d h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo _YwH$a mdo go H$hm {H$ H$b _¢ {Xëbr Om ahm hÿ±Ÿ& bo{H$Z V~r`V Hw$N>gmW Zht XoVrŸ& h Vmo ed§Vamd H$s Am{Ia H$s |Q> WrŸ& {nN>bo df© S>oT> df© do CXmgWoŸ& do AHo$bo WoŸ& bo{H$Z Xoe Ho$ AZoH$ àíZm| H$mo ñdV… H$mo CbPH$a _Z H$mo CËgmh XoZoH$m do à`ËZ H$a aho WoŸ& Cg _| go do ~mha Zht Am gHo$ Am¡a A§V _| EH$ gwg§ñH¥$V ZoV¥ËdH$mo h_ g~ d§{MV hmo J oŸ& Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ _hmamï´> AmO {ZamYma hwAm h¡Ÿ& EH$H$V©¥Ëdg§nÞ OrdZ H$m A§V hwAm h¡Ÿ& EH$mY ham âm noS> {Ja nS>o Am¡a gmam àXoeê$Im-gyIm bJo d¡go A~ _hmamï´> Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ OrdZ H$m {MÌ ~Z ahm h¢Ÿ& ed§VamdH$s _hÎmm `h dmXmVrV _hÎmm WrŸ& A~ CZHo$ níMmV² _hmamï´> H$mo gwg§ñH¥$V, g_§OgAm¡a _O~yV d¡Mm[aH$ {Xem XoZodmbm ZoV¥Ëd H$~ {Z_m©U hmoJm? Zohê$ Ho$ Mbo OmZo Ho$~mX Xoe O¡gm {ZamYma hwAm Wm d¡gr pñW{V èd§Vamd Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ ~mX _hmamï´> ^r{ZamYma hwAmŸ&

(35) ed§Vamd H$m {ZYZ

1977 _| g§gXr` MwZmd _| B§{XamOr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| H$m±J«og nj H$s namO` hwB©Ÿ&CgHo$ ~mX 1980 VH$ ed§Vamd Am¡a yVnyd© àYmZ_§Ìr BZ XmoZm| _| Xwamd H$s mdZmn¡Xm hwB©Ÿ& Bggo ed§Vamd H$mo ~hwV _Z…ñVmn hwAmŸ& 1981 _| CÝhm|Zo B§{Xam H$m±J«og _|àdoe {H$`mŸ&

BgHo$ ~mX CZ na AZoH$ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ (nm[adm[aH$) Amn{Îm`m± Am`rŸ& nwÌdVn[anmbZ {H$`m hwAm CZH$m ^VrOm S>m°. {dH«$_ C\©$ amOm _moQ>a AnKmV _| _a J`mŸ&8 _mM© 1983 H$mo CgH$s (S>m°. {dH«$_ MìhmU) _¥Ë w hwB©Ÿ& S>m°. {dH«$_ H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX1 OyZ 1983 _| ed§Vamd H$s nËZr gm¡OÝ`_y{V© doUyVmB© MìhmU H$m {ZYZ hwAmŸ& 2OyZ 1983 _| gw~h 11-20 ~Oo ~å~B©© Ho$ {JaJmd M§XZJmd H$s ñ_emZ y{_ _o§CZH$m XhZ {H$`m J`mŸ& ñdJu` doUyVmB© H$mo Hw$b {_bmH$a 63 dfª 3 _{hZo Am¡a EH${XZ H$s Am w {_brŸ& CZH$s _¥Ë w go ed§VamdOr H$mo ~S>m Xw…I hmo J`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo YraoYrao AnZo emoH$ H$mo H$_ H$a {X`mŸ& do AmR>do {dÎm Am`moJ Ho$ AÜ`j WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo dhAhdmb emgZ Ho$ gm_Zo àñVwV {H$`mŸ& do g§gX gXñ` WoŸ& CZ na gm¢no hwE H$m_AÀN>r Vahgo {H$ oŸ& BZ Mma-nm±M dfm] Ho$ H$mb _| do em§V WoŸ& do H$hVo Wo {H$ - "A~_wPo Hw$N> àmá H$aZo H$s BÀN>m Zht h¡Ÿ& OZVm OZmX©Z Ho$ MaUm| na _¢Zo H$s hwB© godm noehwB© h¢Ÿ& _oam eara ^r WH$Vm Om ahm h¢Ÿ&' `h Hw$N> Ü`mZ _| Zhr§ Am`mŸ&

do {Xëbr J oŸ& CÝh| {H$S>Zr H$s ~r_mar WrŸ& do AñnVmb _| âVr hmo J oŸ&CnMma ^r {H$ o J oŸ& na Hw$N> Cn`moJ Zht hwAmŸ& dhm± CZH$m {ZYZ hwAmŸ& {ZYZ H$s

VmarI Wr 25 Zd§~a 1984Ÿ& em_ Ho$ gmV ~Oo 45 {_ZQ> na CZH$s _m¡V hmo J`rŸ& 27Zd§~a 1984 H$mo Xmonha Ho$ 3-30 ~Oo H¥$îUm-H$mo Zm Ho$ g§J_ na A{¾ Xr J`rŸ& gmaobmoJ emoH$mHw$b ~Z J o WoŸ& ed§VamdOr 71 dfª 8 _{hZo 13 {XZ OrVo ahoŸ&

bmoJm| H$mo _hmamï´> H$s Bg Apñ_Vm _| AnZr N>m`m {XI nS>Vr Wr, emZ bJVrWrŸ& Bg{bE H$^r A§YH$ma Vmo H$^r àH$me XoIVo hwE OrdZ H$s amh MbZodmbogmh~Zo AMmZH$ AnZm _mZdr nhZmdm CVaH$a AZ§V _| {dbrZ hmoZo H$m _mJ© AnZm`mŸ&Am¡a Xg {XemE± ^r _mZdr ê$n YmaU H$a Omoa Omoa go amoZo bJr, Eogm H$hZo bJr {H$- "N>o, N>o, Eogm Zht hmoZm Mm{hE WmŸ&'

AnZm ZoVm H¡$gm hmoZm Mm{hE BgH$m _y{V©_mZ ê$n gmh~ Ho$ ê$n _| Bg Xoe ZoXoIm h¡ Am¡a _wëH$ Zo BgH$s Anydm©B© H$m AZw d r {b`m h¡Ÿ&

gmh~ AMmZH$ Xod Ho$ Ka J o Am¡a gmam _amR>r _wëH$ JX²JX hmo CR>m, "Eogo H¡$gohwAm?' CgHo$ gmX-à{VgmX Mmam| Amoa Câ J o Am¡a _Zwî` A~mob hwAmŸ&

109 110


(6) emgH$s` nX Am¡a H$m ©

(1) nmb©_|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar, agX Am¡a ny{V© _§Ìr

1946 _| ed§VamdZo J¥h_§Ìr Ho$ nmb© _|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar Ho$ ê$n _| emgZ _| nXmn©U{H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> {XZ VH$ nmb© _|Q>ar goH«o$Q>ar nX na AÀN>m H$m_ {H$`mŸ& BgHo$ ~mX1952 _| _w»`_§Ìr _moamaOr^mB© XogmB© Zo èd§Vamd H$mo AnZo _§{Ì_§S>b _| AÞ Am¡any{V© _§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| g_m{dï> {H$`mŸ& Cg g_` OZVm ny{V© ImZo H$m {VañH$ma H$aVrWrŸ& h ImVm ed§VamdOr H$mo EH$ AmdmhZ WmŸ& ed§VamdOr Zo h ImVm ghOVmgo g± mbmŸ& Cg g_` aoeqZJ ewê$ WmŸ& AZmO H$s n[apñW{V H${R>Z WrŸ& aoeqZJ goeha _| bmoJm| H$s {H$gr Vah gw{dYm hmoVr WrŸ na J«m_rU OZVm H$mo VH$br\$ hmoVr WrŸ&AZmO H$m CËnmXZ Am¡a Am`mV hmoH$a r dh OZVm VH$ AÀN>r Vah nhw±M Zht nmVmWmŸ& H$mbm ~mOma Am¡a O_mImoar ~‹T> J`r WrŸ& ImVo Ho$ gyÌ boVo hr CÝhm|Zo OZVm H$mo{dídmg _| boZo H$s Zr{V AnZm`rŸ& H|$Ðr` agX Am¡a ny{V© _§Ìr lr. a\$s Ah_X {H$‹S>dmB©go CÝhm|Zo AZmO Ho$ A_b Ho$ g§~§Y _| bJmVma MMm© H$sŸ& CZna ed§Vamd H$m à^mdnS>mŸ& èd§VamdZo {Z §ÌU nÕ{V _| H$ï>Xm`r eV} Xya H$a J«m_rU OZVm H$mo {Xbmgm{X`mŸ& H|$Ð emgZ H$s Z`r Zr{V Om{ha H$aVo hwE ì`mnm[a`m| H$mo C{MV g_P XrŸ& Z`rZr{V g\$b ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE nw{ï>àX dmVmdaU {Z_m©U {H$`mŸ& Mmdb N>mo‹S>H$a AÝÀZmO na hmoZodmbo {Z §ÌU Yrao Yrao H$_ H$a {X oŸ& H$nS>m, Ho$amo{gZ, eŠH$a BZdñVwAm| na hmoZodmbo {Z §ÌU T>rbo H$a {X oŸ& BgH$m `h n[aUm_ hwAm {H$ ~mOma _|AZmO AmZo bJmŸ& AJbo _mog_ VH$ ah JE {Z §ÌU r Xya {H$ o Om |JoŸ& do Bgr àH$maH$m {Xbmgm XoVo ahoŸ& CgH$m C{MV n[aUm_ hwAmŸ& Xoe _| ~hwV AZmO CËnmXZ hwAmŸ&Yrao Yrao {Z §ÌU Xya hwAm Am¡a Am{Ia gaH$ma H$mo agX Am¡a ny{V© ImVm ~§X H$aZm nS>mŸ&`h èd§Vamd H$m H$m © Hw$ebVm H$m AmXe© h¡Ÿ&

emgZ Zo agX Am¡a ny{V© ImVm Vmo ~§X H$a {X`m Am¡a AmJo ....

(2) dZ _§Ìr

A~ ed§Vamd dZ_§Ìr ~Zo WoŸ& dZ H$s ajm Am¡a new n{j`m| H$s ajm H$s AmoaXoIZo H$s CZH$s Ñ{ï> _mZdr` WrŸ& O§Jb H$m g§dY©Z Am¡a CgH$s ajm BZ XmoZm| H$m

_mZdr` OrdZ go g§~§Y OmoS>m WmŸ& O§Jb g§n{Îm O§Jb _| ahZodmbo dÝ` new-n{j`m| H$sajm H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï >go CÝhm|Zo H$mZyZ ~Zm`mŸ& Eogm H$mZyZ ~ZmZodmbm ~å~B©© amÁ` Xoe _|nhbm amÁ` h¡Ÿ& Bg H$mZyZ H$s H$m`m©pÝd{V H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo à~§Y {H$`mŸ& àm{U`m|H$s {eH$ma na amoH$ bJm XrŸ& dÝ` àm{U`m| Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo H$mZyZ ~ZmH$a A^`maÊ`H$s ì`dñWm H$sŸ&

(3) ajm _§Ìr

MrZ Zo 20 AŠVy~a 1962 H$mo ^maV na AmH«$_U {H$`mŸ& Bg{bE àYmZ_§Ìrn. Zohê$ nyar Vahgo H$m±n J oŸ& Eogr n[apñW{V _| g§gX _| H¥$îU_oZZ H$mo ajm _§Ìr nXgo Xya H$aZo H$s _m±J H$s OmZo bJrŸ& Bg H${R>Z g_` _| àYmZ _§Ìr n§. Zohê$Zo 14Zd§~a 1962 H$mo ajm _§Ìr nX na lr. èd§Vamd MìhmU H$s {Z w{ŠV H$sŸ& Š`m|{H$MrZ H$m AmH«$_U AWm©V Z¡{VH$ namO`Ÿ& h namO` n§. Zohê$ H$s Zr{V H$s namO` WrŸ&ajm _§Ìr ~ZZo na lr. èd§Vamd MìhmU {X„r J oŸ& CgHo$ Xygao {XZ MrZZo AnZrVa\$go wÕ {dam_ H$a {X`m Am¡a 14500 Mm¡. _rb ^maV H$m àXoe hS>n {b`mŸ& BgKQ>Zm H$m dU©Z H$aVo g_` - "gøm{Ð {h_mb` H$s ajm Ho$ {bE Mbm J`mŸ&' 1 _B©1960 H$mo ñdV§Ì _hmamï> {Z_m©U hwAmŸ& Cg g_` _hmamï> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr lr. ed§VamdMìhmU Zo n§. Zohê$ Ho$ g_j mfU {H$`m {H$ - "_amR>r m{fH$m| Ho$ nmg Omo XoZo garImho, Omo CXmÎm h¡, maV Ho$ {bE CgH$m Ë`mJ H$aZm nS>o Vmo h_ dh Ë`mJ H$a|JoŸ& Š`m|{H$^maV ahoJm Vmo _hmamï> ahoJm, maV _hmZ hwAm Vmo _hmamï> r _hmZ hmoJmŸ&' ed§VamdÛmamì`ŠV H$s J`r amï´>r` ^mdZm go n§. Zohê$ ~hwV à^m{dV hwEŸ& Bg{bE Vmo Eogo H${R>Zg_` _| ed§Vamd na ajm _§Ìr nX H$s {Oå_oXmar gm¢nr J`rŸ& ajm h Ho$db goZm gog§~§{YV ~mV Z hmoH$a Cgo _hÎdnyU© amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a _mZgemòr` nhby hmoVoh¢, Cgo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hwE CÝhm|Zo ajm {d^mJ H$m H$m © ma XoImŸ&

n. Zohê$ Zo A{báVm Zr{V H$m ñdrH$ma {H$`m Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ajm Zr{V H$s AmoaAmdí`H$ Ü`mZ H|${ÐV Zht {H$`mŸ& Bg{bE Vmo ^maV H$mo MrZ H$s Amoa go namO`ñdrH$ma H$aZr nS>rŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo ajm ì`dñWm ~bdmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Zo\$m Am¡abS>mI gr_m H$mo |Q> XoH$a wÕ _| gyú_ Va gyú_ ~mV| g_Pm brŸ& 1962 _| MrZ H$sAmoa go maV H$s namO` hwB©Ÿ& Bg{bE g¡{ZH$ {Zame hmo J o WoŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo gr_m mJ_| OmH$a g¡{ZH$m| H$m _ZmoY¡ © ~T>m`mŸ&

èd§VamdZo àmU H$s ~mOr bJmH$a _hmamï> H$s àJ{V H$sŸ& O~ {MZr amÁ`H$Vm©Am|Zo ^maV H$mo |Q> XoH$a "qhXr-{MZr ^mB©-^mB©' H$s KmofUmE± Xr Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX

111 112


{dídmgKmV go CÝhm|Zo ^maV na AMmZH$ h_bm {H$`m Cg g_` ^maV H$s n[apñW{V~hwV H$mo_b ~Zr hwB© WrŸ& na§Vw Cg g_` maV Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$Zo _hmamï´> Ho$ VËH$mbrZ _w»`_§Ìr ed§Vamd H$mo {X„r ~wbm`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo ed§Vamd XoeH$m _hÎdnyU© g§ajU {d^mJ gm¢n {X`mŸ& èd§Vamd O~ ~å~B©© go Z`r {X„r OmZo Ho${bE {ZH$b nS>o Cg g_` ed§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ ~å~B©© pñWV "gømÐr' {ZdmgñWmZ gogm§VmH«y$P hdmB© AÈ>o VH$ hOmam| bmoJ amñVo Ho$ XwV\$m© I‹S>o hmoH$a CÝh| {~Xm XoZo Ho$ {bEI‹S>o WoŸ& Cg g_` g~ bmoJ ào_ go "èd§Vamd {dO`r d' Eogr ew oÀN>m ì`ŠV H$aVohwE Eogr KmofUm Xo aho WoŸ& bmoJ "èd§V ^d, O`d§V ^d' Eogr ew merdm©XmË_H$KmofUm Xo aho WoŸ& CgHo$ ~mX ed§Vamd {X„r nhw±M J oŸ& ajm _§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| CÝhm|Zo ajmH$m H$mamo~ma AnZo hmW _| {b`mŸ& AmíM © H$s ~mV Vmo `h h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo ajm _§Ìr Ho$gyÌ hmW _| boVo hr Xygao {XZ {MZr Zo AnZr Amoa go wÕ {dam_ H$a {X`mŸ& `h Vmoèd§Vamd MìhmU H$s Anyd© {dO` WrŸ&

yVnyd© CnàYmZ_§Ìr èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m XohmdgmZ 25 Zd§~a 1984 H$mohwAmŸ& CZH$s _¥Ë w go ^maVr` ajm Xb H$mo {_bm hwAm EH$ H$m ©j_ ajm _§Ìr g~H$monrN>o N>moS>H$a Mbm J`mŸ& OZab Eg. nr. nr. WmoamV H$hVo h¢ {H$ - "{nN>bo Mmbrgdfª CÝh| nhMmZVm hÿ±Ÿ& Bg{bE _¢ H$h gH$Vm hÿ± {H$ ^maVr` gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ _|CZH$m ì`{ŠV_Îd A{ÛVr` WmŸ& MrZZo ^maV na h_bm H$a ^maV H$s ~XZm_r H$sŸ&Cg g_` àYmZ_§Ìr n. Zohê$Zo H¥$îU_oZZ H$s OJh na ed§Vamd MìhmU H$s {Z w{ŠVH$sŸ& ajm _§Ìr ~ZZo na èd§Vamd H$m amï´>r` ZoVm Ho$ ê$n _| CX` hwAmŸ&'

AŠVy~a 1962 _| ^maV Am¡a MrZ BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM gr_m {ZpíMV H$aZodmbr_°H$_mohZ aofm {MZr goZm Zo bm±KH$a Zo\$m _| An`m©á gmYZgm_J«r hmoZodmbo AnZo Hw$N>WmZo na h_bo {H$ o Am¡a CZ WmZm| H$mo CÜdñV H$a {X`mŸ& CgHo$ ~mX {MZr goZm grYo~«÷nwÌm ZXr H$s KmQ>r _| CVa Am`rŸ& Bg AmH«$_U go ^maV gaH$ma H$mo AmíM © H$mYŠH$m bJmŸ& dmñV{dH$ Eogm h_bm hmoZo H$s gyMZm VrZ dfª nyd© gaH$ma H$mo Xr WrŸ&MrZ Zo\$m _| Hw$N> _wëH$ AnZm hmoZo H$s ~mV H$a ahm Wm Am¡a MrZ dh _wëH$ H$^r ^r_wŠV H$aZo H$m à`ËZ H$aoJm Eogr gyMZm goZm Zo ajm _§Ìmb` H$mo AŠVy~a 1959 _| XrWrŸ& nyd© {d^mJ Ho$ OZab Am°{\$ga H$_mqS>J-BZ-Mr\$ Eg. nr. nr. WmoamV WoŸ&CÝhm|Zo ñd § EH$ {dñV¥V {Q>ßnUr goZm _w»`mb` H$s Amoa oO Xr WrŸ& àñVwV {Q>ßnUr_| g§ mì` {MZr moOZm Ho$ g§~§Y _| OmZH$mar XoH$a Cg h_bo H$m H¡$gm _wH$m~bm H$aZmMm{hE Bg g§~§Y _| CZH$s {g\$m[ag| XO© H$s WrŸ& WmoamV H$s {Q>ßnUr go goZm _w»`mb`gh_V Wm Am¡a dh {Q>ßnUr na§Vw H$m`m©pÝd{V Ho$ {bE ajm _§Ìmb` H$s Amoa oO Xr

J`rŸ& na§Vw A^mJo ajm _§Ìr H¥$îU_oZZZo Cg {Q>ßnUrna à{VHy$b A{^àm` {bIH$a Cg{Q>ßnUr H$mo XâVa _| Xm{Ib H$a {X`mŸ&

lr. WmoamV H$s EH$ _hÎdnyU© gyMZm Wr - "Zo\$m, goZm Ho$ nyd© {d^mJ H$s Amoagm¢n XoZm Mm{hEŸ& CgH$s {Oå_oXmar Amgm_ am`\$b H$s Amoa Z hmoŸ& Amgm_ am`\$b`h EH$ nw{bg Xb h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ nmg bS>mD$ H$s gm_J«r Zht h¡ Am¡a CÝh| à{ejm(à{ejU) Zhr§ h¡Ÿ& lr. WmoamV H$s {g\$m[ag ^r Im[aO H$a Xr J`rŸ&' Š`m|{H$ ajm_§Ìr H$m _V Wm - "MrZ ^maV na H$^r ^r AmH«$_U Zht H$aoJmŸ&' `h {ZdoXZ H$aVog_` CÝh| `h _mby_ hmoZm Mm{hE Wm {H$ {nN>bo Hw$N> _{hZm| _| {MZr goZm Zo AZoH$~ma gr_m §J {H$`m WmŸ& ajm _§Ìr _oZZ Am¡a àYmZ_§Ìr n§{S>V Zohê$ o XmoZm| "qhXr{MZr ^mB© ^mB©' Bg KmofUmgo BVZo à^m{dV hmo J o Wo {H$ WmoamV H$s {g\$m[ag Ho$AZwgma H$ma©dmB© H$aZo H$s ~mV CZHo$ _Z _| r Zht Am`rŸ& bo{H$Z gr_m §J Ho$ àH$ma~‹T>Vo J oŸ& Bg{bE g^r AI~madmbm| Zo Am¡a g§gX Zo J§ ra XIb boZo H$s ewédmVH$sŸ& lr H¥$îU_oZZ Zo "amï´>r` gwa{jVVm' H$s Ñ{ï> go g§gX _| CÎma XoZo go BÝH$ma H$a{X`m AWdm g§{X½Y CÎma {X oŸ& Bg{bE g§gX gXñ` g§Vá hwEŸ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo àYmZ_§Ìrna AmbmoMZm H$m h_bm {H$`mŸ& AÝV _| ajm H$s Ñ{ï> go CÝhm|Zo Zo\$m, goZm Ho$ nyd©{d^mJ H$s Amoa gm¢nm J`mŸ& na§Vw Zo\$m H$s ajm Ho$ {bE goZm H$s Qw>H${S>`m± Yr_r J{VgoOm ahr Wr V~ VH$ 10 AŠVy~a 1962 H$mo MrZ Zo h_bm {H$`mŸ& AnZr ajmì`dñWm BVZr An`m©á Wr {H$ {MZr goZmZo Zo\$m _| AmYm _wëH$ AnZo H$ãOo _| {b`mŸ&Bg{bE g§nyU© Xoe Zo lr H¥$îU_oZZ Ho$ BñVr\o$ H$s _m±J H$sŸ& àYmZ_§Ìr Zo lr. _oZZ H$mg_W©Z H$aZo H$m ~hwV à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& na§Vw gmam Xoe jwãY hmo CR>m WmŸ& `h XoIH$aàYmZ_§Ìr H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ _V Ho$ gm_Zo AnZr JX©Z PwH$mZr nS>rŸ& na§Vw _oZZ Ho$ ~mX H$m¡Z`h àíZ WmŸ& ~XZm_ hwAm ajm {d^mJ ñdrH$ma H$aHo$ AnZm amOZ¡{VH$ {dî` YmoIo_| S>mbZo Ho$ {bE H$moB© r Á oð> ì`{ŠV CËgwH$ Zht WmŸ& Eogo g_` àYmZ_§Ìr Zo ÑT>Vmgo gyk {ZU© {b`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr lr. ed§Vamd MìhmU H$mo ajm _§ÌrnX H$s {Oå_oXmar ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$s {~Z§Vr H$sŸ& Bg gyk {ZU© Ho$ g§~§Y _| n§{S>VOrH$mA{^Z§XZ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& CgHo$ gmW hr èd§Vamd Zo AnZo amOZ¡{VH$ ^{dVì`H$m{dMma Z H$aVo hwE àYmZ_§Ìr H$s _XX Ho$ {bE Mbo OmZodmbo èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m^r A{^Z§XZ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& Zd§~a 1962 _| do {X„r J o Am¡a Y¡ © Zï> hwE goZm H$sAm¡a Zmng§X ajm _§Ìmb` H$s {Oå_oXmar ñdrH$ma brŸ& goZm _o§ _ZmoY¡ © nwZ… {Z_m©UH$aZm `h AnZm AmÚ H$V©ì` h¡ Am¡a goZm Am¡a ajm _§Ìmb` Ho$ ~rM hmoZodmbo g§Kfm]Ho$ H$maUm| H$mo {ZnQ>mZm `h AnZm _w»` H$V©ì` h¡Ÿ& `h ~mV èd§Vamd Ho$ Ü`mZ _|

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Vwa§V Am`rŸ& AnZo nyd© _§Ìr H$m CÔm_ ñd^md Am¡a Ah§_Ý` d¥{Îm h Ag§Vmof H$m _ybh¡ `h CÝhm|Zo nhMmZ {b`mŸ& Bg ~mao _| èd§Vamd H$m ñd^md {~bHw$b {déÕ WmŸ&CÝhm|Zo AnZo gm¡OÝ`nyU© ì`{ŠV_Îd go Am¡a gwg§ñH¥$V d¥{Îm go {X„r Ho$ amOZ¡{VH$ OrdZna AnZr N>mn S>mb XrŸ& ajm _§Ìmb` _| Aä`mgy d¥{Îm Am¡a {dÛÎmm BZ JwUm| Ho$ H$maUèd§Vamd Ho$ ~mao _| AmXa WmŸ& goZm Ho$ g^r ñVa na CÝh| _mZ WmŸ& Š`m|{H$ gmYmaUOdmZ H$s Anojm CÝh| bS>mB© H$s A{YH$ OmZH$mar h¡ Eogm Xmdm CÝhm|Zo H$^r Zht{H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$m¡eb go Am¡a g§ _ go CÝhm|Zo goZm Am¡a ajm _§Ìmb` H$moZOXrH$ bm`mŸ&

nhbm h_bm H$aZo Ho$ ~mX MrZ Zo AnZr Amoago wÕ {dam_ H$s KmofUm H$s Am¡a{V~oQ> _| AnZo goZm ñWb na do dmng J oŸ& {\$ago h_bm hmoZo H$s Ame§H$m hmoZo Ho$H$maU èd§Vamd Zo AZXoIr Zht H$s Ÿ& Bg{bE MrZHo$ {déÕ ajm ì`dñWm H$snwZa©MZm H$aZo H$m H$m ©H«$_ CÝhm|Zo AnZo hmW _| {b`mŸ& D§$Mr OJh na bS>Zo Ho$ {bECn wŠV h{W`mam| H$s gw{dYm H$aZm Am{X ~mVm| H$m g_mdoe WmŸ& {MZr goZm Ho$ gmW_wH$m~bm H$aZodmbo AnZr goZm Ho$ nmg BZ_| go EH$ ^r gw{dYm CnbãY Zht WrŸ&`mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZ CnbãY Z hmoZodmbo Xoe _| bS>mB© H$aZm ì`W© h¡Ÿ& Bg ~mV H$m CÝh|`H$sZ hwAmŸ& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV agX {_bZo H$s AÀN>r ì`dñWm Z hmo Vmo MT>mB© H$s H$moB©^r `moOZm g\$b Zht hmoJrŸ& Bg ~mV H$s CÝh| àVr{V WrŸ& Eogr ì`dñWm Z hmoZo gogooZm H$mo wÕ y{_ na oO XoZm mZr {H$ _¥Ë w H$s Am¡a namO` H$s ImB© _| (I§XH$, JT>o_|) YHo$bZm O¡gm h¡Ÿ& èd§Vamd Xm¡ao na OmVo g_` goZm H$mo agX nhw±MmZo H$s H¡$grì`dñWm h¡ BgH$m do ñd § {ZarjU H$aVo WoŸ&

ajm _§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| {Z wŠV hmoZo na àma§{^H$ H$mb _| ed§Vamd Ho$ gm_Zo _w»`àíZ B©emÝ` Am¡a CÎma gr_m H$m WmŸ& Eogm hmoVo hwE r CÝh| Oå_y H$mí_ra Am¡a ZmJmb±S>_| goZm H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$s {Oå_oXmar H$m Ehgmg WmŸ& em§{V joÌ _| aIo hwE goZm Ho$H$ë`mUH$s Am¡a gwpñW{V H$s do CVZr hr qMVm H$aVo WoŸ& "d§{MV hwE Hw$Qw>§~' Ho$ {bEAWm©V bS>mB© _| CbPo hwE A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$, OdmZm|Ho$ Hw$Qw>§~ Ho$ {bE ahZo H$s OJhCnbãY H$a XoZo H$s CÝhm|Zo ewê$AmV H$sŸ& V~ VH$ nyd© ajm _§Ìr Bg g§~§Y _| Hw$N> H$aZht gHo$Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ CÝh| {dÎmr` gbmhH$mam| Zo Bg H$m_ Ho$ {bE {Z{Y CnbãY Zht H$aXrŸ& nyd© ajm _§Ìr Zo {dÎmr` gbmhH$mam| Ho$ {ZU© H$m g_W©Z {H$`mŸ& bo{H$Z ed§VamdZo {dÎmr` gbmhH$mam|H$m {ZU© Xya H$a {X`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo {dÎm_§Ìr Ho$ gmW MMm© H$s Am¡aCÝhm|Zo h ~mV àYmZ_§Ìr Ho$ nmg nhw±Mm XrŸ& do h_oem H$hVo Wo {H$ goZm Ho$ A{YH$marAm¡a {gnm{h`m| Ho$ {bE Amn à`ËZ Zht H$a|Jo Vmo Xygao H$m¡Z H$a|JoŸ& Bg na OZab

