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for the twelfth graders

compiled by: Dra. Wulandari

TENSES

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Standar Kompetensi:

Menulis : Mengungkapkan makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari.

Kompetensi Dasar: Mengungkapkan makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dalam berbagai bentuk teks, khususnya dalam menggunakan Tenses dengan tepat

Tujuan Pembelajaran: Setelah melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan penuh kedisiplinan dan kegigihan, peserta didik dapat : - Menyebutkan pola-pola ‘tenses’ dengan benar - Membedakan masing-masing ‘tenses’ dengan tepat - Menerapkan penggunaan ‘tenses’ dengan tepat dan benar - Mendeteksi bagian kalimat yang salah - Menghasilkan teks dengan ‘tenses’ yang tepat dan benar

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Conceptual Map

Glossary: Tense is any of the forms of a verb that may be used to show the time of the action or state expressed by the verb

TEN

SES

SIMPLE

SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

SIMPLE FUTURE

PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

PAST PROGRESSIVE

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

PAST PERFECT

FUTURE PERFECT

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

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OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES

THE SIMPLE TENSES

TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

Simple Present

a. It snows in Alaska.

b. Tom watches television

every day.

In general, the simple present

expresses events or situations

that exist always, usually,

habitually; they exist now,

have existed in the past, and

probably will exist in the

future.

Simple Past

a. It snowed yesterday.

b. Tom watched television

last night.

At one particular time in the

past, this happened. It began

and ended in the past.

Simple Future

a. It will snow tomorrow.

It is going to snow

tomorrow.

b. Tom will watch

television tonight.

Tom is going to watch

television tonight.

At one particular time in the

future, this will happen.

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THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Form : be + -ing (present participle)

Meaning : The progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in progress during a

particular time. The tenses say that an action begins, is in progress during,

and continues after another time or action.

TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

Present Progressive

a. Tom is sleeping right

now.

It is now 11.00. Tom went to sleep

at 10.00 tonight, and he is still

asleep. His sleep began in the

past, is in progress at the present

time, and probably will continue.

Past Progressive

b. Tom was sleeping

when I arrived.

Tom went to sleep at 10.00 last

night. I arrived at 11.00. He was

still asleep. His sleep began before

and was still in progress at a

particular time in the past. It

continued after I arrived.

TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

Future Progressive

c. Tom will be sleeping

when we arrive.

Tom will go to sleep at 10.00

tomorrow night. We will arrive at

11.00. The action of sleeping will

begin before we arrive, and it will

be in progress at a particular time

in the future. Probably his sleep

will continue.

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THE PERFECT TENSES

Form : have + past participle

Meaning : The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happen before another

time or event.

TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

Present Perfect

a. Tom has already eaten. Tom finished eating sometime

before now. The exact time is

not important.

Past Perfect

b. Tom had already eaten

when his friend

arrived.

First Tom finished eating. Later

his friend arrived. Tom’s eating

was completely finished before

another time in the past.

Future Perfect

c. Tom will already have

eaten when his friend

arrive.

First Tom will finish eating.

Later his friend will arrive.

Tom’s eating will be completely

finished before another time in

the future.

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THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Form : have + been + -ing (present participle)

Meaning : The perfect progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress

immediately before, up to, until another time or event. The tenses are used

to express the duration of the first event.

TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

Present Perfect

Progressive

a. Tom has been studying

for two hours.

Event in progress: studying.

When? Before now, up to

now.

How long? For two hours.

Past Perfect

Progressive

b.Tom had been studying

for two hours before

his friend came.

Event in progress: studying.

When? Before another event

in the past.

How long? For two hours.

TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

Future Perfect

Progressive

c. Tom will have been

studying for two hours

by the time his friend

arrives.

Event in progress: studying.

When? Before another event

in the future.

How long? For two hours.

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THE SIMPLE TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Function:

Habitual Action - He drinks tea every morning. - I get up everyday at five o’clock. - My watch keeps good time.

General Truth - The earth goes round the sun.

- Honey is sweet.

- Fortune favors the brave.

Scheduled Activity - A 9 comes every hour.

- We deliver progress report every Monday.

- All television programs ends at one o’clock.

Fixed Future Event - The next flight is at seven tomorrow morning.

- When does the coffee house reopen?

Opinion - I think he will not join our group.

Pattern: S1 + V1 (s/es) + (O) He,she,it

- Liz runs fast.

