PENGELOLAAN HARA TANAMAN TERPADU
description
Transcript of PENGELOLAAN HARA TANAMAN TERPADU
1. Integrated Nutrient management,
2. Integrated Water Management,3. Integrated Soil management,4. etc
1. Apa yang dimaksud dengan hara tanaman ?
2. Mengapa perlu dikelola secara terpadu ?
3. Apa tujuan dari pengelolaan hara tanaman terpadu ?
4. Hara tanaman apa saja yang dapat dikelola secara terpadu ?
5. Bagaimana cara pengelolaannya ?
UNSUR YANG ADA DALAM JARINGAN
TANAMAN ≠ UNSUR HARA
YANG DIBUTUHKAN
TANAMAN
Enhanced Soil Fertility
Enhanced Pest Regulation
Synergisme
Healthy Agroecosystem
Healthy Crop
FertilizersCover cropsGreen manuresMulchingCompostRotations
Crop diversity Cultural practices Pesticides Herbicides Habitat modification
Interactions (+; -)
Agroecology: science & sustainability
Integrated Plant Management
Decisions
6
Integrated Nutrient Management advocates balanced & integrated use of fertilizers.
INM envisage following components : Use of Chemical fertilisers including
secondary and micro-nutrients, Bio-fertilisers, Organic manures, green manures, press
mud etc.Application of INM needs to be based upon
Soil test results (ideally)
HUKUM MINIMUM LIEBIG
minimum
Dikelola jumlah (takaran)nya
0102030405060708090
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Gro
wth
(% o
f max
imum
)Luxury
ConsumptionToxicity
Visual Symptoms
Defic
ienc
y
10% Reduction in Growth
Visual Symptoms
Critical NutrientRange
(no symptoms)
Critical Concentration
Concentration of Nutrient in Tissue (dry basis)
Dikelola jenis (macam) hara-nya
1. N berlebihan meningkatkan kekahatan tembaga (Cu) & boron (B), tingkatkan kerentanan thd serangan hama & penyakit,
2. P berlebihan mengganggu serapan tembaga (Cu), besi (Fe) dan seng (Zn),
3. K berlebihan menimbulkan kekahatan boron & menurunkan rasio minyak terhadap tandan pada sawit,
4. Tembaga (Cu) & sulfat berlebihan hambat serapan Mo,
5. Tembaga, seng & mangan berlebihan hambat serapan Fe,
6. K atau Na berlebihan turunkan serapan mangan & boron,
7. N & Mg berlebihan sebabkan kekahatan tembaga,
8. Pengapuran (Ca) berlebihan turunkan serapan boron & kekahatan Mg,
9. Kelebihan besi, tembaga atau seng hambat serapan Mn.
How the pH of Soil Affects the Availability of Nutrients
Different types of plants have different soil pH requirements
Dikelola jenis (macam) sumber hara-nya
1. Mineral
2. Organik
3. Gas
Plant roots – the primary route for mineral nutrient acquisition
• Meristematic zone– Cells divide both in direction of
root base to form cells that will become the functional root and in the direction of the root apex to form the root cap
• Elongation zone– Cells elongate rapidly, undergo
final round of divisions to form the endodermis. Some cells thicken to form casparian strip
• Maturation zone– Fully formed root with xylem
and phloem – root hairs first appear here
ROOT ABSORBS DIFFERENT MINERAL IONS IN DIFFERENT AREAS
• Calcium– Apical region
• Iron– Apical region (barley)– Or entire root (corn)
• Potassium, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate– All locations of root surface
• In corn, elongation zone has max K accumulation and nitrate absorption
– In corn and rice, root apex absorbs ammonium faster than the elongation zone does
– In several species, root hairs are the most active phosphate absorbers
WHY SHOULD ROOT TIPS BE THE PRIMARY SITE OF NUTRIENT UPTAKE?
Tissues with greatest need for nutrients Cell elongation requires Potassium, nitrate, and chlorine to
increase osmotic pressure within the wall, Ammonium is a good nitrogen source for cell division in
meristem, Apex grows into fresh soil and finds fresh supplies of
nutrients.Nutrients are carried via bulk flow with water, and
water enters near tips, Maintain concentration gradients for mineral nutrient
transport and uptake.
ROOT UPTAKE SOON DEPLETES NUTRIENTS NEAR THE ROOTS
• Formation of a nutrient depletion zone in the region of the soil near the plant root– Forms when rate of
nutrient uptake exceeds rate of replacement in soil by diffusion in the water column
– Root associations with Mycorrhizal fungi help the plant overcome this problem
1. Musim potensi fotosintesis,2. Potensi produksi tanaman,3. Interaksi hara (nol, sinergisme, antagonisme),4. Hara total vs tersedia tanah & faktor penjerapnya,,5. Reaksi pupuk (kemasaman akibat 100 kg Za diatasi
dg 107 kg kaptan; 100 kg Urea dg 36 kg kaptan),6. Jumlah & perbandingan hara terbawa panen,7. Kandungan hara dlm daun (efektivitas serapan),8. Aktivitas Biota tanah,9. Cara & waktu pemberian pupuk.
