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TUGAS
Disusun Oleh:
Gustiayu Putri Pitoyo
2011730138
Dokter Pembimbing :
dr. H. Awie Darwizar, Sp.OG
KEPANITERAAN KLINIK STASE OBGYN
RSUD CIANJUR
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN DAN KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH JAKARTA
2015
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
PEMERIKSAAN LEOPOLD
1) Perkenalkan diri.
2) Jelaskan maksud dan tujuan serta cara pemeriksaan palpasi.
3) Ibu dipersilahkan berbaring telentang dengan sendi lutut semi fleksi.
4) Pemeriksaan LEOPOLD: Leopold I s/d III, pemeriksaan dilakukan dengan
berdiri di kanan ibu dan menghadap ke muka ibu ; pemeriksaan Leopold IV,
pemeriksa berbalikarah sehingga menghadap ke kaki ibu.
Leopold I
Leopold II
Kedua telapak tangan
pemeriksa diletakkan pada
puncak FU.
Tentukan tinggi fundus uteri
untuk menentukan usia
kehamilan.
Rasakan dan tentukan bagian
janin yang berada pada
bagian fundus uteri (bokong
atau kepala atau kosong)
untuk menentukan letak
janin. Kedua telapak tangan
pemeriksa bergeser turun ke
bawah sampai disamping kiri
dan kanan umbilikus.
Tentukan bagian punggung
janin untuk menentukan lokasi
auskultasi denyut jantung
janin nantinya.
Tentukan lokasi bagian-bagian
kecil janin.
Leopold III
Leopold IV
Bagian terendah janin dicekap
diantara ibu jari dan telunjuk
tangan kanan.
Ditentukan apa yang menjadi
bagian terendah janin dan
ditentukan apakah sudah
terjadi engagemen atau belum.
Pemeriksa mengubah
posisinya menghadap ke kaki
pasien.
Kedua telapak tangan
ditempatkan di lateral bagian
terendah janin.
Untuk menentukan sampai
berapa jauh derajat desensus
janin.
Hormon hCG
The hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (better known ashCG) is produced
during pregnancy. It is made by cells formed in the placenta, which nourishes the egg
after it has been fertilized and becomes attached to the uterine wall.
Levels can first be detected by a blood test about 11 days after conception and
about 12 – 14 days after conception by a urine test. Typically, the hCG levels will
double every 72 hours. The level will reach its peak in the first 8 – 11 weeks of
pregnancy and then will decline and level off for the remainder of the pregnancy.
In 85% of normal pregnancies, the hCG level will double every 48 – 72 hours. As you get
further along in pregnancy and the hCG level gets higher, the time it takes to double can
increase to about every 96 hours.
Caution must be used in making too much of hCG numbers. A normal pregnancy may have
low hCG levels and result in a perfectly healthy baby. The results from an ultrasound after 5 -6
weeks gestation are much more accurate than using hCG numbers.
An hCG level of less than 5mIU/ml is considered negative for pregnancy, and anything above
25mIU/ml is considered positive for pregnancy.
The hCG hormone is measured in milli-international units per milliliter (mIU/ml).
A transvaginal ultrasound should be able to show at least a gestational sac once the hCG levels
have reached between 1,000 – 2,000mIU/ml. Because levels can differentiate so much and
conception dating can be wrong, a diagnosis should not be made by ultrasound findings until
the hCG level has reached at least 2,000.
A single hCG reading is not enough information for most diagnoses. When there is a question
regarding the health of the pregnancy, multiple testings of hCG done a couple of days apart
give a more accurate assessment of the situation.
The hCG levels should not be used to date a pregnancy, since these numbers can vary so
widely.
There are two common types of hCG tests. A qualitative hCG test detects if hCG is present in
the blood. A quantitative hCG test (or beta hCG) measures the amount of hCG actually
present in the blood.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Cunningham, Gary. F. 2010. Williams Obstetry. Edisi 23 Cetakan Pertama. Penerbit Buku
Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta.
Wiknjosastro, H., 2010. Ilmu Kebidanan. Edisi Keempat Cetakan Ketiga, Yayasan Bina
Pustaka Sarwono Prawiroharjo, Jakarta.
Widjanarko, Bambang. 2012. Pesiapan Klinik Obtetri dan Ginekologi .Jakarta: Fakultas
Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta.
Prawirohardjo, Sarwono.2010. .Jakarta. PT Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo