Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Dengan Metode Koagulasi by Ryan Tito

7/22/2019 Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Dengan Metode Koagulasi by Ryan Tito

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Abnustra tmgu nmjme prcsds pdbfcjmgmbbym edbfgmsajomb jaeimg imao

jaeimg pmnmt emupub lmar. Jaeimg edrupmomb sasm nmra sdiumg prcsds ymbf tanmo

nmpmt nafubmomb odeimja, mpmiajm jaeimg aba tdrjmju imbymo najabfoubfmb emom

momb idrnmepmo pmnm pdbldemrmb jabfoubfmb nmb idrnmepmo pmnm odsdgmtmb

emsymrmomt sdoatmr. Emom ubtuo usmgm pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg tmgu jdiag jmbhut pdrju

najmouomb mbmjasm ombnubfmb ymbf tdrnmpmt nanmjme jaeimg lmar tmgu tdrsdiut

ubtuo nalmraomb scjusa jdiag jmbhut. [drlcimmb aba idrtuhumb ubtuo edbdbtuomb

ocbsdbtrmsa zmt pmnmt tctmj (^\, zmt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa (^\\, nmb zmt pmnmt

tdrjmrut (^!\ sdrtm edbfgatubf d"asadbsa pdbffubmmb ocmfujmb pmnm pdbfcjmgmb

jaeimg lmar tmgu. #drnmsmromb gmsaj pdrlcimmb, pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb mombedepdrodlaj ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^!\. $cbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^!\ jaeimg

lmar tmgu ymbf nacjmg tmbpm ocmfujmsa sdlmrm idrturut%turut sdidsmr &,')*+

,)* nmb &,'*, sdnmbfomb ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^!\ jaeimg lmar tmguymbf

nacjmg tmbpm ocmfujmsa sdlmrm idrturut%turut sdidsmr &,'*+ ,-* nmb ,*.

[dbffubmmb ocmfujmb edeidraomb d"asadbsa ymbf luoup idsmr imfa pdburubmb

ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^!\ jaeimg lmar tmgu, ymatu sdidsmr /,;/*.

Omm Ou"7a 8 Jaeimg, zmt pmnmt tctmj+ zmt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa+ zmt pmnmt tdrjmrut,

d"asadbsa.



IMI A

[DBNMGTJTMB

&!&! ^u1um" [d$7c=mm"

^uhumb pdrcimmb pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar abnustra ndbfmb edtcnm ocmfujmsa

mbmtmrm jmab 8

!. Edbdbtuomb "mt pmnmt tctmj #^\$, "mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa #^\\$ nmb "mt pmnmt

tdrjmrut #^N\$

%. Edbfgatubf d&asadbsa pdbffubmmb ocmfujmb

&!.! Nm6m$ ̂ dc$a

Jaeimg edrupmomb sasm nmra sdiumg prcsds 'mbf tanmo nmpmt nafubmomb

odeimja, mpmiajm jaeimg aba tdrjmju imb'mo najabfoubfmb emom momb idrnmepmo

pmnm pdbdemrmb jabfoubfmb nmb idrnmepmo pmnm odsdgmtmb nmra ems'mrmomt

sdoatmr. (bnustra tmgu nmjme prcsds pdbfcjmgmbb'm edbfgmsajomb jaeimg imao

jaeimg pmnmt emupub mar. Jaeimg pmnmt nagmsajomb nmra prcsds pdb'mrabfmb nmb

pdbffuepmjmb, jaeimg aba odimb'momb cjdg pdbfrmhab nahumj nmb nacjmg edbhmna

tdepd fdeius, odrupuo mepms tmgu, pmomb tdrbmo, nmb nacjmg edbhmna tdpubf

mepms tmgu 'mbf momb nahmnaomb imgmb nmsmr pdeiumtmb rcta odrabf nmb mod.

\dnmbfomb jaeimg marb'm nagmsajomb nmra prcsds pdbuamb, pdrdiusmb,

pdbfdprdsmb nmb pdbdtmomb tmgu, cjdg omrdbm atu jaeimg mar 'mbf

nagmsajomb smbfmt tabffa. Jaeimg mar tmgu ndbfmb omrmotdrastao edbfmbnubf

imgmb crfmbao tabffa nmb omnmr )*N, +*N 'mbf uoup tabffa pujm, haom

jmbfsubf naiumbf od imnmb mar, hdjms sdomja momb edburubomb nm'm nuoubf

jabfoubfmb. \dgabffm abnustra tmgu ededrjuomb sumtu pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg 'mbf

idrtuhumb ubtuo edbfurmbfa rdsaoc idimb pdbdemrmb 'mbf mnm #\unmremnha, noo.

!-$.

Emom ubtuo usmgm pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg tmgu jdiag jmbhut pdrju najmouomb

mbmjasm ombnubfmb 'mbf tdrnmpmt nanmjme jaeimg mar tmgu tdrsdiut ubtuo

namraomb scjusa jdiag jmbhut. didrmnmmb jaeimg tmgu gmrus sdsuma ndbfmb oratdram

bajma mogar 'mbf napdrodbmbomb ubtuo naiumbf odjabfoubfmb sdsuma ndbfmb

pdrmturmb pdrubnmbf/ubnmbfmb 'mbf idrjmou #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.



&!.!& ^mu

^mgu edrupmomb emombmb trmnasacbmj sdimfamb idsmr ems'mrmomt na

(bncbdsam, 'mbf nafdemra gmepar sdjurug jmpasmb ems'mrmomt. \djmab

edbfmbnubf fa"a 'mbf imao, pdeiumtmb tmgu hufm rdjmta& eurmg nmb

sdndrgmbm. ;msmb'm dbmo sdrtm gmrfmb'm tdrhmbfomu cjdg sdjurug jmpasmb

ems'mrmomt. \mmt aba, usmgm tmgu na (bncbdsam rmtm/rmtm emsag najmouomb

ndbfmb tdobcjcfa 'mbf sdndrgmbm, sdgabffm tabfomt d&asadbsa pdbffubmmb

sueidr nm'm #mar nmb imgmb imou$ narmsmomb emsag rdbnmg nmb tabfomt

prcnuosa jaeimgb'm hufm rdjmta& tabffa. dfamtmb abnustra tmgu na (bncbdsam

nanceabmsa cjdg usmgm/usmgm somjm odaj ndbfmb ecnmj 'mbf tdrimtms. Nmra sdfa

jcomsa, usmgm aba hufm smbfmt tdrsdimr na sdjurug wajm'mg (bncbdsam. \ueidr nm'm

embusam 'mbf tdrjaimt pmnm ueueb'm idrtmrm& pdbnanaomb 'mbf rdjmta& rdbnmg,

sdrtm idjue imb'mo 'mbf edjmouomb pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