S1 + doesn’t + V1 + (O) - Liz doesn’t run fast.

Does + S1 + V1 + (O)? - Does Liz run fast?

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_____S2___ +V1 + (O) I,you,we,they

- They run fast.

S2 + don’t + V1 + (O) - They don’t run fast.

Do + S2 + V1 + (O)? - Do they run fast?

Adverbs of Time: - always - occasionally - usually - seldom - generally - never - often - every - sometimes - once/ twice a ….

Note: Some English verbs have stative meanings. They describe states, conditions, or situations that exist. When verbs have stative meanings, they are usually not used in progressive tenses. Below are some verbs that have stative meanings.

like love hate want need prefer know realize suppose mean understand believe remember belong contain consist seem

Some English verbs can have stative and progressive meanings, e.g. have : I have two brothers I am having dinner with my boyfriend. think : We think we can do it. She is thinking about the difficult math problem. taste : The cake tastes delicious. The chef is tasting the soup. see : Do you see that man over there? I am seeing the manager tomorrow morning.

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SIMPLE PAST

Function: Began and ended in the past-a completed action-and no relation with present. Duration

is not important. - The steamer sailed yesterday. - I received his letter a week ago. - She left school last year.

The Simple Past is also used for past habits/past schedule. - He studied many hours a day. - She always carried an umbrella. - I studied English every Tuesday and Thursday.

To introduce quotations - The president said, ‘We must work hard to develop this country.’

Pattern: S + V2 + (O)

- He injured his arm in an accident.

S + did not + V1 + (O) - He did not injure his arm in an accident.

Did + S + V1 + (O) - Did He injure his arm in the accident?

Adverb of Time: - yesterday - last ………… - this morning - ……… ago - just now - frequency:

often, sometimes, always; - a definite point in time:

last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago. - an indefinite point in time:

the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.

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SIMPLE FUTURE

Function 1:

Future activity - John will pick you up in the station. - I will iron the shirt after sweeping the floor.

Something that we believe will happen in the future. - I think Pakistan will win the match. - I’m sure Helen will get a first class.

Pattern 1: S + will/shall + V1 + (O)

- You will return the book soon.

S + will/shall not + V1 + (O) - You will not return the book soon.

Will/shall + S + V1 + (O)? - Will you return the book soon?

Function 2 (be going to): Express intention

- I am going to buy an electric organ. - She is going to see him tomorrow.

Something which seems likely or certain (based on facts) - It’s going to rain; look at those clouds. - The boat is full of water. It’s going to sink.

Pattern 2: S + is/am/are + going to + V1 + (O)

- The tree is going to fall.

S + is/am/are not going to + V1 + (O) - The tree is not going to fall.

Is/am/are + S + going to + V1 + (O)? - Is the tree going to fall?

Adverb of Time: - tomorrow - next ……. - tonight - soon

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THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Function: An action going on at the time of speaking.

- She is singing. - The boys are playing hockey.

A temporary action which may not be happening at the time of speaking. - I am reading David Copperfield. - He usually uses a hat, but today he is using a cap.

An arranged action to take place in the near future. - I am going to the cinema tonight. - My uncle is arriving tomorrow.

Something is done repeatedly but we are unhappy about it. - They are constantly having parties until early hours in the morning. - He is forever including me in his crazy schemes.

Pattern: S + is/am/are + Ving + (O)

- It is raining.

S + is/am/are not + Ving + (O) - It is not raining.

Is/am/are + S + Ving + (O)? - is it raining?

Adverb of Time:

- now - this week

- at present - still - at this time/moment - currently - today

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PAST PROGRESSIVE

Function: Was in progress at certain time in the past

- She was listening to the radio all evening. - I was speaking on the telephone at eight o’clock.

Was in progress when another action happened

- She was cooking when she heard a knock at the door. - We were not sleeping when they arrived.

To show two actions taking place at the same time

- Eve was mixing the drinks while we were eating our sandwiches. - My sister was lying in bed while I was talking to her.

To indicate a continuous action within a certain period

- He was working between eight and five o’clock. - What were you doing all last week?

To express a change of mind

- I was going to spend the day at the beach but I’ve decided to go on an excursion instead.

Pattern: S + was/were + Ving + (O)

- He was talking in his sleep.

S + was/were not + Ving + (O) - He was not talking in his sleep.

Was/Were + S + Ving + (O)? - Was he talking in his sleep?

