The study of Organizational Behavior

Mata Kuliah: Perilaku Organisasional

Buku acuan:

Gibson, Ivancevich, Donelly (2000). Organization: behavior, structure, process. McGraw-Hill

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Organisasi sebagai sistem

Sebagai kesatuan sosial yang memiliki batas yang dapat diidentifikasi dan tujuannya dinyatakan dengan jelas dengan sistem aktifitas yang terstruktur.

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1. Organisasi merupakan sistem terbuka.

2. Seperangkat elemen-elemen yang saling terkait dan berhubungan yang memperoleh input dari lingkungannya, memproses/transformasikan, dan menghasilkan output pada lingkungan eksternal.

3. Organisasi juga merupakan sistem sosial; bentuk khusus dari sistem terbuka yang mengandalkan pada individu dan kelompok orang-orang yang bekerja bersama dalam cara yang terstruktur dan terkoordinasi.

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Sistem Lingkungan

Subsistem Manajerial

Penetapan TujuanPerencanaanIntegrasi SD

PengimplementasianPengendalian

Subsistim Nilai-nilai dan tujuan

-Budaya-Pilosofi

-Tujuan; Organisasi, Kelompok, Individu

Subsistem Teknika

-Pengetahuan

-Teknik-teknik-Fasilitas

-Peralatan

Subsistem Psychosocial

Sikap, Persepsi, Motivasi, Kepemimpinan, Komunikasi, Hub interpersonal

Subsistem Struktural

Tugas, Aliran pekerjaan, wewenang,

aliran informasi, prosedur, aturan

The Organizational System

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Subsistem Teknikal;

Terdiri dari tugas-tugas yang disyaratkan untuk menghasilkan produk atau output organisasi (mis: komputer)

Subsistem Struktural;

Subsistem Menentukan divisi dari pekerjaan dalam organisasi. Organisasional chart merupakan bagian yang integral dari subsistim ini.

Psikososial;

Orang-orang dan hub mereka satu sama lainnya menjadi elemen utama.

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Subsistem Manajerial;

Cara-cara formal atau informal yang digunakan manajer untuk menjalankan tugas.

Subsistem Nilai dan Tujuan;

Sifat dan kualitas tujuan merupakan bagian subsistim ini. Penekanan bukan hanya pada reward tetapi pencapaian hasil.

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What is an Organization?

1. Consciously coordinated social unit

2. Composed of two or more people

3. Functions on a continuous basis to achieve a common goal

4. Characterized by formal roles that define the behavior of its members

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The Characteristics of an Organization

Purpose

Structure

People

3

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MiddleManagers

First-LineManagers

Front-Line Employees

TopManagers

The Levels of an Organization

SuperviseOthers

Workon Jobs

4

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Challenges Facing Organizations

1. Globalization

2. Changing nature of competition

3. Demographic changes and diversity

4. Lack of interpersonal (people) skills

5. Changing nature of competitive advantage, including innovation

6. Managing change

7. Changes in the employee – employer relationship, including declining loyalty

8. Increase in the number and severity of work/life conflicts

9. Importance of ethics

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Organizational Behavior

1.The study of human perceptions, attitudes, behavior, and thus performance in organizations

2.Intended to help us predict and control behavior and performance outcomes

3.Behavior is influenced by personal and situational factors

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Psychology seeks to measure,explain,

and change behavior

Sociology studies people in relation to their

fellow human beings

Social psychologyfocuses on the

influence of peopleon one another

Anthropology is the study of societies

to learn about human beings and their activities

Political science is the study of the

behavior of individuals and groups within

a political environment

Contributing Disciplines

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Foundations of Organizational BehaviorFoundations of Organizational Behavior

IndividualIndividual

GroupGroup

OrganizationOrganization

Study ofStudy ofOrganizationalOrganizational

BehaviorBehaviorSocial PsychologySocial Psychology

Political SciencePolitical Science

AnthropologyAnthropology

PsychologyPsychology

SociologySociology

See Exhibit 1.3, p. 10, for additional detail

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UnderstandingUnderstandingOrganizational Organizational

BehaviorBehavior

IndividualIndividualDifferencesDifferences

FundamentalFundamentalConsistenciesConsistencies

IntuitionIntuition SystematicSystematicStudyStudy

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Basic OB Model, Stage I

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EXHIBIT 3-8What may happen in traditional objective setting.

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Assumptions

1. OB follows principles of human behavior – each persons is different. Employee as a unique embodiment

2. Organizations are social systems – authority, status, and power, and people have varying needs

3. Multiple factors shape OB – no one best way to manage

4. Structure and process affect organizational behavior and emergent culture.

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Three Perspectives on effectiveness

Individual effectiveness

Groupeffectiveness

Organizationaleffectiveness

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Causes of effectiveness

Individual effectiveness

Groupeffectiveness

Organizationaleffectiveness

CausesAbility

KnowledgeAttitude

MotivationStress

CausesCohesiveness

LeadershipStructure

StatusRolesNorms

CausesEnvironmentTechnologyStrategicChoice

StructureProcessCulture

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Three ways to think about effectiveness

1. Goal approach. Emphasize the central role of goal achievement

2. System theory

3. Stakeholders approach