ASPEK HUKUMPENYUSUNAN DESKRIPSI

DAN KLAIM PATEN

MOHAMMAD ISROK, SH., CN., MHKonsultan HKI RI No : 622-2012

Advokat Peradi, NIA : 15-10269Dosen Pengajar : HKI, di FH UMMHP : 081233991006E-mail : m.isrok@gmail.com

MOHAMMAD ISROK, SH., CN., MHKonsultan HKI RI No : 622-2012

Advokat Peradi, NIA : 15-10269Dosen Pengajar : HKI, di FH UMMHP : 081233991006E-mail : m.isrok@gmail.com

A

B

C

E

IDEA

DE

Apakah paten itu?

Paten adalah hak eksklusif yang diberikanoleh Negara kepada inventor atas hasilinvensinya di bidang teknologi untuk jangkawaktu tertentu melaksanakan sendiri invensitersebut atau memberikan persetujuankepada pihak lain untuk melaksanakannya.

Paten adalah hak eksklusif yang diberikanoleh Negara kepada inventor atas hasilinvensinya di bidang teknologi untuk jangkawaktu tertentu melaksanakan sendiri invensitersebut atau memberikan persetujuankepada pihak lain untuk melaksanakannya.

Apa yang dapat dipatenkan?

Yang dapat dipatenkan adalah invensi,yakni ide inventor yang dituangkankedalam suatu kegiatan pemecahanmasalah yang spesifik di bidangteknologi dapat berupa :• produk atau proses atau• penyempurnaan dan pengembangan

produk atau proses.

Yang dapat dipatenkan adalah invensi,yakni ide inventor yang dituangkankedalam suatu kegiatan pemecahanmasalah yang spesifik di bidangteknologi dapat berupa :• produk atau proses atau• penyempurnaan dan pengembangan

produk atau proses.

Apa syarat suatu invensi dapatdiberi paten?

1. BARU / NOVEL Invensi tsb tidak sama dengan teknologi yang

diungkapkan sebelumnya (ps. 3 ay.1)2. MENGANDUNG LANGKAH INVENTIF Jika invensi tersebut bagi seseorang yang mempunyai

keahlian tertentu di bidang teknik (terkait)merupakan hal yang tidak dapat diduga sebelumnya(ps.2 ay.2)

3. DAPAT DITERAPKAN DALAM INDUSTRI Jika invensi tersebut dapat dilaksanakan dalam

industri sebagaimana yg diuraikan dalampermohonan (ps.5)

1. BARU / NOVEL Invensi tsb tidak sama dengan teknologi yang

diungkapkan sebelumnya (ps. 3 ay.1)2. MENGANDUNG LANGKAH INVENTIF Jika invensi tersebut bagi seseorang yang mempunyai

keahlian tertentu di bidang teknik (terkait)merupakan hal yang tidak dapat diduga sebelumnya(ps.2 ay.2)

3. DAPAT DITERAPKAN DALAM INDUSTRI Jika invensi tersebut dapat dilaksanakan dalam

industri sebagaimana yg diuraikan dalampermohonan (ps.5)

Invensi apa yg tidak dapat diberi paten?a. Proses atau produk yang pengumuman dan penggunaan atau

pelaksanaannya bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, moralitas agama, ketertiban umum, ataukesusilaan;

b. Metode pemeriksaan, perawatan, pengobatan dan/ ataupembedahan yang diterapkan terhadap manusia dan/atau hewanMetode pemeriksaan, perawatan, pengobatan dan/ ataupembedahan yang diterapkan terhadap manusia dan/atau hewan

c. Teori dan metode di bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan matematika;

d. i. semua mahluk hidup, kecuali jasad renikii. Proses biologis yang esensial untuk memproduksi tanaman

atau hewan, kecuali proses non-biologis atau prosesmikrobiologis

Apa syarat suatu invensi dapatdiberikan PATEN SEDERHANA?

