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socialuri Teoriebi: sazogadoebrivi

geografiis specialobis studentebisaTvis

ras Seiswavlis sociologia?

1. sociologia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi. 2. sociologiuri kiTxvebi: faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi, ganviTarebis

sakiTxebi da Teoriuli. 3. ra SeuZlia sociologias Tqvas Cvens qmedebebze? 4. socialuri struqtura da adamianis qmedebebi. 5. sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba. 6. neil smelzeri: Tezisebi sociologiis arsis Sesaxeb.

sakvanZo sityvebi: sociologia, socialuri struqtura, saR azrze damyarebuli

warmodgenebi, socialuri kvlavwarmoeba, socialuri transformacia, socialuri

warmosaxva, faqtologiuri sakiTxebi, SedarebiTi sakiTxebi, SedarebiTi

sakiTxebi, ganviTarebis sakiTxebi, anTropologia, pozitivizmi, empiriuli

kvlevebi, Teoriuli sakiTxebi, winaswarganusazRvreli Sedegebi, TviTSemecneba,

mniSvnelovani qmedeba

sociologia mowodebulia Seasrulos mniSvnelovani roli Tanamedrove

inteleqtualur kulturaSi da socialur mecnierebebSi daikavos centraluri

adgili. unda dadgindes sociologiis ZiriTadi perspeqtivebi da problemebi.

ZiriTadi Temebi. Ppirveli Tema _ socialurisa da pirovnulis

mimarTebaa. sociologiuri azrovneba mniSvnelovani daxmarebaa

TviTSemecnebisaTvis, romelic amave dros gvibrundeba socialuri samyaros

ukeTesi gagebiT. sociologiis Seswavla unda iyos ganTavisuflebis mcdeloba:

sociologia anviTarebs Cvens Cvevebsa da warmosaxvas, gvisaxavs axal

perspeqtivebs Cveni aqtiurobis wyaroebis gagebaSi da aRrmavebs Cvens unars Cveni

sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli kulturis aRqmaSi. ramdenadac sociologiuri

moRvaweoba dogmebis gamowvevaa is gvaswavlis davafasoT kulturuli

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gansxvavebuloba da gvexmareba davinaxoT socialuri institutebis Sinagani

meqanizmebi. sociologiuri moRvaweoba qmnis SesaZleblobebs adamianuri

pirovnebisa da Tavisuflebis ganviTarebisaTvis.

meore Temaa _ cvalebadi samyaro. sociologia aRmocenda dasavleTis

socialuri wyobis industriuli transformaciis Sedegad, ramac mniSvnelovnad

gamoiwvia wina sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebis cvlilebebi.

industrializaciis procesiT Seqmnili samyari warmoadgens sociologiuri

analizis problemur obieqts. socialuri cvlilebebi grZeldeba da SeiZleba

Cven vdgevarT iseTi fundamenturi cvlilebebis winaSe rogorsac qonda adgili

XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukuneSi. sociologiis upirvelesi valia

asaxos warsulSi momxdari cvlilebebi da daiWiros dRevandeli cvlilebebis

mimarTulebebi.

mesame, wigns axasiaTebs Tanmimdevruli SedarebiTi midgoma.

sociologiis Seswavla ar SeiZleba warimarTos mxolod romelime sazogadoebis

institutebis Seswavlis gziT. es gawonasworebulia sxva sazogadoebebisa da

kulturebis Sesaxeb moyvanili mdidari masaliT. aq igulisxmeba gamokvlevebi,

romlebic tardebodnen dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi, aseve ruseTsa da

aRmosavleTevropul qveynebTan dakavSirebul masalebs. SeuZlebelia

industriuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla mesame samyarosagan damoukideblad garda

amisa vamaxvileb yuradRebas sociologiisa da anTropologiia kavSirze,

problemebze, romlebic sakmaod mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. mTels

msoflioSi sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli kavSirisa da aseve tradiciuli

socialuri sistemebis mravali formebis gaqrobis gamo kavSiri sociologiasa da

anTropologias Soris ufro ganuyofeli xdeba.

meoTxe, wignSi aRiarebulia sociologiaSi istoriuli orientaciis

aucilebloba. Ees ufro mets niSnavs vidre movlenebis ,,istoriuli konteqstis”

xazgasma. aseTi saxis informacia aucilebelia, rameTu studentTa mier

istoriis, Tundac uaxlesis, codna Zalze SezRudulia. Uukanaskneli wlebis

sociologiaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan tendenciad mogvevlina istoriuli

analizis aRorZineba. is unda iqnas gagebuli ara rogorc mxolod

sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobaze dayrdnoba warsulze msjelobisas, aramed

unda ganixilebodes rogorc Tanamedrove institutebis gagebis safuZveli.

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mexuTe, gamorCeuli yuradReba eTmoba genderis problemas. genderuli

mimarTebebis problema imdenad fundamenturia sociologiuri analizisaTvis, rom

ar SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas disciplinis erT qvedanayofze, amitom wignis

mravali Tavi Seicavs genderis problemisadmi miZRvnil ganyofilebebs.

meeqvse, wignis ZiriTadi Temaa _ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

globalizacia. Mmzardi globalizaciis gavlena naklebadaa Seswavlili

sociologiis specialur literaturaSic ki, da ignorirebulia TiTqmis yvekla

kursebis SesavalSi. Aam wignSi aqcenti globalizaciaze mWidro kavSirSia im

mniSvnelobasTan, romelic eZleva pirvel, meore da mesame samyaroebis

urTierTkavSirs.

amgvarad, sociologia gTavazobT adamianuri qcevis gagebis cxad da naTel

perspeqtivas. sociologiis SeswavliT Cven vmaRldebiT samyaros sakuTar

interpretaciaze, raTa davinaxoT Cveni cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli socialuri

zemoqmedeba. Aamave dros sociologia arc uaryofs da arc amcirebs

individualuri gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas. piriqiT, Cven vcdilobT ukeT

gavigoT Cveni Tavi da sxva adamianebi, amiT sakuTar TavSi vanviTarebT im

socialuri sinamdvilis kosmosis aRqmas, romelSi Tavad varT CarTuli.

sociologiis Seswavla_ es aris TviTSemecnebis procesis nawili da amitom

SeuZlebelia misi Seswavla Tu saWiro SemTxvevaSi ar daupirispirdi sakuTar

cnobierebaSi zogierT, Rrmad gamjdar Sexedulebebs.

sociologia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi.

samyaroSi mudmivi cvlilebebia, ratom gansxvavdebian Cveni cxovrebis

viTarebebi ase Zlier Cveni winamorbedebis viTarebebisagan? ra mimarTulebiT

warimarTebian cvlilebebi momavalSi? Ees sakiTxebi pirvel rigSi ainteresebs

sociologias, disciplinas, romelic mowodebulia iTamaSos fundamenturi roli

Tanamedrove inteleqtualur kulturaSi.

sociologia _ esaa adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, jgufebisa da

sazogadoebis Seswavla. Ees mSvenieri gamaognebeli saqmianobaa, romlis sagania

adamianebis, rogorc socialuri arsebebis qcevebis kvleva. sociologiis

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samoqmedo are ukiduresad farToa, dawyebuli quCaSi adamianTa SemTxveviTi

Setakebebidan da damTavrebuli globaluri socialuri procsebis gamokvlevebiT.

zogierTi magaliTi mogvcems pirvel warmodgenebs misi bunebisa da miznebis

Sesaxeb.

ras ikvlevs sociologia? ramdenime magaliTi.

siyvaruli da qorwineba. ratom uyvarT adamianebs erTmaneTi da ratom

qorwindebian? erTi SexedviT pasuxi naTelia. siyvaruli _ es aris adamianebis

erTmaneTTan fizikuri da sulieri urTierTltolva. SeiZleba, dRes bevri

Cvengani skeptikurad aRiqvams azrs, rom arsebobs ,,maradiuli” siyvaruli; magram

,,Seyvarebuloba” (mijnuroba) albaT ganekuTvneba adamianis yvelaze amaRelvebel

grZnobebsa da emociebs. Ppirovnuli da seqsualuri TviTgamovlenis Zieba

Seyvarebuli wyvilis urTierTobaSi aris iseTive bunebrivi, rogorc maTi

survili qondeT erTi sacxovrebeli.

Mmagram es, pirveli SexedviT savsebiT cxadi msjeloba sinamdvileSi sulac

ar aris trivialuri. siyvarauli sulac ar iyo yvela droisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli da iSviaTad iyo dakavSirebuli qorwinebasTan. axlo

warsulamde romantikuli siyvaruli sulac ar iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleTSi da

arc sxva kulturebSi arsebobda. mxolod Cvens droSi CaTvales, rom siyvaruli,

qorwineba da seqsualoba mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. Suasaukuneebsa

da Semdgom epoqebSi adamianebi qorwindebodnen ZiriTadad imitom, rom

SeenarCunebinaT tituli an sakuTreba ojaxis xelSi, an imitom, rom yolodaT

Svilebi, romlebic daexmarebodnen SromaSi. Ddaqorwinebulebi SeiZleba

gamxdariyvnen axlo megobrebni, magram es xdeboda qorwinebis Semdeg da ara

manamde. seqsualuri kavSirebi arsebobdnen qorwinebis gareSec, magram isini ar

Seicavdnen im grZnobebs, romelTac Cveulebriv vakavSirebT siyvarulTan.

siyvaruli, ,,ukeTes SemTxvevaSi iTvleboda garduval sisusted, uares semTxvevaSi

ki senis nairsaxeobad.”(1).

romantikuli siyvaruli pirvlad Cndeba didgvarovnul wreebSi, rogorc

qorwinebagareSe seqsualuri Tavgadasavlebis gansakuTrebuli niSani. XVIII

saukunis bolomde is gvxvdeba mxolod aRniSnul wreebSi da araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaigivebuli qorwinebasTan. Aaristokratiul garemoSi

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damokidebuleba colsa da qmars Soris ufro xSirad aris civi da

gansxvisebuli, gansakuTrebiT imasTan SedarebiT Tu ras velodebiT Cven dRes

qorinebisagan. SeZlebuli adamianebi cxovreobdnen did saxlebSi, yovel meuRles

aqvs Tavisi sawoli oTaxi da msaxurebi; erTmaneTs Zalze iSviaTad xvdebodnen.

seqsualuri Sesatyvisoba ojaxSi SemTxvevis sakiTxia da sulac ar iTvleboda

aucileblad. rogorc mdidrebs, ise Raribebs Soris qorwinebis sakiTxi wydeboda

ojaxis an naTesavebis mier, da ara TviT individebis mier, romelTa uflebebi

wyvilebis SerCevaSi Zalze mcire an sulac ar iyo. (Cvens droSi dRemde asea

zogierT aradasavlur kulturebSi).