^dobcjcfa pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg tmgu nmpmt najmouomb ndbfmb prcsds

iacjcfas sastde mbmdrci, mdrci nmb oceiabmsa mbmdrci/mdrci. ^dobcjcfa

pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg tmgu 'mbf mnm smmt aba pmnm ueueb'm idrupm pdbfcjmgmb

jaeimg ndbfmb sastde mbmdrci, gmj aba nasdimiomb omrdbm iam'm cpdrmsacbmjb'm

jdiag eurmg. Ndbfmb prcsds iacjcfas mbmdrci, d&asadbsa pdbfcjmgmb gmb'm

sdoatmr -=9/<=9, sdgabffm marb'm emsag edbfmbnubf omnmr pdbdemr crfmbao

uoup tabffa, sdrtm imu 'mbf emsag nataeiujomb sdgabffm gmj aba edb'dimiomb

emsmjmg tdrsdbnara #Gdrjmeimbf, %==%$. >btuo edbfmtmsa gmj tdrsdiut, emom

natdrmpomb sastde pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg ndbfmb sastde oceiabmsa mbmdrci/mdrci,

ndbfmbsastde aba nagmrmpomb nmpmt edburubomb ocbsdbtrmsa omnmr +*N mar

jaeimg tmgu. \dgabffm haom naiumbf tanmo edb'dimiomb imu nmb tanmo edbdemra

jabfoubfmb sdoatmrb'm #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

Edbfabfmt abnustra tmgu edrupmomb abnustra ndbfmb somjm odaj, emom

edeiutugomb abtmjmsa pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg 'mbf mjmt/mjmtb'm sdndrgmbm, iam'm

cpdrmsacbmjb'm eurmg, edeajaoa bajma docbceas nmb rmemg jabfoubfmb. \mmt

aba mrm 'mbf sdnmbf naodeimbfomb mnmjmg pdemb&mmtmb iacfms nmra gmsaj

pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar tmgu ndbfmb sastde mbmdrci. \dtamp imgmb crfmbao



iajm tdrtmepubf nmjme imo pdbmepubfmb momb edbfmjmea pdrceimomb sdmrm

mjmea #&dredbtmsa$. [rcsds aba nmpmt jdiag dpmt iajm imo pdbmepubfmb naiumt

odnmp unmrm mtmu idrupm tmiubf gmepm unmrm. \djmab edbfgmsajomb marmb 'mbf

tanmo idrimu jmfa, iacfms 'mbf nagmsajomb nmpmt naemb&mmtomb sdimfma

pdbffmbta imgmb imomr ubtuo ocepcr emsmo nmb jmepu pdbdrmbfmb. (ba

smbfmt idrbajma docbceas tdrutmem imfa ems'mrmomt 'mbf ganup na wajm'mg

pdndsmmb #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

&!.!. [$c6d6 [$c#uo6a ^mu

[rcsds prcnuosa tmgu sdmrm raba nmpmt najagmt pmnm 4meimr !.!.

Fme=m$ &!& Namfrme prcsds pdeiumtmb tmgu

(\ueidr= \unmremnha, noo. &)

&!.! \ue=d$ Jae=m A"#u6$a ^mu

Jaeimg abnustra tmgu pmnm ueueb'm naimfa edbhmna % #num$ idbtuo



jaeimg, 'matu jaeimg pmnmt nmb jaeimg mar. Jaeimg pmnmt pmirao pdbfcjmgmb

tmgu idrupm octcrmb gmsaj pdeidrsagmb odndjma #imtu, tmbmg, oujat odndjma,

nmb idbnm pmnmt jmab 'mbf edbdepdj pmnm odndjma$ nmb sasm smrabfmb iuiur

odndjma 'mbf nasdiut ndbfmb mepms tmgu. Jaeimg pmnmt 'mbf idrupm octcrmb

idrmsmj nmra prcsds mwmj #pdbuamb$ imgmb imou odndjma nmb ueueb'm jaeimg

pmnmt 'mbf tdrhmna tanmo idfatu imb'mo #=,09 nmra imgmb imou odndjma$.

\dnmbfomb jaeimg pmnmt 'mbf idrupm mepms tmgu tdrhmna pmnm prcsds

pdb'mrabfmb iuiur odndjma. 6epms tmgu 'mbf tdridbtuo idsmrmbb'm idroasmr

mbtmrm %7/079 nmra prcnuo tmgu 'mbf nagmsajomb #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

Jaeimg mar pmnm prcsds prcnuosa tmgu idrmsmj nmra prcsds pdrdbnmemb,

pdbuamb odndjma, pdbuamb pdrmjmtmb prcsds prcnuosa tmgu, pdb'mrabfmb nmb

pdbfdprdsmb1pdbdtmomb tmgu. \dimfamb idsmr jaeimg mar 'mbf nagmsajomb cjdg

abnustra pdeiumtmb tmgu mnmjmg marmb odbtmj 'mbf tdrpasmg nmra fuepmjmb

tmgu 'mbf nasdiut ndbfmb mar nmnag #wgd'$. +marmb aba edbfmbnubf omnmr

prctdab 'mbf tabffa nmb nmpmt sdfdrm tdrurma. Jaeimg aba sdrabf naiumbf sdmrm

jmbfsubf tmbpm pdbfcjmgmb tdrjdiag nmguju sdgabffm edbfgmsajomb imu iusuo

nmb edbdemra jabfoubfmb #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

&!.!< [m$medd$ Jae=m A"#u6$a m̂u

Jaeimg mar abnustra tmgu edrupmomb smjmg smtu sueidr pdbdemrmb

jabfoubfmb. )dimb pdbdemrmb 'mbf nataeiujomb edb'dimiomb fmbffumb

sdraus tdrutmem ubtuo pdrmarmb na sdoatmr abnustra tmgu. Edbfabfmt msmj mar

iumbfmb idrmsmj nmra prcsds 'mbf idridnm/idnm, emom omrmotdrastaob'm

idridnm/idnm pujm. >btuo mar iumbfmb 'mbf idrmsmj nmra pdbuamb nmb

pdrdbnmemb bajma demrb'm tanmo idfatu tabffa sdgabffm emsag nmpmt naiumbf

od pdrmarmb. \dnmbfomb ubtuo mar iumbfmb 'mbf idrmsmj nmra prcsds pdemsmomb

bajma demrb'm uoup tabffa, ndbfmb ndeaoamb gmrus nacjmg tdrjdiag nmguju

sdidjue naiumbf od pdrmarmb #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

[mnm ueueb'm jaeimg mar pmirao tmgu aba jmbfsubf naiumbf od subfma

edjmjua smjurmb/smjurmb. )ajm mar subfma uoup ndrms nmb jmbmr sdrtm

pdbfdbdrmb uoup #nm'm nuoubf jabfoubfmb emsag imao$ emom mar iumbfmb



tdrsdiut tanmo edbaeiujomb emsmjmg. ^dtmpa iajm nm'm nuoubf jabfoubfmb sunmg

tdrjmepmua, emom mar iumbfmb 'mbf imb'mo edbfmbnubf imgmb/imgmb crfmbao

momb edbfmjmea prcsds pdrurmamb cjdg hmsmn rdbao nmpmt edbdemra

jabfoubfmb. [mrmedtdr mar jaeimg tmgu 'mbf iamsmb'm nauour mbtmrm jmab

tdepdrmtur, pG, pmnmtmb/pmnmtmb tdrsuspdbsa #^\\$ nmb odiutugmb cosafdb

#)*N nmb +*N$. d̂epdrmtur iamsmb'm nauour ndbfmb edbffubmomb

tdrecedtdr mar rmosm ndbfmb somjm +djsaus. ajma pG mar nafubmomb ubtuo

edbfdoprdsaomb ocbnasa odmsmemb #ocbsdbtrmsa acb ganrcfdb$ mar jaeimg. \omjm

pG idroasmr mbtmrm !/!?: oasmrmb bajma pG !/- tdremsuo ocbnasa msme, pG -/!?

tdremsuo ocbnasa imsm, nmb pG - mnmjmg ocbnasa bdtrmj #\unmremnha, noo.

