Pretreatment/Treatment Biologi

Dr. Isroi, SSi., MSi

Mengubah Tumpukan LimbahLignoselulosa Menjadi Tumpukan Duit

Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Perkebunan Indonesia

Limbah Lignoselulosa

Limbah Lignoselulosa adalahlimbah dari pengolahan/industripertanian/perkebunan/kehutanan yang komponen utamanyaadalah lignin, selulosa, danhemiselulosa.

Serabut Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Padi Jerami, sekam

Jagung tongkol, klobot, batang

Tebu Blotong, bagase, batang, seresah

Sawit tkks, pangkasan, canngkang

Kayu Serbuk kayu

Sampah sampah organik dari tanaman

LIGNOSELULOSA

Selulosa

Lignin

Hemiselulosa

Model Lignoselulosa: sellulose, Hemisellulose and Lignin

Lignin:

• Bahan organik no-2 yang paling melimbah di alam

• Produc dari lintasanphenylpropanoid

• Lignin – monolignol/lignin-tahapanlintasan pembentukan lignin dimulai dari massa transisitanaman dari habitat air ke habitat daratan

Hemiselulosa:

• Bahan organik no-3 yang paling melimpah di alam• Polimer dari gula C6 dan C5:

glukosa, xylosa, mannosa, galaktosa, arabinosa• Rantai polimernya bercabang

Sellulosa:

• Bahan organik yang paling melimpah di alam• Polimer glukosa rantai lurus/tidak bercabang• Lignin – monolignol/lignin-forming pathway steps

evolved during transition (evolution) of plants from the water habitat to the land habitat.

Kandungan Limbah Lignoselulosa

BiomassaKlason

Lignin (%)

Selulosa

(%)

Hemiselulosa

(%)Referensi

Rice straw 21 38 25 Taniguchi et al (2005)

Oil palm empty fruit bunches 10 50.4 21.9Umikalsom et al

(1997)

Hardwoods stems 18 40 24 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Softwoods stems 25 45 25 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Nut Shells 30 25 25 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Corn cobs 15 45 35 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Grasses 10 25 35 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Paper 0 85 0 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Wheat straw 15 30 50 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Sorted refuse 20 60 20 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Leaves 0 15 80 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Kandungan Limbah Lignoselulosa

BiomassaKlason

Lignin (%)

Selulosa

(%)

Hemiselulosa

(%)Referensi

Cotton seed hairs 0 80 5 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Newspaper 18 40 25 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Waste papers from chemical

pulps5 60 10 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Primary wastewater solids 24 8 0 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Swine waste 0 6 28 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Solid cattle manure 2.7 1.6 1.4 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Coastal Bermuda Grass 6.4 25 35.7 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Switch grass 12 45 31.4 Sun and Cheng (2002)

Baggase 24.05 42.64 25.4 Bransby (2007)

(Kim and Dale, 2004)

Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit

Oil Palm Tree

Fresh Fruit

Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB)CPO

Kernel

Fiber

Volume beberapa limbah lignoselulosa

Keseimbangan Massa di PKS

1 ton TBS 230 kg TKKS

Produksi TKKS di Indonesia

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

TKK

S (x

10

00

to

n)

Tahun

20.7 Juta Ton TKKS

200 – 600 ton TKKS/hari

1 ton TBS

230 kg TKKS

Volume beberapa limbah lignoselulosa

Jerami

Sekam

• Setiap 1 ton gabah akan menghasilkan 1.5 ton jerami

• Rata-rata panen 6 ton/ha, jadi dalam 1 ha = 8.5 ton jerami (kering)

• Total panen di Indonesia 69.05 juta ton Gabah(http://www.deptan.go.id/news/detail.php?id=1090;)

• Setiap 1 ton gabah akan menghasilkan 0.2 ton sekam

• Rata-rata panen 6 ton/ha, jadi dalam 1 ha = 1.2 ton sekam (kering)

http://www.irri.org/science/ricestat/pdfs/WRS2005-Table01.pdf

103.575 juta ton jerami

13.81 juta ton sekam

Produk Turunan Lignoselulosa

Produk paling sederhana dari lignoselulosa dengan perlakuan biologi

Kompos

Pakan Ternak

Sederhana tetapi tidakselalu mudah

Produk Turunan Lignoselulosa

(Nuryanto, 2000)

Produk Turunan Lignoselulosa

(Nuryanto, 2000)

Produk Turunan Lignoselulosa

(Nuryanto, 2000)

Lignin Pulp/selulosa Silika

Coba hitung berapa potensi uangyang bisa dihasilkan dari limbahlignoselulosa

Kompos dan pupuk organik

Pakan Ternak

Pulp/Kertas

Bioethanol

Bioplastik

Konversi Lignoselulosa Tidak Mudah

Lignoselulosa ProdukTidak mudah

Limbah lignoselulosa memiliki karakteristik yang bermacam-macam

Limbah lignoselulosa membutuhkan perlakuanyang berbeda untuk menghasilkan produk tertentu

Hambatan struktural lignoselulosa

Permasalahan Digestibilitas TKKS

Kandungan (%)

Lignin 23,89

Selulosa 40,37

Hemiselulosa 20,06

Ekstraktif & abu 15,69

Permasalahan

Digestibilitas Selulosa TKKS Sangat Rendah

Permasalahan Digestibilitas TKKS

Tubuh Silika

Law et al. (2007)

LigninSelulosa

Hemiselulosa

Bagian Kristalin

Bagian Amorph

Tubuh Silika

Ikatan silang antara lignin dengan polisakarida dalambiomassa lignoselulosa

(Biomass Recalcitrans, Himmel. 2008)

(Kolpak & Badwell, 1976)

Kristalinitas & Ikatan Hidrogen Selulosa

Daerah kristalin

http://a.purposefulprocess.org/2012/09/03/words-wood-pulp-carbon-fiber-and-kevlar/

Daerah amorf

Pretreatment of Lignocelullose

Mosier et al. (2005)

Pretreatment:• Mechanical • Physical• Chemical

• Biological• Combination

Pretreatments have as a goal to improve the digestibility of the lignocellulosic biomass (Hendriks and Zeeman, 2008).

