ইসলামে উত্তরাধিকার আইন ও বাংলাদেশের...

RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m

fwjDg-8, bs-1, Rvbyqvwi-Ryb 2018

Bmjv‡g DËivwaKvi AvBb I evsjv‡`‡ki bvix mgvR :

GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

W. †gvt bRiæj Bmjvg*

Abstract

Deprived women have won the world today. They are now seen everywhere-from

aviation to warfield. There is no exception in the context of Bangladesh. From the head

of Government to important posts of the state, there is presence of women in all spheres.

But, women‟s inheritance property can not be ensured only because of backward

mentality, maledomination, ignorance and superstition. Although most women at the

marginal level adopt Islam, they are being deprived of their inheritance property in our

social perspective. Islam is talking about proper succession of women but it is not

implemented. In some cases, women are deprived of the inheritance of their property by

misinterpretation of religion. Even the religious leaders, who give lectures and statements

on the religious issues, don‟t implement inheritance law in their own cases. But to ensure

the inheritance of women in property, Islam has given clear explanation. In this article,

the background and reason behind the deprivation of inheritance of women will be

discussed in the context of Bangladesh. At the same time, the data and informantion of

deprivation from the property of marginalized women will be collected from secondary

sources and presented objectively. The principles of sharing of property for women will

also be presented in the light of Quran & Hadith.

f‚wgKv

dviv‡qR ev DËivwaKvix AvBb Bmjv‡g GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| hv‡K Bjgyj dviv‡qR

(DËivwaKvi m¤úwK©Z Ávb) wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi

m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©kbv ¯úó| Zv m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`‡ki †cÕÿvc‡U Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv

DËivwaKvi bxwZ h_vh_fv‡e gvbv n‡”Q bv wKsev ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q bv| Bmjvg GKwU

Av`k© I cwic~Y© Rxeb eë¯’v †hLv‡b gvby‡li cÕ‡qvRbxq mKj bxwZgvjv we`¨gvb|

evsjv‡`‡k Bmjv‡gi AvMgb nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv n‡jI Bmjv‡gi DËivwaKvi

bxwZgvjv cwic~Y© AvKv‡i ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q bv| gymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb-1961 Abymv‡i

m¤úwË e›Ub n‡jI e¨w³MZ †ikv‡iwk, cvwievwiK Am‡šÍvl I Kjn, Aeë¯’vcbv,

cyiælZvwš¿K g‡bvfve, bvixi AmnvqZ¡, m¤úwË e›Ub m¤ú‡K© AÁZv I Kzms¯‹vi,

`vwi‡`ªï yóPµ wKsev AvBbx RwUjZvi ìæb m¤úwË‡Z bvixi DËivwaKvi bxwZ

cwic~Y©fv‡e evsjv‡`‡k ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q bv|

gvbeZv cÕwZôvq bvixi mgvb f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| bvix‡K D‡cÿv K‡i gvbeZvi †Kvb

RvqMv m¤ú~Y© n‡Z cv‡i bv| evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k †hLv‡b mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì

*mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, BmjvwgK ÷vwWR wefvM, RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv

154 Bmjv‡g DËivwaKvi AvBb I evsjv‡`‡ki bvix mgvR : GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv

eë ’vcbv I wbqš¿Y wb‡q eûwea mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| mgmvgwqK mg‡q bvixi ÿgZvqb n‡jI

cÕvwšÍK ch©v‡q cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK bxwZgvjvq Zvi †Qvqv c~Y©v½fv‡e †`Lv hvq bv|

m¤úwË e›U‡b bvix‡K wewfbœ Dcv‡q VKv‡bv n‡”Q hv Bmjvgx bxwZgvjvi cwicš’x|

evsjv‡`k miKvi bvix bxwZgvjv ˆZix K‡i †mLv‡b m¤úwË‡Z bvixi mgvbvwaKv‡ii

welqwU †ek Av‡jvPbv I mgv‡jvPbvi m„wó nq| we‡kl K‡i Bmjvgx ivR‰bwZK `j Gi

e¨cK mgv‡jvPbv K‡i| hvid‡j miKvi weeªZKi Ae¯’vq c‡o hvq| A_P evsjv‡`‡ki

AwaKvsk gymwjg cwiev‡i Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv m¤úwË‡Z bvixi DËivwaKvi bxwZgvjv

ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡”Q bv| G wb‡q Bmjvgx ivR‰bwZK `j wKsev msMVb †Kvb Kg©m~Px

cvjb Ki‡Q bv| ewÂZ i‡q hv‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki AMwYZ gymwjg bvix| bvixi

mgvbvwaKvi wb‡q †ek Av‡jvPbv n‡jI m¤úwË‡Z bvixi ewÂZ nIqv‡K gvbevwaKvi

j•Nb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡”Q bv|

M‡elYvi †hŠw³KZv

evsjv‡`‡k e¨w³i ag©xq bxwZ Abymv‡i m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix nIqvi wel‡q AvB‡b ejv

n‡q _vK‡jI Zv h_vh_fv‡e cvjb n‡”Q bv|1

evsjv‡`‡ki †cÕÿvc‡U bvix‡ì‡K

cwievi I mgv‡Ri †evSv Ges A¯’vqx m`m¨ fvev nq|2

bvix‡ì‡K mšÍvb Drcv`b I

M„nK‡g©i Rb¨ cÕavb wbqvgK wn‡m‡e aiv nq wKš` m¤úwË‡Z Zv‡ì †Kvb †Kvb †cÕÿvc‡U

h_vh_ AwaKvi †Ìqv nq bv| `ytLRbKfv‡e n‡jI mZ¨ †h, mgv‡Ri ev¯Íe wPÎ

wbLyZfv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq bvix‡ì‡K m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix †_‡K ewÂZ

Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi eûwea KviY _vK‡jI bvixiv wewfbœ †cÕÿvc‡U Zv gyL ey‡R mn¨

K‡i _v‡Kb| Avgv‡ì mgv‡R wcZvi g„Zzï ci †Q‡jiv †g‡q‡ì Ask †`qbv ev w`‡Z

Mwogwm Kivmn AmsL¨ Awbqg †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| GgbwK weaev bvix‡ì‡KI Zv‡ì

h_vh_ DËivwaKvix †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|3

cÕvwšÍK ch©v‡q †`Lv hvq, bvix‡ì 90

kZvsk Rwgi gvwjKvbv fvB‡ì|4

Ab¨ M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, evsjv‡`‡k gymjgvb‡ì

g‡a¨ †KejgvÎ 43.2 kZvsk bvix Zv‡ì DËivwaKvix m¤úwË †c‡q _v‡K|5

1996

mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki GK M‡elYvq †`Lv †`‡Q, K…wl Rwgi gvwjKvbv †ÿ‡Î †KejgvÎ 3.5

kZvsk Rwgi gvwjK gwnjv‡ì|6

m¤úwË‡Z bvixi ewÂZ nIqv‡K cÕvK Bmjvgx hy‡M

bvixi m¤úwË †_‡K ewÂZ nIqvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq| †Kbbv, cÕvK Bmjvgx hy‡M g„Zz¨

e¨w³i m¤úwË I cwiPvjbv, wewj e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb myôz bxwZgvjv wQjbv Ges

DËivwaKv‡i gwnjv‡ì †Kvb Ask †Ìqv nZ bv|7

m¤úwË‡Z bvixi DËivwaKvi †Kej gvbevwaKv‡ii welqB bq Gi mv‡_ RwoZ

i‡q‡Q Avw_©K I mvgvwRK †cÕÿvcUI| bvixi m¤úwË‡Z DËivwaKvi bxwZ cÕK…Z A‡_©

ev¯Íevqb bv nIqvq wewfbœ iKg A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK mgm¨v ˆZix n‡”Q|

Gi d‡j AviI mvgvwRK mgm¨vi m„wó n‡”Q| G †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ ˆZix n‡”Q wewfbœ

AvBb-Kvb~b I bxwZgvjv| Bmjv‡g m¤úwË e›U‡b mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv i‡q‡Q| g„Z e¨w³i

m¤úwË e›U‡b KziAv‡bi wewfbœ m~ivq my¯úó wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î mšÍvb †m

cyiæl wKsev bvix †nvK Zv‡ì mywbw ©ó Ask wba©vib K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡gi dviv‡qR

RMbœv_ BDwbfvwm©wU Rvb©vj Ae AvU©m 155

bxwZ‡K my¯úófv‡e ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡j †`Lv hvq, wbtmšÍvb fvB‡qi m¤úwË‡Z †ev‡bi

AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|8

GgbwK bcysmK ev wnRov n‡jI DËivwaKvi cvIqvi welqwU ¯úó Kiv

n‡q‡Q|9

GUv AZ¨šÍ Mwn©Z Aciva I ¸bv‡ni KvR| Gi d‡j wKqvg‡Zi w`b m¤úwË

AvZ¥mva Kivi Aciv‡a `wÐZ n‡Z n‡e|10

A_P evsjv‡`k GKwU gymjgvb †`k n‡qI

†m wbq‡gi e¨Z¨q n‡”Q| Bmjvg‡K †KejgvÎ Bev`Z-e‡›`Mxi (bvgvR, †ivRv wKsev

Ab¨ †Kvb ag©xq Drme) g‡a¨ mxgve× †i‡L Rxeb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| GK †kÕYxi

gvbyl KziAv‡bi AvB‡bi Ace¨vL¨v w`‡q _v‡K| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb d‡ZvqvevR wb‡Ri

gZ K‡i Bmjv‡gi e¨vL¨v w`‡q _v‡K| m¤úwË e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv GB

bxwZgvjv‡K †KD Ae‡njv wKsev ei‡Ljvc K‡i cwic~Y©Zv Avbqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

†Kbbv Bmjv‡gi mKj wbqg-bxwZ gvbv I cvjb Kivi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q gvbe Rxe‡bi

m‡e©vËg Kj¨vY|

Bmjv‡g DËivwaKvi AvBb ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

DËivwaKvi AvBb dviv‡qR AvBb e‡j cwiwPZ| g„Z e¨w³i cwiZ¨³ m¤úwË RxweZ

DËivwaKvix‡ì g‡a¨ KziAvb, nv`xm I wdKn Abyhvqx e›Ub Kiv‡K dviv‡qR e‡j| †h

e¨w³ dviv‡qR m~‡Î g„Z e¨w³i m¤úwË cvq Zv‡K DËivwaKvix ejv nq| dviv‡qR ev

DËivwaKvi GKwU AKvU¨ AvBb| cweÎ KziAv‡bi m~iv wbmvq GB AvB‡bi D‡jøL

i‡q‡Q| GB m~ivq Askx`vi‡ì Rb¨ QqwU fMœvsk 2/3, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6, Ges

1/8 Gi D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|11

DËivwaKvix m¤ú‡K© msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q AvBbÁ W. Avi †K wmbnv e‡jb, ÖGKRb

g„Z e¨w³i m¤úwË B”QvcÎ/DBj A_ev DBjwenxb/B”QvcÎwenxb AbyewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i|

DBjK…Z m¤úwËi AbyeZ©b g„Ze¨w³i GKwU DB‡ji gva¨‡g m¤úvw`Z nq| DBjwenxb

m¤úwËi AbyeZ©b‡Ki DËivwaKvi ejv nq hvi gva¨‡g g„Z e¨w³i m¤úwËi wbw`©ó

Askmg~n Zvi AvBbMZ DËivwaKvixMY †c‡q _v‡Kb| DËivwaKvix‡ì cÕvc¨ Ask

AvBb Øviv wba©vwiZ|12

DËivwaKvi †_‡K bvixi ewÂZ nIqvi KviY

1. DËivwaKvi m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ Ávb bv _vKv

evsjv‡`‡k bvix wkÿvi nvi mgmvgwqK mg‡q evo‡jI G Ae¯’v c~‡e© LyeB Lvivc wQj|

wkÿvi nvi evo‡jI bvix wkÿvi nvi †Zgb evo‡Q bv| eZ©gv‡b wkÿvi nvi evo‡jI

cÕvwšÍK ch©v‡qi bvixiv cÕK…Z wkÿvi evB‡i †_‡K hv‡”Qb| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb RvqMvq

wkÿvi Av‡jv bvix‡ì gv‡S Qwo‡q co‡jI DËivwaKvi AvBb I bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K©

cÕK…Z I h_vh_ Ávb bv _vKvi ìæb cwiev‡ii m¤ú` e›Ub †_‡K bvixiv ewÂZ n‡q

_v‡K|13


2. AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb wQbœ nIqvi AvksKv

ˆcwÎK m¤úK© wKsev bvixi Uv‡bi m¤úK© †KD wQbœ Ki‡Z Pvq bv| mvaviYfv‡e aviYv

Kiv n‡q _v‡K gwnjviv hw` ˆcwÎK m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix Ask `vwe K‡i _v‡K Z‡e

wcÎvj‡qi mv‡_ ¯^vfvweK m¤úK© bó n‡q hv‡e wKsev wew”Qbœ n‡q hv‡e| AvZ¥xqZvi eÜb

my`„p ivLvi Rb¨ gwnjviv ˆcwÎK m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix cÕvc¨Zv †_‡K wb‡R‡K `y‡i

iv‡L|14

3. bvixi weev‡n LiP †hvMv‡bv

evsjv‡`‡ki †cÕÿvc‡U bvixi weev‡ni LiP †hvMv‡bv Kb¨vi wcZv wKsev wcÎvjq †_‡KB

Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GKBmv‡_ êwk¦K cÕfv‡e weev‡ni LiP A‡bK e„w× †c‡q‡Q| bvixi

weev‡ni LiP †h‡nZz Zzjbvg~jK †ekx wKsev †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î ei‡K Kb¨vi cÿ †_‡K

†hØZzK cÕ`vb Ki‡Z nq †m‡ÿ‡Î bvixi weev‡ni LiP †RvMv‡bv‡K DËivwaKvi cÕvc¨Zvi

mv‡_ mgš^q Kiv n‡q _v‡K|15

Avi ZvB wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ wcZvi DËivwaKvix m¤úwË

wemR©b †Ìqv nq|

4. bvixi bvBIi nviv‡bvi fq

cÕPwjZfv‡e gvby‡li aviYv, bvix Zvi ˆcwÎK wbev‡m †eov‡Z Avmv (RvgvB I Kb¨vmn

kïi evox‡Z kxZKvjxb †eov‡bv, ˆRô¨ gv‡mi Avg KvVvj LvIqvi ixwZ, C` wKsev

Ab¨ †Kvb Dcj‡ÿ¨ †eov‡Z Avmv) Dcj‡ÿ¨ Avì Avc¨vqb‡K bvixi m¤úwËi

DËivwaKvixi mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i _v‡Kb| mevi g‡a¨ e×g~j aviYv bvixiv hw` ˆcwÎK

m¤úwËi fvM †bb Zvn‡j ˆcwÎK wbev‡m bvBIi nviv‡Z n‡e|16

¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †Kvb

bvix Zvi mšÍvb‡ì‡K ˆcwÎK wfUvi mv‡_ m¤úK© wQbœ Ki‡Z Pvb bv Ges GB Kvi‡YB

†Kej wcZvi DËivwaKvix m¤úwËi `vwe K‡i bv|17

5. bvixi AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv

evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi nvi e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ bvixi Kg©ms¯’vbI †e‡o‡Q| bvixi ¯^vej¤^xZv

wKsev AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZvi Kvi‡YiI †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î bvixiv Zv‡ì cÕvc¨ m¤úwËi

DËivwaKvix MÕnY †_‡K wb‡R‡ì‡K ewÂZ K‡i _v‡Kb| evsjv‡`‡ki †cÕÿvc‡U bvixi

GwM‡q hvIqv wKsev ¯^wkÿvq wkwÿZ n‡q Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri LiP †RvMv‡bvi

mvg_©¨ ˆZixi d‡j ˆcwÎK m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix MÕnY K‡ibv wKsev †¯^”Qvq †Q‡o †`q|18

6. bvixev`x gb¯ÍË¡ I AwfÁZvi Afve

bvix †h‡nZz mvsmvwiK Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ _v‡Kb Ges mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡ì mvwe©K

ZË¡veav‡b _v‡Kb †mB j‡ÿ Zviv wb‡R‡ì‡K m¤úwË †_‡K `y‡i _vK‡Z Pvb| m¤úwËi

fvM †Ìqv I †bIqv †_‡K `y‡i †_‡K Sv‡gjvgy³ _vK‡Z Pvb| cvkvcvwk m¤úwË

†`Lvïbv wKsev †fvM-`Lj Kivi cÕ‡kœ bvixi `ÿZv I AwfÁZv Kg _vKvi ìæb ˆcwÎK

m¤úwËi cÕwZ AvMÕn Kg _v‡K|19


7. bvixi wbivcËvnxbZv

†`‡ki cÎ-cwÎKvq memgqB †`Lv hvq, m¤úwË wb‡q ØÜ-msNvZ, gvivgvwi GgbwK Lyb-

LvivweI wbZ¨-ˆbwgwËK NUbv n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| RwgRgv msµvšÍ wel‡q bvix wbivcËvnxb

I AvksKvi g‡a¨ Rxeb AwZevwnK Ki‡Z nq| ZvB A‡bK bvix wb‡Ri wbivcËv I

cwiev‡ii Sv‡gjvi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i m¤úwË wb‡Z Pvq bv|20

