PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE -...

PRODUCT ARCHITECTURE Chapter 11

09/05/17 Perancangan Produk - Genap 2016/2017 1

Product Development Process

Planning ConceptDevelopment

System-LevelDesign

DetailDesign

Testing andRefinement

ProductionRamp-Up

Product architecture is determined early in the development process.

Platform decision

Concept decision

Decomposition decision


PlanningConceptDevelop.

System-LevelDesign

DetailDesign

TestingAnd

Refinement

ProductionRamp-Up

Marketing

Design

Mfg

Other


Arsitektur Produk • Arsitektur produk adalah penugasan elemen-elemen

fungsional dari produk terhadap kumpulan bangunan fisik (physical building blocks) dari suatu produk.

•  Tujuan arsitektur produk adalah menguraikan komponen fisik dasar dari produk, apa yang harus dilakukan komponen tersebut dan seperti apa penghubung/pembatas (interface) yang digunakan untuk peralatan lainnya.


Product Architecture: Definition •  The arrangement of functional elements into physical

chunks which become the building blocks for the product or family of products


Product

module

module

module

module

module

module

module

module

Importance of Product Architecture • Decided early and drives design

•  Bagaimana arsitektur produk mempengaruhi kemampuan tim pengembang menghasilkan beberapa variasi produk?

•  Impacts manufacturing cost •  Apa implikasi biaya dari arsitektur produk yang berbeda-beda?

•  Impacts product evolution •  Bagaimana arsitektur produk mempengaruhi kemampuan tim

pengembang untuk menyelesaikan desain dalam 1 bulan?

•  Impacts organization structure of design teams •  Bagaimana arsitektur produk mempengaruhi kemampuan tim

pengembang untuk mengendalikan proses pengembangan?


Product Architecture Example: Hewlett-Packard DeskJet Printer


Elements of Product Architecture •  Functional elements: individual operations and

transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product.

• Physical elements: the parts, components, and sub-assemblies that ultimately implement the product’s functions.


Elemen fungsional •  Terdiri atas operasi dan transformasi yang menyumbang

terhadap kinerja keseluruhan produk • Biasanya diuraikan dalam bentuk skema sebelum

direduksi menjadi suatu teknologi yang spesifik, komponen, atau prinsip-prinsip kerja fisik

• Contoh: •  Menyimpan kertas •  Berkomunikasi dengan komputer pusat (pengendali)


Elemen fisik • Bagian produk (part), komponen, dan sub rakitan yang

pada akhirnya diimplementasikan terhadap fungsi produk • Diuraikan lebih rinci ketika usaha pengembangan

berlanjut • Beberapa elemen fisik ditentukan oleh konsep produk,

dan yang lainnya ditentukan selama fase perancangan detail

• Contoh: peralatan pengirim tinta melalui prinsip pemanasan à diterapkan pada tinta printer (printer cartridge)


Product Architecture • Physical elements are typically organized into several

major building blocks: chunks • Each chunk: a collection of components that implement

the functions of the product •  The architecture of a product: the scheme by which the

functional elements of the product are arranged into physical chunks and by which the chunks interact


Types of Product Architecture • modular •  integral


Modular Architecture • Each physical chunk implements one or a few functional

elements in their entirety •  The interactions between chunks are well defined (i.e. the

interfaces are well defined) and fundamental to the primary functions of the product

• Modular architecture has advantages in simplicity and reusability for a product family or platform.

• Allows a design change in one chunk without requiring changes to other chunks

• Most modular: each functional element is implemented by exactly one chunk


Modular Product Architectures

Sony Walkman Swiss Army Knife


Platform Product Family Product

Platform Architecture of the Sony Walkman


Additional Advantage to Modular Design • HP products are designed to be recycled. • Recycling design features include:

•  Modular design to allow components to be removed, upgraded or replaced

•  Eliminating glues and adhesives, for example, by using snap-in features

•  Marking plastic parts weighing more than 25g according to ISO 11469 international standards, to speed up materials identification during recycling

•  Reducing the number and types of materials used •  Using single plastic polymers •  Using molded-in colors and finishes instead of paint, coatings or

plating •  Relying on modular designs for ease of disassembly of dissimilar

recyclable materials


Integral Architecture •  Functional elements are implemented by multiple chunks,

or a chunk may implement many functions. •  Interactions between chunks are poorly defined, may be

incidental to the primary functions of the products •  Integral architecture generally increases performance and

reduces costs for any specific product model. • Used with products with highest possible performance in

mind


Integral Product Architectures

Compact Camera


Integral vs. Modular

Integral

• Higher system performance

•  Tightly coupled design teams

• Hard to change •  Lower system cost (in

large volume) • Expensive Tooling

Modular

• Reduced performance • Decoupled design teams •  Increased flexibility • Accommodates made-to-

order products • Changeability • Requires flexible

manufacturing • Cheaper at low volumes


Trailer Example: Modular Architecture

box

hitch

fairing

bed

springs

wheels

protect cargofrom weather

connect to vehicle

minimizeair drag

supportcargo loads

suspendtrailer structure

transfer loadsto road


Trailer Example: Integral Architecture

upper half

lower half

nose piece

cargo hangingstraps

spring slotcovers

wheels

protect cargofrom weather

connect to vehicle

minimizeair drag

supportcargo loads

suspendtrailer structure

transfer loadsto road


Modular or Integral Architecture?