Adverb of Time: - when - while - as - at … o’clock yesterday

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FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

Function: Actions which will be in progress at a time in the future.

- I suppose it will be raining when we start. - This time tomorrow I will be sitting on the beach in Singapore.

Actions in the future which are already planned or expected to happen. - I will be staying here till Sunday. - He will be meeting us next week.

Pattern: S + will/shall + be + Ving + (O)

- She will be leaving by the time you arrive.

S + will/shall not + be + Ving + (O) - She will be leaving by the time you arrive.

Will/shall + S + be + Ving + (O)? - Will she be leaving by the time you arrive?

Adverb of Time: - at … o’clock tonight - at this time tomorrow - when she comes next week - in a few minutes/days - in a few years’ time

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THE PERFECT TENSES

PRESENT PERFECT

Function: To indicate completed activities in the immediate past.

- He has just gone out. - It has just struck ten.

To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite. - Have you read Gulliver’s travels? - I have never known him to be angry. - Mr. Harry has been to Japan.

To describe past events and the effects result at present. - Tony has eaten all the biscuits. (The tin is empty) - I have cut my finger. (It’s bleeding) - I have finished my work. (I’m now free)

To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment. (non-continuous verbs) - I have known him for a long time. - He has been ill since last week. - We have lived here for ten years.

An action has been repeated a number of times up to now. - They have been to Chile three times. - I have often wished I’d learned to read music.

Pattern: S1 + has + V3 + (O)

- She has left. S1 + has not + V3 + (O) - She has not left. Has + S1 + V3 + (O)? - Has she left?

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S2 + have + V3 + (O) - They have left. S2 + have not + V3 + (O) - They have not left. Have + S2 + V3 + (O)? - Have they left?

Adverb of Time: - Already - just - Yet - recently - Since - lately - for

Notice the difference: - Thompson has made 13 films and the latest is the best. (Action might repeat) - Thompson made 13 films before was tragically killed. (Action is finished)

PAST PERFECT

Function: Result at the second action in the past / used to make it clear that one event

happened before another in the past. - When he arrived, the party had been in progress for an hour. - The doctor gave some medicine after he had examined me. - I had gone to bed when the phone rang.

Pattern: S + had + V3 + (O)

- She had dressed before they arrived.

S + had not + V3 + (O) - She had not dressed before they arrived.

Had + S + V3 + (O)? - Had she dressed before they arrived?

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Adverb of Time: - before - by (the time) - after - Past Perfect before/by Simple Past - Simple Past after Past Perfect

Note: Joe discovered that Leslie had lied to her. Past ____________|_______________|______________|__ Leslie lied Joe discovered Now Notice the difference: - When he stopped laughing everyone left. (They left after he stopped laughing) - When he stopped laughing everyone had left. (They left before he stopped laughing)

In these examples, Event A is the first or earliest event, Event B is the second or latest event:

a. John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Event A Event B

b. I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

Event A Event B

c. When they arrived we had already started cooking.

Event B Event A

d. He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.

Event B Event A

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FUTURE PERFECT

Function: Actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future.

- I shall have written my exercise by then. - He will have left before you go to see him. - By the end of this month I will have worked here for five years.

Pattern: S + will + have + V3 + (O)

- By the time she gets home, they will have cleaned the house.

S + will + have not + V3 + (O) - By the time she gets home, they will not have cleaned the house.

Will+ S + have +V3 + (O)? - By the time she gets home, will they have cleaned the house?

Adverb of Time: Before/by + Simple Present

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THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Function:

For an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing. - She has been sleeping for five hours. (and is still sleeping) - They have been building the bridge for several months. - They have been playing since four o’clock

To talk about an action that began in the past and has stopped or just stopped. - You’re out of breath. Have you been running? - Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

Pattern: S1 + has + been +Ving + (O)

- Henry has been living in LA for two years.

S1 + has not + been + Ving + (O) - Henry has not been living in LA for two years.

Has + S1 + been + Ving + (O)? - Has Henry been living in LA for two years?

S2 + have + been + V3 + (O) - They have been living in LA for two years.

S2 + have not + been + V3 + (O) - They have not been living in LA for two years.

Have + S2 + been + V3 + (O)? - Have they been living in LA for two years?

Adverb of Time - since - for

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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Function: Began in the past, continued to the second action also in the past.

At that time he had been writing a novel for two months. When I came to the school last year, Mr. Heru had been teaching there for ten years.

