WOMENOMICS: STRATEGI PROTEKSI EKONOMI JEPANG DI MASA

PEMERINTAHAN SHINZO ABE MELALUI PENINGKATAN

PARTISIPASI PEKERJA PEREMPUAN DI JEPANG

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar S.IP

(Sarjana Ilmu Politik) Strata-1

SKRIPSI

ATIKA TRIANA PUTRI

201510360311079

JURUSAN HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2019

iv

v

vi

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang senantiasa memberikan rahmat dan

hidayahnya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi berjudul “Womenomics:

Strategi Proteksi Ekonomi Jepang di Masa Pemerintahan Shinzo Abe melalui

Peningkatan Partisipasi Pekerja Perempuan di Jepang”. Penulisan dari skripsi ini

ditujukan untuk meraih gelar sarjana S-1 jurusan Hubungan Internasional di

Universitas Muhammdiyah Malang. Peneliti sekiranya berterima kasih kepada

beberapa pihak yang telah memberikan dukungan selama menyelesaikan penelitian,

yakni:

1. Bapak Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si. dan Bapak Tonny Dian Effendi, M.Si.

selaku dosen pembimbing yang senantiasa membimbing, memberikan ilmu

dan motivasi dalam penulisan skripsi.

2. Ayah Deswandi, Ibu Zul Afrida, kakak maupun adik penulis, yakni

Muhammad Hafizh, Muhammad Iqbal serta Muhammad Rafi yang

senantiasa memberikan dukungan moral dan doa sehingga penulisan skripsi

dapat lancar terselesaikan.

3. Seluruh dosen jurusan Hubungan Internasional maupun staff Fakultas Ilmu

Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Univrsitas Muhammadiyah Malang, atas dukungan

yang telah diberikan.

4. Pimpinan beserta seluruh staff maupun teman part-timer Kantor Hubungan

Luar Negeri Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, yang telah berbagi ilmu

sekaligus memberi dukungan moral dan doa dalam pengerjaan skripsi.

5. Teman-teman dari jurusan Hubungan Internasional Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang yang senantiasa memberikan dukungan baik

berupa teguran, semangat dan doa dalam pengerjaan skripsi.

6. いつも支えてくれた、ブラウィジャヤ大学の日本文学科の皆さん。

7. Semua pihak yang tidak bisa disebutkan satu persatu.

Penulis menyadari jika skripsi ini masih memiliki banyak kekurangan

sehingga baik kritik, saran dan komentar yang bersifat membangun diharapkan

dapat menyempurnakan kekurangan dari skripsi ini. Semoga skripsi ini dapat

memberikan manfaat bagi pihak lain yang hendak menggunakannya.

Malang, 10 Juli 2019

Atika Triana Putri

vii

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL.....................................................................................................i

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN SKRIPSI.......................................................................ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN........................................................................................iii

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN.. ........................................................................... iv PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .............................................................................v KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................... vi ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. viii DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................................. ix DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................. xi DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................1 BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................2

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ......................................................................................2

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................................5

1.3 Tujuan & Manfaat Penelitian ...............................................................................5

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian ......................................................................................... 5

1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian ....................................................................................... 5

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ............................................................................................6

1.4.1 Tabel Posisi Penelitian ............................................................................... 10

1.5 Teori / Kerangka Konsep ...................................................................................13

Teori Keynesianisme .......................................................................................... 13

1.6 Metodologi Penelitian ........................................................................................19

1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian ........................................................................................... 19

1.6.2 Tingkat Analisa dan Variabel Penelitian ................................................... 20

1.6.3 Teknik Analisa Data .................................................................................. 20

1.6.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ......................................................................... 20

1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian .......................................................................... 21

1.7 Hipotesa .............................................................................................................22

1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................................23

BAB II SEJARAH PEREKONOMIAN JEPANG .................................................25 2.1.Krisis perekonomian di Jepang sebelum periode Shinzo Abe ...........................25

2.2.Krisis perekonomian di Jepang di bawah kepemimpinan Shinzo Abe ..............35

2.2.1 Tekanan dari dalam negeri .........................................................................35

2.2.2 Tekanan dari luar negeri .............................................................................59

viii

2.3.Visi kebijakan womenomics ..............................................................................65

