KATA PENGANTARPujidansyukursenantiasakamipanjatkankehadiratIllahiRabbiyang telah melimpahkan rahmat, karunia serta hidayahNya, sehingga kami dapat menyusun makalah dengan tema Sifat Dielektrik dan Optik Bahan dengan baik sampai akhirnya kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan tepat waktu.Makalah ini disusun sebagai syarat kelulusan untuk mata kuliah Fisika Zat Padat Lanjut. Makalah ini berisikantentangtetapandilektrik, polarisabilitas, ferroelektrik, piezoelektrik dan tetapan optikPenyusun menyadari bahwa tanpa adanya bimbingan dan pengarahan dari berbagaipihak,makalahini tidak mungkinakantersusun baik.Oleh karenaitu, pada kesempatan ini diperkenankanlah kami mengucapkan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu penyelesaian makalah ini. Ucapan terimakasih terutama kami haturkan kepada Bapak Edi Istiyono, M.Si. selaku dosen pengampu mata kuliah Fisika Zat Padat Lanjut, serta teman-teman Pendidikan Fisika Reguler 2005 yang telah memberikan motivasi sehingga makalah ini dapat tersusun dengan baik.Penulismenyadari bahwasanyamakalahyangpenulissusunmasihjauh dari kesempurnaan, oleh Karen itu, penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang membangun dari semua pihak demi kesempurnaan untuk makalah-makalah selanjutnya. Akhir kata, semoga makalah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.Yogyakarta, 12 Oktober 2008Penulis1PendahuluanDalam sebuah konduktor, elektron terluar dari sebuah atom sangat mudah untuk terpisah dan berpindah dari satu atom ke atom lainnya bila diletakkan dalam medanlistrik. Sedangkanpada suatu dielektrik,elektron lebih mudahmeloncat atau diampada posisi setimbang sehingga mereka tidak bisa terpisah jika diletakkandalamsuatumedanlistrik. Jadi, medanlistriktidakmemproduksi perpindahanmuatandalamsuatudielektrik. Hal ini yangmenyebabkanbahan dielektrikmerupakanbahaninsulator yangbaik. Contohdari bahandielektrik adalah parafin, kaca, dan mika. Hal-hal yang berkaitan inilah yang akan ita bahas pada bab ini.1. Tetapan Dielektrik BahanSalahsatukarakterisktikyangpentingdari sebuahdielektrikadalah konstanta dielektrik. Sebelum dijelaskan mengenai konstanta dielektrik, terlebih dahulu kita membahas polarisasi. Walaupun di sini tidak ada perpindahanmuatanketikasebuahdielektrikdiletakkan dalamsuatumedan listrik, namun di sini terjadi sedikit pergeseran dari muatan positif dan negatif dalamatomataumolekul suatudielektriksehingga mereka menjadi dipole-dipole. Pada keadaan ini, sebuah dielektrik dikatakan terpolarisasi. Jika diasumsikanbahwasebuahdielektrikterdiri dari banyakpasanganmuatan yang salingberlawanandanmasing-masingpasangantersebut menempati posisi yang sama sehingga bahan dilektrik dikatakan netral.Pengaruh dari medan listrik luar menyebabkan muatan positif bergerak searah dengan medan listrik tersebut dan muatan negatif pada arah 2berlawanan, sehinggamaterial sekarangterdiri dari banyakdipole. Hal ini dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut :0100090000037800000002001c00000000000400000003010800050000000b0200000000050000000c027d02cd08040000002e0118001c000000fb021000070000000000bc02000000000102022253797374656d0002cd08000080ba11007261ce30285a16000c020000cd080000040000002d01000004000000020101001c000000fb029cff0000000000009001000000000440001254696d6573204e657720526f6d616e0000000000000000000000000000000000040000002d010100050000000902000000020d000000320a5a0000000100040000000000ca087e0220002d00040000002d010000030000000000 Gambar 1.1 Polarisasi pada sepotong bahan dielektrikDari penjelasandiatasmakadapat diketahui bahwabahandilektrik yangditempatkandalamsuatumedanlistrikeksternalEakanmengalami perpindahan listrik :E D 0 (1.1)Denganadalahpermitivitasvakum. Di sampingitubahandielektrik menjadi terpolarisasi, sehingga sifat elektromekanikanya berubah melalui ungkapan :P E D + 0(1.2)Dengan adalah medan listrik dalambahan. Gabungan dari kedua persamaan di atas dihasilkan :P E E 001 (1.3)3Tampak bahwa polarisasi bahan menyebabkan terjadinya induksi medan. Hal ini dapat dijelaskan dari gambar berikut :

+ -+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+ -+ -+-+-+ -Gambar 1.2Medan1Emelawanmedanluar0E, resultanmedan internal adalah E Polarisasi menyebabkanterjadinyamuatanterpolarisasi pada permukaan bahan , yakni muatan positif di sebelah kanan dan muatan negatif di sebelah kiri. Muatan ini menimbulkan medan listrik E yang arahnya ke kiri melawanmedanluar0E, akibatnyamedaninternalresultanyakniElebih kecil dari pada 0E.Pada umumnya ada hubungan fungsional antara polarisasi dan medan listrik,) , , ( ) (z y x x xE E E P P atau E P dan selanjutnya jika0 Emaka ada kemungkinan nilai dari0 0 P atau P . Jika 0 ) 0 ( Pmaka bahan 4dipolarisasikan rata dalamketidakadaan medan. Hal ini dapat dijelaskan bahwa bahan memiliki polarisasi permanen, selanjutnya0 ) 0 ( Pmaka ada kemungkinan yang diharapkan ketika berbicara tentang polarisasi yang dihasilkan oleh medan.Secara umum bahan dielektrik dapat dibagi menjadi :a. Dielektrik Non LinearDaerah dengan 0 ) 0 ( Padalah masih dengan memungkinkan hubungan antaraE dan P tetapi sulit untuk sebagian besar bahan, bagaimanapun juga membutuhkan keadaan/ kondisi, seperti medan yang sangat besar/ panjang, atau temperatur rendah atau keduanya. Oleh karena itu pencarian tersebut cukup memberikanPsebagai deret pangkat dalam komponen E yaitu :.... + + kj kj ijk jjij iE E E P (1.4)Dimana indeks i, j, k mengambil nilai x, y, z. Bentuk tersebut memiliki asumsi bahwa0 ) 0 ( P. Nilai khususdari koefisien,.... ,ijk ij akan tergantungkeadaanyangmeliputi dielektrikkhusus. Jikaordekedua atau suku-suku tinggi dalam komponenEdibutuhkan untuk menggambarkanataumerincikanbahan, makadielektriktersebut non linear.5b. Dielektrik LinearDalam kasus ini, secara umum hubungan komponen P terhadap komponen E dapat dituliskan dalam bentuk :) (0 z xz y xy x xx xE E E P + + ) (0 z yz y yy x yx yE E E P + + ) (0 z zz y zy x zx zE E E P + +

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.|zyxzz zy zxyz yy yxxz xy xxzyxEEEPPP 0E P 0Dengan faktor keseimbanganijdisebut komponen dari tensor suseptibilitaslistrik.Telahdiperkenalkanfaktor0sehinggaijakan tidak berdimensi. Pada umumnyaijtidak konstan, tapi dapat merupakan fungsi dari posisi dalam bahan.ijtidak dapat bergantung sebabakanmembawakembali kemasalahnonlinear (persamaa1.4). Dari bentuk tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa hubungan P tidak akan paralel 6dengan Edalam dielektrik. Sedangkan hubungan Dakan paralel terhadap E.c. Dielektrik Isotropik LinearDiasumsikan bahwa pada suatu bahan yang diberikan memiliki kelistrikandari dielektriktidaktergantungarahE. Kemudiankeadaan tersebut diketahui sebagai isotropik. Sejak itu satu arah adalah kelengkapan ekuivalensi terhadap yang lain. Pharus paralel terhadap E, jika zz yy xx ijdan i jika 0 0 , sehingga persamaan (1.5) dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :E E Pzzyyxx

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.|1 0 00 1 00 0 10 00 00 00 0 E Pe 0 (1.5)Dengan adalah suseptibilitas listrik sehingga perpindahan listrik dapat dijelaskan dengan :E K DE DE E Deee 000 0) 1 ( + + Besarnyadanmenunjukkankarakteristiksifat kelistrikandari bahan yang ditentukan dengan eksperimen, dan nilai nilai tersebut dapat dicari 7dalam beberapa tabel. Untuk semua bahan, dengan , positif untuk medan statis, maka. Dari persamaan(1.6) dapat diketahui bahwa danparalel dalam keadaan itu.Konstantadielektrikuntuk beberapabahanbisadilihatpadatabel di bawahini. Jikamedanlistrikdalamsuatudielektrikdibuatsangatkuat, maka medan listrik tersebut akan memulai menarik elektron sama sekali keluar dari molekulnya, sehingga bahan menjadi penghantar. Medan listrik maksimumyangbisadilawanolehdielektriktanpabocor disebut kuat dielektrik.Tabel. Konstanta dielektrik bahan untuk medan tetap.No. Medium Konstanta Dielektrik1. Vakum 12. Udara 1.00063. Styrofram 1.034. Parafin 2.15. Plywood 2.16. Polystyrene 2.77. Amber 38. Karet 39. Kayu 310. Plexiglas 3.411. Tanah pasir kering 3.412. Nylon 3.813. Sulfur 414. Quartz 515. Bakelit 516. Formica 617. Lead glass 618. Mika 619. Marmer 820. Kaca flinta 1021. Amonia (cair) 2222. Gliserin 5023. Air (destilat) 81242TiO 89-17325.2BaTiO 12008

2. PolarisabilitasPolarisasi bahan yaitu pensejajaran momen dipole molekul yang terjadi karenamedanlistrik. Olehkarenaitu, diambil asumsi bahwamolekulpsebanding dengan medan listrik lokal xpada molekul yang bersangkutan : xp .(2.1)Dengan adalah polarisabilitas molekul.Sehubungandenganproses polarisasi bahan, struktur molekul atau atom yang membangun suatu bahan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi :a. Molekul polar, yaitu molekul yang mempunyai resultan momen dipole permanent tidak sama dengan nol. Contoh : H2Ob. Molekul Non Polar, yaitu molekul yang mempunyai resultan momen dipole permanent sama dengan nol. Contoh : CO2.c. Molekul Ionik, yaitu molekul yang berikatan ionik. Contoh : NaCld. Atom kristal kovalen bersifat nonpolar dan nonionik. Contoh :Si dan GeBerdasarakanjenismolekul atauatomdi atasdanperilakunyasaat dikenakanmedan, makapolarisabilitas bahandapat dikelompokkandalam beberapa jenis berikut:a. Polarisabilitas Polar/Orientasimal (p)Momen dipole permanent bahan terdistribusi secara acak sehingga 9polarisasi sama dengan nol. Saat dikenakan medan listrik momen dipole cenderung mensejajarkan diri terhadap arah medan, sehingga polarisasi tidak sama dengan nol.Polarisabilitas polar dibedakan menjadi polarisabilitas polar static dan polarisabilitas polar bolak-balik.b. Polarisabilitas Ionik (i)Medan menyebabkan ion positif bergerak searah medan dan ion negatif bergerak berlawanan arahmedansehingga panjang ikatan antar ion menjadi longgar. Perpindahanrelatif ionbermuatanini menghasilkan momen dipole dalam satuan yang sebelumnya tidak ada. c. Polarisabilitas Elektronik (e)Masing-masing ion atau atom dalam molekul terdiri dari inti (nukleus) danelektron. Biladikenakanmedan, makaionatauatomindividual tersebut menjadi terpolarisasi karenaelektronmengalami perpindahan relatifterhadapinti kearahyangberlawanandenganarahmedan. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada atom netral. Polarisabilitas ini juga terdiri dari polarisibilitas elektronik statis dan polarisabilitas elektronik bolak-balik.Dari uraiandiatas, umumnya polarisabilitas total suatubahan dapat ditulis p i e + + 2.2Bentuk e terjadi pada semua jenis bahan. Sedangkan bentuk ihanyaterjadipadabahanionik. Padabahanpolardapatterjadiproses 10ketigapolarisasi diatas. Terdapat ciri khusus yangmembedakansatu sama lain dari ketiga polarisasi diatas, yaitu :a. Polarisasi polar menunjukkan kebergantungan kuat terhadap suhu, sedangkan dua polarisasi yang lain tidak. Konstanta dielektrik bahan polar mengalami penurunan seiring dengan kenaikan suhu.b. Perilakupolarisabilitas bolak-balokyaitu saat bahandikenakan medan listrik bolak-balik.3. PiezoelektrikPiezoelektrik adalah kemampuan untuk membangkitkan tenaga listrikjika dikenai gaya mekanik, ataumembangkitkangaya mekanik apabila dikenai tegangan listrik, misalnya yang terjadi pada kristal piezoelektrik. Kristanpiezoelektrikadalahkristal yangmemperlihatkan adanya efek piezoelektrik pada dirinya. Efekpiezoelektrikyaitutmbulnyabedapotensial antarasisi-sisi yang berhadapan pada kristal non konduktor tertentu ( kristal piezoelektrik ) akibat pemberianteganganmekanikantarakeduasisi tersebut. Efek langsung piezoelektrik menunjukkan bahwa pada kristal terjadi regangan, maka akan terjadi pula medan listrik.Sedangkan pada efek balik, pemakaian medan listriklah yang menghasilkan regangan. Dengan demikiangejalapiezoelektrikdapat digunakanuntukmengkonversikan energi listrik menjadi energi mekanik atau sebaliknya seperti yang terjadi pada tranduser.GejalaPiezoelektrik hanya terjadi pada bahan nonsentrosimetri 11karena distorsi yang terjadi menyebabkan perpindahan muatan ionik dalam kristal yang semula berhimpit karena adanya tekanan, seperti gambar berikut :0100090000037800000002001c00000000000400000003010800050000000b0200000000050000000c027d02cd08040000002e0118001c000000fb021000070000000000bc02000000000102022253797374656d0002cd08000080ba11007261ce30285a16000c020000cd080000040000002d01000004000000020101001c000000fb029cff0000000000009001000000000440001254696d6573204e657720526f6d616e0000000000000000000000000000000000040000002d010100050000000902000000020d000000320a5a0000000100040000000000ca087e0220002d00040000002d010000030000000000

T d Pe+ 0Keterangan : P = polarisasi 0 suseptibilitas listrik medan listrik 0 permitivitas vakumT = tetapan mekanik4. FerroelektrikUmumnya suseptibilitas ionik tidak tergantung pada suhu.Tetapi pada bahan ferroelektrik konstanta dielektrik berubah terhadap suhu melalui hubungan hukum Curie Weiss.r = cT T C. ( 4.1 )Dengan C adalah konstanta Curie dan TCadalah suhu Curie. Hal ini 12ditunjukkan oleh gambar 4.1 berikut :Dalamfasa ferroelektrikpusat muatanpositif, kristal tidakberimpit denganpusat muatannegatif. Gejalaferroelektrikhanyaterjadi padakelas nonsentrosimetri polar. Arah polarisasi spontan ferroelektrik tidak sama dalamkeseluruhan bagianbahan. Olehkarenaitubahanterdiri dari sejumlahdomain, yakni daerah dimana polarisasinya konstan. Domain berbeda mempunyai polarisasi berbeda pula sehingga polarisasi total bahanmenjadi nol saat setimbang. Pensejajaran domainterjadi bila dikenakanmedanlistrikeksternal, yakni domain yang polarisasinya searah medan bertambah banyak dan sebaliknya. Dengandemikianbahanferroelektrikmenunjukkanloophisterisis. Contoh bahan ferroelektrik adalah jenis sperovskit misalnya Barium ( BaTiO3 ). Diatas suhuCurie( Tc=180C)BaTiO3berstrukturkubik,tetapidibawah suhu Curie strukturnya berubah menjadi tetragonal. Dalam fasa ini ion Ti4+ dan 2O bergeser terhadapionBa2+. Akibatnya terjadilahpemisahanpusat muatan positif dan negatif sejauh 0,012 mm, sehingga terjadi polarisasi spontan.135. KonstantaOptikIngat bahwakonstantaperambatanberhubungandengan permitivitas oleh atau 0100090000038206000000006106000000000400000003010800050000000b0200000000050000000c0223004000030000001e0061060000410b2000cc0022003f000000000022003f0000000000280000003f000000220000000100080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffff00fefefe009bd4fe009b000000fefed400d4fefe0000009b00727200009b007200baeafe00009bd400eaba7200eafefe000072ba00ba720000fefeea00d49b0000ba727200fed49b0072007200feeaba007272ba0072baea007200000014729bd400ba9bba00eaba9b009b009b009b9bd40000007200babaea00eaeaea00bad4fe0072bad40072009b00d4d49b00d49b9b000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000150000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202021702020202020202020202020202020202020002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202000202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202021915020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020a1e1302020202020202020202020b000405020202020202020d0e000f1002020002020202020201820202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020b2425020202171102020202020a1210030c0202020202020203110217110202000202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020a09051d05020203110202020202031102031102020202020202031102061c05020002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020b000c02211502020607000f22000c0a12101711020d0e00001102062315061c0502000202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202021f05020a1b02020d0e130a1e1320020b00181502031102020202020a1e000c0202000202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020d1a100202170c021711020202020202020a1e00000f10020202020202020002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020192021d0502020311020a12100202020202020d0e1302020202020202020202000202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020203130202061c050d1615020202020202020d0e00000c0202020202020200020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020a1b02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020d1a10020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020219150202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202000217000018150202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202031302020202020202020202020202020202020202022002020202020200060713020d16150202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020206070000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a1415020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202070607130202020202020202020d0e00000000000000000f1002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020247020b0f10020202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itu