Pattern: S1 + had + been +Ving + (O)

- Tony had been writing for an hour when the phone rang.

S1 + had not + been + Ving + (O) - Tony had not been writing for an hour when the phone rang.

Had + S1 + been + Ving + (O)? - Had Tony been writing for an hour when the phone rang?

Adverb of Time: for … before + Simple Past

Notice the difference: - Bill had been saving since Christmas to buy a new bike. (Continuity)

Bill had saved enough money to buy the bike he wanted. (Completion) - I’d been working hard, so I felt that I deserved a holiday. (Emphasizes the activity)

I had worked hard, and the report was now finished. (Emphasizes the result) - When we met Simon and Pat, they had been riding. (We met after they had finished)

When we met Simon and Pat, they were riding. (We met when they were riding) - When I got home, water had been leaking through the roof. (It was no longer leaking

when I got there) When I got home, water was leaking through the roof. (It was leaking when I got there)

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FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Function: Actions which will be in progress over a period of time that will end in the future.

- By next march we shall have been living here for four years. - I’ll have been teaching for twenty years next July.

Pattern: S + will/shall + have + been + Ving + (O)

- Next year, she will have been working in the company for 30 years.

S + will/shall not + have + been + Ving + (O) - Next year, she will not have been working in the company for 30 years.

Will/shall + S + have + been + Ving + (O)? - Next year, will she have been working in the company for 30 years?

Adverb of Time: for … before/by + Simple Present

Note: This tense is not very common.

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EXERCISES

A. Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in parentheses.

1. I can’t afford that ring. It _________ (cost) too much.

2. Look. It (begin) __________ to rain. Unfortunately, I (have, not) ________ my umbrella

with me. Tom is lucky. He (wear) _________ a raincoat.

3. I (own, not) ________ an umbrella. I (wear) _________ a waterproof hat on rainy days.

4. As a rule, I (sleep) _________ until 6 o’clock in the morning, and then I (get) _________

up and (study) ________ for my classes.

5. Ssshhh….. Grandpa (take) ________ a nap in the living room. We (want, not) _________

to wake him up. He (need) _________ his rest.

6. Right now I (look) _________ at Janet. She (look) __________ angry. I wonder what’s the

matter. She (have) __________ afrown on her face. She certainly (have, not) __________

any fun right now.

7. Right now I (look) __________ around the classroom. Yoko (write) __________ in her

book. Carlos (bite) __________ his pencil. Wan Ning (scratch) _________ his head. Ahed

(stare) __________ out the window. He (seem) __________ to be daydreaming, but

perhaps he (think) _________ hard about verb tenses. What (you, think) ___________

Ahmed (do) _________?

8. I want _________ to figure out the meaning of this saying: “The pen is mightier than the

sword.” I know _________ that ‘mightier’ (mean) _______ ‘more powerful’, but what’s a

‘sword’? What (‘sword’, mean) ____________?

9. Right now Martha is in the science building. The chemistry experiment she (do)

__________ is dangerous, so she (be) __________ very careful. She (want, not)

__________ to spill any of the acid. She (be, always) _________ careful when she does a

chemistry experiment.

10. My parents (live) __________ in Bristol. They were born there and have never lived

anywhere else. Where (your parents, live) _____________?

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B. Put in the past simple or past progressive. Note where both forms are possible.

Mrs. May, our District Nurse, (drive) _________ home at 3 a.m. one night after an urgent

visit to a sick patient. She (drive) ________ along a deserted country lane, when she (see)

________ a new kind of animal. She (stop) ________ her car and (get out) ________ The

animal (be) clearly visible in the blaze of her headlights. It (look) ________ like a hedgehog

with a tall white hat. It (cross) _______ the road without paying any attention to Mrs.

May. When Mrs. May (go) ________ close to it, she (notice) ________ that there was a

plastic yoghurt pot on the hedgehog's head. The poor creature had got its head stuck in

the plastic pot. Her instincts as a nurse (tell) _______ her she would have to rescue it, so

she (pull) _______ the pot off the hedgehog's head. Mrs. May (think) ________ the

hedgehog (look) ________ rather sad, when she (notice) ________ that the pot was half

full of strawberry yoghurt. She (give) ________ it back to the hedgehog. The creature

(seize) ________ it, (put) ________ it on its head again, and triumphantly (continue)

_________ its journey across the road.

C. Use the simple past or the present perfect.

1. What (you, learn) __________ since you (come) _________ here? And how many new

friends (you, make) ____________?

