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The essentials

• Name: copper• Symbol: Cu• Atomic number : 29• Atomic weight: 63.546 (3 r

• CAS !egi"try #$: %44&'5&'

• )roup number : **• )roup name: Coinage metal• +erio, number : 4

• -loc : ,'bloc

Description

/ere i" a brie0 ,e"cription o0 copper.

• Stan,ar, "tate: "oli, at 29 1• Colour : copper metallic•

Cla""i0ication: etallic• Aailability:

copper i" aailable in many 0orm" inclu,ing bar" 0oil "heet granule" plate" pow,er "hot turning" wire in"ulate, wire me"h eaporation "lug" an, ro,".

Small an, large "ample" o0 copper 0oil lie thi" a" well a" "heet wire in"ulate, wireme"h an, ro, (an, copper alloy in 0oil "heet an, wire 0orm can be purcha"e, 0rom

A,ent !e"earch aterial" ia their web catalogue.

Copper i" one o0 the mo"t important metal". Copper i" re,,i"h with a bright metalliclu"tre. #t i" malleable ,uctile an, a goo, con,uctor o0 heat an, electricity ("econ, onlyto "iler in electrical con,uctiity. #t" alloy" bra"" an, brone are ery important.onel an, gun metal" al"o contain copper. Apparently the rea"on that policemen in the7SA are nicname, cop" or copper" i" to ,o with their uni0orm" which u"e, to haecopper button". 8he mo"t important compoun," are the oi,e an, the "ulphate (blueitriol.

8he picture aboe "how" the re"ult o0 a,,ing ,i00erent metal "alt" to a burning reactionmiture o0 pota""ium chlorate an, "ucro"e. 8he re, colour originate" 0rom "trontium

"ulphate. 8he orangeyellow colour originate" 0rom "o,ium chlori,e. 8he green colour

originate" 0rom barium chlorate. 8he blue colour originate" 0rom copper (# chlori,e. 8helilac colour that "houl, be ei,ent 0rom the pota""ium chlorate i" wa"he, out by the other colour" all o0 which are more inten"e. Do not attempt this reaction unless are a

professionally qualified chemist and you have carried out a legally satisfactory

hazard assessment. Improperly done, this reaction is dangerous! Select a moie iconto "ee 0lame burning in 0rom right to le0t.;ebuic8ime *.5mb ,ownloa,?

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=+


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@ne mea"ure o0 "ie i" the element'element ,i"tance within the element an, thi" length i"gien here.

an ,er ;aal" ra,iu"=pm?: *4& Coalent

ra,iu" (empirical=pm?: *3 8op o0Eorm Atomic ra,iu"(calculate, =pm?: *458op o0 EormAtomicra,iu" (empirical =pm?: *35 8op o0Eorm8op o0 Eorm

-on, length in CuCu =pm?: 255.6

!a,iu" pmShoelements

hose

covalent

radius is

pm

sorted y

Cu(#Coor,ination

type-ottomo0 Eorm

Ionic radii

This tale

gives some

ionic radii.

In this tale,

geometry

refers to the

arrangmentof the ion"s

nearest

neighours.

Size does

depend

upon

geometry

4'coor,inate tetrahe,ral %4

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and

environmen

t. #or

electronic

configurations, here it

matters, the

values given

for

octahedral

species are

lo spin

unless

stated to e

high spin.

The termslow spin and

high spin

refer to the

electronic

configuratio

ns of

particular

geomtries of

certain d $

loc% metal

ions.#urther

information

is availale

in inorganic

chemistry

te&too%s,

usually at

'evel ( or

#irst )ear

*niversity

level. #ordefinitions

of ionic

radius and

further

information,

follo the

hyperte&t

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lin%.

#onCu(## 4'coor,inate tetrahe,ral %*

Cu(## 4'coor,inate "uare'planar %*Cu(# 6'coor,inate octahe,ral 9*Cu(## 6'coor,inate octahe,ral %Cu(### 6'coor,inate octahe,ral 6

+auling ionic radii

Ion +auling radius pm

Cu(# 96

Crystal Structure

/ere i" "ome in0ormation about the cry"tal "tructure o0 copper.

