Tugas 1 - MKBL KL3205 - Ocean Structure.pptx

7/26/2019 Tugas 1 - MKBL KL3205 - Ocean Structure.pptx

1/47

Ocean Structure

Erwin (155 13 040)

Layli (155 13 054)

Linda (155 13 079)

Jaklyn (155 13 0 )


2/47

Coastal

Structure Os!ore Structure "ort

OUTLINE


3/47

Coastal Structure

Groyne

Breakwater

Seawall

Jetty


4/47

Coastal StructureGroy

ne

What Groyne Is

A rigid hydraulic structure built from an oceanshore (in coastal engineering) or from a bank(in riers) that interru!ts water "ow and limitsthe moement of sediment# It is usually made

out of wood or concrete# All of a groyne maybe under water$ in which case it isa submerged groyne# %he areas betweengrou!s of groynes are groyne &elds#


5/47


ne

'unction In the ocean$ groynes create beaches or

!reent them being washed awayby longshore drift# cean groynes rungenerally !er!endicular to the shore$

etending from theu!!er foreshore or beach into the water

In a rier$ groynes !reent erosion and ice*+amming$ which in turn aids naigation#


6/47


ne

,ow It WorksA groyne creates and maintains a wide area of beach orsediment on its u!drift side$ and reduces erosion on theother# It is a !hysical barrier to sto! sediment trans!ort in thedirection of longshore drift# %his causes a build*u!$ which isoften accom!anied by accelerated erosion of the downdriftbeach$ which receies little or no sand from longshore drift(terminal groyne syndrome$ as it occurs after the terminalgroynein a grou! of groynes)# Groynes do not add etramaterial to a beach$ but merely retain some of the eistingsediment on the u!drift side of the groynes#


7/47


neBy Construction Method

Groynes can be !ermeable$

allowing the water to "owthrough at reduced elocities$or im!ermeable$ blocking andde"ecting the current#

Permeable groynesarelarge rocks$ bamboo or timber

Impermeablegroynes(solidgroynesor rock armourgroynes) are constructedusing rock$ grael$ gabions#

TYPES OF

!OY"E


8/47


ne

by #hether theyare submerged

Groynes can besubmerged or not undernormal conditions#-sually im!ermeable

groynes are non*submerged$ since "owoer the to! of solidgroynes may causeseere erosion along the

shanks#

TYPES OF

!OY"E


9/47


ne

By their e$ect on

stream %o#Groynes can be attracting$ de"ecting orre!elling#

&ttracting groynes!oint downstream$sering to attract the stream "ow towardthemseles and not re!el the "owtoward the o!!osite bank# %hey tend tomaintain dee! current close to the bank#

'e%ecting groyneschange thedirection of "ow without re!elling it#%hey are generally short and used forlimited$ local !rotection#

!epelling groynes!oint u!stream.they force the "ow away fromthemseles# A single groyne may haeone section$ for eam!le$ attracting$ andanother section de"ecting#

TYPES OF

!OY"E


10/47


ne

By shapeGroynes can be built withdi/erent !laniew sha!es#Some eam!les includestraight groynes$ % head$ 0head$ hockey stick$ inertedhockey stick groynes$ straightgroynes with !ier head$ wing$and tail groynes#

TYPES OF

!OY"E


11/47

Coastal Structure

kwate

r

What Breakwater Is

Breakwaters are generally shore*!arallelstructures that reduce the amount ofwae energy reaching the !rotected

area# %hey are similar to natural bars$reefs or nearshore islands and aredesigned to dissi!ate wae energy#


12/47

Coastal Structure

kwate

r

What Breakwater IsBreakwaters are generallyshore*!arallel structuresthat reduce the amountof wae energy reachingthe !rotected area# %heyare similar to naturalbars$ reefs or nearshoreislands and are designedto dissi!ate wae energy#


13/47

Coastal Structure

kwate

r

,ow It Works

Breakwaters work bydisru!ting waes andlimiting their im!act#By dis!ersing their

force$ they hae lessenergy once theyreach the shore


14/47

Coastal Structure

kwate

r

Caissons Break#ater1aisson breakwaters ty!icallyhae ertical sides and areusually erected where it isdesirable to berth one or moreessels on the inner face of thebreakwater# %hey use the massof the caisson and the &ll withinit to resist the oerturning forces

a!!lied by waes hitting them#%hey are relatiely e!ensie toconstruct in shallow water$ but indee!er sites they can o/er asigni&cant saing oerreetment breakwaters#

TYPES OF

B!E&()&TE!