Aamgvarad, arc romantikuli siyvaruli da arc misi kavSiri qorwinebasTan ar

unda aRviqvaT, rogorc adamianis cxovrebisaTvis ,,Tavidan mocemuli”, isini

Camoyalibdnen Zlieri socialuri gavlenis Sedegad. sociologi Seiswavlis am

gavlenis xasiaTs, da, rogorc Cans, sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelzec.

Uumravlesoba CvenTagan samyaros xedavs sakuTari cxovrebiseuli saxeebiT.

sociologia xedavs aucileblobas ufro farTod SevxedoT imas, Tu ratom

viqceviT Cven ase da ara sxvagvarad.

janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba. Cveulebriv, rodesac Cven vfiqrobT

janmrTelobasa da avadmyofobaze mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sxeulis mxolod

fizikuri mdgomareoba. Aadamiani grZnobs tkivils an raRac sisustes. rogor

SeiZleba es dakavSirebuli iyos socialur zemoqmedebasTan? sinamdvileSi ki

socialuri faqtorebi Zlier moqmedeben avadmyofobis gaCenasa da mis

mimdinareobaze, imazec, Tu rogori reaqcia gvaqvs Cven, roca Tavs cudad

vgrZnobT. Cveni Cveulebrivi warmodgenebi avadmyofobis Sesaxeb, rogorc

warmoqmnili sxeulis funqcionaluri darRvevebis mier, ar aris gaziarebuli da

miRebuli sxva sazogadoebebis wamomadgenlebis mier. zogierT kulturebSi

avadmyofoba da sikvdilic ki ganixileba rogorc Sedegi mtruli wyevlisa da

fizikuri mizezebis Seswavlas ar eqvemdebareba.(2) dasavleTis kulturaSi

qristianuli moZRvreba uaryofs zogadmiRebul warmodgenebs avadmyofobaze,

varaudobs, rom adamianis buneba sulieria da gamoxatavs RvTis saxes,

avadmyofoba ki modis uvicobidan da mcdarobidan.

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ramden xans icocxlebs adamiani, ramdenad realuria saSiSroeba romelic

emuqreba gul-sisxlZarRvebiT, kiboTi da pnevmoniiT daavadebul adamianebs _

yovelive es mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba socialuri faqtorebiT. rac ufro

ganviTarebulia kultura miT ufro naklebia albaToba, rom adamiani didxans

iqneba Sewuxebuli seriozuli davaadebebiT. Ggarda amisa arsebobs garkveuli

zogadmiRebuli wesebi, romlebic gvaswavlian Tu rogor unda moiqces avadmyofi.

Aavadmyofs ufleba aqvs Tavi aaridos zogierT an yvela yoveldRiur movaleobas,

magram seni unda iqnes aRiarebuli ,,sakmaod seriozulad”, rom qondes

pretenziebi am privilegiebze. is vinc mxolod sustadaa, an visi avadmyofoba

araa dadgenili SeiZleba simuliantadac ki miiRon da ar eqneba movaleobebisadmi

Tavis aridebis ufleba.(3).

sxva magaliTebi: danaSauli da sasjeli. qvemoT moTxrobili saSineli

ambavi gvamcnobs im adamianis ukansknel saaTebs, romelic sikvdiliT daisaja 1757

wels safrangeTis mefe filipes mosaklavad SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis.

ganaCeniT im ubedurs amoglijes xorci mkerdze, xelebze da fexebze da

Wrilobebze asxamdnen aduRebuli zeTis, sanTlisa da gogirdis naerTs. Semdeg

misi sxeuli daanawevres, daglijes cxenebis saSualebiT, xolo naglejebi

dawves. darajTa oficerma momxdarze Semdegi angariSi Seadgina.

jalaTma borkilebi CauSva mduRare naerTSi, romelsac blomad asxamda

yovel Wrilobaze. Semdeg xelebiT da fexebiT gamoabes cxenebze. cxenebma gaqaCes

sxvadasxva mxares. meoTxedi saaTis Semdeg cxenebs adgilebi Seucvales da

procedura ramodenimejer gaimeores. Oori Tu sami cdis Semdeg jalaTma

samsonma da misma damxmarem aiRes danebi da Zvlebamde daaWres xorcebi

barZayebze, cxenebma kvlav gaqaCes; Semdeg igive gaakeTes mklavebzec. cxenebma

kvlav Zlier gaqaCes da daaglijes jer marjvena da Semdeg marcxena xeli. (4).

Mmsxverpli cocxali iyo im wuTamde sanam kidurebi mTlianad ar mowyvites

torss.

Tanamedrove periodamde aseTi sasjeli ar iyo uCveulo ram. Aai rogor

aRwers jon loflendi dasjis tradiciul saSualebebs.

Soreul istoriul warsulSi sasjeli gaTvlili iyo mokvdinebis periodis

maqsimalurad gagrZelebaze da ise, rom dasjils cnobiereba ar unda daekarga.

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gaWyleta mkerdze dadebuli wonis TandaTanobiT momatebiT, borbalze gamobma,

jvarcma, CamoxrCoba, koconze dawva, Zvlebis dafSvna, nawilebad daxleCa,

agreTve sxva saSualebebi sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia. CamoxrCobac ki istoriis

didi periodis ganmavlobaSi neli procesi iyo. rodesac dasjils gamoaclidnen

urikas an ixsneboda lukis Tavi, dasjili nel-nela igudeboda, sikvdilamde

ramodenime wuTi igrixeboda. zogjer jalaTi dasjis daCqarebis mizniT Cadioda

dabla da ganwiruls fexebze eqaCeboda. (5)

xSirad dasjaze xalxmravloba iyo _ es praqtika zogierT qveynebSi XVIII

saukunemde grZeldeboda. Gganwirulebs Ria urikebiT daatarebdnen xalxmraval

quCebSi raTa maT taSiT an stveniT gamoexataT msxverplisadmi TavianTi

damokidebuleba. jalaTebi iseve popularulebi iyvnen rogorc Cvens droSi

kinovarskvlavebi.

dRes dasjis aseTi saSualebebi sazizRrobad gveCveneba. CvenTagan cota vinme

Tu gaigebs Tu rogor SeiZleba miiRi siamovneba imis gamo, rom viRacas awameben

an sikvdiliT sjian, ra danaSaulis ar unda Caedina adamians. Ddasjis Cveni

sistema efuZneba sapyrobileSi datusaRebas da ara fizikuri tkivilis miyenebas;

dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. ratom Seicvala

dasjis formebi? ratom Secvala sapyrobilem dasjis adre arsebuli mkacri

formebi?

macdunebelia pasuxi, rom adamianebi warsulSi ufro mkacrebi iyvnen, maSir

rodesac Cven ufro humanurebi varT. Mmagram sociologisaTvis aseTi pasuxi

aradamajerebelia. Zaladobis sajaro gamoyeneba, rogorc dasjis saSualeba

evropaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. adamianebis mier aseT movlenebze

TavianTi damokidebulis gadaxedva moxda ara erTbaSad da ara SemTxveviT, aq

adgili qonda siRrmiseul socialur gavlenas, rac dakavSirebuli iyo im

periodSi mimdinare mniSvnelovan cvlilebebTan. Eevropulma sazogadoebebma

daiwyes industrializireba da urbanizireba. Zveli cxovrebis sofluri wesebi

TandaTanobiT gamodevna swrafad mzardma qalaqebma TavianTi fabrikebiTa da

qarxnebiT. Qqalaqis mosaxleobaze socialuri kontrolis uzrunvelyofa ukve

SeuZlebeli iyo daSinebis Zveli formebis saSualebebiT, romlebic misaRebi iyo

mxolod mcire zomisa da mWidrokavSirebian sazogadoebebSi, sadac movlenebic

cota iyo.

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sapyrobileebi iqmneboda, rogorc dawesebulebaTa sistemis nawili, sadac

adamianebi eyolebodaT izolirebuli, rom gaekontrolebinaT da moewesrigebinaT

maTi qcevebi. maT Soris vinc Caketili yavdaT iyvnen ara mxolod damnaSaveebi,

aramed mawanwalebi, avadmyofebi, usaqmurebi, gonebaClungebi da giJebi.

sapyrobile gvian gamoeyo saavadmyofoebsa da sagiJeebs. varaudobdnen, rom cixeSi

damnaSaveebs wesier moqalaqeebad Camoayalibebdnen. danaSaulze sasjeli

orientirebuli iyo keTilsindisieri moqalaqis Camoyalibebaze da ara imis

demonstraciaze Tu ra saSineli Sedegi moyveba arakeTilsidisier qcevas.

sasjelis humanizireba, rasac Cven vxedavT, Sedegia socialuri cvlilebebisa da

ara maTi gamomwvevi. cvlilebebi damnaSaveebTan mimarTebaSi iyo im procesebis

nawili, romlebmac ukuagdes tradiciuli wesrigi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi rom

icavdnen adamianebi.

Ddaskvnebi: sociologiis arsi. Cven SegviZlia aqamde ganxiluli

magaliTebis ganzogadeba. yoveliveSi im sami magaliTidan _ siyvaruli, qorwineba

da seqsualoba, janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba, danaSauli da sasjeli _ Cven

vnaxeT, rom grZnobebi da emociebi, romlebic Cven gveCveneba adamianisaTvis

,,bunebriv monacemebad”, sinamdvileSi eqvemdebarebian socialur faqtorebs.