!-$.

[mnmtmb/pmnmtmb ^drsuspdbsa1^\\ #^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan $ nafubmomb

ubtuo edbdbtuomb odpdomtmb mar jaeimg, d&asadbsa prcsds nmb idimb ubat prcsds.

[dbfuourmb 'mbf idr5mramsa tdrgmnmp ocbsdbtrmsa rdsanu napdrjuomb ubtuo

edbhmeab odembtmpmb prcsds ocbtrcj. diutugmb cosafdb nmjme mar jaeimg

natubhuoomb edjmjua )*N nmb +*N #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

)*N # #acjcfalmj 9<yfdb !dembn $ mnmjmg cosafdb 'mbf napdrjuomb

cjdg eaorccrfmbased ubtuo edbfcosanmsa sdb'mwm/sdb'mwm oaeam. ajma )*N

idremb&mmt ubtuo edbfdtmgua mpmomg mar jaeimg tdrsdiut edbfmjmea

iacndfrmnmsa mtmu tanmo, 'moba ndbfmb edeiumt pdrimbnabfmb mbtmrm bajma )*N

nmb +*N. *osanmsa idrhmjmb smbfmt jmeimt nmb sdmrm tdcratas ededrjuomb

wmotu tmo tdrimtms. Nmjme wmotu 7 gmra #)*N7$, cosanmsa crfmbao omricb momb

edbmpma 2=9/-=9 nmb nmjme wmotu %= gmra momb edbmpma 79 #\unmremnha,

noo. !-$.

+*N mnmjmg odiutugmb cosafdb nmjme prcsds cosanmsa sdmrm oaeam. ajma

+*N momb sdjmju jdiag idsmr nmrapmnm )*N omrdbm odimb'momb sdb'mwm jdiag

eunmg tdrcosanmsa sdmrm oaeam nmrapmnm sdmrm iacjcfa. [dbfuourmb +*N

edeiutugomb wmotu 'mbf hmug jdiag dpmt, 'moba nmpmt najmouomb sdjmem 0

hme, sdnmbfomb pdbfuourmb )*N pmjabf tanmo ededrjuomb wmotu 7 gmra. 3aom

ocrdjmsa mbtmrm )*N nmb +*N sunmg naodtmgua, ocbnasa mar jaeimg nmpmt

naodtmgua #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.



&!.!* Om$mod$a6ao Jae=m A"#u6$a ^mu

mrmotdrastao iumbfmb abnustra tmgu edjaputa num gmj, 'matu omrmotdrastao

&asaom nmb oaeam. mrmotdrastao Kasaom edjaputa pmnmtmb tctmj, pmnmtmb tdrsuspdbsa,

sugu, wmrbm, nmb imu. mrmotdrastao oaeam edjaputa imgmb crfmbao, imgmb

mbcrfmbao nmb fms. \ugu mar jaeimg tmgu idroasmr 0- / ?7M+, ododrugmb 707 /

7<7 K^>, wmrbm %.%%7 / %.%7= [t.+c, mecbam %0,0 / %0,7 ef1J, )*N7 2.=== /

<.=== ef1J nmb +*N -.7== / !?.=== ef1J #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

\ugu iumbfmb abnustra tmgu idrmsmj nmra prcsds pdemsmomb odndjma. \ugu

jaeimg mar tmgu pmnm ueueb'm jdiag tabffa nmra mar imoub'm, 'matu ?==

+

?2=

+. \ugu 'mbf edbabfomt na jabfoubfmb pdrmarmb momb edepdbfmruga

odganupmb iacjcfas, odjmrutmb cosafdb nmb fms jmab, odrmpmtmb mar, 5asocsatms,

nmb tdfmbfmb pdreuommb. )mgmb/imgmb crfmbao 'mbf tdrombnubf na nmjme

iumbfmb abnustra tmgu pmnm ueueb'm smbfmt tabffa. \db'mwm/sdb'mwm crfmbao

na nmjme mar iumbfmb tdrsdiut nmpmt idrupm prctdab, omricganrmt, jdemo nmb

eab'mo. Nambtmrm sdb'mwm/sdb'mwm tdrsdiut, prctdab nmb jdemo mnmjmg 'mbf

huejmgb'm pmjabf idsmr. [rctdab edbmpma ?=/2=9, omricganrmt %7/7=9 nmb

jdemo !=9. 6ar iumbfmb abnustra tmgu oumjatmsb'm idrfmbtubf nmra prcsds

'mbf nafubmomb. 6pmiajm mar prcsdsb'm imao, emom ombnubfmb imgmb crfmbao

pmnm mar iumbfmbb'm iamsmb'm rdbnmg. cepcbdb tdridsmr nmra jaeimg mar tmgu

'matu prctdab #/tctmj$ sdidsmr %%2,=2 / ?0?,-< ef1J, sdgabffm emsuob'm

jaeimg mar tmgu od jabfoubfmb pdrmarmb momb edbabfomtomb tctmj batrcfdb na

pdrmarmb tdrsdiut. 4ms/fms 'mbf iamsm natdeuomb nmjme jaeimg tmgu mnmjmg fms

batrcfdb #%$, *osafdb #*%$, ganrcfdb suj&anm #G%\$, mecbam #G0$,

omricbnacosanm #+*%$ nmb edtmbm #+G?$. 4ms/fms tdrsdiut idrmsmj nmra

ndocepcsasa imgmb/imgmb crfmbao 'mbf tdrnmpmt na nmjme mar iumbfmb

#\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

Jaeimg pmnmt abnustra tmgu idrupm oujat odndjma nmb mepms tmgu.