8. cÖvc¨ Ask ey‡S wb‡Z PvB‡jI fvB‡ì KvQ †_‡K h_vh_ mn‡hvwMZv bv cvIqv

A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq wcZv mKj mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úwË kixqZ †gvZv‡eK e›Ub K‡i

†`b wKš` fvBiv †m m¤úwË w`‡Z Ae‡njv wKsev Amn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve †`wL‡q

_v‡K|21

fvB‡ì cÕfve I †jvfx g‡bvfve ˆcwÎK m¤úwË‡Z †fvM`Lj KwVb n‡q c‡o

bvix‡ì|

9. Ask Lye Kg nIqvq A‡b‡K wb‡Z Pvq bv

†Kvb †Kvb †cÕÿvc‡U msmv‡i fvB-†ev‡bi msL¨v †ekx n‡j dviv‡qR e›Ub bxwZgvjv

†gvZv‡eK m¤úwË e›Ub Kiv n‡j G‡KK RvqMvq ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Rwg †c‡q _v‡K|22

hv †fvM-

`Lj Kiv A‡bK `yiæn| GKBmv‡_ hLb m¤ú‡ì Iqvwikiv Amn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K †m

†cÕÿvc‡U †m m¤úwË †fvM Kiv AviI yiæn n‡q _v‡K wKsev †Kvb †Kvb †cÕÿvc‡U

Am¤¢eI n‡q `vovq|

10. `~i‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y A‡b‡K wb‡Z Pvq bv

†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †g‡q‡ì weevn n‡q _v‡K ˆcwÎK GjvKv †_‡K A‡bK `yi‡Z¡ †m

†cÕÿvc‡U m¤úwËi fvM †bIqv †g‡q‡ì c‡ÿ A‡bK `yiƒn n‡q _v‡K| Gme †ÿ‡Î

m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi †_‡K bvixiv nqZ ewÂZ n‡q _v‡Kb wKsev DËivwaKvix cÕvc¨Zv

cwiZ¨vM K‡i Av‡mb|23

11. bvixi AvZ¥m¤§vb

ˆcwÎK m¤úwË‡Z DËivwaKvix MÕnY KivUv‡K mvgvwRKfv‡e LvU K‡i †`Lv nq|

GKBmv‡_ bvixi ˆcwÎK m¤úwË †_‡K fvM †bIqv‡K dviv‡qR wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q

_v‡K| Avi hviv dviv‡qR MÕnY K‡i Zv‡ì‡K mvgvwRK I HwnZ¨MZfv‡e †nq cÕwZcbœ

Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G welqUv‡K gv_vq †i‡L A‡bK bvix I Zvi ¯^vgx wKsev mšÍv‡biv

m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix `vex K‡ib bv|24

12. m¤úwË AvBb m¤ú‡K© AÁZv

m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix e›Ub I wnm¨v wba©vib GKwU RwUj welq wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki

†cÕÿvc‡U we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hØ_ cwievi wKsev AwaK mšÍvb evsjv‡`‡ki

cwievi¸‡jv‡Z GK ¯^vfvweK ixwZ| G Ae¯’vq Iqvwi‡ki cÕvc¨ Ask wba©vib `y‡e©va¨


welq| ZvB AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq, bvixiv m¤úwË m¤úwK©Z mswkøó AvBb m¤ú‡K©

Rv‡bbv|25

hZUzKz Rv‡b ZZUzKzI Avevi cyiæl kvwlZ mgvReë¯’v Øviv Ave×|

13. mvs¯‹…wZK euvav

Avgv‡ì mgvR eë¯’vq bvixi m¤úwË‡Z AwaKvi I gvwjKvbv‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †bIqv

nq bv wKsev cÕvPxb Kvj †_‡KB bvix †KejgvÎ N‡ii †`Lv-†kvbvi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ|

Zviv m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv n‡e †mUv‡K ¯^vfvweKfv‡e wb‡Z cv‡i bv| ms¯‹…wZi GB

†bwZevPK cÕfve gvby‡li g‡a¨ g¾vMZ n‡q Av‡Q|26

†mLvb †_‡K †ei n‡q AvmvUv Lye

mnR g‡b n‡”Q bv|

14. cyiæl kvwmZ mgvReë¯’v

cyiælZvwš¿K mgvReë ’vi Rb¨ mevB g‡b K‡i m¤ú‡ì gvwjK †Kej cyiæl|27

ZvB

gwnjv‡ì DËivwaKvix †_‡K cÕvß m¤úwË †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î bvixiv MÕnY Ki‡jI Zv ¯vgx

wKsev fvB‡ì wj‡L †Ìqv nq|

15. mvgvwRK evuav

cyiæl kvwmZ mgvReë¯’vi g‡a¨ w`‡q bvix‡K emevm Ki‡Z nq| †hLv‡b bvix N‡ii

evB‡i †ei n‡Z cv‡i bv wKsev ag©xq evuav wb‡l‡ai Kvi‡Y Zviv evB‡i hvq bv| †Kvb

†Kvb †ÿ‡Î c`©v Kivi ìæbI gwnjviv evB‡i †h‡Z Pvq bv| Gme mvgvwRK ev ag©xq

Kvi‡YI bvixiv DËivwaKvix m¤úwË MÕnY ev AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|28

16. fvB‡ì m¤úwË‡Z bvixiv fvM emv‡Z Pvqbv

fvB-†ev‡bi m¤úK© evsjvi BwZnvm I HwZ‡nï Ask| fvB‡qi ¯^v_© iÿv wKsev fvB‡K

fvj ivLvi Rb¨ mKj ¯^v_© Z¨vM Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq evsjvi Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P| †evb‡ì GB

¯^v_© Z¨vM wcZvi m¤úwË e›Ub †ÿ‡ÎI cÕfve c‡o _v‡K| ¯^vfvweK ixwZ wn‡m‡e g‡b

Kiv nq wcZvi m¤úwË DËivwaKvi m~‡Î fvB cv‡e †mB m¤úwË †Kvbfv‡eB †evbiv wb‡Z

Pvq bv|29

17. eûweev‡ni cÖfve

mgv‡R eû weevn we`¨gvb _vKvq wcZvi GKvwaK mšÍvb _vKvi d‡j Rwg e›U‡b mgm¨v

†`Lv †`q| Avgv‡ì mgv‡R mr fvB wKsev †evb‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK© fvj bv _vKvUv GKwU

¯^vfvweK ixwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| †mB †cÕÿvc‡U mr †evb‡ì m¤úwË w`‡Z fvBiv

†Kvbfv‡eB ivwR _v‡K bv|30

bvixi DËivwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi wb‡`©kbv

Bmjvg GKwU Av`k© Rxeb eë¯’v wn‡m‡e gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ wba©viY K‡i‡Qb gnvb

iveŸyj Avjvwgb| gvbe RvwZ hLb mKj w`K †_‡K AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z wQj ZLb

Avjøvni eÜz †kÕô bex I ivm~j nhiZ gynv¤§` (mv.) Gi gva¨‡g c_åó gvbe RvwZ‡K


mwVK c‡_i mÜvb w`‡q‡Qb| gvbyl Dcnvi †c‡q‡Q GK DbœZ Rxeb †hLv‡b b¨vq I

mvgëv‡ì RqMvb my¯úó| eÂbv wKsev Ae‡njv Kivi my‡hvM bvB| bvix-cyiæ‡li

†fv`v‡f` †bB| GgbwK cÕvYx I cwi‡e‡kiI AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Bmjv‡g|

c„w_ex‡Z we`¨gvb mK‡ji fvimvg¨c~Y© AwaKvi cÕ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q cvkvcvwk Zv wbwðZ

Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K mywbw`©ó `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cÕ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m †cÕÿvc‡U m¤úwËi

DËivwaKvi e›U‡b bvix-cyiæ‡li Rb¨ wbw`©ó GKwU wnm¨v wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

gnvb Avjøvn m¤úwË‡Z bvix-cyiæ‡li mK‡ji Ask wba©vwiZ K‡i‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i

e¨w³i m¤úwË‡Z fvB-†ev‡bi wba©vwiZ Ask i‡q‡Q hvi mywbw`©ó mxgv‡iLv Bmjv‡g

wba©vib K‡i †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv AbymiY Ki‡j gvbe

Rxe‡b mKj w`K w`‡q Kj¨vY e‡q Avb‡e| Bmjv‡g DËivwaKvix nIqvi Rb¨ e¨w³i

eqm, †hvM¨Zv ev wj‡½i cv_©K¨ †`Lv nq bv| Bmjv‡gi `„wó‡Z ïay g„‡Zi eskai Ges

wbKU AvZ¥xqivB Zvi cwiZ¨v³ m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx DËivwaKvi

AvBb Abyhvqx cvjK cyÎ Zvi cvjK wcZvi m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv

m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi nIqvi †¶‡Î cvjK cy‡Îi †P‡q wb‡Ri es‡ki †jv‡KivB AwaK