BAB III STRATEGI PROTEKSI EKONOMI KEBIJAKAN WOMENOMICS

SEBAGAI JALAN KELUAR DARI KRISIS PEREKONOMIAN DI JEPANG 74 3.1.Womenomics dalam teori keynesianisme ...........................................................74

3.2.Fluktuasi perekonomian Jepang.........................................................................75

3.3.Womenomics sebagai bentuk keterlibatan pemerintah dalam menangani krisis

perekonomian Jepang ..............................................................................................78

3.2.1 Womenomics sebagai solusi dari aging population ...................................78

3.2.2 Womenomics sebagai solusi dari krisis ketenagakerjaan ...........................80

3.2.3 Womenomics sebagai upaya membangun branding gender yang positif di

Jepang ..................................................................................................................83

3.4.Hasil implementasi kebijakan womenomics di Jepang pada masa kepemimpinan

Shinzo Abe (2012-2014) ..........................................................................................86

BAB IV PENUTUP ....................................................................................................94 4.1.Kesimpulan ........................................................................................................94

4.2.Saran ..................................................................................................................95

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

ix

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Peningkatan angka harapan hidup di tahun 2012...............................36

Gambar 2. Perubahan piramida penduduk Jepang...............................................36

Gambar 3. Perubahan partisipasi tenaga kerja berdasarkan gender dan usia.......49

Gambar 4. Struktur badan promosi kesetaraan gender dalam masyarakat

Jepang................................................................................................56

Gambar 5. Persentase perempuan dalam posisi manajerial.................................60

Gambar 6. Ketenagakerjaan di Jepang berdasarkan gender di tahun 2013.........86

Gambar 7. Perubahan jumlah fasilitas daycare di Jepang...................................87

Gambar 8. Perbandingan jumlah partisipasi perempuan pada posisi manajerial di

sektor swasta.....................................................................................90

1

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1. Tabel Posisi Penelitian............................................................................10

Tabel 2. Tabel Hasil Analisa Penelitian................................................................9

96

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Buku:

Harry Landreth dan David C. Collander, 2002, History of Economic Thought:

Fourth Edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, diunduh melalui

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d402/5ed1acc9ccd1ce64733a0c275bd6

d6fb291c.pdf pada tanggal 22 Maret 2019 pukul 20.00 WIB. [Online]

Richard D. Wolff dan Stephen A. Resnick, 2012, Contending Economic Theories:

Neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian, USA: Massachusetts Institute of

Technology.

John Maynard Keynes, 1935, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and

Money, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.

Yusuke Shindo, 2013, Mengenal Jepang, Jakarta: Kompas.

Skripsi, Tesis, Disertasi:

Arno MongDaastøl, 2011, Friedrich List’s Heart, Wit and Will: Mental Capital as

the Productive Force of Progress, Disertasi, Jerman: Jurusan Ekonomi,

Universität Erfurt, diakses melalui http://www.db-

thueringen.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-

29684/Dissertation_Daastoel_a.pdf pada tanggal 22 Maret 2019 pukul

20.11 WIB. [Online]

Eva M. Kristjánsdóttir, 2010, Japan’s Lost Decade: Lessons for Iceland, Skripsi,

Islandia: B.A verkefni- Hugvísindasvið, University of Iceland, diakses

melalui https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/5076/1/ritger%C3%B0.pdf

pada tanggal 28 Maret 2019 pukul 17.15 WIB. [Online]

Le Anh Xuan, 2013, Government Financing in Japan: Aging Population, Tax

System and Female Labor Participation, Disertasi, Japan: Philosophy in

Public Economies, University of Tohoku, diakses melalui

http://www.grips.ac.jp/cms/wp-

99

content/uploads/2014/04/fulltextphd10203.pdf pada tanggal 22 Mei

2019 pukul 11.30 WIB. [Online]

Lillian Mai, 2007, Woman and Work in Contemporary Japan: Deconstructing the

“Crisis” of the Gender Order, Tesis, Australia: Department of

Government and International Relations Honours Program, The

University of Sydney, diakses melalui

https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/2164/1/Lillian%20Mai.pd

f pada tanggal 22 Maret 2019 pukul 19.10 WIB. [Online]

Loh Ling Yan Queenie, 2016, Global Migration of Foreign Domestic Workers:

Housekeeping in Japan, Tesis, Singapore: Global Studies, National

University of Singapore, diakses melalui

https://www.academia.edu/33991639/Global_Migration_of_Foreign_D

omestic_Workers_Housekeeping_in_Japan_Queenie_Loh pada tanggal

25 Mei 2019 pukul 11.00 WIB. [Online]

Minami Seki, 2015, The Dissemination of Gender Ideology by the State, Changing

Gender Roles, and the Gender Gap in Employment in Post-2008

Financial Crisis Japan, Tesis, US: International and Comparative

Studies, University of Michigan, diakses melalui

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/112134/mina

mi.pdf;sequence=1 pada tanggal 3 April 2019 pukul 11.34 WIB. [Online]

Peter T. Choi, 2015, The Abenomics Difference: Three Arrows of Roosevelt Resolve

in Japan, Tesis, USA: Harvard Extension School, diakses melalui

https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/26519854/CHOI-

DOCUMENT-2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y pada tanggal 22

Maret 2019 pukul 18.50 WIB. [Online]

Tomoko Hidaka, 2006, Corporate Warriors or Company Animals?: An

Investigation of Japanese Salaryman Masculinities Across Three

Generations, Tesis, Adelaide: School of Social Sciences, University of

Adelaide, diakses melalui

https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/37880/10/0

2whole.pdf pada tanggal 2 April 2019 pukul 10.00 WIB. [Online]

100

Jurnal Ilmiah, Laporan & Working Paper:

Arsi Widiandri, Fenomena Shoushika di Jepang: Perubahan Konsep Anak dalam

IZUMI: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya Jepang, Vol. 5 No. 1,

Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro, diakses melalui

https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/izumi/article/view/11772/9007

pada tanggal 29 Maret 2019 pukul 13.00 WIB. [Online]

Annette Schad-Seifert, 2018, Womenomics-A Model for a New Family Policy in

Japan? dalam Family Life in Japan and Germany: Challenges for a

Gender Sensitive Family Policy, Wiesbaden, Springer, diakses melalui

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322807481_Womenomics_-

_A_Model_for_a_New_Family_Policy_in_Japan pada tanggal 22 Maret

2019 pukul 17.00 WIB. [Online]

Aya Abe, dkk., 2003, Child Related Policies in Japan, Tokyo: National Institute of

Population and Social Security Research, diakses melalui

http://www.ipss.go.jp/s-info/e/childPJ2003/childPJ2003.pdf pada

tanggal 22 Mei 2019 pukul 11.25 WIB. [Online]

Bernard H. Casey, 2005, The Employment of Older People: Can We Learn from

Japan dalam The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance: Issues and

Practice No. 30, Switzerland: The International Association for the Study

of Insurance Economics, diakses melalui

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.gpp.251005

1.pdf pada tanggal 29 Maret 2019 pukul 14.45 WIB. [Online]

Bogang Jun, Alexander Gerybadze dan Tai-Yoo Kim, The Legacy of Friedrich List:

The Expansive Reproduction System and the Korean Hostory of

Industrialization dalam Hohenheim Discussion Papers in Business,

Economics and Social Sciences, Working Paper No. 02, Februari 2016,

University Hohenheim: Faculty of Business, Economics and Social

Sciences, diakses melalui

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/129791/1/853877254.pdf

pada tanggal 22 Maret 2019 pukul 20.05 WIB. [Online]

101

Chad Steinberg dan Masato Nakane, Can Women Save Japan? dalam IMF Working

Paper Asia and Pasific Department, No.12/248, Oktober 2012, diakses

melalui https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12248.pdf

pada tanggal 20 April 2019 pukul 13.00 WIB. [Online]

David Levi-Faur, Friedrich List and the Political Economy of the Nation-State

dalam Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 4 Issue 1, Spring

1997, diakses melalui

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233153408_Friedrich_List_an

d_the_political_economy_of_the_nation-state pada tanggal 22 Maret

2019 pukul 20.00 WIB. [Online]

Emma Chanlett-Avery dan Rebecca M. Nelson, “Womenomics” in Japan: In Brief

dalam CSR Report, Agustus 2014, Congressional Research Service,

diakses melalui https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R43668.pdf pada tanggal 22