1. BARU2. MEMPUNYAI NILAI KEGUNAAN PRAKTIS

DISEBABKAN OLEH BENTUK, KONFIGURASI,KONSTRUKSI, ATAU KOMPONENNYA

3. DAPAT DITERAPKAN DALAM INDUSTRI YANGBERUPA PRODUK.

1. BARU2. MEMPUNYAI NILAI KEGUNAAN PRAKTIS

DISEBABKAN OLEH BENTUK, KONFIGURASI,KONSTRUKSI, ATAU KOMPONENNYA

3. DAPAT DITERAPKAN DALAM INDUSTRI YANGBERUPA PRODUK.

Bagaimana membuktikan adanyainvensi tersebut?

dengan TULISAN, yang disebut SPESIFIKASIPATEN, yg terdiri dari: Judul invensi; Deskripsi tentang invensi; Klaim atau beberapa klaim invensi; Abstrak invensi; Gambar (jika diperlukan)

dengan TULISAN, yang disebut SPESIFIKASIPATEN, yg terdiri dari: Judul invensi; Deskripsi tentang invensi; Klaim atau beberapa klaim invensi; Abstrak invensi; Gambar (jika diperlukan)

Bagaimana membuktikan bahwainvensi tersebut adalah BARU?

Menguraikan bahwa invensi tsb. berbeda denganteknologi yang diungkap sebelumnya (PRIOR ART)baik untuk : Teknologi yang telah diberikan (granted) maupun

sedang di mohonkan (pending) di Indonesia atau di luarIndonesia

Teknologi yang diungkap di Indonesia maupun di luarIndonesia.

Teknologi yang telah diungkap dg lesan, tulisan,peragaan, penggunaan, atau cara lain yangmemungkinkan seorang ahli untuk melaksanakaninvensi tersebut.

Menguraikan bahwa invensi tsb. berbeda denganteknologi yang diungkap sebelumnya (PRIOR ART)baik untuk : Teknologi yang telah diberikan (granted) maupun

sedang di mohonkan (pending) di Indonesia atau di luarIndonesia

Teknologi yang diungkap di Indonesia maupun di luarIndonesia.

Teknologi yang telah diungkap dg lesan, tulisan,peragaan, penggunaan, atau cara lain yangmemungkinkan seorang ahli untuk melaksanakaninvensi tersebut.

Bagaimana menuangkan Prior Art Paten(granted/pending) dalam Deskripsi?

1. Tuangkan data informasi paten yang relevanseperti nomor paten, judul, penemu, invensiterkait dan klaim invensi

2. Buktikan bahwa klaim invensi yang kitaajukan adalah berbeda dengan PRIOR ART

1. Tuangkan data informasi paten yang relevanseperti nomor paten, judul, penemu, invensiterkait dan klaim invensi

2. Buktikan bahwa klaim invensi yang kitaajukan adalah berbeda dengan PRIOR ART

Bagaimana membuktikan invensitsb. mengandung langkah inventif?

Tuangkan dalam deskripsi bahwa invensitersebut bagi seseorang yang mempunyaikeahlian tertentu di bidang teknik (yangrelevan) merupakan hal yang tidak dapatdiduga sebelumnya

Tidak dapat diduga invensi tersebut didasarkan pada keahlian orang yang adasebelumnya.

Tuangkan dalam deskripsi bahwa invensitersebut bagi seseorang yang mempunyaikeahlian tertentu di bidang teknik (yangrelevan) merupakan hal yang tidak dapatdiduga sebelumnya

Tidak dapat diduga invensi tersebut didasarkan pada keahlian orang yang adasebelumnya.

Bagaimana membuktikan bahwa invensitsb. dapat diterapkan dalam industri?

Ungkapkan secara jelas dan lengkap tentangbagaimana invensi tersebut dapatdilaksanakan oleh orang yang ahli dibidangnya.

Ungkapkan secara jelas dan lengkap tentangbagaimana invensi tersebut dapatdilaksanakan oleh orang yang ahli dibidangnya.