2. Since classes began, I (have, not) __________ much free time. I (have) _________ several

big tests to study for.

3. Last night my friend and I (have) _________ some free time, so we (go) _________ to a

show.

4. I admit that I (get) ________ older since I last (see) ________ you, but with any luck at all,

I (get, also) ___________ wiser.

5. The science of medicine (advance) ____________ a great deal in the 19th century.

6. In the last fifty years, medical scientists (make) __________ many important discoveries.

7. Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the contents of

libraries (change) ___________ greatly through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be)

__________ simply collections of books. However, today most libraries (become)

___________ multimedia centers that contain tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines,

music, and paintings. The role of the library in society (change, also) _______. In the

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1800s, libraries (be) __________ open only to certain people, such as scholars or the

wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone.

8. A: Are you taking Chemistry 101 this semester?

B: No, I (take, already) _________ it. I (take) _________ it last semester. This semester

I’m in 102.

9. A: Hi, Judy. Welcome to the party. (you, meet, ever) __________ my cousin?

B: No, I __________.

10. A: Do you like lobster?

B: I don’t know. I (eat, never) ___________ it.

D. Fill in the blanks in the letter with an appropriate form (the present perfect progressive, the present perfect, or the past simple) of each verb in parentheses. Two answers may be correct. Dear Yukiko,

I (live) _________ in New York for two months now, and I (learn) ________a lot. In

general, I (be) ________ very happy up until now, but I (feel) _________ little lonely, too.

Since I (rent) _______________ this apartment, I (meet) ______________some of

the people in the building. There are some interesting couples. In the past few weeks, I

(talk) ____________ a lot to an American woman who is married to a Vietnamese man. A

Peruvian man and his American wife (promise) ________________ to invite me to dinner

sometime, but they (not do) ________________it yet. Actually, I (not see)

______________ the inside of an American family's apartment since I (move)

______________here.

A very nice Arabian woman (visit) ____________ me this week. She (be)

____________ married to an American for several years. She says she (have)

____________ problems with the customs of the United States since she (move)

____________ here, and there (be) _____________ cultural conflicts. I'm surprised at the

number of cross-cultural couples that I (get) _____________ to know since last month.

And now an American student (ask) _____________ me out. What do you think? Should

I go?

Your friend Monique

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E. Use the simple past or the past perfect to complete the sentences. Are there some blanks where either tense is possible?

1. Sam (be) _________ a newspaper reporter before he (become) ________ a businessman.

2. I (feel) ________ a little better after I (take) _______ the medicine.

3. I was late. The teacher (give, already) ________ a quiz when I (get) _______ to class.

4. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) _______ over, the rain (stop) _________.

5. Millions of years ago, dinosaurs (roam) ________ the earth, but they (become)

_________ extinct by the time humankind first (appear) __________.

6. I (see, never) __________ any of Picasso’s paintings before (visit) __________ the art

museum.

7. Yesterday at a restaurant, I (see) ________ Pam Donnelly, an old friend of mine. I (see,

not) _______ her in years. At first, I (recognize, not) _________ her because she (lose)

________ a great deal of weight.

8. In 1980, my parents (emigrate) _________ to the United States from China. They (travel,

never) ________ outside of China and were, of course, excited by the challenge of

relocating in a foreign country. Eventually, they (settle) _______ in California. My sister

and I were born there and (grow) _________ up there. Last year, I (go) _______ to China

for the first time to study at Beijing University. I (want, always) ________ to visit China

and learn more about my own family background. My dream was finally realized.

F. Use the simple future or the future perfect.

1. Mary : Do you think everything will be finished when I get back from the store?

Jerry : Don't worry. By the time you get back, I (pick) ________ up the living room

and (finish) ________ washing the dishes. Everything will be perfect when

your parents arrive.

Mary : I hope so. They (arrive) ________ around 6 o'clock.

Jerry : Everything (be) ________ spotless by the time they get here.

2. Nick : I just have two more courses before I graduate from university. By this time

next year, I (graduate) ________, and I will already be looking for a job.

Stacey : Does that scare you? Are you worried about the future?

Nick : Not really. I (go) ________ to a career counselor and get some advice on how

to find a good job.

Stacey : That's a good idea.

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3. Nick : I am also going to do an internship so that when I leave school, I (complete,

not only) ________ over 13 business courses, but I (work, also) ________

in the real world.