15/47

Coastal Structure

kwate

r

!ubble mound Break#ater2ubble mound breakwaters usestructural oids to dissi!ate the

wae energy# 2ock or concretearmour units on the outside of thestructure absorb most of the energy$while graels or sands !reent thewae energy3s continuing throughthe breakwater core# %he slo!es ofthe reetment are ty!ically between

454 and 456$ de!ending u!on thematerials used# In shallow water$reetment breakwaters are usuallyrelatiely ine!ensie# As waterde!th increases$ the materialre7uirements$ and hence costs$increase signi&cantly

TYPES OF

B!E&()&TE!


16/47

Coastal Structure

Sea

wa

ll

What Seawall IsA form of coastal defense constructedwhere the sea$ and associated coastal!rocesses$ im!act directly u!on thelandforms of the coast# %he !ur!oseof a seawall is to !rotect areas ofhuman habitation$ conseration andleisure actiities from the action

of tides and waes# As a seawall is astatic feature it will con"ict with thedynamic nature of the coast andim!ede the echange of sedimentbetween land and sea


17/47

Coastal Structure

Sea

wa

ll

*E!TIC&+

SE&)&++S8ertical seawalls are built in!articularly e!osed situations#%hese re"ect wae energy# -nderstorm conditions a non*breaking standing wae !atterncan form$ resulting in a

stationary cla!otic wae whichmoes u! and down but does nottrael hori9ontally# %hese waes!romote erosion at the toe of thewall and can cause seere damageto the sea wall# In some cases !ilesare !laced in front of the wall tolessen wae energy slightly#

TYPES OF

SE&)&++


18/47

Coastal Structure

Sea

wa

ll

TYPES OF

SE&)&++The &d,antages

%he &rst im!lemented$ mosteasily designed andconstructed ty!e of seawall#

8ertical sea walls de"ect waeenergy away from the coast#

0oose rubble can absorb waeenergy#

The 'isad,antages

%hese are !artial to a lot ofe!ensie damage in ashort !eriod of time#

8ertical design can beundercut by high*waeenergy enironments oera long !eriod of time

*E!TIC&+ SE&)&++S


19/47


20/47

Coastal Structure

Sea

wa

ll

TYPES OF

SE&)&++The &d,antages The 'isad,antages

C-!*E' O! STEPPE'SE&)&++S

1oncae structure introduces adissi!atie element#

%he cure can !reent waes fromoerto!!ing the wall and !roides

etra !rotection for the toe of the wall 1ured seawalls aim to re*direct most

of the incident energy$ resulting inlow re"ected waes and muchreduced turbulence

:ore com!le engineeringand design !rocess#

%he de"ected waes canscour material at the base of

the wall causing them tobecome undermined#


21/47

Coastal Structure

Sea

wa

ll

MO-"T TYPESE&)&++S:ound ty!e seawalls$using ri!ra!$ are used in lessdemanding settings where lowerenergy erosional !rocesseso!erate# %he least e!osed sitesinole the lowest*costbulkheads and reetments ofsand bags or geotetiles# %hesesere to armour the shore andminimise erosion and may beeither watertight or !orous$which allows water to &lterthrough after the wae energy

has been dissi!ated#

TYPES OF

SE&)&++


22/47

Coastal Structure

Sea

wa

ll

TYPES OF

SE&)&++The &d,antages The 'isad,antages 1urrent designs use

!orous designs of rock$concrete armour#

Slo!e and loose materialensure maimumdissi!ation of wae energy#

0ower cost o!tion#

0ess durable#

Shorter life e!ectancy#

1annot withstand or

!rotect from high*energyconditions e/ectiely#

MO-"T TYPESE&)&++S


23/47

Coastal Structure

Jetty

What Jetty Is

A structure that!ro+ects from the landout into water# ften$;+etty; refers to a

walkway accessingthe centre of anenclosed waterbody#


24/47

Coastal Structure

Jetty

%S ' J>%%< +ong .etty # 0ong Jetty when the ends are beyond the breaking waes#%his ty!e is e/ectie for blocking the entry of sediment$ butconstruction costs are ery e!ensie#