Maret 2019 pukul 18.32 WIB. [Online]

E. Oizumi, Property Finance in Japan: Expansion and Collapse of the Bubble

Economy dalam Environment and Planning, Vol. 26, Japan: Wakayama

University, diakses melalui

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1068/a260199 pada tanggal 27

Maret 2019 pukul 19.15 WIB. [Online]

Giovanni Ganelli dan Naoko Niake, 2015, Foreign Help Wanted: Easing Japan’s

Labor Shortages dalam International Monetary Fund Working Paper

15/181, diakses melalui

https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2015/wp15181.pdf pada

tanggal 29 Maret 2019 pukul 14.30 WIB. [Online]

Grace Lai, Comfort Women in Japan and Korea dalam Dalhousie Journal of Legal

Studies, Vol. 11, 2002, Canada: Dalhousie University Schulich School

of Law, diakses melalui

https://ojs.library.dal.ca/djls/article/view/5626/5069 pada tanggal 17

April 2019 pukul 09.44 WIB. [Online]

Helen Macnaughtan, Womenomics for Japan: Is the Abe Policy for Gendered

Employment Viable in an Era of Precarity? dalam The Asia-Pasific

102

Journal, Vol. 13 No. 1, Maret 2015, diakses melalui https://apjjf.org/-

Helen-Macnaughtan/4302/article.pdf pada tanggal 4 April 2019 pukul

09.12 WIB. [Online]

Hiroko Takeda, 2015, Between Reproduction and Production: Womenomics and

the Japanese Government’s Approach to Women and Gender Policies

dalam Journal of Gender Studies, No. 21, Japan: University of Nagoya,

diakses melalui http://www2.igs.ocha.ac.jp/wp-

content/uploads/2018/07/5-Takeda.pdf pada tanggal 22 Maret 2019

pukul 18.44 WIB. [Online]

JILPT, 2014, Labour Situation in Japan and Its Analysis: General Overview

2013/2014, Tokyo: The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training,

diakses melalui https://www.jil.go.jp/english/lsj/general/2013-

2014/all.pdf pada tanggal 4 April 2019 pukul 09.12 WIB. [Online]

Joshua K. Hausman dan Johannes F. Wieland, Abenomics: Prelimary Analysis and

Outlook, Working Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 45 Issue 1, Spring

2014, Washington DC: The Brooking Institutions, diakses melalui

https://www.brookings.edu/wp-

content/uploads/2016/07/2014a_Hausman.pdf pada tanggal 22 Maret

2019 pukul 19.18 WIB. [Online]

Junichi Akashi, 2014 New Aspects of Japan’s Immigration Policies: Is Population

Decline Opening the Doors? dalam Contemporary Japan, Vol. 26 Issue

26, diakses melalui

https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/cj.2014.26.issue-2/cj-2014-

0009/cj-2014-0009.pdf pada tanggal 22 Maret 2019 pukul 19.00 WIB.

[Online]

Kathy Matsui, dkk., 2014, Womenomics 4.0: Time to Walk the Talk dalam Japan:

Portfolio Strategy, Jepang: The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., diakses

melalui

https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/macroeconomic-

insights-folder/womenomics4-folder/womenomics4-time-to-walk-the-

talk.pdf pada tanggal 12 September 2019 pukul 19.00 WIB. [Online]

103

Keiichiro Hamaguchi dan Noboru Ogino, Non-Regular Work: Trends, Labour Law

Policy, and Industrial Relations Developments-The Case of Japan dalam

Industrial and Employment Relations Department (DIALOGUE),

Working Paper No 29, Oktober 2011, Geneva: International Labour

Office, diakses melalui https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---

ed_dialogue/---dialogue/documents/publication/wcms_166735.pdf pada

tanggal 2 April 2019 pukul 09.52 WIB. [Online]

Kitao Sagiri, When Do We Start? Pension Reform in Aging Japan, RIETI

Discussion Paper Series 16-E-077, Juli 2016, Japan: The Research

Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, diakses melalui

https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/16e077.pdf pada tanggal 22

Maret 2019 pukul 19.15 WIB. [Online]

Klaus Schwab, dkk., 2014, The Global Gender Gap Report 2014, Switzerland:

World Economic Forum, diakses melalui

http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR14/GGGR_CompleteReport_20

14.pdf pada tanggal 19 September 2019 pukul 20.00 WIB. [Online]

Kumiko Nemoto, Long Working Hours and the Corporate Gender Divide in Japan

dalam Gender, Work & Organization, Vol. 20 No. 5, September 2013,

diakses melalui

https://moodle.semesteratsea.net/pluginfile.php/641/mod_folder/content

/0/7%20Nemoto-2013-

LongWorkingHoursGenderJapan.pdf?forcedownload=1 pada tanggal 3

April 2019 pukul 11.26 WIB. [Online]

Kunio Okina, Masaki Shirakawa, dan Shinegori Shiratsuka, The Asset Price Bubble

and Monetary Policy: Japan’s Experience in the Late 1980s and the

Lessons dalam Monetary and Economic Studies, February 2001, diakses

melalui https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/research/papers/english/me19-s1-

14.pdf pada tanggal 27 Maret 2019 pukul 18.00 WIB. [Online]

Linda Hasunuma, Political Targets: Womenomics as an Economic and Foreign

Relations Strategy dalam Asie Vision, No. 92, April 2017, Paris: The

Institute Français des Relations Internationales (Ifri), diakses melalui

104

https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/notes-de-lifri/asie-visions/political-

targets-womenomics-economic-and-foreign-relations pada tanggal 16

Mei 2019 pukul 09.20 WIB. [Online]

Maki Kimura, Listening to Voices: Testimonies of “Comfort Women” of the Second

World War dalam Gender Institute New Working Paper Series, Vol. 8,

April 2003, London: London School of Economics, diakses melalui

http://www.lse.ac.uk/gender/assets/documents/research/working-

papers/LISTENING-TO-VOICES.pdf pada tanggal 9 April 2019 pukul

12.34 WIB. [Online]

Mark Holt, Richard J. Campbell dan Mary Beth Nipkin, Fukushima Nuclear

Disaster dalam CSR Report for Congress, Januari 2012, diakses melalui

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R41694.pdf pada tanggal 28 Maret 2019

pukul 17.35 WIB. [Online]

Masahiro Takada, Japan’s Economic Miracle: Underlying Factors and Strategies

for the Growth dalam Japan in World Affairs, March 1999, diakses

melalui

https://www.lehigh.edu/~rfw1/courses/1999/spring/ir163/Papers/pdf/ma

t5.pdf pada tanggal 27 Maret 2019 pukul 17.11 WIB. [Online]

Masazumi Wakatabe, Turning Japanese? Lessons from Japan’s Lost Decade to the

Current Crisis dalam Center on Japanese Economy and Business

Working Papers No. 309, Januari 2013, diakses melalui

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8697BXW pada

tanggal 28 Maret 2019 pukul 15.00 WIB. [Online]

M. Christina Luera, No More Waiting for Revolution: Japan Should Take Positive

Action to Implement the Convention of the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination Against Women dalam Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal,

Juni 2004, diakses melalui

http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/UNPAN93859.pd

f pada tanggal 17 April 2019 pukul 23.00 WIB. [Online]

Megan L. Starich, The 2006 Revisions to Japan’s Equal Employment Law: A

Narrow Approach to a Pervasive Problem dalam Pacific Rim Law &

105

Policy Journal, Vol. 16 No. 2, Maret 2007, Seattle: Pacific Rim Law &

Policy Journal Association, diakses melalui

https://digital.lib.washington.edu/dspace-

law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/599/16PacRimLPolyJ551.pdf?sequence=1

pada tanggal 4 April 2019 pukul 11.00 WIB. [Online]

Merita Beriashi, dkk., 2014, A Social, Economic and Comparative Analysis of

Womenomics, USA: The Roosevelt Institute Center on National

Development of Yale University, diakses melalui

http://static1.squarespace.com/static/549b9425e4b07bee0353cf88/t/570

68642356fb0a622887608/1460045379047/JapanWomenomics.pdf pada

tanggal 18 Mei 2019 pukul 10.04 WIB. [Online]

MHLW, 2014, Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report 2013-2014, Jepang:

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, diakses melalui

https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/wp/wp-hw8/dl/07e.pdf pada tanggal 12

September 2019 pukul 19.30 WIB.[Online]

