Outlines

Choosing and narrowing topic Brainstorming

Brainstorming Part of Paragraph Unity Coherence Review on sentence structure

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CHOOSING AND NAROWING TOPIC

ACADEMIC WRITING

TONE OF YOUR WRITING

DICTIONGRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE

In writing assignment you must narrow the topic to a particular aspect of that general subject, so that you can write about it clearly and completely.

NARROWING TOPIC

Environment(General Topic)

Pollution

Ocean pollution

Oil spills

Effects on sea life(very specific topic)

Exercise

Narrow each of the general topics to one specific aspect that could written about in one paragraph.

1. School 2. Television 3. Sports 4. Food 5. Entertainment

BRAINSTORMING

• After you have chosen a topic and narrowed it to a specific focus, the next prewriting step is to generate ideas.

• Three kinds of Brainstorming techniques are Listing, Free writing, and Clustering.

LISTINGLISTING

• A brainstorming technique in which we A brainstorming technique in which we think about our topic quickly make a list of think about our topic quickly make a list of whatever words or phrases come into our whatever words or phrases come into our mind. mind.

• Our purpose is to produce as many ideas Our purpose is to produce as many ideas as possible in a short time, and our goal is as possible in a short time, and our goal is to find a specific focus for our topic.to find a specific focus for our topic.

• ((Open page 4, the example of listing)Open page 4, the example of listing)

• Do the exercise on page 6, practice 2Do the exercise on page 6, practice 2

CLUSTERINGCLUSTERING

• A brainstorming technique that we can A brainstorming technique that we can use to generate ideas.use to generate ideas.

• How to use this techniqueHow to use this technique

• In the center of our paper , write our In the center of our paper , write our topic and draw ”balloon” around it. This is topic and draw ”balloon” around it. This is our center or core. Then write whatever our center or core. Then write whatever ideas come to us in balloons around the ideas come to us in balloons around the core. Think about each of these ideas and core. Think about each of these ideas and make more balloons around them.make more balloons around them.

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

My father

Very relegius

Exercise enthusiast

workaholic

Stays late at officeWorks six days a week

Heart problem

Sport s fan

Always prayTo God

Reading Al-Qur’an Every day

Gives 2,5 % salaryTo the mosque

PART OF PARAGRAPHPART OF PARAGRAPH

Paragraph is basic unit of organization in Paragraph is basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related writing in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea.sentences develops one main idea.

The three parts of paragraph:The three parts of paragraph: 11. . TOPIC SENTENCETOPIC SENTENCE

Topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. Topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph. It consists of topic and controlling idea.It consists of topic and controlling idea.

TOPIC SENTENCETOPIC SENTENCE TOPICTOPIC CONTROLLING IDEA. (CONTROLLING IDEA. (LIMITS THE TOPIC TO LIMITS THE TOPIC TO

ONE OR TWO AREAS THAT CAN BE DISCUSSED ONE OR TWO AREAS THAT CAN BE DISCUSSED COMPLETELY IN THE SPACE OF A SINGLE PARAGRAPH).COMPLETELY IN THE SPACE OF A SINGLE PARAGRAPH).

GoldGold, a precious metal, is prized for , a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristictwo important characteristic TOPIC CONTROLLING IDEATOPIC CONTROLLING IDEA

THREE IMPORTANT POINTS THREE IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT TOPIC SENTENCEABOUT TOPIC SENTENCE

A topic sentence is a complete sentence, it A topic sentence is a complete sentence, it contains subject, verb and (usually) a contains subject, verb and (usually) a complement.complement.

A topic sentence contains both a topic and a A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea.controlling idea.

A topic sentence is the most general statement A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph because it gives only the main in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea. It does not ive any specific details.idea. It does not ive any specific details.

The Position of Topic The Position of Topic SentenceSentence

The first paragraphThe first paragraph The Last paragraphThe Last paragraph Sandwich style (the first and the last Sandwich style (the first and the last

sentence of the paragraph)sentence of the paragraph)

SUPPORTING SENTENCESSUPPORTING SENTENCES

Supporting sentences develop the Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explain topic sentence. That is, they explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics and examples, facts, statistics and quotations.quotations.

KINDS OF LOGICAL ORDER

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDERLOGICAL DEVISIONCOMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Chronological Order

One of the easiest methods of organization to master. (is a way of organizing the ideas in a paragraph in the order of their occurrence in time)

Chronos is a Greek word meaning time. It is used for something as simple as a recipe and for

something as complex as a history book. There are two keys to writing a good chronological

paragraph: 1. Discuss the events (in narrative) or the steps (in a

process) in the order in which they occur 2. Use chronological transition signals to indicate the

sequence of events or steps. Open page 58-60

Logical Division

One of the most common ways to organize ideas in English. When we use logical division, we group related ideas together and discuss each group, one after the other

Example:We are asked to divide the members of our class into groups. ( by gender or by age)

Comparison/Contrast

Comparison and contrast involves analyzing the similarities and differences between two or more items.

The content of a comparison and contrast an vary. Some paragraphs emphasize similarities, while others emphasize differences or we can also discuss both similarities and differences in one paragraph if we don’t have many points to discuss.

Open page 65- 68

CONCLUDING SENTENCE

A concluding sentence serve three purposes:

1. It signals the end of the paragraph

2. It summarizes the main points of the paragraph

3. It gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about.

These are followed by a comma

These are not followed by comma

Finally, As a result

In conclusion,

Indeed,

In summary,

In brief,

In short,

We can see hat

It is clear that

These examples show that

There can be no doubt that

END-OF-PARAGRAPH SIGNAL

UNITY

All of the sentences in paragraph discuss only one idea.

Every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea that is stated in the topic sentence.

Open page (31-34)

COHERENCE

COHERE HOLD TOGETHER

The sentence must hold together; that is, the movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be no sudden jumps. Each sentence should flow smoothly into the next one.

FOUR WAYS TO ACHIEVE COHERENCE

Repeating key nounsUsing consistent pronounUsing transition signalArranging the sentences in logical orderOpen page 41-44

TYPES OF SENTENCES

Clauses is a group of words that contains (at least) a subject and a verb

Independent Clause contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself. An independent clause is formed with

Subject + Verb (+ Complement)Students normally spend four years in college

I will declare my major now, but I may change it later

Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause begins with a subordinator such as when, while, if, that, or who.

A dependent clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by it self.

Subordinator+subject+Verb(+complement)

CLAUSE CONNECTORSSUBORDINATORS COORDINATOR CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB

After So that For Accordingly Indeed

Although Unless And Besides Instead

As When Nor Consequently In contrast

As if Whenever But For example Moreover

As soon as Where Or Furthermore Therefore

Because Wherever Yet Hence Meanwhile

Before Which So However Thus

Even though WhileFAN BOYS

In addition Otherwise

since Who