Ddaxvewili, magram rTuli da siRrmiseuli saSualebebis gageba, romlebiTac

Cveni cxovreba asaxavs Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis konteqstebs, aris swored

sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis safuZveli. sociologias gansakuTrebiT

ainteresebs socialuri cxovrebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi, ukanaskneli ori

saukunis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi.

sociologiuri kiTxvebi: faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi,

ganviTarebis sakiTxebi da Teoriuli.

faqtologiuri kiTxvebi. im kiTxvaTagan, romlebsac sociologebi

ayeneben da romlebzec cdiloben gascen pasuxebi, umravlesoba aris

faqtologiuri kiTxvebi. ramdenadac Cven varT sazogadoebis wevrebi, amdenad Cven

gvaqvs garkveuli raodenobis faqtobrivi codna mis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, yovelma

icis, rom arseboben kanonebi, maTi dacva aucilebelia, maTi darRveva niSnavs

sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls. Aamave dros codna, romlelic aqvs ZiriTad

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nawils kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb, umetes SemTxvevaSi fragmentaruli da

arasrulia. samarTaldamcavebsac sWirdebaT danaSaulebis zogierTi aspeqtebis

uSualo da sistematuri sociologiuri gamokvleva. magaliTad, SeiZleba daisvas

kiTxva: ra formis danaSaulia yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli? damnaSaveTa ra

nawils akavebs policia? sabolood ramdeni maTgani gasamarTldeba da moxvdeba

saprobileSi? faqtologiuri kiTxvebi xSirad mosalodnelze ufro rTulia da

Znelad pasuxgasacemi. magaliTad, kriminaluri aqtiurobis realuri donis

dasadgenad oficialuri statistikis monacemebis roli sakmaod saeWvo

Rirebulebisaa.

SedarebiTi kiTxvebi. saeWvoa, rom erTi romelime sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

faqtobrivma informaciam mogvces sruli suraTi imis Sesaxeb uCveulo SemTxvevaa

Tu movlenaTa garkveuli wesrigi. xSirad sociologebi eswrafvian dasvan

SedarebiTi kiTxvebi, sadac Sedarebulia erTi sazogadoebis konteqsti

meoresTan, an moyvanialia kontrastuli magaliTebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebebidan.

magaliTad, britaneTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris kanonmdeblobebSi mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebebia. tipiuri SedarebiTi kiTxvaa: rogor gansxvavdebian am or qveyanaSi

kriminaluri qcevis modelebi da samarTaldamcavi organoebis qmedebebi?

(ramdenibe arsebiTi gansxvaveba marTlac iqna gamovlenili).

ganviTarebis kiTxvebi. sociologebisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod

arsebuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla, aseve mniSvnelovania warsulisa da awmyos

Sedareba. sociologebis mieram mizniT dasmul kiTxvebs ganviTarebis kiTxvebi

ewodeba. Tanamedrove samyaros bunebis gasagebad Cven unda CavixedoT adrindel

sazogadoebebriv formebSi, aseve SeviswavloT maTi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi. ACven amgvarad SevZlebT gamovikvlioT Tu rogor gaCndnen

pirveli sapyrobileebi _ Tema, romelsac zemoT SevexeT.

Teoriuli kiTxvebi. faqtologiuri aru, rogorc sociologiaSia

miRebuli empiriuli gamokvlevebi dakavSirebulis imis analizTan Tu rogor

mimdinareobs movlenebi. magram sociologiis amocana gana mxolod faqtebis

Segrovebaa, rac ar unda saintereso iyon isini. Cven gvinda aseve vicodeT ratom

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aris ase da amitom Cven unda viswavloT Teoriuli sakiTxebis dayeneba. isini

dagvexmarebian mizezebis Ziebis dros im faqtebis sworad interpretaciaSi,

romlebic eqcevian konkretuli kvlevis fokusSi. Cven viciT, rom

industrializaciam bevrad ganapiroba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis formireba.

Mmagram rogoria industrializaciis wyaroebi da wanamZRvrebi? ratom vavlenT

gansxvavebebs im sazogadoebebSi, romlebmac ganicades industrializaciis

procesi? ratom iwvevs industrializacia cvlilebebs damnaSavepbisa da

sasjelis sferoSi an ojaxisa da qorwinebis kuTxiT? Aam kiTxvebze pasuxis

gasacemad maT unda mivudgeT Teoriulad. Teoria gulisxmobs abstraqtuli

interpretaciebis konstruirebas, romlebic SeiZleba gamogvadgnen sxvadasxva

empiriuli situaciebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, industrializaciis Teoriam unda

gansazRvros is ZiriTadi niSnebi, romlebic axasiaTebs industriul ganviTarebas

da aCvenos Tu romeli maTgania ufro mniSvnelovabi sazogadoebis

ganviTarebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda araa saWiro faqtologiuri da Teoriuli

sakiTxebis erTmaneTisagan dacileba. Teoriuli midgoma dafuZnebulad CaiTvleba

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cven SevZlebT mis Semowmebas empiriuli gamokvlevebiT.

Teoria gvexmareba faqtebis gaazrebulad aRqmaSi. mcdaria Ggavrcelebuli

Tvalsazrisi, rom ,,faqtebi Tavad metyveleben TavianT Tavze”. sociologTa

umravlesoba, pirvel rigSi, dakavebulia empiriuli gamokvlevebiT, magram Tu

Tavis ZiebebSi isini ar xelmZRvaneloben TeoriiT, maTi Sroma ar iZleva

Sesaswavli obieqtis mizezebis SesaZlo axsnas. amasa aqvs adgili maSinac,

rodesac gamokvleva tardeba wminda praqtikuli miznebiT.

adamianis qmedebebis winaswargansazRvruli da winaswarganusazRvreli

Sedegebi. sociologebi aRniSnaven qmedebis miznebs Soris gansxvavebis

mniSvnelobas _ rodesac Cven raimes vakeTebT winaswarganzraxulad _ da

winaswarganusazRvrel Sedegebs, rasac qmedeba gvaZlevs. Aam gziT siaruliT

SeiZleba bevri ram gavigoT sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad,

skolebi arseboben imisaTvis, rom bavSvebs miscen axali codnis miRebis

SesaZlebloba. magram skolebis arsebobas aqvs Sedegebi, romelTa prognozireba

SeuZlebelia. Ggarkveul asakamde skola ukrZalavs bavSvebs Sromis bazarze

11

gasvla. saskolo sistema, gansazRvravs ra mowafeTa momaval samuSao adgilebs

maTi akademiuri moswrebebis Sesabamisad xels uwyobs uTanasworobs zrdas.

ra SeuZlia sociologias Tqvas Cvens qmedebebze? rogorc individebma Cven

sakmaod bevri viciT sakuTari Tavisa da im sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelSic

vcxovrobT. Cven miveCvieT fiqrs, rom kargad gvesmis Tu ratom viqceviT ase da

ara sxvagvarad, da ar vsaWiroebT sociologebis karnaxs! Ggarkveuli doziT es

sworicaa. Uumravlesoba Cveni yoveldRiuri Mnabijebidan efuZneba arsebuli

socialuri SeTanxmebebis Cvens gagebas. da mainc arsebobs aseTi TviTSemecnebis

garkveuli sazRvrebi da sociologiis erT-erTi amocanaa _ aCvenos, rom isini

arian.

sociologiuri gamokvlevebi dagvexmareb ganvsazRvroT Cveni socialuri

msjelobebis sazRvrebi da Tan Segvisworos Cveni codna Cvensa da socialuri

garemos Sesaxeb.

sociologiis meore mniSvnelovani wvlili mdgomareobs mtkicebaSi, rom

Tumc Cven viciT udidesi nawili imisa rasac vakeTebT an ar vakeTebT, magram

xSirad gvaqvs sakmaod bundovani warmidgena Cveni saqmianobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb.

qmedebebis gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi zemoqmedeben

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtsa da konteqstze.

sociologiuri analizi ikvlevs socialuri samyaros gaTvaliswinebul da

gauTvaliswinebel movlenaTa Soris ZneladSesamCnev kavSirebs.

socialuri struqtura da adamianis qmedebebi. mniSvnelovani koncefcia,

romelic gvexmareba socialuri kavSirebis gagebaSi aris socialuri struqturis

koncefcia. Cveni socialuri garemo ar aris movlenebisa da qmedebebis

mouwesrigebeli jami. adamianTa qcevebSi, urTierTobebSi, romlebSic isini

Sedian, SeimCneva siRrmiseuli regularoba. Aam regularobasTanaa dakavSirebuli

socialuri struqturis idea. Ggarkveuli azriT sazogadoebis struqturuli

maxasiaTeblebi samarTliania aRiweros SenobebTan analogiiT. Senobas aqvs

iataki, kedlebi, saxuravi, romlebic aZleven mas garkveul formas. moyvanili

metafora ar unda aRviqvaT nametani sizustiT, SeiZleba sakiTxis arsi

dagvekargos. socialur struqturas qmnis adamianis qmedebebi da urTierTobebi;

12

struqturis mdgradoba, maTi sisrule gapirobebulia maTi drosa da sivrceSi

ganmeorebadobiT. Aamgvarad, sociologiuri midgomis CarCoebSi socialuri

kvlavwarmoebisa da socialuri struqturis ideebi mWidro kavSirSia. Aamitom

SegviZlia Cven sazogadoeba SevadaroT nagebobebs, romlebic yovelTvis

kvlaviqmnebian imave agurebiT, romelTaganc Tavad Sedgebian. Yyvela Cveni

qmedebebi eqvemdebarebian sazogadoebis struqturul maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic

Cven gavizardeT da vcxovrobT, amave dros Cvenive qmedebebiT Cven TviT vqmniT (da

garkveuli doziT vcvliT) am struqturul maxasiaTeblebs.

sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba. sociologiuri

azrovnebis Seswavla niSnavs warmosaxvis gaZlierebas. sociologiis Seswavla

SeuZlebelia mimdinareobdes, rogorc codnis miRebis rutinuli procesi.

sociologi _ es aris adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia ganTavisufldes uSualo

pirovnuli viTarebebisagan. sociologis Sroma, Carlz rait milsis cnobili

frazis Tanaxmad damokidebulia ,,sociologiur warmosaxvaze”.

sociologiuri warmosaxva, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs unars ,,ganudge”

Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveul rutinas, raTa mis miRma axleburad

gadaixedo. ganvixiloT umartivesi aqti _ finjani yavis daleva. ra unda Tqva

sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT am, Cveni qcevis umniSvnelo fragmentze? Ppasuxi

Zalze bevria.

pirvel rigSi SegviZlia mivuTiToT, rom es aris dasalevi, romelic xels

uwyobs organizmSi siTxis aucilebeli dozis SenarCunebas. Mmas, rogorc

yoveldRiur socialur rituals aqvs simboluri mniSvneloba. Tanac yavis

smasTan dakavSirebul rituals meti mniSvneloba aqvs vidre TviT yavis dalevis

aqts. magaliTad, or adamians, romlebic apireben ,,finjani yavis dalevas” ufro

Sexvedra da Woraoba izidavT, vidre yavis sma. sakvebi da dasalevi yvela

sazogadoebaSi _ es aris ritualebis Sesruleba da socialuri urTierTqmedeba

da amitom aris mdidari Tema sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis.

meore, yava _ es aris tvinis mastimulirebeli kofeinis Semcveli

narkotiki.

mesame, yavis finjanis miRma dgas mTeli msoflios momcveli socialuri

da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis urTulesi sistema.