Eg.nr.nr. WmoamV H$hVo h¢Ÿ - "h_ h_oem Ho$ {bE H¥$Vk ah|JoŸ&'èd§VamdZo _§Ìr nX ñdrH$ma boZo Ho$ ~mX Zo\$m-b‹S>mI H$s y{_ H$mo àË`j |Q>

XoH$a n[apñW{V H$m {ZarjU {H$`mŸ& _moM} na bS>Zodmbo OdmZ Am¡a A{YH$m[a`m| goCÝh| {Xbmgm {X`m, CZ _| AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U {H$`mŸ& ajm {df`H$ Omo g_ñ`mE± Wr,CÝhm|Zo CZH$s OmZH$mar bo brŸ&

èd§VamdZo ajm {d^mJ H$s {Oå_oXmar ñdrH$ma brŸ& V~ AnZo nmg ñdZmVrVbS>mHy$ hdmB© OhmO, ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>r Ho$ qbS>a {\«$JoQ>, d¡O §Vm ~»Va~§X Jm{S>`m±,{_J hdmB© OhmO Am¡a AÝ` AmYw{ZH$ eòmò Zht WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo ajm {d^mJ H$s EH$n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm V¡ ma H$s Am¡a dh g§gX _| _§Oya H$a br J`rŸ& Bg `moOZm _| goZmH$s AmR> nhmS>r {S>pìhOZ, 45 ñŠdmS´>ZH$m hdmB© Xb, Ama_ma Ho$ Am¡a wÕ gm{hË`CËnmXZ H|$Ð H$m ZyVZrH$aU Am¡a gr_m mJ _o§ _mJ© Am¡a AÝ` _yb yV gw{dYm CnbãYH$aZm Am{X H$m A§V^m©d WmŸ&

ÑT>Vmnyd©H$ à`ËZ Am¡a g_n©U H$s ^mdZm Ho$ Ûmam èd§VamdZo ajm ì`dñWmI‹S>r H$aHo$ ajm _§Ìmb` _| Am¡a goZm _w»`mb` _| A{YH$mar Am¡a H$_©Mmar VWm XoeH$s gr_m H$m ajU H$aZodmbo g¡{ZH$m| _| AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U {H$`mŸ& AnZo gmW H$m_H$aZodmbo A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo CÝhm|Zo nyU© g_W©Z {X`m Am¡a CZH$m {dídmg g§nmXZ {H$`mŸ&CgH$m n[aUm_ 1965 _| nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ gmW hwB© bS>mB© _| {XI nS>mŸ&

wÕ gm_J«r àmá H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go CÝhm|Zo A_[aH$m, a{e`m H$m Xm¡am {H$`mŸ&n§. Zohê$ Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ ~mX bmb~hmXya emñÌr àYmZ_§Ìr ~Z J oŸ& CZHo$ _§Ìr

_§S>b _| èd§Vamd ajm _§Ìr hmo J oŸ& CÝhm|Zo {\$a a{e`m H$m Xm¡am {H$`m Am¡a dhèñdr hwAmŸ& 1965 _| nm{H$ñVmZZo eamaV H$aZo H$s ewê$AmV H$sŸ& èd§Vamd ZogoZm H$mo V¡ ma ahZo H$m AmXoe {X`mŸ& nm{H$ñVmZ Ho$ AmH«$_U H$mo gm\$ CÎma {X`mŸ&^maVr` goZm Zo nmH$ H$s Eogr ZmH$m~§Xr H$s {H$ AÝV _| CÝh| wÕ {dam_ Kmo{fV H$aZmnS>mŸ& wÕ H$s g_m{á hmoZo na ^r XmoZmo Xoem| _| em§{V ñWm{nV Zht hwB© WrŸ& Cg g§~§Y_| ~mVMrV H$aZo Ho$ {bE èd§Vamd emòrOr Ho$ gmW VmíH§$X J o WoŸ& ~mVMrV hmoZona em§{V g_Pm¡Vo na hñVmja hwEŸ& CgHo$ ~mX emòrOr {dlm§{V Ho$ {bE AnZo H$_ao_| J o, dhm± öX` {dH$mg H$m PQ>H$m AmZogo CZH$m àmUmoËH«$_U hwAmŸ& èd§VamdCZH$m nm{W©d Xoh boH$a maV _| Am oŸ& maV Ho$ g_W© ajm-_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| maV-nmH$wÕ Ho$ \¡$gbo go CZH$s à{V_m àH$me_mZ ~ZrŸ& goZm _| OdmZm| Ho$ Am¡a A{YH$m[a`m|

Ho$ _Z _| CZHo$ ~mao _| Ma_ gr_m H$m AmXa Am¡a AmË_r`Vm ~‹T> J`rŸ&bmb ~hmXya emòr Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ ~mX èd§Vamd H$mo àYmZ_§Ìr ~ZZo H$m _m¡H$m

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Am`m WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$mo AnZm g_W©Z {X`mŸ& {\$a do B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ _§S>b _oajm _§Ìr hmo J oŸ&

1963 Ho$ Aà¡b _hrZo _| VwbOm^dmZr Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ {bE èd§Vamd J o WoŸ&VwbOmnya H$s g^m _| ^mfU H$aVo hwE g§ajU H$m AW© ñnï> H$aVo hwE g§ajU H$sì`m»`m ñnï> H$s - "^maV H$m ajU H$aZm h¡ BgH$m AW© maV Zo {OZ ZdrZ VÎdm| H$s{h\$mOV H$s h¡Ÿ& {OZ VÎdm| Ho$ ~b na AnZm ñdmV§Í` I‹S>m {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CZ VÎdm| H$mAm¡a ñdmV§Í` H$m h_o§ ajU H$aZm h¡Ÿ& àg§J Am`m Vmo h_o AnZm àmU XoH$a h_o hrAnZr {Oå_oXmar {Z^mZr Mm{hEŸ&' Bg mfU go ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ajm _§Ìr ed§VamdZo ^maV Ho$ bmoJm| _| amï´>dmX, g§ajU Am¡a gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ {df` _| àIaVm H$s{h\$mOV H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

ajm _§Ìr èd§Vamd MìhmU Xmo ~mVm| na nb XoVo h¢Ÿ& EH$ `mZr {H$ {hÝXwñWmZEH$ amï´> ~Zm hwAm h¡ Am¡a {H$VZo ^r Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> Am o Vmo h_ CZgo _wH$m~bm H$agH$Vo h¢ h ~mV maVr` VéUm| H$mo AÝ` amï´>m|Ho$ gm_Zo bmZr Mm{hEŸ& CZH$s Xoe^{ŠVH$s gƒr H$gm¡Q>r CZHo$ ~Vm©d go bJoJrŸ& Ho$db ZoVmna AWdm nj na {Z ©a Z ahH$aha EH$ gyk ZmJ[aH$ H$mo amï´> {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE g_{n©V hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&

gyk ZmJ[aH$ H$mo gaH$ma na {Z ©a ahZm amï´>r` {hV H$m Zht h¡Ÿ& amï´> Ho$ gm_Zo{deofV… A§VJ©V g§ajU `h H${R>Z àíZ ~Zm hwAm h¡Ÿ& `h ~mV h_o ñdrH$ma H$aZrnS>oJrŸ& A~ amï´>r` g§ajU h EH$ gyk ZmJ[aH$m| H$m mJ h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE VËna ahZmH$mb H$s Oê$aV h¡Ÿ&

B©. g. 1962 _| MrZ H$s Amoa go maV H$m hwAm _mZhm[ZH$ nam^d go àYmZ_§ÌrZohê$ nyU©V… d¡Mm[aH$ Ñ{ï> go MH$am J o WoŸ& Bg g_` lr. èd§Vamd MìhmU Zo ajm_§Ìr nX Ho$ gyÌ AnZo hmW _| {b oŸ& èd§Vamd `h EH$ CËH¥$ï> g§ajH$ Am¡a {dMmaH$WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo g§ajU Am¡a gm_m{OH$Vm Ho$ g§~§Y _| Omo mfU {H$ o WoŸ& o ~hwY«wdr` WoŸ&OmJ{VH$ amOZr{V Ho$ H$mb _| ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ {bE _mJ©Xe©H$ h¡Ÿ&

ajm _§Ìr èd§Vamd Zo Xoe H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE Omo A{ÛVr` H$m © {H$`m h¡, dhAmYw{ZH$ maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| gwdU© Ajam| go {bIm Om oJm>Ÿ& _oar Ñ{ï> go h _hmamï´>H$m gøm{Ð lr. èd§Vamd MìhmU B{Vhmg H$m gwZham nÞm h¡Ÿ& èd§Vamd Ho$ H$V©¥ËdHo$ H$maU ^maVr` OZVm h_oem CZH$m ñ_aU H$aVr ahoJrŸ&

(4) J¥h_§Ìr

JwbPmarbmb Z§Xm J¥h_§Ìr WoŸ& J¥h_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$m H$m ©H$mb g§nyU© Ag\$b

hwAm WmŸ& _mŠg©dmXr H$å w{ZñQ>m| Ho$ {déÕ Am`mo{OV X_ZMH«$ Cnm`m| go do ~hwV ~XZm_hwE WoŸ& CZHo$ Hw$N> {ZU© Am¡a H¥${V`m± ~hwV dmXJ«ñV WrŸ& do g~ J¡a{Oå_oXma R>harŸ&O¡go gmYwAm| Ho$ {ZXe©Zm| Ho$ àH$aU _| Am±gYwAm±, JmobrH$m§S> Am¡a Owë_ H$s Zr{V Am{XH¥${V`m| Ho$ H$maU CÝh| J¥h_§Ìr nX go {ZH$mbZm Amdí`H$ WmŸ& V~ CZH$s OJhnaH$m¡Z? h àíZ O~ {Z_m©U hwAm V~ ed§Vamd H$m Zm_ gm_Zo Am`m Am¡a lr_Vr Jm§YrZo èd§Vamd H$m J¥h_§Ìr nX Ho$ {bE MwZmd {H$`mŸ&

èd§Vamd J¥h_§Ìr hwEŸ& {\$a Z`r {Oå_oXmar Am¡a Z o AmìhmZ CZHo$ gm_Zo WoŸ&J¥h_§Ìr nX h g§gX _| ~S>o gå_mZ H$m nX CÝh| {_bmŸ& Bg H$mb _| Xoe H$s n[apñW{Vñ\$moQ>H$ hwB© WrŸ& èd§VamdZo em§{V Am¡a gwì`dñWm aIH$a Cgo nyd© nX na bmZo H$m_hÎdnyU© H$m © {H$`mŸ&

Hw$b {_bmH$a ed§Vamd Zo J¥h_§Ìr nX H$s {Oå_oXmar AÀN>r Vah g§ mbrŸ& hg_` CZHo$ _§{ÌnX H$m gwZham H$mb WmŸ& {dnj Ho$ ^{‹S>_ma H$mo em§{V go, CÎmo{OV ZhmoVo hwE CÎma XoZm, {XŠH$V Ho$ àíZ em§{V go Am¡a gm_monMmago gwbPZm `h CZH$snÕV WrŸ&

1967 Ho$ MwZmd Ho$ ~mX do B§{XamOr Ho$ _§{Ì_§S>b _| {\$a go J¥h_§Ìr hwEŸ&1967 Ho$ MwZmd _| Xoe _| 9 amÁ`m| _| H$m±J«ogoVa {dYm`H$ Xb H$s gaH$ma Am`r WrŸ&B©emÝ` maV Ho$ amÁ`m| _| AñdñWVm Am¡a \w$Q>raVmdmXr àd¥{Îm`m±± ~‹T> ahr WrŸ& ed§VamdZoCZ ^mJm| H$m Xm¡am {H$`m WmŸ& dhm± Ho$ OZOrdZ Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$m Aä`mg {H$`mŸ&CgHo$ AZwgma Cg àXoe _| bmoJm| H$s _m±Jo Ü`mZ _| boH$a CZH$s Hw$N> amÁ`m| _| {d^mOZH$aZo H$s {e\$m[ag H$sŸ& g§gX Zo Cgo _§Owar XoZona Cg àXoe _| AÀN>r Vah em§{VàñWm{nV hwB©Ÿ&

J¥h {d^mJ H$s ì`m{á ~‹S>r WrŸ& amï´>r` OrdZ Ho$ Mmam| Amoa go g§~§Y WmŸ& H$mZyZAm¡a gwì`dñWm A~m{YV aIZogo boH$a Am§VaamÁ` g§~§Ym| VH$ àË oH$ joÌ _| Ag§»`CbPo hwE àíZ {Z_m©U hwE WoŸ& Bg g_` ed§Vamd Ho$ hmW _| J¥h {d^mJ Ho$ gyÌ Am oWoŸ& Hw$b {_bmH$a dh df© maVr` amOZr{V _| ~hwV Vrd« g§Kf© H$m WmŸ& qhXwAm| Ho$ Am¡aerIm| Ho$ OrUm}ÕmaH$m àíZ CâH$a gm_Zo Am`m WmŸ& ^m{fH$-àmXo{eH$ Apñ_VmYmaXma ~Zr hwB© WrŸ& AmË_XhZ H$s Y_{H$`m± XoH$a g§V \$ÎmoqgJ Am¡a AmR> erI ZoVmJ¥h_§Ìmb` H$mo AmdmhZ Xo aho WoŸ& CÎma àXoe, _Ü` àXoe Am¡a {~hma Ho$ {dÚm{W© m| H$mAg§Vmof X~mZo Ho$ {bE nw{bg {d^mJ A_mZwf ñVa VH$ nhw±M J`m WmŸ& MìhmU Zo H$m ©^ma boZo na VrZhr {XZm| _| {dÚm{W© m| H$m Owbyg MbH$a Am`mŸ&

MìhmUZo AnZr e¡br go BZ àíZm| H$s Amoa Ü`mZ {X`mŸ& àmg§{JH$ {dÐmoh H$m

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X_Z h {H$gr r àíZ Ho$ {ZUm© H$ gwbPmZo H$m _mJ© Zht hmo gH$VmŸ Eogr MìhmU H$snŠH$s Zr{V WrŸ& {d{dY g{_{V`m± {Z wŠV H$a Ho$ ha EH$ àíZ H$s _ybJ«mhr {M{H$Ëgm,{df`m| H$m gdmªJrU Ñ{ï> go Aä`mg H$a {ZU© {bE Am¡a CZH$s H$ma©dmB© H$sŸ& ed§VamdO~ J¥h_§Ìr Wo V~ CÝhm|Zo AnZr gÎmm H$m Cn`moJ amï´> H$s nwamoJm_r, Am{W©H$ Am¡agm_m{OH$ CÔoí` gmÜ` H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m Am¡a Xoe Ho$ gm_Zo hmoZodmbo AmdmhZm| H$m~S>o gm_Ï © go _wH$m~bm {H$`mŸ&

(5) AW©_§Ìr

B§{Xam Jm§YrZo 26 OyZ 1970 _| èd§VamdOr H$mo AW© {d^mJ gm¢n {X`mŸ&CÝhm|Zo O~ {dÎm_§Ìr H$m H$m © ma ñdrH$ma {b`m V~ dh H$mb Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï>go~hwV H${R>Z WmŸ&

AW©ì`dñWm {~Iar hwB© WrŸ& AZoH$ ~mVm| H$m A^md WmŸ& AW©gmYZ An`m©áWoŸ& OrdZmdí`H$ dñVwAm| H$s H$_r, {H$_Vm| _| d¥{Õ Am{X àíZm| Ho$ H$maU {XŠH$Vo n¡Xmhmo J`r WrŸ& gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmar, J«m_rU ~oH$mar, O_rZ gwYma Eogo Ag§»` àíZ WoŸ&BgHo$ {gdm` nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ go maV _| AmZo dmbo {Zdm©{gVm| Ho$ {Jamoh amoH$Zo Ho$ {bEAm§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ûmam {H$ o J o à`ËZ Ag\$b hmo J o WoŸ& {\$a maV-nm{H$ñVmZ g§Kf© AQ>b WmŸ& ~m§Jbm Xoe H$s {Z{_©{V, _Ü`nyd© _| gwbJm hwAm Aa~-Bòm`br g§Kf©, Vob H$s ~T>r hwB© H$s_V| Am{X g~ à{VHy$b KQ>ZmAm| go ^maV Ho$Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm na àM§S> ~moP nS>m hwAm WmŸ& H|$Ðr` {dÎm_§Ìr ed§Vamd H$mo BZ g~~mVm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS> ahm WmŸ&

CgHo$ gmW hr Xoem§VJ©V _yë` d¥{Õ na {Z §ÌU aIZm Amdí`H$ WmŸ& amOZ¡{VH$Ñ{ï> go h ~hwV H${R>Z H$m_ WmŸ& ed§Vamd H$moB© AW©VÁk Zht WoŸ& na§Vw AnZo D$nagm¢nr hwB© H$moB© ^r {Oå_oXmar à`ËZ H$a Ho$ I~aXmar go nma H$aZo H$s CZH$s d¥{Îm goAm¡a AZoH$ VZmd {I§Mmd H$m g_Ýd` H$aZo Ho$ H$m¡eb go {dÎm_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$mH$m ©H$mb g§ñ_aUr` hmo J`mŸ&

Cg H$mb _| CÝhm|Zo AnZr H$ënZm _| hmoZodmbr AW© {df`H$ Zr{V H$m h_oemg_W©Z {H$`mŸ& amï´> H$m {dH$mg ~ZmZo _| CZH$m ~hwV ~S>m Cn`moJ hwAmŸ& CÝhmo§Zo AW©{d^mJ _| Am_ybmJ« ~Xb {H$ oŸ& VËnaVm go AÀN>r Vah H$mamo~ma {H$`mŸ& ~¢H$m| H$mamï´>r`rH$aU, g§ñWm{ZH$m| Ho$ VZIo ~§X H$aZm Am{X {df`m| H$m gdmªJrU Aä`mg H$aHo$CÝhm|Zo {ZU© {b`m, o {ZU© H$m`m©pÝdV {H$ oŸ& AW©_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| CZHo$ Ûmam {b o hwE{ZU© Xoe H$s AW© ì`dñWm na XrK©H$mb n[aUm_ H$aZodmbo R>ha J oŸ&

(6) {dXoe _§Ìr

11 AŠVy~a 1974 _| B§{XamOr Zo èd§Vamd na {dXoe _§Ìr H$s {Oå_oXmargm¢nrŸ& Bg{bE do AµZoH$ Xoem| go |Q> XoZo Ho$ {bE J o WoŸ& Bg{bE AZoH$ {dXoe amï´>à_wIm|go, Hy$Q>Zr{Vkm|go |Q> XoH$a ^maV Ho$ {dXoe g§~§Y {df`H$ MMm© H$aZr nS>rŸ&CÝhm|Zo A{báVm H$s Zr{V H$m g_W©Z {H$`mŸ& maV-A_[aH$m, maV-a{e`m, maV-nm{H$ñVmZ, maV-MrZ BZ g~ _| amOZ¡{VH$ g§~§Y gwYma Ho$ {b o CÝhm|Zo gVV à`ËZ{H$ oŸ& CÝhm|Zo {dXoe {d^mJ H$m¡eb go g§ mbmŸ& CÝhm|Zo maV H$mo à{Vð>m àmá H$a XrŸ&{d{^Þ amï>m| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$m ©H«$_ Omo A§_b _| bm o h¢, CÝhm|Zo CgH$m àË`j AdbmoH$Z{H$`mŸ& Am§Vaamï´>r` amOZr{V H$m Jham Aä`mg, {dñV¥V d¡{dÜ`nyU© AZw d Am¡a{d{dY amï´> à_wIm| go CÝhm|Zo OmoS>o hwE g§~§Ym| Ho$ H$maU Am§Vaamï´>r` joÌ _| èd§VamdH$m à^md _hgyg hmo ahm WmŸ& 1971 _| {dXoe _§Ìr hmoZona nm{H$ñVmZ go wÕ hwAmŸ&^maV H$mo g§ajU {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ {bE ed§VamdZo Xm¡am {H$`mŸ& CgHo$ ~mX do a{e`m Ho$Xm¡ao na J o Am¡a g§ajU g_Pm¡Vm {H$`mŸ& Zohê$-B§{XamàUrV {dXoe Zr{V AmJo aI XrŸ&

(7) Cn àYmZ_§Ìr

Owb¡ 1979 _| CÝh| {\$a go _m¡H$m Am`m Wm, na§Vw H$m±J«og g§gXr` nj Zo Mm¡YarMaUqgJ H$mo g_W©Z XoZo H$m {ZU© {b`mŸ& ed§Vamd MaUqgJ _§Ìr_§S>b _| CnàYmZ_§Ìrhmo J oŸ& na§Vw CZH$s gaH$ma AënH$mb {Q>H$s ahrŸ& {\$a ^r Cn àYmZ_§Ìr H$s Ñ{ï >goèd§Vamd H$m H$m ©H$mb àe§gZr` ahmŸ&

(8) {dÎm Am`moJ Ho$ AÜ`j

1980 _| hwE MwZmd Ho$ ~mX lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr {\$a go àYmZ_§Ìr ~Z J`rŸ&OZ_V H$m H$m¡b Ü`mZ _| boH$a èd§VamdOr H$mo Am` H$m±J«og _| àdoe {X`mŸ& CgHo$~mX B§{XamOrZo CZH$s {Z`moOZ Am`moJ Ho$ AÜ`j nX na {Z w{ŠV H$sŸ& dh H$m_ ^rCÝhm|Zo AÀN>r Vah {H$`mŸ&

(9) {damoYr nj ZoVm

1977 Ho$ MwZmd _| B§{Xam H$m±J«og H$s namO` hwB© Am¡a ed§Vamd {damoYr nj ZoVm~Z J oŸ& na§Vw `h Z`r y{_H$m CÝh| A{à` bJrŸ& {damoYr nj ZoVm Ho$ ê$n _| CZH$mH$m ©H$mb ~hwV R>rH$ Zht ahmŸ& AZoH$ àg§Jm| _| CÝh| B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$m amof ñdrH$maZm

119 120


nS>mŸ& Bg H$mb _| amOZr{V Ho$ Xm±dn|M H$_ nS>Zo bJoŸ&èd§Vamd MìhmU gƒo AWm} _| _hmamï´> Ho$ ZoVm WoŸ& do _hmamï´> àemgZ _| Am¡a

nj Ho$ ^r à_wI WoŸ& O~ do _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr Wo V~ CZH$m H$m ©H$mb èñdrhwAmŸ& CZHo$ àË oH$ {ZU© H$m ñdmJV hwAm, na§Vw H|$Ðr` amOZr{V _| CZHo$ àË oH${ZU© H$m ñdmJV Zht hwAmŸ& AZoH$ àg§Jm| _| CÝh| Xygam| Ho$ {dMma ñdrH$ma H$aZo nS>oŸ&O~ do {d{^Þ {d^mJm| Ho$ _§Ìr Wo V~ CÝh| ñdV§Ì {ZU© boZm g§ d Zht hmo gH$Vm WmŸ&BZ g~ ~mVm| Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ {dMma _| Am¡a H$m © _| ~mYm nS>r WrŸ&

èd§Vamd AÝVVH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr ahVo Vmo gÚ pñW{V _| _hmamï´> H$m{MÌ AbJ {XImB© XoVmŸ& em`X _hmamï´> H$s A yVnyd© àJ{V hmo OmVrŸ& na§Vw h {Z`{VHo$ _Z _| Zht WmŸ& _amR>r amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX èd§Vamd Ho$db Xmo dfª hr_hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr ah gHo$Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Ho$db {dH$mgm| H$s {XemE± {ZpíMV H$s WrŸ&CÝhm|Zo moOZmE± ~Zm`rŸ& na§Vw CZHo$ _Z _| _hmamï´> Ho$ {bE Omo moOZmE± Wr dh àË`jH¥${V _| Zht Am`rŸ& AÝVVH$ CÝh| _hmamï´> Ho$ ~mao _| A§V_©Z _| AmñWm Am¡a ào_ WmŸ&

Hw$b {_bmH$a ed§Vamd MìhmU Zo g§gXr` g{Md go ñdV§Ì {d^mJ VH$ AZoH$nX {d y{fV {H$ oŸ& BZ _| _hmamï> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr, maV Ho$ ajm _§Ìr, J¥h_§Ìr, {dXoe_§Ìr,AW©_§Ìr, {damoYr njZoVm Am{X _hÎdnyU© Cƒ nX g± mboŸ& BZ nXmo§ na ahH$a amï´>r`ñVa na Omo _hÎdnyU© H$m © {H$`m CgHo$ H$maU maV H$s nhMmZ g§gma _| EH$ _hÎdnyU©amï´> Ho$ ê$n _| »`m{V {Z_m©U hwB©Ÿ& `h h_mao Xoe Ho$ {bE _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm h¡Ÿ&

gmam§e - Hw$N> _Zwî` OÝ_V… ~S>o hmoVo h¡, Hw$N> _Zwî` na ~S>ßnZ bmXm OmVm h¡Ÿ&Hw$N> AndmXmË_H$ _Zwî` AnZo A§J Ho$ JwUm| go Am¡a H$V©¥Ëd go ~S>o hmoVo h¢, EogmOJà{gÕ ZmQ>H$H$ma eoŠg{nà H$m EH$ dMZ h¡Ÿ& ñdH$V©¥Ëd go Am¡a H$m © go JwUd§V,èd§V Am¡a H$s{V©d§V hmoZodmbo AndmXmË_H$ _Zwî`mo _| ed§Vamd h EH$ AJ«JÊ` WoŸ&

"Om{Vd§V Zm`H$ hm Aï> n¡by Zìho {d{dY n¡by Agbobm AgVmo' Eogm hr EH$gw m{fV h¡Ÿ&

AnZo H$V©¥Ëd Am¡a ZoV¥Ëd go ed§Vamd gm_mÝ` _| go Agm_mÝ` WoŸ& ed§VamdZm_ H$s ì`{ŠV ~‹S>r WrŸ& {dMma go, AmMma go ~w{Õ_Îmm go, H$V©¥Ëd go Am¡a _Zwî`VmgoŸ& 1940 go 1980 Ho$ Xa{_`mZ Omo nrT>r Wr CgH$m AZw d Cg nrT>r H$mo Am`m h¡Ÿ&{OÝhm|Zo èd§Vamd H$mo 40 dfm] go XoIm, CÝhm|Zo CX²Jma {ZH$mbo - "Eogm _Zwî` hmoZmAg§ dŸ&'

EH$ N>moQ>ogo XohmV _| Jar~, A{e{jV n[adma _| CZH$m OÝ_ hwAmŸ& Am{W©H${dd§MZm Am¡a Jar~r _| CZH$m ~MnZ {~VmŸ& {ejm boVo g_` AZoH$ AS>MZ| Am`rŸ&{ejm boVo g_` CÝhm|Zo ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ _| r mJ {b`mŸ& Eogm H$V©¥ËddmZ {dÚmWu_Zwî` H$amS> Ho$ _whëbo go amOYmZr {Xëbr VH$ Om nhw±MmŸ& CÝhm|Zo _hmamï´> _| hr Zht,Vmo Xoe _| Am¡a g§gma _| H$s{V©, »`m{V àmá H$sŸ& h {H$VZm àe§gZr` H$m © H$V©¥Ëd h¡Ÿ&

amOZr{V _|, g_mOH$maUm| _|, {ejm _|, gm{hË`H$mb _| ag boH$a AnZm gh`moJXoH$a èd§VamdOr Zo _hmamï´> Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| H$mo a§J, ê$n {X`m Am¡a _hmamï´> ~S>mH$aZo _| Am¡a AmJo bo OmZo _| AnZm _hÎdnyU© {hñgm CR>m {b`mŸ& gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ _|H$m_ H$aZodmbr EH$ Z`r {nT>r V¡ ma H$s Am¡a èd§Vamd Cg Z`r {nT>r Ho$ {eboXma~Z J oŸ&

emgH$s` nXm|na H$m_ H$aVo hwE CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$m © go N>mn S>mbr Am¡a àJ{Verbamï´> aMZm H$m H$m © {H$`mŸ&