†hvM¨ hv AvZ¥xqZvi m¤ú‡K© mymsMZ K‡i| g„‡Zi cwiZ¨³ m¤úwË‡Z RxweZ AvZ¥xq‡ì

Kvi wnm¨v KZUzKz Zv KziAvb gRx‡` cwi®‹vifv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q| myZivs Zv AKvU¨ I

Ø¨_©nxb| G‡Z cyiæ‡li wnm¨v †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb Av‡Q bvixi wnm¨v| Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv

dviv‡qR bxwZ KziAvb I nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|

DËivwaKv‡ii wba©vwiZ Ask Avjøvn&& ZvÔAvjvi cÿ †_‡K gxgvswmZ A_©vr wewfbœ

Iqvwi‡ki Rb¨ wewfbœ Ask †KviAv‡b wbw`©ó K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv Avjøvn&& ZvÔAvjvi cÿ

†_‡K wba©vwiZ Ask| Bmjvgx DËivwaKvi bxwZ Abymv‡i †m H Rwgi êa Askx`vi|

Avjøvn&& ZvÔAvjv KZ©„K wba©vwiZ gxivm AvBb h_vh_fv‡e Avjøvn&&i mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ cvjb

Kivi e¨vcv‡i mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kiv Riæix| Gme e¨vcv‡i AmveavbZv I ˆkw_j¨

cÕ`k©b Avjøvn&&i Av‡`‡ki cwicš’x| DËivwaKvi‡ì cÕvc¨ Ask m¤ú‡K© Avj-KziAv‡bi

†NvlYv n‡jv, ÖAvjøvn&& †Zvgv‡ì mšÍvb m¤‡Ü wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb, GK cy‡Îi Ask `yB

Kb¨vi As‡ki mgvb; wKš` †Kej Kb¨v `yB-Gi AwaK _vK‡j Zv‡ì Rb¨ cwiZ¨³

m¤úwËi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk, Avi gvÎ GK Kb¨v _vK‡j Zvi Rb¨ Aa©vsk| Zvi mšÍvb _vK‡j

Zvi wcZv-gvZv cÕ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ cwiZ¨³ m¤úwËi GK-lôvsk; †m wbtmšÍvb n‡j Ges

wcZv-gvZvB DËivwaKvix n‡j Zvi gvZvi Rb¨ GK-Z…Zxqvsk; Zvi fvB-†evb _vK‡j

gvZvi Rb¨ GK-lôvsk; G meB †m hv IwmqvZ K‡i Zv †Ìqvi Ges FY cwi‡kv‡ai

ci| †Zvgv‡ì wcZv I mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨ DcKv‡i †K †Zvgv‡ì wbKUZi Zv †Zvgiv

AeMZ bn| wbðqB GUv Avjøvn&&i weavb; Avjøvn&& me©Á, cÖÁvgq|Ó31

G cÕm‡½ Avj-KziAv‡b Aci Avqv‡Z Avjøvn&& ZvÔAvjv e‡jb, Ö†Zvgv‡ì ¯¿x‡ì

cwiZ¨³ m¤úwËi Aa©vsk †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨, hw` Zv‡ì †Kvb mšÍvb bv _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì

mšÍvb _vK‡j †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Zv‡ì cwiZ¨³ m¤úwËi GK-PZz_©vsk; IwmqvZ cvjb Ges

FY cwi‡kv‡ai ci| †Zvgv‡ì mšÍvb bv _vK‡j Zv‡ì Rb¨ †Zvgv‡ì cwiZ¨³ m¤úwËi


GK-PZz_©vsk, Avi †Zvgv‡ì mšÍvb _vK‡j Zv‡ì Rb¨ †Zvgv‡ì cwiZ¨³ m¤úwËi

GK-Aógvsk; †Zvgiv hv IwmqvZ Ki‡e Zv †Ìqvi ci Ges FY cwi‡kv‡ai ci| hw`

wcZv-gvZv I mšÍvbnxb †Kvb cyiæl A_ev bvixi DËivwaKvix _v‡K Zvi GK êwc‡Îq

fvB A_ev fMœx, Z‡e cÕ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ GK-lôvsk| Zvi AwaK n‡j mK‡j mg Askx`vi

n‡e GK-Z…Zxqvsk; GUv hv IwmqvZ Kiv nq Zv †Ìqvi Ges FY cwi‡kv‡ai ci, hw`

KviI Rb¨ ÿwZKi bv nq| GUv Avjøvn&&i wb‡`©k, Avjøvn&& me©Á, mnbkxj|Ó32

Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv Bikv` K‡i‡Qb, ÖwcZv-gvZv Ges wbKUZi AvZ¥xq‡ì cwiZ¨³

m¤úwË‡Z cyiæ‡li Ask Av‡Q Ges wcZvgvZv I wbKUZi AvZ¥xq‡ì cwiZ¨³ m¤úwË‡Z

bvixiI Ask Av‡Q| Zv AíB †nvK ev †ewk, GK wba©vwiZ Ask|Ó33

G Kvi‡YB gxiv‡Qi wba©vwiZ wnm¨vi Dci AvcwË Kiv, Ryjyg ev êl‡gï Awf‡hvM

†Zvjvi A_© mivmwi Avjøvn ZvAvjvi wm×v‡šÍi ei‡Ljvc| Avjøvn ZvÔAvjv gxiv‡Qi

weavb m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, ÖAvi †h Avjøvn I Zvui ivm~‡ji Aeva¨ n‡e Ges Zvui wba©vwiZ

mxgv‡K j•Nb Ki‡e wZwb Zv‡K †`vh‡L wb‡¶c Ki‡eb| †mLv‡b †m ¯’vqx n‡e Ges Zvi

Rb¨ i‡q‡Q jvÃbvKi kvw¯Í|Ó34

Ab¨ GK Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, ÖGes †Zvgiv DËivwaKvix‡ì cÕvc¨ m¤ú`

m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c fÿY K‡i †dj,Ó35

Ab¨ GK Avqv‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, ÖZviv †hb fq K‡i †h,

Amnvq mšÍvb wcQ‡b †Q‡o †M‡j ZvivI Zv‡ì m¤‡Ü DwØMœ n‡Z| myZivs Zviv †hb

Avjøvn&‡K fq K‡i Ges msMZ K_v e‡j|Ó36

G Avqv‡Zi we¯ÍvwiZ e¨vL¨vi ci Be‡b

Zvevix (i.) †h gZ cÕKvk K‡ib Zvi fvev_© nj †Kvb g„Zz¨kh¨vq _vKv Ae¯’vq

Imxq‡Zi gva¨‡g †h m¤úwË e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î †hb Aek¨B wbR mšÍvb‡ì K_v †Lqvj ivLv

nq| Zv‡K Amnvq Ae¯’vq m¤úwË †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i g„Zz¨kh¨vq Av‡kcv‡k Ae¯’vbKvix

AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb ev BqvZxg wgmwKb‡K m¤úwËi GK Z…Zxqvs‡ki AwaK m¤úwË ImxqZ bv

K‡i|37

Avqv‡Z Ab¨Î G‡m‡Q, Avjøvn&i evYx, Ö†jv‡K †Zvgvi wbKU eë¯’v Rvb‡Z Pvq|

ej, wcZv-gvZvnxb wbtmšÍvb e¨w³ m¤‡Ü †Zvgv‡ì‡K Avjøvn& eë ’v Rvbv‡”QbÑ †Kvb

cyiæl gviv †M‡j †m hw` mšÍvbnxb nq Ges Zvi GK fwMœ _v‡K Z‡e Zvi R‡b¨ cwiZ¨³

m¤úwËi Aa©vsk, Ges †m hw` mšÍvbnxbv nq Z‡e Zvi fvB Zvi DËivwaKvix n‡e|38

nv`x‡m h_vh_fv‡e gxivm eÈ‡bi cÕwZ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ave~ ûivqiv (iv.)