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages

• No chemical added • Take more times

• Less energy used • Need more places

• More environmentalfriendly

Biological pretreatment of EFB by white-rot fungi compared with physical/chemical pretreatment

White-rot Fungi

Enzymes produced by lignocellulytic fungi:• Laccase • Mangan Peroxidase (Mn P)• Lignin Peroxidase (Li P)

White-rot fungi are the only known organisms that, to any extent, mineralize lignin to CO2 and water in pure culture (Gold and Alic, 1993)

Purpose White-rot fungus Substrates ReferencesEnzymatic Hydrolysis Phanerochaete

chrysosporium, cotton stalks, corn stover, [Rodríguez et al. 1997]

Pleurotus ostreatus, rice straw,

[Shi,Chinn & Sharma-

Shivappa 2008b]

Ceriporiopsis

subvermispora, Bamboo, [Taniguchi et al. 2005]

Coriolus versicolor, corn stover, [Zhang,Xu & Wang 2007]

Cyathus stercoreus,

leafs of Achras zapota,

Bamboo

[Ganesh Kumar,Sekaran &

Krishnamoorthy 2006]

Irpex lacteus, Japanese rep pine [Hatakka 1983]

Ceriporia lacerata, Stereum

hirsutum, and Polyporus

brumalis [Dias et al. In Press]

[Lee et al. 2007]Biopulping Ceriporiopsis

subvermispora, Wood chips, [Akhtar et al. 1992]

Trametes hirsute, wood chips,

[Yaghoubi,Pazouki &

Shojaosadati 2008]

Phanerochaete

chrysosporium, rice straw,

[de Jong,Chandra & Saddler

1997]

Panus cochatus, hemp stemwood [Chen,Xu & Li 2002]

Bjerkandera sp. softwood

[de Jong,Chandra & Saddler

1997]

Physisporinus rivulosus Wheat straw [Mosai et al. 1999]

Phanerochaete

chrysosporium ME446, [Yu et al. 1994]

[Rodríguez et al. 2008a]

[Maijala et al. 2008]

[Qin et al. 2009]

Purpose White-rot fungus Substrates ReferencesBiobleaching

Tremetes versicolor, Kraft pulp

[Archibald et al. 1997]

[Moreira et al. 1998]

Ceriporiopsis

subvermispora, pulp [Christov,Akhtar & Prior 1996]

Phanerochaete sordida,

Phlebia radiata,

Stereum hirsutum

Bjerkandera sp.Animal Feed Trametes versicolor wheat straw [Rodríguez et al. 2008b]

Bjerkandera adusta straw [Akin et al. 1996]

Fomes fomentarius, plant residue

[Valmaseda,Martinez &

Martinez 1991]

Pleurotus ostreatus, wheat straw [Agosin & Odier 1985]

Cyathus stercoreus, beech sawdust [Basu et al. 2002]

Dichomitus squalens, reed [Zadražil 1980]

Ceriporiopsis

subvermispora, rape [Graminha et al. 2008]

Phanerochaete

chrysosporium, sunflower straw [Kamara & Zadrazil 1988]

Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, rice husks [Okano et al. 2007]

Sporotrichum

pulverulenturn, baggase [Okano et al. 2009]

Bjerkandera adusta, bamboo [Ortega et al. 1992]

Dichomitus squalens

Stropbaria rugosoannulata

Pleurotus sp. Florida

Pleurotus cornucopiae

Agrocybe aegerita

Pleurotus eryngiiEnzymes production Trametes hirsuta Grape seed [Membrillo et al. 2008]

Purpose White-rot fungus Substrates ReferencesEnzymes production Trametes hirsuta Grape seed [Membrillo et al. 2008]

Pleurotus ostreatus wheat straw [Rodríguez et al. 1997]

Phanerochaete

chrysosporium corn cob [Couto & Toca-Herrera 2007]

Pleurotus sajor-caju bagase

[Rivela,Couto & Sanromán

2000]

Panus tigrinus olive-mill wastewater [Camassola & Dillon 2008]

Phlebia radiata rice husk [Couto et al. 2002]

Nematoloma (Hypholoma)

frowardii oat husk [Fenice et al. 2003]

Clitocybula dusenii paper sludge

Trametes versicolor

Cerrena unicolor

C. unicolor

Pleurotus sp

Generalized biomass to ethanol process

PurificationPretreatment Hydrolysis Fermentation

Power Generation

Ethanol

Waste water

Electricity

Biomass

SteamSolid residuals

Hamelinck et al., 2005

SSF

Pulp

Biopulping

Biological Pretreatment

Untreated After pretreatment

Visual Changes of OPEFB after pretreatment

HidrolisisGula

Bioplastik

Superabsorban

Bungkil Sawit

Pretreatment Biologi

Pakan Ternak

Pretreatment Biologi

Bakteri Asam Laktat Silase

PENUTUP

Limbah Lignoselulosa Sangat Melimpah diIndonesia.

Limbah Lignoselulosa berpotensi untuk menjadibahan baku berbagai produk yang memiliki nilaiekonomi tinggi.

Pretreatment/treatment biologi bisadimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan nilai tambahlimbah lignoselulosa menjadi produk-produkyang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi.

Thank You