_m± _amR>r Ho$ _hmamï´> Ho$ Bg "èd§V' y{_nwÌ Zo AmOÝ_ Xoe-godm Ho$ d«V H$mnmbZ {H$`m WmŸ& 25 Zd§~a 1984 _| CZH$m {ZYZ hwAmŸ& CZHo$ {ZYZ go H$^r ^râ Z AmZodmbm CZH$m ñWmZ [aŠV hwAm WmŸ& èd§Vamd EH$ ~S>o {dMmad§V Am¡aZr{V_mZ, gV²erb, VÎderb, nwamoJm_r, H$V©¥Ëd g§nÞ Hy$Q>Zr{Vk Am¡a _hmamï´> amÁ`Ho$ {eënH$ma WoŸ& amOZr{V _| go g_mOH$maU H$aZodmbo H$V©¥Ëd ZoVm H$mo _hmamï´> {dÝ_wIhmo J`mŸ&

èd§Vamd ajm _§Ìr AnZo goZm{YH$m[a`m| _|, goZm _|, gZXr Am¡a ZmJarA{YH$m[a`m| _| {à` hmo J oŸ& aj _§Ìr ~ZZo na CÝhm|Zo g§ajU emò _| hmoZodmbr gyú_~mVm| H$m AÀN>r Vah Aä`mg {H$`mŸ& 1971 Ho$ wÕ Ho$ g_` ajm _§Ìr Z hmoVo hwE ràYmZ_§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Zo nm{H$ñVmZr g¡{ZH$m| Ûmam eaUmJ{V ñdrH$ma H$a EH$ Va\$mwÕ {dam_ Kmo{fV H$aZo Ho$ nyd© AHo$bo ed§Vamd H$mo ~wbmH$a àW_ {dídmg _| boH$a

AZm¡nMm[aH$ {dMma {d_e© H$a CZHo$ ZoV¥Ëd Ho$ {df` _| AnZr AmñWm Am¡a AmXaàH$Q> {H$`m WmŸ&

121 122


(7) {d{dY {df`m|na èd§VamdOr Ho$ {dMma

(1) amï´>dmX

àm_m{UH$ amï>dmXr {dMma o ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb _| àma§{^H$ 20 dfm] _| ZoV¥Ëd H$md¡{eîQ>ç WmŸ& èd§Vamd Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo AZw dm| H$s gmW WrŸ& Cg_§o grYmnZ Am¡agabVm WrŸ& Bg{bE gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$mo CZHo$ {dMma ng§X nS>Vo WoŸ&

1957 _| Zm{eH$ _| _hmamï´> gm_m{OH$ n[afX Ho$ {Vgao A{YdoeZ H$m CX²KmQ>ZH$aVo hþE èd§VamdZo AnZo ^mfU _| H$hm {H$ - "^maV EH$ amï´> ~Zm hþAm h¡ EogoAnZo ZoVm {MëbmH$a H$hVo ahVo h¢Ÿ& amÁ` KQ>Zm Zo ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$Ëd H$s ì`m»`m_§Oya H$s h¡Ÿ& na Cg ZmJ[aH$Ëd H$m AZw d AmZm Mm{hEŸ& h_o amOZ¡{VH$ ñdmV§Í`{_bm hþAm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ nrN>o gm_m{OH$ _yë` Am¡a gm_m{OH$ àoaUm Z hmo Vmo dh ñdmV§Í`ì`W© h¡Ÿ& nwamZr lÕmAm| H$mo {MnH$H$a Z ahH$a Z`r lÕmAm| H$s ImoO H$aZr Mm{hEŸ&amOZr{V nhbo {H$ g_mOH$maU nhbo `h ^mJ AàñVwV h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ amOZr{Vg_mOH$maU H$m EH$ ^mJ h¡Ÿ&'

gm§àV Ho$ {dkmZ wJ _| {dkmZ Ho$ {dÜd§gH$ ñdê$n go Xþ{Z`m H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bEgm_{OH$ n[afX O¡gr g§ñWmAm| H$mo Z o _yë` Am¡a Z`r àoaUmE± XoZr Mm{hEŸ&

^maV Zo H${R>Z à`ËZ H$aHo$ ñdmV§Í` àmá {H$`m h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z A~ h_o Ho$dbamOZ¡{VH$ ñdmV§Í` Zht Mm{hEŸ& CgHo$ {bE Z o _yë`, Z`r àoaUm Am¡a Z o {dMmag_mO ZoVm hr Xo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& A~ AmË_g§emoYZ H$s A{YH$ Oê$aV h¡Ÿ& {ZS>a ^maVr`ZmJ[aH$Ëd H$m nmbZ nmofU hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& {ZS>a ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$Ëd Ho$db amOZ¡{VH$ZoVm {Z_m©U Zht H$a gH$VoŸ& CgHo$ {bE g_mOH$maUm| H$s A{YH$ Oê$aV h¡Ÿ&

Bg {dMma go EH$ gƒm ^maVr` AnZo gm_Zo IS>m ahVm h¡Ÿ& AmO h_o `h{ZpíMV ê$n go ñdrH$ma H$aZm nS>oJm {H$ h_ bmoJm| Zo ^maV H$m EH$ OZV§Ì amÁ`{Z_m©U {H$`m h¡Ÿ& na maV H$m EH$ OZV§Ì amï´> {Z_m©U Zht hwAm h¡Ÿ& amÁ` h m¡{VH$g§H$ënZm h¡Ÿ& OZg§»`m, yàXoe, emgZg§ñWm Am¡a gmd© m¡_Ëd o Mma KQ>>H$ hmoZonaamÁ` {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ& na amï´> h _mZ{gH$ AdñWm h¡Ÿ& dh àË oH$ ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ _Z _|ÑT> hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& "`h Xoe _oam h¡' Eogo àË oH$ maVr` ZmJ[aH$ H$mo àm_m{UH$Vmgo bJoJm Vmo EH$ amï´> {Z_m©U hmoJmŸ& na§Vw AmO hr Amn maV h EH$ amï´> h¡ Eogm H$hZo

H$m gmhg H$moB© Zht H$a gH$VmŸ& Y_©, OmV, n§W, mfm Ho$ AmYmana N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Koao Xoe_| {Z_m©U hþE h¢ Am¡a ì`{ŠV H$s {Zð>m Bg Koao Ho$ Amgnmg H|${ÐV hþB© h¡Ÿ& Xoe Ho$ {df`_| {dMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE g_` h¡ {H$g Ho$ nmg? nhbo n[adma, {\$a OmV, CgHo$ ~mXY_©, àXoe, ^mfm, {\$a g_` eof ahm Vmo Xoe!

Bg gm_m{OH$ n[afX _| ed§Vamd AmJo H$hVo h¢ {H$ - "OZV§Ì g\$b H$aZo Ho${bE Ho$db MwZmd H$s amOZr{V Cn`moJ _| Zht Am oJrŸ& `h ~mV njr` ZoVmAm| H$monhMmZZr Mm{hEŸ& g_mOH$maU `h amOZ¡{VH$ ny±Or Zht hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& amOZr{V_| goOm{V`Vm H$mo EH$gmW {ZH$mb XoZm Mm{hEŸ& nwamZo gS>Ho$ {dMma \o§$H$H$a Z o {dYm`H${dMma, Z`r _mZdVm H$m nmbZ nmofU H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& Xoe H$s àJ{V H$s Ñ{ï> go H$X_H$X_ na AmJo OmZm hmo Vmo gm_m{OH$ gwYma H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoZm Mm{hEŸ&'

èd§Vamd Ho$ {dMma Ho$db amï´>VH$ gr{_V Zht h¢Ÿ& AmO Vmo Xþ{Z`m {Ogd¡pídH$ d¥{Îm go ZOXrH$ Am ahr h¡, amï´> H$s AW©ì`dñWm H$m ñdV§Ì H$_ _hÎdnyU© hmoOmZo go g§nyU© Xþ{Z`m H$s EH$ AW©ì`dñWm ~Z ahr h¡Ÿ, {Ogo h_ OmJ{VH$sH$aU H$hVoh¢, CgH$m {dMma èd§Vamd Ho$ ZoV¥ËdZo 50 df© nyd© àH$Q> {H$`m WmŸ&

do H$hVo h¢ - "n§Merb `h VÎd g§ wŠV amï´> g§KQ>Zm Ho$ g_yh {hV Ho$ VÎdm| gogwg§JV h¡Ÿ& n§Merb VÎd H$m àMma hþAm {H$ gmar Xþ{Z`m EH$Ì Am oJr, EH$ n[admaAmam_ go gwI go ah gHo$JmŸ& VWm{n h H$ënZm AmgmZr go ñdrH¥$V Zht H$s Om oJrŸ&Š`m|{H$ CgH$m ñdê$n hr Eogm hmoVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ {bE _mZ{gH$ H«$m§{V H$s A{YH$Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a àg§J AmZo na H$ï> r ~Xm©íV H$aZo nS>|JoŸ&' do AmJo H$hVo h¢- "{d{^Þ amï´>m| _| g_PXmar bmZo H$s Ñ{ï> go Amn H$mo Bg H$m © Ho$ {bE g_{n©V hmoZmMm{hEŸ& `WmdH$me wÕ H$m nyU©V… {dZme hmoJm `mZr {H$ wÕ Zht hm|JoŸ& g§nyU© em§{V~Zr ahoJrŸ& ^maV Xþ{Z`m H$mo em§{V Am¡a g{hîUwVm H$m g§Xoe nhþ±MmZo H$s ghmæ`VmH$aoJmŸ&' maV H$s AmÜ`mpË_H$ e{ŠV Ho$ {df` _| {H$VZm AmË_{dídmg? Am¡a XÿaJm_r{dMma H$aZo H$s j_VmŸ& BVZr D±$MmB© na OmH$a {dMma Am¡a H¥${V H$aZo H$s CZH$sj_Vm àe§gZr` h¡Ÿ& Bgr g§X © _| g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$m àíZ r ed§Vamd amï´>r` Ñ{ï> gohb H$aZm MmhVo WoŸ& CZH$s `h H¥${V àe§gZr` Ed§ C{MV h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ nrN>o CZH$mÑ{ï>H$moZ `hr Wm {H$ {H$gr ^r Vah go amï´> H$mo hm{Z Z nhþ±MoŸ& {H$VZm CXmÎm Ñ{ï>H$moZh¡ CZH$mŸ&

(2) {ejm

AmO Ho$ {dÚm{W© m| H$s {ejm H$m {dH$mg hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& dhr AmO H$m gƒm

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àíZ h¡Ÿ& CZ _| hmoZodmbm AkmZ Xÿa H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& o _hÎdnyU© ~Xb bmZo Ho$ {bEnhbr Xmo n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmE± hþB©Ÿ& na§Vw {H$gmZ H$mo gM_wM \$m`Xm Zht hþAm h¡Ÿ& `hgM h¡ {H$ IoVr _| gwYma Zht hþAm CgHo$ {bE {H$gmZm| H$mo Am¡a CZHo$ bS>H$m| H$mo Cƒ{ejm {_bZr Mm{hEŸ& Cgo J±dma aIH$a CZH$m {dH$mg H¡$go hmoJm? Z`m {dMma, Z`m_Zwî` {Z_m©U {H$ o ~J¡a Hw$N> gmÜ` Zht hmoJmŸ& _¢ `h Z`m gnZm XoI ahm hÿ±Ÿ& `h Vmo_hmamï´> amÁ` H$m gnZm h¡Ÿ&

èd§VamdZo {ejm joÌ H$mo ~S>m _hÎd {X`m h¡Ÿ& _hmamï´> amÁ` ñWmnZ hmoZo Ho$~mX CÝhm|Zo Jar~ n[adma _| go Am o hþE {dÚm{W© m| H$mo {ejm {df`H$ \$sg H$s_wAm\$s H$s ghÿ{b`Vo XrŸ& BgHo$ gmW hr J«m_rU {d^mJ _| {ejm g§ñWm, J«m_rU{dÚmb` Am¡a _hm{dÚmb` ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {deof ghÿ{bVo Om{ha H$sŸ& Cgg_` {Og J{V go J«m_rU {d^mJ _| H$m°boO {Z_m©U hþE h¡§, Cggo {ejm {df`H$ XOm©KQ> Om oJm Am¡a J«m_rU joÌ _| {dÚm{W© m| H$mo Xþæ`_ XOm© H$s {ejm {_boJr EogrAmbmoMZm H$s J`rŸ& Hw$N> {dÛmZ bmoJm|Zo CWbr {ejm H$hH$a AmbmoMZm H$aHo$ Hw$N>Amjon {b oŸ& èd§Vamd H$mo dh AmbmoMZm _§Oya Zht Wr, CÝhm|Zo ñdrH$ma ^r Zht{H$`mŸ& na CÝhm|Zo H$hm -"_¢ {Og {d^mJ _| ahVm hÿ±, dhm± H¥$îUm ZXr H$m nmÌ CWbh¡Ÿ& na§Vw H¥$îUm ZXr O¡go nyd© H$s Amoa ~hVr h¡, d¡go CgH$m nmÌ Jham ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ&AmO Omo {ejm Amn H$mo em`X CWb bJVr hmoŸ& Cg {ejm H$m XOm© Hw$N> dfm] Ho$ ~mXKQ>oJm BgHo$ ~mao _| _oao _Z _| eH$ Zht h¡Ÿ& AmO AmnZo J«m_rU joÌ _| \¡$bm hþAm {ejmH$m Omb XoIm Vmo dhm± H$hZo _| ~hþV VÏ` h¡Ÿ& AmO H$b AZoH$ df© Eg. Eg. gr. Am¡ahmà goH§$S>ar _| Omo bS>Ho$ àW_ loUr _| AmVo h¢, Cg _| àYmZV… J«m_rU {d^mJ _|bS>H$m| H$m à_mU A{YH$ h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ nhbo XmXa Am¡a nwUo Ho$ bS>Ho$ nhbo Xg-~rgH«$_m§H$ _| AmVo Wo, na§Vw dh {MÌ AmO ~Xb J`m h¡Ÿ& AmO bmVya {d^mJ _| Omo{dÚmWu àW_ loUr _o§ AmVo h¢, CZHo$ {df` _| g§nyU© _hmamï´> AmíM ©M{H$V hþAm h¡Ÿ&'

_hmamï´> amÁ` OZV§Ì g_mOdmX H$s à`moJembm ~Zo Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo ~hþV à`ËZ{H$ oŸ& CgH$s Zrd S>mbZo H$m Am¡a Cg na B_maV IS>o H$aZo H$m H$m © {ejm H$mo H$aZmnS>Vm h¡ `h nhMmZZo H$s Ñï>r èd§Vamd H$mo WrŸ& B{Vhmg H$m EH$ {Okmgy, Aä`mgyAm¡a g¥OZerb {dMma g§nÞ, EH$ Ðï>m ZoVm, àemgH$ hmoZo H$m ^m½` àmá hmoZo Ho$H$maU {ejm H$s A{Zdm ©Vm CÝhm|Zo Ü`mZ _| brŸ&

25 AJñV 1960 _| {dYmZg^m _| "OZV§Ì {Z`moOZ' Bg {df`na _hÎdnyU©{dMma àH$Q> H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo {ejm Ho$ g§~§Y _| AnZo {dMma ñnï> {H$ o -

(1) _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm _| ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejm na A{YH$ Omoa {X`m J`mŸ&

(2) hmo{e`ma Am¡a ~w{ÕdmZ {dÚm{W© m| H$mo {H$gr àH$ma H$s AS>MZo§ Z Am oŸ&Bg{bE CÝh| {eî`d¥{ÎmÛmam _XX H$s Om oJrŸ& Eogr y{_H$m CÝhm|Zo brŸ&

(3) Bg Zr{V Ho$ à^mdr A_b Ho$ {bE B©.~r.gr. H$s ghþ{b`V Om{ha H$sŸ&_hmamï´> amÁ` Zo ñdV§ÌVm go CR>m`r J`r `h nwamoJm_r Zr{V h¡Ÿ&

(4) {nN>S>o hþE {dÚm{W© m| H$mo {eî`d¥{Îm`m± XoZo H$s Zr{V AnZm`rŸ&(5) bmoH$^mfm h kmZ^mfm hmoZr Mm{hE h {df` ~hþV _ybJm_r ñdê$n H$m

hmoVm h¡Ÿ&(6) {ejm g§ñH¥${V H$m àdoeÛma h¡Ÿ&(7) {ejm{df`H$ joÌ _| gVV à`moJerbVm AmVr ahoŸ& Eogr CZH$s Anojm

WrŸ&(8) _hmamï´> emgZ Zo {ZOr g§ñWmAm| H$mo V§Ì {ZHo$VZ Am¡a B§{O{ZAg© H$m°boO

ImobZo H$s BOmOV XrŸ& `h _hmamï´> emgZ H$m {ZU© H«$m§{VH$mar h¡Ÿ& èd§VamdZoBgH$m ñdmJV {H$`mŸ&

(9) {dkmZ V§ÌkmZ H$s ghmæ`Vm go _hmamï´> gwObm_ gw\$bm_ H$a|Jo EogmCZH$m {dídmg WmŸ&

(10) CÚmoJ Y§Xo Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE à{ejm XoZr Mm{hEŸ& l{_H$ à{e{jVhmoZona Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE CgH$m \$m`Xm hmoJmŸ& à{e{jV l{_H$ Z o V§Ì H$m,§Ì H$m BñVo_mb H$aZo Ho$ {bE àd¥Îm hmoJmŸ& Bggo Z o CÞ{V H$m _mJ© l{_H$ H$mo àmá

hmoJmŸ& Bggo Jar~r H$_ hmoJr Am¡a noeo Ho$ _m¢Ho$ _| d¥{Õ hmoJrŸ&_Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ _| CXmÎm _yë`m| H$m ~rOmamonZ {ejm Ho$ Ûmam hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {dMma

gm_Ï © Ho$ gmW hr g§doXZerbVm XoZo H$m H$m © hr {ejm XoVr h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ {ejm _| ~S>rg§ñH$maj_Vm Nw>nr h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` H$m _Z {ejm Ho$ g§ñH$ma go A{YH$ g§nÞ {H$ o {~Zmg_mO gƒo AWm] go g_P Zht nmVmŸ& ì`{ŠV Ho$ d¡Mm[aH$ Am¡a ^md{ZH$ g_¥{Õ Ho${bE {ejm {OVZr A{Zdm © h¡, CVZmhr dh g_mO Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH${dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& {ejm àgma Ho${bE amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$,gm§ñH¥${VH$ _hÎd hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& {df_Vm Ho$ XbXb _| am¢Xo hwE Am¡a Om{V-Om{V _|nrgo hwE g_mO H$mo Vmo {ejm Ho$ {~Zm àJ{V H$m {dMma H$aZm g§ d Zht h¡Ÿ& kmZ^mfmAm¡a bmoH$^mfm EH$ hwE {~Zm g_mO H$m OrdZ g_W© Am¡a {dH${gV Zht hmoVmŸ&

{ejm go _Zwî` H$s ~m¡{ÕH$ ~¡R>H$ _O~yV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {dMmam| _| àJë^Vm AmVrh¡ Am¡a {ZU© boZo Ho$ {bE _Z H$mo g_Vwë`Vm AmVr h¡Ÿ&

"{H$gr H$maU gwI go Mbm h¡ {H$ Zhr§ `h XoIZo Ho$ {bE O¡go EH$mY òr agmoB©

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Ka _| Pm±H$H$a XoIH$a V` H$aVr h¡ d¡go {H$gr _hm{dÚmb` H$s àJ{V dhm± H$m J«§Wmb`XoIH$a H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&'

{h_mb` Ho$ D$na H$s J§Jm O~ ^JraWr ~ZH$a yVb na AmVr h¡, V~hr dhbmoH$mon`moJr ~ZVr h¡Ÿ& Cgr Ho$ AZwgma kmZ H$s J§Jm g_mO Ho$ {ZMbo ñVa VH$nhw±MZr Mm{hEŸ& Eogm hwAm Vmo dh g~ Ho$ {bE H$ë`mUH$mar hmoJmŸ&

Cn w©ŠV {ddoMZ go ñnï> h¡ {H$ CZHo$ {ejm {df`H$ {dMma Am¡a gm_mÝ` OZm|Ho$ à{V hmoZodmbr AmË_r`Vm àH$Q> hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {ejm go hr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z Am¡a Zdg_mO {Z{_©{V hmo gH$Vr h¡ h CZHo$ _Z H$s Zr{V WrŸ& {ejm H$m àM§S> àdmh _hmamï´>Ho$ àË oH$ XohmV _| nhw±M OmZm Mm{hEŸ& Am¡a CZ XohmVmo _| Z`r {nT>r gw{e{jV hmoZrMm{hEŸ& {ejm Ho$ AmYma go H«$m§{V hmo gH$Vr h¡ `h CZH$m {dMma WmŸ&

S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR> Ho$ Cnm{YXmZ g_mamoh _|èd§VamdZo H$hm - "{dÚmnrR> _| hmoZodmbo {dÚm{W© m| H$mo ñWm{ZH$ àíZ g_PH$a CÝh|gwbPmZo Mm{hEŸ& g§Hw${MV àmXo{eH$ ^md _Z _| go {ZH$mb XoZo Mm{hEŸ& _amR>dmS>mO¡go _hmamï´> H$m KQ>H$ h¡ d¡go _hmamï´> ^r `h Bg Xoe H$m EH$ KQ>H$ h¡Ÿ& Bg _| amï´>rÈH$Vm H$mo _hÎd XoZm Mm{hEŸ&'

{dÚm H$s CnmgZm g~ H$mo H$aZr Mm{hEŸ& {dÚm Ho$ {gdm` g^r CÚmoJ A§Yo h¢Ÿ&`h CZH$s gd© ì`mnr H$ënZm WrŸ& {ejm h ì`{ŠV Ho$ {dH$mg H$m EH$ gmYZ h¡ Am¡adh gmVË`nyU© à{H«$`m h¡Ÿ& {ejm Ho$ AmYma na _Zwî` ~b H$s H$m ©j_Vm ~T>mH$a_mZdr` _yë` Am¡a Ü o H$m nmbZ nmofU hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo àmW{_H$,_mÜ`{_H$ Am¡a Cƒ {ejm H$mo _hÎd {X`mŸ& Cƒ {ejm H$m bm^ g~ H$mo hmoZmMm{hEŸ& A{e{jV wdH$ H$s Anojm {e{jV wdH$ o AÀN>o h¢Ÿ& {dÚmnrR> Zo {dÚm{W© m|H$mo _mV¥ mfm _| {ejm {_bZr Mm{hEŸ& {ejm _| ~war àWmAm| H$m CƒmQ>Z h {ejm gohmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& _hmamï´> _| VéUm| H$mo Cƒ {ejm Ho$ gmW Vm§{ÌH$ {ejm boZr Mm{hEŸ&Š`m|{H$ Bg {ejm go amï´> gm_Ï ©dmZ hmoJmŸ& A_[aH$m _| _hmamï´>r` VéU V§Ìkm|H$mg_mdoe A{YH$ h¡ hr ed§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ {ejm {df`H$ {dMmam| H$s \$blw{V h¡Ÿ&èd§Vamd MìhmUZo _hmamï´> _| òr {ejm Am¡a H¥${f {ejm H$mo _hÎd {X`mŸ& CgHo$ {bE{dÚmnrR> H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& ~hwOZ g_mO _| bS>Ho$-bS>{H$`m| H$mo ghO gwb^ ar{V go{ejm boZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ [aAm`Vo, {deofV… B. ~r. gr. ghÿ{b`V Xr J`rŸ& Bg{bEVmo ~hwOZ g_mO _| AZoH$ VéU S>m°ŠQ>a, B§{OZrà, {ejH$, dH$sb, d[að> A{YH$marAm{X nXm|na {damO_mZ hwE Amn XoIVo h¢Ÿ&

_hmamï> _| AZoH$ {ejm g§ñWmAm| H$mo g^r AWm]go _XX H$s h¡Ÿ& H$_©dra mD$amd

nmQ>rb Ho$ Ûmam ewê$ H$s hwB© a`V {ejU g§ñWmAm| H$mo Am{W©H$ _XX H$sŸ& AmJoèd§Vamd Bg g§ñWm Ho$ AÜ`j hwEŸ& Am w Ho$ A§{V_ j_ VH$ do Bg nXna H$m ©aV WoŸ&Bg nXna ahVo hwE Vwåh| gdm©{YH$ AmZ§X H$~ bJoJmŸ& Bg àíZ H$m CÎma XoVo hwE CÝhm|ZoH$hm {H$ - "_¢ _hmamï´> H$m _w»`_§Ìr hwAm, CgH$s Anojm _wPo A{YH$ AmZ§X _¢ a`V{ejU g§ñWm H$m AÜ`j hwAmŸV~ hþAmŸ& _¢ OrdZ _| amOZr{V Zht H$aVm Vmo _¢ CÎm_gm{hpË`H$ AWdm {ejH$ hmo OmVmŸ&' Bg mdZm go ed§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ _Z _| {ejm{df`H$ Omo AmË_r`Vm Wr dh ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&

_hmamï´> {Z{_©{V Ho$ gmW _amR>r ^mfm H$mo amO^mfm H$m XOm© {_b J`mŸ& Cƒ{ejm Ho$ XadmOo g^r bmoJm| H$mo Iwbo hwE Eogr n[apñW{V _| O~ Cƒ {ejm Ho$ g§X © _|^mfm H$m àíZ {Z_m©U hwAm V~ èd§Vamd MìhmUZo H$hm {H$ Cƒ {ejm _mV¥ mfm _|XoZm Mm{hEŸ& {ejm h_o {ZMbo ñVa VH$ nhw±MmZm hmoJm Vmo dh {dXoer ^mfm _| H¡$gonhw±M Om oJm? Eogm _yb yV àíZ àH$m{eV H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo CnpñWV {H$`mŸ& XohmVm| H$mXoe hmoZodmbm maV A§YlÕ, {ZajaVm, Jar~r BZ _| CbP J`m h¡Ÿ& Eogr n[apñW{V _|{dXoer ^mfm H$m AmYma boH$a Cgo kmZm_¥V {nbmZo H$m V` hwAm Vmo CZH$s Ñ{ï> goAZmH$bZr` ~Z Om oJmŸ& EH$ Vmo CZHo$ gm_Zo AZoH$ àíZ h¡Ÿ& Eogr n[apñW{V _| Z oàíZ ~Xm©ñV H$aZo H$s e{ŠV CZ _| H$hm± go Am Om oJrŸ& Eogr gmW© r{V do ì`ŠV H$aVoh¢Ÿ& bmoJm| H$mo CZH$s _mV¥ mfm _| kmZ boZo Xmo `h H$hH$a bmoH$^mfm Am¡a kmZ^mfmEH$ hr hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& Eogo do AmJ«h H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

èd§VamdZo {ejm H$mo g§ñH¥${V H$m àdoeÛma _mZm h¡Ÿ& Cggo g_mO H$m gdmªJrU{dH$mg Vmo hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& bo{H$Z CgHo$ gmW {ejm go amï´> H$m g_J« gm§§ñH¥${VH$n[adV©Z H$m _mÜ`_ ~ZmZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Eogo èd§Vamd H$mo bJ ahm WmŸ& {ejm boZm`h EH$ ^m¡{VH$ KQ>Zm Z hmoH$a {ejm go ì`{ŠV H$mo gwg§ñH¥$V Am¡a g§doXZerb ~ZmZoH$m EH$ gmYZ h¡Ÿ& èd§Vamd Bg ~mV H$m g_W©Z H$aVo WoŸ& _Zwî` gƒo AWm] _|"_Zwî`' ~ZZo H$s à{H«$`m {ejm Ho$ g§ñH$ma go hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bg {dMma na èd§Vamd H$sAnma lÕm Am¡a {dídmg WmŸ&

_hmamï´> Ho$ {eënH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| ed§Vamd H$m gm_Ï © gd©_mÝ` h¡Ÿ& ed§VamdHo$ ZoV¥Ëd {_bZo Ho$ H$maU _hmamï´> H$m ^m½` {ZIa J`mŸ& AmO Ho$ _hmamï´> H$mo gƒoAWm} Zo "_hm-amï´>' ~ZmZo H$m gå_mZ èd§VamdOr H$mo h¡Ÿ&

Xoe H$s àJ{V dhm± H$s {ejm na {Z ©a h¡ h CÝhm|Zo OmZ {b`m Wm Am¡a {ejmhr g_mO n[adV©Z H$m EH$ à^mdr gmYZ h¡Ÿ `h nhMmZ H$a èd§Vamd MìhmU Zo_hmamï´> Ho$ e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU H$mo J{V_mZ {H$`mŸ& {ejm H$m àMma Am¡a àgma H$aZo

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Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo AZoH$ ghy{b`Vo XoH$a {ejm H$m àM§S> àdmh _hmamï´> Ho$ àË oH$ eha _|Am¡a àË oH$ XohmV _| nhw±Mm {X`mŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo àË oH$ ì`{ŠV H$mo _mV¥ mfm _o§ {ejm XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na ~b{X`mŸ& gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$mo {dXoer mfm _| g§ d Zht h¡Ÿ& kmZ^mfm Am¡a bmoH$^mfm hwE~J¡a g_mO H$m OrdZ g_W© Zht hmo gHo$JmŸ& J«m_rU {ejm AWm©V Amgnmg Ho${d^mJm| H$m {dH$mg H$aZo H$m gmYZ O~ {ejm ~ZoJm V~ Cgo Cn wŠV {ejm H$hmOm oJmŸ& e¡j{UH$ g§~§Y _| eha Am¡a XohmV _| XmoZm| _| A§Va H$_ nS> ahm h¡ Eogm S>aCÝh| bJVm Wm, AV… h A§Va H$_ H$aZo H$s OéaV na do A{YH$ a XoVo h¢Ÿ& H$moB© r{ejm àíZ gwbPmZodmbr hmoZr Mm{hE, dh àíZ {Z_m©U H$aZodmbr hmo Vmo CgH$mnwZ_©yë`m§H$Z {H$`m OmZm Mm{hEŸ&