Intermediet .etty$ where the ends are among the water leel recededand the location of a breaking wae$ can withstand most sedimenttrans!ort along the coast# Grooe ti! of the +etty still allows thede!osition of sand#

Short .etty$ the foot end of the building located on the surface of thewater to recede# %he main function of this building is to hold estuariesand concentrate on the "ow !ath has been set to be eroded sediment$so at the beginning of the rainy season where the large discharge("ood) has not occurred$ the mouth of the rier has been o!en#


25/47

Offshore Structure

/shore structure is the installation of

structures and facilities in the 9oneetending seaward from the !oint oflow tide to the de!th of wae*base

leel or to the outer edge of thecontinental shelf# It is usually for the!roduction and transmission ofelectricity$ oil$ gas and otherresources#


26/47

Offshore Structure

TYPES OF OFFS/O!EST!-CT-!E

FI0E'

1acket

Jacket is deelo!ed for o!erationin shallow water and thickseabed which is soft and muddy#It is a welded tubular sa!ceframe with three or more nearertical tubular chord legs with a

bracing system between legs# It!roides Su!!ort for thefoundation !iles$ conductors$risers$ and othe a!!urtenances#

-ses 5 ?rilling$ !roduction

www#@co/shore#com


27/47

Offshore Structure


FI0E'

To#er

Generally$ the tower uses self*buoyancy !rici!al because the+acket is not able to su!!ort theload that is too heay# %he towar isalso a welded tubular s!ace framewith three or more near erticaltubular chord legs with a bracing

system between the legs# It!roides Su!!ort for the to!sides$conductors$ risers$ and othera!!urtenances#

-ses 5 ?rilling$ !roduction

c

ybershi!s#word!ress

#com


28/47

Offshore Structure


FI0E'

1ack2-p

Jack*u!com!rises of a buoyant hull&tted with a number of moablelegs$ ca!able of raising its hull oerthe surface of the sea# %he buoyanthull enables trans!ortation of theunit and all attached machinery to

a desired location# nce onlocation the hull is raised to there7uired eleation aboe the seasurface su!!orted by the sea bed#

-ses 5 ?rilling$ !roductionwww#maritime+ournal#com


29/47

Offshore Structure


FI0E'

Compilant To#er

A 1om!ilant %ower (1%) is a"eible structure with "eelements (!rinci!ally "eiblelegs or aial tubes) to controlmass and sti/nesscharacteristic so as to mitigate

the e/ects of !eriodic wind$wae$ and current forces# Acom!liant tower is normallyused for the o/shore !roductionof oil or gas#

www#budowle#!l


30/47

Offshore Structure


FI0E'

ra,ity BaseStructure

A Graity Base Structure can either be steel or

concrete and is usually anchored directly ontothe seabed#

Steel GBS are !redominantly used when there isno or limited aailability of crane barges toinstall a conentional &ed o/shore !latform#Steel GBS do not usually !roide hydrocarbonstorage ca!ability# It is mainly installed by!ulling it o/ the yard$ by either wet*tow orand

dry*tow$ and self*installing by controlledballasting of the com!artments with sea water#

1oncrete GBS is installed when the hard groundon the seabed is not far from the surface of themud# %he foundation of the structure is madecircular and made of concrete#

-ses 5 ?rilling$ !roductionwww#sli!form#u

s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon


31/47

Offshore Structure


FI0E'

Monoto#er

A monotower is a &ed structure in which the

whole structure$ or at least the u!!er !art ofthe structure$ consists of a single erticalcolumn (tubular or framd) that carries theto!sides#

If the monotower consists of a single erticalcolumn oer its full height that continuesinto the foundation !ile$ this is describe as a;free standing caisson; or sim!ly; caisson# A

;braced caisson; is a monotower where thelower !art of the column and one or morefoundation !iles#

:onotowers are normally designed to beunmanned#

-ses 5 drilling$ !roductionwww#oneb#co

m


32/47


33/47

Offshore Structure


F+O&TI"

Tension +eg Plat3orm%0=s are "oating !latforms tethered to the

seabed in a manner that eliminates mostertical moement of the structure# %0=sare used in water de!ths u! to about 6$DDDmeters (C$CDD feet)# %he ;conentional;%0= is a @*column design which lookssimilar to a semisubmersible# =ro!rietaryersions include the Seastar and :S>Smini %0=s. they are relatiely low cost$ used

in water de!ths between 4FD and 4$EDDmetres (HD and @$6D ft)# :ini %0=s canalso be used as utility$ satellite or early!roduction !latforms for larger dee!waterdiscoeries#

-ses 5 ?rilling$ !roduction$ dry treeswww#rig9one#com


34/47

Offshore Structure


F+O&TI"

Spar Plat3ormS!ars are moored to the seabed like %0=s$but a s!ar has more conentional mooringlines# S!ars hae to*date been designed inthree con&gurations5 the ;conentional;one*!iece cylindrical hull$ in which themidsection is com!osed of truss elementsconnecting the u!!er buoyant hull (calleda hard tank) with the bottom soft tankcontaining !ermanent ballast. and the;cell s!ar;$ which is built from multi!leertical cylinders# %he s!ar has more

inherent stability than a %0= since it has alarge counterweight at the bottom anddoes not de!end on the mooring to hold itu!right# It also has the ability$ by ad+ustingthe mooring line tensions (using chain*+acks attached to the mooring lines)$ tomoe hori9ontally and to !osition itselfoer wells at some distance from the main!latform location#

www#o/shore*technology#com


35/47

Port

A !ort can be de&ned as a harbor or an areathat is able to !roide shelter to numerousboats and essels$ and can also allowconstant or !eriodic transaction of shi!ment#%he !ort !roides a !lace for the loading and

unloading of cargo# =orts can be for large seagoing shi!s and also for inland waterwayssuch as riers and lakes# %he de!th of the!orts !lays a ital role in allowing arious

ty!es of shi!s to enter and dock at the !ort#


36/47

Port

=-2

=(S>

?istribution centers

Industrial 9ones >nergy su!!ly bases

:ercantile trading centers with banks$ brokers$and traders

-rbani9ation and city redeelo!ment centers

0ife actiity bases in rural !orts

:aritime leisure bases in cruise !assenger shi!terminals

=riate yacht marinas

?ockside recreation facilities$ etc


37/47

Port

'-1%I

Administratie

!erational


38/47

Port

A?:IIS%2A%I8

>

'-J

1%I(JS

1ontrol of all modes of ehicles

entering and leaing the !ort >nironmental control

?angerous and ha9ardous cargo control

Safety and security within the !ort area

Immigration$ health$ customs$ andcommercial documentary control


39/47

Port

(=>2

A%I(JA

0

'-J

1%I(JS

'acilitating arrial and de!arture of shi!s

=roiding naigational aids and 8essel%rac Se!aration (8%S) facilities

=ilotage$ tugging and mooring actiities

-se of berths$ sheds$ etc

0oading$ discharging$ storage anddistribution of cargo

'acilitating su!!ly chain logistics andmanagement


40/47

Port

S>A =2%

1ommercial shi!!ingactiities mostcommonly take !lace atlarge sea !orts# Sea

!orts are situated alonga coastline and can beused for cargo or for!assengercruise trael#

htt!5www#dot#state#"#ussea!ortimagesbanner6#+!g

TYPES OF PO!TS


41/47

Port

I0A? =2%S

Smaller bodies of water suchas lakes or riers are home toinland !orts# %hey are ty!icallyused for cargo$ but many arestill used for !assengers# %heyo!erate in much the same way

as sea !orts$ but they cannotaccommodate dee!*dock shi!trac# :any inland !orts sereas docks for ferry trac#

TYPES OF PO!TS

htt!s5!gbarranca#&les#word!ress#com6D4DDmem!h!ort4#+!g


42/47

Port

'IS,IG =2%S

'ishing !orts mainlydonates to thecommercial s!here as it!artici!ates in &shing#

%he &shing actiities canalso be treated as amode of recreation# A&shing !ort can be aninland !ort or a sea!ort#

TYPES OF PO!TS

htt!s5u!load#wikimedia#orgwiki!ediacommonsccf'ishingK!ortKofK8lyhada$KSantorini#+!g


