CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Phonology adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang bunyi. Bunyi merupakan komponen

paling penting dalam phonology. Pengucapan bunyi dari sebuah kata akan sangat mempengaruhi

makna. Terkadang ada kata-kata tertentu yang hampir sama pengucapannya, namun memiliki

makna yang berbeda, seperti pengucapan sick and six. Keduanya memiliki makna yang berbeda

namun hampir memiliki kesamaan dalam pengucapan. Kata six harus diucapkan dengan letukan

atau plosive, sedangkan six diucapkan dengan datar. Ini artinya kata dan perubahan bentuk kata

itu sendiri sangat erat kaitannya dengan bunyi dalam pengucapan.

Dalam hubungannya, kata dalam morphology erat kaitannya dengan phonology.

Hubungan antara keduanya disebut dengan morphophonemics. Perubahan bunyi dalam

phonology akan berubah ketika suatu kata mengalami perubahan, seperti bentuk Verb1 menjadi

Verb2, mendapat imbuhan prefix, infix or suffix, etc. Perubahan bunyi itu untuk membedakan

bentuk kata tersebut apakah Verb1, Verb2, plural tidaknya, atau cara pengucapan kata yang

benar.

Phonology is the study of the sound system of languages. It is a huge area of language theory and it is

difficult to do more on a general language course than have an outline knowledge of what it includes. In an exam, you may be asked to comment on a text that you are seeing for the first time in terms of various

language descriptions, of which phonology may be one. At one extreme, phonology is concerned with

anatomy and physiology - the organs of speech and how we learn to use them. At another extreme, phonology shades into socio-linguistics as we consider social attitudes to features of sound such as accent

and intonation. And part of the subject is concerned with finding objective standard ways of recording

speech, and representing this symbolically.

CHAPTER II

THEORY

A. Morphophonemics

In linguistics, study of the relationship between morphology and phonology.

Morphophonemics involves an investigation of the phonological variations within morphemes,

usually marking different grammatical functions; e.g. the vowel changes in sleep and slept,

bind and bound, vain and vanity, and the consonant alternations in knife and knives,

loaf and loaves.

Morphophonemics

It also morphophonology, the branch of linguistics that studies the morphological use of

phonological means; in the narrower sense, the field of word phonology connected with the

sound structure of a morpheme and the changes that a morpheme undergoes when it combines

with other morphemes.

Morphophonemics emerged as a separate discipline in the late 1920s, but its origins are

associated with J. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, who demonstrated the interaction of phonetics and

grammar in sound alternations and advanced the hypothesis that the phoneme was the mobile

component of a morpheme and the sign of a particular morphological category.

N. S. Trubetskoi, the founder of morphophonemics, formulated the disciplines three main tasks:

to establish the distinguishing phonological features of morphemes of different classes (for

example, inflexions, as distinct from roots or suffixes); to formulate rules for transforming

morphemes in morphemic combinations; and to create a theory of morphological sound

alternation. Since morphophonemics includes the study of regularities in the occurrence of

variant morphs of a single morphemeregularities dependent on a morphemes phonemic

composition and, at the same time, its morphological environmentsome scholars place

morphophonemics under phonology (representatives of transformational and generative

grammars), other scholars place it under morphology (the French linguistic school), and still

others regard it as the connecting link between phonology and grammar.

Morphophonemic characteristics are considered to include those that are related to the alterations

of the morphemes when they are arranged in words (for example, in Russian, between glukhoi,

secluded, and glush, backwoods, and dikii, wild, and dich wild game).

Morphophonemic characteristics may include alternations, the overlap and truncation of

morphemes, stress shifts, and so on. Recognizing them is important for describing the

morphological structure of a word, for determining the specific nature of the grammatical

structure of a language (especially in constructing paradigms and word-formation series), and for

comparing languages according to their typology.

A. Morphophonemic rule

A morphophonemic rule has the form of a phonological rule, but is restricted to a

particular morphological environment.

Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules.

Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for an allophonic

rule, the rule is morphophonemic.

Examples:

The prefix /in-/ has the allomorphs [il] and [ir]:

/in-/ + responsible irresponsible

/in-/ + logical illogical

The rules n G l / __l and n G r / __r are not phonological rules in English, however. If they

were, the prefixes /un-/ and /non-/ would also exhibit this regular pattern, but they do not.

/un-/ + responsive (*urresponsive) unresponsive

/un-/ + limited (*ullimited) unlimited

/non-/ + retroactive (*nor-retroactive) non-retroactive

/non-/ + lethal (*nol-lethal) non-lethal

Therefore, there must be a morphophonemic rule which determines the allomorphs [il]

and [ir] of the prefix /in-/.

A phonological rule is a formal way of expressing a systematic phonological or

morphophonological process or diachronic sound change in language. Phonological rules are

commonly used in generative phonology as a notation to capture sound-related operations and

computations the human brain performs when producing or comprehending spoken language.

They may use phonetic notation or distinctive features or both.

John Goldsmith (1995) defines phonological rules as mappings between two different levels of

sound representation[1]in this case, the abstract or underlying level and the surface leveland

Bruce Hayes (2009) describes them as "generalizations" about the different ways a sound can be

pronounced in different environments.[2]

That is to say, phonological rules describe how a

speaker goes from the abstract representation stored in their brain, to the actual sound they

articulate when they speak. In general, phonological rules start with the underlying

representation of a sound (the phoneme that is stored in the speaker's mind) and yield the final

surface form, or what the speaker actually pronounces.[3]

For example, the English plural -s may

be pronounced as [s] (in "cats"), [z] (in "cabs"), or as [z] (in "buses"); these forms are all stored

mentally as the same -s, but the surface pronunciations are derived through a phonological rule.[4]