{ejm `h OrdZXm`r J§Jm h¡Ÿ& {H$gmZ, _OXya, X{bV, nXX{bVm| Ho$ XhbrOVH$ nhw±M Om oŸ& Bg Ñ{ï> go emgH$s` Zr{V èd§Vamd Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| emgZ Zo ê$naoImV¡ ma H$sŸ& g_mO _| Am{W©H$ Xw~©b KQ>H$m| H$mo _wAm\$s {ejm, CgHo$ gmW hr ~ñVrAm¡a H$m{\$bo VH$ embm-_hm{dÚmb`m| H$m {dñVma {H$`m J`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo EH$ ~ma H$hmWm - Mass Education is silent revoluation JwUdÎmm Ho$ Zm_ na ~hwOZm| H$mo{ejm BÝH$ma H$a Xr J`r WrŸ& Bg{bE CZ _| {Zamem \¡$br WrŸ& ed§Vamd H$mo B{VhmgH$m kmZ WmŸ& _hmamï´> _| g§V, dra, namH«$_r, {dÛmZ, Xoe^ŠV Am¡a amOZr{Vk bmoJm|H$s na§nam h¡Ÿ& èd§VamdZo Cg na§nam _| A§Va nS>Zo Zht {X`mŸ& n[adV©Zerb _hmamï´>H$mo ed§Vamd Ho$ ê$n go ì` gnZm nS>m WmŸ& àË oH$ eha _| Am¡a XohmV _| {ejm H¡$gonhw±M Om oJr BgHo$ {bE emgH$s` Zr{V A_b _| bm`rŸ&

_mZ{gH$ Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ gm_Ï © Ho$ {bE {ejm g_mO H|${ÐV H$sŸ& Bg{bE VmoAmO J«m_rU Am¡a Am{Xdmgr mJ _| {dÚmWu A{^`m§{ÌH$s, d¡ÚH$s`, V§Ì{df`H$ joÌ_| Zm_ H$_m aho h¢Ÿ& {ejm A§{V_ _Zwî` VH$ nhw±M Om oŸ& BgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo bmoH$m{^_wI{ZU© {b oŸ& XohmV _| Jar~m| Ho$ {df` _| ~hwV ào_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU èd§VamdZo {ejU{df`H$ CnH«$_ H$m`m©pÝdV {H$ oŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo gƒo AWm] _| " wJm§Va' {Z_m©U{H$`mŸ& ñdmV§Í` Zm_ H$s g§H$ënZm H$mo _yV© ñdê$n àmá H$a XoZo Ho$ {bE Xmo ~mVm| H$sOê$aV h¡Ÿ& EH$ amoQ>r Am¡a Xygao kmZŸ& dh {dH$mg H$s Mm^r h¡Ÿ& ed§VamdZo h Mm^r~hwOZm| H$mo gm¢n XrŸ& Bgr H$maU h_ èd§Vamd H$mo h_ _yb yV Ñ{ï> Ho$ ê$n _|nhMmZVo h¡Ÿ&

S>m°. Hw$_ma gáfu èd§Vamd Ho$ {df` _| H$hVo h¢ - "OZVm H$s gm_wXm{`H${ddoH$ ~w{Õna ÑT> {dídmg hmoZodmbm àkmd§V amOZr{Vk, {dMmam| H$m gå_mZ H$aZodmbm

Am¡a _amR>r _Zwî` AnZo _Zmo{díd H$m H|$Ðq~Xy _mZZodmbm ZoVm WmŸ& {dMmam| H$samOZr{V H$aZodmbo èd§Vamd H$mo n§{S>V Zohê$ Zo gøm{Ð H$m _hm_oê$ Eogr Cnm{Y XrWrŸ&'

_hmamï´> Ho$ g_mO H$maUm| _| AZoH$ VÎdm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Omo H«$m§{V hmo J`r h¡ CZ_| go {ejm joÌ h EH$ _hÎdnyU© VÎd h¡Ÿ& _hmË_m \w$bo Am¡a gm{dÌr \w$bo BZ XmoZm| Zoàm¡T> {ejm, òr {ejm Am¡a g_mO{ejm BZHo$ _mÜ`_ go H«$m§{VH$maH$ H$m © H$m àma§{H$`mŸ&

èd§VamdZo _hmË_m \w$bo H$m H$m © AmJo Mbm`mŸ& CÚmoJ, IoVr Am¡a {ejm oèd§Vamd Ho$ emgH$s` Zr{V H$s {ÌgyÌr WrŸ&

èd§Vamd {ejm H$s Amoa Oê$aV Ho$ gmW Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$m EH$ _yb yVgmYZ H$s Amoa XoIVo WoŸ& {ejm H$m _hÎd {deX H$aVo hwE èd§Vamd H$hVo h¢ -"{ejm H$m àH$me g_mO Ho$ ApÝV_ ñVa VH$ h_ bo Om gHo$ Vmo _hmamï´> H$s e{ŠVBVZr ~T>oJr Vmo Cgo {H$gr H$s H¥$nm na {Z ©a ahZo H$m H$moB© H$maU Zht ahoJmŸ& dhAnZm Am¡a AnZo amï´> H$s ajm H$aoJmŸ&' {ejm Ho$ g§~§Y _| CZH$m _ybJm_r `hrÑ{ï>H$moZ WmŸ&

èd§Vamd H$hVo h¢ - "kmZ `h EH$ e{ŠV h¡Ÿ& {dÚm `h EH$ àH$ma H$s D$Om©h¡ Vmo {ejm `h ObqgMZ h¡Ÿ&'

_hmamï´> H$mo BVZr ~‹S>r e¡j{UH$ na§nam hmoVo hwE r AmO H$s VéU {nT>r ñWmZñWmZ na OmVr`dmX H$aVr h¡ BgH$m _wPo IoX h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma H$s Om{V oX H$s Xrdma§oVmoS>H$a ed§Vamd H$mo _mZdVmdmX àñWm{nV H$aZm WmŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$m ©H$mb_| gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a g_Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ H$mZyZ ~Zm oŸ&

AZoH$ {n{T>`m± {ejm go d§{MV ah J`r WrŸ& Bg{bE èd§Vamd CÝh| {ejm XoZoHo$ {bE H${Q>~Õ hmo J oŸ& Ohm± Jm±d dhm± àmW{_H$ embm ñWmnZ H$a Ho$ {ejm àMmaH$m H$m © ~T>m`mŸ& _wâV Am¡a gŠVs H$s {ejm, àmW{_H$ embm H$m IoVr {df`H$~o{gH$ OrdZ {ejm embm _| ê$nm§Va, àmW{_H$ embmAm| H$s ñdV§Ì B_maVo Eogo XyaXeu{ZU© CÝhm|Zo {b oŸ&

_mÜ`{_H$ {ejm `h AW©nyU© Am¡a gd©ñneu hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& g_mO Ho$ Am{W©H$,gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌ _| AZoH$ {dY àíZm| H$m Cg _| {dMma hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&Eogr _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm H$s ì`mnH$Vm ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo AZoH$ {ZU© boH$a OZ{hVH$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& J«m_rU ^mJ _| A{YH$m{YH$ {dÚm{W© m| H$mo _mÜ`{_H$ {ejmH$m Adga {_bZm Mm{hEŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo {ZOr g§ñWmAm| H$mo hmBñHy$b ImobZo H$s

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BOmOV XrŸ& BgHo$ gmWhr CÝhm|Zo BZ g§ñWmAm| H$mo AZwXmZ XoZo H$s `moOZm A_b _|bm`rŸ& _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm H$m XOm© ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE 7 _mM© 1960 H$mo nwZm _| Eg.Eg.gr.~moS>© H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ&

g_Vm na AmYm[aV g_mO {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE Am{W©H$ {dH$mg h EH$ _hÎdH$m gmYZ h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma H$s g_mO aMZm H$m gnZm gmH$ma hmoZo Ho$ {bE {ejm H$sAmdí`H$Vm h¡Ÿ& g_mO _| AkmZ, Xm[aÐ`, ê$T>r, na§nam, gZmVZr àd¥{Îm`m± Zï> H$aZrhmo Vmo ha EH$ _Zwî` H$mo {ejm H$s "{Vgar Am±I' Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

èd§VamdZo Jar~ {dÚm{W© m| H$mo B. ~r.gr. H$s ghÿ{b`V XoZo na AmbmoMH$m|Zo H$hm {H$ Bg {ZU© go hOmam| ~oH$ma {Z_m©U hm|JoŸ& èd§VamdZo BgH$m CÎma XoVo hwEH$hm - "_wPo A{e{jV ~oH$mam| H$s \$m¡O H$s Anojm gw{e{jV ~oH$mam| H$s \$m¡OMboJrŸ& Š`m|{H$ do Xoe Ho$ àíZ Ü`mZ _| boH$a CÝh| gwbPmZo H$m à`ËZ Vmo H$a gH|$JoŸ&'

do H$hVo h¡ {H$ - "_Zwî` Ho$ nmg Omo Omo AÀN>m h¡ CgH$m Jm¡ad hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&{dÚm Ho$ _§{Xa _| {H$gr àH$ma H$m oX Z hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& kmZm_¥V H$s ß`mg ha EH$ H$mohmoZr Mm{hEŸ& g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm _| `h VÎd à_wIVm go _mZm OmZm Mm{hEŸ&'

Ho$db {ejm H$s nÕ{V _| Am¡a {e{jV wdH$m| H$s _Zmod¥{Îm _| ~Xb H$aZmMm{hEŸ& Ho$db Zm¡H$ar àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE AWdm CXa{Zdm©h H$m CÚmoJ àmá H$aZo Ho$gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| {ejm H$s Amoa XoIZm C{MV Zht h¡Ÿ& {ejm go wdH$m| _| Zm¡H$ar noeoH$s {Z_m©U hmooZodmbr àd¥{Îm KmVH$ h¡Ÿ& {ejm Am¡a Zm¡H$ar H$m g§~§Y OmoS>Zm C{MVZht h¡Ÿ&

Cƒ {ejm Ho$ g§X © _| ed§Vamd H$hVo h¡ {H$ - Cƒ {ejm na _wQ²>R>râ bmoJm|H$s d¡Mm[aH$ d¥{Õ ê$H$ J`r Vmo g_mO H$s AYmoJ{V hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE Á`mXh goÁ`mXm bmoJm| VH$ Cƒ {ejm H$m bm^ nhw±MmZm Mm{hEŸ& Eogm hwAm Vmo OmV, Y_©, n§WAm{X g§Hw${MV d¥{Îm _| go g_mO ~mha nS>H$a gm_m{OH$ OrdZ A{YH$ {ZXm}f, gm\$,ñdñW hmo gHo$JmŸ&

{dÚmnrR>r` {ejm _|, Aä`mgH«$_ _| H$m¡Zgr ~mVm| H$m g_mdoe hmoZm Mm{hE?g§emoYZ H$m © {H$g àH$ma hmoZm Mm{hE? Bg g§~§Y _| èd§VamdZo H$hm - "Vw_ {OgH$mbI§S> _| ahVo hmo, {Og àXoe _| ahVo hmo Cgr H$mbI§S> _o§ Am¡a àXoe _| Omo Ádb§VàíZ h¢, Cg {d^mJ H$s _hÎdnyU© Oê$aVo h¢Ÿ& dhm± KQ>Zodmbr KQ>ZmE±, dñVwpñW{V h¡BZ g~H$m Jham Aä`mg, g§emoYZ H$m © hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& {Og àXoe _| {dÚmnrR>h¡, {dÚmnrR> H$mo Cg àXoe H$m A{d^mÁ` ^mJ ~ZZm Mm{hEŸ&'

kmZ^mfm `h _mV¥ mfm, bmoH$^mfm hmo Bg{bE {ejm H$m _mÜ`_ _mV¥ mfm hmo

`h _. Jm§Yr H$s y{_H$m èd§Vamd H$mo _§Oya WrŸ& CZHo$ _VmZwgma `{X {ejm {ZMboñVa VH$ nhw±MmZm hmo Vmo {dXoer ^mfm _| XoH$a Zht MboJmŸ& {ejm _mV¥ mfm _| XoZrMm{hEŸ& kmZ^mfm Am¡a bmoH$^mfm EH$ hwE ~J¡a g_mO, CÞV {dH${gV Zht hmoJmŸ&^mfm H$m gƒm gm_Ï © {dMma H$aZo _| h¢Ÿ& {dXoer mfm _| {dMmam| H$s Anojm nmR>m§Vana Omoa ahVm h¡Ÿ& h_mao {dMmam| H$mo MmbZm Zht {_b gHo$Jr Vmo Bgr àH$ma H$s {ejm{ZH$å_r hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ^maV _| àmMrZ H$mb go kmZ^mfm Am¡a _mV¥ mfm BZ XmoZm| _|AbJmd WmŸ& Bg{bE gm_mÝ` _Zwî` VH$ kmZ AWdm {dMma nhw±M Zht gHo$Ÿ&

g§jon _| {ejm go g^r g_mO g_W© hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ {ejm H$m àdmgAgË` H$s Amoa go gË` H$s Amoa, A§YH$ma H$s Amoa go àH$me H$s Amoa, _¥Ë w go A_¥VH$s Amoa hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE {ejm go Vwåh| g_W© ~ZmZm h¡ Am¡a g_mO OrdZ Vwåh| g_W©~ZdmZm h¡Ÿ& {ejm go g_mO OrdZ g_W© ~Z gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

èd§VamdZo {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo {dMma ì`ŠV H$aVo hwE H$hm h¡ - "_¢ VrZ^mfm H$m nwañH$Vm© hÿ± {Ogo W«r b±½doO \$m°å ©wbm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& {Og _| _mV¥ mfm Ho$ gmW{hÝXr amï´>^mfm, {hÝXr Ho$ gmW Hw$N> H$mb VH$ A§J«oOr ^mfm hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&'èd§Vamd Ho$ _VmZwgma h_mao Xoe _| Cƒ {ejm H$m _mÜ`_ ^r _mV¥ mfm _| hr hmoZmMm{hEŸ& Š`m|{H$ {dXoer ^mfm _| Cƒ {ejm Xr J`r Vmo g_mO A§{V_ ñVa VH$ dhnhw±MoJm Vmo H¡$go?

gM Vmo `h h¡ {H$ ^mfm `h {dMma Ho$ nrN>o AmVr h¡Ÿ& ^mfm H$m gƒm gm_Ï ©{dMma ì`ŠV H$aZo _| h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE mfm ì`ŠV H$aZo go g§nÞ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& mfm Ho$ {dH$mggo gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§nÞVm ~T>Vr h¡ Am¡a BZ g~ ~mVm| H$m g§H«$_U g§dY©Z Cƒ {ejm gohmoZm Mm{hEŸ&

_mV¥ mfm go {ejm Xr OmZo go _amR>r ^mfm kmZdm{hZr hmoJrŸ& CgHo$ {b oCÝhm|Zo d¡go {ZU© {b oŸ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo _hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>b H$sñWmnZm H$sŸ& _amR>r {dídH$moe {Z{_©{V H$m H$m © ^r CÝhm|Zo {H$`mŸ&

1960 _| _hm~boída _| Am`mo{OV H$m±J«og H$m ©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ {e~ra Ho$ g_mamonàg§J _| ed§Vamd Zo H$hm - "_¢ Amngo H$hVm hÿ± {H$ {ejm H$s Amoa Ho$db gm_m{OH$Oê$aV H$s Ñ{ï> go _¢ Zht XoIVmŸ& _oao _V go {ejm `h EH$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$m EH$_yb yV gmYZ h¡Ÿ& h_ _| e{ŠV {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_mao nmg _Zwî` ~b Ho$ {gdm`Xygam H$moB© gmYZ Zht h¡Ÿ& h_o Bg gmYZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo {ejm H$s OmoS>XoZm h¡Ÿ& XohmV _| {~Obr nhw±Mo {~Zm O¡go IoVr H$m {dH$mg Zht hmoVm d¡go h_mamAZwnOmD$ nS>m hwAm _Zwî` ~b H$m h Omo ~S>m gmYZ g§n{Îm mJ h¡ Cg _| {ejm H$s

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{~Obr {b o {~Zm Zdgm_Ï © Zht hmoJmŸ& {ejm H$s Amoa XoIZo H$m `hr _oam Ñ{ï>H$moZh¡Ÿ&'

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{ejm `h g_mO n[adV©Z H$m EH$ à^mdr gmYZ h¡ Bg na CZH$m ÑT> {dídmgWmŸ& IoVr H$m emòr` {ejm H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ bmoJm| _| ~‹T>mZm Mm{hEŸ& nT>m hwAm _Zwî`{H$gmZ hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& Vwåhmar IoVr Vwåhmam {dMma Z ahH$a Xoe H$m {df` ~Zm hwAmh¡Ÿ& Vwåhmar IoVr _| Zht {nHo$Jr Vmo Vwåhmam Zgr~ AWdm m½` Zht {nHo$JmŸ& ed§VamdHo$ o eãX {H$VZo XyaXeu Am¡a Jhao h¡§ Omo IoVr H$m {dMma H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

{H$gmZ IoVr H$s Amoa ì`dgm` Ho$ ê$n _| XoIVm Zht, dh Cgo OrdZ {Zdm©h Ho$gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| XoIVm h¡Ÿ& ì`dgm` AWdm Y§Xm H$aZodmbm _Zwî` Y§Xo _| {_bZodmbm_wZm\o$ H$m Am{W©H$ \$m`Xo Ho$ {bE BñVo_mb H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE IoVr ì`mnmar VÎdm| naH$aZr Mm{hEŸ& Eogm hwAm Vmo {H$gmZm| H$m CËH$f© hmo gHo$JmŸ&

IoVr Ho$ AmYw{ZH$sH$aU g§~§Y _| h_ ~hwV nrN>o nS>o h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE IoVr H$m{dH$mg Zht hwAm h¡Ÿ& IoVr Ho$ {dH$mg _| H$O© H$m àíZ, ImX, ~rO, nmZr ny{V© H$màíZ _hÎd H$m h¡Ÿ& CgH$m Nw>Q>H$mam C{MV nÕ{V go Zht hmoVmŸ& Bg{bE g¡H$S>m| dfm] goIoVr H$m {dH$mg R>ha J`m h¡Ÿ&

{H$gmZ AkmZr hmoZo go H$moB© ^r à~moYZH$mar {dMma VwaÝV ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVoŸ&`hr _Zmod¥{Îm IoVr Ho$ Vm§{ÌH$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ~mYm ~ZVr h¡Ÿ& ^maVr` {H$gmZm| ZoIoVr Am¡a {ejm BZ XmoZm| H$m g§~§Y VmoS> {X`mŸ h¡Ÿ& {H$gmZ Am¡a IoVr go g§~§{YV _Zwî`{dÛmZ hwE ~J¡a IoVr _| hmoZodmbr hm{Z Q>b Zht gHo$JrŸ& Bg{bE {H$gmZ H$mo AH$b_§XH$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo AmYw{ZH$ nÕ{V go IoVr H$m kmZ XoH$a CgH$m AkmZ Xya H$aZmMm{hEŸ& Bg{bE IoVremò Ho$ Aä`mg Ho$ {bE A{YH$ _hÎd XoZm Mm{hEŸ& IoVr H$mZ`m V§ÌkmZ, emòr` kmZ H$s àË`j IoVr _| à`moJ H$s Oê$aV Am¡a n[adV©Z goAmZodmbr IoVr _| Am{W©H$ g_¥{Õ hr _yb {df` boH$a na§namJV IoVr H$s H$ënZm XyahQ>mZo H$m AmìhmZ {H$`mŸ& Z o à`moJ H$m kmZ {H$gmZ Ho$ bS>H$m| VH$ nhw±M OmZmMm{hEŸ& Bg{bE H¥${f {dÚmnrR> H$s ñWmnZm na Omoa {X`mŸ& èd§VamdZo AJwAmB© H$aHo$ naÛr Am¡a AH$mobm _| H¥${f {dÚmnrR> H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& {H$gmZ Am¡a IoVr gog§~§{YV bmoJ {dÛmZ, g_PXma Zht hm|Jo V~VH$ ^maVr` IoVr CnOmD$ Zht hmoJrŸ&`h {dMma gm_Zo aIH$a H¥${f {ejm na Omoa XoZo H$m H$m_ Omoe go {H$`mŸ&

èd§Vamd MìhmU ~S>o OZ ZoVm WoŸ& gƒm OZ ZoVm h EH$ AW© go OZ {ejH$

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J«m_rU {d^mJ _| Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV ñWmnZ H$aZr Mm{hEŸ& `h {dMma _yV©ñdê$n _| bmZo Ho$ {bE E_.Am`.S>r.gr. H$s ñWmnZm H$a {Obm Am¡a VmbwH$m ñVa naAm¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV {Z_m©U H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& Bggo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$mo _XX hmo ahr h¡Ÿ&

EH$mY ì`{ŠV Ho$ nmg Á`mXhgo Á`mXh {H$VZr O_rZ Mm{hE BgH$m gm_m{OH$g_Vm Am¡a Ý`m` y{_H$m H$s Ñ{ï> go {dMma {H$`m J`mŸ& IoVr H$aZodmbm _Zwî` IoVrH$m ñdm_r hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& AWm©V Omo IoVr H$aoJm CgH$s O_rZ Am¡a Cg _| n[al_H$aoJm CgH$s IoVr `h VÎd ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`mŸ&

y{_{hZ {H$gmZ Am¡a lr_mZ {H$gmZ BZ XmoZm| _| hmoZodmbr {df_Vm H$_ H$aZoHo$ {bE EH$ ì`{ŠV Ho$ Zm_ na {H$VZr IoVr hmoZr Mm{hE Am¡a eof ah J`r O_rZ IoVr_| H$m_ H$aZodmbo _OXyam| H$mo ~m±Q>H$a XoZr Mm{hEŸ& O~ Eogm hmoJm V~ y{_{hZm| H$màíZ gwbP Om oJmŸ& `hr {dMma èd§VamdZo ì`ŠV {H$`m WmŸ&

^maV _| ~hwV ~S>r _mÌm _| O_rZ A{dH${gV ahZo go dh AZwËnmXH$ Am¡aAZwnOmD$ ah J`r h¡Ÿ& Bggo {H$gmZm| H$s Am¡a Xoe H$s hm{Z hmoVr h¡ m j{V hmoVr h¡Ÿ&`h hm{Z Q>mbZo Ho$ {bE CgH$s ~moAmB© hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& gmam§e IoVr H$s g_ñ`mE± ñnï>H$aHo$ CgHo$ g§~§Y _| CÝhm|Zo Cnm` gwPm oŸ& Vm§{ÌH$ A§Jm| H$m {dH$mg H$aZo H$s Oê$aVAm¡a _hÎd h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ nrN>o CZH$s àm_m{UH$ bJZ {XImB© XoVr h¡Ÿ&

_hmamï´> h H¥${f-àYmZ amÁ` h¡Ÿ& \w$bo Ho$ boIZ go Am¡a IwXHo$ AZw d go CÝh|{H$gmZm| H$s X¡Ý`mdñWm H$s H$ënZm WrŸ& èd§Vamd {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr WoŸ&V~ CÝhm|Zo IoVr {df`H$ gwYmaZm H$m nhbm H$X_ CR>m`mŸ& IoVr Ho$ g§~§Y _| ñdmV§Í`Ho$ ~mX B. g. 1957 H$m df© _hmamï´> _| {H$gmZm| H$s Ñ{ï> go " wJàdV©H$' df© CX`hwAm WmŸ& ed§Vamd Zo IoVr Ho$ joÌ _| nwamoJm_r H$X_ aIH$a àË`j {ZU© {H$`m WmŸ&Eogm {ZU© H$aZodmbm _hmamï´> maV _| nhbm amÁ` R>ham WmŸ&

133 134


1956 _| Z`m H$míVH$mar A{Y{Z`_ (H$mZyZ) V¡ ma {H$`m J`mŸ& Š`m|{H$ IoVrHo$ joÌ _| YZdmZ Am¡a ~bdmZ {H$gmZm| H$m dJ© V¡ ma hwAm WmŸ& Bggo "ñdm_rËd EH$H$m Am¡a H$ï> Xygam| H$m WmŸ& Omo IoV _| ~moAmB© OmoVmB© H$aoJm BgH$s O_rZŸ&' h VÎdgm_Zo aIH$a H$mZyZ V¡ ma {H$`m WmŸ& BgHo$ gmW hr IoV O_rZ H$s H$_mb YmaUm na_`m©Xm S>mbZo H$m "{gqbJ' H$mZyZ ~Zm`mŸ& gƒo AWm] _| _hmamï´> Xoe _| nwamoJm_r h¡`hr ~mV ed§VamdZo Xoe H$mo gd© àW_ {XIm XrŸ& 1961 Ho$ OZdar _| _hmamï> _| IoVO_rZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| {dYo H$ gm_Zo Am`m Am¡a Bg {dYo H$ go XyaJm_r O_rZ gwYmaZo H$sZr§d S>mbr J`rŸ& IoVr _| \$gb n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE IoVr Ho$ {bE nmZr ny{V© H$s H$m`_ì`dñWm H$aZo H$m H${R>Z àíZ gm_Zo WmŸ& _hmamï´> _| Z{X`m| H$m Am¡a yaMZm H$mAä`mg H$a Ho$ Zhao Am¡a {~Obr {Z{_©{V BZ Xmo Ñ{ï>`m| go g§emoYZ H$aZm Mm{hE WmŸ&CgHo$ {b o ed§Vamd Zo emòewÕ nÕ{V go moOZm ~ZmZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m WmŸ& Zhao,nmZr H$s ny{V©, nmZr H$s CnbãYVm Am¡a {~Obr {Z{_©{V Eogo AZoH$ hoVw go CÝhm|Zo BZH$m_m| H$m {Z`moOZ ewê$ {H$`mŸ& {dX © Am¡a _amR>dmS>m _| Zha moOZm Ho$ {bE gaH$maZoEH$ B[aJoeZ {S>pìhOZ Am¡a nmM g~ {S>pìhOZ ñWmnZ {H$ oŸ& IoVr Ho$ {bE nmZrny{V© Am¡a ì`dñWm Ho$ g§~§Y _| gaH$ma H$mo gbmh XoZo Ho$ {bE ~å~B©© amÁ` B[aJoeZ ~moS>©H$s ñWmnZm Bgr H$mb _| hwB©Ÿ&

Hw$N> Z o ~m±Ym| H$s, Ob {dÚwV moOZmAm| H$s Am¡a W_©b nm°da ñQ>oeZ Ho$ H$m_èd§Vamd Zo AnZo H$m ©H$mb _| {H$ oŸ& H$mo Zm Ob {dÚwV `moOZm H$m 207 \$sQ>D±$MmB© Ho$ ~m±Y H$m H$m±H«$sQ> H$m ~m±Y ~m±YZo H$m à_wI àH$ën h¡Ÿ& CgH$m àma§ 1 _mM©1958 H$mo ed§Vamd Ho$ H$aH$_bm|Ûmam hwAmŸ& d¡go hr _amR>dmS>m H$m n[adV©Z H$aZodmbonyUm© àH$ën H$m IM© 17 H$moQ>r 50 bmI én o WmŸ& Cg àH$ën H$m àma§ r ed§VamdZo{H$`mŸ& {gÕoída Am¡a Ebhar BZ XmoZm| ñWmZm| na ~m±Y Wm Am¡a H$m`m©b` dg_V _|WmŸ& Zram ZXr H$s KmQ>r H$m g§nyU© {dH$mg H$aZm WmŸ& Bg CÔoí` go Zram ZXr na nraHo$ ñWmZ na dra ~m±Y ~m±YZo H$s moOZm r CZHo$ H$m ©H$mb _| hwB©Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Bg moOZmH$m Xygar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm _| g_mdoe {H$`m Am¡a nm±M dfm] Ho$ H$mb Ho$ {b o 425bmI én`m| H$m à~§Y {H$`m Am¡a Bg moOZm go g§nyU© Zram ZXr H$s KmQ>r H$m H«$m§{VH$marn[adV©Z H$a {X`mŸ& d¡gohr {dX © _| nmag ñWmZ na hmoZodmbm W_©b nm°da ñQ>oeZ `h^ì` àH$ën èd§Vamd Zo AnZo H$m ©H$mb _| nyU© {H$`mŸ&