• Space group: Em'3m (Space group number: 225• Structure: ccp (cubic clo"e'pace,• Cell parameter":

o a: 36*.49 pmo b: 36*.49 pmo c: 36*.49 pmo H: 9&.&&&Io J: 9&.&&&Io K: 9&.&&&I

Lou may iew the "tructure o0 copper:

• interactiely (Mmol or• non'interactiely.

References

.


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/tomic Symol1 Cu 2elting +oint1 *&4.6 /tomic 3eight1 63.546 4oiling +oint1 2562 O5lectron

Configuration1 =Ar?4"*3,*& 6&idation States1 2 *

7istory

(atin cuprum 0rom the i"lan, o0 Cypru" #t i" beliee, that copper ha" been mine, 0or5&&& year".

+roperties

Copper i" re,,i"h an, tae" on a bright metallic lu"ter. #t i" malleable ,uctile an, a goo,con,uctor o0 heat an, electricity ("econ, only to "iler in electrical con,uctiity.

Sources

Copper occa"ionally occur" natiely an, i" 0oun, in many mineral" "uch a" cupritemalachite aurite chalcopyrite an, bornite.

arge copper ore ,epo"it" are 0oun, in the 7.S. Chile Pambia Paire +eru an, Cana,a.8he mo"t important copper ore" are the "ul0i,e" the oi,e" an, carbonate". Erom the"ecopper i" obtaine, by "melting leaching an, by electroly"i".

*ses

8he electrical in,u"try i" one o0 the greate"t u"er" o0 copper. #ronQ" alloy" '' bra"" an, brone '' are ery important: all American coin" are copper alloy" an, gun metal" al"ocontain copper.

Copper ha" wi,e u"e a" an agricultural poi"on an, a" an algaeci,e in water puri0ication.Copper compoun," "uch a" EehlingQ" "olution are wi,ely u"e, in analytical chemi"tryte"t" 0or "ugar.

/vailaility

/igh'purity copper (99.999 percent i" aailable commercially.

Title Picture: copperO

http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/47.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/47.html


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The essentials

• Name: lithium• Symbol: i• Atomic number : 3• Atomic weight: = 6.94* (2? g m r

• CAS !egi"try #$: %439'93'2

• )roup number : *• )roup name: Alali metal• +erio, number : 2

• -loc : "'bloc

Description

/ere i" a brie0 ,e"cription o0 lithium.

•

Stan,ar, "tate: "oli, at 29 1• Colour : "ilery whitegrey• Cla""i0ication: etallic• Aailability:

ithium i" a )roup * (#A element containing Bu"t a "ingle alence electron (*"22"*.)roup * element" are calle, alali metal". ithium i" a "oli, only about hal0 a" ,en"e a"water. A 0re"hly cut chun o0 lithium i" "ilery but tarni"he" in a minute or "o in air togie a grey "ur0ace.

ithium i" mie, (alloye, with aluminium an, magne"ium 0or light'weight alloy" an, i"al"o u"e, in batterie" "ome grea"e" "ome gla""e" an, in me,icine.

Nearing Pero cartoon inclu,e, by in, permi""ion o0 Nic 1im.

Isolation

/ere i" a brie0 "ummary o0 the i"olation o0 lithium.

ithium woul, not normally be ma,e in the laboratory a" it i" "o rea,ily aailablecommercially. All "ynthe"e" reuire an electrolytic "tep a" it i" "o ,i00icult to a,, anelectron to the poorly electronegatie lithium ion i.

8he ore "po,umene iAl(Si@32 i" the mo"t important commercial ore containinglithium. 8he H 0orm i" 0ir"t conerte, into the "o0ter J 0orm by heating to aroun, **&&IC.8hi" i" mie, care0ully with hot "ulphuric aci, an, etracte, into water to 0orm lithium

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"ulphate i2S@4 "olution. 8he "ulphate i" wa"he, with "o,ium carbonate Na2C@3 to0orm a precipitate o0 the relatiely in"oluble lithium carbonate i2C@3.

i2S@4 Na2C@3 D Na2S@4 i2C@3 ("oli,

!eaction o0 lithium carbonate with /Cl then proi,e" lithium chlori,e iCl.

i2C@3 2/Cl D 2iCl C@2 /2@

ithium chlori,e ha" a high melting point (R 6&&IC meaning that it "oul, be epen"ieto melt it in or,er to carry out the electroly"i". /oweer a miture o0 iCl (55 an, 1Cl(45 melt" at about 43&IC an, "o much le"" energy an, "o epen"e i" reuire, 0or theelectroly"i".

catho,e: i(l e' D i (l

ano,e: Cl'

(l D*

2Cl2 (g e'

Crystal Structure

/ere i" "ome in0ormation about the cry"tal "tructure o0 lithium.