6epms tmgu emsag edbfmbnubf omnmr prctdab uoup tabffa sdgabffm emsag

nmpmt naemb&mmtomb sdimfma imgmb pmomb tdrbmo nmb aomb. 6omb tdtmpa ombnubfmb



mar mepms tmgu 'mbf emsag tabffa edrupmomb pdbfgmeimt nafubmombb'm mepms

tmgu sdimfma emombmb tdrbmo. \mjmg smtu sa&mt nmra mepms tmgu aba mnmjmg

edepub'ma sa&mt 'mbf dpmt tdbfao #imsa nmb tanmo tmgmb jmem$ nmb

edbaeiujomb imu iusuo omjmu tanmo dpmt naodjcjm. [dbfdrabfmb edrupmomb

smjmg smtu hmjmb ubtuo edbfmtmsab'm. [dbfdrabfmb hufm edbfmoaimtomb

idrourmbfb'm msme jdemo idims nmb odtdbfaomb mepms tmgu sdrtm nmpmt

edepdrpmbhmbf ueur saepmb #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

&!.!+ Nmepmo Jae=m A"#u6$a ̂ mu

Nmepmo 'mbf nataeiujomb cjdg pdbdemrmb imgmb crfmbao jaeimg abnustra

tmgu mnmjmg fmbffumb tdrgmnmp odganupmb iactao. ^urubb'm oumjatms mar

pdrmarmb moaimt edbabfomtb'm ombnubfmb imgmb crfmbao. 6ota5atms crfmbased

nmpmt ededmg ecjdouj crfmbao 'mbf ocepjdos edbhmna ecjdouj crfmbao

'mbf sdndrgmbm. )mgmb mbcrfmbao sdpdrta acb &cs&mt nmb batrmt nmpmt napmoma

sdimfma emombmb cjdg tueiugmb 'mbf edjmouomb &ctcsabtdsas. \djmem prcsds

edtmicjased cosafdb imb'mo naocbsuesa, sdgabffm mpmiajm imgmb crfmbao nmjme

mar sdnaoat, cosafdb 'mbf gajmbf nmra mar momb sdfdrm nafmbta cjdg cosafdb gmsaj

prcsds &ctcsabtdsas nmb cjdg rdmdrmsa nmra unmrm. \dimjaob'm haom ocbsdbtrmsa

idimb crfmbao tdrjmju tabffa, emom momb tdraptm ocbnasa mbmdrciao 'mbf

edbfgmsajomb prcnuo ndocepcsasa idrupm mecbam, omricbnacosanm, msme msdtmt,

ganrcfdb suj&anm, nmb edtmbm. \db'mwm/sdb'mwm tdrsdiut smbfmt tcosao imfa

sdimfamb idsmr gdwmb mar, nmb momb edbaeiujomb fmbffumb tdrgmnmp odabnmgmb

#fmbffumb dstdtaom$ 'mbf idrupm rmsm tanmo b'memb nmb edbaeiujomb imu

#\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

Jaeimg mar 'mbf nagmsajomb edbfmbnubf pmnmtmb tdrsuspdbsa emupub

tdrjmrut, momb edbfmjmea pdruimgmb &asaom, oaeam, nmb gm'mta 'mbf momb

edbaeiujomb fmbffumb tdrgmnmp odsdgmtmb omrdbm edbfgmsajomb "mt idrmub

mtmu edbaptmomb ednam ubtuo tueiugb'm ouemb pdb'moat mtmu ouemb jmabb'm

'mbf edrufaomb imao pmnm prcnuo tmgu sdbnara mtmupub tuiug embusam. )ajm

naiamromb, mar jaeimg momb idruimg wmrbmb'm edbhmna codjmt odgatmemb nmb

idrimu iusuo. )mu iusuo aba edbfmoaimtomb smoat pdrbmpmsmb. 6pmiajm mar jaeimg



aba edrdeids od nmjme tmbmg 'mbf ndomt ndbfmb sueur emom mar sueur atu

tanmo nmpmt naemb&mmtomb jmfa. 6pmiajm jaeimg aba namjaromb od subfma emom

momb edbdemra subfma nmb iajm emsag nafubmomb momb edbaeiujomb

fmbffumb odsdgmtmb 'mbf idrupm pdb'moat fmtmj, namrd, ocjdrm, rmnmbf usus nmb

pdb'moat jmabb'm, ogususb'm 'mbf idromatmb ndbfmb mar 'mbf octcr nmb smbatmsa

jabfoubfmb 'mbf tanmo imao #\unmremnha, noo. !-$.

&!.! Edc#d Ocm?ujm6a

cmfujmsa mnmjmg prcsds naembm tdrhmna ndstmiajasmsa pmnm suspdbsa mtmu

jmrutmb. Kubfsa ocmfujmsa na saba mnmjmg ubtuo edbfmtmsa &motcr/&motcr 'mbf

edbstmiajomb sastde #)rmti', %==2$. ;dmosa ocmfujmsa nmpmt idrhmjmb ndbfmb

edeiuiugomb "mt pdrdmosa #ocmfujmb$ sdsuma ndbfmb "mt 'mbf tdjmrut #usbmdna,

%==?$. cmfujmb edrupmomb imgmb 'mbf nmpmt edepdrdpmt tdrhmnab'm ocmfujmsa

#6jmes'mg, %==%$. cmfujmb idr&ubfsa ubtuo edbdtrmjomb eumtmb jastrao pmnm

pmrtaodj/pmrtaodj gmjus sdgabffm nmpmt edbabfomtomb hmrmo d&dota& fm'm tmrao/

edbmrao Jcbncb / Imb Ndr Lmmjs nmb edeidbtuo pmrtaodj/pmrtaodj 'mbf jdiag

idsmr #[rmocsc, %=!0$. 3dbas/hdbas ocmfujmb 'mbf nafubmomb smmt aba smbfmt

idrmfme. Nmra sdjurug hdbas ocmfujmb tdrsdiut edeajaoa sa&mt, omrmotdrastao nmb

mrm odrhm 'mbf idridnm. )didrmpm hdbas ocmfujmb 'mbf sdrabf nafubmomb mnmjmg

Jaed +m* mtmu +m#*G$%, 6jue 6j%#\*?$0.!?G%*, Kdrra ojcranm #Kd+j0$, Kdrrc

suj&mt #Kd\*?.-G%*$ nmb [cjamjueabaue ojcranm #\uta'cbc, %==2$. [mnm prcsds

ocmfujmsa, ocmfujmb 'mbf edbfmbnubf fmrme mjueabaue mtmu idsa natmeimgomb

od nmjme mar sdgabffm tdridbtuo ocepjdos mjueabaue ganrcosanm mtmu idsa

ganrcosanm 'mbf idreumtmb pcsata&. [mrtaodj idreumtmb pcsata& aba momb

edbfmnscrpsa pmrtaodj ocjcan idreumtmb bdfmta& sdpdrta tmbmg jamt nmb pmrtaodj/

pmrtaodj jmab pdb'dimi taeiujb'm wmrbm nmb ododrugmb #3cgbscb dt mj, %==$.

Nmjme edeajag ocmfujmb, tdrnmpmt ididrmpm &motcr 'mbf pdrju napdrgmtaomb.

Kmotcr/&motcr tdrsdiut mbtmrm jmab #\ufagmrtc, !<-$8

m. \a&mt nmb oumjatms nmra mar jaeimg

i. Imramsa nmjme oumjatms mar jaeimg 'mbf nmpmt idrupm sugu nmb pG

. umjatms cutput 'mbf naabfabomb sdtdjmg prcsds pdbfcjmgmb



n. \a&mt pdbfcjmgmb sdtdjmg prcsds ocmfujmsa

d. Ndrmhmt odeurbamb nmra rdmfdb

[dbfuhamb ubtuo edeajag ocmfujmb iamsmb'm najmouomb na jmicrmtcraue.

>btuo edjmosmbmomb pdeajagmb ocmfujmb, pdrju najmouomb pdedraosmmb tdrgmnmp

omrmotdrastao mar imou 'mbf momb nacjmg 'matu #6bcbae, %=!0$ 8

!. \ugu.

\ugu rdbnmg idrpdbfmrug tdrgmnmp nm'm ocmfujmsa sdgabffm ubtuo

edepdrtmgmbomb gmsaj 'mbf nmpmt natdraem, ocmfujmb 'mbf napmoma gmrus jdiag

imb'mo.

%. pG. ajma pG dostrae, imao tabffa emupub rdbnmg, nmpmt idrpdbfmrug tdrgmnmp

ocmfujmsa. Emsabf/emsabf ocmfujmb edeajaoa pG cptaeue 'mbf idridnm/idnm.

0. 6jomjabatms.