43/47

Port

WA2: WA%>2 =2%S

Warm*water !orts do notfree9e in the winter ando!erate year*round# %heseare aluable !orts that theycan signi&cantly boost local

economies as they canacce!t su!!lies without anytem!orary shutdown duringwinter months

TYPES OF PO!TS

htt!s5u!load#wikimedia#orgwiki!ediacommonsffb

=ortKofK=iraeus#+!g


44/47

Port

?2< =2%S

Inland terminals thatconnect to a larger sea !ortby road or rail facilities areconsidered dry !orts# %heyusually sere as a center for

multimodal logistics and aredesigned to im!roe theeciency of im!orting ande!orting cargo by relieingcongestion at the sea !ort

TYPES OF PO!TS

htt!5www#arabiansu!!lychain#com!icture

sriyadh#+!g


45/47

Port

12-IS> ,:> =2%S

1ruise home !orts s!eciali9e indealing with the actiities of acruise shi!s$ and !roide the!latform for the !assengers toenter and disembark thecruises at the beginning and

the end of the +ourneys# Acruise home !ort is alsoca!able of !roiding theessential !roisions re7uiredfor a luurious cruise oyage

TYPES OF PO!TS

htt!5www#ifsecglobal#comw!*contentu!loads6D4@46:iami*cruise*!ort*terminal*4#+!g


46/47

Port

1A2G =2%S

argo !orts act according to thecargo it manages and theamenities aailable di/er fromone !ort to the other# %hese!orts are also known as Lbulk!ortsM or Lbreak bulk !ortsM# %he

cargo !orts inole manymechanical techni7ues to loador unload the shi!ment# A cargo!ort may be designed to dealwith single$ as well as multi!lety!es of !roducts#

TYPES OF PO!TS

htt!5www#maritime+ournal#comKKdataassetsimageDDE6@4CCFm+6DDCD6D4K4D#+!g


47/47

2>'>2>1>S htt!5www#slideshare#net8i+ay,iranandani!ort*o!er

ations*management*slideshow htt!5www#marineinsight#com!ortswhat*are*the*ario

us*ty!es*of*!orts

htt!s5en#wiki!edia#orgwikiGroyne

htt!s5en#wiki!edia#orgwikiBreakwaterK(structure)N%y!esKofKbreakwaterKstructures

htt!s5en#wiki!edia#orgwiki1oastalKmanagementNmedia'ile5GroyneKatK:undesley$Korfolk#J=G

htt!5constructionmanuals#t!ub#com4@D@@css4@D@@K6HC#htm

htt!5www#e!ertsmind#com7uestionsbreakwaters*harbour*layout*ED46HCF#as!

htt!s5en#wiki!edia#orgwikiSeawallNmedia'ile51uredKSeawall$K=ettK0eelsK*Kgeogra!h#org#ukK*K4DE6#+!g