• Space group: #m'3m (Space group number: 229• Structure: bcc (bo,y'centre, cubic• Cell parameter":

o a: 35* pmo b: 35* pmo c: 35* pmo H: 9&.&&&Io J: 9&.&&&Io K: 9&.&&&I

Lou may iew the "tructure o0 lithium:


8he bo,y'centre, cubic (bcc "tructure i" the mo"t "table 0orm 0or lithium metal at 29 1(25IC. 7n,er normal con,ition" all o0 the )roup * (alaali metal" element" are ba"e,upon the bcc "tructure. 8he clo"e"t i'i "eparation i" 3&4 pm implying a lithium metallicra,iu" o0 *52 pm. 8hi" mean" that lithium i" "maller than pota""ium. #n the bcc latticeeery lithium atom i" "urroun,e, by eight other neare"t neightbour lithium atom"

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organi"e, into a cubic array. @ne way to i"ualie the bcc lattice i" a" two interloce,in0inite cubic array" o0 atom".

Radii

8here are "eeral way" to ,e0ine ra,iu" 0or atom" an, ion". Eollow the appropriatehyperlin" 0or literature re0erence" an, ,e0inition" o0 each type o0 ra,iu". All alue" o0ra,ii are gien in pm (picometre" or picometer" in 7SA. Coner"ion 0actor" are:

• * pm F * *&'*2 metre (meter• *&& pm F * Gng"trom• *&&& pm F * nanometre (nm nanometer

'i'i distance in the element


*52 pm8op o0 Eorm

-on, length in ii =pm?: 3&3.9

0eutral radii

8he "ie o0neutral atom",epen," uponthe way inwhich themea"urement i"ma,e an, theenironment.Eollow theappropriatehyperlin" 0or,e0inition" o0each ra,iu"type. 8he termatomic ra,iu"i" not particularlyhelp0ulalthough it" u"ei" wi,e"prea,.8he problem i"it" meaningwhich i" clearlyery ,i00erentin ,i00erent

3

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"ource" an, boo". 8woalue" aregien here one

i" ba"e, uponcalculation"an, the otheruponob"eration '0ollow theappropriate lin 0or 0urther,etail".

/tomic

0umer1Atomic !a,iu": /tomic Symol1 i 2elting +oint1 *&.

/tomic 3eight1 6.94* 4oiling +oint1 *3425lectron

Configuration1 =/e?2"* 6&idation States1 *

7istory

()r. lithos: "tone $i"coere, by Ar0e,"on in **%. ithium i" the lighte"t o0 all metal"with a ,en"ity only about hal0 that o0 water.

Sources

#t ,oe" not occur 0reely in natureT combine, it i" 0oun, in "mall unit" in nearly alligneou" roc" an, in many mineral "pring". epi,olite "po,umene petalite an,amblygonite are the more important mineral" containing it.

ithium i" pre"ently being recoere, 0rom brine" o0 Searle" ae in Cali0ornia an, 0romtho"e in Nea,a. arge ,epo"it" o0 ua,ramene are 0oun, in North Carolina. 8he metal i" pro,uce, electrolytically 0rom the 0u"e, chlori,e. ithium i" "ilery in appearance muchlie Na 1 an, other member" o0 the alali metal "erie". #t react" with water but not a"

igorou"ly a" "o,ium. ithium impart" a beauti0ul crim"on color to a 0lame but when themetal burn" "trongly the 0lame i" a ,aling white.