†_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyjøvn& (mv.) e‡j‡Qb: Avwg gy×wgb‡ì wbKU Zv‡ì cÕv‡Yi

†P‡qI AwaK wcÕq| †h e¨w³ ab m¤ú` †i‡L gviv hvq Zvi ab m¤ú` Zvi AvmvevMY

jvf Ki‡e|39

Avi †h e¨w³ FY †i‡L gviv hvq AvwgB ne Zvi AwffveK| myZivs

Avgvi Kv‡QB †hb Zv PvIqv nq|40

nv`xm kix‡d Av‡iv G‡m‡Q, Be&b AveŸvm (iv.)

m~‡Î bex (mv.) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb: cÕvc¨sk Zvi nK`v‡ii Kv‡Q †cØwQ‡q `vI|

Gici hv Aewkó _vK‡e Zvi gvwjK n‡e Zvi wbKUZg cyiæl e¨w³|41

Iqvwikx m¤úwË

eÈ‡bi ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i nv`x‡m Av‡iv G‡m‡Q, Ave~ ûivqiv (iv.) m~‡Î bex (mv.) †_‡K


ewY©Z| wZwb e‡j‡Qb, gy×wgb‡ì †KD FY †i‡L gviv †M‡j Zv Av`vq Kiv Avgvi

wR¤§vq| Avi †h ab-m¤ú` †i‡L †M‡j Zv DËivwaKvix‡ì Rb¨|42

Iqvwi‡ki welqwU GZUvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q, nhiZ Rv‡ei (iv.) n‡Z

ewY©Z Av‡Q, ivm~jyjøvn& (mv.) e‡j‡Qb, ÖbeRvZ mšÍvb f~wgó nIqvi mgq wPrKvi w`‡j

A_©vr RxweZ Ae¯’vq f~wgó nIqv cÕgvwYZ n‡j, Zvi Rb¨ QvjvZzj Rvbvhv Av`vq Ki‡Z

n‡e Ges gxivm †_‡K Zvi cÕvc¨ Ask w`‡Z n‡e|Ó43

Aci nv`x‡m ivm~jyjøvn& (mv.)

e‡jb, Öhvi Rb¨ †Kvb Iqvwik †bB, LvjyB Zvi Iqvwik; wZwb Zvi m¤úwËi

DËivwaKvix n‡eb Ges Zv‡K `vqgy³ Ki‡eb|Ó44

Aci GK nv`x‡m Ave`yjøvn Bebyj AveŸvm (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z Av‡Q †h, ivm~jyjøvn&

(mv.) e‡j‡Qb, ÔIqvwim‡ì‡K Zv‡ì cÕvc¨ Ask w`‡q `vI| Gici hv Aewkó _vK‡e

Zv g„Z e¨w³i wbKUeZ©x cyiæl ÔAvmvevn&‡K w`‡q `vI|×45

g~jZ DËivwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g Iqvwikiv †h gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i Zv Avjøvn&&i cÿ †_‡K

gxgvswmZ weavb| G‡Z Kv‡iv wbR¯^ AwfgZ I Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z GUv cwieZ©b-cwiea©b

Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi †bB| G‡Z Iqvwik‡ì Keyj Kiv Ges m¤§Z nIqv Riæix bq| hw`

†Kn ¯úóZ e‡j †h, †m Zvi Ask †b‡e bv ZeyI AvBbZt †m wb‡Ri As‡ki gvwjK n‡q

hvq| ZvB Bmjv‡gi bxwZgvjv Abymv‡i gwnjv‡ì Ask h_vh_fv‡e eywS‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb cÕKvi Ae‡njv wKsev Mwogwm Kiv hv‡e bv|

Bmjv‡g DËivwaKvi AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡

Bmjv‡gi cÕ‡Z¨KwU weavb gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi| RvMwZK A‡bK wbqg-Kvb~b

cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q wKsev fzj cÕgvwYZ n‡”Q wKš` 1500 eQ‡ii cyi‡bv Bmjvgx bxwZgvjv

gvbe Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †ekx cÕ‡qvRbxq n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| ZvB Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv dviv‡qR

AvBb h_vh_fv‡e gvb‡Z n‡e Ges Ab¨‡K gvbvi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi g‡a¨

i‡q‡Q me©vwaK g½j| Bmjv‡gi dviv‡qR bxwZgvjv‡K KZUv ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Zv

wb‡¤œv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ¯úó n‡q DV‡e|

m¤úwË e›Ub‡K GZUvB ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †h, Avj-KziAv‡bi GKvwaK RvqMvq

G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q| wgivm‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q gnvb iveŸyj Avjvwgb Avj-KziAv‡b

e‡jb, ÖGBme Avjøvn&i wba©vwiZ mxgv| †Kn Avjøvn& I Zvui ivm~‡ji AvbyMZ¨ Ki‡j

Avjøvn& Zv‡K `vwLj Ki‡eb Rvbœv‡Z, hvi cv`‡`‡k b`x cÕevwnZ; †mLv‡b Zviv ¯’vqx n‡e

Ges GUv gnv mvdj¨|Ó46

BqvnBqv Be&b KvhÕAv (iv.) mv` Beb Ave~ Iqv°vm (iv.) e‡jb, we`vq n‡¾i

eQi Avwg gvivZ¥K †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q g„Zzï wbKUeZ©x n‡q cwo ZLb ivm~jyjøvn& (mv.)

Avgv‡K †`L‡Z Av‡mb, ZLb Avwg ejjvg, Bqv ivm~jyjøvn&! Avgvi †ivM wK ch©vq

†cuØ‡Q‡Q Zv Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡”Qb| Avwg GKRb weËevb †jvK| Avgvi Iqvwik n‡”Q

GKwU gvÎ Kb¨v| Avwg Avgvi m¤ú‡ì `yB-Z…Zxqvsk Avjøvn&i iv¯Ívq m`Kv K‡i wè|


wZwb ej‡jb, bv| Avwg ejjvg, Z‡e wK A‡a©K? wZwb ej‡jb, †n mv×`, GK Z…Zxqvsk

`vb Ki| GK-Z…ZxqvskB A‡bK †ewk| Zzwg †Zvgvi mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡ì‡K weËevb †i‡L

hvI GUvB DËg| Gi PvB‡Z †h Zzwg Zv‡ì‡K wbt¯ †i‡L †Mj †h Zviv A‡bï wbKU

nvZ †c‡Z wfÿv K‡i|47

G m¤ú‡K© Ab¨ GKwU nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q, ÖmvÔ` (iv.) n‡Z ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb: Avwg

g°vq †ivMvµvšÍ n‡q co‡j ivm~j mv. Avgvi †mev-ïkÕælv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Avwg ejjvg:

Avgvi A_©-m¤ú` Av‡Q, Avwg wK mewKQzi Rb¨ AwQqZ Ki‡Z cvwi? wZwb ej‡jb: bv|

Avwg ejjvg: Z‡e A‡a©K gv‡ji Rb¨? wZwb ej‡jb: bv| Avwg cybivq ejjvg: GK-

Z…Zxqvs‡ki Rb¨? wZwb ej‡jb: Zzwg GK-Z…Zxqvs‡ki Ici AwQqZ Ki‡Z cvi| Z‡e

BnvI †ekx| cÕ‡qvRb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡Ri IqvwiQMY A‡bï wbKU nvZ cvZ‡Z eva¨

n‡e| Giƒc Ae¯’vq Zv‡ì‡K †i‡L hvIqvi e`‡j abx Ae¯’vq †i‡L hvIqv A‡bK fvj|

Zzwg Zv‡ì Rb¨ hLbB hv wKQz LiP Ki, Zv †Zvgvi Rb¨ mv`Kvn wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|

GgbwK Zzwg †Zvgvi ¯¿xi gy‡L Lv‡`ï †h †jvKgvwU Zz‡j `vI ZvI mv`Kvn| Avjøvn&

†Zvgv‡K `xN©Rxwe Kiæb|48

mšÍv‡bi fiY-†cvlY n‡”Q Zvi Lvbvwcbv, _vKv I †cvkvK-cwi”Q‡ì eë¯’v Kiv|

we‡kl K‡i hwÏb †m wbR¯^fv‡e DcvR©b Ki‡Z A¶g _vK‡e| Avi hw` †KD Zv bv

K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi cÕwZ ivm~j (mv.) ûwkqvi evYx D”PviY K‡i‡Qb| G cÕm‡½ nv`x‡m

G‡m‡Q, ÔAvãyjøvn& Be&b ÔAvgi iv. n‡Z ewY©Z; ivm~j (mv.) e‡j‡Qb: hv‡ì LvIqv-civi

KZ©„Z¡ GKR‡bi nv‡Z, †m hw` Zv eÜ K‡i †`q, Z‡e G KvRB Zvi eo ¸bvn& nIqvi

Rb¨ h‡_ó|Ó49

cwiev‡ii Rb¨ e¨q Ges cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì fiY-†cvl‡Yi eë ’v Kiv DËg

mv`Kvn Zzj¨| G cÕm‡½ nv`x‡mi GK eY©bvq G‡m‡Q, QvIevb (iv.) n‡Z ewY©Z, ivm~j

(mv.) e‡j‡Qb: GKRb e¨w³ †h A_© e¨q K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ m‡e©vËg e¨q n‡”Q †mwU hv †m

Zvi cwievie‡M©i Rb¨ LiP K‡i| Gici hv †m e¨q K‡i wRnv‡ì †Nvov mvRv‡bvi

Rb¨| Gici hv †m e¨q K‡i wRnv‡ì c‡_ m½x-mv_x‡ì Rb¨|Ó50

Bqvn&Bqv Be&b eyKvqi (i.), Ave~ ûivqiv (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z †h, ivm~jyjøvn& (mv.)-Gi

