Pengantar Teknologi Informasi. adalah sebuah proses yang dilaksanakan dalam upaya mewujudkan sesuatu...

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi

adalah sebuah proses yang dilaksanakan dalam upaya mewujudkan sesuatu secara rasional.

ilmu pengetahuan yang ditransformasikan ke dalam produk, proses, jasa, dan struktur organisasi.

PENGERTIAN TEKNOLOGI

adalah fakta atau apapun yang dapat digunakan sebagai input dalam menghasilkan informasi.

PENGERTIAN DATA

Sebagai bahan mentah, data merupakan input yang setelah diolah berubah bentuknya menjadi output yang disebut informasi.

PENGERTIAN INFORMASI

HAL PENTING YANG HARUS DI PERHATIKAN DARI INFORMASI

Informasi merupakan hasil pengolahan data Memberikan makna Berguna atau bermanfaat.

CIRI INFORMASI YANG BERKUALITAS

1. Akurat, artinya informasi mencerminkan keadaan yang sebenarnya.

2. Tepat Waktu, artinya informasi harus tersedia/ada pada saat informasi diperlukan

3. Relevan artinya informasi yang diberikan harus sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan.

4. Lengkap artinya informasi harus diberikan secara lengkap.

Infotech

Information technology (“infotech”):

Komputers – suatu mesin yang menkonversi data ke informasi

Komunikasi – suatu “electromagnetic devices and systems” sebagai alat komunikasi yang menghubungkan suatu jarak

http://www.cbi.umn.edu/

1. Supercomputers

2. Mainframes

3. Workstations

4. Microcomputers

5. Microcontrollers

Jenis-jenis Komputer

1. Supercomputers

2. Mainframes

3. Workstations

4. Microcomputers

5. Microcontrollers

IBM z900

1. Supercomputers

2. Mainframes

3. Workstations

4. Microcomputers

5. MicrocontrollersWorkstation – Sun Ultra450

1. Supercomputers

2. Mainframes

3. Workstations

4. Microcomputers

5. Microcontrollers

Servers

Server - a central computer that holds collections of data & programs for clients

Clients - PCs, workstations, & other devices

Server + Clients linked together form a client/server network

The purpose of a computer is to process data into information.

DataThe raw facts and figures that are processed into information

InformationData that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision making

HardwareAll the machinery and equipment in a computer system

SoftwareAll the instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task

Computers consist of hardware and software.

C P U

CPU (Central Processing Unit) merupakan tempat instruksi-instruksi program.CPU terdiri dari: Control Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit Register Array Processor Main Memory RAM ROM

Array Processor atau co-processor

Main Memory

Karena CPU hanya bisa menyimpan data & instruksi di register ukuran kecil jadi tidak bisa menyimpan semua informasi yang dibutuhkan secara keseluruhan. Untuk mengatasinya alat pemroses dilengkapi dengan simpanan yang kapasitasnya lebih besar, yaitu main storage atau internal memory atau internal storage atau primary storage atau temporary storage atau immediate access storage. Main memori terdiri dari RAM dan ROM.

Struktur Penyimpanan

Program komputer harus berada di memori utama (biasanya RAM) untuk dapat dijalankan. Memori utama adalah satu-satunya tempat penyimpanan yang dapat diakses secara langsung oleh prosesor.

Idealnya program dan data secara keseluruhan dapat disimpan dalam memori utama secara permanen. Namun hal ini tidak mungkin dilakukan karena: Ukuran memori utama relatif kecil untuk

dapat menyimpan data dan program secara keseluruhan.

Memori utama bersifat volatile, tidak bisa menyimpan secara permanen, apabila komputer dimatikan maka data yang tersimpan di memori utama akan hilang.

RAM

Termasuk dalam bagian Main Memori, RAM (Random Access Memory) adalah memori yang dapat diisi dan diambil isinya oleh programmer/ end user. Semua data dan program dari input akan disimpan dulu di RAM. Struktur RAM:1. Input storage, untuk menampung input2. Program storage, menyimpan semua

instruksi program yang diproses3. Working storage, menyimpan data yang akan

diolah4. Output storage, menampung hasil akhir dari

pengolahan data ke output.

Contoh berbagai bentuk chip RAM (Ramdom Access Memory) umumnya pada Komputer micro atau PC. Saat ini telah banyak beredar RAM dengan kapasitas 512Mb – 8 Gb keatas.

RAM yang disisipkan pada slot Mainboard komputer PC / Komputer Micro

ROMROM (Read Only Memory) adalah data yang terdiri dari program-program pokok yang hanya bisa dibaca saja, berbeda dengan RAM, pada ROM data sudah diisi dari pabrik pembuatnya berupa sistem operasi (Operating system-OS) yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan komputer seperti program untuk menampilkan karakter di layar (screen) monitor, pengisian tombol kunci di keyboard untuk keperluan kontrol tertentu dan bootstrap program.

All computers follow the same five basic operations.