Motorola StarTACCellular Phone

RollerbladeIn-Line Skates

FordExplorer

AppleiBook


Types of Modularity • Slot-Modular Architecture

•  unique interfaces for attachment to a base element (e.g. pacemaker leads)

• Bus-Modular Architecture •  common interfaces for attachment to a base element (e.g. USB

connectors on a computer)

• Sectional-Modular Architecture •  Common interfaces between elements without a base element

(e.g. legos & piping)


Slot-Modular Architecture •  each interface between chunks different - various chunks

cannot be interchanged •  example: automobile radio - implements exactly one

function, but interface different from any other components in the vehicle


Bus-Modular Architecture •  a common bus to which chunks connect via the same

type of interface •  examples: track-lighting, shelving system with rails,

expansion card for PC


Sectional-Modular Architecture •  all interfaces of same type, but no single element to which

all other chunks attach •  assembly built by connecting chunks to each other via

identical interfaces •  examples: piping systems, office partitions


Types of Modularity


Implications of the Architecture • Decisions about how to divide the product into chunks,

and how much modularity, are linked to: •  product change •  product variety •  Standardization •  Performance •  manufacturability •  product development management


Product Change - Motives •  upgrade: technology or user needs evolve •  add-ons: add to basic unit; third-party •  adaptation: different use environments • wear: replace elements, extend useful life •  consumption: replenish consumables •  flexibility in use: configured for different uses •  reuse: new models from small changes


Product Variety •  products built around modular architectures can be more

easily varied without adding tremendous complexity to the manufacturing systems •  example: Swatch watches - many different hands, faces,

wristbands but small selection of movements and cases


Standardization & performance • Standarisasi komponen adalah penggunaan komponen

atau chunk yang sama pada bermacam-macam produk

• Kinerja produk didefinisikan dengan seberapa baik produk dapat mengimplementasikan fungsi-fungsi yang ditugaskan terhadap produk


Manufacturability • Product architecture directly affects the ability of the team

to design each chunk to be produced at low cost • One DFM strategy involves minimization of the number of

parts through component integration, but component integration across several chunks is difficult

• DFM must start at system-level design


Product Development Management • Modular and integral architecture demand different project

management styles •  modular - requires very careful planning during system-level design •  integral - less planning during system-level, but more integration,

conflict resolution, and coordination during detail design


Fundamental Decisions 1.  Integral vs. modular architecture? 2.  What type of modularity? 3.  How to assign functions to chunks? 4.  How to assign chunks to teams? 5.  Which chunks to outsource?


Choosing the Product Architecture • Architecture decisions relate to product planning and

concept development decisions: •  Product Change (copier toner, camera lenses) •  Product Variety (computers, automobiles) •  Standardization (motors, bearings, fasteners) •  Performance (racing bikes, fighter planes) •  Manufacturing Cost (disk drives, razors) •  Project Management (team capacity, skills) •  System Engineering (decomposition, integration)


The concepts of integral and modular apply at several levels:

system

sub-system

component


Product Architecture = Decomposition + Interactions

• Interactions within chunks

• Interactions across chunks


Establishing the Architecture •  To establish a modular architecture, create a schematic of

the product, and cluster the elements of the schematic to achieve the types of product variety desired.


Establishing the Architecture Create a schematic of the product

Cluster the elements of the schematic

Create a rough geometric layout

Identify the fundamental and incidental interactions


Create a Schematic • Schematic: a diagram of the team’s understanding of the

elements of the product •  physical concepts, critical components, and functional elements •  if product is a complex system with hundreds of functional

elements, group into fewer, higher-level functions to be decomposed later


Schematic For A Wristwatch


Schematic For A Telephone Base


DeskJet Printer Schematic

Flow of forces or energyFlow of materialFlow of signals or data

StoreOutput

StoreBlankPaper

EnclosePrinter

ProvideStructuralSupport

PrintCartridge

PositionCartridgeIn X-Axis

PositionPaper

In Y-Axis

SupplyDC

Power“Pick”Paper

ControlPrinter

CommandPrinter

Connectto

Host

CommunicatewithHost

DisplayStatus

AcceptUser

Inputs

Functionalor PhysicalElements


Cluster the Elements of the Schematic •  To determine when there are advantages to clustering,

consider: •  geometric integration and precision •  function sharing •  capabilities of vendors •  similarity of design or production technology •  localization of change •  accommodating variety •  enabling standardization


Cluster Elements into Chunks

StoreOutput

StoreBlankPaper

EnclosePrinter

ProvideStructuralSupport

PrintCartridge

PositionCartridgeIn X-Axis

PositionPaper

In Y-Axis

SupplyDC

Power“Pick”Paper

ControlPrinter

CommandPrinter

Connectto

Host

CommunicatewithHost

DisplayStatus

AcceptUser

Inputs

Paper Tray PrintMechanism

Logic Board

Chassis

Enclosure

User Interface Board

Host DriverSoftware

Power Cordand “Brick”

