Protozoa 1.ppt
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PROTOZOA
Budi MulyaningsihBagian Parasitologi, Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Penyebab infeksi pada manusia
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Protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia lamblia
Balantidium coli
Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale
Toxoplasma gondii
Trichomonas vaginalis
Usus AtrialJaringanDarah
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PROTOZOA
Patogen Non-patogen
Entamoeba histolyticaGiardia lambliaBalantidium coli
Entamoeba coliEndolimax nanaIodamoeba butschlii
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Amebiasis Penyebab
Entamoeba histolytica, dg inang manusia / binatang
Distribusi Geografis Kosmopolitan terutama daerah tropis & subtropis dg higiene sanitasi buruk
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MORFOLOGITrofozoit 10-60 µm (+ 20 µm) Bergerak aktif Inti: kariosoma sentris, butir
kromatin teratur Endoplasma lebih keruh dari
ektoplasma Ada sel darah merah
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Trofozoit
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Presista GERAKAN LAMBAN BTK PERALIHAN PD SITOPLASMA ADA MASA GLIKOGEN & BENDA KROMATOID BTK CERUTU +/- INTI SATU DINDING TIPIS
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PRESISTA
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Sista
•10 – 20 µm• Bulat / oval•Dinding tebal•Inti 1 -4•Benda kroma- toid +/-
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DAUR HIDUPAMEBIASISINTESTINAL
USUS BESAR MANUSIA
TINJA
TROFSISTA
MAKANAN & MINUMAN
TERTELANMANUSIA
TROFOZOITMENEMBUS
DD. USUS MSKALIRAN DARAH
AMEBIASIS EKSTRAINTESTINAL: - HATI,PARU-PARU,OTAK,KULIT, PERIKARDIUM & ORGAN LAIN
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Patologi & Gejala Klinis Amebiasis IntestinalMasa Inkubasi : 5 (2-14) hariGejala Klinik : 9 (3-14) minggu, pd inf. percobaan. 3 (1-8) minggu, pd wabah
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A. Infeksi Akut E.histolytica segera menyerang
jaringan setelah invasi, gejala tak jelas & mendadak.
1.Ringan Ulkus tak banyak & tak meluas Gejala : tak spesifik, sakit perut, diare
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2. Berat
- Ulserasi di sekal & sigmoidorektal - penetrasi pada submukosa & mukosa - trofozoit dlm tinja + - jarang berakibat fatal
Gejala: - Sakit perut hebat, - Demam :100-102ºF - Disentri : tinja lendir dan darah15X/HR - Lekositosis - Gangguan sistematik: toksemia, dehidrasi & lesu
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B. Infeksi Kronis - Parasit sulit ditemukan
Gejala: - Tinja + lendir, menyerupai disentri basiler
- Sering kambuh - BAB tak tentu : diare /konstipasi
- Sakit perut ringan - Anoreksia, flatulensi - Hepar sedikit membesar - Gej. sistemik & psikhoneurotik
Asimtomatik
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Amebiasis ekstraintestinal
A. Hepatik- Absesdpt lebih pd satu tempat- Hepar membesar pd lobus kanan- Warna coklat, sel & jar. rusak- E. histolytica selalu di dinding abses - Demam ringan- Sakit di atas hipokhondrium - Lekositosis 13.000 – 20.000- Tak bertenaga, berat badan turun
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B. Paru Keluhan pd paru bawah kanan & pleura berhubungan dg abses liverGejala : panas-dingin, batuk pendek, lekoisitosis
C. CerebralJarang terjadiGejala : abses otak /tumor
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D. Kutaneus/kulit
- Ulkus meluas tidak menentu- Selalu di daerah peritoneal
atau disebelah fistula - Gejala: gatal-gatal, alergi urtikaria
dan dermatitis
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Diagnosis
1.Klinis - Pemeriksaan fisik - Sigmoidoskopi: lesi yg khas - aspirasi/biopsi mikroskopis
parasit - radiologi : kelainan organ dalam
dapat diketahui - Ultrasonografi - Ct. Scan.
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2. Laboratoris Menemukan parasit dg mikroskopdari biakan tinja/biopsi jaringan
3. Molekulera.Biokhemis (Enzyme activity assay) & Isoenzyme patterns) b.Biologi molekuler (PCR)c.Serologis (ELISA & Tes Aglutinasi)
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TERAPI1. AMEBIASIS INTESTINAL ASIMTOMATIK HANYA ADA SISTA DLM TINJA PDR OBAT : DILOXANIDE FUROATE (FURAMIDE) 500mg 3 X / HR, 10 HR.