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Keyboard

Mouse

Input & Output Input hardware -

devices that translate data into a form the computer can process

Input Hardware Keyboard - a device

that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electrical signals that can be read by the computer’s processor

Braille keyboard

Keyboards

Traditional computer keyboards

Specialty keyboards and terminals

Dumb terminals Intelligent terminals Internet terminals

Dumb terminal

Keyboards

Specialty keyboards and terminals:

Dumb terminal: Airline reservations

Intelligent terminal: Automatic teller machine (ATM) Point-of-sale (POS) terminal

Internet terminal: Set-top box PDA

Point-of-sale (POS) terminal

Pointing Devices

Pointing devices - control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad

Mouse for a right-handed user

Pointing Devices

The mouse and its variants:

Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad

Ergonomic trackball

Pointing Devices


Mouse Trackball Pointing stick

Touchpad

Pointing stick

Pointing Devices


Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad

Touch pad

Pointing Devices

Touch screens

Pointing Devices

Pen input:

Pen-based computer system - allows users to enter handwriting and marks onto a computer screen by means of a penlike stylus rather than by typing on a keyboard

Pen-based computer

Pointing Devices

Pen input:

Light pen - a light-sensitive penlike device that uses a wired connection to a computer terminal

Light pen

Pointing Devices

Pen input:

Digitizer - converts drawings and photos to digital data using a mouselike device called a puck

Digitizing tablet

Scanning and Reading Devices

Source data-entry devices – create machine-readable data

Scanners - use light-sensing equipment to translate images of text, drawings, photos, and the like into digital form

Scanning and Reading Devices

Bar-code readers:

Bar codes - photoelectric scanners that translate the symbols in the bar code into digital code

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Processor chip

Motherboard

Case or system cabinet

All computers follow the same four basic operations.


1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Primary storage (memory) - RAM

Computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed

Secondary storage (storage) - ROM

The area in the computer where data or information is held permanently


1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Secondary Storage

Floppy disk - a removable flat piece of mylar plastic packaged in a 3.5-inch plastic case

Floppy Disks

Floppy-Disk Cartridges

Zip disks – 100, 250, or 750 megabytes

3.5-inch floppy disks – 1.44 megabytes

Zipdisk

Floppydisk

Hard Disks Hard disks - thin but rigid

metal, glass, or ceramic platters covered with a substance that allows data to be held in the form of magnetized spots

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive

Hard Disks Head crash - An event that happens when the surface of

the read/write head or particles on its surface come into contact with the surface of the hard-disk platter, causing the loss of some or all of the data on the disk.

Hard Disks Nonremovable hard disks - housed in a microcomputer

system unit and used to store nearly all programs and most data files

Hard Disks

Removable hard disks - one or two platters enclosed along with read/write heads in a hard plastic case, which is inserted into a microcomputer’s cartridge drive Bits on disk - dark stripes are

0 bits and bright stripes are 1 bits

Harddisk SpaceTypical drive sizes

Marketing Computer 80 GB 74.51 GiB 100 GB 93.13 GiB 120 GB 111.76 GiB 140 GB 130.39 GiB 160 GB 149.01 GiB 200 GB 186.26 GiB 250 GB 232.83 GiB 300 GB 279.39 GiB 320 GB 298.02 GiB 350 GB 325.96 GiB 400 GB 372.53 GiB



Harddisk Space Besaran yang di pakai oleh produsen harddisk berbeda dengan

besaran yang di pakai oleh sistem komputer.

Satuan Komputer Produsen Kilo Bytes 1024 1000 Mega Bytes 1024 * 1024 1000 * 1000 Giga Bytes 1024 * 1024 * 1024 1000 * 1000 * 1000 Tera Bytes 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 1001 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000


Harddisk SpaceSebagai contoh harddisk 80 Gb yang tertera pada label :

Perhitungan produsen :

80*1000*1000*1000 = 80.000.000.000 bytes

Sedangkan kapasitas sebenarnya yang di hitung oleh komputer adalah:

80.000.000.000,00 / 1024 78.125.000,00 Kilo Bytes

78.125.000,00 / 1024 76.293,95 Mega Bytes

76.293,95 / 1024 74,51 Giga Bytes

Jadi besarnya kapasitas Harddisk 80 Gb adalah : 74,51 Gb

Optical Disks: CDs & DVDs

Optical disk - a removable disk on which data is written and read through the use of laser beams


CD-ROM - read only. For pre-recorded text, graphics, and sound

CD-R - for recording on once

CD-RW - for rewriting many times


DVD-ROM - for reading only

DVD-R - for recording on once

For rewriting many times:

DVD-RW DVD-RAM DVD+RW

Magnetic Disk Magnetic Disk berperan sebagai secondary storage

pada sistem komputer modern.

Magnetic Disk disusun dari piringan-piringan seperti CD. Kedua permukaan piringan diselimuti oleh bahan-bahan magnetik. Permukaan dari piringan dibagi-bagi menjadi track yang memutar, yang kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi beberapa sektor.

Magnetic disk ini merupakan memori sekunder yang menyimpanan data secara non-volatile (bersifat tetap/permanen) contoh: Hard disk Drive, Floppy Disk Drive (HDD dan FDD), Magnetic Tape, dll.

Media ini biasanya daya tampungnya cukup besar dengan harga yang relatif murah. Portability-nya juga relatif lebih tinggi.