Stan : Did you hear that Christine (take) ________ a vacation in South America

this winter?

Fred : I can't believe how often she goes abroad. Where exactly does she want to

go?

Stan : She (visit) ________ Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.

Fred : At this rate, she (visit) ________ every country in the world by the time

she's 50.

4. Judy : How long have you been in Miami?

Elaine : I have only been here for a couple of weeks.

Judy : How long do you plan on staying?

Elaine : I love Miami, so I (stay) ________ here for an extended period of time.When

I go back home, I (be) ________ here for more than three months.

Judy : Wow, that's quite a vacation! You (see, definitely) ________ just about

everything there by then.

5. Jane : I can't believe how late we are! By the time we get to the dinner, everyone

(finish, already) ___________ eating.

Jack : It's your own fault. You took way too long in the bathroom.

Jane : I couldn't get my hair to look right.

Jack : Who cares? By the time we get there, everyone (left) __________ Nobody

(see, even) ____________ your hair.

G. Use the future perfect or future perfect continuous.

1. Jack : Have you been watching the Eco-Challenge on TV?

Janet : Isn't that exciting? It has got to be the most unbelievably difficult sporting

event in the world.

Jack : I know. By the time they finish the course, they (raft)_______ more than 150

miles down a raging river, (hike) _______ through 80 miles of jungle, (climb)

_______ a volcano and (kayak) _______ through shark-infested waters.

Janet : And don't forget that they (move) ______ for at least eight days straight.

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2. Oliver : When are going to get your bachelor's degree, Anne?

Anne : I am going to finish my degree next June. By the time I graduate, I (go)

______ to four different colleges and universities, and I (study) _______ for

more than seven years.

Oliver : Wow, that's a long time!

Anne : And I plan to continue on to get a Ph.D.

Oliver : Really? How long is that going to take?

Anne : By the time I finally finish studying, I (be) _______ a student for over 13 years.

3. Max: Sarah has been in the kitchen all day long.

Jake: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good Thanksgiving

Max: She (cook) __________ for over seven hours by the time everyone arrives for

dinner this afternoon. Hopefully, she (finish) _________ everything by then.

Jake: Maybe we should help her out.

4. Mike : It's 6:00, and I have been working on my essay for over three hours.

Sid : Do you think you (finish) __________ by 10:00? There's a party at Donna's

tonight.

Mike : I (complete, probably) ___________ the essay by 10:00, but I (work)

___________ on it for more than seven hours, and I don't think I am going

to feel like going to a party.

5. Fred : By the time they finish their trip across Yosemite National Park, they (hike)

__________ for more than six days.

Ginger: And they (be, not) _______ in a bed or (have) _______ a shower in almost a

week!

Fred : When we pick them up, they (eat) _______ camping food for days, and I am

sure they will be starving.

Ginger: I think we had better plan on taking them directly to a restaurant.

H. Correct the errors.

1. Hasn’t anyone ever tell you to knock on the door before you enter someone else’s room?

Didn’t your parents taught you that?

2. When I arrived here, I hadn’t known much about the United States. I saw many movies

about America, but that wasn’t enough.

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3. My understanding of this country changed a lot since I arrived.

4. When I was in my country, I had coached a children’s soccer team. When I came here, I

had wanted to do the same thing. Now I am coaching a soccer team at a local elementary

school. I am coaching this team for the last two months.

5. My friends will meet me when I will arrive at the airport

6. We washed the dishes and clean up the kitchen after our dinner guests were leaving.

7. My grandfather had lived in a small village in Italy when he was a child. At nineteen, he

had moved to Rome, where he had met and had married my grandmother in 1947. My

father had been born in Rome 1950. I am born in Rome in 1979.

8. I’m living in my cousin’s apartment since I have arrived here. I’m not able to find my own

apartment. I look at several places for rent, but I don’t find one that I can afford.

9. Yesterday I was working at my computer when Shelley was coming to the door of my

office. I wasn’t knowing she was there. I was concentrate hard on my work. When she

suddenly speak, I am jump. She startle me.

10. I am in the United States for the last four months. During this time, I had done many things

and saw many places.

I. Choose the right answer.

J. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense.

At 11 o’clock yesterday morning, John 1. was/ has been sitting in the waiting

room at the doctor’s. Next to him 2. is/ was a woman with a very large thumb.

“How 3. did you do/ were you doing that?” John asked.

“I 4. hung/ was hanging a picture on the wall and I 5. hit/ was hitting my thumb

by mistake.”