Functionalor PhysicalElements

Chunks


Create a Rough Geometric Layout • Geometric layout in two- or three-dimensions

•  drawings •  computer models •  physical models

•  cardboard or foam •  evaluate clustering •  coordinate with industrial designers


Geometric Layout

printmechanism

paper tray

user interface board

printcartridge

logicboard

chassis


Geometric Layout

chassis

paperroller

print cartridge

paper tray

enclosure

logic board

height


Identify the Fundamental and Incidental Interactions •  fundamental: those corresponding to the lines on the

schematic that connect the chunks together; planned •  incidental: those that arise because of the particular

physical implementation of functional elements, or because of the geometric arrangement of the chunks •  example: chunks creating motion may have vibration as an

incidental interaction


Incidental Interactions

Enclosure

Paper Tray

Chassis

PrintMechanism

User InterfaceBoard

LogicBoard

Power Cordand “Brick”

Host DriverSoftware

Styling

Vibration

Thermal Distortion

Thermal Distortion

RF InterferenceRF

Shielding


Pertimbangan variasi dan rantai pemasok • Dua prinsip desain yang diperlukan untuk melakukan

penundaan diferensiasi: •  Diferensiasi elemen-elemen dari produk harus dikonsentrasikan

pada satu atau sedikit chunk •  Produk dan proses produksi harus dirancang sedemikian rupa

sehingga chunk yang didiferensiasikan dapat ditambahkan pada produk mendekati tahap akhir dari rantai pemasok


Pertimbangan variasi dan rantai pemasok


• Atas – suplai energi didistribusikan melintasi kawat, area tertutup, kerangka (chassis), dan papan logika (logic board)

• Bawah – suplai energi dibatasi distribusinya pada kawat dan kotak penyuplai energi

Perencanaan platform • Bentuk dasar (platform produk): kumpulan bagian,

termasuk rancangan komponen yang dapat digunakan bersama oleh bermacam-macam produk

• Perencanaan platform produk melibatkan upaya untuk mengendalikan pertentangan antara perbedaan dan persamaan

• Alat sederhana: •  Rencana diferensiasi (differentiation plan) •  Rencana penyamaan (commonality plan)


Differentiation plan

Atribut Diferensiasi Segmen Keluarga Segmen Mahasiswa Segmen Kantor Kecil, Rumah Kantor

Kualitas cetakan hitam Mendekati laser dengankualitas 300 dpi

Laser dengan kualitas 600 dpi

Laser kualitas 600 dpi

Kualitas cetakanberwarna

Mendekati kualitas foto Sama dengan DJ600 Sama dengan DJ600

Kecepatan printer 6 halaman/menit 8 halaman/menit 10 lembar/menit

Luas 360mm x 400mm 340mm (tinggi) x 360mm (lebar)

400mm (tinggi) x 450mm (lebar)

Penyimpan kertas 100 lembar 100 lembar 150 lembar

Gaya Konsumen Konsumen muda Komersial

Penghubung ke komputer USB dan kawat parallel USB USB

Kesesuaian(kompatibilitas) sistemoperasi

Macintosh dan windows Macintosh dan windows Windows


Planning a Modular Product Line: Commonality Table

Chunks

Number of Types

Family Student SOHO (small office, home office)

Print cartridge 2 “Manet” Cartridge “Picasso” Cartridge “Picasso” Cartridge

Print Mechanism 2 "Aurora" Series Narrow "Aurora" series "Aurora" series

Paper tray 2 Front-in Front-out Front-in Front-out Tall Front-in Front-out

Logic board 2 “Next gen” board with parallel port

“Next gen” board “Next gen” board

Enclosure 3 Home style Youth style “Soft office” style

Driver software 5 Version A-PC Version A-Mac

Version B-PC Version B-Mac

Version C

Differentiation versus Commonality

Trade off product variety and production complexity


Mengatur pertentangan antara perbedaan dengan persamaan • Keputusan rencana platform harus diinformasikan melalui

perkiraan terhadap implikasi biaya dan pendapatan yang kuantitatif

• Melakukan pengulangan (iterasi) dalam mengambil keputusan akan lebih baik

• Arsitektur produk menentukan sifat pertentangan antara perbedaan (differentiation) dengan persamaan (commonality)


Related System-Level Design Issues •  The four-step method for establishing architecture guides

the early design activities, but more detailed activities remain: •  defining secondary systems •  establishing architecture chunks •  creating detailed interface specifications


Defining Secondary Systems • many functional and physical elements not shown on

schematic (for simplicity) •  others may be conceived as system-level design evolves •  examples: safety systems, power systems, structural

supports • management issue: who takes on responsibility for their

design?


Establishing Architecture Chunks •  some chunks of a complex system may be complex

systems themselves •  each of these may have its own architecture

•  same issues, procedures apply as for the system


Creating Detailed Interface Specifications •  as system-level design progresses, fundamental

interactions need more refinement •  as a result, specification of the interfaces need to be clarified

•  interfaces represent “contracts” between chunks •  often detailed in formal specification documents


END


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