Magnetic Disk

Name Capacity Layers Sides Comments

DVD-5 4.7 Gb 1 1 Read from one side only

DVD-9 8.54 Gb 2 1 Read from one side only

DVD-10 9.4 Gb 1 2 Read from both sides

DVD-18* 17.08 Gb 2 2 4 layers, read from both sides

DVD-R 4.7/9.4 Gb 1 1 or 2 Recordable DVD

DVD-RAM 2.6/5.2 Gb 1 1 or 2 Rewritable DVD

DVD-RW 4.7 Gb 1 1 or 2 Re-Recordable DVD

Format DVD

Magnetic Tape Magnetic tape - thin

plastic tape coated with a substance that can be magnetized (for 1s) or left non-magnetized (for 0s)

Tape cartridges - modules resembling audio cassettes that contain tape in rectangular, plastic housings

Magnetic tape

Tape cartridge

Smart Cards Smart card - looks

like a credit card but contains a microprocessor embedded in the card

Optical card - plastic, laser-recordable, wallet-type card used with an optical-card reader

Smart card

Flash Memory Cards

Flash memory card - circuitry on credit-card-size PC card that can be inserted into slots connecting to the motherboard on notebook computers


1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

SpeakersMonitor


1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Printer


1. Input

2. Processing

3. Storage

4. Output

5. Communications

Put all the hardware together and…

Output Hardware Softcopy - data that

is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form

Hardcopy - printed output

Hardcopy

Softcopy

Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens

Display screens - output devices that show programming instructions and data as they are being input and information after it is processed


Pixel (picture element) - the smallest unit on the screen that can be turned on and off or made different shades


Factors affecting screen clarity:

Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of space between the centers of adjacent pixels; the closer the dots, the crisper the image

Resolution Color depth Refresh rate



Dot pitch

Resolution - the image sharpness of a display screen; the more pixels there are per square inch, the finer the level of detail

Color depth Refresh rate



Dot pitch Resolution

Color depth - the amount of information, expressed in bits, that is stored in a dot

Refresh rate



Dot pitch Resolution Color depth

Refresh rate - the number of times per second that the pixels are recharged so that their glow remains bright


Two types of monitors:

CRT - a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a computer or video display terminal

Flat-panel display


Two types of monitors: CRT

Flat-panel display - made up of two plates of glass separated by a layer of a substance in which light is manipulated


Color & resolution standards for monitors:

Widescreen Format (16:10) Display DPI Resolution

Diagonal 2560x1600 1920x1200 1680x1050 1440x900 1280x800 (inches) (WQXGA) (WUXGA) (WSXGA+) (WXGA+) (WXGA)

12.1 250x249 187x187 164x164 140x140 125x125 13.3 227x227 170x170 149x149 128x128 114x113 14.1 214x214 161x160 141x140 120x120 107x107 15 201x201 151x151 132x132 113x113 101x101 15.4 196x196 147x147 129x128 110x110 98x98 17 178x177 133x133 117x116 100x100 89x89 19 159x159 119x119 104x104 89x89 79x79 20 151x151 113x113 99x99 85x85 76x75 22 137x137 103x103 90x90 77x77 69x69 24 126x126 94x94 83x82 71x71 63x63 27 112x112 84x84 73x73 63x63 56x56 30 101x101 76x75 66x66 57x57 50x50

Diagonal 1600x1200 1400x1050 1280x960 1024x768 (inches) (UXGA) (SXGA+) (XGA) 12.1 165x165 145x145 132x132 106x106 14.1 142x142 124x124 113x114 91x91 15 133x133 117x117 107x107 85x85 17 118x118 103x103 94x94 75x75 19 105x105 92x92 84x84 67x67 20 100x100 87x88 80x80 64x64

Standard Format (4:3) Display DPI Resolution

Diagonal 1280x1024 (inches) (SXGA)

12.1 135x135 14.1 116x116 15 109x109 17 96x96 19 86x86 20 82x82

SXGA (5:4) Display DPI Resolution

Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers

Printer - an output device that prints characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on paper or another hardcopy medium

Dpi - a measure of the number of rows and columns of dots that are printed in a square inch


Impact printer - forms characters or images by striking a mechanism such as a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an image on paper

Non-impact printer - forms characters and images without direct physical contact between the printing mechanism and paper


Nonimpact printers:

Laser printer - creates images on a drum which are treated with a magnetically charged toner, and then transferred from drum to paper

Replacing a laser toner cartridge


Nonimpact printers:

Ink-jet printers - spray small, electrically charged droplets of ink from four nozzles through holes in a matrix at high speed

Thermal printers - use colored waxes and heat to produce images by burning dots onto special paper

Ink-jet printer


Plotter - a specialized output device designed to produce high-quality graphics in a variety of colors


Multifunction printer - output device that combines several capabilities, such as printing, scanning, copying, and faxing

Input Technology & Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics

Health Matters: RSIs Eyestrain & headaches Back & neck pains Electromagnetic fields Noise

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Pengantar Teknologi Informasi. adalah sebuah proses yang dilaksanakan dalam upaya mewujudkan sesuatu...

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