“Oh dear. How long 6. have you been/ are you waiting for the doctor?”

“About an hour, and my thumb 7. is hurting/ has hurt a lot.”

Mary usually 1. __________ (take) a bus to the office but today she 2. _______

(drive) because she is late. Last night her manager 3._______ (tell) and 4. ________

(ask) her to be at the office at 8.30 a.m. for an important meeting. “I 5. _______

late (never/ be) for a meeting in my life. Why 6. ________ (my mother/ forget) to

wake me this morning?”

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K. Complete the questions.

Mark : 1. ___________ your job? Peter : I’m an engineer with National Telephones. Mark : How long 2. _______________ for the company? Peter : About a month. Mark : 3. _______________ it? Peter : No, not really. I preferred my old job. Mark : What 4. ________ that? Peter : I was a gardener.

Chris : 5. ________ ever _______ an accident?

Anne : Yes, once a few years ago.

Chris : How 6. ____________?

Anne : I was driving too fast.

Chris : 7. ___________ a bad accident?

Anne : Not very bad. I broke my arm but the other driver was OK.

Chris : Why 8. ____________ fast now?

Anne : I’m not. This is my normal speed in town.

Tom : Why 9. ________________ at me?

Ruth : Because you’ve got a bit of tomato on your face.

Tom : Where 10. ___________ it?

Ruth : On the right of your nose.

Tom : 11. ________________ or is it still there?

Ruth : It’s still there.

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L. Read the letter from Chris to her friend, Jo. Chris is from San Francisco and has just had a holiday with Jo in London. Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct from.

Dear Jo,

Well, I 1. __________ (arrive) back safely two weeks ago. The flights 2. _______

(be) fine, but a bit long. I 3. _________ (watch) two films and 4. _________ (eat) two

breakfasts!

Thank you for everything. I 5. __________ (have) a really good time with you in

London. I hope you 6. ________ (enjoy) it too.

Everything here is very different from London. I 7. ________ (write) this letter

outside in the garden. I 8. ________ (sit) under a big umbrella because the sun is very

hot today. I know we 9. _________ (have) some sunny days in London, but I remember

there 10. _________ (be) also some rain!

It was difficult for me to start work after my wonderful holiday, but it’s OK now. I 11. ________ (be) in a new department since I 12. _____ (come) home and it’s

interesting. I 13. ________ (have) a new manager now, and that’s good because the

old one 14. _________ (be) horrible.

15. _______ (you/ like) rock music? My brother 16. _________ (be) a drummer in a

new group. He 17. _________ (practice) in the bedroom at the moment and it’s quite

loud! I 18. _________ (just/ send) you some of his recordings. I hope you like them.

By the way, 19. ___________ (you/ find) a black leather photo album? I think I 20.

________ (leave) it in the bedroom. Could you send it to me sometime? No hurry.

Jill 21. __________ (sit) in the garden with me and she sends her love to you.

Please write soon, and thank you again for a wonderful time.

Love,

Chris

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J. Now write Jo’s reply in complete sentences.

Dear Chris, 1. Thank you for your letter. Yes, I / enjoy / the time you / spend / with me very much.

We / have/ some good fun!

2. You / leave / a wonderful box of chocolate for my parents. Thank you. We / just /

finish / them – they / be delicious.

3. And thank you also for the recordings. They / arrive / yesterday. I / not / play / all of

them yet. At the moment I / listen / to one, “Paradise Rock.” It / be / good.

4. My mother / find / your photo album the day you /leave. I / send/ it back two weeks

ago. You / receive / it yet?

5. Do you remember Steve? We / meet / him at Sue’s party. Well, he / come / to my

house last week. He / ask / for your address so I / give / it to him. I hope that’s OK.

He / be / in California now for business.

6. I / look / out of the window at the moment. The sun / shine and it / be / a beautiful,

warm day. In fact, it / be / sunny every day since you / go back / to San Francisco.

Sorry!

7. The recording / just / finish. Tell your brother I love his music. He / want / a publicity

agent in London?

Love,

Jo

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Bibliography:

Alexander, L.G. 1998. English Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students. New York: Longman.

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 2002. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New York: Pearson Education.

Murphy, Raymond. 2004. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Murphy, Raymond and Helen Naylor. 2001. Essential Grammar in Use Supplementary

exercises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nettle, Mark and Diana Hopkins. (n-date) Developing Grammar in Context. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.