digunakan oleh. Hubungan itu sering ditulis :(5.1)Dimana n dan k adalah bilangan real dan imajiner, berturut-turut dari 010009000003de0500000000bd05000000000400000003010800050000000b0200000000050000000c022b002a00030000001e00bd050000410b2000cc002a002900000000002a0029000000000028000000290000002a0000000100080000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffff00fefefe00eafefe000072ba00d4fefe009b009b00fefed400baeafe00ba727200fefeea009bd4fe00d49b000072baea00eaba7200fed49b00009bd4007272ba00feeaba0000009b00ba720000ba729b0072009b00720072009b00720000007200d49b72007200000000727200729bd4009b000000d4fed400baba720000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000240000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202000000020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200000002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202022502020202020202020202020200000002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020000000202020202020d0c020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202000000020202020205130c02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020201000002020202020d00140a020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200000002020202081920150a020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200000002020202101e1f0607020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200000002020208190e031112020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020200000002020210140a021d12020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020b00000c02020200000002020b000f0202100f02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020205130f03040f0202000000101b1c140a02020d0f020202020202020202020d140a0202020202020202020202081807020d0e02020000000205130f0202020d0e02020202020202020202051612020202020202020202020208090a020d0c0202000000020202020202020b0c0202020202020202020202100e02020202020b000000140a08180702100e020200000002020202020202081a02020202020202020202020b140a02020205130f0202020203111203040f02020000000202020202020208090a0202020202020202020203040f02020208171202020202020819000c0202020000000202020202020205150a02020202020202020202020d0c0202020513000000000f0202020202020202000000020202020202020506070202020202020202020202081807020202100c0202020202020202020202020000000202020202020203261112020202020202020202020202100e02020205130c0202020202020202020202000000020202020202020311120202020202020202020202020b140a02020203040000000f020202020202020000000202020202020202100f0202020202020202020202020516120202020202020202020202020202020200000002020202020202020d0f02020202020202020202020202100e0202020202020202020202020202020200000002020202020202020d0e0202020b000000140a0202020208180702020202020202020202020202020200000002020202020202020b0c020205130f020202020202020203040f02020202020202020202020202020200000002020202020202020b0c02020817120202020202020202020d0c020202020202020202020202020202000000020202020202020208090a020513000000000f02020202020516120202020202020202020202020202000000020202020202020205150a0202100c02020202020202020202100e02020202020202020202020202020000000202020202020202050607020205130c0202020202020202020b140a02020202020202020202020202010203020202020202020203111202020203040000000f020202020203040f020202020202020202020202022d2e2f0202020202020202031112020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202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Pertama adalah untuk menunjukkan indeks refraksi dan kedua untuk menunjukkan koefisien pemadaman. Kadang-kadang kombinasi n + ik menunjukkan indeks kompleks dari refraksi. Karena Dan 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