Kv‡Q FYMÕ¯Í †Kvb g„Z e¨w³‡K (Rvbvhvi Rb¨) Avbv n‡j, wZwb wRÁvmv Ki‡Zb, †m

wK FY cwi‡kva Kivi gZ AwZwi³ wKQz †i‡L †M‡Q? hw` ejv nZ †h, †m FY cwi‡kva

Kivi gZ m¤ú` †i‡L †M‡Q, Zvn‡j wZwb Zvi Rvbvhv co‡Zb| Ab¨_vq wZwb

gymjgvb‡ì ej‡Zb, †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì mv_xi Rvbvhv co| Zvici Avjøvn& hLb Zvi

Rb¨ AmsL¨ weR‡qi Øvi Ly‡j w`‡jb, ZLb wZwb ej‡jb, Avwg gyÔwgb‡ì wb‡R‡ì

†P‡qI †ewk NwbôZi| myZivs gyÔwgb‡ì g‡a¨ †h †KD FY †i‡L gviv hv‡e, Zv cwi‡kva

Kivi `vwqZ¡ Avgvi-B| Avi †h e¨w³ m¤ú` †i‡L hv‡e, Zv Zvi DËivwaKvixiv cv‡e|51

D‡jøL¨ †h, gynv¤§` Be&b evk&kvi (i.), Rvwei Be&b Ave`yjøvn (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z|

wZwb e‡jb, bex (mv.) Avgvi Kv‡Q cÕ‡ek Ki‡jb, ZLb Avwg wQjvg Amy¯’| wZwb Ah~


Ki‡jb| Gici Avgvi kix‡ii Dci Ah~i cvwb wQwU‡q w`‡jb| wKsev eY©bvKvix

e‡j‡Qb, Gici wZwb Dcw¯’Z †jvK‡ì e‡j‡Qb, Zvi kix‡i cvwb wQwU‡q `vI| d‡j

Avvwg †PZbv wd‡i †cjvg| Avwg ejjvg, Kvjvjvn& (wcZvI †bB, mšÍvbI †bB) e¨ZxZ

Avgvi †Kvb Iqvwim †bB| myZivs Avgvi cwiZ¨³ m¤ú` wKfv‡e eÈb Kiv n‡e? ZLb

dviv‡qh m¤úwK©Z AvqvZ bvwhj nq|52

†h KviI m¤ú` A‰eafv‡e `Lj wKsev †fvM Kivi e¨vcv‡i Bmjv‡g wb‡lavÁv

i‡q‡Q| Avj-KziAv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, Ö†h e¨w³ Ab¨vqfv‡e GK weNZ Rwg `Lj K‡i

wKqvg‡Zi w`‡b Zvi Mjvq †m Rwg Szwj‡q †`qv n‡e|Ó53

g~jZ DËivwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g Iqvwikiv †h gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i Zv Avjøvn&&i cÿ †_‡K

gxgvswmZ weavb| G‡Z Kv‡iv wbR¯^ AwfgZ I Abygv‡bi wfwË‡Z GUv cwieZ©b-cwiea©b

Kivi †Kvb AwaKvi †bB| G‡Z Iqvwik‡ì Keyj Kiv Ges m¤§Z nIqv Riæix bq| hw`

†Kn ¯úóZ e‡j †h, †m Zvi Ask †b‡e bv ZeyI AvBbZt †m wb‡Ri As‡ki gvwjK n‡q

hvq|

Bmjvg ¯^xK…Z DËivwaKvix n‡Z ewÂZ nIqvi KviYmg~n

Bmjv‡g m¤úwËi myôz bxwZgvjvi K_v †hgb ejv n‡q‡Q †Zgwb †Kvb †Kvb †cÕÿvc‡U Kx

Kx Kvi‡Y m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi †_‡K Iqvwik‡ì‡K ewÂZ Kiv hv‡e †m m¤ú‡K©I

mywbw`©ó e³e¨ i‡q‡Q|

cyÎ hw` wcZv‡K A_ev †h †Kvb DËivwaKvix hw` m¤úwËi gvwjK‡K B”QvK…Z ev

fzjekZ nZ¨v K‡i Z‡e nZ¨vKvix wbn‡Zi m¤úwË‡Z DËivwaKvi cv‡e bv;

GKRb gymwjg †Kvb Agymwj‡gi m¤úwË‡Z DËivwaKvi cv‡ebv;

Bmjvg Z¨vMKvix, gyiZv` n‡q †M‡j †m Zvi gymwjg AvZ¥x‡qi m¤úwËi

DËivwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e; Ges

g„Zzï mgq Z_v †K Av‡M ev †K c‡i gviv wM‡q‡Q Zvi mwVK Z_¨ Rvbv bv _KvI

DËivwaKvi n‡Z ewÂZ nIqvi Ab¨Zg KviY| †hgb RvnvR Wzwe A_ev †Kvb

`vjvb n‡Z c‡o eû †jvK GK‡Î gviv †Mj| GgZve¯’vq wbnZ e¨w³MY GKRb

AciR‡bi m¤úwË n‡Z ewÂZ n‡e| GLv‡b g‡b Ki‡Z n‡e mK‡jB GKms‡M gviv

wM‡q‡Q| myZivs Zv‡ì m¤úwË RxweZ DËivwaKvix‡ì g‡a¨ dviv‡qR †gvZv‡eK

ew›UZ n‡e|54

mycvwikgvjv

Bmjv‡gi dviv‡qR bxwZgvjv h_vh_fv‡e ev¯Íevqb Kiv cÕ‡qvR‡b wb‡¤œv³ mycvwikmg~n

Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj hv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki bvix mgvR DËivwaKvi cÕvwß †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Z bv

nq|


DËivwaKvi AvBb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ Kiv;

DËivwaKvix AvBb wb‡q †h mKj RwUjZv i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv wbimb Kiv;

m¤úwË‡Z Kb¨v mšÍvb Ges bvixi DËivwaKvi m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li †h mKj †bwZevPK

aviYv i‡q‡Q Zv `~i Ki‡Z KvR Kiv;

f~wg †iwR‡óªkb Awd‡m †h mKj mgm¨v i‡q‡Q Zv `~ixKiY Kiv;

f~wgi DËivwaKvix AvBb m¤ú‡K© Kvh©Kix mfv, †mwgbvi wKsev cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki gva¨‡g

Rbm‡PZbZv ˆZix Kiv;

Bmjv‡gi dviv‡qR AvBb m¤ú‡K© mKj gn‡j cÕPvi Kiv;

gmwR‡ì Cgvg‡ì gva¨‡g cÕPviYv; Ges

fywg m¤úwK©Z AvBb wb‡q †h mKj RwUjZv i‡q‡Q Zv wbimb Kiv|

Dcmsnvi

Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv weavb cÕ‡Z¨KwU gvby‡li Rb¨ Kj¨vY e‡q wb‡q Av‡m| gnvb Avjøvni

†Ìqv weavb cwic~Y©fv‡e Rvbv I †evSv nqZ gvby‡li c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| †Kvb gvby‡li wPi

we`v‡q Zvi DËivwaKvix †hb Zvi m¤úwË †_‡K ewÂZ bv nq| e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK,

mvgvwRK wKsev ivóªxq A‡bK mgm¨v we`¨gvb _vK‡jI KziAvb-mybœvn †gvZv‡eK g„Ze¨w³i

m¤úwË e›Ub nIqv cÕ‡qvRb| †Kvb †Kvb †cÕÿvc‡U weÁv‡bi AMÕmiZvi d‡j Bmjv‡gi

†Ìqv weavb gvby‡li Rb¨ Kvh©Kix Zv cÕgvY n‡”Q| w`b hZ Avm‡Q Bmjv‡gi

MÕnY‡hvM¨Zv I Av‡cwÿKZv gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ KZUv cÕ‡qvRbxq Zv cÕgvY n‡”Q| ZvB

Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv weavb‡K Ae‡njv wKsev Zz”Q Ávb bv K‡i cÕK…Z A‡_© g‡b aviY K‡i Zv

ev Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e| Bmjv‡gi †Ìqv we‡klZ¡¸‡jv‡K †Kvbiƒc P¨v‡jÃ bv K‡i Zv ûeû

gvbeRxe‡b AbymiY, AbyKiY I ev Íevq‡b GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix

e›U‡b cvwievwiK mgm¨v, mvgvwRK evuav, gb ÍvwË¡K Ae‡PZbv, Kzms¯‹vi wKsev K~cgÐKZv

cwinvi K‡i Avjøvni †Ìqv weavb gvbe Rxe‡b ev Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡e| ˆcwÎK m¤úwË‡Z

bvixi Askx`vixZ¡ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv Bmjvg‡K †KejgvÎ Bev`Z e‡›`Mxi g‡a¨

mxgve× bv †i‡L hvi hv cÕvc¨ ev nK i‡q‡Q Zv h_vh_fv‡e cÕ`v‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q GKwU