*ses

Since ;orl, ;ar ## the pro,uction o0 lithium metal an, it" compoun," ha" increa"e,greatly. -ecau"e the metal ha" the highe"t "peci0ic heat o0 any "oli, element it ha" 0oun,

http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/11.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/11.html


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u"e in heat tran"0er application"T howeer it i" corro"ie an, reuire" "pecial han,ling.8he metal ha" been u"e, a" an alloying agent i" o0 intere"t in "ynthe"i" o0 organiccompoun," an, ha" nuclear application". #t ran" a" a lea,ing conten,er a" a batteryano,e material a" it ha" a high electrochemical potential. ithium i" u"e, in "pecialgla""e" an, ceramic". 8he gla"" 0or the 2&&'inch tele"cope at t. +alomar contain"

lithium a" a minor ingre,ient. ithium chlori,e i" one o0 the mo"t lypro"copic material"nown an, it a" well a" lithium bromi,e i" u"e, in air con,itioning an, in,u"trial,rying "y"tem". ithium "tearate i" u"e, a" an all'purpo"e an, high'temperature lubricant.@ther lithium compoun," are u"e, in ,ry cell" an, "torage batterie". ithium carbi,e i"u"e, 0or the treatment o0 bipolar ,i"ea"e an, other mental illne"" con,ition".

The essentials

• Name: iron• Symbol: Ee• Atomic number : 26• Atomic weight: 55.45 (2

• CAS !egi"try #$: %439'9'6

• )roup number : • )roup name: (none• +erio, number : 4

• -loc : ,'bloc

Description

/ere i" a brie0 ,e"cription o0 iron.

• Stan,ar, "tate: "oli, at 29 1• Colour : lu"trou" metallic greyi"h tinge• Cla""i0ication: etallic• Aailability:

iron i" aailable in many 0orm" inclu,ing 0oil chip" "heet wire granule"nano"ie, actiate, pow,er pow,er an, ro,. Small an, large "ample" o0 iron0oil "heet an, wire (al"o #ron alloy in 0oil 0orm an, "tainle"" "teel alloy" in 0oil"heet wire wire "traight cut length" in"ulate, wire me"h ro, tube an, pow,er0orm can be purcha"e, 0rom A,ent !e"earch aterial" ia their web catalogue.

8hi" "ample i" 0rom 8he


12/28

8he pure metal i" not o0ten encountere, in commerce but i" u"ually alloye, with carbonor other metal". 8he pure metal i" ery reactie chemically an, rapi,ly corro,e"e"pecially in moi"t air or at eleate, temperature". Any car owner now" thi". #ron metali" a "ilery lu"trou" metal which ha" important magnetic propertie".

#ron 0iling" "alt" cau"e "par" in 0lame". 8he picture aboe "how" the re"ult 0rom a,,ingiron 0iling" to a burning miture o0 pota""ium chlorate an, "ucro"e. Do not attempt thisreaction unless are a professionally qualified chemist and you have carried out a

legally satisfactory hazard assessment.

Isolation

/ere i" a brie0 "ummary o0 the i"olation o0 iron.

#t i" not normally nece""ary to mae iron in the laboratory a" it i" aailable commercially.Small amount" o0 pure iron can be ma,e through the puri0ication o0 cru,e iron withcarbon monoi,e. 8he interme,iate in thi" proce"" i" iron pentacarbonyl Ee(C@5. 8hecarbonyl ,ecompo"e" on heatingto about 25&IC to 0orm pure iron pow,er.

Ee C@ D Ee(C@5 (25&IC D Ee 5C@

8he Ee(C@5 i" a olatile oily comple which i" ea"ily 0lu"he, 0rom the reaction e""elleaing the impuritie" behin,. @ther route" to "mall "ample" o0 pure iron inclu,e there,uction o0 iron oi,e Ee2@3 with hyrogen /2.

Nearly all iron pro,uce, commercially i" u"e, in the "teel in,u"try an, ma,e u"ing a bla"t 0urnace. o"t chemi"try tet boo" coer the bla"t 0urnace proce"". #n e""ence ironoi,e Ee2@3 i" re,uce, with with carbon (a" coe although in the 0urnace the actualre,ucing agent i" probably carbon monoi,e C@.