Bagaimana membuktikan nilaikegunaan praktis? (paten sederhana)

Buktikan dalam deskripsi bahwa disebabkanoleh bentuk, konfigurasi, konstruksi, ataukomponennya menyebabkan adanya NILAIKEGUNAAN PRAKTIS

Juga membuktikan adanya kebaruan dandapat diterapkan dalam industri

Buktikan dalam deskripsi bahwa disebabkanoleh bentuk, konfigurasi, konstruksi, ataukomponennya menyebabkan adanya NILAIKEGUNAAN PRAKTIS

Juga membuktikan adanya kebaruan dandapat diterapkan dalam industri

Bagaimana jika pemohon tidak membuktikanadanya kebaruan, langkah inventif dan dapatnyaditerapkan dalam industri?

Permohonan tersebut tidak jelas dan tidak lengkap Permohonan tersebut kabur (obscuur) Pemeriksa paten sulit menyelesaikan pemeriksaan

untuk mendapatkan alasan dapat diterima atauditolaknya paten atas invensi yang bersangkutan

Pemohon wajib membuktikan. Jika pemohon telahmemberikan pembuktian, maka beban pembuktianberalih kepada Pemeriksa Paten untuk membuktikansebaliknya (bahwa apa yang didalilkan oleh pemohonadalah tidak benar).

Jika Pemeriksa tidak menemukan bukti sebaliknyatersebut maka Paten harus diberikan.

Permohonan tersebut tidak jelas dan tidak lengkap Permohonan tersebut kabur (obscuur) Pemeriksa paten sulit menyelesaikan pemeriksaan

untuk mendapatkan alasan dapat diterima atauditolaknya paten atas invensi yang bersangkutan

Pemohon wajib membuktikan. Jika pemohon telahmemberikan pembuktian, maka beban pembuktianberalih kepada Pemeriksa Paten untuk membuktikansebaliknya (bahwa apa yang didalilkan oleh pemohonadalah tidak benar).

Jika Pemeriksa tidak menemukan bukti sebaliknyatersebut maka Paten harus diberikan.

Bagaimana jika pemohon telah membuktikankebaruan, langkah inventif dan dapat diterapkandalam industri namun Pemeriksa Paten tidak dapatmembuktikan hal sebaliknya?

Pemeriksa paten harus memberikanpersetujuan invensi dapat diberi paten

Jika waktu 36 bulan habis dan pemeriksa tidakmenemukan bukti sebaliknya, bagaimana ? (UUbelum mengatur)

Apakah Pemohon punya hak menuntut? Ya,tuntutan sebaiknya diajukan (utamanya jikainvensi tersebut bernilai tinggi bagi pemohon).

Pemeriksa paten harus memberikanpersetujuan invensi dapat diberi paten

Jika waktu 36 bulan habis dan pemeriksa tidakmenemukan bukti sebaliknya, bagaimana ? (UUbelum mengatur)

Apakah Pemohon punya hak menuntut? Ya,tuntutan sebaiknya diajukan (utamanya jikainvensi tersebut bernilai tinggi bagi pemohon).

Bagaimana menulis KLAIM sebagaiinti atau ruang lingkup invensi

Catatan pengantar:Inventor orang yang menemukan invensi (penemuan)

Patent Agent orang yang membantu membuat draftingspesifikasi paten. Paten agent bisa seoranglawyer (disebut patent lawyer atau attorney)dapat juga seorang enggineer (disebut jugaPatent Enggineer)

orang yang membantu membuat draftingspesifikasi paten. Paten agent bisa seoranglawyer (disebut patent lawyer atau attorney)dapat juga seorang enggineer (disebut jugaPatent Enggineer)

Examiner pemeriksa paten pada kantor paten negarayang menentukan kelayakan untuk diberipaten

PatentHolder

Pemegang paten, bisa inventor maupun oranglain yang mendapatkan dari inventor

Infringer Pihak yang melanggar paten

teoriklaim paten

teoriklaim paten

Suatu klaim membuat tanda batas dari perlindunganyang diberikan oleh

Suatu klaim menentukan luasan (scope) proteksi yangdiberikan oleh paten

Suatu klaim memberikan batas terluar dari suatuproteksi paten

Suatu klaim memberitahukan dengan jelas dan tegastentang apa yang diklaim oleh pemohon untukmenjadi invensi miliknya.