6jue suj&mt nmb &drra suj&mt idrdmosa ndbfmb mar edeidbtuo sdb'mwm

mjueabaue mtmu &drra ganrcosanm 'mbf odeunamb momb edeujma prcsds ocmfujmsa.

6jomjabatms 'mbf rdbnmg edeimtmsa rdmosa aba nmb edbfgmsajomb ocmfujmsa 'mbf

ourmbf imao. [mnm omsus ndeaoamb, eubfoab napdrjuomb pdbmeimgmb mjomja od

nmjme mar.

?. dodrugmb.

Emoab rdbnmg ododrugmb, pdeidbtuoomb &jco 'mbf imao emoab suomr tdrhmna.

*pdrmtcr gmrus edbmeimg "mt pdeidrmt ubtuo edeiumt pmrtaodj/pmrtaodj edbhmna

jdiag sdrabf idrtueiuomb.

7. Lmrbm.

Lmrbm edbfabnaomsaomb sdb'mwm crfmbao, naembm "mt crfmbao aba iasm

idrdmosa ndbfmb ocmfujmb sdgabffm edbffmbffu prcsds ocmfujmsa.

&!.!/ ^cmj \cja#: ^cmj \u6pd"#d# \cja# #m" ^cmj Nd6cj%d# \cja#

Nmjme mar jaeimg natdeua num odjcepco "mt, 'matu "mt tdrjmrut sdpdrta fmrme

nmb ecjdouj crfmbas, nmb "mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa #ocjcanmj$, sdpdrta tmbmg jamt nmb

owmrts. [dridnmmb odnum odjcepco "mt aba natdbtuomb edjmjua uourmb1namedtdr

pmrtaodj/pmrtaodj tdrsdiut. 6bmjasm "mt pmnmt nmjme mar jaeimg smmbfmt pdbtabf imfa

pdbdbtumb ocepcbdb/ocepcbdb mar jaeimg sdmrm jdbfomp, hufm ubtuo



pdrdbmbmb sdrtm pdbfmwmsmb prcsds/prcsds pdbfcjmgmb jdiag jmbhut #Dnwmrn,

noo. %=!0$.

Nmjme edtcnd mbmjasm "mt pmnmt, pdbfdrtamb "mt pmnmt tctmj mnmjmg sdeum "mt/

"mt tdrsasm sdimfma rdsanu nmjme sumtu idhmbm, iajm smepdj mar nmjme idhmbm

tdrsdiut naodrabfomb pmnm sugu tdrtdbtu, "mt pmnmt tctmj tdrnara nmra "mt tdrjmrut nmb

"mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa 'mbf nmpmt idrsa&mt crfmbas nmb mb/crfmbas #Dnwmrn, noo.

%=!0$.

@mt pmnmt tdrjmrut #^N\$

@mt pmnmt tctmj #^\$ F @mt pmnmt crfmbas

@mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa #^\\$ F

@mt pmnmt mb/crfmbas

@mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa nmpmt naojmsa&aomsaomb sdomja jmfa edbhmna "mt pmnmt

tdrmpubf 'mbf sdjmju idrsa&mt crfmbas nmb "mt pmnmt tdrdbnmp 'mbf nmpmt idrsa&mt

crfmbas nmb mb/crfmbas. @mt pmnmt tdrdbnmp mnmjmg "mt pmnmt nmjme suspdbsa 'mbf

nmjme odmnmmb tdbmbf nmpmt edbfdbnmp sdtdjmg wmotu tdrtdbtu omrdbm pdbfmrug

fm'm idrmtb'm. [dbdbtumb "mt pmnmt tdrdbnmp nmpmt edjmjua 5cjuedb'm, 'mbf

nasdiut mbmjasm 5cjued juepur # sjunfd >cjued$, nmb nmpmt edjmjua idrmtb'm

nasdiut mbmjasm juepur omsmr #"mt pmnmt tdrdbnmp sdttjdmijd scjans$. Naedbsa nmra

"mt/"mt pmnmt namtms mnmjmg nmjme ef1J mtmu fr1J, bmeub natdeua pujm 9 i 'matu

of "mt pmnmt1 of jmrutmb mtmu 9 I 'matu ej1J #Dnwmrn, noo. %=!0$.



IMI AA

[DYLCIMMB

.!& Imm"

)mgmb/imgmb 'mbf nafubmomb pmnm pdrcimmb pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar

abnustra ndbfmb edtcnm ocmfujmsa 'matu mar jaeimg tmgu nmb 6jueabaue suj&mt

#6j%#\*?$0.!?G%*$ sdimfma ocmfujmb.

.!. Mjm6jmt/mjmt 'mbf nafubmomb pmnm pdrcimmb pdrcimmb mbmjasm ^[G #^ctmj

[dtrcjdue G'nrcmricb$ pmnm pdbdemrmb tmbmg mbtmrm jmab 8

!. ^aeimbfmb nafatmj

%. *5db

0. Ndsaomtcr

?. #dmodr fjmss

7. [cepm 5moue

2. +crcbf

-. +mwmb pcrsjdb

<. [apdt tdtds. drtms smrabf

!=. )mtmbf pdbfmnuo

.! [$c6d#u$ [d$7c=mm"

.!!& [d"?cjmm" jae=m 7ma$ mu m"pm pd"me=mm" ocm?ujm"!

.!!&!& Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m cmj (^ctmj \cjan 2 ^\)

!. +mwmb pcrsjdb #ocscbf$ nataeimbf idrmtb'm ndbfmb edbffubmomb

taeimbfmb nafatmj #m frme$.

%. \dimb'mo != frme smepdj # frme$ naemsuoomb odnmjme mwmb pdbfump

'mbf sunmg naodrabfomb tmna, naumpomb nmb naodrabfomb nanmjme c5db pmnm

sugu !=7A+ smepma idrmt ocbstmb jmju nataeimbf #i frme$! )drmt rdsanu

nanmjme mwmb mnmjmg "mt pmnmt tctmj!

@mt pmnmt tctmj nagatubf idrnmsmromb rueus idraout8

Xmt pmnmt tctmj(^\)5(i∙m )

l x=;;

dtdrmbfmb 8 m idrmt mwmb pcrsjdb ocscbf #frme$



i idrmt mwmb pcrsjdb nmb rdsanu #frme$

idrmt smepdj #frme$

.!!&!. Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$6u6pd"6a (^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan 2 ^\\)

!. drtms smrabf #ocscbf$ nataeimbf idrmtb'm ndbfmb edbffubmomb taeimbfmb

nafatmj #m frme$.

%. \mepdj sdimb'mo !== frme # frme$ nasmrabf ndbfmb edbffubmomb odrtms

smrabf 'mbf sunmg nataeimbf.

0. )mfamb 'mbf tdrtabffmj na odrtms smrabf nmb odrtms smrabfb'm naodrabfomb na

nmjme c5db pmnm sugu !=7A+ sdjmem ! hme, odeunamb nanabfabomb na nmjme

ndsaomtcr sdjmem !7 edbat nmb nataeimbf #i frme$.

@mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa nagatubf idrnmsmromb rueus idraout8

Xmt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa(^\\)5(i∙m )

l x=;;

dtdrmbfmb 8 m idrmt odrtms smrabf ocscbf #frme$


idrmt smepdj #frme$

.!!&! Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$jm$u (^ctmj Ndscjvdn \cjan 2 ^N\)

@mt pmnmt tdrjmrut 'matu "mt pmnmt 'mbf jcjcs nmra odrtms smrabf #&ajtrmt$ pmnm

pdbdbtumb "mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa #.!!&!.$.