Av`k© mgvR eë ’vq iæcvšÍi Kiv‡K Bmjvg wb‡ ©kbv w`‡q‡Q|


UxKv I Z_¨wb‡`©k

1. A. M. Sultana Zulkefli NEBM, „Discrimination against women in the

developing countries: a comparative study,‟ International Journal of Social

Science & Humanities 2(3), 2012, pp. 256–259

2. Issa Khan & et al, „The right of women in property sharing in Bangladesh:

Can the Tslamic inheritance system eliminate discrimination?,‟ Springer

Plus (2016) 5:1695, p. 4

3. Fida Khan, „Islamic inheritance laws and their impact on rural women in

Muslim societies: synthesis of studies from Asia and West Africa and

emerging recommendations,‟ International Land Coalition (ILC), 2016, p.14

4. A. M. Sultana (2010) „Socio-cultural dimensions of women‟s

discriminations in rural communities,‟ Ozean Journal of Social Science

3(1):32–38/ Issa Khan & et al, „The right of women in property sharing in

Bangladesh: Can the Islamic inheritance system eliminate discrimination? ,‟

Springer Plus (2016) 5:1695, p. 5

5. Abul Barkat, Assessing Inheritance Laws and their Impact on Rural Women

in Bangladesh, International Land Coalition, Dhaka, UPL August 2014,

p. 38

6. World Bank, Whispers to Voices: Gender and Social Transformation in

Bangladesh, at 76 (2008) Bangladesh Development Series, Paper No. 22

(hereinafter “Whispers to Voices”)

7. gynv¤§` Zv‡ni †nv‡mb, Bmjv‡g bvix, XvKv: ü` cÕKvkb, 2000, c„. 300

8. †eMg b~iRvnvb ikx`, Bmjvgx AvB‡b bvixi ’vb I AwaKvi, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ðkb

evsjv‡`k, 1980, c„. 22

9. gvIjvbv Ave yj AvRxR, mnR dviv‡qR wkÿv, XvKv: g`xbv cvewj‡KkvÝ, 1980, c„.

43

10. †gvnv¤§` †gvkviid †nvmvBb, Avj KziAv‡b bvix (cÖ_g LÐ), XvKv: AvaywbK cÖKvkbx,

2002, c„. 107

11. Gg. nvweeyi ingvb, gymwjg AvBb (cÖ_g LÐ), ivRkvnx: cÖKvkK-ˆmq`v gwR©bv LvZzb,

1989, c„. 36

12. R. K Sinha, „Inheritance Chapter,‟ The Muslim Law, Delhi: Central Law

Agency, Third edition, 1995, p. 266



emerging recommendations,‟ International Land Coalition (ILC), 2016,

p. 19


14. Md. Raisul Islam Sourav, „Unjust Land Right of Women in Bangladesh,‟

International Research Journal of Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary

Studies (IRJIMS), Volume-I, Issue III, April 2015, p. 24




p. 24

16. Elisa Scalise (report by) „Women‟s Inheritance Rights to Land and Property

in South Asia: A Study of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan,

and Sri Lanka,‟ A Report by the Rural Development Institute (RDI), for the

World Justice Project, December 2009, p. 36

17. Shah I Mobin Jinnah, „Land and Property Rights of Rural Women in

Bangladesh,‟ Bangladesh Community Development Association (CDA),

January 2013, p. 6

18. A. M. J Arens, „Women, Land and Power in Bangladesh: Jhagrapur

Revisited,‟ University of Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2011, p. 33 (downdload

date 17 April 2018)


muslim societies: Synthesis of studies from Asia and West Africa and


p. 25

20. Md. Golam Sarwar & et al., „Women‟s Rights to Land in Bangladesh:

Roles, Limitations and Transformation,‟ Unnayan Onneshan, Dhaka,

August, 2007, p. 15

21. Issa Khan et al, „The right of women in property sharing in Bangladesh:

Can the Islamic inheritance system eliminate discrimination?‟ Springer

Plus, (5:1695), 2016, p. 5

22. Ann Charleen Marbourg, „Land Inheritance and Gender: Social Factors

affecting Land inherited in Rural Bangladesh,‟ an unpublished MA thesis to

the University of Missouri, India, December 2015, p. 4

23. Mohammad Moin Uddin, „Land Rights of Women and Hindus in

Bangladesh: Defending the Justice Claim,‟ The Chittagong University

Journal of Law, Volume-XVI, 2011, p. 18

24. A. M. Sultana „Socio-cultural dimensions of women‟s discriminations in

rural communities,‟ Ozean Journal of Social Science 3(1), 2010, pp. 32–38

25. A. M. J. Arens, „Women, Land Power in Bangladesh: Jhagrapur Revisited,‟

Netherlands: University of Amsterdam, 2011, p. 14


26. Issa Khan & et al, „The right of women in property sharing in Bangladesh:

Can the islamic inheritance system eliminate discrimination?,‟ Springer

Plus (2016) 5:1695, p. 5

27. Mir Tamanna Siddika and Mahmuda Khatun, „Re-Reading Muslim

Women‟s Rights in Bangladesh,‟ Journal of the Asiatic Society of

Bangladesh (Humanities), Vol. 59(2), 2014, p. 328

28. Elisa Scalise (report by) „Women‟s Inheritance Rights to Land and Property

in South Asia: A Study of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan,

and Sri Lanka,’ A Report by the Rural Development Institute (RDI), for the

World Justice Project, December 2009, p. 17

29. Ann Charleen Marbourg, „Land Inheritance and Gender: Social Factors

affecting Land inherited in Rural Bangladesh,‟ an unpublished MA thesis to

the University of Missouri, India, December 2015, p. 7

30. Elisa Scalise (report by), „Women‟s Inheritance Rights to Land and

Property in South Asia: A Study of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal,

Pakistan, and Sri Lanka,‟ A Report by the Rural Development Institute

(RDI), for the World Justice Project, December 2009, p. 15

31. Avj-KziAv‡bi mKj Avqv‡Zi Abyev` Avj-KziAvbyj Kixg, XvKv: BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb

evsjv‡`k, cÕ_g cÕKvk-†deªæqvix 1968, weqvwjøkZg gy`ªY A‡±vei 2010 †_‡K †bIqv

n‡q‡Q|

شي في ق اشر غاء ف فب م صو دع األص ىيزمش الدم هللا ف أ ا صن ا ذشك ماد صا

ىذ فب ى ى ا ذشك ا ما ا اىغذط ادذ ىنو ألت صف ا اى في ادذج ىذ ن ى

تؼذ اىغذط ج فأل ى اخ اىصيس فب ما ا فأل سش أت آتآإم د ا أ صح ص ت

ا ػيا دن هللا ما هللا ا فؼا فشعح أقشب ىن أ ال ذذس أتاإم Avj-KziAvb, 4 : 11

ىذ ف .32 ن ى ا ى اجن ا ذشك أص صف ىن تؼذ ا ذشم تغ اىش ىذ فين ى ب ما

ىن ىذ فب ما ن ىن ا ى ا ذشمر تغ اىش ى د ا أ ت صح ص ا اىص ىذ في ص تؼذ أخد فينو ذشمر ى أر أ شأج سجو سز مالىح أ ا ا ما د ا أ ت ح ذص

ح ص ت ص تؼذ ششماء ف اىصيس رىل ف ا أمصش ا اىغذط فب ما ادذ د ا أ دي للا ػي هللا صح عآس ش Avj-KziAvb, 4 : 12 غ

األقش .33 اىذا ا ذشك اى صة ىيغاء األقشت اىذا ا ذشك اى صة جاه ىيش ا قو ت

مصش فشظاأ صثا Avj-KziAvb, m~iv wbmv : 7

34. Avj-KziAvb, m~iv wbmv, AvqvZ-14

ا .35 اىرشاز أمال ى ذؤمي Avj-KziAvb, 89 : 19

ى .36 فيرقا هللا ح ظؼافا خافا ػي رس خيف ذشما ى ىخشاىز ال عذذا قىا ق Avj-

KziAvb, m~iv wbmv, AvqvZ-9


37. m¤úv`bv cwil` KZ©„K Abyw`Z, Be‡b Rvexi Zvevix (i.), Zvdmx‡i Zvevix kixd, L.

8g, XvKv: Bdvev, 1994, c„. 75

ىذ .38 ظ ى يل ى شإ ا ف اىنالىح ا ا غرفرل قو هللا فرن شش ا ذشك صف ا ى أخد في ىذ فب مارا اشر ا ن ى ا ى

ث صو دع األص غاء فييزمش جاال ج س ا ماا اخ ا ذشك ا اىصيصا أ ذعيا هللا ىن في ء ػي للا تنو ش

(Avj-KziAvb, 4 : 176) eyLvix kix‡di Aa¨v‡qi Aby‡”Q‡` Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bgvg

eyLvix (i.), mnxn eyLvix, (m¤úv.), L. 7g, XvKv: Bdvev, 2004, Aby‡”Q`-2353, c„.