Mitsuhiro Fukao, Japan’s Lost Decade and Its Financial System dalam The World

Economy, Vol. 26 Issue 3, March 2003, Japan: Keio University, diakses

melalui

http://econ.tu.ac.th/archan/CHAWIN/ec%20362/readings%201_56/lost

%20decade%20%26%20fin%20sysytem.pdf pada tanggal 28 Maret

2019 pukul 16.05 WIB. [Online]

Naoko Muramatsu dan Hiroko Akiyama, Japan: Super-Aging Society Preparing

for the Future dalam The Gerontologist, Vol. 51 No. 4, England: Oxford

University, diakses melalui

https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/51/4/425/599276 pada

tanggal 29 Maret 2019 pukul 13.40 WIB. [Online]

Naoyuki Yoshino dan Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary, Causes and Remedies for

Japan’s Long-Lasting Recession: Lesson for the People’s Republic of

China dalam ADBI Working Paper, No. 554, December 2015, Tokyo:

Asian Development Bank Institute, diakses melalui

106

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/177252/adbi-

wp554.pdf pada tanggal 28 Maret 2019 pukul 17.00 WIB. [Online]

Naruki Mori, Shigenori Shiratsuka dan Hiroo Taguchi, Policy Responses to the

Post-Bubble Adjustments in Japan: A Tentative Review dalam Monetary

and Economic Studies, Februari 2001, diakses melalui

https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/research/papers/english/me19-s1-5.pdf pada

tanggal 28 Maret 2019 pukul 17.15 WIB. [Online]

Nina Serafino, Curt Tarnoff dan Dick K. Nanto, U.S Occupation Assistance: Iraq,

Germany and Japan Compared dalam CSR Report for Congress, Maret

2006, Washington DC: Library of Congress, diakses melalui

https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33331.pdf pada tanggal 27 Maret 2019

pukul 18.10 WIB. [Online]

Nobuyuki Oda dan Kazuo Ueda, The Effects of the Bank of Japan’s Zero Interest

Rate Commitment and Quantitative Monetary Easing on the Yield Curve:

A Macro-Finance Approach, Bank of Japan Working Paper Series No.

05, April 2005, Tokyo: Bank of Japan, diakses melalui

https://www.boj.or.jp/en/research/wps_rev/wps_2005/data/wp05e06.pd

f pada tanggal 28 Maret 2019 pukul 18.00 WIB, hal. 4. [Online]

Noriko Tsuya, The Impacts of Population Decline in Japan: Demographic

Prospects and Policy Implications dalam Reexamining Japan in Global

Context, Suntory Foundation Reserach Project Forum 005 Special

Report, diakses melalui

https://www.suntory.com/sfnd/jgc/forum/005/pdf/005_tsuya.pdf pada

tanggal 29 Maret 2019 pukul 13.20 WIB. [Online]

OECD, 2012, Policies for Revitalisation of Japan, diakses melalui

https://www.oecd.org/general/50190618.pdf pada tanggal 1 Mei 2019

pukul 09.10 WIB. [Online]

Peter Firkola, Japanese Recruitment Practices: Before and After the Global

Financial Crisis dalam Economic Journal of Hokkaido University, Vol.

40, 2011, Japan: Hokkaido University, diakses melalui

107

https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/47730/1/EJHU_

40_59.pdf pada tanggal 3 April 2019 pukul 10.00 WIB. [Online]

Prime Minister Office of Japan, 2013, Japan Revitalization Strategy: Japan is Back,

diakses melalui

https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/keizaisaisei/pdf/en_saikou_jpn_hon.p

df pada tanggal 20 Mei 2019 pukul 09.50 WIB. [Online]

Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson dan Saadia Zahidi, 2012, The Global Gender

Gap Report Index 2012, World Economic Forum, diakses melalui

https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/komisyon/kefe/belge/uluslararasi_belgeler/ba

zi_rap/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf pada tanggal 18 April 2019

pukul 09.48 WIB. [Online]

Sayuri Umeda, 2008, Japan: WWII POW & Forced Labour Compensation Cases,

Washington DC: The Law Library of Congress, Global Research Centre,

diakses melalui https://www.loc.gov/law/help/pow-

compensation/Japan-pow-compensation.pdf pada tanggal 27 Maret 2019

pukul 17.23 WIB. [Online]