!. +mwmb pcrsjdb #ocscbf$ naodrabfomb jmju nataeimbf #m frme$.

%. Kajtrmt pmnm .!!&!. nameiaj sdimb'mo != frme jmju natumbfomb od nmjme

mwmb pcrsjdb nmb naodrabfomb na nmjme c5db pmnm sugu !=7= #smepma

odrabf$, odeunamb nanabfabomb nanmjme ndsaomtcr sdrtm nataeimbf #i frme$.

@mt pmnmt tdrjmrut nagatubf idrnmsmromb rueus idraout8

Xmt pmnmt tdrjmrut (^N\ )5(i∙m )

l x =;;

dtdrmbfmb 8 m idrmt mwmb pcrsjdb ocscbf #frme$




idrmt smepdj #frme$

.!!. [d"?cjmm" jae=m 7ma$ mu #d"?m" pd"me=mm" ocm?ujm"!

)drmt smepdj 'mbf nafubmomb 'matu sdimb'mo <= frme, sdnmbfomb ocmfujmb

6jueabaue suj&mt #6j%#\*?$0.!?G%*$ 'mbf natmeimgomb 'matu sdimb'mo 29 nmra

idrmt smepdj #?,< frme$. 6nmpub prcsdnur pdrcimmb'm 'matu8

!. \mepdj mar jaeimg tmgu naemsuoomb od nmjme idmodr fjmss sdimb'mo <= ej.

%. \mepdj natmeimgomb ocmfujmb 6j%#\*?$0.!?G%* sdimb'mo ?,< frme,

odeunamb namnuo ididrmpm smmt nmb nanameomb sdjmem smtu gmra.

0. [apdt jmrutmb smepdj #imfamb mtms$ sdimb'mo != ej ubtuo pdbfuhamb ^\\ nmb

^N\.

?. [rcsdnur pdbfuhamb ^\\ nmb ^N\ pmnm pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar tmgu ndbfmb

pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb smem ndbfmb prcsdnur pdbfuhamb ^\\ nmb ^N\ pmnm

pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar tmgu tmbpm pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb.

7. D&asadbsa pdbffubmmb ocmfujmb nagatubf ndbfmb edbffubmomb pdrsmemmb 8

D`asadbsa5^\

=∙^\

9

^\=

x=;;

dtdrmbfmb 8 ^\! "mt pmnmt tctmj pmnm pdbfcjmgmb tmbpm pdbmeimgmb

ocmfujmb #9$

^\% "mt pmnmt tctmj pmnm pdbfcjmgmb ndbfmb pdbmeimgmb

ocmfujmb #9$

.!<! Nam?$me Mja$ [d$7c=mm"

.!<!& [d"?cjmm" jae=m 7ma$ mu m"pm pd"me=mm" ocm?ujm"!

.!<!&!& Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m cmj (^ctmj \cjan 2 ^\)

/ Naemsuoomb != fr smepdj

/ \mepma jmrutmb nmjme mwmb gmias

Edbaeimbf mwmb ocscbf

+mwmb F \mepdj

Nac5db pmnm sugu !=7M+

Nataeimbf



.!<!&!. Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$6u6pd"6a (^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan 2 ^\\)

/ \mepma odrabf

.!<!&! Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$jm$u (^ctmj Ndscjvdn \cjan 2 ^N\)

/ Naemsuoomb &ajtrmt sdimb'mo != fr

.!<!. [d"?cjmm" jae=m 7ma$ mu #d"?m" pd"me=mm" ocm?ujm"!

drtms smrabf nataeimbf

!== fr smepdj nasmrabf

drtms smrabf F pmnmtmb na c5db

[dbaeimbfmb

+mwmb ocscbf nataeimbf

+mwmb F \me dj

Nac5db1napmbmsomb

+mwmb F smepdj nataeimbf

\mepdj <= fr F ocmfujmb

29 nmra smepdj



.!<!.!&Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$6u6pd"6a (^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan 2 ^\\)

.!<!.!. Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$jm$u (^ctmj Ndscjvdn \cjan 2 ^N\)

Namnuo

Nanameomb sdjmem ! gmra

Napasmgomb mbtmrm &ajtrmt nmb dbnmpmb

DbnmpmbKajtrmt


\mepdj nasmrabf

edbffubmomb odrtms smrabf

drtms smrabf F pmnmtmb

Nac5db

Nataeimbf

NataeimbfNac5db1napmbmsomb

Nameiaj &ajtrmt != fr naemsuoomb

odnmjme mwmb




IMI AAA

GM\AJ NMB [DEIMGM\MB

!& Gm6aj [d$7c=mm"

Gmsaj pdrcimmb pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar abnustra tmgu ndbfmb edtcnd

ocmfujmsa nasmhaomb pmnm ^midj 0.!.

^m=dj !& Gmsaj pdrcimmb pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar abnustra tmgu ndbfmb

edtcnd ocmfujmsa

[d"?cjmm" m"pm

pd"me=mm" ocm?ujm"

[d"?cjmm" #d"?m"

pd"me=mm" ocm?ujm"

D3a6ad"6a

(K)

^\

(K)

^\\

(K)

^N\

(K)

^\

(K)

^\\

(K)

^N\

(K) 0=,70

!,?- =,=- !,? !,=? =,=< =,2

!. [de=mm6m"

^mgmpmb prcsds nmra pdrcimmb pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar abnustra tmgu ndbfmbedtcnd ocmfujmsa naeujma ndbfmb edjmouomb pdbfuhamb "mt pmnmt tctmj #^ctmj

\cjan #^\$$, "mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa #^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan #^\\$$ nmb "mt pmnmt

tdrjmrut #^ctmj !dscj>dn \cjan #^N\$$ 'mbf tdrombnubf na nmjme jaeimg mar tmgu

tmbpm edjmjmua prcsds ocmfujmsa tdrjdiag nmguju. Gmsaj pdrcimmb sdpdrta 'mbf

tdrmbtue pmnm ^midj 0.! nanmpmt omnmr ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\ tmbpm ocmfujmsa sdmrm

idrturut/turut sdidsmr !,?-9: =,=-9 nmb !,?9.

^mgmpmb prcsds sdjmbhutb'm 'matu edjmouomb pdbfuhamb "mt pmnmt tdrsuspdbsa

#^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan #^\\$$ nmb "mt pmnmt tdrjmrut #^ctmj !dscj>dn \cjan #^N\$$

'mbf tdrombnubf na nmjme jaeimg mar tmgu ndbfmb edjmjmua prcsds ocmfujmsa

tdrjdiag nmguju. @mt pmnmt tctmj #^ctmj \cjan #^\$$ nanmpmt nmra pdbhuejmgmb ^\\

nmb ^N\. Gmsaj pdrcimmb sdpdrta 'mbf tdrmbtue pmnm ^midj 0.! nanmpmt omnmr

^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\ ndbfmb pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb sdmrm idrturut/turut sdidsmr

!,=?9: =,=<9 nmb =,29. )drnmsmromb ^midj 0.! hufm nmpmt najagmt imgwm

pdbffubmmb ocmfujmb edeidraomb d&asadbsa 'mbf uoup idsmr imfa pdburubmb

ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\ jaeimg mar tmgu, 'matu sdidsmr 0=,709.



\dmrm odsdjurugmb, pdrimbnabfmb ocbsdbtrmsa idrimfma mbmjasm "mt pmnmt

pmnm jaeimg mar tmgu gmsaj pdrcimmb, imao ndbfmb pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb

emupub tmbpm pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb nmpmt najagmt pmnm 4meimr 0.!.

^\ \̂\ ^N\

;

;.<

;.0

;.1

=.9

=.4

m̂bpm ocmfujmsa Ndbfmb ocmfujmsa

M"mja6m m [m#m

Oc"6d"$m6a (K)

Fme=m$ !& Namfrme pdrimbnabfmb ocbsdbtrmsa idrimfma mbmjasm "mt pmnmt pmnm

jaeimg mar tmgu.

)drnmsmromb 4meimr 0.! nmpmt najagmt imgwm ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\

jaeimg mar tmgu 'mbf tdjmg edbfmjmea prcsds ocmfujmsa jdiag rdbnmg

naimbnabfomb ndbfmb ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\ jaeimg mar tmgu 'mbf tanmo

edbfmjmea prcsds ocmfujmsa tdrjdiag nmguju. cmfujmb idr&ubfsa ubtuo

edbdtrmjomb eumtmb jastrao pmnm pmrtaodj/pmrtaodj gmjus sdgabffm nmpmt

edbabfomtomb hmrmo d&dota& fm'm tmrao/edbmrao Jcbncb / Imb Ndr Lmmjs nmb

edeidbtuo pmrtaodj/pmrtaodj 'mbf jdiag idsmr #[rmocsc, %=!0$. [dbmeimgmb

ocmfujmb momb edepdrodaj ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\. Gmj aba naomrdbmomb

sa&mt ocmfujmb 'mbf emepu edeiumt pmrtaodj/pmrtaodj ocjcan nmjme jaeimg

idrfmiubf edeidbtuo &jco nmb edbfdbnmp omrdbm mnmb'm fm'm frm&atmsa.



IMI A0

OD\AE[TJMB NMB \MYMB

<!&! Od6aepujm"

!. [dbmeimgmb ocmfujmb momb edepdrodaj ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\.

cbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\ jaeimg mar tmgu 'mbf nacjmg tmbpm ocmfujmsa

sdmrm idrturut/turut sdidsmr !,?-9: =,=-9 nmb !,?9, sdnmbfomb

ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\ jaeimg mar tmgu'mbf nacjmg tmbpm ocmfujmsa

sdmrm idrturut/turut sdidsmr !,=?9: =,=<9 nmb =,29.%. [dbffubmmb ocmfujmb edeidraomb d&asadbsa 'mbf uoup idsmr imfa

pdburubmb ocbsdbtrmsa ^\, ^\\ nmb ^N\ jaeimg mar tmgu, 'matu sdidsmr

0=,709.

<!.! \m$m"

[mnm pdrcimmb aba, prmotaomb edbfgmiasomb imb'mo wmotu gmb'm ubtuo

edjmouomb pdbaeimbfmb nmb pdbfc5dbmb imgmb nmra smtu jmicrmtcraue od

jmicrmtcraue jmabb'm. \dgmrusb'm pdrmjmtmb pdrcimmb pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar

abnustra ndbfmb edtcnm ocmfujmsa, sdpdrta easmjb'm bdrmm nafatmj nmb c5db,

tdrsdnam ndbfmb jdbfomp na nmjme jmicrmtcraue nmsmr/nmsmr prcsds oaeam.



NM4^MY [T\^MOM

6jmes'mg, \uhmbm. %==?. Edrmoat \dbnara 4jmt [dbhdrbag 4ar 0btuo 6uemg

^mbffm. \demrmbf8 Dsas.

6bcbae. %=!0. Edbabhmu [rcsd $cmfujmsa nmb 7jcoujmsa !mjme \umtu Abstmjmsa

[dbfcjmgmb 4ar . cbjabd ^drsdnam 8 gttp811seo0emnaub.sg.an Namosds pmnm

%= Ndsdeidr %!=0

)rmti', 3cgb. %==2. 1cmfujmtacb mbn 7jcllujmtacb ab 8mtdr mbn 8mstd?mtdr

^rdmtedbt . (L6 [uijasgabf. Jcbncb.

3cgbscb, Eagmdj, Ncb N. ;mtbm'mom, Emjce 3. )rmbnt. %==. ^?crt:s 8mtdr

\uppjy. Djsd5adr Jtn. )urjabftcb.

usbmdna. %==?. Edbfcjmg 4ar $ctcr 0btuo 4ar Eabue. \urmim'm8 [dbdimr

\wmnm'm.

\unmremnha, noo. !-. Emb"mmt Jaeimg m̂gu. 3momrtm

[rmocsc, [ujubf 6na. %=!0. [dbfmrug $cmfujmb nmb 7jcoujmb ^drgmnmp

[dbfdbnmpmb !mjme ^galodbdr 0btuo [demb"mmtmb ^majabf na [^. 523

0bas #asbas [drtmeimbfmb Kems #cbfocr . cbjabd ^drsdnam 8

gttp811nafajai.ati.m.an Namosds pmnm! Ndsdeidr %=!0

\ufagmrtc. !<-. !msmr M !msmr [dbfdjcjmmb 4ar Jaeimg. 3momrtm 8 >(/[rdss.

\uta'cbc. %==2. [demb"mmtmb #attdrb \dimfma $cmfujmb [mnm Jaeimg 1mar

Abnustra $drtms. 3urbmj ^dobao aeam Icj. !, c. !, \dptdeidr %==2.

http://smk3madiun.sch.id/

http://smk3madiun.sch.id/



JME[AYMB M

[DYGA^TBFMB

6nmpub pdrgatubfmb nmra nmtm/nmtm 'mbf nanmpmt pmnm pdrcimmb pdbfcjmgmb

jaeimg mar abnustra ndbfmb edtcnd ocmfujmsa 'matu 8

M!&! [d"?cjmm" Jae=m m̂u ̂ m"pm [d"me=mm" Ocm?ujm"

^ctmj \cjan (^\)

)drmt mwmb ocscbf #m$ <%,! fr

)drmt mwmb F rdsanu #i$ <%,%- fr

)drmt smepdj #$ != fr

^\5(i∙m )

l x=;;

³ (79,<6∙79,=1 ) fr

=; fr x=;;

³ !,<9

^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan (^\\)

)drmt odrtms smrabf ocscbf #m$ =,- fr

)drmt odrtms smrabf F rdsanu #i$ !,? fr

)drmt smepdj #$ !== fr

^\\5(i∙m )

l x=;;

³ (=,1>∙;,16 ) fr

=;; fr x =;;

³ =,-9

>btuo != frme smepdj, nanmpmt ^\\ sdidsmr =,=-9.

^ctmj Ndscjvdn \cjan (^N\)




)drmt mwmb F rdsanu #i$ <%,00 fr


^N\5(i∙m )

l x =;;

³ (79,<<∙79,=1 ) fr

=; fr x=;;

³ !,?9

)drnmsmromb pdrgatubfmb ^\\ nmb ^N\, nanmpmt bajma ^\ sdidsmr !,?-9.