13

bolos, yavis dalevis siamovnebis MmiRma dgas socialuri da ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis dasrulebuli procesi.

sociologiuri warmosaxvis ganviTareba niSnavs ara mxolod

sociologiuri, aramed anTropologiisa (tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla)

da istoriis masalebis gamoyenebas. anTropologiuri mimarTuleba Zalze

mniSvnelovania sociologiuri warmosaxvis ganviTarebisaTvis, radgan gvaZlevs

saSualebas davinaxoT socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebuli formebis

kaleidoskopi. maTi SedarebiT Cvens cxovrebasTan Cven vigebT Cveni qcevis

unikalurobis Sesaxeb. aseve fundamenturia sociologiuri warmosaxvis

istoriuli mimarTuleba: Cven SeiZleba CavwvdeT dRevandelobis bunebas mxolod

misi warsulTan SedarebiT. warsuli _ es aris sarke, romelSic CaxedviT

sociologi SesZlebs dainaxos Tanamedroveoba. orive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba

Cveni ,,gandgoma” sakuTari Cvevebisagan _ maTi ufro Rrmad Sesaswavlad.

sociologiuri azris Tavisufali swrafva SesaZleblobaa Cawvde ara

mxolod imas, rac xdeba, aramed imasac rac moxdeba, rodesac Cven ase Tu ise

moviqceviT. Cveni mcdeloba gavlena viqonioT momavalze uSedego iqneba Tu ar

daveyrdnobiT arsebuli tendenciebis ganviTarebis sociologiur gagebas.

sociologiis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.

socialuri situaciebis gageba. sociologia mravali kuTxiT axdens

gavlenas Cvens cxovrebaze. sociologiuri azrovnebisa da gamokvlevebis CarTva

praqtikul politikasa da socialur reformebSi ramodenime gziT xorcieldeba.

yvelaze uSualo saSualebaa _ socialuri situaciis ufro naTeli da ufro

swori gagebis uzrunvelyofa. Ees SeiZleba gakeTdes faqtobrivi codnis doneze

an ufro swori gagebis miRweviT, Tu ratom xdeba raRac (sxva sityvebiT,

Teoriuli dasabuTebis gziT). magaliTad, gamokvlevam SeiZleba aCvenos, rom

siRaribis zRvarze cxovrobs mosaxleobis ufro meti nawili, vidre iTvleba.

cxovrebis nebismieri standartebis gaumjobesebis mcdelobas warmateba eqneba im

SemTxvevaSi Tu is efuZneba zust da ara mcdar informacias. rac ufro meti

viciT Cven imis Sesaxeb Tu ratom rCeba siRaribe ase gavrcelebuli, miT ufro

albaTuria rom ganxorcieldeba efeqturi qmedebebi.

14

kulturuli gansxvavebebis aRqmadoba. Mmeore gza, romliTac sociologi

SesZlebs daexmaros praqtikul politikas _ es aris daxmareba sazogadoebaSi

sxvadasxva jgufebis mimarT meti kulturuli aRqmadobis formirebaSi.

sociologiuri gamokvleva qmnis SesaZleblobas socialur samyaros Sexedo,

rogorc kulturuli perspeqtivebis nairsaxeobas da es waadgeba sxvadasxva

jgufebis urTierTobebSi crurwmenebis daZlevis process. ar SeiZleba CaiTvalo

ganaTlebul politikosad, Tu ara gaqvs daxvewili warmodgena kulturuli

Rirebulebebis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. praqtikul politikas, romelic ar efuZneba

maTi cxovrebis wesis codnas, vizec aris orientirebuli, warmatebis naklebi

Sansi aqvs. magaliTad, socialuri sferos TeTrkaniani mosamsaxure, romelic

muSaobs britanuli qalaqis dasavleTindur seqtorSi, ver daimsaxurebs

mcxovrebTa ndobas, Tu ar aRiqvams arsebul kulturul gansxvavebas, romelic

britaneTSi xSirad ganasxvavebs TeTr da Savkanianebs.

Ppolitikuri qmedebebis Sedegebis Sefaseba. Mmesame, sociologiur

gamokvlevas praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs politikuri iniciativebis Sedegebis

Sefasebisas. SeiZleba politikuri gardaqmnebis programam ver miaRwios dasaxul

miznebs, an gamoiwvios gauTvaliswinebeli arasasurveli xasiaTis Sedegebi.

magaliTad, omis Semdeg, mravali qveynis qalaqebis centralur ubnebSi aSendnen

didi komunaluri saxlebi. varaudobdnen cud pirobebSi myofi

dabalSemosavliani jgufebisaTvis aemaRlebinaT cxovrebis standartebi; aqve

apirebdnen ganeTavsebinaT savaWro da sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis centrebi.

Mmagram gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom TavianTi sacxovreblebidan maRal saxlebSi

gadasaxlebulebi Tavs izolirebulad da ubedurebad grZnobdnen. maRlivebi da

savaWro raionebi male moiSalnen da kargi niadagi Seuqesn jgufur xulignobsa

da sxva seriozuli danaSauls.

TviTSemecnebis gaRrmaveba. meoTxe, da es albaT yvelaze mTavaria,

sociologias SeuZlia sazogadoebriv jgufebs misces seriozuli codna

sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, gazardos maTi TviTgageba. rac ufro meti ician

adamianebma sakuTari moRvaweobis pirobebis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor

funqcionrebs sazogadoeba, metia imis albaToba, rom isini SesZleben gavlenas

15

sakuTar cxovrebiseul viTarebebze. araswori iqneba sociologiis praqtikuli

roli gavaigivoT asistentis rolTan politikosisa da politikuri

jgufebisaTvis dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. Zalauflebis

mflobelTagan yovelTvis ar aris mosalodneli araprivilegirebul fenebze

zrunva. maRali donis TviTcnobierebis jgufebs SeuZliaT samTavrobi

Cinovnikebisa da sxva gavleniani personebis qmedebebze efeqturi reagireba,

SeuZliaT win wamoswion sakuTari politikuri iniciativebi. urTierTdaxmarebebis

jgufebi (msgavsad ,,anonimuri alkoholikebisa”) da sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi

(magaliTad, qalTa moZraobebi) im sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis magaliTebia,

romlebic pirdapir moiTxoven praqtikul reformebs (ix. Tavi 9, ,,jgufebi da

organizaciebi”).

sociologis roli sazogadoebaSi. valdebuli arian Tu ara sociologebi

Tavadve daicvan da propaganda gauwion praqtikuli gardaqmnebisa da socialuri

cvlilebebis programebs? zogierTebs miaCniaT, rom sociologias SeuZlia

SeinarCunos obieqturoba Tu sociologi SeinarCunebs neitralitets moralur da

politikur sakiTxebSi, magram ara gvaqvs araviTari safuZveli vifiqroT, rom

moZRvrebebi, romlebic Tavs arideben sazogadoebriv diskusiebs aucileblad

ufro obieqturebi iqnebian socialuri problemebis SefasebaSi. Aarsebobs

arsebiTi kavSiri sociologiis Seswavlasa da socialuri TviTcnobierebis

gamoRviZebas Soris. arcerTi sociologiasTan axlo mdgomi adamiani ar darCeba

gulgrili uTanasworobis mimarT, romelic dRes aris msoflioSi, bevr

situaciaSi socialuri uTanasworobis mimarT, an milionobiT adamianis

uuflebobasTan dakavSirebiT aimaRlebs xmas. sakvirveli iqneba Tu sociologi

ar miiRebs monawileobas praqtikul RonisZiebebSi da aralogikuri da

arapraqtikuli iqneba Seecado aukrZalo maT gamoiyenon TavianTi sociologiuri

gamocdileba.

daskvniTi komentarebi.

Aam TavSi Cven ganvixileT sociologia, rogorc disciplina, romelsac

axasiaTebs Cveni da sxva adamianebis yofis ganmsazRvreli mvlenebis detaluri

SeswavlisaTvis, samyaros pirovnuli, subieqturi xedvis ukugdeba. sociologia,

16

rogorc gansakuTrebuli inteleqtualuri saqmianoba aRmocenda Tanamedrove

industriuli sazogadoebis Casaxvis adrindel etapebze da aseTi sazogadoebebis

Seswavla principulia. Mmagram sociologias saqme aqvs socialuri

urTierTqmedebebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis

farTo wresTan. Semdeg TavSi Cven SevexebiT adamianuri kulturis nairsaxeobebs

da vnaxavT saocar gansxvavebebs sxvadasxva xalxebis Cvevebsa da tradiciebSi.

amisaTvis Cven dagvWirdeba eqspedicia msoflios irgvlis samogzaurod.

inteleqtualur doneze Cven gavimeorebT qristefore kolumbis, kapitan kukisa da

Tavgadasavlebis sxva maZiebelTa mogzaurobebs msoflios irgvliv. Mmagram,

rogorc sociologebi Cven ver SevZlebT SevxedoT amas mxolod mogzauris

TvalsazrisiT, rogorc pirvelgzamkvlevTa swrafvebs, radganac am eqspediciebma

gamoiwvies dasavluri eqspansiis procesi, rasac sxva kulturebisaTvis

dramatuli Sedegebi moyva da gavlena iqonia msoflios Semdgom ganviTarebaze.

mokle Sinaarsi.

1. sociologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebis

Seswavla, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba Tanamedrove industriul

sazogadoebebs.

2. sociologia aRmocenda, rogorc bolo 2-3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi moxdari

Rrma cvlilebebis gagebis mcdeloba. Tanamedrove socialuri samyaros

mniSvnelovan niSnebs Soris ariniSneba industrializacia, urbanizmi da

politikuri sistemebis axali tipebi.

3. momxdari cvlilebebi gamoirCevian ara mxolod masStabebiT. Ddidi

cvlilebebi iyo agreTve adamianuri cxovrebis pirovnul da intimur

aspeqtSi. amis magaliTad gamodgeba romantikuli siyvaulis rolis zrda

qorwinebis safuZvelze.

4. sociologebi ikvleven sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, ayeneben garkveul kiTxvebs

da sistematuri gamokvlevebis procesSi cdiloben pasuxebis Camoyalibebas.