Suatu klaim membuat tanda batas dari perlindunganyang diberikan oleh

Suatu klaim menentukan luasan (scope) proteksi yangdiberikan oleh paten

Suatu klaim memberikan batas terluar dari suatuproteksi paten

Suatu klaim memberitahukan dengan jelas dan tegastentang apa yang diklaim oleh pemohon untukmenjadi invensi miliknya.

InvensiA

InvensiB

PUBLICDOMAIN

KLAIM

KLAIM

InvensiC

Suatu invensi adalah suatu konstruksi mentaldalam pikiran inventor yang belum punya bentukfisik.Suatu perwujudan dari invensi adalah bentuk fisikdari invensi di alam nyata.

Suatu klaim harus melindungi setidaknya satuperwujudan dari invensiNamun klaim paten yang paling baik adalah yangmemberikan perlindungan sedemikian rupasehingga tidak ada perwujudan lain dari invensiyang bersangkutan yang dapat dibuat, digunakanatau dijual oleh orang lain tanpa adanyapelanggaran terhadap klaimyang bersangkutan

Suatu invensi adalah suatu konstruksi mentaldalam pikiran inventor yang belum punya bentukfisik.Suatu perwujudan dari invensi adalah bentuk fisikdari invensi di alam nyata.

Suatu klaim harus melindungi setidaknya satuperwujudan dari invensiNamun klaim paten yang paling baik adalah yangmemberikan perlindungan sedemikian rupasehingga tidak ada perwujudan lain dari invensiyang bersangkutan yang dapat dibuat, digunakanatau dijual oleh orang lain tanpa adanyapelanggaran terhadap klaimyang bersangkutan

Contoh

• Assume that an inventor invents the first cupto have a handle

• He makes a physical embodiment of hisinvention in the form of a red claycup with ahandle narrow claim : the red clay cup with a handleBroader claim: the cup with a handle

• Assume that an inventor invents the first cupto have a handle

• He makes a physical embodiment of hisinvention in the form of a red claycup with ahandle narrow claim : the red clay cup with a handleBroader claim: the cup with a handle

contoh

• Asumsikan bahwa seorang inventormenemukan (invent) untuk pertama kalinyasuatu cangkir yang memiliki pegangan

• Dia membuat perwujudan fisik dari invensiyatersebut dalam bentuk cangkir keramik merahdengan suatu pegangan.Klaim sempit: suatu cangkir merah dengan

satu peganganKlaim luas: suatu cangkir dengan pegangan

• Asumsikan bahwa seorang inventormenemukan (invent) untuk pertama kalinyasuatu cangkir yang memiliki pegangan

• Dia membuat perwujudan fisik dari invensiyatersebut dalam bentuk cangkir keramik merahdengan suatu pegangan.Klaim sempit: suatu cangkir merah dengan

satu peganganKlaim luas: suatu cangkir dengan pegangan

• Peran Inventor:– Menemukan (invent) sesuatu (produk atau proses)

• Peran Konsultan Paten:– Memastikan bahwa klaim paten telah mendekati

ruang lingkup maksimalnya.

• Peran Pemeriksa Paten:– Mencegah suatu klaim paten agar tidak keluar dari

ruang lingkup (scope) invensinya (Teorimaksimum)

• Peran Inventor:– Menemukan (invent) sesuatu (produk atau proses)

• Peran Konsultan Paten:– Memastikan bahwa klaim paten telah mendekati

ruang lingkup maksimalnya.

• Peran Pemeriksa Paten:– Mencegah suatu klaim paten agar tidak keluar dari

ruang lingkup (scope) invensinya (Teorimaksimum)

Hubungan antaraSpecification claim

• The specification must support the claim• Every single claim has adequate support in the

specification• The choice of words and terminology used in

claims should be traced back to thespecification to ensure that the specificationand claims are consistent and that the sameterminology is used throughout.