2. AMEBIASIS INTESTINAL ASIMTOMATIK TROF & SISTA TDP DLM TINJA PDR OBAT : - IODOQUINOL,650mg 3 X / HR, 20 HR. - METRONIDAZOLE (FLAGYL) 750mg 3 X / HR, 10 HR.
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3. AMEBIK KOLITIS CHLOROQUINE + IODOQUINOL / METRONIDAZOLE, 250mg 2 X/HR, 14-21 HR.
4.AMEBIASIS AKUT A. METRONIDAZOLE PER ORAL, DWS : 750 mg 3 x /HR DLM 10 HR. ANAK: 40 mg/KG/HR DIBAGI DLM 3 DOSIS DLM 10 HR B. IODOQUINOL PER ORAL DWS : 650 mg, 3 x/HR DLM 20 HR C. DILOXANIDE FUROATE PER ORAL DWS : 500 mg 3 x/ HR DALAM 10 HR
5. AMEBIC LIVER ABSES A. METRONIDAZOLE B. CHLOROQUINE C. DEHYDROEMETINE
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EPIDEMIOLOGI
WHO : PREVALENSI: 2-60%, TROP & SUBTROPSANITASI BURUK
PREV. BERVARIASI: UMUR; JENIS KEL; AREA; STATUS SOSEK; LEVEL SANITASI
PREV MENINGKAT: ANAK USIA SEKOLAH; OSEK KURANG; PEDESAAN; SANITASI BURUK; AKHIR MUSIM PENGHUJAN.
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GIARDIASIS
PARASIT: Giardia lamblia FLAGELATA USUS HABITAT DLM KRIPTE DUODENUM ANAK-ANAK > DEWASA INANG DEFINITIF : MANUSIA & BINATANG PENGERAT (TIKUS) DISTRIBUSI GEOGRAFIS : KOSMOPOLITAN (TROPIS & SUBTROPIS:
NEGARA YG SEDANG BERKEMBANG)
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MORFOLOGI
TROFOZOIT
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TROFOZOIT
BENTUK SEPERTI BUAH PER, UJUNG POST RUNCING & TIPIS
BILATERAL SIMETRIS, 12 – 15 m (+ 14 m) PUNYA DISKUS PENGISAP GERAKAN PROGRESIF SPT DAUN JATUH ALAT GERAK : 4 PASANG FLAGELLUM YG
BERPANGKAL DI BLEFAROPLAST (ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR, VENTRAL & LATERAL)
INTI : 2 BUAH OVAL, KARIOSOMA BESAR DITENGAH.
2 AXONEMA BENDA PARABASAL
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1. INTI2. BENDA PARABASAL3. AKSONEMA4. FLAGELLUM
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TROFOZOIT
DARI SAMPING : - BAGIAN VENTRAL, CEKUNG - BAGIAN DORSAL, CEMBUNG
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SISTA
- BTK ELIPSOIDAL- 10 – 12 m - DINDING TIPIS
1 LAPIS - AXONEMA - BENDA PARABASAL
- BLEFAROPLAS- BEKAS FLAGELUM
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DAUR HIDUP
USUS HALUSDUODENUM
JEJUNUM
TINJA
TROF SISTA MAKANAN, MINUMAN
INANGEKSISTASI
DIDUODENUM
TROF
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CARA MEMPERBANYAK DIRI
DLM USUS HALUS SISTA EKSSISTASI 2
BUAH TROFOZOIT. TROFOZOIT BELAH PASANG
LONGITUDINAL
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SUASANA YG SESUAI : - BASA - AKHLORHIDRIA - DIET KAYA KARBOHIDRAT MAKANAN : SARI MAKANAN DR LUMEN & MUKOSA USUS, DIISAP DNG DISKUS PENGISAP TROFOZOIT TAHAN PERISTALTIK USUS, JARANG DITEMUKAN DLM TINJA
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GEJALA KLINIS ASIMTOMATIS DNG GEJALA : AKUT / KRONIS INF. PD ANAK > DEWASA GIARDIASIS AKUT: DIARE BERLEMAK (STEATORRHOEA) WARNA TINJA PUCAT / PUTIH KEKUNINGAN,
SEPERTI DEMPUL FLATULENSI ANOREXIA SAKIT DI DAERAH EPIGASTRIUM DIARE DISELINGI OBSTIPASI, KADANG JADI
AKUT & ENCER
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GIARDIASIS KRONIS HIPOPROTEINEMIA HIPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA DEFISIENSI AS. FOLAT & VITAMIN
YG LARUT DLM LEMAK VILLI USUS ATROFI MALABSORBSI KOLONI BAKTERI
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DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS LABORATORIS :1. TINJA CAIR TROFOZOIT
TINJA PADAT SISTA2. ASPIRASI DUODENAL TROFOZOIT3. ENTERO TEST / MUKOSA DUODENUM
TROFOZOIT4. IMUNOLOGIS ELISA,
IMUNOFLOURESCEN, CONTER IMUNO ELECTROPHORESIS (CIE)
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TERAPI 1. QUINACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE:
AGAK TOKSIS 2. METRONIDAZOLE: 0,25 gram 3X/HR, SELAMA 5 HARI
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EPIDEMIOLOGI
PREVALENSI : 1,5 –20%, BERKAITAN DENGAN SOSIOEKONOMI
“TRAVELERS DIARRHEA”, PD AIR MINUM (WATER BORNE DISEASES)
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PENCEGAHAN
1. MENEMUKAN & MENGOBATI “CARRIER”2. PERBAIKAN : HIGIENE SANITASI , NUTRISI,
MAKANAN & MINUMAN3. MENGGUNAKAN SARANA AIR MINUM YG
BAIK DNG PURIFIKASI + LAR IODIN, KARENA SISTA G. lamblia RESISTEN
THD CHLORINASI
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BALANTIDIASIS
PARASIT : Balantidium coli PROTOZOA USUS YG UKURANNYA
PALING BESAR CILIATA INANG AKSIDENTAL : MANUSIA INANG DEFINITIF : BABI & KERA HABITAT DI USUS BESAR DISTRIBUSI GEOGRAFIS :
KOSMOPOLITAN , TROPIS & SUBTROPIS
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MORFOLOGI TROFOZOIT : SEPERTI KANTONG OVAL, ± 60 µm ANTERIOR TAJAM, POSTERIOR BULAT TUBUH TERTUTUP CILIA
YG MERUPAKAN ALAT GERAK
SITOSTOMA, SITOFIGE : LUBANG
EKSKRESI INTI : MAKRONUKLEUS &
MIKRONUKLEUS VAKUOLA KONTRAKTIL
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TROFOZOIT
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SISTA AGAK BULAT, 52 X 55
µm DINDING 2 LAPIS,
LUAR TEBAL & DALAM TIPIS
CILIA KADANG TAMPAK TERUTAMA PD SEDIAAN SEGAR
MAKRONUKLEUS + MIKRONUKLEUS + / - VAKUOLA DILUAR INANG,
MAMPU HIDUP BBRP MINGGU
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DAUR HIDUP
USUS BESARINANG
DEF : BABI
TINJA
TROF SISTA
MAKANAN & MINUMAN
INANGAKSIDENTAL
MANUSIADI USUSBESAR :
REGIO CECALIS/ ILEUM PARSTERMINALIS
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CARA BERKEMBANG BIAK
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PATOLOGI
INVASI TROF DI MUKOSA & SUBMUKOSA USUS
DPT SAMPAI APENDIKS MEMPERBANYAK DIRI
MEMBENTUK SARANG TIMBUL ABSESPECAH JADI ULKUS (TAK
TERATUR MENGGAUNG) INFEKSI BAKTERI (SEKUNDER) INFEKSI EKSTRAINTESTINAL ?
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GEJALA KLINIS
KEBANYAKAN ASIMTOMATIS INFEKSI SEDANG YG AKUT : TINJA CAIR, 6 – 15x / HR DISERTAI LENDIR, NANAH & DARAH
INFEKSI KRONIS : - DIARE TIMBUL / HILANG - NYERI PADA KOLON - ANEMIA - CACHEXIA
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DIAGNOSIS
BALANTIDIASIS SERING DIKACAUKAN DNG DISENTRI YG LAIN.
DIAGNOSIS : - TROFOZOIT PD TINJA CAIR (90%) - SISTA PD TINJA PADAT - PERLU PERIKSA TINJA BBRP KALI - SIGMOIDOSKOPI, PERLU DILAKUKAN
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TERAPI
OBAT PILIHAN : TETRASIKLIN
OBAT ALTERNATIF: DIIODOHIDROKSIKUIN
KOMBINASI METRONIDAZOLE & DIIODOHIDROKSIKUIN IODOQUINOLIN NITRIMIDAZIN PAROMOMYCIN
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EPIDEMIOLOGI &PENCEGAHAN
EPIDEMIOLOGI : - BABI MERUPAKAN INANG RESERVOIR YG PENTING BAGI MANUSIA, WALAU KERA JUGA DPT TERINFEKSI - INSIDENS MANUSIA CUKUP TINGGI DI DAERAH PEMELIHARAAN BABI & DAERAH PEMOTONGAN BABI, DNG HIGIENE SANITASI YG BURUK
PENCEGAHAN : - MENINGKATKAN HIGIENE SANITASI PERORANGAN & LINGKUNGAN