Sayuri Umeda, 2013, Japan: Legal Responses to the Great East Japan Earthquake

of 2011, Washington DC: Law Library of Congress, Global Research

Centre, diakses melalui https://www.loc.gov/law/help/japan-

earthquake/Great-East-Japan-Earthquake.pdf pada tanggal 28 Maret

2019 pukul 18.00 WIB. [Online]

Statistic Bureau, 2013, 労働力調査 (基本集計), Jepang: Ministry of Internal

Affairs and Communications, diakses melalui

http://www.stat.go.jp/data/roudou/rireki/tsuki/pdf/201312.pdf pada

tanggal 12 September 2019 pukul 19.06 WIB. [Online]

Statistical Research and Training Institute (ed.), 2012, Statistical Handbook of

Japan 2012, Japan: Statistic Bureau of Ministry of Internal Affairs and

Communications, diakses melalui

https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/2012all.pdf pada

tanggal 28 Maret 2019 pukul 17.50 WIB. [Online]

108

Stephanie Assmann, 2014, Gender Equality in Japan: The Equal Employment

Opportunity Law Revisited 日本における男女平等

雇用機会均等法再考 dalam The Asia-Pasific Journal Vol. 12 Issue 45

No. 2, diakses melalui https://apjjf.org/-Stephanie-

Assmann/4211/article.pdf pada tanggal 12 September 2019 pukul 19.06

WIB. [Online]

Takeo Hoshi dan Anil Kahsyap, Why Did Japan Stop Growing? dalam National

Institute for Research Advancement Report, September 2011, Japan: The

National Institute for Research Advancement (NIRA), diakses melalui

http://www.nira.or.jp/pdf/1002english_report.pdf pada tanggal 28 Maret

2019 pukul 17.27 WIB. [Online]

World Bank, Gender and Equality Development dalam World Development Report

2012, Washington DC: World Bank Group, diakses melalui

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/492221468136792185/Mai

n-report pada tanggal 16 April 2019 pukul 14.30 WIB. [Online]

Watau Takahashi, The Japanese Financial Sector’s Transition from High Growth

to the ‘Lost Decades’: A Market Economy Prespectives, Discussion

Paper Series of Research Institute for Economic, Oktober 2011, Japan:

Kobe University, diakses melalui https://www.rieb.kobe-

u.ac.jp/academic/ra/dp/English/DP2011-29.pdf pada tanggal 28 Maret

2019 pukul 17.05 WIB. [Online]

William M. Tsuitsui dan Stefano Mazotta, 2015, The Bubble Economy and Lost

Decade: Learning from the Japanese Economic Experience dalam

Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedalogy, Perspective, Vol. 9 No. 1

Article 6, diakses melalui

https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1164

&context=jgi pada tanggal 27 Maret 2019 pukul 17.00 WIB. [Online]

Yanfei Zhou, Career Interruption on Japanese Women: Why Is It So Hard to

Balance Work and Childcare dalam Japan Labour Review, Vol. 12 No.

2, Spring 2015, Japan: The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training,

diakses melalui

109

https://www.jil.go.jp/english/JLR/documents/2015/JLR46_zhou.pdf

pada tanggal 3 April 2019 pukul 11.00 WIB. [Online]

Yasuo Kawawaki, dkk., 2013, The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake 2011,

Recovery Status Report No. 06, Japan: International Recovery Platform,

diakses melalui

https://www.recoveryplatform.org/assets/irp_case_studies/ENGLISH_

RECOVERY%20STATUS%20REPORT%20JAPAN_revised%202014

.3.27.pdf pada tanggal 28 Maret 2019 pukul 17.35 WIB. [Online]

Yukiko Abe, The Equal Employment Opportunity Law and Labor Force Behavior

of Women in Japan dalam Journal of the Japanese and International

Economies, Vol. 25 Issue 1, Juni 2010, diakses melalui

http://hdl.handle.net/2115/57677 pada tanggal 4 April 2019 pukul 11.35

WIB. [Online]