• The specification must support the claim• Every single claim has adequate support in the

specification• The choice of words and terminology used in

claims should be traced back to thespecification to ensure that the specificationand claims are consistent and that the sameterminology is used throughout.

The Application Must Contain:“One Or More Claims”.

These Claims must:

i. “define the matter for which protection issight”

ii. “be clear and concise”iii. “be supported by the description”

i. “define the matter for which protection issight”

ii. “be clear and concise”iii. “be supported by the description”

• Since the extent of the protection conferredby a patent is determined by the terms recitedin the claims – clarity of the claims is of theutmost importance

• The claims interpreted with the help of thedescription and the drawings

• Since the extent of the protection conferredby a patent is determined by the terms recitedin the claims – clarity of the claims is of theutmost importance

• The claims interpreted with the help of thedescription and the drawings

• The EPO recommends that claims be draftedin terms of the “technical features of theinvention”

• The claims should not contain statementrelating, non-technical matters.

• The EPO recommends that claims be draftedin terms of the “technical features of theinvention”

• The claims should not contain statementrelating, non-technical matters.

B.

F O R M A TCLAIM PATENT

B.

F O R M A TCLAIM PATENT

A patent claim has three parts:

The preamble:The transitional phraseThe body

The preamble:The transitional phraseThe body

The preamble The transitional phrase The body

Example 1.A Patent Applicant has invented a rice cooker

An apparatus for cooking rice

An apparatus for cooking grainsAn apparatus for cooking grains

An apparatus for cooking

Example 2:A Patent applicant wants to claim a unique method of making tea.

A method for making tea

A method for making a plant-based beverageA method for making a plant-based beverage

A method for making a warm beverage

Example 3:A Patent applicant has invented a compound to treat malaria

A Composition for treating malaria

A method for ………..A method for ………..

A device for ………..

Transitional Phrase(open ended)

An apparatus, comprising:a pencil;an eraser attached to one end of the pencil; anda light attached to the center of the pencil.

An apparatus, comprising:a pencil;an eraser attached to one end of the pencil; anda light attached to the center of the pencil.

Transitional Phrase(Closed phrases)

An apparatus, consisting of:a pencil;an eraser attached to one end of the pencil; anda light attached to the center of the pencil

An apparatus, consisting of:a pencil;an eraser attached to one end of the pencil; anda light attached to the center of the pencil

The Body of Claim

An apparatus for holding items, comprising:at least one leg; anda top configured to support at least one leg

The Body of Claim

An apparatus for holding items, comprising:four legs;16 screws; anda top

An apparatus for holding items, comprising:four legs;16 screws; anda top

Two-Part Claims/Improvement Claims/

Jepson claim

Two-Part Claims/Improvement Claims/

Jepson claim

the preamble of the claim sets out the mostrelevant known prior art, and the bodycharacterizes the improvement of theinvention.The preamble and body are connected by a

specific transitional phrase.Thus, the preamble is the statement of the

prior art, the transition is a phrase such as“characterized by,” and the body provides thenovelty

the preamble of the claim sets out the mostrelevant known prior art, and the bodycharacterizes the improvement of theinvention.The preamble and body are connected by a

specific transitional phrase.Thus, the preamble is the statement of the

prior art, the transition is a phrase such as“characterized by,” and the body provides thenovelty

• In Europe, for example, the preamble isfollowed by the transition “characterized inthat” or “characterized by.”

• In the US the preamble is typically followed bythe transition “wherein the improvementcomprises…”

• The preamble should typically reference only asingle piece of prior art since the preamble isconsidered an implied admission that it isprior art.

• In Europe, for example, the preamble isfollowed by the transition “characterized inthat” or “characterized by.”

• In the US the preamble is typically followed bythe transition “wherein the improvementcomprises…”

• The preamble should typically reference only asingle piece of prior art since the preamble isconsidered an implied admission that it isprior art.

Example:

A pencil having an eraser,wherein the improvement comprisesa light attached to the pencil.