Ees sakiTxebi SeiZleba iyos faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi, ganviTarebis an

Teoriuli sakiTxebi. sociologiur gamokvlevebSi gaTvaliswinebul unda

17

iqnas adamianTa qmedebebis winaswargansazRvruli da wanaswarganusazRvreli

Sedegebi.

5. sociologiuri saqmianoba gulisxmobs warmosaxviTi azrovnebis unars da

socialur urTierTobebze winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebisagan

ganTavisuflebas.

6. sociologia mWidro kavSirSia sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan. Yyvela

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi ikvleven adamianTa qcevas, magram yuradRebas

amaxvileben mis sxvadasxva aspeqtebze. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

kavSirebi sociologias, anTropologiasa da istorias Soris.

7. sociologia aris mecniereba im azriT, rom iyenebs kvlevis sistematur

meTodebs da Teoriebs ayalibebs arsebul faqtebsa da logikur

argumentaciaze dayrdnobiT. magram SeuZlebelia misi gaigiveba

bunebaTmecnierebebTan, imitom, rom adamianTa qcevebis Seswavla

fundamenntalurad gansxvavdeba bunebrivi samyaros Seswavlisagan.

8. socialuri samyaros SeswavlaSi sociologebi miiswrafian obieqturobisaken,

cdiloben kvlevebSi iyon miukerZoebelni. Oobieqturoba damokidebulia ara

konkretuli mkvlevaris midrekilebebze, magram damokidebulia gamokvlevisa

da Teoriis sajaro Sefasebaze da es aris sociologiis, rogorc

mecnieruli disciplinis arsebiTi niSani.

9. sociologia _ es aris praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani disciplina,

aqvs praqtikuli gamoyeneba. Mmisi wvlili socialur kritikasa da praqtikul

socialur reformebSi vlindeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. jer-erTi,

socialuri viTarebis ukeT codna gvaZlevs misi kontrolis met Sanss.

Mmeore, sociologia xels uwyoba Cveni kulturuli aRqmadobis zrdas,

saSualebas gvaZlevs nebismier politikur aqciebSi gaviTvaliswinoT

kulturuli Rirebulebebis gansxvaveba. mesame, Cven SegviZlia garkveuli

politikuri programebis miRebisas vivaraudoT misi (winaswargansazRvruli

da winaswarganusazRvreli) Sedegebi. bolos, da es SeiZleba yvelaze

mniSvnelovania, sociologia xels uwyobs TviTSemecnebis ganviTarebas,

aZlevs jgufebsa da individebs TavianTi cxovrebis Secvlis did

SesaZleblobebs.

18

neil smelzeri: Tezisebi sociologiis

arsis Sesaxeb

1. sociologia _ es aris sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis

Seswavla. is monacemebs (faqtebs) iRebs realuri samyarodan da cdilobs

maT axsnas mecnierul analizze dayrdnobiT. sociologiam mecnierebad

Camoyalibeba daiwyo daaxloebiT ori saukunis ukan.

2. sociologebi iyeneben ramodenime ZiriTad midgomas. Demografiuli midgoma

gvaZlevs sazogadoebis daxasiaTebas Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis da

migraciis Seswavlis gziT. fsiqologiuri midgoma aanalizebs adamianTa

qcevebs, qcevis motivebs, azrs, socialur ganwyobas. Koleqtivisturi midgoma

gamoiyeneba jgufebisa da organizaciebis Seswavlisas. meoTxe midgoma

gulisxmoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis Seswavlas. mexuTe, kulturologiuri _ aanalizebs qcevbs

kulturis iseT elementebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa sazogadoebrivi normebi

da Rirebulebebi.

3. sociologia Seiswavlis sazogadoebas or, mikro da makrodoneze.

mikrosociologia ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs adamianTa yoveldRiur

urTierTobebs, makrosociologia ikvlevs sazogadoebis ZiriTad

struqturebs.

4. mikrosociologiur doneze ZiriTadi aris simboluri urTierTqmedebis

(interaqcionizmis) Teoria. am Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom adamianebi

garkveul mniSvnelobas (simboloebs) aniWeben gare samyaros zemoqmedebas da

metwilad am simboloebze reagireben da ara TviT zemoqmedebaze. warsulis

gamocdileba da yvelas mier gaziarebuli, erTnairad gagebuli simboloebi

aadvileben urTierTobebs.

5. makrosociologiur doneze arsebobs ori Teoria: funqcionalizmi da

konfliqtis Teoria. funqcionalistebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorc

urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebis sistemas, romelTagan yovelive axdens

gavlenas mTelis funqcionirebaze. sxvadasxva nawilebis normaluri

funqcionirebis Sedegad vRebulobT mdgrad, erTian sazogadoebas.

19

konfliqtis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgens marqsis debuleba, rom

adamianebi ekonomikur sistemaSi maTi adgilebis Sesabamisad, dayofili arian

klasebad da konfliqti am klasebs Soris garduvalia. Kkonfliqtis Teoriis

zogierTi Tanamedrove mimdevari ZiriTad mniSvnelobas aniWebs Zalauflebis

danawilebis sistemas da ara ekonomikur gansxvavebas.

6. sociologiuri gamokvleva iwyeba hipoTeziT _ debulebiT, romelic

varaudobs, rom erTi faqti mizezSedegobrivad aris dakavSirebulia

meoresTan. Teoria aris urTierTSesabamisobaSi moyvanili hipoTezebis

sistema. sociologiuri meTodebi _ es aris wesebi da saSualebebi,

romlebic erTmaneTs gadaabamen faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs.

7. cvladi aris cneba, romelmac SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva mniSvneloba.

sociologiis umravlesi gamokvleva cdilobs gamoavlinos romelime

garkveuli movlenis cvlilebebi, es aris damokidebuli cvladi, xolo

Semdeg axsnas es cvlilebebi sxva movlenebTan kavSirSi, es aris

damoukidebeli cvladi.

8. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi meTodebia SerCeviTi ganxilva,

savele gamokvleva, istoriuli meTodi da eqsperimenti. am meTodebis

gamoyenebiT mkvlevari cdiloba gaakontrolos Sesaswavli movlenis yvela

SesaZlebeli mizezi, ixilavs ra maT cal-calke. Eqsperimentis an sxva

meTodiT kvlevis dros sociologi amcirebs damoukidebeli cvladebis

raodenobas.

9. sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia politikuri klimati, romelic

xels Seuwyobs mkvlevaris Tavisuflebas, gamokvlevis Sedegebis publikaciis

SesaZleblobas da gamoricxavs represiis muqaras. sociologiis

ganviTarebaze gavlena aqvs sazogadoebriv problemebsa da krizisebs. Tavis

mxriv, sociologebis moRvaweoba exmareba sazogadoebas problemebis

dadgenasa da maTdami yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.

10. sociologiuri codna sazogadoebaze gavlenas Semdegnairad axdens:

1. specialisti sociologebi muSaoben saxelmwifoebriv da kerZo

organizaciebSi;

2. sociolgebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sxva sferoebSi;

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3. sociologebs SeuZliaT Secvalon adamianTa damokidebuleba

movlenebisadmi, aseve miawvdian informacias socialuri politikis

sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad;

4. sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gvexmareba arsebuli socialuri politikis

qmediTobis SemowmebaSi.

kultura: ZiriTadi elementebi.

1. kultura aris cxovrebis erTiani wesiT Sekruli adamianebisaTvis saerTo

qcevis wesebisa da samyaroze Sexedulebebis RirebulebaTa sistema.

cxovelTa qceva ZiriTadad gapirobebulia instinqtebiT an genetikuradaa

daprogramebuli, maSin, rodesac adamianTa qcevebi mniSvnelovanwilad

Seswavlis rezultatia. adamianTa sazogadoebaSi kultura asrulebs igive

rols, rasac cxovelTa samyaroSi instinqturi qceva. Kkultura erTi

Taobidan meores gadaecema socializaciis procesSi.

2. kulturas aqvs gavlena pirovnebis formirebaze, e.i, is aregulirebs

pirovnebis qcevas. Ggarda sxva funqciebisa, kultura gansazRvravs pirobebs

sadac SesaZlebelia midrekilebebis dakmayofileba. adamianis qcevaze

kulturis gavlenis SemzRudveli faqtorebia _ adamianis organizmis

biologiuri SesaZleblobebis zRvari, garemomcveli sinamdvilis pirobebi

da socialuri wesrigis mxardaWera.

3. zogierTma mkvlevarma, gansakuTrebiT merdokma, meti yuradReba miaqcia

kulturul universaliebs (Tvisebebs, romlebic yvela kulturas

axasiaTebs). xSirad miaCniaT, rom kulturuli universaliebi gapirobebulia

biologiuri faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa, ZuZumwovarTa ususuroba, sakvebis

moTxovnileba da a.S. magram adamianis qcevaze met gavlenas axdens

kulturuli Rirebulebebi da normebi, romelc araferi aqvT saerTo

biologiur moTxovnilebebTan, amitom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom

kulturis specifikuri aspeqtebi Seesabamebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.

4. adamianebs axasiaTebT midrekileba sxvisi kulturis SefasebaSi daeyrdnon

TavianT kulturas, am tendencias eTnocentrizmi ewodeba. sapirispiro

tendencias kulturuli relativizmi ewodeba, romlis TvalsazrisiT

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nebismieri kultura SeiZleba gagebul iqnas mxolod misi sakuTari

Rirebulebebis analizis safuZvelze da misi sakuTar konteqstSi.

5. kultura iwvevs erTianobis, jgufis wevrebis identurobis, erTi

Tanamegobrobisadmi mikuTvnebulobis SegrZnebas. kultura SeiZleba gaxdes

erTi jgufis sxvadasxva qvejgufebsa da pirovnebebs Soris konfliqtis

mizezi, Tu jgufis erT-erTi wevri emxroba SedarebiT gansxvavebul

normebs.

6. gudenaus azriT kultura oTxi elementisagan Sedgeba:

1. cnebebi, aRniSnaven adamianis gamocdilebis organizebis wess;

2. mimarTeba anu warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ukavSirdebian

erTmaneTs adamianTa gamocdilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi;

3. Rirebulebebi anu zogadi Sexedulebebi miznebze, romliskenac

adamianebi unda miiswrafodnen;

4. wesebi da normebi, romlebic aregulireben adamianebis qcevebs da moyavT

isini maTi kulturis RirebulebebTan SesabamisobaSi. individebi icaven

normebs, e.i. adamianuri urTierTobebis molodini an moTxovnebi, romlebic

sanqciebiT aris gamagrebuli (mxedvelobaSia socialuri dasja an

waxaliseba).