(4) ghH$ma

_hmamï> _| Aën yYmaH$ {H$gmZm| H$s g§»`m A{YH$ h¢Ÿ& Cg _| r gwIr IoVr H$m

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{H$gmZ H$s JX©Z H$mo H$gm OmZodmbm ghÿH$mar nme `m \§$Xm Xya hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&Bg{bE Cgo Oê$aV Ho$ g_` AW© gmø {_bZm Mm{hEŸ& Bg{bE Bg hoVw go _hmamï´> _|ghH$mar Am§XmobZ _O~yV H$aZo Ho$ {bE H¥${f Am¡Úmo{JH$ AW©ì`dñWm H$m AmYma BgAm§XmobZ go {_bZm Mm{hE `h CZH$s Zr{V WrŸ&

èd§VamdZo gmoM g_PH$a ghH$mar Am§XmobZ H$mo Z`r C{O©V AdñWm XrŸ&amOZr{V _| g{H«$` hmoZodmbo ZoVm Am¡a H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mo ghH$mar Am§XmobZ `h EH$_hÎd H$m _mÜ`_ àmá hwAmŸ& n[aUm_V… ghH$mar eŠH$a H$maImZm| H$s g§»`m _hmamï´>_| ~T>Vr J`rŸ& BgHo$ gmW hr J«m_rU {d^mJ _| AÝ` AZoH$ ghH$mar g§ñWmE± ñWmnZH$s J`rŸ& ImX, ~rO, {dnUZ g§ñWm Am{X AZoH$ g§ñWmE± ñWm{nV hmo J`rŸ& BZghH$mar g§ñWmAm| Ho$ gm_Zo {d{dY g_ñ`mE± WrŸ& O¡go An`m©á AW©gmø, Zm¡H$aemhrH$s _Z_mZr, AË`ën bm^ Am¡a AÝ` AS>MZ| ed§Vamd Zo gwbPmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ&AmJo Omo ghH$mar eŠH$a H$maImZm| H$m Omb g§nyU© _hmamï´> amÁ` _| \¡$bm Wm BZghH$mar g§ñWmAm| H$s Zr§d ed§Vamd Zo AnZr XyaÑ{ï> go S>mbr Wr, h ~mV H$moB© rñdrH$ma H$aoJmŸ& eŠH$a H$maImZm| Ho$ n[aga _| ghH$mar gyV {_bo, ghH$ar Hw$ŠHw$Q>nmbZ g§ñWm, XyY CËnmXH$ g§ñWm, IoVr Ho$ _mb na à{H«$`m H$aZodmbr AÝ` ghH$marg§ñWm, IaoXr {~H«$s g§K Eogo AZoH$ CÚmoJ IS>o ahoŸ& Cg _| go hr AmJo ghH$marnVno{T>`m| H$m Am¡a ~¢H$m| H$m àñW ~T>Vm J`mŸ& Bg ghH$mar Am§XmobZ go J«m_rU mJm|

135 136


H$m n[adV©Z hwAmŸ& Cg _| go hr AmJo gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$mo J{V {_boJrŸ& CgHo$ gmW hre¡j{UH$ gw{dYm, ñdmñÏ` gw{dYm, `mVm`mV n[adhZ AZoH$ ~mVm| _| àJ{V hmo J`rŸ&ghH$mar g§ñWmAm| H$mo ed§Vamd Zo R>mog ñdê$n H$m moJXmZ {X`mŸ& amÁ` H$s Amoa goghH$mar g§ñWmAm| H$mo ny±Or Am¡a AZwXmZ Ho$ ñdê$n _o§ ~hwV AW© gmø CÝhm|Zo {H$`mŸ&CZ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Am{W©H$ ì`dhma gaH$mar {ZJamZr _| bm o J oŸ& {H$gmZm| H$mo nVny{V©H$aZodmbr g§ñWmE± g^r ñVa na {Z_m©U H$s J`rŸ&

ghH$mar Am§XmobZ H$m Omb J«m_rU mJ _| H¥${f joÌ H$mo OmoS>Zo H$m ed§VamdH$m CÔoí` _ybJm_r ñdê$n H$m WmŸ& Bg ghH$mar Am§XmobZ go J«m_rU Am¡a ehar ^mJ_| bmoJ Kwb{_b Om |JoŸ& ghH$mar g§ñWmAm| go Omo CËnmXZ ~‹T>m h¡ dh Á`mXhgo Á`mXhjoÌ _| {dV[aV {H$`m Om oJmŸ& Bggo gƒo AWm] _| g_mOdmXr g_mO aMZm ApñVËd _|Am gHo$Jr Bgna CZH$m àM§S> {dídmg WmŸ& ghH$mar Am§XmobZ njr` amOZr{V goA{bá ahZm Mm{hE Am¡a dh gƒo AWm] _| OZV§Ì ~bdmZ H$aZo H$m Am§XmobZ hmoZmMm{hEŸ& èd§Vamd H$hVo h¢ - "ghH$mar Am§XmobZ `h Hw$N> EH$mY nj H$m Am§XmobZZht h¡Ÿ& VmpÎdH$ Ñ{ï> go h ghH$mar Am§XmobZ h _ybV… OZV§Ì H$m Am§XmobZ h¡Ÿ& hh_o§ Zht ybZm Mm{hEŸ& Bg Am§XmobZ Ho$ nrN>o h Omo Ñ{ï>H$moZ h¡ dh h_o AÀN>r Vahgo g_P boZm Mm{hEŸ& Am¡a OZV§Ì H$m `h ñdê$n H$ht ^r Iam~ Zht hmoZm Mm{hEBg g§~§Y _| h_o gmdYmZr ~aVZr Mm{hEŸ& bo{H$Z dh Iam~ hwAm Vmo dh Š`m| Iam~hwAm BgH$s h_o gVV ImoO H$aZr Mm{hEŸ& gm_mÝ` Am¡a emo{fV g_mO Ho$ Cn`moJrnS>Zm h Vmo Bg Am§XmobZ H$m àmU h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z gƒo AWm] _| h_o h Am§XmobZ MbmZmhmoJm Vmo CgH$s Amoa h_o OZV§Ì Ñ{ï>H$moZ go XoIZm Mm{hEŸ&'

_hmamï´> _| J«m_rU {H$gmZ Am¡a ~hwOZ g_mO Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE n§Mm`V amOAm¡a ghH$ma H$m aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_ H$m`m©pÝdV {H$`mŸ& CZH$m `h H$m © EH$ Ñ{ï> go_. \w$bo Ho$ gËèmoYH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ ZOXrH$s Wm, Vmo Xygar Amoa do _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ñdm`Îm XohmV H$s g§H$ënZm H$m ñdrH$ma H$a aho WoŸ&

ghH$ma Ho$ joÌ _| _hmamï´> _| hmoZodmbr nmofH$ na§nam H$m èd§Vamd Zo nyarVahgo Cn`moJ H$a {b`mŸ& Bg _| eŠH$a H$maImZXmar _| CÝhm|Zo ghH$ma H$m à`moJ{H$`mŸ& Bggo ^maV _| g~go Á`mXm ghH$mar eŠH$a H$maImZo {Z_m©U hwEŸ& BgHo${gdm` ghH$mar nÕ{V go _mb H$s {~H«$s, H$O©ny{V©, J¥h{Z_m©U, y{dH$mg ~±H$ Am{XCnH«$_ CÝhmo§Zo ewê$ {H$ oŸ& ~hwOZ g_mO H$s gd© AW© go gwYmaZm hmoZr Mm{hEŸ&Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo ~hw{dY H$m © {H$ oŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo ghH$ma, n§Mm`V ì`dñWm Am¡a H$m±J«og Ho$ VÎdkmZna {dídmg

aIZodmbr EH$ {nT>r V¡ ma H$sŸ& èd§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ àma§{^H$ H$mb _| ghH$mar joÌ_| nÙlr {dIo nmQ>rb, YZ§Oàmd JmS>Jrb, aËZmßnm Hw§$^ma, VmË`mgmh~ H$moao, dg§VXmXmnmQ>rb, AÊUmgmh~ qeXo, èd§Vamd _mo{hVo, e§H$aamd _mo{hVo, e§H$aamd H$mbo,e§H$aamd H$moëho, H$mH$mgmh~ dmK Am{X ghH$ma _hfu V¡ ma hwEŸ& BZ g~ bmoJm| Zo_hmamï> Ho$ H$moZo H$moZo _| ghH$ma Am§XmobZ Mbm`mŸ& BgHo$ gmW hr H$m±J«og Ho$ bmoH$m{^_wIamOZr{V H$mo {dídmgnyd©H$ AmYma àmá H$a {X`mŸ& èd§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ H$mb _|H$m±J«og Ho$ gXñ` A{YH$ àJë^ H¥${Verb Am¡a aMZmË_H$ ~Z J oŸ& J«m_rU ^mJ _|"{dZm ghH$ma Zht CÕma' H$m CX²Kmof hwAmŸ& ha EH$ Jm±d _| ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r Zol{_H$ {H$gmZ H$mo Am{W©H$ AmYma {X`mŸ& J«m_n§Mm`V Zo ^r Bg ghH$ma H$mo ghH$m ©{H$`m Am¡a H$m±J«og H$s amOZr{V AmJo bo OmZo _| gmøVm H$sŸ& J«m_g\$mB©, J«m_rU ^mJ_| {Obm n[afX embmAm|Zo g_mO OrdZ _| n[adV©Z {H$`mŸ& BgH$m lo ed§Vamd H$moXoZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ do "{gñQ>a {~ëS>a' WoŸ& EH$ ht g_` _| ~hw{dY Am`m_m| H$moñne© H$aZo H$s e{ŠV CZ _| WrŸ& _hmamï´> Ho$ g§Vw{bV {dH$mg H$m lo ^r CÝh| hr XoZmnS>Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg g§X © _| ed§Vamd MìhmU H$hVo h¢ - "g_mOdmXr {Xem H$s Amoa h_ZoXmo H$X_ AmJo aIo h¢Ÿ& A~ r gm¡-S>oT> gm¡ H$X_ h_o aIZo nS>|JoŸ& g~ H$mo g_mZ Adga{_bZm Mm{hEŸ& Am{W©H$ {df_Vm go hmoZodmbm emofU ~§X hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& H$b Ho$_hmamï´> amÁ` H$m H$mamo~ma CÎm_, gm\$ Am¡a ñdÀN> hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& Xwgar ~mV `h {H$n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm H$m ~mbH$ qhS>mobm _| H$X_ {XImH$a Zd _hmamï´> H$s àJ{V H$m`H$sZ {XbmZodmbm Mm{hEŸ& {Vgar ~mV h {H$ amOZ¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm{hpË`H$BZ g^r joÌm| _| EH$mË_ ^mdZm H$m g^r H$mo à`ËZ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& V~ hr _hmamï´>amÁ` OZVm H$m amÁ` hmoJmŸ& dh amÁ` bmoH$ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$aoJm Am¡a ^maVHo$ ZŠeo _| hmoZodmbo Vmam| _| EH$ Z`m VoOñdr Vmam M_H$ CR>oJmŸ&' èd§Vamd MìhmUH$m `h bmoH$gÎmmH$, amï´>dmX, {dH$mgdmXr Am¡a g§nyU© ^maVr` àJ{V H$m {dMmaH$aZodmbm WmŸ&

(5) g_mOdmX

èd§Vamd H$m d¡Mm[aH$ AmYmañV§^ g_mOdmX h¡Ÿ& H$m±J«og _| g_mOdmXrg_mOaMZm H$m g§H$ën nj H$mo Om{ha {H$`m OmZm Mm{hEŸ& BgHo$ {bE CÝhm|Zo gVVà`ËZ {H$`mŸ& _hmamï´> _| gm_m{OH$ g_Vm Am¡a Ý`m` H¡$go {_b gHo$Jm Bg na CZH$m~b WmŸ& dh H$aVo g_` CZH$m Ü`mZ J«m_rU OZVm Am¡a Cg OZVm _| Jar~ Am¡a

137 138


{ZMbo ñVa Ho$ bmoJm| VH$ AbJ AbJ `moOZm Am¡a CgHo$ \$m`Xo H¡$go {_b gH|$JoBgH$s Amoa WmŸ& Cg Ñ{ï> go CÝhm|Zo AnZo _Z _| _hmamï´> Ho$ ~m±YZr H$m Mma gyÌrH$m ©H«$_ V` H$a aIm WmŸ&

IoVr _| AH$mbJ«ñV mJ H$m àíZ Am¡a CZH$m {dH$mg BZH$s Amoa CZH$m Ü`mZWmŸ& Š`m|{H$ do Cg mJ go Am o WoŸ& Cg mJ _| bmoJm| Ho$ Šboe Am¡a H$ï> BgH$m CÝh|AÀN>m AmH$bZ hwAm WmŸ& CgHo$ gmW IoVr CÚmoJ O~ VH$ àJV Zht hmoVm V~ VH$J«m_rU {d^mJ H$m gƒm {dH$mg Zht hmoVm Am¡a Cg Ñ{ï> go H¥${f H$m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUAm¡a H¥${fg§~§Yr H$s Ñ{ï> go Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU OëXr go OëXr hmoZm Mm{hE Bg naCÝhm|Zo ~b {X`m WmŸ& AmO _hmamï´> _| Am¡a {deofV… X{jU _hmamï´> _|, IoVr g§~§YrAWdm IoVrna AmYm[aV Omo CÚmoJY§Xo àñWm{nV hwE h¢ Am¡a {OgHo$ H$maU VoOr goJ«m_rU {d^mJ H$s àJ{V hwB© h¢ BgH$m g§nyU© lo èd§Vamd H$mo h¡Ÿ&

BgHo$ gmW hr _hmamï´> AbJ AbJ {d^mJm| _| CÚmoJ Y§Xo ñWmnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bEOmo g§ñWm èd§Vamd Ho$ S>oT> df© Ho$ H$m ©H$mb _| ñWmnZ hwB© BZ g~H$mo h_ OmZVo h¢Ÿ&Cg _| {gH$m°_, E_.Am`.S>r.gr., EZ. E_.E\$.gr. h¢Ÿ& BZ g§ñWm H$m Omb AmOg^r Amoa \¡$bm hwAm {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd H$s g_mOdmX H$s H$ënZm OZV§Ì na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& _mŠg©àUrVa{e`m _| g_mOdmX OZV§Ì H$mo _maH$ h¡Ÿ& ^maV _| g_mOdmX bmZo Ho$ {bE `hm± H$sn[apñW{V Ü`mZ _| boZr Mm{hEŸ& g_mOdmXr _mJ© go h àJ{V gmÜ` H$a gH|$JoŸ& maV_| CgHo$ {bE gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ H$s {Z{_©{V Am¡a {dñVma H$aZo H$s Zr{V \$m`Xo_§X hmoJrŸ&

gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ Ho$ Ûmam Xoe _| bmoJm| H$m H$ë`mU gmÜ` H$aZm `h ^maV _|g_mOdmX H$m gƒm gyÌ h¡Ÿ& maVr` bmoJm| _| Omo Am{W©H$ Xama nS>r h¡ Cgo H$_ H$aZmg_mOdmX H$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ AZwgma g_mO _| g^r bmoJm| H$mo EH$ g_mZ ~Vm©dAWdm g_mO Am¡a g_mZ àH$ma H$m _m¡H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm Ho$db g_mOÛmam g§ d h¡Eogm _V CÝhm|Zo ì`ŠV {H$`mŸ&

g_mOdmX _| {H$gr H$m emofU Z hmoZm h ed§Vamd H$mo A{^àoV WmŸ& {OZH$s^m¡{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ g_ñ`mE± gwbPr hwB© Eogr g_mOaMZm `mZr {H$ g_mOdmX h¡Ÿ&g~ H$mo g_mZ _m¡H$m XoH$a CËnmXZ _| hmoZodmbm \$H©$ m A§Va H$_ H$aZm hr g_mOdmXH$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ&

Am{W©H$ {df_Vm go hmoZodmbm emofU ~§X H$aZm, ha EH$ H$mo g§Yr CnbãY H$aXoZm `mZr {H$ g_mOdmX h¡, Eogr ì`m»`m CÝhm|Zo H$s WrŸ&

g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aZm `h Vmo AnZr amÁ`KQ>Zm H$m CÔoí` h¡Ÿ&

^maV H$m dh {ZíM` h¡, Ü o h¡Ÿ& {\$a ^r A§{V_ _§{Ob VH$ nhw±MZo Ho$ {bEèd§VamdZo VrZ H$gm¡{Q>`m± ñnï> H$s h¡ -

(1) g~H$mo g_mZ AdgaŸ&(2) CËnmXZ Ho$ nrN>o H$s àoaUm h ì`{ŠVJV m d¡ {ŠVH$ _wZm\o$ H$s Anojm

g_mO Ho$ gwI H$s, g_mO Ho$ {hV H$s hmoZr Mm{hEŸ&(3) CËnmXZ Ho$ gmW {dVaU H$m àíZ r _hÎd H$m h¡Ÿ& {d^mOZ hmoVo g_`

bmoJm| H$s Oê$aVo Am¡a CZHo$ {dH$mg H$s g§ mdZm Ü`mZ _| boZr Mm{hEŸ&o H$gm¡{Q>`m± hmoZodmbm gƒm g_mOdmX ^maV _| àË`j bm Zht gH$Vo BgH$m

Ehgmg CÝh| WmŸ& CgHo$ {bE gmd©O{ZH$ joÌm| na ~b XoZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Eogm _VCÝhm|Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m WmŸ& gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ H$m {dñVma AWdm gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ `hrg_mOdmX H$s Amoa OmZo H$m EH$ _mJ© h¡Ÿ& gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ _| CÚmoJY§Yo g_mOdmX H$sÑ{ï> go aIm hwAm EH$ H$X_ h¡, {Og na OZV§Ì g_mOdmXr aMZm H$s Om gHo$JrŸ&

OZV§Ì, {Z`moOZ, g_mOdmX o OZH$ë`mU Ho$ EH$ hr g_ñ`m Ho$ VrZ AbJ-AbJ A§J h¡Ÿ&

g~H$mo g_mZ _m¡H$m {_bZm Mm{hEŸ& CËnmXZ _| \$H©$ H$_ H$aZodmbm Am{W©H${df_Vm go hmoZodmbm emofU R>hamZodmbm, àË oH$ ì`{ŠV H$m ì`{ŠV_Îd {dH${gVH$aZo H$m g_mZ Adga àmá H$a XoZodmbm g_mOdmX èd§Vamd H$mo A{^àoV WmŸ&

(6) gm{hË` {df`H$ y{_H$m

èd§VamdZo {d{dY àH$mam| H$m _Z go Aä`mg {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW hr CÝhm|ZoOrdZ {df`H$ àUmbr H$m r Aä`mg {H$`m h¡Ÿ& H$mb© _mŠg©, \«$mB©S>, _. Jm§Yr, E_.EZ. am° Am{X àd¥{Îm`m| H$m gyú_ Aä`mg H$aZo go èd§Vamd H$s gm{hË` {df`H$y{_H$m gOJ ~Z J`r WrŸ& AmZodmbo Z o H$mb Ho$ AZwgma CÝhm|Zo _mZdVm H$m nwañH$ma

{H$`mŸ& _mZdVm H$mo H$b§H$ bJZo dmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$m Am¡a d¥{Îm-àd¥{Îm`m| H$m gm{hË`_| go {YŠH$ma hmoZm Mm{hE Eogo ñdê$n H$s CÝhm|Zo y{_H$m br WrŸ&

Xoe, H$mb pñW{V H$m {dMma H$aVo hwE _mZdVm hr wJ H$m _§Ì hmoJm Eogm CÝh|bJ ahm WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo gm{hË` _| _mZdr` {dH$mg na A{YH$ ~b {X`m h¡Ÿ& OrdZ_| A§{V_ gË` H$mo AWm©V _mZdVm Ho$ _yë` H$mo OrdZ Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo A{YH$ _hÎd {X`mh¡Ÿ&

èd§Vamd gm{hË` H$m AW© g§Hw${MV d¥{Îm go boVo ZhtŸ& gm{hË` Ho$ g§~§Y _|CZH$s Ñ{ï> {demb h¡Ÿ& Omo gm{hË` gd©gm_mÝ` OZVm H$m {hV H$aVm h¡ dh gm{hË`Ÿ& Bg

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àH$ma do gm{hË` H$s gmXr na AW©dmhr ì`m»`m H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Ho$db eãX b{bË` AWm©Vgm{hË``h gm{hË` H$s ì`m»`m boH$a CgHo$ AZwgma MbZo H$m H$mb g_má hwAm h¡Ÿ&Eogr gbmh gm{hpË`H$m| H$mo Xr h¡Ÿ& H$mb Am¡a Xoe H$s n[apñW{V H$s _`m©Xm _| Z ahVo hwEgm{hË` _| gmam OrdZ ì`má ahZm Mm{hEŸ& gm{hË` Zo OrdZ Ho$ AbJ AbJ joÌm| goA{YH$ {ZH$Q> Ho$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV {H$ o {~Zm OZOrdZ g_P _| Zht Am oJmŸ& OZOrdZ_| go gm{hË` {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ& V~ hr Cg gm{hË` _| go g_mO _Z H$m àË`j-AàË`jà{Vq~~ gm{hË` _| nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& Eogo gm{hË` H$m n[aUm_ {\$a go g_mO _Z na nS>Vm h¡Eogm {dMma èd§Vamd H$aVo h¢Ÿ& BVZmhr Zht Vmo g_mO OrdZ _| KQ>Zodmbo AZoH$àH$ma H$s KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| CËgwH$Vm Am¡a AmH$f©U gm{hpË`H$m| H$mo hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&g_mO dmñVd H$m Am¡a Amgnmg Ho$ g_mO H$m {ZarjU H$aZm h gm{hË` H$s Oê$aVh¡Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE OrdZ go g§~§{YV Eogo {d{dY {df`m| H$m Aä`mg Am¡a kmZ hmoZmMm{hEŸ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ AÜ``Z go Eogm _O~yV Am¡a {Og _| OrdZ H$s e{ŠV A{YH$hmo- CÎm_ gm{hË` {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gm{hË` _| _mZd H$m OrZm, CgH$m ApñVËd {Q>Ho$ahZm, CgH$s gwa{jVVm Am¡a gwIg_¥{Õ o g^r ~mV| gm{hË` _| A{^ì`ŠV hmoZr Mm{hEEogr CZH$s Anojm WrŸ&

èd§Vamd H$s gm{hË` H$s Amoa XoIZo H$s Ñ{ï> ì`mnH$ WrŸ& gm{hpË`H$ {dMmad§Vm|Zo àH$Q> {H$`m hwAm gm{hË` {H$gr r a§J H$m m {H$gr r àH$ma H$m hmo Vmo MboJm naAmgnmg H$s n[apñW{V H$m gyú_ Aä`mg H$aHo$ g_mO _| g^r ñVa _| {Z_m©U hwB©AñdñWVm H$m Ehgmg hmoZodmbm g_mO qMVZ Cg _| hmoZm Mm{hE Eogm gm{hË`{Z_m©U hmoZm Mm{hE Eogo CÝh| bJ ahm WmŸ& Eogm gm{hË` g_mO _| n[adV©Z bm gHo$JmAm¡a g_mO H$mo _mJ©Xe©Z H$aoJm, g_mO H$s e{ŠV ~T>m oJm, g_mO _Z ì`mnH$ H$aoJmAm¡a Z`r e{ŠV Am¡a Z`m gm_Ï © {Z_m©U H$aoJm Eogm {dídmg CÝh| WmŸ& {Og gm{hË`_| AÝ`m`{déÕ H$s {MT>, Xoe _| Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$m Xm[aÐç Ho$ àíZm| H$m{ddaU h¡, gm_mÝ` _Zwî` H$m ào_ h¡ Am¡a {Og gm{hË` _| gm_m{OH$ g_Vm bmZodmbo,g_mO _| g^r KQ>H$m| H$mo Adga XoZodmbo boI h¢ dhr gm{hË` gƒm gm{hË` hmo gH$Vmh¡ Eogo èd§Vamd H$mo bJVm h¡Ÿ&

_amR>r gm{hË` `h amï´>r` OrdZ go A{bá Zht ah gH$Vm `h ~mV èd§VamdH$mo ñdrH$ma WrŸ& amï´>r` Am§XmobZ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Am§XmobZ BZHo$ à{Vq~~ _amR>rdmL²>_` _| Adí` AmZo Mm{hE Bg {df` _| Xmo _V Zht WoŸ& gm{hpË`H$m| H$m VÎdkmZAm¡a {dMma CZH$s g_m{OH$ n[apñW{V na V` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& "_Zwî`' H$m gƒo AWm] _|^m¡{VH$, gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V _| {dH$mg hmoVm h¡Ÿ& "_Zwî`' hr gm{hË` H$m H|$Ð q~Xy h¡

Am¡a Bg {df` H$s AZw y{V _| gm{hË` {Z_m©U hmoZm Mm{hE Eogm do H$hVo h¢Ÿ&boIH$ gm_m{OH$ {Oå_oXmar aIH$a boIZ H$a§oŸ& gnZo _| CS>mZ aZodmbo dmñV{dH$

àíZm| H$s Amoa Am±Im| na nÅ>r ~m±YH$a ah OmVo h¢ Am¡a gnZm XoIZodmbo g_mO {Z_m©UH$aVo h¢Ÿ& EH$ àH$ma H$s gm_m{OH$ Jw_amhr H$aVo h¢Ÿ& `h èd§Vamd H$mo Zht Mm{hEŸ&gm_mÝ` _| gm_mÝ` _Zwî` Ho$ àíZ, CZH$m Xw…I, doXZm gm{hpË`H$ AnZo eãXm| _|A{^ì`ŠV H$a§oŸ& g§ d hwAm Vmo dh Xw…I Xya hmoJm h XoI§oŸ& gm{hpË`H$ A^r VH$ maVHo$ H$moZo _| OrdZ, {deofV… {OZH$s Amoa gm{hpË`H$ A~ VH$ nhw±Mm Zht Eogo Am{Xdmgr,X{bV òr OrdZ H$m dmñVd {MÌU H$aHo$ AnZo A_a gm{hË` Ho$ Ûmam maV _| g_mOOrdZ Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$m Xe©Z H$am oŸ& gm{hË` YmaXma eò h¡Ÿ& dh eò H$s AnojmA{YH$ n[aUm_ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE Vmo èd§Vamd Eogo gm{hË` H$s {Z{_©{V H$s AnojmH$aVo h¢Ÿ&

èd§Vamd H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ OZOrdZ g_¥Õ H$aZo Ho$ {bE boIH$ AnZr H$b_H$m Cn`moJ H$ao§Ÿ& BgHo$ {gdm` emòr` OmZH$mar Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ _amR>r ^mfm_| hmo Eogm AmJ«hr {dMma àH$Q> {H$`m h¡Ÿ& "kmZ Am¡a {dkmZ Ho$ joÌ _| _yb yV g§emoYZhmW _| boZo H$m à`ËZ {Og ^mfm _| hmoVm h¡ dhr ^mfm kmZ H$s ^mfm hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&'èd§Vamd H$m `h {dMma AmO h_o§ ñdrH$ma H$aZm nS>oJmŸ& Eogo hwAm Vmo dh ^mfmkmZ^mfm hmoJrŸ& "A_¥VmMo n¡Om qOH$m`Mo' kmZoída H$m `h ^{dî` H$WZ gM H$aZmhmoJm Vmo emòr` OmZH$mar _amR>r _| CnbãY hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& V~ hr AÝ` ^mfm _|kmZ §S>ma ItMH$a bmZo H$s e{ŠV _amR>r ^mfm _| {Z_m©U hmoZr Mm{hE Eogm {dMmaCÝhm|Zo ì`ŠV {H$`m WmŸ&

gm{hË` g§ñH¥${V "nm°da hmD$g' ~ZoŸ& nm°da hmD$g `h gO©Zerb h¡Ÿ& dhm±Xygam| H$m CMŠH$mnZ Zht hmoVmŸ& `h _§S>b _hmamï´> H$m OrdZ ì`mnH$, {dñV¥V Am¡a{H«$`merb _mÜ`_ ~Zo Eogr BÀN>m èd§Vamd ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& gmam§e, èd§Vamdgm{hË` H$s ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V, gm{hË`, gm{hpË`H$m| H$s Amoa CXma Ñ{ï> go XoIVo h¢Ÿ&

èd§Vamd à{V^membr boIH$ WoŸ& {edZoarÀ`m Zm¡~Vr, gømÐrMo dmao, wJmÝVa,F$UmZw~§Y, y{_H$m, H¥$îUmH$mR> `h CZH$s àH$m{eV J«§W g§nXm h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AbJAbJ boIH$m| Ho$ nwñVH$m| H$s àñVmdZmE± {bIr h¡Ÿ& CËH$Q> AZw y{V H$m Am{dîH$maCZHo$ gm{hË` _| {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& ~MnZ go hr CÝh| nR>Z H$s ê${M WrŸ&

gm{hË` g_mO OrdZ H$m Xn©U h¡Ÿ& `h gm{hË` Cg H$mb _| gm_m{OH$,gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ àd¥{Îm H$m à{Vq~~ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

gm{hË` W_m©_rQ>a _| nmao Ho$ g_mZ g§doXZerb hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& CZHo$ _V go

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gm{hË` H$s A§{V_ àoaUm _mZdr _yë`m| H$m Ehgmg H$a XoZodmbr Mm{hEŸ& h Vmo CÎm_boIH$ H$s H$gm¡Q>r h¡Ÿ& gƒm gm{hpË`H$ g_mO go Xya Zht ah gH$VmŸ&

