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Pertemuan-3: DESAIN PENELITIAN

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Metode Penelitian

• Prosedur penelitian urutan tugas yang harus dilakukan dalam penelitian

• Teknik penelitian instrumen/cara apa yang digunakan dalam penelitian

• Metode penelitian semua prosedur dan teknik yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan penelitian

• Metode penelitian bervariasi tergantung pada jenis penelitian yang akan dilakukan

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Contoh Metode dan Teknik Penelitian

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Apa itu Desain Penelitian?

• Suatu rencana dan struktur penyelidikan untuk memperoleh jawaban terhadap pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian

• Suatu kerangka kerja untuk menentukan hubungan diantara variabel-variabel yang diteliti

• Suatu cetak biru (blueprint) untuk pengumpulan, pengukuran dan analisis data

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Esensi dari Desain Penelitian

• Suatu rencana berdasarkan waktu dan aktivitas • Rencana yang selalu berdasarkan pada

pertanyaan penelitian • Panduan untuk pemilihan sumber daya dan

jenis-jenis informasi • Suatu kerangka kerja untuk menentukan

hubungan-hubungan diantara variabel-variabel penelitian

• Ringkasan bagi suatu kegiatan penelitian

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8 “Descriptor” Desain Penelitian

1. Tingkat perumusan masalah 2. Metode pengumpulan data 3. Kemampuan peneliti dalam memberi pengaruh

pada variabel-variabel yang diteliti 4. Tujuan penelitian 5. Dimensi waktu 6. Ruang lingkup topik – luas dan kedalaman –

penelitian 7. Lingkungan penelitian 8. Persepsi subjek mengenai penelitian

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Descriptor Desain Penelitian (1)

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1. Tingkat perumusan masalah

– Studi penjajakan (exploratory study) biasa digunakan untuk membangun suatu hipotesis atau pertanyaan untuk penelitian selanjutnya

– Studi formal (formal study) digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis atau menjawab pertanyaan penelitian

Descriptor Desain Penelitian (2)

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2. Metode Pengumpulan Data

– Studi pengamatan (monitoring): • Peneliti memantau kegiatan-kegiatan suatu

subyek tanpa berusaha untuk mendapatkan tanggapan dari siapapun.

– Survei (Communication studies): • Peneliti mengajukan pertanyaan kepada

subyek dan mengumpulkan jawabannya melalui cara-cara personal atau nonpersonal (misal: melalui wawancara, angket dsb.)

Penjelas Desain Penelitian (3)

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3. Pengendalian Variabel oleh Peneliti

– Eksperimen : peneliti berusaha untuk mengendalikan dan/atau memanipulasi variabel penelitian.

– Ex post facto design : peneliti tidak mempunyai kendali/kontrol terhadap variabel-variabel penelitian; mereka hanya melaporkan tentang apa yang telah terjadi.

Penjelas Desain Penelitian (4)

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4. Tujuan Penelitian – Studi pelaporan (Reporting study): provides summation of data,

often recasting data to achieve a deeper understanding or to generate statistics for comparison

– Descriptive study attempts to describe or define a subject, often by creating a profile of a group of problems, people or events, through the collection of data and tabulation of the frequencies on research variables or their interaction finding out who, what, where, when or how

– Causal study see how one variable produces changes in another learning why

• Causal-explanatory try to explain relationship among variables

• Causal-predictive to predict an effect on one variable by manipulating another variable

Descriptor of Research Designs (4)

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5. The Time Dimension

– Cross-sectional studies are carried out once and represent a snapshot of one point in time

– Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period

Descriptor of Research Designs (5)

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6. The Topical Scope

– Statistical studies attempt to capture a population’s characteristics by making inferences from a sample’s characteristics

– Case studies place more emphasis on a full contextual analysis of fewer events or conditions and their interrelations

Descriptor of Research Designs (6)

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7. The Research Environment

– Field condition occur under actual environmental conditions

– Laboratory conditions manipulated condition

– Simulations to replicate the essence of a system or process

Descriptor of Research Designs (7)

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8. A Participant’s Perceptions

– Usefulness of a design may be reduced when people in the study perceive that research is being conducted

– Participants’ perceptions influence the outcomes of the research not natural effect

Descriptor of Research Designs (8)

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Exploratory Studies

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Definition: • The process of collecting information to formulate or refine

management, research, investigative, or a measurement questions

• Loosely structured studies that discover future research tasks, including developing concepts, establishing priorities, developing operational definitions, and improving research design

• A phase of research project where the researcher expands understanding of the management dilemma, look for ways others have addressed and/or solved problems similar to the management dilemma or management question, and gathers background infromation on the topic to refine the research question

Exploratory Studies

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Why do Exploratory Studies?

• Exploration is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems

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Exploratory Techniques (1)

1. Qualitative Techniques

– Individual depth interview – Participant observation – Film, photograph, videotape – Projective techniques and psychological testing – Case studies – Elite or expert interviewing – Document analysis

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1.a. Secondary Data Analysis – Books – Journals – Magazines – Newspapers – Internet – Reports – etc.

Exploratory Techniques (2)

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1.b. Experience Survey – Seeking information from person experienced

in the area of study

1.c. Focus Group − A group of people (6-10 participants), led by a

trained moderator, who meet for 90 minutes to 2 hours to exchange of ideas, feelings and experiences on specific topics

Exploratory Techniques (3)

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1.d. Two-Stage Design A design in which exploration as a distinct stage precedes a descriptive or causal design

Exploratory Techniques (4)

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Descriptive Studies

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Descriptive Study

Descriptive study attempts to describe or define a subject, often by creating a profile of a group of problems, people or events, through the collection of data and tabulation of the frequencies on research variables or their interaction finding out who, what, where, when or how

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Causal Studies

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Causal Studies (1)

• Objective: to study aspects of who, what, when, and how of a topic.

1. Causal Studies

The essential element of causation is – A “produces” B or – A “forces” B to occur

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2. Causal Study Relationships

– How a variable influences other variables

• There are 3 posibility relationships: (1) Symmetrical two variables fluctuate together, but they are not influenced each other (2) Reciprocal two variables interact each other (3) Asymmetrical Any change of a variable causes change in other variable

Causal Studies (2)

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1. Stimulus-Response: – A phenomenon/incident cause a respond in an object

2. Property-Disposition: – Commonly applied in business and social researchs – Exp.: The influence of age on saving behavior.

3. Disposition-Behavior: – Exp: The relationship about opinion of a brand and purchasing brand itself

4. Property-Behavior: – Exp: The relationship about age and participation in sport activity

Types of Asymmetrical Relationships

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Examples of Asymmetrical Causal Relationships

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CPM Schedule of Research Design

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Case - Group Discussion

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Case - Group Discussion

• Use the eight design descriptors to profile the research in case of Cheskin Knows Teens.

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Case - Group Discussion