7. ena aris xmebisa da simboloebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli

komunikaciis, romelTac aqvT pirobiTi, magram mkacrad struqturirebuli

mniSvneloba. enis daufleba SeuZlebelia socialuri urTierqmedebebis

gareSe; mas aqvs garkveuli wesebi; is qmnis da awesrigebs gamocdilebas da

fuqcionirebs im mniSvnelobebis safuZvelze, romelic miRebulia am enaze

molaparake adamianebis mier.

8. ideologia aris garkveuliRirebulebebisa da faqtebis damfuZnebeli

sistema. ideologia anxorcielebs mraval funqcias. magaliTad, emsaxureba

socialuri daZabulobis Senelebas, romlebic Tavs iCenen maSin, rodesac

adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom zogierTi, maT mier gaziarebuli Rirebulebebi

ar Seesatyvisebian maT realur cxovrebas. ideologiebs SeuZliaT agreTve

gamoxaton an daicvan romelime socialuri jgufebis interesebi.

Mmarqsizmis TvalsazrisiT ideologia an amarTlebs romelime jgufis

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arsebobas an ibrZvis mis winaaRmdeg. ideologia aniWebs sazriss da

kanonierebas adamianTa qcevebs.

9. erTianobis garkveuli niSnebis garda kulturebs Soris SesaZlebeli

gansxvavebebi da Tavs iCenen konfliqtebi. sociologebma gamoavlines

kulturis konfliqtebis ramodenime saxe. Aanomia ewodeba socialuri

normebis bundovani xasiaTis gamo kulturis erTianobis rRvevas.

kulturuli Seyovneba SeimCneva im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac cvlilebebi

materialuri kulturis sferoSi win uswreben aramaterialuri kulturis

SesaZleblobebs SeinarCunon Sesabamisoba materialuri kulturis donesTan.

Uucxo kulturis batonobas mivyevarT kulturebis Sejaxebis formiT

gamovlenili sxvadasxva struqturis mqone konfliqtebisaken.

5. me XX saukunisaTvis Camoyalibda kulturis ori ZiriTadi forma: maRali

kultura, gulisxmobs daxvewil xelovnebas, klasikur musikas da

literaturas, is iqmneboda da aRiqmeboda elitis warmomadgenlebis mier;

ubralo xalxis kulturas ganekuTvneboda zRaprebi, folklori, simRerebi,

miTebi. Mmasobrivi informaciis saSualebebis ganviTarebam Seqmna masobrivi

kulturis gaCenis SesaZleblobebi, romelic yuradRebas ar aqcevs

regionalur, religiur an klasobriv subkulturebs.

6. normebisa da Rirebulebebis sistemas, romelic ganasxvavebs romelime

jgufs ufro farTo erTobisagan, ewodeba subkultura. subkultura ar

uaryofs umravlesobis kulturas, magram garkveuli saxiT ganze dgas

misgan. kontrkultura aris subkulturis nairsaxeoba, romelic

upirispirdeba gabatonebul kulturas. Kkontrkultura miiswrafvis

Camoayalibos normebi da Rirebulebebi, romlebic upirispirdebian

gabatonebuli kulturis ZiriTad aspeqtebs.

7. tradiciul amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris unda aRiniSnos swrafva

pirovnuli warmatebebisaken, aqtiuroba da Tavdadebuli Sroma, efeqturoba

da sargeblianoba, progresi, materialuri keTildreoba da mecnierebis

pativiscema. rismansa da mis kolegebs miaCniaT, rom es Rirebulebebi

eqvemdebarebian cvalebadobas, rom adamianebi scildebian tradiciul

,,Sinagan kulturas” da TandaTanobiT SeimuSaveben ,,gareSe Rirebulebebis”

sistemas. Bbelma Seiswavla Cveni sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris

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egocentrozmis zrda, rac imiTaa gapirobebuli, rom cxovrebis mravali

aspeqti regulirdeba institutebis mier, rac ver uzrunvelyofs sakuTari

,,me”-s dadgenas.

8. amerikelTa zogierTi Rirebulebebi winaaRmdegobaSi modian teqnologiaSi

mimdinare cvlilebebTan, resursebis gamofitvasTan, mrewvelobisa da

adamianebis keTildReobis donis klebasTan. Mmagram, Cven darwmunebuli

varT, rom iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa swrafva warmatebisaken,

optimizmi da Tavdadebuli Sroma, Rrmadaa gamjdari amerikul kulturaSi.

socialuri struqtura:

1. statusi ewodeba adamianis pozicias sazogadoebaSi garkveuli uflebebiTa da

movaleobebiT. Aadamians SeiZleba qondes ramdenime statusi, magram erT-erTi

maTgani, romelic mTavaria, gansazRvravs adamianis adgils sazogadoebaSi.

dabadebidan miRebul statuss miwerili (Tandayolili) ewodeba; statuss,

romelsac SeiZens raimes ganxorcielebis Sedegad ewodeba miRweuli.

2. roli _ es aris garkveul statusTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli qceva.

mocemuli statusisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rolebis erTobliobas roluri

sistema ewodeba. Cveni rolebi gansazRvrulia sxva adamianebis molodiniT.

zogierTi mosalodneli, magaliTad, kanoni, aris formaluri, sxva, vTqvaT,

magidasTan qcevis normebi _ araformaluria. rodesac adamianis qceva

Seesabameba roliT mosalodnels, is Rebulobs socialur waxalisebas (fuls

an pativiscemas 3.parsonsma, xuT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT gaakeTa

rolebis klasifikacia. 1.zogierTo rolebi moiTxoven emociur TavSekavebas,

maSin, rodesac sxva roli uSvebs grZnobaTa aSkarad gamoxatvas. 2.arseboben

miwerili rolebi, arsebobs miRweulic.

3. zogierTi roli SezRudulia, sxvebi difuzuri xasiaTisaa..zogierTi roli

gulisxmobs adamianebTan urTierTobas formaluri wesebiT, sxvebi nebas

rTaven daamyaron araformaluri piradi urTierTobebi 5.gansxvavebuli

rolebi dakavSirebulia gansxvavebul motivaciasTan.

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4. arc erTi roli (formaluri Tu araformaluri) ar warmoadgens qcevis

mkacrad fiqsirebul models. ufro ki qceva aris Sedegi mocemuli pirovnebis

mier roluri molodinis gagebisa. simboluri interaqcionizmisa da

eTnomeTodologiis momxreni xazs usvamen roliT mosalodnelsa da individis

qcevas Soris kavSiris moqnil xasiaTs.

5. rodesac adgili aqvs ori an meti Seusabamo rolebis

urTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnebs, Cndeba roluri konfliqti. erTi da

igive roliT Seqmnili dapirispirebuli moTxovnebi SeiZleba gaxdes roluri

daZabulobis mizezi. Aarsebobs roluri konfliqtis daZlevis ramdenime

saSualeba: zogierTi rolebi unda CaiTvalos sxva rolebze mniSvnelovnad;

ganacalkevo saxli da samuSao adgili da aseve rolebi aq; konfliqturi

situaciis ganmuxtvas xels uwyob xumroba.

6. institutebi ewodeba garkveuli socialuri moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad gamiznuli rolebisa da statusebis erTobliobas.

adamianebi ver iarsebeben grZelvadiani koleqtivebis Seqmnis gareSe. marqss

miaCnda, rom TavianTi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad

adamianebi qmnian pirobebs erToblivad organizebuli moRvaweobis wyalobiT,

amis gareSe sazogadoeba ver iarsebebda. gamoyofen sazogadoebis

arsebobisaTvis aucilebel eqvs elements: 1.urTierToba mis wevrebs Soris;

2.saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba; 3.ganawileba; 4.sazogadoebis wevrTa

dacva; 5.gamoklebul wevrTa Secvla; 6.maTi qcevis kontroli.

7. saqonlis warmoebisaTvis aucilebelia oTxi saxis sazogadoebrivi resursi:

miwa, Sroma, kapitali da organizacia. erTi an ramdenime socialuri

moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad sazogadoebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis

mizniT, institutebi qmnian adamianTa erToblivi moRvaweobis mdgrad formebs.

institutebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa adamianTa moRvaweobis

stabilizacia, romlis safuZvelze yalibdeba roluri qcevis metnaklebad

myari modelebi.

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8. sityva ,,sazogadoebas” aqvs bevri gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. marSi Seecada

gaerkvia pirobebi, rodesac socialuri gaerTianeba iqceva sazogadoebad. es

pirobebia: 1.mudmivi teritoria; 2.sazogadoebis Sevseba ZiriTadad Sobadobis

xarjze; 3.ganviTarebuli kultura; 4.,,politikuri” damoukidebloba. Gg.lenski

da j.lenski gvaZleven sazogadoebis klasifikacias, dafuZnebuls arsebobis

saSualebebis mopovebis formebze: monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba,

mebaReobis, agraruli da samrewvelo.

9. tionisi ikvlevda adamianTa kavSirebis Taviseburebebs tradiciul da

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi da Semoitana ,,gemainSaftisa” da ,,gezelSaftis”

cnebebi. Ppirveli niSnavs glexTa Tems, meore ki industriul, qalaqur

sazogadoebas. maT Soris Semdegi ZiriTadi gansxvavebebia:

1. ,,gemainSaftis” tipis sazogadoebaSi adamianebi cxovroben Temuri

aucileblobebiT, ,,gezelSaftSi” _ yoveli efuZneba pirad mogebas;

2. pirveli efuZneba tradiciul zne-Cveulebebs, meore _ formalur kanonebs;

3. pirvelSi SezRudulia specializacia, meoreSi yalibdeba

specializirebuli profesionaluri rolebi;

4. pirveli efuZneba religiur, meore ki saero Rirebulebebs;

5. pirveli tipis sazogadoebis mTavari institutebia ojaxi da Temi, meore

tipis sazogadoebis safuZvelia didi korporaciebi, adamianTa

asociaciuri gaerTianebebi.

სოციალური ჯგუფი და ორგანიზაცია:

jgufi ewodeba adamianTa erTobas, romlebsac axasiaTebT urTierTobis

garkveuli saxe, grZnoben TavianT mikuTvnebulobas am jgufisadmi da sxvebis

mier aRiqmebian am jgufis wevrebad. Cven xSirad vxsniT ama Tu im adamianis

qcevas misi romelime jgufis wevrobiT, amas xSirad dausabuTebladac

vakeTebT.

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pirveladi jgufebi Sedgebian mcire raodenobis adamianebisagan, romelTa

erTmaneTTan uSualo urTierTmoqmedeba efuZneba maT individualur

Taviseburebebs. pirveladi jgufebis magaliTebia ojaxi, megobruli wre an

nebismieri jgufi, romlis wevrebs Soris Camoyalibda Rrma emociuri

urTierToba. misgan gansxvavebiT meoradi jgufi Sedgeba adamianebisagan

romelTa Soris Camoyalibebulia susti emociuri urTierToba; maTi

urTierToba eqvemdebareba raime miznis miRwevas. Ppirovnebis individualur,

ganumeorebel Tvisebebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvT meoradi jgufebis

funqcionirebisaTvis. zogjer pirvelad jgufebi yalibdebian meoradi jgufis

SigniT, zogierTi pirovnebebisagan.

Mmiuxedavad meoradi jgufebis batonobisa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,

pirveladi jgufebi kvlav rCebian mniSvnelovan damakavSirebel Zalad

adamiansa da cxovrebis ufro formalur, organizaciul mxares Soris.

mecnierebma aRmoaCine e.w. hotornis efeqti, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom jgufis kvlevis TviT faqti, zemoqmedebs jgufis wevrebis qcevebze. Aam

da sxva aRmoCenebis wyalobiT maT gaakeTes daskvna, rom Sromis sferoSi

,,adamianuri faqtori” mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.

jgufi _ es aris yvelaze maRalorganizebuli primtebis, adamianis

CaTvliT, gadarCenis safuZveli. socializaciis garda jgufSi sxva mravali

funqciacaa. instrumentaluri jgufi iqmneba garkveuli samuSaos

Sesasruleblad, maSin, rodesac eqspresiuli jgufi iqmneba misi wevrebis

emociuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs jgufis zoma. Ddiadebi (ori adamianisagan

Semdgari jgufebi), triadebi (sami adamianisagan Semdgari jgufebi), luw da

kentricxovani jgufebi gansxvavebulad, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT

funqcionireben. xuTkacian jgufebs Cveulebriv ar awuxebT is problemebi,

romlbic sxva jgufebs sicocxles uwamlaven.

organizacia:

rTul sazogadoebebSi garkveuli miznebis misaRwevad Cndeba mravali

organizaciis an didi meoradi jgufebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.

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Qqarizmatuli jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc damakavSirebeli

pirvelad jgufebsa da organizaciebs Soris. Tavidan es jgufebi

xsasiaTdebian cvalebadobiT da Zlier liderze damokidebulebiT. wesebisa da

tradiciebis Camoyalibebis kvaldakval jgufi gadaiqceva ufro mowserigebul

organizaciad.

Qqarizmis rutinizacia _ es termini veberma SemoiRo organizaciis

struqturis ganviTarebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic sami etapisagan Sedgeba:

kristalizacia, aRiareba da institucionalizacia. Aam procesis dasrulebis

Semdeg yalibdeba mdgradi nimuSebi, romlis safuZvelzec xorcieldeba

jgufis wevrebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan da sxvebTan.

nebayoflobiTi organizaciebi xasiaTdebian sami ZiriTadi niSniT:

1. maTi mizania wevrebis saerTo interesebis dacva;

2. organizaciis wevroba nebayoflobiTia;

3. organizacias ara aqvs kavSiri samTavrobo organizaciebTan.

totaluri institutebi ki piriqiT, iqmnebian saxelmwifoebrivi,

religiuri da sxva organizaciebis interesebis dacvis mizniT. gofmani

totalur institutebs dayofs ramdenime tipad:

4. saavadmyofoebi, sanatoriumebi, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi;

5. sakoncentracio banakebi, sapyrobileebi;

6. samxedro yazarmebi, gemebi, daxuruli saswavlo organizaciebi;

7. qalTa da mamakacTa monastrebi da TavSesafarvebi.

biurokratia aris organizacia, romlis saqmianobaSi gaTvaliswinebulia:

rolebis danawileba da Sesabamisi adgili Zalauflebis ierarqiaSi.

Sromis danawileba,

daqvemdebarebis garkveuli wesrigi,

sajaro kancelariis arseboba,

specialistTa da saStato TanamSromelTa momzadebis formaluri meTodebis

gamoyeneba,

garkveuli wesebis dadgena,

TanamSromelTa mxridan organizaciis aRiarebis molodini.

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am Taviseburebebis gamo prognozirebadia biurokratiuli aparatis

TanamSromelTa qcevebi da iZleva saSualebas maTi saqmianobis

koordinaciisaTvis.

biurokratia gulisxmobs Sromis specializacias, romlis CarCoebSi yovel

TanamSromels naTlad aqvs dadgenili Tavisi saqme. Ees gadasvla

araspecializirebuli Sromidan specializirebulze xels uwyoba warmoebis

zrdas da konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmes. Bbiurokratiul aparatSi gavlenis

mopoveba damokidebulia informaciis flobaze; wamyvan specialistebs didi

gavlena aqvT, radgan isini akontroleben informaciis gavrcelebas.

wesebi gansazRvraven Tu ras elodeba administracia

TanamSromelebisagan; maTi gamoyenebis wyalobiT mcirdeba pirdapiri

zedamxedvelobis aucilebloba. wesebis sxva funqciebi gulisxmoben

administraciis moTxovnebis mitanas TanamSromlebamde, yvela donis

TanamSromlis saqmianobis marTvas, dasjis dasabuTebas, wesebisagan gadaxvevis

SesaZleblobas da daTmobebs xelmZRvanelobis mxridan.

organizaciis erT-erTi naklia gaurkvevloba miznebsa da maTi miRwevis

meTodebSi. organizaciaSi, romelsac saqme aqvs adamianebTan da ara usulo

sagnebTan Znelia iwinaswarmetyvelo ama Tu im qmedebis Sedegebi.

Oorganizaciis sirTuleze gavlena aqvs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa misi

zoma, teqnikuri aRWurviloba, garemomcveli socialuri sinamdvile da

profesionalebis Sromis gamoyeneba. naklebad rTul organizaciebs axasiaTebs

Zalauflebis centralizaciis tendencia da novaciebis SezRudva.

organizacia Cveulebriv xasiaTdeba sakuTari cxovrebiT. Oorganizaciis

paTologiis zogierT simptomebs Soris unda aRiniSnos wesebis gansakuTrebiT

mkacri dacva da organizaciis didmasStabiani miznebis miviwyeba.

Zalauflebisadmi brma morCilebis mTavari mizezia Aadamianebs Soris

usaxuri mimarTeba. maTi Sromis Sedegebisagan muSakebis gansxvisebis gziT,

biurokratias SeuZlia Seqmnas raRac neitraluri sivrce, Zalze xelsayreli

adamianebis dasamorCileblad.

iracionalur konfliqts organizaciis SigniT maSin aqvs adgili,

rodesac muSakebis individualuri Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdenen maT

saqmian kontaqtebze yvela rangis Tanamdebobebis pirebTan. Pracionaluri

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konfliqtis SesaZlebloba Cadebulia yvela organizaciis struqturaSi;

racionaluri konfliqti arsebobs sami ZiriTadi formiT:

1. konfliqti iribad konkurirebad qvejgufebs Soris;

2. konfliqti uSualod konkurirebad qvejgufebs Soris;

3. konfliqti ierarqiis SigniT, rasac iwvevs dasajildoebelTa SerCeva.

aseTi konfliqtebis regulireba Semdegnairad xorcieldeba:

TanamSromlebTan normaluri, adamianuri urTierTobebis aRdgeniT;

kooptaciis safuZvelze, anu zogierTi konfliqturi TanamSromlis miwveva

gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; organizaciis struqturis Secvla.

Oorganizaciis cxovreba asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas mTlianad.

iseTma faqtorebma, rogorebicaa kanis feri, sqesi da eTnikuri warmomavloba,

SeiZleba iseTive gavlena iqonios adamianebze organizaciis SigniT, rogorica

aqvs mis gareT.

miuxedavad biurokratiis naklovanebebisa, Cven imdenad gavxdiT masze

damokidebuli, rom, albaT, SeuZlebelia uimisoba. amitom momavalSi Cven

gvelodeba biurokratiuli sivrcis ufro gafarToeba.

სოციალიზაცია, რესოციალიზაცია:

socializacias e.i. gzebsa da saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac

adamianebi iZenen gamocdilebas da iTviseben maTi socialuri rolebis

Sesabamis ganwyobebs, normebs da Rirebulebebs, ori mizani aqvs: xeli Seuwyos

socialuri rolebis safuZvelze Cvens urTierTobebs, da uzrunvelyos

sazogadoebis arseboba am sazogadoebis sxva wevrTa mier masSi arsebuli

qcevisa da moqmedebis wesebisa da nimuSebis aTvisebis wyalobiT.

adamianebs TiTqmis ar aqvT qcevis TanSobili modelebi, magram maT yvela

cocxal arsebaze metad axasiaTebT rTuli Cvevebi (magaliTad enis) aTvisebis

unari. kulturuli Rirebulebebi – dawyebuli kanonebidan kargi tonis

dauwereli wesebiT damTavrebuli – aregulireben adamianTa qcevebsa da

miswrafebebs.

sociologebi amtkiceben, rom genetikuri midrekilebebis erToblioba

xels uwyoben an akaveben Cveni qcevebis mimdinareobas. am Tvalsazrisis

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Sesabamisad qcevis iseTi tipebi, rogorebicaa altruizmi, gapirobebulia imiT,

rom isini xels uwyoben saxeTa gadarCenas, arsebobas, maSin rodesac sisxlis

aRreva amas zians ayenebs. kritikosebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom ar arsebobs

raime dasabuTeba imisa, rom qcevis gansazRvruli saxeebi genetikurad arian

ganpirobebulni. es Teoria ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom adamianTa qcevebze did

gavlenas axdens simboloTa gamoyenebisa da bWoba-gaazrebis unari.

iseT faqtorTa urTierToba, rogorebicaa adamianis fizikuri Tvisebebi,

garemo, individualuri gamocdileba da kultura qmnian kidec unikalur

pirovnebas. C. kuli Tvlida, rom pirovneba yalibdeba `sarkiseburi me~-s

wyalobiT, anu imis interpretaciis meSveobiT, rasac Cvenze fiqroben, amboben,

grZnoben sxvebi. j. midis Tanaxmad pirovnebis formirebis procesi moicavs sam

stadias: 1) imitacia, anu bavSvebis mier zrdasrulTa qcevebis kopireba, 2)

TamaSis stadia, rodesac bavSvebi adamianebis qcevebs aRiqvaven rogorc

rolebis Sesrulebas, 3) jgufuri TamaSis stadia, rodesac bavSvebi

acnobiereben adamianTa mTeli jgufis molodinebs.

froidis mier SemoTavazebuli, pirovnebis ganviTarebis Teoriis Tanaxmad,

pirovneba moicavs sam elements: id-s _ energiis wyaros romelic

siamovnebisaken miswrafebiT ikvebeba; ego-s, romelic `realobis principis~

safuZvelze akontrolebs pirovnebis qcevebs da `superegos~ _ romelic

zneobriv da SefasebiT funqciebs asrulebs. pirovnebis am sami elementis

formireba oTxi stadiis Tanmimdevrul gavlas gulisxmobs: oraluris,

analuris, falosurisa da sqesobrivi simwifis stadiebisas. TiToeuli

maTgani dakavSirebulia sxeulis gansxvavebul nawilTan, romelsac

erogenulobas uwodeben.

6. piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi gadian

Tanamedrove stadiebis rigs, romelTa procesSi isini im axal unarebs

iTviseben, romlebic gansazRvraven maTTvis SesaZlebeli Semecnebis sazRvrebs.

stadiebi erTmaneTis mkacri TanmimdevrulobiT cvlian:

a) sensomotoruli (dabadebidan or wlamde);

b) operacionaluri (oridan Svid wlamde);

g) konkretuli operaciebis stadia (Svididan TerTmet wlamde) da

d) formaluri operaciebis stadia (Tormetidan TxuTmet wlamde).

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resocializacia

principi, romlis Tanaxmadac pirovnebis ganviTareba mTeli sicocxlis

manZilze aRmavali xaziT miemarTeba da igeba gavlilis damagrebisa da

ganmtkicebis safuZvelze, ar aris gadaulaxavi. magram pirovnebis adre

Camoyalibebuli Tvisebebi, ar aris gamaradisebuli qvaSi. resocializacia

ewodeba axali Rirebulebebis, rolebis, unar-Cvevebis aTvisebas Zveli,

adrindeli, arasakmarisad aTvisebuli an ukve moZvelebuli rolebis nacvlad.

resocializacia saqmianobis mraval saxes moicavs – kiTxvis unaris

gaumjobesebidan dawyebuli da muSaTa profesiuli gadamzadebiT damTavrebuli.

fsiqoTerapiac aseve resocializaciis erTerTi formaa. misi zemoqmedebis qveS

adamianebi cdiloben gaerkvnen TavianT konfliqtebSi da am gagebis safuZvelze

Secvalon TavianTi saqcieli da qceva.

11. socializaciis agentebs Soris aRsaniSnavia masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebisa da skolebis roli. zogierTi satelevizio programa afarToebs

bavSvebis SemecnebiT unarebs, maSin rodesac zogierTma gadacemam SeiZleba

uaryofiTi qcevebis stimulireba gamoiwvios. aziarebs ra iseT Rirebulebebs,

rogoricaa patriotizmi, skola amzadebs maT sazogadoebis sxva Rirebulebebis

asaTviseblad.

დევიაცია, ანომია,

vcadoT deviacia ganvsazRvroT rogorc jgufuri normebisagan gadaxra,

romelsac mosdevs izolacia, mkurnaloba, dapatimreba an sxva sasjeli.

mocemuli gansazRvrebis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia deviaciis sami ZiriTadi

komponenti gamovyoT:

adamiani, romelsac gansazRvruli qceva axasiaTebs;

molodini, anu norma, romelic devianturi qcevis Sefasebis kriteriumia, da

romeliRac meore adamiani, jgufi an organizacia, romlebic qcevaze reagireben.

adamianTa cxovrebis regulaciaSi mniSvnelovan rols socialuri wesebi da

normebi TamaSoben. normebi marTaven maT qcevebs, maT ician Tu ras unda

moelodnen sxvebisgan da maTgan ras moelian. adamianTa cxovrebiseuli

gamocdileba (e.i. maTi kmayofileba Tu imedis gacrueba), metnaklebad

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Seesatyviseba socialuri normebiT ganpirobebul molodinebs. magram

radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebis, magaliTad saqmiani aqtiurobis dacemis

an Seukavebeli inflaciis dros cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ukve aRar

Seesatyviseba socialur normebSi ganxorcielebul - gamoxatul idealebs.

yovelive amis Sedegad adamianebi dabneulobisa da dezorientaciis

mdgomareobas ganicdian.. moulodneli dacema an aRmasvla dakavSirebulia

“wesrigis darRvevasTan”. socialuri normebi ingreva, adamianebi kargaven

orientacias da - yvelaferi es xels uwyobs deviantur qcevas.

socialuri dezorganizacia devianturi qcevebis mizezia, sayovelTaod

aRiarebul raimed iTvleba. termini “socialuri dezorganizacia” aRniSnavs

sazogadoebis iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac kulturuli Rirebulebebi, normebi da

socialuri

urTierTkavSirebi ufasurdebian, sustdebian an erTmaneTs ewinaamRdegebian

სტრატიფიკაცია და სოციალური მობილობა,

ganzogadebuli saxiT es gamoiyureba Semdegnairad:

uTanasworoba _ esaa pirobebi, romlis drosac adamianebs araTanabari

xelmisawvdomoba aqvT iseTi socialuri sikeTeebisadmi, rogorebicaa: fuli,

Zalaufleba da prestiJi.

stratifikacia _ dakavSirebulia im wesebTan, romelTa meSveobiTac

uTanasworoba erTi Taobidan meores gadaecema. am dros yalibdeba sazogadoebis

gansxvavebuli fenebi.

klasi _ ganpirobebulia im jgufTa arsebobiT, romelsac araTanabrad

miuwvdebaT xeli simdidresa da Zalauflebaze, romlebic aseve araTanabari

prestiJiT sargebloben. sazogadoebaSi dakavebuli adgili da mdgomareoba

klasebs zogjer Zlieri gavlenis mqone politikur jgufebad aqcevs.

vertikaluri an horizontaluri mobiloba.

vertikaluri mobiloba aris individis socialuri mdgomareobis cvlileba,

romelsac Tan axlavs statusis momateba an misi daqveiTeba. rodesac adamiani

SedarebiT maRal statuss iZens, es aris aRmavali vertikaluri mobiloba; Tu

33

misi daqveiTeba xdeba, maSin daRmaval vertikalur mobilobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

(mdivnis xelmZRvanel postze daniSvna da piriqiT).

rac Seexeba horizontalur mobilobas, es aris socialuri mdgomareobis

cvlileba ise, rom statusi ar icvleba (erTi samsaxuridan meoreSi gadayvana

igive Tanamdebobaze).

Ppolitikuri wyoba

politikuri wyoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc ideologiisa da

institutebis erToblioba, romelic axdens politikuri moRvaweobis formirebas

sazogadoebis SigniT. politikuri sistemis safuZvelSi devs Zalauflebis cneba.

Zalaufleba gulisxmobs SesaZleblobas, sakuTari neba ganavrco sxvaze, da

moaxdino resursebis mobilizeba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.

Zala es aris fizikuri zemoqmedebis gamoyeneba sxvebze sakuTari nebis gavrcobis

mizniT. Zlieri avtoriteti SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc legitimuri da

institucionalur-samxedro Zalaufleba.

veberma gamoyo batonobis sami tipi:

xarizmuli,

tradiciuli da

racionalur-legaluri.

saxelmwifo - es aris sazogadoebis nawili, romelic flobs resursebisa da

saSualebebis gadanawilebisaTvis saWiro Zalauflebas, Zalas da avtoritets.

socialuri konfliqtis momxreebi saxelmwifos ganxilvis dros ZiriTad

yuradRebas amaxvileben sxvadasxva jgufebis brZolaze SuzRuduli

resursebisaTvis, maSin roca funqcionalizmis TeoriaSi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba

eniWeba politikuri Zlauflebis im aspeqtebs, romlebic dafuZnebulia

TanamSromlobaze. marqsi saxelmwifos ganixilavda rogorc mmarTveli klasis

Zalauflebis dacvisa da gaZlierebis saSualebas. funqcionalisti parsonsi

gulisxmobs, rom sazogadoeba axdens adamianuri bunebis civilizirebas da

moralur srulyofas. misi azriT politikuri cxovreba warmoadgens ufro

koordinaciis process da ara klasebs Soris brZolas resursebis

gakontrolebis mizniT.

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totalitaruli saxelmwifos liderebi iswrafvis qveynis da xalxis sruli

kontrolisaTvis. isini cdilobs gza gadauRobos Zalauflebisaken nebismier

jgufs da xeli SeuSalos gaxdes Suamavali mTavrobasa da qveynis moqalaqeebs

Soris. totalitaruli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia eqvsi ZiriTadi

Tavisebureba.: ideologiis farTo gamoyeneba, erTpartiuli sistema, teroris

gamoyeneba, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa kontroli, iaraRis gankargva da

ekonomikis marTva. amgvarad totalitaruli sistema Slis zRvars sazogadoebriv

da pirovnul sferos Soris da Trgunavs individualur iniciativas. saxelmwifo

cdilobs absoluturad daimorCilos moqalaqeebi sazogadoebaSi yvela sxva

institutis kontrolisa da daTrgunvis gziT.

avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia monarqis an

diqtatoris xelSi, romelic marTavs Zalis gamoyenebiT. politikuri partiebi da

ideologia TamaSobs gansazRvrul rols, magram totalitarul sazogadoebaSi

ganxorcielebulia ufro mkacri kontroli cxovrebis yvela aspeqtTan

mimarTebaSi.

warmomadgenlobiT demokratia, es aris saxelmwifos forma, romlis pirobebSic

xalxi axdens gansazRvruli vadiT sakuTari Zalauflebis delegirebas arCeul

pirebze, romlebic raRac periodis Semdeg gadarCevas eqvemdebarebian. aseTi

saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi Tavisebureba: individualizmis

didi mniSvneloba, konstitucionaluri mmarTvelobis arseboba, marTulTa

mmarTveloba, loialuri opozicia.

politikuri socializacia wamoadgens evoluciur process, romlis

ganmavlobaSic bavSvebi da mozardebi iTviseben ideebs, cxovrebiseul poziciebs

da qcevis modelebs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia maT garSemo arsebuli

politikuri garemosaTvis. socializaciis ZiriTadi agentebia _ ojaxi, skola da

Tanatolebi.