htt!s5en#wiki!edia#orgwikiSeawallNmedia'ile544*F*DKri!ra!K!hoto#+!g

htt!5www#britannica#comtechnology+etty

htt!5www#eolss#netsam!le*cha!terscDeC*4*od*D4#!df

htt!5www#imc#src#ku#ac#th!ersonnel&leKsub+ect6D4DC4D4C4H@44#!df

htt!5digilib#itb#ac#id&lesdisk4@+b!titb!!*gdl*ekaferryse*66@6*6*6DDts*6#!df

htt!5www#fao#orgdocre!D4Ei4FFEei4FFEeD#!df

htt!5www#southam!ton#ac#ukOimw=ortland*,arbour#htm

htt!5channel*islands#geogra!hs#org!hotoCF

htt!5www#carlisle*bay#comthe*+etty*grill#html

htt!5www igb*berlin deIGB*=ublikationenAnlanger 6DDF h
http://www.slideshare.net/VijayHiranandani/port-operations-management-slideshowhttp://www.slideshare.net/VijayHiranandani/port-operations-management-slideshowhttp://www.marineinsight.com/ports/what-are-the-various-types-of-ports/http://www.marineinsight.com/ports/what-are-the-various-types-of-ports/http://www.marineinsight.com/ports/what-are-the-various-types-of-ports/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groynehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)#Types_of_breakwater_structureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)#Types_of_breakwater_structureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management#/media/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management#/media/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management#/media/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPGhttp://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14044/css/14044_296.htmhttp://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14044/css/14044_296.htmhttp://www.expertsmind.com/questions/breakwaters-harbour-layout-30129685.aspxhttp://www.expertsmind.com/questions/breakwaters-harbour-layout-30129685.aspxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Seawall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503255.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Seawall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503255.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Seawall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503255.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Seawall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503255.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:11-8-07_riprap_photo.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:11-8-07_riprap_photo.jpghttp://www.britannica.com/technology/jettyhttp://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c05/e6-177-od-01.pdfhttp://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c05/e6-177-od-01.pdfhttp://www.imc.src.ku.ac.th/personnel/file_subject/20106101619411.pdfhttp://www.imc.src.ku.ac.th/personnel/file_subject/20106101619411.pdfhttp://www.imc.src.ku.ac.th/personnel/file_subject/20106101619411.pdfhttp://digilib.itb.ac.id/files/disk1/545/jbptitbpp-gdl-ekaferryse-27242-2-2007ts-2.pdfhttp://digilib.itb.ac.id/files/disk1/545/jbptitbpp-gdl-ekaferryse-27242-2-2007ts-2.pdfhttp://digilib.itb.ac.id/files/disk1/545/jbptitbpp-gdl-ekaferryse-27242-2-2007ts-2.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1883e/i1883e07.pdfhttp://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Portland-Harbour.htmhttp://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Portland-Harbour.htmhttp://channel-islands.geographs.org/photo/685http://www.carlisle-bay.com/the-jetty-grill.htmlhttp://www.igb-berlin.de/IGB-Publikationen/Anlanger_2008_h_Dipl.pdfhttp://www.igb-berlin.de/IGB-Publikationen/Anlanger_2008_h_Dipl.pdfhttp://www.igb-berlin.de/IGB-Publikationen/Anlanger_2008_h_Dipl.pdfhttp://www.igb-berlin.de/IGB-Publikationen/Anlanger_2008_h_Dipl.pdfhttp://www.carlisle-bay.com/the-jetty-grill.htmlhttp://channel-islands.geographs.org/photo/685http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Portland-Harbour.htmhttp://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Portland-Harbour.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1883e/i1883e07.pdfhttp://digilib.itb.ac.id/files/disk1/545/jbptitbpp-gdl-ekaferryse-27242-2-2007ts-2.pdfhttp://digilib.itb.ac.id/files/disk1/545/jbptitbpp-gdl-ekaferryse-27242-2-2007ts-2.pdfhttp://digilib.itb.ac.id/files/disk1/545/jbptitbpp-gdl-ekaferryse-27242-2-2007ts-2.pdfhttp://www.imc.src.ku.ac.th/personnel/file_subject/20106101619411.pdfhttp://www.imc.src.ku.ac.th/personnel/file_subject/20106101619411.pdfhttp://www.imc.src.ku.ac.th/personnel/file_subject/20106101619411.pdfhttp://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c05/e6-177-od-01.pdfhttp://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c05/e6-177-od-01.pdfhttp://www.britannica.com/technology/jettyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:11-8-07_riprap_photo.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:11-8-07_riprap_photo.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Seawall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503255.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Seawall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503255.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Seawall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503255.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall#/media/File:Curved_Seawall,_Pett_Levels_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503255.jpghttp://www.expertsmind.com/questions/breakwaters-harbour-layout-30129685.aspxhttp://www.expertsmind.com/questions/breakwaters-harbour-layout-30129685.aspxhttp://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14044/css/14044_296.htmhttp://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14044/css/14044_296.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management#/media/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management#/media/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_management#/media/File:Groyne_at_Mundesley,_Norfolk.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)#Types_of_breakwater_structureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)#Types_of_breakwater_structureshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groynehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groynehttp://www.marineinsight.com/ports/what-are-the-various-types-of-ports/http://www.marineinsight.com/ports/what-are-the-various-types-of-ports/http://www.marineinsight.com/ports/what-are-the-various-types-of-ports/http://www.slideshare.net/VijayHiranandani/port-operations-management-slideshowhttp://www.slideshare.net/VijayHiranandani/port-operations-management-slideshow

Tugas 1 - MKBL KL3205 - Ocean Structure.pptx

Documents

Transcript of Tugas 1 - MKBL KL3205 - Ocean Structure.pptx