èd§Vamd Ho$ nmg g~ gm{hpË`H$ JwU WoŸ& BZ JwUm| Ho$ AmYma na do gm{hË` Ho$joÌ _| àM§S> H$m © H$a gH$Vo WoŸ& na§Vw CZH$m g§nyU© OrdZ amOZr{V _| ~rV J`mŸ&Bg{bE CZHo$ boIH$ H$mo Ý`m` Zht {_bmŸ&

àm. Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$ {bIVo h¢ {H$ - "^mdZm _| b~mb~ âr hwAr, à^mdr^mfm go gOr hwB© boIZ H$aZodmbr boIZr grXr-gmYr Zht h¡Ÿ& looð> XO} Ho$ gƒogm{hpË`H$ H$s h¡Ÿ&' èd§Vamd H$s boIZr H$m AmñdmX boVo g_` Eogm bJVm h¡Ÿ&èd§Vamd Ho$ ê$n go _hmamï´> Am¡a ^maV H$mo EH$ àW_ XO} H$m ZoVm {_bm, na CZ nanS>o hwE ZoV¥Ëd Ho$ ~moP go CZ _| Omo loð> gm{hpË`H$ Wm dh ZoV¥Ëd Ho$ ~moP Ho$ ZrMo X~J`m WmŸ& Bg{bE CZH$m H$V©¥Ëd àH$Q> Zht hmo gH$mŸ& BgH$m ~‹S>m IoX hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

gm{hË` Ho$ g§~§Y _| èd§Vamd H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ `h g§nyU©V… OrdZdmXr WmŸ& doIm§S>oH$a Ho$ "OrdZ Ho$ {bE H$bm' H$s y{_H$m Ho$ g_W©H$ WoŸ& gm{hË` Omo OZOrdZ _|go {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Am¡a OZOrdZ H$m à{Vq~~ àË`j-AàË`j gm{hË` na Am¡agm{hË` H$m n[aUm_ OZOrdZ na nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY A§Jm| H$mo ñne© H$aZodmbmgm{hË` hmoZm Mm{hE Bg Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$m CÝhm|Zo g_W©Z {H$`mŸ&

èd§Vamd J«§Wào_r, ì`mg§Jr dmMH$ WoŸ& CZH$m IwX H$m g_¥Õ J«§Wmb` WmŸ& §oQ>Ho$ ê$n _| Am`r hwB© nwñVH§o$ n‹T>Vo WoŸ& nT>r hwB© nwñVH$m| H$m A{^àm` boIH$ Ho$ nmg oOXoVo WoŸ& dmMH$ `h AnZr gm{hË` joÌ _| àmW{_H$ y{_H$m èd§VamdZo ~S>r {Zð>m gonma H$a Xr WrŸ&

èd§Vamd Zo OrdZâ dmMZ {H$`m WmŸ& Bg{bE nT>o hwE J«§Wm| H$s AmñdmXH$g_rjm H$aZo H$m gm_Ï © ed§Vamd H$mo àmá hwAm WmŸ& àË oH$ gm{hË` ào_r h AmOHo$ OZV§Ì wJ _| EH$ Z_« g_rjH$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` Ho$ g§~§Y _| {H$`m hwAm h{dYmZ CZH$s {dbjU ~w{Õ H$m àË`` XoVm h¡Ÿ&

lr. ~mb H$moëhQ>H$aZo èd§Vamd H$mo "a{gH$m| H$m amOm' H$hm h¢Ÿ&kmZXod Ho$ XadmOo _| nrnb Zm_H$m noS> h¡, {Ogo "gmoÝ`m H$m nrnb' H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

Bg nrnb Ho$ ZrMo "kmZXodr' H$mo AmH$ma Am`m Am¡a _amR>r gm{hË` g[aVm ~hZobJrŸ& ed§Vamd Ho$ XadmOo _| a{gH$Vm H$m nrnb h¡Ÿ& Bg nrnb Ho$ ZrMo gm{hË` H$mXa~ma âm h¡Ÿ& èd§Vamd Bg Xa~ma Ho$ ZrMo {ham ~Z JE h¢Ÿ& ZoVm a{gH$ hmoZmMm{hEŸ& èd§Vamd àkmd§V amOZr{Vk WoŸ& do CXma öX`r a{gH$ WoŸ&

(7) OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

èd§Vamd H$m OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ AmemdmXr Am¡a g_{n©V d¥{Îm H$m WmŸ& doH$hVo h¢ {H$ "Ma_gr_m VH$ g_{n©V OrdZ hmoJm Vmo dh OrU© Zht hmoVm, M§Ð H$^rnwamZm Zht hmoVm, gy © H$^r ~yT>m Zht hmoVmŸ& gmJa H$^r g§Hw${MV Zht hmoVmŸ& Bg _|ha EH$ Ho$ OrdZ _| Ma_ gr_m H$m g_n©U h¡Ÿ& na AZ§V wJ ~rV J o Vmo ^r {dZmeCZHo$ nmg nhw±Mm ZhtŸ& H$mb Z| CÝh| Koam h¡, na CZH$m n[adV©Z H$^r Zht hwAmŸ&pñWË §Va Zht hwAmŸ& dh {Z…ídgZ gVV Mb ahm h¡Ÿ&' do AI§S> AnZo OrdZ _| AmZ§XHo$ jU ImoOVo ahVo h¢Ÿ& CZ jUm| Ho$ ~mao _| do H$hVo h¢ - "OrdZ _| AmZ§X Ho$ jU hgy © Ho$ H$mo_b {H$aUm| Ho$ g_mZ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& O§Jb _| nW na go OmVo g_` Ja_r Ho$ g_ÈH$mY PaZm {XI nS>m {H$ CgH$m nmZr {nVo g_` {H$VZm AmZ§X hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Zmbo Ho${H$Zmao Om_yZ H$m noS> h¡Ÿ& dh noS> Om_yZm| go R>gmR>g âm hwAm h¡Ÿ& Cg noS> Ho$ MmaOm_yZ _w±h _| S>mb {X o Vmo {H$VZo _rR>o bJVo h¢Ÿ& OrdZ _| AmZ§X Ho$ jU o Eogo hmoVo h¢Ÿ&'

143 144


(8) _hmamï´> Am¡a ^maVr` amOZr{V _|

èd§Vamd H$m ñWmZ

_hmË_m Jm§YrZo 1942 _| ewê$ {H$ o hþE "Mbo OmAmo' Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| ed§Vamdem{_b Zht hþE WoŸ& na y{_JV ahH$a gmVmam {Obo H$s {Oå_oXmar g\$bVm go nyarH$sŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$amS>, dSy>O, nmadm, dmbdo, VmgJmd _| pñWV XâVa na _moM©o {ZH$mbH$ado èñdr {H$ oŸ& CgHo$ {bE CÝh| Oob _| OmZm nS>mŸ& Eogr hmbV _| {H$gr àH$ma H$s{eH$m`V Z H$aVo hþE doUy~mB© Zo J¥hñWr Mbm`rŸ&

1945 _| Oob _| go Nw>Q>H$mam hmoZo na Z o CËgmh go ñdmV§Í` H$m_ _o§ bJ J oŸ&Bgr g_` 1946 _| {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo ~å~B©© àm§V Ho$ MwZmd {b oŸ& Bg MwZmd _|èd§Vamd {dO`r hþEŸ& CgHo$ ~mX do ~mbmgmh~ Ioa Ho$ _§Ìr _§S>b _| J¥h {d^mJ Ho$g§gXr` g{Md ~ZoŸ& O~ VH$ do Bg nX na Wo V~ VH$ gwajm ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE hmo_JmS>©g§ñWm H$s ñWnmZm H$sŸ& BVZm hr Vmo CÝhm|Zo _hmamï> _| bmoH$H$bmd§Vm| H$s H$bm H$mo Am¡aH$bmd§Vm| H$mo AmYma XoZo Ho$ {bE V_mem ~moS>© H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& `hm± go hr CZHo$amOZ¡{VH$ H$m © H$m Ama§ hþAmŸ& {\$a CÝhm|Zo nrN>o _w‹S>H$a H$^r Zht XoImŸ&

èd§Vamd na _hmamï´> Ho$ g_yMm _amR>r _Zwî` àmU go r A{YH$ ào_ H$aVm h¡,dh CÝh| AmXe© _mZVm h¡Ÿ& dh CZHo$ {bE gd©ñd An©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE VËna ahVm h¡Ÿ&Š`m|{H$ do CÝh| AnZo n[adma _| EH$ à_wI ì`{ŠV _mZVo WoŸ& Bg{bE CZH$m Zm_ Z boVohþE AmXa go gmam _hmamï´> CÝh| "gmh~' Zm_ go nhMmZVm h¡Ÿ& CÝh|Zo Omo H$m © {H$`mWm, _Z H$m Omo ~S>ßnZ {XIm`m Wm, CgHo$ {bE OZVm CÝh| gmh~ Zm_ go nwH$maVrWrŸ& gmh~ o Om{V Y_© Ho$ nma WoŸ& JwUr _Zwî`m| H$s CÝh| bmbM WrŸ& gm{hpË`H$ Am¡agm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$_m| H$mo CZH$m gVV _mJ©Xe©Z Am¡a àmoËgmhZ {_bVm WmŸ& Oê$aVm| H$moghH$m © Am¡a d§{MVm| H$mo _mZ{gH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ ~b XoZo H$m do gVV à`ËZ H$aVo WoŸ&{ZamYma bmoJm| H$mo AmYma XoZo H$m do à`ËZ H$aVo WoŸ& Jm§Yr dY Ho$ g_` AmJH$m§S> Ho$g_` {OZH$m gd©ñd J`m Wm CZHo$ Am±gy nm|N>H$a nwZ… CZH$m Am wî` IS>m H$aZo H$mà`ËZ {H$`mŸ&

(1) XmXmgmh~ Jm`H$dmS>

S>m°. ~m~mgmh~ Am§~oS>H$a Ho$ ~mX _hmamï> _| H$_©dra XmXmgmh~ Jm`H$dmS> O¡gm

e{ŠV_mZ OZZoVm Xÿgam Zht WmŸ& Am§~oS>H$ar {dMma H¥${V _| bmVo g_` CÝhm|Zo {H$grH$s r nadmh Zht H$sŸ& _hmamï´> _| X{bV emo{fVm| na hmoZodmbo AÝ`m`-AË`mMma Zï>H$aZo Ho$ {bE _w»`_§Ìr MìhmU Hw$N> Cnm` `moOZm H$ao§ `hr CZH$s BÀN>m WrŸ&XmXmgmh~ Jm`H$dmS> Zo XohmVm| _| hmoZodmbo AÝ`m`, AË`mMma, AZwnOmD$ IoVr H$màíZ, y{_{hZ, IoV_OXÿam| Ho$ àíZ hb H$aZo Ho$ {bE gmh~ Ho$ gmW Jhar MMm© H$sŸ&V~ gmh~Zo H$hm - "_¢ Bg amÁ` H$m à_wI Am¡a ~hþOZ g_mO H$m à{V{Z{Y hÿ± Am¡a\w$bo, emhÿ Am¡a S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Ho$ {dMma na§nam H$m AmXa H$aVm hÿ±Ÿ&' o g~ H$aZo Ho${bE à`ËZ H$aZm _oam H$V©ì` h¡Ÿ& na Amn H$m±J«og Ho$ gmW gVV g§Kf© H$s Zr{V aIZoH$s ~Om` gh`moJ H$s y{_H$m br Vmo _wPo Am¡a H$m±J«og H$mo _hmamï´> _| X{bVm| Ho$ {bE~hþV Hw$N> H$aZo H$m Adga {_boJm& Amngo H$hZm MmhVm hÿ± {H$ _hmamï´> H$m±J«og `hnwamoJm_r {dMmaYmam H$s h¡Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ h_ XmoZm| H$mo _hmamï´> _| {_ÌVmnyU© ghH$m ©H$m à`moJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Š`m hO© h¡? XmXmgmh~ Jm`H$dmS> Ama. nr. Am`. Ho$ à_wIZoVm WoŸ& {damoYr nj ZoVm Ho$ ê$n _| do gd© n[a{MV WoŸ&

Bg na XmXmgmh~ Jm`H$dmSZo J§ ra {dMma Am¡a qMVZ H$aHo$ H$m±J«og Ho$ gmWgh`moJ H$aZo H$s Zr{V AnZm`rŸ& V~ go _hmamï´> _| H$m±J«og Am¡a Ama.nr.Am`. H$s wVrhmo J`r h¡Ÿ& Bggo ñnï> h¡ {H$ {dnj Ho$ _Zwî` ^r AnZo gmW bo OmZo H$s {H$_`m Am¡aXÿaÑ{ï> ed§Vamd Ho$ nmg WrŸ&

1952 _| KQ>Zm H$m A§_b ewê$ hþAm Am¡a Xoe _| nhbm gmd©{ÌH$ MwZmd hþAmŸ&Bg MwZmd _| H$m±J«og nj H$mo ~S>m è {_bmŸ& ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>Zm Ho$ Ûmam ^mfm dmaàm§VaMZm A{^dMZ H$m±J«ogZo Xoe H$mo {X`m WmŸ& CgHo$ AZwgma _amR>r ^m{fH$m| H$mamÁ` hmoZm Mm{hE, dh Vmo àË`j Wm hrŸ& _hmamï´> H$m Hw$N> ^mJ CXm. dèhmS> àm§V(AmO H$m {dX ©) _Ü`àXoe, S>m§J, C_aJmd Am¡a ~å~B© JwOamW _|, ~obJmd, {ZnmUrH$madma, H$Zm©Q>H$ _|, _amR>dmS>m Ho$ Hw$N> {Obo h¡Xam~mX _| Eogr _hmamï´> H$s {d{MÌAdñWm WrŸ& VrZ H$amoS> _amR>r m{fH$m| _| go Zã~o bmI bmoJ BZ VrZ {d^mJ _| ahVoh¢Ÿ& Bg{bE _amR>r ^m{fH$ amÁ` H$s _m±J _amR>r gm{hpË`H$m| Zo H$sŸ& àYmZ_§Ìr n§{S>VOdmhabmb Zohê$ g§ wŠV _hmamï´> H$s y{_H$m Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b Zht Wo Am¡a ~å~B©© àm§VHo$ _w»`_§Ìr _moamaOr XogmB© Xnm}{ŠV H$a aho Wo {H$ - "O~ VH$ M§Ð, gy ©, Vmao h¢ V~VH$ ~å~B©© _hmamï´> H$mo Zht {_boJrŸ&' VWm "JwOamWr ny±Or n{V`m| Ho$ {déÕ `h _amR>r^m{fH$ OZVm H$s bS>mB© h¡Ÿ&' Eogr _m±J H$m°_«oS> S>m§Jo Am¡a H$å w{ZñQ> ZoVm H$a aho WoŸ&èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> Ho$ g_W©H$ WoŸ& na èd§Vamd Bg _m±J Ho$ {bE AmH«$_H$Zr{V Ho$ {déÕ WoŸ& n§{S>V Zohê$ H$m _Z amOr H$aHo$ _hmamï´> {Z_m©U {H$`m Om gHo$Jm

145 146


Eogm èd§Vamd H$m _V WmŸ& na§Vw _amR>r OZ_V MìhmU H$s Bg Za_ Zr{V Ho$ nj _|Zht WmŸ& Bg g§Kf© _| ~å~B©© _| 105 hþVmË_mAm| H$m ~{bXmZ hþAmŸ& Bgr H$mb _|àVmnJS> na {edmOr _hmamO H$s à{V_m H$m AZmdaU H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xoe Ho$ àYmZ_§ÌrAm o WoŸ& Cg g_` _amR>r OZVmZo CJ« {ZXe©Z H$aHo$ AnZr ^mdZmE± ì`ŠV H$s WrŸ&àYmZ_§Ìr Ho$ gmW amÁ` Ho$ à_wI ed§Vamd XmoZm| r EH$ hr JmS>r _| WoŸ& ed§VamdZoZohê$ H$m _Z amOr H$a {X`m Am¡a 1 _B© 1960 H$mo èd§VamdOr _hmamï´> H$m _§JbH$be bo Am oŸ& do ~å~B©© gh g§ wŠV _hmamï´> Ho$ nhbo _w»`_§Ìr hmo J oŸ&

_w»`_§Ìr ed§Vamd Zo AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï> Ho$ gnZo Ho$ ~mao _| H$hm h¡ - "`h Z`m_hmamï´> amÁ` _amR>r OZVm Ho$ H$ë`mU H$m H$m_ Vmo H$aoJm hrŸ& na§Vw _amR>r m{fH$m| Ho$nmg Omo XoZo garIm h¡, CZHo$ OrdZ _| Omo AÀN>m h¡, Omo CXmÎm h¡, CgH$m ^maV Ho${bE Ë`mJ H$aZo H$m g_` Am oJm Vmo h_ dh Ë`mJ àW_ H$a|Jo... h_mam nhbogo hr{dídmg h¡ {H$ ^maV ahoJm Vmo _hmamï´> ahoJmŸ& ^maV ~‹S>m hþAm Vmo _hmamï´> ~S>m hmoJmŸ&_hmamï´> H$m Am¡a ^maV H$m {hV O~ EH$ê$n hmoVm h¡ V~ ^maV ^r ~‹S>m hmoVm h¡ Am¡a_hmamï´> ^r ~S>m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h B{Vhmg _hmamï´> Ho$ IyZ IyZ _| g_m J`m h¡Ÿ&'

_hmamï´> Ho$ ghH$mar Am§XmobZ H$mo èd§VamdZo e{ŠV XrŸ& eŠH$a H$maImZXmarAm¡a CgHo$ nyaH$ CÚmoJ H$mo àoaUm XrŸ& ghH$ma _| go Am¡a {H$gmZm| _| go Z o ZoV¥Ëd AmJoAm`mŸ& _hmamï´> H$mo H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$mo _Yw_pŠI`m| H$m N>Îmm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& JÞo H$s _rR>reŠH$a go h _Yw_pŠI`m| H$m N>Îmm O_m`mŸ& o ZoVm Am¡a H$m ©H$Vm© {d{dY gmd©O{ZH$g§ñWm, J«m_n§Mm`V, {Obm n[afX, n§Mm`V g{_{V`m| _| ZoV¥Ëd H$aVo hþE {XI nS>Vo h¢Ÿ&amOZr{V H$m {dH|$ÐrH$aU Am¡a ghH$ma _| g§KQ>Z `h MìhmU àUrV amOZr{V H$s{deofVm h¡Ÿ&

(2) H$amS> _| gm{hË` g§_obZ

AmnV²H$mbrZ nmíd© y{_na èd§Vamd Ho$ _VXma g§K - H$amS> _| 1976 H$moA{Ib ^maVr` _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZ âm WmŸ& _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZ H$s AÜ`jm~S>r {dXþfr XþJm© mJdV WrŸ& ed§Vamd g§_obZ Ho$ ñdmJVmÜ`j WoŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo H$hmWm - "amOZr{V Ho$ OyVo ~mha aIH$a _¢ gañdVr Ho$ _§{Xa _| Am`m hÿ±Ÿ&' gwà{gÕ X{bVgm{hpË`H$ CnamH$a bú_U _mZo Ho$ "~§X XadmOm' nwñVH$ H$m àH$meZ H$aVo g_Àm o hþE "^Q>Š`m' bmoJm| Ho$ g_yh Ho$ gm_Zo H$hm {H$ - "_¢Zo ½`mah df© ~§Omam g_mOH$m _w»`_§Ìr _hmamï´> H$mo {X`m, na§Vw Vwåhmar Amoa XoIH$a _wPo g_Pm {H$ dh Vw_ _| goZht WmŸ& dh Vwåhmao _mbXma dJ© _o§ WmŸ&'

_hmamï´> amÁ` {Z{_©{V Ho$ ~mX èd§VamdZo dmB© _| "_amR>r {dídH$moe _§S>b'H$sñWmnZm H$sŸ& VH©$VrW© bú_U emòr Omoer H$mo {dídH$moe Ho$ g§nmXZ H$m H$m_ {X`mŸ&CÝhm|Zo "_hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË` g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>b' H$s ñWmnZm H$aHo$ _amR>r ^mfm Am¡ag§ñH¥${V Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo _amR>r gm{hË` _| AZoH$ A{ÔZ MìhmU Ho$ {_Ì WoŸ& J. {X._m§S>JybH$a H$mo AmYw{ZH$ dmpë_H$s H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& _m§S>JybH$a Zo MìhmU Ho$ g§~§Y _|{bIm h¡ - "_amR>oemhrMo Vwåhr noedo, gË oMo ñdm_rŸ& Vw_À`m _mJo amhrb OZVm {ZË`nwamoJm_rŸ&Ÿ&' MìhmUZo H${dd © Zm. Ym§o. _hmZmoa H$mo {dYmZ n[afX na gXñ` Ho$ ê$n_| {Z wŠV {H$`mŸ&

AmJo B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$s y{_H$m go 1977 Ho$ MwZmd _| H$m±J«og H$s namO` hþB©Ÿ&OZVm nj gÎmm na Am`mŸ& _moamaOr XogmB© H$s gaH$ma ~hþV H$mb VH$ {Q>H$s ZhtŸ&MaUqgJ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| Z`m _§Ìr_§S>b ~Zm`m J`mŸ& Bg _§{Ì_§S>b _| èd§VamdZoCnàYmZ_§Ìr nX ñdrH$ma {b`mŸ& CZHo$ Bg {ZU© na ~S>r AmbmoMZm hþB©Ÿ& ~hwV bmoJm|H$mo h {ZU© ng§X Zht Am`mŸ& V~ ed§Vamd H$mo bJm {H$ - "AnZr Hw$N> Vmo JbVrhþB© h¡Ÿ&' Bg{bE do ~hþV AñdñW ahVo WoŸ& CnàYmZ_§Ìr nX ñdrH$ma H$aZo H$m YŠH$mAmJo CÝh| ~hþV {XZ VH$ IQ>H$Vm ahmŸ&

(3) ed§Vamd H$m An_mZ

1978 _| lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§YrZo {\$a go EH$ ~ma H$m±J«og nj \$moS> {X`m Am¡aAnZo Zm_ na CgZo "B§{Xam H$m±J«og nj' ñWmnZ {H$`mŸ& Cgr H$mb _| lr_Vr Jm§Yr,{VanwS>o, gmR>o BZ VrZm|Zo Omo ^mfU {H$ o Wo do g~ èd§Vamd H$m An_mZ H$aZo dmboWoŸ& MìhmU H$mo Vhg-Zhg H$aZo Ho$ BamXo aMZo OmZo bJoŸ& BgH$m n[aUm_ _hmamï´> H$samOZr{V na hþAmŸ& Eogr pñW{V _| _hmamï´> _| H$m±J«og Am¡a B§{Xam H$m±J«og Eogo g§ wŠVgaH$ma H$s ñWmnZm hþB©Ÿ& dg§VXmXm _w»`_§Ìr Am¡a {VanwS>o Cn_w»`_§Ìr hþEŸ&

na§Vw "{VanwS>o' Vmo _w»`_§Ìr garIo ~Vm©d H$aZo bJoŸ& dg§VXmXm H$mo _mZZodmboVéU Am_Xma, _§Ìr {~JS> J oŸ& eaX ndma Ho$ Amgnmg ~S>r g§»`m _o§ Am_Xma EH$ÌhmoZo bJoŸ& eaX ndma Ho$ "am_Q>oH$' ~§Jbo na _hmamï´> H$s amOZr{V H$mo {Xem XoZodmbramOZr{V {H«$`merb hmo CR>rŸ& ndma Zo Xm±d n|M H$aHo$ nwbmoX gaH$ma ñWmnZ {H$`mŸ&

_hmamï> Ho$ {hV Ho$ {bE ed§Vamd B§{Xam H$m±J«og _| em{_b hþEŸ& na§Vw BZHo$ gmWCZHo$ H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$m _Z go ñdmJV Zht hþAmŸ& CÝh| AÀN>m ~Vm©d Zht {_bmŸ& BgHo${dn[aV CZH$m Cnhmg hmoVm ahmŸ& CZHo$ nj àdoe Ho$ àg§J _| ~hþV AS>MZo n¡Xm H$sJ`rŸ& CZH$m Omo An_mZ {H$`m J`m, Omo _Z…ñVmn {X`m J`m, dh Vmo ~hþV Aemo Zr`

147 148


WmŸ& 1981 go 1985 VH$ bJ^J nm±M df© ed§Vamd H$mo Am¡a CZHo$ H$m ©H$Vm©Am| H$monaoemZ H$a {X`mŸ& CÝh| gå_mZ H$m ñWmZ, gå_mZ H$m nX Vmo Zht {X`m J`m, na CZH$mAn_mZ H¡$go hmoJm BgH$m OmZ~yPH$a {Xëbr _| go à`ËZ {H$`m J`mŸ& Bg ~Vm©d goèd§Vamd Ho$ ñdmñÏ` na n[aUm_ hþAmŸ& CZH$s nËZr gm¡. doUyVmB© Vmo ~hþV {Zame hmoJ`rŸ& \$m`ZmÝg H${_eZ H$m AÜ`jnX Vmo èd§Vamd Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd H$mo Adga XoZodmbmnX Zht WmŸ&

{X„r _| ewê$ hþAm h Iob XoIH$a ed§Vamd garIm àkmd§V amOZr{Vk _Zwî`Mwn WmŸ& Xÿgam| H$mo Y¡ © XoZodmbm `h _Zwî` {Zame hþAm dh ^r doUyVmB© OmZo Ho$ ~mXŸ&{\$a ^r `h CÝhm|Zo H$^r g_Pm Zht {X`mŸ& do pñWVàk Ho$ g_mZ ~Vm©d H$aVo WoŸ&CZH$s _mZ{gH$ AdñWm Iam~ hmo ahr WrŸ& h ~mV CZHo$ {_Ì OmZVo WoŸ& na ed§VamdHo$ gm_Zo {H$gr Zo ~mobZo H$s {hå_V Zht H$sŸ&

B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ ~mX amOrd Jm§Yr H$m èd§VamdOr H$s Amoa XoIZo H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ~XboJm, na Eogm Zht hþAmŸ& CZH$s ~w{Õ_Îmm, CZH$m H$V©¥Ëd, H$m_ H$aZo H$m AZw d,Hy$Q>Zr{VkVm OmZH$a ^r amOrd Jm§YrZo èd§Vamd Ho$ g§~§Y _| Hw$N> Zht {H$`mŸ&

(4) qgS>rHo$Q> Am¡a B§{S>Ho$Q> H$m±J«og

H$m±J«og Ho$ ~§Jê$b A{YdoeZ _| (1969) B§{XamOr Ho$ _moamaOr XogmB©, g. H$m.nmQ>rb, AVwë` Kmof, {VOqbJßnm go _V oX hmo J oŸ& Bg{bE H$m±J«og H$m "B§{S>Ho$Q>H$m±J«og' Am¡a "qg{S>Ho$Q> H$m±J«og' _| {d^mOZ hmo J`mŸ& B§{Xam Jm§Yr Zo H$m±J«og Ho$ A{YH¥$VCå_rXdma lr. g§Ord aoÈ>r H$mo nam yV {H$`mŸ& amï´>n{V Ho$ MwZmd _| èd§Vamd MìhmUAm¡a _hmamï´> H$m±J«og Zo g§Ord aoÈ>r H$mo g_W©Z {X o OmZo Ho$ H$maU èd§Vamd MìhmUAm¡a B§{Xam Jm§Yr BZ XmoZm| Ho$ g§~§Y {~JS> J oŸ& Bg n[apñW{V _| qg{S>Ho$Q> H$m±J«og ZoB§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ ñWmZ na èd§Vamd MìhmU H$mo àYmZ_§Ìr nX na {~R>mZo H$s Am°\$aXrŸ& na§Vw CÝhm|Zo Bg ~mV H$m BÝH$ma H$a {X`m Am¡a ed§VamdZo H$hm {H$ - "àYmZ_§ÌrnX Amng _| b‹S>H$a àmá {H$`m Vmo `h Xoe AÀN>r Vah MbmZm Ag§ d hmoJmŸ& CÎma{déÕ X{jU, ~«m÷U {déÕ _amR>m, j{Ì`, OmQ>, amOnyV Eogo JwQ> ~ZmH$a ^maV XoeH$m H$mamo~ma MbmZm {hVH$maH$ Zht hmoJmŸ& {dnj H$mo H$m±J«og _| Am¡a EH$ \y$Q> Mm{hEWrŸ& _¢ _oao hmW go dh \y$Q> nS>Zo Zht Xÿ±JmŸ& WmoS>o g_` VH$ ahZodmbo àYmZ_§Ìr nX H$sAnojm Zht h¡ Am¡a _wPo CgH$m AmH$f©U r Zht h¡Ÿ&' Bggo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ed§VamdH$^r ^r AdgadmXr amOZr{Vk Zht WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo h_oem amï´>{hV _hÎdnyU© _mZm h¡Ÿ&