Yunus Handoko, Pemikiran Ekonomi Politik Taylor, Smith, Marx dan Keynes

dalam Jurnal JIBEKA, Vol. 7 No. 2, Agustus 2013, diakses melalui

https://lp2m.asia.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Yunus-

Handoko_Pemikiran-ekonomi-politik-Tyalor_Smith_Marx-dan-

Keynes..pdf pada tanggal 22 Maret 2019 pukul 20.20 WIB. [Online]

Artikel Internet:

Atsushi Kodera, 2014, Spousal Tax Break Targeted to Get Wives Out of House,

Japan Times, diakses melalui

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/05/26/reference/spousal-tax-

break-targeted-get-wives-house/#.XOpWSfkzbIW pada tanggal 25 Mei

2019 pukul 11.00 WIB. [Online]

Chico Harlan, Former Japanese PM Shinzo Abe Eyes Return to Power, The

Washington Post, diakses melalui

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/former-pm-abe-wins-vote-to-

head-japans-main-opposition-party-eyes-winning-back-

power/2012/09/26/72613a78-07c0-11e2-a10c-

fa5a255a9258_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.0c2b8709b35a

pada tanggal 22 Maret 2019 pukul 18.00 WIB. [Online]

110

Gender Equality Bureau Cabinet Office, 2011, National Machinery for the

Promotion of the Formation of a Gender-Equality Society, diakses

melalui

http://www.gender.go.jp/english_contents/about_danjo/prom/national_

machinery.html pada tanggal 16 Mei 2019 pukul 08.57 WIB. [Online]

Japan Pension Service, 2019, Japanese National Pension System, diakses melalui

https://www.nenkin.go.jp/pamphlet/kokunenseido.files/2English.pdf

pada tanggal 22 Mei 2019 pukul 11.40 WIB. [Online]

Junnosuke Shino dan Shin Nakahara, 2004, New Forms of Employment in Japan:

On the Increasing Influence of Part-time, Dispatched and Contracted

Workers dalam Bank of Japan Review, diakses melalui

https://www.boj.or.jp/en/research/wps_rev/rev_2004/data/rev04e02.pdf

pada tanggal 2 April 2019 pukul 09.00 WIB. [Online]

Martin Fackler, 2014, Seeing Women as Key to Economy, Japan’s Leader Names 5

to Cabinet, New York Times, diakses melalui

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/04/world/asia/5-women-are-named-

to-new-japanese-cabinet.html?module=inline pada tanggal 21 Mei 2019

pukul 11.00 WIB. [Online]

Masami Ito, 2014, Can Women Really ‘Shine’ Under Abe?, Japan Times, diakses

melalui https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2014/11/22/lifestyle/can-

women-really-shine-abe/#.XOpPjfkzbIU pada tanggal 25 Mei 2019

pukul 11.10 WIB. [Online]

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2010, Introduction to the Revised Child

Care and Family Care Leave Law, diunduh melalui

https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/affairs/dl/05.pdf pada tanggal 22

Mei 2019 pukul 08.38 WIB. [Online]

Mizuha Aoki dan Reiji Yoshida, Two of Abe’s Female Ministers Resign Over

Separate Scandals, Japan Times, Oktober 2014, diakses melalui

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/10/20/national/politics-

diplomacy/two-of-abes-female-ministers-resign-over-separate-

111

scandals/#.XZbuCmAzbIU pada tanggal 19 September 2019 pukul 20.00

WIB. [Online]

Shinzo Abe, 2013, Shinzo Abe: Unleashing the Power of Womenomics, Wall Street

Journal: Opinion, diakses melalui https://www.wsj.com/articles/shinzo-

abe-unleashing-the-power-of-8216womenomics8217-1380149475 pada

tanggal 22 Maret 2019 pukul 17.00 WIB. [Online]

Shinzo Abe, 2013, 安倍総理「成長戦略スピーチ」, Tokyo: Cabinet Public

Relations of Japan Kantei, diakses melalui

https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/96_abe/statement/2013/0419speech.html

pada tanggal 2 Mei 2019 pukul 10.00 WIB. [Online]

Tomoko Yamazaki dan Komaki Ito, 2014, To boost economy, recruiting stay-at-

home dads, Japan Times, diakses melalui

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/04/30/business/economy-

business/boost-economy-recruiting-stay-home-dads/#.XZ9AB2AzbIU

pada tanggal 19 September 2019 pukul 20.10 WIB. [Online]

112

z