PENGERTIAN KURIKULUM

Collected by:Saiful Amien

TOPIK 1:

Perkembangan Kurikulum..

• Bergantung pada kepercayaan filosofis yang dianut;

• Berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan teori dan praktek pendidikan

• Bervariasi sesuai dengan aliran atau teori pendidikan yang dianut

Interpretasi Kurikulum

Peter F. Oliva menemukan ada 13 definisi:1. that which is taught in school;2. A set of subjects3. Content4. A program of studies5. A set of materials6. A sequence of courses7. A set of performance objectives

8. A course of study9. Everything that goes on within the school,

including extraclass activities, guidence & interpersonal relationships

10.That which is taught both inside and outside of school directed by the school

11.Everything that is planned by school personnel

12.A series of experiences undergone by learners in school

13.That which an individual learner experiences as result of schooling

Oemar Hamalik menemukan 6 definisi:1. Suatu program kegiatan yang terencana2. Hasil belajar yang diharapkan3. Reproduksi budaya (cultural reproduction)4. Kumpulan tugas dan konsep

5. Agenda rekonstruksi sosial6. Currere (arena pacu/lomba; menekankan

pada proses pacuan/lomba dimana kapasitas individu diberdayakan dalam merekonseptualisasi otobiografinya sendiri

Definisi kurikulum dapat dibedakan dari luas-sempitnya cakupan muatannya:

• Dalam arti sempit : kumpulan mata pelajaran /bahan ajar yang harus disampaikan guru

• Dalam arti luas : lebih menekankan pada pengalaman

CONTOH DEFINISI AHLI

Carter V. Good’s Dictionary of Education:“a systematic group of courses or sequences of subjects required for graduation or certification in major field of study, for example, social studies curriculum, physical education curriculum..”

Hollis L. Caswell & Doak S. Campbell:“all the experiences children have under the guidance of teachers”

J. Galen Saylor, William M. Alexander & Arthur J. Lewis:“a plan for providing sets of learning opportunities for persons to be educated”

Hilda Taba:“a plan for learning..” yg meliputi elemen:

a statement of aims and of specific objectives; selection and organization of content; certain pattern of learning and teaching; a program of evaluation of the outcomes”

Ronald C. Doll:“the formal and informal content and process by which leaners gain knowledge and understanding, develop skill, and alter attitudes, appreciations, and values under the auspices of that school”

Daniel Tanner & Laurel N. Tanner:“reconstruction of knowledge and experience systematically developed under the auspices of the school (or university), to enable the learner to increase his or her control of knowledge and experience”

Albert I. Oliver menyamakan kurikulum dengan program pendidikan dan membaginya menjadi 4 elemen dasar:“1) the program of studies; 2) the program of experiences; 3) the program of services; 4) the hidden curriculum”

Pendekatan Lain

Kurikulum juga dapat didefinsikan dengan membedakannya sebagai tujuan, konteks, dan strategi.

• Purposes (tujuan;“what it does atau should do?”) contoh: tujuan kurikulum adalah untuk mentransmisi warisan budaya; mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir reflektif pada siswa, dll

• Context (konteks/latarbelakang), contoh: kurikulum esensialis [essentialist curriculum]; kurikulum berpusat pada siswa [child-centered curriculum]; kurikulum rekonstruksi sosial [reconstructionist curriculum]

• Strategies (strategi, proses, metode, teknik pembelajaran) contoh: curriculum as a problem-solving proses; as group living

SUMBER:

Oliva, Peter F. 1992. Developing the Curriculum. HarperCollin Publishers. New York.