1971 _| _Ü`md{Y MwZmd hþEŸ& Bg MwZmd _| B§{Xam Jm§Yr Zo àM§S> ~hþ_V

g§nmXZ {H$`mŸ& Bg MwZmd _| _hmamï´> _| {Q>H$Q> H$m ~±Q>dmam H$aVo g_` èd§Vamd H$moH$_Omoa H$aZo Ho$ {bE "_amR>m' Cå_rXdma {deofV… nmQ>rb Am¡a Xoe_wI H$mo hQ>mZo Ho$à`ËZ hwEŸ& Bg n[apñW{V _| ^r èd§Vamd MìhmU H$s ghZerbVm, pñWVàk àd¥{ÎmAm¡a gÀMmB© BZ JwUm| H$m àË §Va Am`mŸ& dñVwV… {damoY Am¡a g§Kf© h ed§Vamd H$mqnS> Zht WmŸ& CZHo$ ñd^md _| g_Pm¡Vo H$m mJ A{YH$ WmŸ& CZHo$ _VmZwgma {X„r gog§Kf© H$aHo$ _hmamï´> H$s àJ{V gmÜ` Zht H$a gH|$JoŸ& _w»` àdmh go _hmamï´> AbJZht hmo gHo$Jm Eogm CÝh| bJVm WmŸ&

(5) B§{Xam Am¡a ed§Vamd AbJ

1 OZdar 1978 H$mo B§{Xam Jm§YrZo "B§{Xam H$m±J«og' H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& V~ goB§{XamOr Am¡a èd§Vamd AbJ hþEŸ& nañna {damoYr Xb _| H$m_ H$aZo bJoŸ& B§{XamJm§Yr Zo B§{Xam H$m±J«og Ho$ Zm_ go MwZmd OrVoŸ& ed§Vamd H$mo bJm {H$ H$m±J«og Ho$ _w»`àdmhgo h_ AbJ hmo aho h¢Ÿ& H$m±J«og Eg H$mo OZVm Zo ì`mnH$ g_W©Z Zht {X`m WmŸ&Bg{bE èd§Vamd ZmamO WoŸ& CZHo$ _Z _| {dMma Am`m {H$ h_ _w»` àdmh go XÿaahH$a H$m±J«og H$s Am¡a OZVm H$s AÀN>r godm Zhr§ H$a gH|$JoŸ& B§{Xam H$m±J«og _| em{_bhmoZm Mm{hE Am¡a _w»` àdmh Ho$ gmW ahH$a g§KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m © H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& ed§VamdMìhmU o EH$ H$m±J«og nj Ho$ EH$ {Zð>mdmZ H$m ©H$Vm© WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo OZ{hV gm_ZoaIH$a amOZ¡{VH$ àdmg {H$`mŸ&

(6) B§{Xam H$m±J«og _| àdoe

CXmÎm hoVw aIH$a ed§Vamd Zo B§{Xam H$m±J«og _| àdoe {H$`mŸ& na§Vw CZHo$ OrdZHo$ AÝV VH$ CZH$s Cnojm hmoVr ahr do ~hþV {Zame hmo J o WoŸ&

gmam§e ê$n go èd§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ amOZr{V H$mb H$m qghmdbmoH$Z H$aVog_` Eogm H$hZm nS>Vm h¡ {H$ - "èd§Vamd Zo AnZo g§nyU© Am wî` _| gÎmm Ho$ {bEVÎdm| go, OZ{hV go H$^r g_Pm¡Vm Zht {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr {Zð>m go H$^r ~oB©_mZrZht H$sŸ& KamZoemhr H$s àgyVmdñWm _o§ ~T>Zodmbm ^maVr` OZV§Ì èd§Vamd H$moÝ`m` Zht Xo gH$mŸ& AmJo r Xo Zht gHo$JmŸ& Š`m amOZ¡{VH$ Ñ{ï >go ed§VamdZo JbVrH$s h¡? BgH$m CÎma h¡, hm±! CÝhm|Zo ~hþV JbVr H$s, na CÝhm|Zo Jar~m| H$mo CX²ÜdñVH$aZodmbr Jb{V`m± H$^r Zht H$sŸ&'

dV©_mZ H$mb _| maV _| amOZr{V EH$ àH$maH$m Y§Ym hþAm h¡Ÿ& gg§X _| gaH$maH$mo O~m~ nyN>Zo Ho$ {bE Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ àíZ, g_ñ`m aIZo Ho$ {bE n¡go boZo dmbo

149 150


OZà{V{Z{Y (Y§Yodmbo amOZr{Vk) OZV§Ì Ho$ n{dÌ _§{Xa _| ñdÀN>§XVm go Ky_Vo {\$aVoh¢Ÿ& Bg àXÿ{fV amOZ¡{VH$ dmVmdaU _| èd§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ EH${Zð>, Ü o {Zð>,VÎd{Zð>, OZgm_mÝ` Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s BÀN>m H$aZodmbo, g~Ho$ CËWmZ H$s AnojmH$aZodmbo, _mJ©Xe©H$, àmUdm wê$nr {dMma hr AmO maV H$s Am¡a _hmamï> H$s amOZr{VH$mo àXÿfU _wŠV, ñdÀN> Am¡a {ZXm}f ~Zm gH|$JoŸ&

èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m amï´>r` amOZr{VH$ àdmg XoIZona {ZpíMV Eogm bJVm h¡{H$ àma§{^H$ H$mb ~hþV gwZham Am¡a nydm©Y© _| Omo ny±Or amOZr{VH$ Xm±dn|M H$aHo$MìhmUZo EH$Ì H$s Wr CgHo$ ~bna CZH$s g\$b Am¡a à^mdr H|$Ðr` _§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _|JUZm H$s J`r Am¡a AmJo ^r hmoVr ahrŸ&

(7) ed§Vamd H$s JbVr

MaUqgJ Ho$ _§{Ì_§S>b _| do Cnn§VàYmZ_§Ìr hþE h Vmo _hmamï´> Ho$ {bE g§VmofH$s ~mV WrŸ& na do ñd § H$hVo h¢ - "MaUqgJ Ho$ _§{Ì_§S>b _| _¢ J`m, h Vmo _¢Zo _oaoOrdZ _| ~S>r JbVr H$s, h _oar ñdrH¥${V gM WrŸ& Š`m|{H$ CÝh| CnàYmZ_§Ìr ~ZmH$aB§{XamOr H$mo CZH$m amOZr{VH$ Iob g_má H$aZm WmŸ&' MaUqgJ H$mo àYmZ_§Ìr~ZmH$a MìhmU O¡go emgH$s` Am¡a àemgH$s` AZw d hmoZodmbo à^mdr ZoVm H$mon§VàYmZ_§Ìr nXgo Xÿa aIZm WmŸ& ed§Vamd B§{Xam Ho$ gmW H$m`_ ah OmVo Vmo H«$_m§H$Xmo na CZH$m ñWmZ AQ>b ah OmVmŸ& AnZo ~mX B§{Xam h ~mV Zohê$Zo nhbo hr V` H$sWr Am¡a B§{Xam Ho$ ~mX amOrd `h ^r B§{Xam H$m {ZU© WmŸ& Bgr H$maU Cg KamZoemhrH$s gÎmm Zï> hmoZo VH$ èd§Vamd H$mo àYmZ_§Ìr nX {_bZo H$m Adga Zht WmŸ&Bg{bE Eogo KamZoemhr H$m {damoY _amR>r ZoV¥Ëd Hw$eb, amOZr{VH$ e¡br, g§KQ>ZmH$m¡eë` Ho$ H$maU B§{Xam CÝh| à_wI _§Ìr nX go {ZH$mb Zht gH$Vr WrŸ& na _moamaOrgarIo à^mdr ZoVm H$mo B§{XamOrZo {ZH$mb {X`mŸ& A§V _| Eogm H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$amï´>r` amOZr{V _o§ ed§Vamd g\$b hþE hr, na "gøm{ÐZo Vmo {h_mb` OrVm h¢Ÿ&' hr~mV Vmo gM h¡Ÿ&

amOZr{V _| gÎmm Ho$ {bE wVr Am¡a VÎdm| H$s AË o{ï> h g_rH$aU gd©Ì MbVmh¡Ÿ& èd§VamdZo OZV§Ì Ho$ _yë`m| H$m, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$m Am¡a _mZdVmdmX H$m_yë`m§H$Z H$^r Zht {H$`mŸ& Zohê$ Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ ~mX CZHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar H$m àíZ AmJoAm`mŸ& n`m© Ho$ ê$n _| èd§Vamd Ho$ Zm_ H$s MMm© hþB©Ÿ& _moamaOr Am¡a emòrOr BZXmoZm| _| go EH$ nrN>o hQ> OmVm Vmo n`m© r Cå_rXdma Ho$ ê$n _| ed§Vamd H$m Zm_ AmJoAm OmVmŸ& CgHo$ ~mX bmb~hmXÿa emòr àYmZ_§Ìr hmo J oŸ& èd§Vamd ajm _§Ìr hmo

J oŸ& 1965 Ho$ nmH$ AmH«$_U Ho$ g_` maV Ho$ XoXrß`_mZ {dO` go Xoe H$m gå_mZ~‹T> J`mŸ& emòrOr Ho$ AmH$pñ_H$ {ZYZ go {\$a àYmZ_§Ìr nX Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar H$màíZ {Z_m©U hþAmŸ& Bg g_` èd§Vamd H$m Zm_ MMm© _| WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo B§{Xam Jm§Yr goH$hm {H$ Amn àYmZ_§Ìr nX Ho$ Cå_rXdma hm|Jo Vmo _¢ Amn H$mo g_W©Z Xÿ±Jm Am¡a AmnCå_rXdma Zht hm|Jo Vmo _¢ AmnHo$ g_W©Z H$s Anojm H$aVm hÿ±Ÿ& AÝV _| B§{Xam Jm§YràYmZ_§Ìr hmo J`r Am¡a MìhmU J¥h_§Ìr hmo J oŸ& AmJo B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ EH$m{YH$maemhr_| VZmd ~‹T>Vm J`mŸ& 1969 _| H$m±J«og nj _| \y$Q> nS>rŸ& _§{Ì_§S>b _| \o$aaMZm _|èd§Vamd H$mo AW© ImVm {X`m J`mŸ& CgHo$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo {dXoe_§Ìr nX ^r g± mbmŸ&

(8) AmnX²>H$mbrZ pñW{V g_má Am¡a MwZmd H$s KmofUm

B§{Xam JmYr Ho$ X_ZMH«$ wŠV _hÎdmH$m§jr Zr{V go AmnX²>H$mbrZ pñW{V Kmo{fVH$s J`rŸ& {dXoe _§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| O~ ê$_m{Z`m _| J o Wo V~ dhm± Ho$ H$m¡pÝgbZo H$hm -"àYmZ_§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§YrZo ^maV _| MwZmd Om{ha {H$`m h¡Ÿ&' `h gwZH$a èd§VamdZoH$hm - "`h g_mMma gwZH$a _Z na H$m ~moP hbH$m hþAm h¡Ÿ& Š`m gmd©O{ZH$ MwZmdHo$ {bE h_ h_oem Ho$ {bE d§{MV hmo J o?' Eogm S>a AZoH$ _{hZo bJm WmŸ& CÝhm|ZodoUyVmB© go nÌ {bIH$a H$hm h¡ - "g^r amOH¡$Xr Ny>Q> Om |Jo Am¡a MwZmd H$m dmVmdaUàñWm{nV hmoJmŸ& hdm Iwbr ahoJrŸ& AmO _¡§ AmZ§X _| hy±Ÿ&' AmnX²>H$mbrZ pñW{V$ Ho$~mX H$m±J«og H$s namO` hþB©Ÿ& na§Vw Aënmd{Y _| OZVm gaH$ma {JamZo _| B§{Xam Jm§Yrg\$b hþB©Ÿ& H$m±J«og nj _| Xygar \y$Q> nS>rŸ& B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ nwZamJ_Z _| ed§Vamd O¡gogmpÎdH$, gƒ[aÌ ZoVm H$mo H$moB© ñWmZ Zht WmŸ& Á oð>m| Ho$ ~mao _| AmXa ^md AWdm_mJ©Xe©Z H$s Anojm Am{X ~mVm| H$mo B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$s g§ñH¥${V _| H$moB© ñWmZ Zht WmŸ&

èd§Vamd gƒo AWm] _| _hmamï´> Ho$ ZoVm WoŸ& _hmamï´> Ho$ àemgZ _| Am¡a nj _§oà_wI WoŸ& Bg{bE _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr hmoVo hþE CZH$m H$m ©H$mb g\$b hþAmŸ& CZHo$àË oH$ {ZU© H$m ñdmJV hþAmŸ& na§Vw H|$Ðr` amOZr{V _| CZHo$ àË oH$ {ZU© H$mñdmJV Zht hþAmŸ& AZoH$ àg§Jm| _| CÝh| Xygamo§ Ho$ {dMma ñdrH$maZo nS>oŸ& do AbJ AbJImVo Ho$ _§Ìr WoŸ& {\$a ^r do ñdV§ÌVm go {ZU© Zht bo gH$Vo WoŸ& BZ g~ ~mVm| Ho$H$maU CZHo$ {dMmam| _| Am¡a CZHo$ H$m`m]_o§ ~mYm n¡Xm hmo OmVr WrŸ&

èd§Vamd O¡go àOm Ho$ amOm H$mo _hmamï´> H$^r Zht yboJmŸ& Š`m CZHo$ níMmVCZHo$ gnZm| H$s ny{V© hþB©? AmOH$b amOZr{Vkm|H$mo Qy>Q>o hþE _Z, XohmV _| ahZodmbo{H$gmZ, CZH$s hþB© XÿamdñWm, ~‹T>Vr OmZodmbr hË`mE± Am¡a Xÿgar Va\$ hOmam| H$amoS>m|én`m| Ho$ KmoQ>mbo amOZ¡{VH$ ZoVmAm| H$s emZ `h g~ XoIZona bJVm h¡ {H$ "Š`m `h

151 152


èd§Vamd H$m _hmamï´> h¡?' Š`m èd§Vamd Ho$ ~mX {X„r Ho$ Xa~ma _| _hmamï´> H$mogå_mZ {_bVm h¡? Eogo AZoH$ àíZ gm_Zo AmVo h¢Ÿ&

èd§Vamd MìhmU Ho$ níMmV CZHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar lr. eaX ndma {X„r H$samOZr{V _| _ehÿa hmo J oŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$m © go {X„rdmbm| H$mo AnZm n[aM` H$am{X`m h¡Ÿ& gmV g_wÐm| Ho$ nma Bg ZoVm H$s MMm© hmoVr h¡Ÿ& CÝhmo§Zo _hmamï´> Am¡a ^maV Ho$AZoH$ joÌm| _| H$m_ {H$`mŸ& {dî` _| lr. eaX ndma Ho$ H$V©¥Ëd H$mo ~w{Õ_Îmm H$mo Am¡ag^r {df`m| H$s OmZH$mar aIZodmbo VWm gd©k àkmd§V lr. eaX ndma H$mo amOZr{V_| AdU©Zr` H$m_ H$aZo H$m Adga {_boJm Vmo CZH$m Zm_ {Mañ_aUr` ahoJmŸ&

(9) H$mì` _| ed§Vamd H$m Jm¡ad JmZ

(1) èd§Vamd MìhmU ajm-_§Ìr H$m nX g± mbZo {X„r Om aho WoŸ& Cg Adga na_hmamï´> H${d èd§V Zo CZHo$ gå_mZ _| `h H${dVm {bIr Ÿ&Ahm h Anyd© g§J_, O_wZm go {_bZo Ÿ&{ZH$b nS>r `h gø{J[a H$m H$Ý`mŸ&Ÿ&naMH«$ H$s N>m`m Aewg±dbm ahr O_wZm Ob H$moŸ&ghmæ` H$aZo g§H$Q> _| `h{ZH$S> nS>r gø{J[a H$s H$Ý`mŸ&Ÿ&MrZr Zht, Aao dh Vmo Xþï> H$m{b`mŸ&bm±K {h_m{Ð H$mo Am`m h¡ dhŸ&_X©Z H$aZo _y{V© gm§dbr YÝ`m{ZH$b nS>r gø{J[a H$s H$Ý`mŸ&Ÿ&H¥$îUm `h Ho$ear ÜdOmñ\w$[aV hmo ahr em¡ © wOmboH$a K¥{V-_{V Am¡a XŠIZ H$s g§nXmŸ&{ZH$b nS>r gø{J[a H$s H$Ý`mŸ&Ÿ&g[aVm H¥$îUm ñd-H$N>ma _| XoIÁdma-~mOam| Ho$ {IÞ C§R>b ^mbm| H$moamoH$ Z nm`r AnZo H$mo dh{ZH$b nS>r gø{J[a H$s H$Ý`mŸ&Ÿ&H¥$îUm `h dram| H$s OÝ_XmÌr

`h XþJm©, Ib X_Z H$m[aUr{dO` àm{á H$m g§H$ën {H$ o dh{ZH$b nS>r gø{J[a H$s H$Ý`mŸ&Ÿ&Ádb§V H$„mo{bZr H¥$îUm `hH${b H$mb H$mo Y_H$mVr hþB©H$mqbXr ajm H$s H${Q>~ÕVm `h{ZH$b nS>r gø{J[a H$s H$Ý`mŸ&Ÿ&

(2) {d y{fV H$a Xmo "g§ajU' nX Vw_ ~Zmo "èd§V'Ÿ&gøm{Ð H$s ha H$Jma _| Jy±O CR>r O` Üd{Z{demb ^maV â _| nhþ±Mr jUâ _| `h Üd{Z Ÿ&Ÿ&1Ÿ&Ÿ&"èd§V' Ho$ è, H$s{V© H$s dmVm© Á`mo Á`mo AmB©_hmamï´> H$s ^mobr OZVm hf© [aV V~ hþB© Ÿ&Ÿ&2Ÿ&Ÿ&XoH$a Vwåh| "g§ajU' nX {X`m loð> `h _mZ"n§{S>V'OrZo _hmamï´> H$m H$a {X`m gå_mZ Ÿ&Ÿ&3Ÿ&Ÿ&Ob ñ\y${V© àX _hmamï´> H$m àmeZ Vw_Zo {H$`m{edamOm H$s nmdZ y na AI§S> {dMaU {H$`m Ÿ&Ÿ&4Ÿ&Ÿ&YS>H$ CR>m {Xb _wJbemhr H$m X_ I_ XoI _amR>m| H$m\$hamH$a hr ê$Ho$ AQ>H$na Omo CÎmw§J nVm H$m Ÿ&Ÿ&5Ÿ&Ÿ&âm hþAm h¡ CZ dram| H$m gmhg Vd A§Va _|H$U-H$U go {Z…g¥V _hmamï´> H$s Xoe^{ŠV V~ _mZg _| Ÿ&Ÿ&6Ÿ&Ÿ&"{OOm~mB©' H$m "N>ÌnVr' H$m H${Vn` g§Vm| H$mAmerdm©X Xo ahm Vwåho§ `h ndZ XŠIZ H$m Ÿ&Ÿ&7Ÿ&Ÿ&YÝ` OÝ_ - y! YÝ` _mV¥ Vd ! doUwVmB© r YÝ` hþB©V~ H$m © ê$n _| \$br \y$br CZ g~H$s nwÊ`mB© Ÿ&Ÿ&8Ÿ&Ÿ&ha ha JaOH$a "g§ajU' nX {d y{fV H$a Xmo "èd§V'gå_mZ âm `h _hmamï´> H$m àUm_ bmo JwUd§V Ÿ&Ÿ&9>>Ÿ&Ÿ&

(3) AmH$medmUrda àgm[aV ^mfU _| èd§VamdZo H$hm -Bg _mQ>r _| _¢ KwQ>Zm| Ho$ ~b Mbm,a±J J`m _oam VZ-_Z àmUŸ&BgZo hr _wPo é{Ya T>mbm,a±J {X`m _oam VZ-_Z àmUŸ&

153 154


(4) A{^_mZ Ya| ~{bXmZ H$a§o,D±$Mr ÜdOm \$hamE±,CÎmw§J h_mar CÎma gr_mB§M B§M na b‹S>oŸ&

(5) EH$ wdm H$d{`ÌrZo Bg qhgm H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ -h_ ajm _| A^md _| _a aho WoAghm` h_ Vwåhmao g¡{ZH$ WoŸ&^maV Ho$ l_, Omoe Ho$ àVrH$ h_na, newgo _a aho W¡Ÿ&_mZmo qnOS>m| _| ~§X new{Za§Va H$Ëb {H$ o OmVo Wo{_bVm Zht Wm gmhgnyU© gwIŸ&_mÌ EH$ ObVr hþB© _embH«$moY Am¡a g§H$ën H$m VobŸ&Or{dV Wo Omo Am¡a Omo Mb ~go WoCZHo$ em¡ © H$s `h hmobr WrŸ&j{Vny{V© H$aZm Ag§ d Wmj{Vny{V© H$m EH$ hr _mJ©ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a {Zð>m H$s ajmŸ&`hr h¡ h_mar {damgV`hr h_mar H$~« na IwXm hþAm boIŸ&K{Q>V hþAm Omo `hm±Oê$aV Wr CgH$s?K{Q>V hmoZm hr Wm `h g~?H${d èd§V Zo èd§Vamd MìhmU ajm _§Ìr ~ZZo na Omo H${dVm {bIr WrŸ&

CgH$m qhXr AZwdmX nyZm {dÚmnrR> Ho$ yVnyd© àmÜ`mnH$ S>m°. JOmZZ MìhmU Zo {H$`mh¡Ÿ&(6) èd§VamdOr H$m ì`{ŠVËd Am¡a H$V©¥Ëd XoIH$a AZoH$ H${d`m| Zo qhXr-_amR>r

^mfm _| èd§Vamd Ho$ JwU Jm¡ad na AZoH$ H${dVmE± {bIr h¡Ÿ& "Z`m OrdZ'Zm_ Ho$ EH$ {h§Xr H${dZo {bIm h¡ -o _oZZ Zht, o MìhmU h¢Ÿ&

o ñdrH$ma Zht h¡, o EH$ AmZ h¢Ÿ&Ÿ&"hQ>mo' Am¡a "hQ>mo', BgH$m Zmam ZhtŸ&"~T>mo' Am¡a "~T>mo', BgH$s `h emZ h¢Ÿ&Ÿ&bS>oJm Omo Bggo, dmo {ng Om oJmŸ&AS>oJm Omo Bggo, dh {nQ> Om oJmŸ&Ÿ&H$moB© OmHo$ H$h Xmo, o Am w~ go Ÿ&AS>oJm Omo Bggo, dh {_Q> OmEJmŸ&Ÿ&H${d ed§V, H${d Hw$gw_mJ«O, H${d Zm. Ym|. _hmZmoa Am{X H${d`m|Zo ed§VamdOr

H$mo H$mì`m§Obr g_{n©V H$s h¡Ÿ&èd§Vamd MìhmU 1956 go 1962 VH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo

gm§Jbr Ho$ mfU _| H$hm Wm - "_hmamï> H$m m½`moX` _wPo _oar Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo {XImB©XoVm h¡Ÿ& WmoS>r Xÿa H$s _§{Ob h¡, dhm± VH$ AmnH$mo OmZmhr nS>oJmŸ& _§{Ob VH$ nhþ±MZoH$m nW H${R>Z h¡Ÿ& H$ï> H$_ Zht h¡, bo{H$Z è {ZpíMV h¡Ÿ&' AmJo MbH$a CÝhm|ZoJwUdÎmm H$mo àYmZVm XoZo H$s ~mV V` H$s WrŸ& "_hmamï´> _| JwUm| H$s AdhobZm Zht H$sOm oJrŸ& {H$gr ^r joÌ _|, gÎmm ñWmZ _|, MwZmd _| JwUdÎmm H$mo _hÎd {X`m Om oJm,Cg _hÎd H$mo H$m`_ aIm Om oJmŸ& CgHo$ {~Zm h_ _hmamï´> H$m ^bm Zht H$a gH|$JoEogr _oar lÕm h¡Ÿ&' Bg _| CZH$s amOZr{V H$s {Xem à{Vq~{~V hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE gƒoAWm] _| _hmamï´> Ho$ Bg y{_nwÌ H$mo _hmamï´> H$m "{eënH$ma' H$hZm C{MV h¡Ÿ&

155 156

AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ {eënH$ma … `ed§Vamd MìhmU … 11 AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ {eënH$ma … `ed§Vamd MìhmU … 11157 158

AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ {eënH$ma … èd§Vamd MìhmU … 11 AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ {eënH$ma … èd§Vamd MìhmU … 11159 160

_m. èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m OrdZd¥Îm

1913 _mM© 12, OÝ_ gmVmam {Obo _| (A~ gm§Jbr {Obm) Xodamï´> Z_H$Jm±d _|Ÿ&

1918-19 _|. {nVmlr ~bd§Vamd MìhmU H$m ßboJ H$s ~r_mar _| {ZYZŸ& g^r{ejm Ho$ {bE H$èhmS> _| Xm{IbŸ&

1927 _| H$amS> H$s H|$Ð embm _| go ìhZm©Š wba \$m`Zb narjm CÎmrU©Ÿ&H$amS> _| {VbH$ hmBñHy$b _| àdoeŸ&

1929 8 Aà¡b H$mo ^JVqgJ Zo Ag|ãbr _| ~_ \o$H$ {X`mŸ& Cg KQ>Zm goamOZ¡{VH$ OrdZ H$s Amoa AmH${f©V Am¡a JVqgJ Ho$ \$m±gr Ho$ ~mXñdmV§Í` b‹S>mB© Ho$ {b o OrdZ g_{n©V H$aZo H$m {ZíM`Ÿ&

1930-31 df© Ho$ _Ü`VH$ bJ^J S>oT> df© VH$ kmZàH$me d¥ÎmnÌ Ho$ dmVm©haHo$ ê$n _| g§nH©$Ÿ&

1930-33 AghH$ma Ho$ (H$mZyZ §J) Am§XmobZ _| gh`moJ Am¡a 1932 _| 18_hrZm| H$s Oob H$s gOmŸ&

1933 _| Oob _| go Nw>Q>H$mamŸ&1931 _|. nwUo Ho$ ZyVZ _amR>r {dÚmb` H$s Amoa go br J`r dŠV¥Ëd ñnYm©

_| "J«m_ gwYmaUm' erf©H$ Ho$ {df` na àW_ H«$_m§H$ H$m 150.00én`m| H$m nm[aVmo{fH$ àmáŸ&

1934 _°Q´>rH$ narjm CÎmrU©Ÿ& H$moëhmnya Ho$ amOmam_ _hm{dÚmb` _| àdoeŸ&(àmMm © S>m°. ~mbH¥$îU Am¡a àmÜ`mnH$ Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$ H$m ghdmgAm¡a _mJ©Xe©ZŸ&)

1938 B{Vhmg Am¡a amOZr{V o {df` boH$a _w§~B© {dÚmnrR> H$s ~r.E.Cnm{Y narjm CÎmrU©Ÿ& nyZm Ho$ bm° H$m°boO _| àdoeŸ&

1936 1938 _| am`dmXr {dMmam| H$s N>m`m _|Ÿ&1940 gmVmam {Obm H$m±J«og Ho$ AÜ`jŸ&1941 AJñV _| Eb.Eb.~r. narjm CÎmrU©Ÿ& dH$mbV Ho$ ì`dgm` H$m

àma§^Ÿ&1942 OyZ 2, H$amS> _| doUwVmB© Ho$ gmW {ddmh~ÕŸ& (\$bQ>U Ho$ _moao

n[adma _| H$Ý`m)1942-43 gmVmam {Obo _| y{_JV Am§XmobZ _| àdoe, g§MmbZ, _mJ©Xe©ZŸ&


1943 _| g~ _| ~S>o ~§Yw kmZmo~m H$m {ZYZŸ&1944 amOZ¡{VH$ H«$m§{V Bg {df` na H${dVmŸ& (Oob _| ahZm)1945 Oob _| go Nw>Q>H$mamŸ&1946 _w§~B© amÁ` Ho$ H$mZyZ _§S>b Ho$ MwZmd _| (X.gmVmam) _VXmag§K _| go

MwZmd OrV J oŸ&1946 Aà¡b 14, J¥h {d^mJ Ho$ g§gXr` g{Md Ho$ ê$n _| {Z wpŠVŸ&1947 {Xg§~a 15, _| _±Pbo ~§Yw JUnVamd H$m {ZYZŸ&1948 _hmamï´> àXoe H$m±J«og Ho$ g{MdŸ&1951 _±Pbo ~§Yw JUnVamd H$s nËZr H$m {ZYZŸ&1952 H$amS> _VXmag§K _| go {dYmZ g^m na MwZmd Am¡a ZmJar agX _§Ìr

Ho$ ê$n _| {Z wpŠVŸ&1953 {gV§~a 28, lr. ^mD$gmho~ {hao Am¡a ZmZmgmho~ Hw§$Q>o Ho$ gmW

ZmJnya g_Pm¡Vo na npíM_ _hmamï´> H$s Amoa go hñVmjaŸ&1954 _w§~B© amÁ` n§Mm`V g§K H$s ñWmnZmŸ&1955 AŠVy~a 10, amÁ` nwZa©MZm g{_{V H$m {ddaU à{gÕ hþAmŸ& {dX ©