• Thus, in this claim a pencil having an eraser isthe relevant known prior art and the claimedimprovement is the attached light.

Example:

A pencil having an eraser,wherein the improvement comprisesa light attached to the pencil.

• Thus, in this claim a pencil having an eraser isthe relevant known prior art and the claimedimprovement is the attached light.

• The EPO recommends that the first part of suchclaims contain a statement indicating “thedesignation of the subject matter of theinvention,” i.e. the general technical class ofapparatus, process, etc. to which the inventionrelates followed by a statement of “thosetechnical features which are necessary for thedefinition of the claimed subject matter butwhich, in combination, are part of the prior art.”

• This statement of prior art features applies onlyto independent claims and not to dependentclaims. Thus, such statements are necessary onlyto refer to those prior art features which arerelevant to the invention.

• The EPO recommends that the first part of suchclaims contain a statement indicating “thedesignation of the subject matter of theinvention,” i.e. the general technical class ofapparatus, process, etc. to which the inventionrelates followed by a statement of “thosetechnical features which are necessary for thedefinition of the claimed subject matter butwhich, in combination, are part of the prior art.”

• This statement of prior art features applies onlyto independent claims and not to dependentclaims. Thus, such statements are necessary onlyto refer to those prior art features which arerelevant to the invention.

• For example, if the invention relates to aphotographic camera but the inventive steprelates entirely to the shutter, it would besufficient for the first part of the claim to read:

“A photographic cameraincluding a focal plane shutter”and there is no need to refer also to the other knownfeatures of a camera such as the lens and view-finder.

• The second part or “characterizing portion”should state the features that the invention addsto the prior art, i.e. the technical features forwhich, in combination with the features stated inthe first part, protection is sought.

• For example, if the invention relates to aphotographic camera but the inventive steprelates entirely to the shutter, it would besufficient for the first part of the claim to read:

“A photographic cameraincluding a focal plane shutter”and there is no need to refer also to the other knownfeatures of a camera such as the lens and view-finder.

• The second part or “characterizing portion”should state the features that the invention addsto the prior art, i.e. the technical features forwhich, in combination with the features stated inthe first part, protection is sought.

Means-Plus-FunctionClaims

Means-Plus-FunctionClaims

• Means-plus-function claims recite elements that do nothave specifically-defined structures but instead recitefunctions performed by structures disclosed in thespecification.

• The interpretation of means-plus-function claims variesfrom jurisdiction to jurisdiction and even varies withinjurisdictions over time. For example, a given jurisdictionmay interpret a means-plus-function claim as the meansdisclosed in the patent’s specification for performing therecited function plus the reasonable equivalents of thosemeans.

• Means-plus-function claims could receive either a broad ornarrow interpretation in a given jurisdiction since theclaims do not specifically define the structure. Litigants inpatent infringement cases sometimes expend considerableenergy arguing over whether or not an asserted claim evenis a means-plus-function claim.

• Means-plus-function claims recite elements that do nothave specifically-defined structures but instead recitefunctions performed by structures disclosed in thespecification.

• The interpretation of means-plus-function claims variesfrom jurisdiction to jurisdiction and even varies withinjurisdictions over time. For example, a given jurisdictionmay interpret a means-plus-function claim as the meansdisclosed in the patent’s specification for performing therecited function plus the reasonable equivalents of thosemeans.

• Means-plus-function claims could receive either a broad ornarrow interpretation in a given jurisdiction since theclaims do not specifically define the structure. Litigants inpatent infringement cases sometimes expend considerableenergy arguing over whether or not an asserted claim evenis a means-plus-function claim.

• The format of a classic means-plus-function claim is the word“means” followed by a function. For instance, if the invention is arice cooker, a claim in the means-plus-function format might readas follows:

An apparatus for cooking rice,comprising:a means for holding rice;and a heater configured to heat the rice-holding means.

• In this example, notice that instead of reciting a rice-holding structure by name (e.g. a bowl), we havereferenced a device that performs the function of holdingrice. By doing so, we have avoided using a specific nameand have instead recited the function that it performs.