Dasar Penetapan
1. Pemberian Zn tingkatkan serapan K, perbaiki status N, P & Ca didalam tanaman, tingkatkan produksi kelapa sawit sampai 12 – 78%,
2. Pemberian Zn melalui daun (larutan 1000 ppm Zn) lebih efektif drpd pemberian lewat tanah atau injeksi
N
CaP
MgK
S
16EssentialElements
C H O
B Cl CuFeMn Mo
Zn
Non-Mineral Nutrients
Carbon
(C)
Hydrogen
(H)
Oxygen
(O)
Used in photosynthesis
MINERAL NUTRIENTSMajor Nutrients
1. Nitrogen (N)2. Phosphorus (P)3. Potassium (K)
Secondary Nutrients1. Calcium (Ca)2. Magnesium (Mg)3. Sulfur (S)
Micronutrients1. Boron (B)2. Chloride (Cl)3. Copper (Cu)4. Iron (Fe)5. Manganese (Mn)6. Molybdenum (Mo)7. Zinc (Zn)
MuatanNegatif Kation2
teradsorbsi
Ca2+
H+
K+
Mg2+
H+
NH4+
H+
Na+
fenolik O-
hidroksil O-
COO-karboksil
O-fenolik
COO-karboksil
COO-karboksil
O-
O-
COO-
COO-
SATUAN INTIKOLOID HUMUS
(C, H & O)
H+
K+
Mg2+
H+
NH4+
H+
Na+
Kation2 dalam larutan tanah
ADSORPSI (JERAPAN) KATION OLEH KOLOID HUMUS & SEL-SEL MIKROBA DALAM TANAH
NUTRIENT CHEMICAL SYMBOL IONIC FORM
Chlorine Cl Cl-
Nitrate N NO3-
Sulfate S SO4=
Borate B BO4=
Phosphate P H2PO4-
NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONSARE CALLED ANIONS
Unlikes
Attract
Likes
Repel
+
+
+
+
-
---
SIFAT KATION-ANION
Negatively Charged ColloidsAttract Cations
K+
Ca++
Na+
Ca++
H+
Mg++
-
---
- -
---
Soil Colloid
HOW DOES CATION EXCHANGE AFFECT SOIL pH?
Raising soil pH with lime Ca(OH)2 + 2H+ Ca2+ + 2H2O
UNSUR DISERAP TANAMAN DALAM BENTUK
KONSENTRASI (%) BOBOT
KERINGNitrogen (N) NH4
+; NO3- 4,0Fosfor (P) PO4
3-; HPO42-; H2PO4
- 0,5Kalium (K) K+ 4,0Magnesium (Mg) Mg2+ 0,5Belerang (S) SO4
2- 0,5Kalsium (Ca) Ca2
+ 1,0
UNSUR DISERAP TANAMAN DALAM BENTUK
KONSENTRASI BOBOT KERING
Besi (Fe) Fe 2+; Fe3+ 200 ppmMangan (Mn) Mn2+ 200 ppmSeng (Zn) Zn2+ 30 ppmTembaga (Cu) Cu2+ 10 ppmBoron (B) BO3
2-; B4O72- 60 ppm
Molibden (Mo) MoO42- 2 ppm
Klor (Cr) Cl- 3000 ppm
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY(CEC)
The total number of exchangeablecations a soil can hold
(amount of its negative charge)
SOIL
H+
Ca++
Mg++
K+
Al 3+
NH4+
+ 9 NH4OAc
SOIL
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
H+
Ca++
Mg++
K+
Al 3+
NH4+
+ + 9 OAc
Solution
“Conventional” CEC determination by displacement of cations with ammonium acetate extraction
+ 9 KCl
SOIL
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
+ 9 NH4+ + 9 Cl-
Solution
SOIL
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+
Filter and measure ammoniumby steam distillation of ammonia
Displacement of ammonium ions with KCl solution
Actual Soil Test Lab CEC Method- usually a summation method
• Cations determined by: – extraction using ammonium acetate, Mehlich
1, or Mehlich 3 extractants– analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry
or ICP equipment• Sum of extractable cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na),
with some adjustment for H+ and Al3+(using pH), gives estimate of “true” CEC
Generally ….the higher the CEC
The more fertile the soil tends to beThe more clay the soil tends to haveThe more organic matter a soil tends to have (especially for weathered, sandy, soils in the South)
CLAY AND ORGANIC MATTER HAVE GREATEST INFLUENCE ON CEC
Clay
10-150 meq/100g
Organic Matter
200-400 meq/100g
ORGANIC MATTER HAS A HIGHER CEC