H$m AbJ amÁ` Am¡a eof _amR>r àXoe Am¡a JwOamWr àXoe BZ XmoZm|H$m g§ wŠV amÁ` gwPmZodmbr {e\$m[agŸ&

1955 {Xg§~a 1, \$bQ>U _| gmVmam {Obm H$m±J«og H${_Q>r Ho$ g^m _| CnmofU,h‹S>Vmb, BñVr\o$ o g§ wŠV _hmamï´> àmá H$aZo Ho$ _mJ© Zht h¡Ÿ& BgAme` H$m à{VnmXZ H$aZodmbm àñVmd _§Oya {H$`m J`mŸ& "_hmamï´>H$s Anojm Zohê$ loð> Am¡a _w§~B©gh g§ wŠV _hmamï´> àmá H$aZo Ho$à`ËZ _| AmJo lr. e§H$aamd Xod H$m ZoV¥Ëd ñdrH$ma H$aZo Ho$ {bE _¢V¡ ma Zht hÿ±'Eogr ~mV MìhmU Zo H$hrŸ&

1956 AŠVy~a, g§gX Zo {dX © Ho$ gmW {demb {Û^m{fH$ _w§~B© amÁ` H$sñWmnZm H$aZo H$s ~mV àH$Q> H$sŸ&

1956 Zd§~a, {demb {Û^m{fH$ _w§~B© amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm Am¡a {Û^m{fH$amÁ` Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| MwZmd (C_« 43)Ÿ&

1957 Aà¡b, _w§~B© {dYmZ g^m Ho$ gmd©{ÌH$ MwZmd _| H$amS> _| ~hþV ~S>mg§Kf© hmoH$a {dO` Am¡a nwZíM _w»`_§Ìr nX (C_« 44)Ÿ&

1957 Zd§~a 30, àVmnJS> na {edñ_maH$ H$m n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$H$a H$_bm| Ûmam CX²KmQ>Z, {Û^m{fH$ {damoYr _moMm© Am¡a g_mamoh em§{Vgo g§nÞ hþAmŸ&

1958 {gV§~a, A{Ib ^maVr` H$m±J«og H$s d{Hª$J H${_Q>r na MwZmdŸ&1958 \$adar, ~obJm±d-H$madma gr_m àXoe _hmamï´> _| g_m{dï> H$a boZo

Ho$ {bE g§ wŠV _hmamï´> g{_{V H$s Amoa go Am§XmobZ ewê$Ÿ&1958 {Xg§~a, gr_màíZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| Ý`m` _m±JZo Ho$ {bE maV H$s amOYmZr

_| g§ wŠV _hmamï´> g{_{V H$s Amoa go gË`mJ«hŸ&1959 OZdar, A. ^m. H$m±J«og Ho$ ZmJnya A{YdoeZ _| V¥Vr` n§Mdm{f©H$

`moOZm Ho$ {df` H$m àñVmd Qy>Q> J`mŸ&1959 _mM©, eò{H«$`m Am¡a ~`mbrg {XZm| H$s {dlm§{VŸ&1959 AJñV, {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` H$m H$mamo~ma `eñdr hmoVo hþE ^r amÁ` H$s

OZVm _| EH$mË_Vm H$s {Z_m©U Zht hþB© WrŸ& Bg{bE _w»`_§Ìr Ho$ZmVo go Cgo _| AmJo Mbm Zht gHy±$JmŸ& Eogm {ZU© boH$a CÝhm|ZoH$m±J«og loð>r H$mo gy{MV {H$`mŸ&

1959 {gV§~a, {Û^m{fH$ _w§~B© amÁ` Ho$ nwZa©MZm Ho$ g§~§Y _| {dMma H$aZoHo$ {bE H$m±J«og d{Hª$J H${_Q>r Zo Zm¡ gXñ`m| H$s g{_{V {Z wpŠV H$sŸ&

1959 {Xg§~a 29, A{bJT> _wpñb_ {dÚmnrR>, AbrJT>- Am°ZZar {S>J«rAm°\$ Eb. Eb. ~r. Cnm{YŸ&

1960 OZdar, {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` H$s nwZa©MZm H$a _w§~B©gh _amR>r àXoe H$mAm¡a JwOamW àXoe H$m Eogo Xmo amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aZo H$m {ZU© Zm¡gXñ`r` g{_{V Zo {b`mŸ&

1960 \$adar 13, (gmdaJmd Sw>H$ao) _| g§nÞ {dX © gm{hË` g§_obZ Ho$CX²KmQ>H$Ÿ&

1960 _mM©, ~mam_Vr Ho$ g§gX Ho$ CnMwZmd _| H$m±J«og Xb Ho$ gXñ` H$mo ~S>o~hþ_V go MwZH$a {X`mŸ& _hmamï´> amÁ` H$s {Z{_©{V OZV§Ì nÕ{V goAm¡a em§{V go H$aZo Ho$ à`ËZ na _amR>r OZVm Zo {dídmg ì`ŠV{H$`mŸ&

1960 Aà¡b, g§gX Zo {Û^m{fH$ amÁ` H$s nwZa©MZm H$a _w§~B©gh _hmamï´>Am¡a JwOamW BZ Xmo amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aZo H$s `moOZm H$mo _mÝ`Vm XrŸ&

161 162


1960 OyZ, nwUo _| n. JmoqdX d„^ n§V H$s CnpñW{V _| åh¡gya Ho$ _w»`_§Ìrlr. OÎmr Zo gr_m H$m àíZ dmX {df` hmoZo H$s ~mV H$hrŸ& lr.MìhmU Am¡a lr. OÎmr BZ XmoZm| H$mo gr_m àíZm| H$m {dMma H$aZo Ho${bE Wm AnZo AnZo gaH$ma H$mo [anmoQ>© àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ha EH$H$mo Xmo à{V{Z{Y {_bH$a Mma gXñ`m| H$s g{_{V {Z wpŠV H$s Om oJr,Eogm {ZdoXZ H$aZodmbm g§ wŠV nÌH$Ÿ&

1960 AŠVy~a 21, nwUo _| _hmamï´> H$m±J«og H${_Q>r H$s Amoa go Om{hagËH$maŸ&

1960 Zd§~a, Am{Ib ^maVr` H$m±J«og MwZmd _§S>b na MwZmdŸ&1960 Zd§~a 10, ZmJnya H$ama A_b _| bmZo Ho$ {bE {dYmZ g^m H$m EH$

A{YdoeZ ZmJnya _| ha df© hmoZo H$s ewê$AmVŸ&1960 Zd§~a 19, _hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË` g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>b H$s ñWmnZmŸ&1960 {Xg§~a, H$m±J«og _hmg{_{V _| go MwZmd nÕ{V go nhbo nhb hþE

MZmd _| d{Hª$J H${_Q>r na MwZmdŸ&1961 {X„r _| 43 do A. ^m. _amR>r ZmQ>ç g§_obZ Ho$ ñdmJVmÜ`jŸ&1961 _mM© 30, {dX © H$s OZVm H$s Amoa go ZmJnya _| 47 do OÝ_ {XZ Ho$

{Z{_Îm gËH$ma g_mamohŸ&1962 _o 1, n§Mm`V amÁ` `moOZm H$m àma§ Ÿ&1962 gmVmam _| hþE A. ^m. _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZ Ho$ CX²KmQ>H$Ÿ&1962 \$adar, _hmamï´> {dYmZ g^m Ho$ MwZmdŸ& H$m±J«og Zo 265 _| go 214

gXñ` MwZH$a bm oŸ& Bg àH$ma H$m±J«og Zo ~S>r g\$bVm àmá H$sŸ&1962 AŠVy~a 22, ^maV Ho$ ajm _§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| {Z wpŠVŸ&1963 Zm{eH$ {Obo _| go g§gX _| {damoY Ho$ {~Zm MwZmdŸ&1963 A_[aH$m Ho$ ajm ImVo Ho$ g{Md _°ŠZm°am Ho$ {Z_§ÌU {_bZo na

A_[aH$m H$s |Q>Ÿ&1963 AJñV, a{e`m H$s g\$a, a{e`Z n§VàYmZ H«w$íMoìh go MMm©, _XX

H$m AmídmgZŸ&1964 AJñV 28, a{e`m H$m Xm¡amŸ&1964 {X„r _| _hmamï´>r` {ejm g§ñWm Ho$ AÜ`j nX na {Z wpŠVŸ&1965 OZdar, Zm§XoS> _| g§nÞ 47 do A. ^m. _amR>r ZmQ>ç n[afX -

A{YdoeZ Ho$ CX²KmQ>H$Ÿ&

1965 AJñV 18, C_« Ho$ 95 do df© _| {dR>m_mVm H$m {ZYZ - _w§~B©Ÿ&1966 OZdar, VmíH§$X _| emòrOr - Am w~ImZ MMm© _| CnpñWVŸ&

(H$mo{g{OZ Ho$ à`ËZ Ho$ AZwgma&)1966 Zd§~a 14, H|$Ðr` J¥h_§Ìr nX na {Z wpŠVŸ&1967 J¥h_§Ìr nX Ho$ gyÌ boZo na nhbo N>… _hrZm| _| Z o Xg amÁ`nmbm| H$s

{Z`wpŠVŸ&1969 \$adar 23, H$mZnya {díd {dÚmb` Zo "S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$ bm°' Cnm{Y

gå_mZnyd©H$ XrŸ&1969 Zd§~a, ~§Jbmoa H$m±J«og A{YdoeZ Ho$ ~mX H$m±J«og Xb {d^m{OV hmo

J`mŸ&1970 \$adar 10, Am¡a§Jm~mX _amR>dmS>m {dÚmnrR> H$s "S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$

bm°' `h Cnm{YŸ&1970 OyZ 26, H|$Ðr` AW©_§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| {Z wpŠVŸ&1971 {dH$gZerb amï´>r` n[afX _| Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ g§~§Y _| MMm©Ÿ&1972 gmVmam g§K _| go g§gX na MwZ {b oŸ& g§gX Ho$ 43 gXñ` MwZ {b o

J oŸ& (_hmamï´> _|)1974 {Xg§~a 1, H$moëhmnya {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$s "S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$ bm°' `h

Cnm{YŸ&1974 AŠVy~a, H|$Ðr` {dXoe_§Ìr Ho$ nX na {Z wpŠVŸ&1975 {J`mZm, Š w~m, bo~oZm°Z, B{Oá, noê$, A_[aH$m, A\$Jm{ZñVmZ,

BamH$, Hw$d¡V, \«$mÝg Am{X amï´>mo H$s |Q>Ÿ&1975 {Xg§~a, A{Ib maVr` _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZ H$amS> _| g§nÞ hþAm

WmŸ& CgHo$ ñdmJVmÜ`jŸ&1976 OZdar 17, na^Ur _amR>dmS>m H¥${f {dÚmnrR> H$s "S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$

{\$bm°gm°\$s' `h Cnm{YŸ&1976 VwH©$ñWmZ, AëOo[a`m H$s |Q>Ÿ&1976 AŠVy~a 8, g{XÀN>m amOXyV Ho$ ê$n _| A_[aH$m _| hmoñQ>Z Ho$ Q>oŠgmg

eha H$s Amoa go _mZnÌŸ&1977-78 g§gX _| {damoYr Xb Ho$ ZoVm Ho$ ê$n _| MwZ {b o J oŸ&1978 B§{Xam Jm§Yr Ho$ gmW _V oX hmo OmZo na g§Ord aoÈ>r H$m±J«og _| àdoeŸ&

163 164


1978 _hmamï> _| eaX ndma Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| nwbmoX _§Ìr _§S>bŸ& (èd§Vamd H$mnwbmoX H$mo g_W©Z hmoZo H$s MMm©)

1979 OwbmB©, MaUqgJ Ho$ g§ wŠV _§Ìr_§S>b _| Cnn§VàYmZ Am¡a J¥h_§ÌrŸ&1980 gmVmam _VXma g§K _| go g§gX na MwZ {b o J oŸ& (aoÈ>r H$m±J«og Ho$

_hmamfQ´> _| AHo$bo {dO`r gXñ`)1982 B§{Xam H$m±J«og _| àdoeŸ&1982 AmR>do AW© Am`moJ Ho$ AÜ`jŸ&1983 OyZ 1, nËZr gm¡. doUwVmB© H$m {ZYZŸ&1983 AŠVy~a 7, èd§Vamd Zo AnZm BÀN>m nÌ (dwB©b) {bImŸ&1984 OZdar 9, gm¡. doUwVmB© MìhmU ñ_maH$ npãbH$ M°[aQ>o~b Q´>ñQ> H$s

ñWmnZm Am¡a n§Or`ZŸ&1984 \$adar 7, "H¥$îUmH$mR>' AmË_M[aÌ H$m nhbm ^mJ àH$m{eVŸ&1984 _mM© 24, nwUo {dÚmnR> H$s gå_mZr` (S>r.{bQ²>) Cnm{YŸ&1984 OyZ 1, gm¡. doUwVmB© H$s àW_ nwÊ`{V{WŸ& Cgr {XZ èd§Vamd Zo

VH©$VrW© bú_Uemòr Omoer H$s CnpñW{V _| gm¡. doUwVmB© ñ_maH$H$m y{_nyOZ {H$`mŸ&

1984 AŠVy~a 7, CZHo$ "H¥$îUmH$mR>' AmË_M[aÌ H$mo Ho$gar _amR>m g§ñWmH$s Amoa go gm{hË` g_«mQ> Z. {M. Ho$iH$a nm[aVmo{fH$Ÿ&

1984 Zd§~a 25, em_ Ho$ g_` 7Ÿ…45 H$mo {X„r _| {ZYZŸ&1984 Zd§~a 27, Xwnha Ho$ g_` 3…30 ~Oo H$amS> Ho$ H¥$îUm-H$mo Zm Ho$

àr{Vg§J_ na A§Ë`g§ñH$maŸ&1986 _o 31, joÌ _mhþbr, {O. gmVmam Ho$ am_emòr à wUo à{Vð>mZ H$s

Amoa go gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` nwañH$ma (_aUmoÎma)Ÿ&

165 166

(9) èd§Vamd MìhmU ì`{ŠVÎd Am¡a H$V¥©Îdna

CnbãY gm{hË` (AmYmaJ«§W)

A.Z. J«§WmMo Zmd boIH$

1. H¥$îUmH$mR> èd§Vamd MìhmU2. {dXoe Xe©Z (am_^mD$ Omoer am_^mD$ Omoer (g§nm)

g§J«mhH$ - g§nmXH$)3. hdmE§ gøm{Ð H$s èd§Vamd MìhmU4. ^y{_H$m èd§Vamd MìhmU5. F$UmZw~§Y èd§Vamd MìhmU6. OrdZmMo {dídê$n èd§Vamd MìhmU7. `wJm§Va èd§Vamd MìhmU8. gømÐrMo dmao èd§Vamd MìhmU9. {edZoarÀ`m Zm¡~Vr èd§Vamd MìhmU10. dMZnyVuMo amOH$maU èd§Vamd MìhmU11. Am{Ib ^maVr` _amR>r gm{hË` èd§Vamd MìhmU

g§_obZ, H$amS> ñdmJVmÜ`j ^mfU12. _hmamï´>-åh¡gya gr_màíZ èd§Vamd MìhmU13. _r Am{U _mPo dmMH$ J. Í §. _mS>ImobH$a14. èd§Vamd MìhmU Zm. Ymo§. _hmZmoa15. gmoZoar nmZo ^m. {d. JmoJQ>o16. èd§V JmOVo H$sVu Xþ{hVm17. eãXmMo gm_Ï © am_ àYmZ18. ~§YUmMo F$U am_ àYmZ19. dmXb _mVm am_ àYmZ20. {Z`VrMm hmV èd§Vamd MìhmU21. {dXoe Xe©Z èd§Vamd MìhmU22. èd§Vamd MìhmU {d{Y_§S>bmVrb {ZdS>H$ ^mfUo I§S> 1



23. J¥hXodVm {dÚm XogmB©24. èd§Vamd MìhmU ~m~yamd H$mbo25. èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m §Xo nmQ>rb26. _mÂ`m AmdS>Ë`m nmM ì`{ŠV _mYdamd ~mJb27. èd§Vamd MìhmU A{^Z§XZ J«§W g§nm. VH©$VrW©

bú_Uemòr Omoer28. Amoì`m {dR>mB©À`m am_^mD$ Omoer29. èd§Vamd MìhmU H$V©¥Ëd Am{U ZoV¥Ëd e§H$a gmaS>m30. èd§Vamd MìhmU amOH$maU Am{U ^mñH$a b. ^mobo

gm{hË`31. emboMo {Xdg _mohZ Omoer32. èd§Vamd MìhmU {d{dYm§Jr ì`{ŠV_Îd {dÇ>b nmQ>rb33. èd§Vamd MìhmU _mYdamd ~mJb34. _mÂ`m amOH$s` AmR>dUr h[a^mD$ bmS>35. èd§Vamd MìhmU B{VhmgmMo EH$ nmZ am_^mD$ Omoer36. Zd_hmamï´>mMo {eënH$ma XÎmmam_ ~mañH$a37. èmoYZ {dZm`H$amd nmQ>rb38. èd§V {M§V{ZH$m `. M. à. H$. ~å~B©©39. gmh~ g§Ü`mH$mbr oQ>Uo AéU eodVo40. OZ_ZmVrb èd§Vamd ZmJZmW hoJo41. èd§Vamd MìhmU OrdZXe©Z n§Om~amd OmYd42. èd§Vamd MìhmU EH$ ñ_aU43. èd§Vamd MìhmU agJ«hUmË_H$ Aä`mg am_ \$H$sa44. F$UmZw~§Y Za|Ð _madmS>o45. hr Á`moV AZ§VmMr am_^mD$ Omoer46. gømÐrdarb gy m©ñV am_^mD$ Omoer47. èd§Vamd MìhmU A{Zb48. gømÐrMo dmao - EH$ Aä`mg àm. Ho$ed dgoH$a49. H¥$îUmH$mR> EH$ AmñdmX Za|Ð _madmS>o


50. _amR>r _mVrMo d¡ d CÎm_ gy ©d§er51. ^maVmMo gwnwÌ èd§Vamd MìhmU S>m°. n§Om~amd am_amd OmYd52. _hmamï´>mMo {eënH$ma èd§Vamd MìhmU {dÇ>b nmQ>rb53. èd§Vamdm§À`m àñVmdZm {dÇ>b nmQ>rb54. ñ_aU gmh~m§Mo AéU eodVo55. èd§Vamd MìhmU OrdZXe©Z {ZbH§$R>amd Im{S>bH$a56. Q>m°dg© {ZbH§$R>amd ImS>rbH$a57. èmoXe©Z 46 dm dmT>{Xdg {dZm`H$amd nmQ>rb

- {Z{_Îm 195958. _amR>r _ZmMr Zdr {j{VOo _m. n. _§JwS>H$a59. èd§Vamd MìhmU - àoaUm d H$m ©60. _hmamï´>mMo n{hbo _w»`_§Ìr èd§Vamd MìhmU61. èd§VmMr {dR>mB©62. èmo{Xn {edmOramd MìhmU63. wJ§Ya ZoVo èd§Vamd MìhmU ~m. h. H$ë`mUH$a64. èd§Vamd MìhmU `m§Mo _m¡{bH$ {dMma `. M. à. H$. ~å~B©©65. èd§Vamd MìhmU `m§Mo {dÇ>b nmQ>rb

{ZdS>H$ {dMmaYZ66. AmR>dUrVbo èd§Vamd67. H¥$îUmH$mR>Mo d¡ d68. {edmOr {dÚmnrR> {XjmÝV ^mfU èd§Vamd MìhmU69. nwUo {dÚmnrR> {XjmÝV ^mfU èd§Vamd MìhmU70. ZmJnya {díd{dÚmb` èd§Vamd MìhmU71. àË`j Am§XmobZ Am¡a g§gXr` bmoH$V§Ì èd§Vamd MìhmU72. èd§V {dMma A_¥V gr. S>r. ndma73. {Z`VrMm hmV èd§Vamd MìhmU74. èd§Vamd MìhmU EH$ Xe©Z H$mZoQ>H$a75. {da§Jwbm am_^mD$ Omoer76. Zmnmg _wbm§Mr Jmoï> AéU eodVo

167 168



77. èd§Vamd MìhmU Pw§Oma ZoV¥ËdmMm emoY d ~moY78. èd§Vamd MìhmU {dMma Am{U dmagm {dÇ>b nmQ>rb79. èd§Vamd MìhmU AZ§Vamd nmQ>rb80. èd§Vamd MìhmU g_J« gm{hË` gyMr {dÇ>b nmQ>rb81. H¥$îUm {_imbr H$mo Zobm I§S> 1 ^m. H¥$. CS>m§~bH$a82. H¥$îUm {_imbr H$mo Zobm I§S> 2 ^m. H¥$. CS>m§~bH$a83. H¥$îUm {_imbr H$mo Zobm I§S> 3 ^m. H¥$. CS>m§~bH$a84. èd§Vamd MìhmU g{MÌ OrdZXe©Z àm. ZmamÙ qeXo85. doUy àm. ZmamÙ qeXo86. _hmamï´>mMo _Z nw. am. ~oS>ao87. Vrb Am{U Vm§Xÿb J. {X. _mS>JybH$a88. èd§Vamd MìhmU JwU Jm¡ad A§H$ _hmamï´> amÁ` 1 _o 197589. OS>U-KS>U {V>bH$ hm`ñHy$b, H$amS>90. èd§V {Z`VH$m{bH$ gm`Ýg H$m°boO, H$amS>91. AmPmX qhX èd§Vamd MìhmU ñ_a{UH$m

{deofm§H$ ñ_a{UH$m92. èd§Vamd MìhmU Pw§Oma ZoV¥ËdmMr g§nm. Ho$. Or. H$X_

EH$ Pon93. {dMma g§J_94. bmoH$amÁ`95. _hmamï´>mMr _mZ{M•o EH$ZmW gmIbH$a/

gw mf oÊS>o96. ghH$ma gwJ§Y Eg. Ama. nmQ>rb97. _hmamï´> g§Mma ñ_¥Vr {deofm§H$ 1996 {dÇ>bamd OmYd98. {MÎmr Agmo Úmdo g_mYmZ Ûm. _. H${U©H$99. gm{hËà§J _. {d. JmoIbo100. gË`mVyZ ghH$m`m©H$S>o _mYdamd ~mJb101. nm{jH$ b{bV Img {deofm§H$ Ûm. _. H${U©H$102. èd§Vamd MìhmU - AmXem©À`m àH$memV {dH${gV Pmbobo ì`{ŠV_Îd


103. wJ§Xa ZoVo èd§Vamd MìhmU ~m. h. H$ë`mUH$a104. èd§Vamd Vo {dbmgamd _YwH$a mdo105. èd§Vamd Vo {dbmgamd {dídmg _|hXio106. _r nm{hbobo èd§Vamd gamo{OZr ~m~a107. èd§Vamd MìhmU amï´>r` ì`pŠV_Îd ^m. H¥$. Ho$bH$a108. _mÂ`m amOH$s` AmR>dUr har nm§Sw>a§J VWm

h[a^mD$ bmS>109. amOYmZrVrb 12 df} Ûm. ^. H${U©H$110. bmoH$_mZgmVrb èd§Vamd am. Jmo. à wUo111. èd§Vamd MìhmU (g{MÌ OrdZXe©Z) àm. ZmamÙ {e§Xo112. _hmamï´>mMo _w»`_§Ìr gmonmZ JmS>o113. n{hbr \o$ar am_ àYmZ114. èd§Vamd {dMma Am{U dmagm d. Ho$. nmQ>rb d

{d. {d. nmQ>rb115. ghH$ma n§T>arMo dmaH$ar S>m°. dm. Mw. lrlr_mir116. e¡{bH$ma èd§Vamd àm. S>m°. {edmOramd Xoe_wI117. èd§Vamd MìhmU `m§Mo àm. S>m°. {edmOramd Xoe_wI

g_rjmboIZ d ^mfUo118. _hmamï´>mVrb gm_m{OH$ {dMma_§WZ M§ÐHw$_ma ZbJo119. AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´>mMo {eënH$ma àm. AemoH$ ZmB©H$dmS>o

èd§Vamd MìhmU120. ~waIm haU am. Vw. nmQ>rb121. èd§V ñ_¥{VgwJ§Y am_^mD$ Omoer122. gømÐr AmZ§X nmQ>rb123. India's Foregin Policy Yashwantrao Chavan124. Wind's Change Yashwantrao Chavan125. The Illustrated Weekly of India 28th June 1981126. Chavan & the Political Integration Jayant Lele

of Maharashtra127. Man of Crisis B. B. Kale128. Y. B. Chavan Selected Speeches in Parliament - I

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129. Y. B. Chavan Selected Speeches in Parliament - II130. Y. B. Chavan Selected Speeches in Parliament - II131. Y. B. Chavan Selected Speeches in Parliament - IV132. Chavan & He Troubled Decad133. Yashwantrao Chavan Selected Speeches 1946-62 - II134. Yashwantrao Chavan D. B. Harnik

A Political Bbography135. Yashwantrao Chavan Chandulal M.136. Science of Technology Policy Yashwantrao Chavan137. Inaugral Address Yashwantrao Chavan138. Nagpur University Yashwantrao Chavan139. Indian Horizons Yashwantrao Chavan140. Politics of Commbtement Yashwantrao Chavan141. 1965 War Inside Dbary R. D. Pradhan142. Debacle to Revival R. D. Pradhan143. Chavan and the Troubled T. V. Kunhl Krishnan

171 172


boIH$ n[aM`

Zm_ - àm. S>m°. Ho$. Or. H$X_{Zdmg - ßbm°Q> Z§. 117/59, C_m ZJar, _wamaOr noR>,gmobmnya - 413001_mo~mB©b - 9420659658{ejm - E_. E. ({hÝXr), E_.E. (_amR>r), nrM.S>r.({hÝXr), gm{hË` _mÎm©ÊS>

H$m © - AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ, g§emoYZ, e¡j{UH$ gÌ, Amamo½` g§dY©Z, àm¡T> {ejm,J«m_ ñdÀN>Vm A{^`mZ, dmX{ddmX ñnYm©, bmoH$ {ejm Am¡a OmJ«{V, Xmê$~§Xr àMma dàgma Am{XŸ&àH$m{eV {hÝXr nwñVHo$ -

(1) í`m_ZmamÙ nmÊS>o … ì`pŠVÎd Am¡a H$mì` (emoYà~§Y), (2) H${dlr ~ƒZ …ì`pŠV Am¡a Xe©Z (emoYà~§Y), (3) H${dlr {ed_§Jbqgh gw_Z Am¡a CZH$m H$mì`(emoYà~§Y), (4) eam~ go _wpŠV , (5) g_rjm H$m ñdê$n, (6) _amR>r H$s loð>H$hm{Z`m±, (7) Vy\$mZ Ho$ {ga na, (8) Cf…H$mb, (9) Jwbm~ Ho$ \y$b, (10) {hÝXrAI~ma Am¡a gm{gH$m| _| 125 boI àH$m{eVŸ (11) Vy\$mZ Ho$ {ga naŸ&àH$m{eV _amR>r nwñVHo$

(1) {ZdSw>§J (AmË_H$Wm), (2) H$Wm… gwI Xw…ImÀ`m (H$Wm g§J«h), (3) qMV{ZH$m({dMma g§J«h), (4) nmoQ>mgmR>r (ì`pŠV {MÌo), (5) OrdZmÀ`m dmQ>odê$Z (H$mX§~ar)(6) Agm g_mO Aer _mUgo (b{bV boI g§J«h), (7) D$Z Am{U gmdbr (b{bVboI g§J«h), (8) èd§Vamd MìhmU … Pw§Oma ZoV¥ËdmMr EH$ Pon, (9) èd§VamdMìhmU Am{U Ë`m§Mr ghH$mar Midi, (10) A{¾{eIm (M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar)(11) H$_©`moJr (M[aÌmË_H$ H$mX§~ar)Ÿ&gå_mZ Am{U nwañH$ma

(1) gm{hË` _mÎm©ÊS> (_Wwam), (2) JwUd§V {ejH$ nwañH$ma - gmobmnya, (3) AmXe©{ejH$ - amÁ` nwañH$ma (_hmamï´> emgZ), (4) H$X_ dmL>_`rZ nwañH$ma (5) _.Jm§Yr nwañH$ma, nwUo (6) èd§Vamd MìhmU dmL>_`rZ nwañH$ma (_hmamï´> gm{hËÀm{U g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B©), (7) H$_©dra mD$amd nmQ>rb e¡j{UH$ nwañH$ma, gmobmnya,(8) gm{hË` gmJa nwañH$ma, _ohH$a, ~wbT>mUm, (9) Am_Xma lr. ~~Zamd qeXogm{hË` nwañH$ma, _mT>m, {O. gmobmnya Ÿ&

173

g_n©U

ñd. èd§VamdOr MìhmU H$mo gmXa g_{n©V

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