• The format of a classic means-plus-function claim is the word“means” followed by a function. For instance, if the invention is arice cooker, a claim in the means-plus-function format might readas follows:

An apparatus for cooking rice,comprising:a means for holding rice;and a heater configured to heat the rice-holding means.

• In this example, notice that instead of reciting a rice-holding structure by name (e.g. a bowl), we havereferenced a device that performs the function of holdingrice. By doing so, we have avoided using a specific nameand have instead recited the function that it performs.

ClaimPunctuation

ClaimPunctuation

• A comma typically separates the preamble from thetransitional phrase and a colon typically separates thetransition from the body.

• The body itself is typically broken into small paragraphsthat define the logical elements of the claim. Manyjurisdictions do not have specific laws requiring suchpunctuation but the patent agent should strive to makesure that the claim will be interpreted as he intends.

• Similarly, in many jurisdictions a claim “element” might nothave a precise and/or legal meaning, with all the words of aclaim simply being “limitations” to the claim.

• That said, the patent agent must write the claim in amanner that does not complicate claim interpretation bythe patent examiner and later by courts and potentiallicensees.

• Thus, the “elements” of a claim are typically separated bysemi-colons and the penultimate element ends with “;and.”

• A comma typically separates the preamble from thetransitional phrase and a colon typically separates thetransition from the body.

• The body itself is typically broken into small paragraphsthat define the logical elements of the claim. Manyjurisdictions do not have specific laws requiring suchpunctuation but the patent agent should strive to makesure that the claim will be interpreted as he intends.

• Similarly, in many jurisdictions a claim “element” might nothave a precise and/or legal meaning, with all the words of aclaim simply being “limitations” to the claim.

• That said, the patent agent must write the claim in amanner that does not complicate claim interpretation bythe patent examiner and later by courts and potentiallicensees.

• Thus, the “elements” of a claim are typically separated bysemi-colons and the penultimate element ends with “;and.”

• Example 1.Preamble, transition:Element (#1);Element (#2); andElement (#3).

• Example 2.An apparatus, comprising:a plurality of printed pages;a binding configured to hold the printedpages together; anda cover attached to the binding.

• Example 1.Preamble, transition:Element (#1);Element (#2); andElement (#3).

• Example 2.An apparatus, comprising:a plurality of printed pages;a binding configured to hold the printedpages together; anda cover attached to the binding.

ProperAntecedent

Basis

ProperAntecedent

Basis

• The elements in a patent claim must have thecorrect antecedent basis. This means that thefirst time an element is introduced, theindefinite article “a” or “an” should be used.Later when referring back to previously

• introduced elements, the definite article “the”or “said” should be used. Proper antecedentbasis is not just

• a good idea; like gravity, it is the law. Thefollowing set of claims will help explain properantecedent basis:

• The elements in a patent claim must have thecorrect antecedent basis. This means that thefirst time an element is introduced, theindefinite article “a” or “an” should be used.Later when referring back to previously

• introduced elements, the definite article “the”or “said” should be used. Proper antecedentbasis is not just

• a good idea; like gravity, it is the law. Thefollowing set of claims will help explain properantecedent basis:

1. A device, comprising:a pencil; anda light attached to the pencil.

2. The device recited in claim 1 wherein thelight is detachably attached to the pencil.

3. The device recited in claim 2 where in thepencil is red in color.

1. A device, comprising:a pencil; anda light attached to the pencil.

2. The device recited in claim 1 wherein thelight is detachably attached to the pencil.

3. The device recited in claim 2 where in thepencil is red in color.

• Notice that in Claim 1, we introduced the “pencil” forthe first time by referring to it as “a pencil.”

• In the same claim, we also introduced the light for thefirst time as “a light.”

• However, when we wanted to specify that the light wasattached to the pencil, we referred to the pencil as “thepencil.” The use of the word “the” signaled that thepencil was the one we had previously defined in theclaim.