M!.! [d"?cjmm" Jae=m ^mu #d"?m" [d"me=mm" Ocm?ujm"


)drmt odrtms smrabf ocscbf #m$ !,%- fr

)drmt odrtms smrabf F rdsanu #i$ !,%-< fr


^\\5

(i∙m )l x=;;

³ (=,967∙=,96 ) fr

=; fr x=;;

³ =,=<9


)drmt mwmb ocscbf #m$ 7,!=< fr )drmt mwmb F rdsanu #i$ 7,%=? fr


^N\5(i∙m )

l x =;;

³ (41,9;>∙41,=;7)

=; x =;;



³ =,29

\dgabffm nanmpmt ^\ jaeimg tmgu ndbfmb pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb sdidsmr !,=?9

#^\\ F ^N\$.

M!! D3a6ad"6a

6nmpub d&dsadbsa 'mbf nanmpmt 'matu sdidsmr 8

D`asadbsa5^\tmbpm ocmfujmsa∙^\ndbfmbocmfujmsa

^\tmbpmocmfujmsa

x=;;

³ (=,>16∙=,;> )

=,>16 x=;;

³<;,4<



JME[AYMB I

NCOTEDB^M\A

Fme=m$ I!& Jaeimg mar tmgu(\ueidr= 4rsap praimna

Fme=m$ I!. cmfujmb 6jue

(\ueidr= 4rsap praimna



Fme=m$ I! [rcsds pdb'mrabfmb


Fme=m$ I!< Jaeimg mar tmgu sdtdjmg edbfmjmea prcsds ocmfujmsa




Fme=m$ I!* 6bmjasm ^N\ pmnm jaeimg mar tmgu tmbpm pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb

#oara$ nmb ndbfmb pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb #ombmb$.




JME[AYMB L

JM[CYMB \DEDB^MYM

3unuj [rmotaoue 8 [dbfcjmgmb Jaeimg +mar (bnustra ndbfmb Edtcnm

cmfujmsa

Gmra1 m̂bffmj [rmotaoue 8 meas1!% Ndsdeidr %=!0

[deiaeiabf 8 Nrs. Dnwmrn, G\, E.\a

6sastdb Jmicrmtcraue 8 (edjnm Ndwa 6fusta

mem djcepco (( 8 ;atm [uramba Edbnrc5m #!!=-=072=$

;'mb ^atc #!!=-=%!!<2$

Hmoui 3d&&dr' \ajmdb #!!=-=022?<$

Gmsaj [drcimmb 8

[drcimmb pdbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar abnustra ndbfmb edtcnm ocmfujmsa aba

edbffubmomb jaeimg mar tmgu. [dbfcjmgmb jaeimg mar tmgu najmouomb tmbpm pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb 6jueabaue suj&mt #6j%#\*?$0.!?G%=$ nmb ndbfmb

pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb 6jueabaue suj&mt #6j%#\*?$0.!?G%=$.

L!&! Nam?$me Mja$ [d$7c=mm"

L!&!& [d"?cjmm" jae=m 7ma$ mu m"pm pd"me=mm" ocm?ujm"!

L!&!&!& Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m cmj (^ctmj \cjan 2 ^\)

/ Naemsuoomb != fr smepdj

/ \mepma jmrutmb nmjme mwmb gmias

Edbaeimbf mwmb ocscbf

+mwmb F \mepdj

Nac5db pmnm sugu !=7M+

Nataeimbf



L!&!&!. Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$6u6pd"6a (^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan 2 ^\\)

/ \mepma odrabf

L!&!&! Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$jm$u (^ctmj Ndscjvdn \cjan 2 ^N\)

/ Naemsuoomb &ajtrmt sdimb'mo != fr


!== fr smepdj nasmrabf

drtms smrabf F pmnmtmb na c5db

[dbaeimbfmb


+mwmb F \me dj

Nac5db1napmbmsomb

+mwmb F smepdj nataeimbf



L!&!. [d"?cjmm" jae=m 7ma$ mu #d"?m" pd"me=mm" ocm?ujm"!

L!&!.!& Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$6u6pd"6a (^ctmj \uspdbndn \cjan 2 ^\\)

\mepdj <= fr F ocmfujmb

29 nmra smepdj

Namnuo

Nanameomb sdjmem ! gmra

Napasmgomb mbtmrm &ajtrmt nmb dbnmpmb

DbnmpmbKajtrmt


\mepdj nasmrabf

edbffubmomb odrtms smrabf

drtms smrabf F pmnmtmb

Nac5db

Nataeimbf



L!&!.!. Ed"d"uom" 5m pm#m d$jm$u (^ctmj Ndscjvdn \cjan 2 ^N\)

L!.! [d"?cjmm" Jae=m m̂u ̂ m"pm [d"me=mm" Ocm?ujm"

^ctmj \cjan (^\))drmt mwmb ocscbf #m$ <%,! fr

)drmt mwmb F rdsanu #i$ <%,%- fr


^\5(i∙m )

l x=;;

³ (79,<6∙79,=1 ) fr

=; fr x=;;

³ !,<9


)drmt odrtms smrabf ocscbf #m$ =,- fr

)drmt odrtms smrabf F rdsanu #i$ !,? fr

)drmt smepdj #$ !== fr

Nataeimbf

Nac5db1napmbmsomb

Nameiaj &ajtrmt != fr naemsuoomb

odnmjme mwmb




^\\5(i∙m )

l x=;;

³ (=,1>∙;,16 ) fr

=;; fr x =;;

³ =,-9

>btuo != frme smepdj, nanmpmt ^\\ sdidsmr =,=-9.



)drmt mwmb F rdsanu #i$ <%,00 fr


^N\5(i∙m )

l x =;;

³ (79,<<∙79,=1 ) fr

=; fr x=;;

³ !,?9

)drnmsmromb pdrgatubfmb ^\\ nmb ^N\, nanmpmt bajma ^\ sdidsmr !,?-9 #^\\ F

^N\$.

L!! [d"?cjmm" Jae=m ^mu #d"?m" [d"me=mm" Ocm?ujm"




)drmt odrtms smrabf ocscbf #m$ !,%- fr

)drmt odrtms smrabf F rdsanu #i$ !,%-< fr


^\\5(i∙m )

l x=;;

³ (=,967∙=,96 ) fr

=; fr x=;;

³ =,=<9


)drmt mwmb ocscbf #m$ 7,!=< fr

)drmt mwmb F rdsanu #i$ 7,%=? fr


^N\5(i∙m )

l x =;;

³ (41,9;>∙41,=;7)

=; x =;;

³ =,29

\dgabffm nanmpmt ^\ jaeimg tmgu ndbfmb pdbmeimgmb ocmfujmb sdidsmr !,=?9

#^\\ F ^N\$.

L!<! D3a6ad"6a

6nmpub d&dsadbsa 'mbf nanmpmt 'matu sdidsmr 8



D`dsadbsa5^\tmbpmocmfujmsa∙^\ndbfmbocmfujmsa

^\ tmbpmocmfujmsa

x =;;

³ (=,>16∙=,;> )

=,>16 x=;;

³<;,4<

[dombimru, !0 Ndsdeidr %=!0

6sastdb Jmicrmtcraue,

(edjnm Ndwa 6fusta

Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Dengan Metode Koagulasi by Ryan Tito

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Transcript of Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Dengan Metode Koagulasi by Ryan Tito