2Ee2@3 3C D 4Ee 3C@2

8hi" proce"" i" one o0 the mo"t "igni0icant in,u"trial proce""e" in hi"tory an, the origin"o0 the mo,ern proce"" are traceable bac to a "mall town calle, Coalbroo,ale inShrop"hire (


13/28

• Cell parameter":o a: 26.65 pmo b: 26.65 pmo c: 26.65 pmo H: 9&.&&&I

o J: 9&.&&&Io K: 9&.&&&I

Lou may iew the "tructure o0 iron:


/tomic

0umer

126/tom

icRadius1

*24.* pmNeutr al ra,ii

8he "ieo0neutralatom",epen,"

upon theway inwhichthemea"urement i"ma,ean, theenironment.Eollow

theappropriatehyperlin" 0or,e0inition" o0each

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ra,iu"type. 8hetermatomic

ra,iu" i"not particularlyhelp0ulalthoughit" u"e i"wi,e"prea,. 8he problemi" it"

meaningwhich i"clearlyery,i00erentin,i00erent"ource"an, boo".8wo

alue"are gienhere onei" ba"e,uponcalculation" an,the otheruponob"eration '0ollowtheappropriate lin0or0urther,etail"


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-on,length inEeEe =pm?:

24.2!e0erence"

!.1ohlhaa" +.$onneran, N.Schmit'+ranghe

Z. Angew.

Phys.*96% -8245.

Radii

8here are"eeralway" to,e0inera,iu"0or atom"an, ion".Eollowtheappropriate

hyperlin" 0orliteraturere0erence" an,,e0inition" o0each type

/tomic Symol1 Ee 2elting +oint1 *53 OC

http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/bond-length-elem.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/bond-length-elem.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/bond-length-elem.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/bond-length-elem.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/bond-length-elem.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/bond-length-elem.html


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o0 ra,iu".Allalue" o0 ra,ii are

gien in pm(picometre" or picometer" in7SA.Coner"ion0actor"are:

• * pmF**&'*2

m

etre(meter

• *&& p

mF*Gng"tr


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om

• *&&

& pmF*nanomet

re(nmnanomet

er

#e#e

@nemea"ureo0 "ie i"theelement'element


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,i"tancewithintheelement

an, thi"length i"gienhere.

/tomic 3eight1 55.4% 4oiling +oint1 26* OC5lectron Configuration1 =Ar?4"23,6 6&idation States1 3 2

7istory

(Anglo'Saon ironT . ferrum #ron wa" u"e, prehi"torically:

• )ene"i" mention" that 8ubal'Cain "een generation" 0rom A,am wa" anin"tructor o0 eery arti0icer in bra"" an, iron.

• A remarable iron pillar ,ating to about A.$. 4&& remain" "tan,ing to,ay in$elhi #n,ia. 8hi" "oli, "ha0t o0 wrought iron i" about % *4 m high by 4& cm in,iameter. Corro"ion to the pillar ha" been minimal although it ha" been epo"e, tothe weather "ince it" creation.

Sources

#ron i" a relatiely abun,ant element in the unier"e. #t i" 0oun, in the "un an, manytype" o0 "tar" in con"i,erable uantity. #t" nuclei are ery "table. #ron i" a principalcomponent o0 a meteorite cla"" nown a" siderites an, i" a minor con"tituent o0 the othertwo meteorite cla""e". 8he core o0 the earth '' 2*5& mile" in ra,iu" '' i" thought to belargely compo"e, o0 iron with about *& percent occlu,e, hy,rogen. 8he metal i" the0ourth mo"t abun,ant element by weight that mae" up the cru"t o0 the earth.

8he mo"t common ore i" hematite which i" 0reuently "een a" blac "an," along beache"an, ban" o0 "tream".

Isotopes

Common iron i" a miture o0 0our i"otope". 8en other i"otope" are nown to ei"t.

*ses


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#ron i" a ital con"tituent o0 plant an, animal li0e an, wor" a" an oygen carrier inhemoglobin.

8aconite i" becoming increa"ingly important a" a commercial ore. 8he pure metal i" noto0ten encountere, in commerce but i" u"ually alloye, with carbon or other metal".

+roperties

8he pure metal i" ery reactie chemically an, rapi,ly corro,e" e"pecially in moi"t air or at eleate, temperature". #t ha" 0our allotropic 0orm" or 0errite" nown a" alpha betagamma an, omega with tran"ition point" at %&& 92 an, *53&C. 8he alpha 0orm i"magnetic but when tran"0orme, into the beta 0orm the magneti"m ,i"appear" althoughthe lattice remain" unchange,. 8he relation" o0 the"e 0orm" are peculiar. +ig iron i" analloy containing about 3 percent carbon with arying amount" o0 "ul0ur "iliconmangane"e an, pho"phoru".

#ron i" har, brittle 0airly 0u"ible an, i" u"e, to pro,uce other alloy" inclu,ing "teel.;rought iron contain" only a 0ew tenth" o0 a percent o0 carbon i" tough malleable le""0u"ible an, u"ually ha" a 0ibrou" "tructure.

Carbon "teel i" an alloy o0 iron with "mall amount" o0 n S + an, Si. Alloy "teel" arecarbon "teel" with other a,,itie" "uch a" nicel chromium ana,ium etc. #ron i" acheap abun,ant u"e0ul an, important metal.

The essentials

• Name: lea,• Symbol: +b• Atomic number : 2• Atomic weight: 2&%.2 (* g m

• CAS !egi"try #$: %439'92'*

• )roup number : *4• )roup name: (none• +erio, number : 6

• -loc : p'bloc

Description

/ere i" a brie0 ,e"cription o0 lea,.

• Stan,ar, "tate: "oli, at 29 1• Colour : blui"h white• Cla""i0ication: etallic• Aailability:

http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/16.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/14.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/25.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/25.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/15.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/28.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/28.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/24.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/24.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/23.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/name.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/name.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-weight.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-weight.html#footnote_ghttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-weight.html#footnote_ghttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-weight.html#footnote_mhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-weight.html#footnote_mhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/cas.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/description.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/standard-state.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/standard-state.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/classification.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/16.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/14.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/25.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/15.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/28.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/24.htmlhttp://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/23.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/name.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/name.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-weight.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-weight.html#footnote_ghttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/atomic-weight.html#footnote_mhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/cas.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/group-number.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/description.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/standard-state.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/standard-state.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/classification.html


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lea, i" aailable in "eeral 0orm" inclu,ing 0oil granule" ingot" pow,er ro,"hot "heet an, wire. Small an, large "ample" o0 lea, 0oil "heet an, wire (an,lea, alloy in ingot 0orm can be purcha"e, 0rom A,ent !e"earch aterial" iatheir web catalogue.

ea, i" a blui"h'white lu"trou" metal. #t i" ery "o0t highly malleable ,uctile an, arelatiely poor con,uctor o0 electricity. #t i" ery re"i"tant to corro"ion but tarni"he" uponepo"ure to air. ea, pipe" bearing the in"ignia o0 !oman emperor" u"e, a" ,rain" 0romthe bath" are "till in "erice. Alloy" inclu,e pewter an, "ol,er. 8etraethyl lea, (+b


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o a: 495.& pmo b: 495.& pmo c: 495.& pmo H: 9&.&&&Io J: 9&.&&&I

o K: 9&.&&&I

Lou may iew the "tructure o0 lea,:


References

/. +. 1lug J. Am. Chem. Soc. *946 9: *493.

Radii

8here are "eeral way" to ,e0ine ra,iu" 0or atom" an, ion". Eollow the appropriatehyperlin" 0or literature re0erence" an, ,e0inition" o0 each type o0 ra,iu". All alue" o0ra,ii are gien in pm (picometre" or picometer" in 7SA. Coner"ion 0actor" are:

• * pm F * *&'*2 metre (meter• *&& pm F * Gng"trom•

*&&& pm F * nanometre (nm nanometer

++ distance in the element


*%5.& pm8op o0 Eorm

-on, length in +b+b =pm?: 35&.&

0eutral

radii

8he "ie o0

neutral atom",epen," uponthe way inwhich themea"urementi" ma,e an,theenironment.

2

http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pb/xtal-pdb.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pb/xtal.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/bond-length-elem.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pb/xtal-pdb.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pb/xtal.htmlhttp://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/definitions/bond-length-elem.html


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Eollow theappropriatehyperlin" 0or ,e0inition" o0

each ra,iu"type. 8heterm atomicra,iu" i" not particularlyhelp0ulalthough it"u"e i"wi,e"prea,.8he problemi" it"

meaningwhich i"clearly ery,i00erent in,i00erent"ource" an, boo". 8woalue" aregien hereone i" ba"e,upon

calculation"an, the otheruponob"eration '0ollow theappropriatelin 0or0urther,etail".