• Otherwise, there would be ambiguity as to whether itwas the same pencil or another pencil. The words“the” and “said” are interchangeable in claims drafting.(“Said” is old-fashioned legalese for the most part,while “the” is an attempt to make language moreaccessible to non-lawyers.)

• Notice that in Claim 1, we introduced the “pencil” forthe first time by referring to it as “a pencil.”

• In the same claim, we also introduced the light for thefirst time as “a light.”

• However, when we wanted to specify that the light wasattached to the pencil, we referred to the pencil as “thepencil.” The use of the word “the” signaled that thepencil was the one we had previously defined in theclaim.

• Otherwise, there would be ambiguity as to whether itwas the same pencil or another pencil. The words“the” and “said” are interchangeable in claims drafting.(“Said” is old-fashioned legalese for the most part,while “the” is an attempt to make language moreaccessible to non-lawyers.)

Reference Numeralsand Bracketed Expressions

• In some jurisdictions, claims are encouragedand/or required to recite the referencenumerals associated with particular elementsin the patent application’s drawings. Thus, ifFigure 1 of the patent shows a computermemory and this computer memory is labeled“123,” for example, if the claims recite thisparticular computer memory, the computermemory element will be followed by thereference number “123.”

• In some jurisdictions, claims are encouragedand/or required to recite the referencenumerals associated with particular elementsin the patent application’s drawings. Thus, ifFigure 1 of the patent shows a computermemory and this computer memory is labeled“123,” for example, if the claims recite thisparticular computer memory, the computermemory element will be followed by thereference number “123.”

An apparatus, comprising:A plurality of printed pages (11);A binding (14) configured to hold theprinted pages (11) together; andA cover (21) attached to the binding (14).

The numbers in parenthesis are the referencenumbers from the patent application’s drawings.

An apparatus, comprising:A plurality of printed pages (11);A binding (14) configured to hold theprinted pages (11) together; andA cover (21) attached to the binding (14).

The numbers in parenthesis are the referencenumbers from the patent application’s drawings.

Claim Phrases

• For example, a “wherein clause” is generally usedto describe either a function, operation or resultthat flows from the previously-recited structureor function of the claim. Thus, “wherein clauses”should be used where the result necessarilyfollows the recited structure or function. Forinstance, if we want to claim a folder for keepingfiles, the claim in a wherein format might read asfollows:

A folder for keeping files, wherein thefolder is configured to receive thefiles…

• For example, a “wherein clause” is generally usedto describe either a function, operation or resultthat flows from the previously-recited structureor function of the claim. Thus, “wherein clauses”should be used where the result necessarilyfollows the recited structure or function. Forinstance, if we want to claim a folder for keepingfiles, the claim in a wherein format might read asfollows:

A folder for keeping files, wherein thefolder is configured to receive thefiles…

Multiple Elements:• Many patent offices require claims to recite at least

two elements. A patent claim without many limitationscan be impossibly broad. One can readily see thenecessity for this rule by comparing the following twoclaims:

Example 1.A computer, comprising:a processor.

Example 2.A computer, comprising:a processor;a memory; anda bus configured to transmit data between thememory and theprocessor

Multiple Elements:• Many patent offices require claims to recite at least

two elements. A patent claim without many limitationscan be impossibly broad. One can readily see thenecessity for this rule by comparing the following twoclaims:

Example 1.A computer, comprising:a processor.

Example 2.A computer, comprising:a processor;a memory; anda bus configured to transmit data between thememory and theprocessor

TERIMAKASIH

• MOHAMMAD ISROK, SH., CN., MH– Konsultan HKI RI No : 622-2012

– Advokat Peradi, NIA : 15-10269– Dosen Pengajar : HKI, di FH UMM– HP : 081233991006– E-mail : m.isrok@gmail.com

• MOHAMMAD ISROK, SH., CN., MH– Konsultan HKI RI No : 622-2012

– Advokat Peradi, NIA : 15-10269– Dosen Pengajar : HKI, di FH UMM– HP : 081233991006– E-mail : m.isrok@gmail.com