336

39. AvZ¥xq ev †MvÎxq GK ev GKvwaK cyiæl hviv cÿ Aej¤^b K‡i I mvnvh¨ K‡i, g„Z e¨w³i

GK ev GKvwaK cyiæl AvZ¥xq hviv g„Z e¨w³i m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi m~‡Î jvf K‡i|

Z_¨m~Î- Av. d. e. Ave`yj nK dwi`x I Ab¨vb¨ (m¤úv.), Bmjvgx wek¦‡Kvl,

L. 3q, XvKv: Bdvev, 2000, c„. 166

ش .40 ش أت أت صاىخ ػ ػ أت دص اعشائو ػ ػ ذ للا د أخثشا ػث ذ دذشا للا ج سظ

ئ ى تاى أا أ عي ػي صي للا قاه قاه سعه للا اى ػ اال ف ذشك اخ ف فغ أ

فألدػ ى اىنو اىؼاه ى ظاػا فؤا ذشك مال أ اى اىؼصثح Bgvg eyLvix (i.), mnxnى

eyLvix, (m¤úv.), XvKv: Bdvev, 2012, Aby‡”Q`-2801, nv`xm bs-6176, L. 10g, c„.

164

41. للا ػثاط سظ ات ػ أت ط ػ غا ة دذشا ات اػو دذشا اع ع ت ا دذشا ػ

ا تق ا ف ي قاه أىذقا اىفشائط تؤ عي ػي صي للا اىث ى سجو رمش ػ أل ف Bgvg eyLvix

(i.), mnxn eyLvix, (m¤úv.), XvKv: Bdvev, 2012, cwi‡”Q`-2801, nv`xm bs-6177, L.

10g, c„. 164

ئذ تاىش .42 ما عي ػي صي للا سعه للا أ ػ للا شج سظ ش أت ػ ف ػي ر جو اى

غي اال قاه ىي فاء صي ذشك ز أ دذ فعال فب و ذشك ىذ فغؤه صيا ػي اىذئ ى تاى اىفرح قاه أا أ ػي ا فرخ للا في فرشك صادثن ئ اى ف ذ ف فغ أ

سشر اال في ذشك قعاإ ا فؼي ,Bgvg eyLvix (i.), mnxn eyLvix, (m¤úv.), L. 10gد

XvKv: Bdvev, 2012, cwi‡”Q`-2811, nv`xm bs-6194, c„. 171

هللا قاه قاه سعه هللا ملسو هيلع هللا ىلص)ارااعرالىصث صيىؼيسزػ جاتش ت ػثذ .43 Bgvg Be‡b gvRvn

(i.), mybv‡b Be‡b gvRvn, L. 2q, wKZveyj Rvbvwqh, evey gv Rv Av wdm mvjvwZ AvjvZ

wZdwj, nv`xm bs-1508, Kvq‡iv: `viæj nv`xm, 2005, c„. 29

ش اىص ػ اىقذا اىشا قاه قاه سعه هللا ػ ػي ت أت غيذح ػ ساشذ ػ أت ػا .44

,Bgvg Be‡b gvRvn (i.))صي هللا ػي عي . اىخاه اسز الاسز ى . ؼقو ػ شش

mybv‡b Be‡b gvRvn, L. 2q, wKZveyZ w`qvZ, eveyZ w`qvwZ Avjvj AvwKjvwZ..., Kvq‡iv:

`viæj nv`xm, 2005, nv`xm bs-2634, c„. 445)

قاه أىذقا اىفشائط .45 عي ػي صي للا اىث ا ػ ػ للا ػثاط سظ ات ػ ا تق ا ف ي تؤ

ى سجو رمش أل ف


Bgvg eyLvix (i.), mnxn eyLvix, wKZveyj dvivwqhx, evey wgivwmj Iqvjvw` wgb Avexwn Iqv

Dw¤§nx, Kvq‡iv: `viæ Be‡b nvhg, 2010, nv`xm bs-6732, c„. 804

46. ا ف اس خاىذ ا األ ذذر سعى ذخي جاخ ذجش طغ هللا ص ذيل دذد هللا رىل اىف

Avj-KziAvb, 4 : 13 اىؼظ

47. ػ ح اى دج ػا عي ػي صي للا ث قاه ػاد اى أت اىل ػ عؼذ ت ش ت ػا داع

أا ر ا ذش جغ اى تيغ ت خ فقيد ا سعه للا ػي اى د شض أشف ال شش اه

قاه اىصيس ا ع اى قاه ال قاه فؤذصذق تشطش ادذج أفؤذصذق تصيص اىصيس مصش ال اال اتح ى ؼذ

ػاىح ر ذزس أ ش رل أغاء خ ذزس رس اىاط أ نفف Bgvg eyLvix (i.), mnxn eyLvix,

(m¤úv.), XvKv: Bdvev, 2012, cwi‡”Q`-2158, nv`xm bs-3652, L. 6ô, c„. 455

ن .48 شط ت أا ؼد عي صي هللا ػي اىث ، قاه: ما ػ للا عؼذ سظ يد: ى ح، فق ػ

؟ قاه: اى مي اه، أص ت اىصيس »قيد: فاىصيس؟ قاه: « ال »قيد: فاىشطش؟ قاه: « ال » اىصيس

ذ اىاط ف أ ػاىح رنفف ذذػ أ ش سشرل أغاء خ ذذع ىل مصش، أ فقد ف ا أ ، عش رفغ تل اط، شفؼل، ىؼو للا شأذل، ا ف ف ا ح ذشفؼ تل صذقح، در اىيق

,eyLvix, Avm&mnxn, evey dv`jyb bvdvKvwZ Avjvj Avnwj, L. 16, nv`xm bs-495آخش

c„. 430

يل قذ .49 ذثظ، ػ ا أ شء اش gymwjg, Bgvg, Avm&mnxn, evey dv`jyb bvdvKvwZمف تاى

ÔAvjvj ÔBqvj, L. 5, nv`xm bs-1662, c„. 161

50. : عي ، قاه: قاه سعه هللا صي هللا ػي تا ش فق ػي أفعو داس »ػ جو، داس فق اىش

ف ع فق ػي أصذات داس ف عثو هللا، جو ػي داتر فق اىش داس ، ثو هللا ػاى

gymwjg, Bgvg, Avm&mnxn, evey dv`jyb bvdvKvwZ ÔAvjvj ÔBqvj, L. 5, nv`xm bs-1660,

c„. 159; Be&b gvRvn, Bgvg, Ave~ ÔAvwãjøvn, gynv¤§` Be&b BqvwR`, Avm&mybvb, evey

dv`wjb bvdvKvwZ dx mvexwjjøvwn ZvÔAvjv, ˆeiƒZ, `viæj wdKi, Zv.we., L. 7, nv`xm

bs-2750, c„. 258

51. و ػ ػق س ػ ش دذشا اىي تن ذ ت دذشا للا شج سظ ش أت ح ػ أت عي اب ػ ش ات

ف اىذ ف ػي ر جو اى ئذ تاىش ما عي ػي صي للا سعه للا أ ػ و ذشك ىذ غؤه

ز أ دذ فعال فب ػي ا فرخ للا في صيا ػي صادثن غي اال قاه ىي فاء صي ذشك ىذ

ا فؼي فرشك د ئ اى ف ذ ف فغ أ ئ ى تاى ذشك اىفرح قاه أا أ قعاإ

سشر اال في Bgvg eyLvix (i.), mnxn eyLvix, (m¤úv.), L. 9g, XvKv: Bdvev, 2006,

cwi‡”Q`-2105, nv`xm bs-4980, c„. 103

52. ذ ت ذ ذس دذشا شؼثح ػ تشاس دذشا غ ذ ت ذ دذشا ػثذ للا ؼد جاتش ت نذس قاه ع اى

فصة ؤ ظ شط فر أا عي ػي صي للا اىث ا قاه دخو ػي ػ للا قاه سظ أ ػي

فؼقيد فقيد ال شش ا ح اىفشائط صثا ػي شاز فضىد آ ف اى ال مالىح فن Bgvg eyLvix (i.),

mnxn eyLvix, (m¤úv.), XvKv: Bdvev, 2006, cwi‡”Q`-2270, L. 9g, nv`xm bs-5274,

c„. 257

53. ح ا اىق ق ط ا فب األسض ظي أخز شثشا عثغ أسظ


Bgvg gymwjg (i.), mnxn gymwjg, wKZveyj gymvKvZ, evey Zvnvixwgh hyjwg, Kvq‡iv: `viæ

Be‡b nvhg, 2010, nv`xm bs-1610, c„. 461

54. gvIjvbv Ave yj AvRxR, mnR dviv‡qR wkÿv, XvKv: g`xbv cvewj‡KkvÝ, 1980, c„. 5

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