/tomic

0umer1

+ b2

e

l

t


23/28

i

n

g

+o

i

n

t

1

32%.4

6 OCAtomic

! a,iu":

-

;

<

.

-

4

o

i

l

i

n


24/28

g

+

o

in

t

1

(

<

=

>

?

C

/t

o

m

i

c

S

y

m

ol

1

@

A

e

B

9

s-

=

f (

=

d(

;


25/28

9

p-

6

&

i

d

a

t

i

o

n

S

t

a

t

e

1

=

,

-

/

t

o

m

i

c

3

e

i

g

h

t

1

5lectron Configuration1 7istory(Anglo'Saon lead T . plumbum ong nown mentione, in


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ea, i" obtaine, chie0ly 0rom galena (+bS by a roa"ting proce"". Angle"ite ceru""itean, minim are other common lea, mineral".

+roperties

ea, i" a blui"h'white metal o0 bright lu"ter. #t i" ery "o0t highly malleable ,uctile an,a poor con,uctor o0 electricity. #t i" ery re"i"tant to corro"ionT lea, pipe" bearing thein"ignia o0 !oman emperor" u"e, a" ,rain" 0rom the bath" are "till in "erice. #t i" u"e,in container" 0or corro"ie liui," ("uch a" "ul0uric aci, an, may be toughene, by thea,,ition o0 a "mall percentage o0 antimony or other metal".

#orms

Natural lea, i" a miture o0 0our "table i"otope": 2&4+b (*.4 2&6+b (23.6 2&%+b(22.6 an, 2&+b (52.3. ea, i"otope" are the en, pro,uct" o0 each o0 the three "erie"

o0 naturally occurring ra,ioactie element":2&6

+b 0or the uranium "erie"2&%

+b 0or theactinium "erie" an, 2&+b 0or the thorium "erie". 8wenty "een other i"otope" o0 lea, allo0 which are ra,ioactie are recognie,.

#t" alloy" inclu,e "ol,er type metal an, ariou" anti0riction metal". )reat uantitie" o0lea, both a" the metal an, a" the ,ioi,e are u"e, in "torage batterie". uch metal al"ogoe" into cable coering plumbing ammunition an, in the manu0acture o0 lea,tetraethyl.

*ses

8he metal i" ery e00ectie a" a "oun, ab"orber i" u"e, a" a ra,iation "hiel, aroun, U'rayeuipment an, nuclear reactor" an, i" u"e, to ab"orb ibration. ;hite lea, the ba"iccarbonate "ublime, white lea, chrome yellow an, other lea, compoun," are u"e,eten"iely in paint" although in recent year" the u"e o0 lea, in paint" ha" been,ra"tically curtaile, to eliminate or re,uce health haar,".

ea, oi,e i" u"e, in pro,ucing 0ine cry"tal gla"" an, 0lint gla"" o0 a high in,e o0re0raction 0or achromatic len"e". 8he nitrate an, the acetate are "oluble "alt". ea, "alt""uch a" lea, ar"enate hae been u"e, a" in"ectici,e" but their u"e in recent year" ha" been practically eliminate, in 0aor o0 le"" harm0ul organic compoun,".

7andling

Care mu"t be u"e, in han,ling lea, a" it i" a cumulatie poi"on.


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8horium

Niobium

anadium

alium +latinum

0i%elTitanium

References

Tungsten

•

Seng

Eirconia

8he "ie o0 neutral atom" ,epen," upon the way in which the mea"urement i" ma,e an,the enironment. Eollow the appropriate hyperlin" 0or ,e0inition" o0 each ra,iu" type.8he term atomic ra,iu" i" not particularly help0ul although it" u"e i" wi,e"prea,. 8he problem i" it" meaning which i" clearly ery ,i00erent in ,i00erent "ource" an, boo".


28/28

8wo alue" are gien here one i" ba"e, upon calculation" an, the other upon ob"eration' 0ollow the appropriate lin 0or 0urther ,etail".

Tugas MTP Unsur Unsur

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