EKUITAS: MODAL DISETOREKUITAS: MODAL DISETOR(MODAL SAHAM)(MODAL SAHAM)

Jenis Perusahaan:

Perusahaan PeroranganPerusahaan Perorangan

dan Firmadan Firma

Sulit berkembang krn terbatasnya kemampuan utk mengakumulasikan modal & dana untuk memperluas operasi

Perusahaan Perseroan

Adalah perusahaan yg memisahkan manajemen dari pemilik perusahaan/pemilik modal. Pemilik modal mempercayakan dananya utk dioperasikan oleh kelompok yg mereka percaya (fiduciary group), yaitu manajemen.

Para pemilik dana mempunyai tanda pemilikan yang disebut: SAHAM

Keunggulan perusahaan perseroan:Keunggulan perusahaan perseroan:- Memungkinkan untuk dapat mengakumulasikan atau menghimpun sumberdaya modal yang lebih besar- Lebih menjamin perusahaan untuk bisa beroperasi pada tingkat atau skala kegiatan yang ekonomis- Lebih berpeluang untuk bisa go public atau akses ke pasar modal dimana sumber dana lebih mudah

didapat oleh perusahaan yang bisa beroperasi secara efisien dan efektif

Kekurangan:Kekurangan:

- Pajak berganda (double taxation); Pajak Penghasilan Badan dan individu pemegang saham sebagai pemodal dikenakan Pajak Penghasilan Perseorangan atas penghasilan berupa dividen yang dibagikan oleh perusahaan.

SAMPLE CORPORATION ORGANIZATION CHARTSAMPLE CORPORATION ORGANIZATION CHART

Stockholders

Board of Directors

President

Vice-President Finance

Vice-President Marketing

Corporate Secretary

Vice-President Production

Vice-President Personnel

Treasurer Controller

The president is the The controller’s chief executive officer responsibilities include(CEO) with direct 1 maintaining the responsibility for accounting records managing the business. 2 maintaining adequateThe chief accounting internal control systemofficer is the controller. 3 preparing financial statements, tax returns

and internal report

Komponen Modal Saham: Komponen Modal Saham:

Komponen modal saham dapat dilihat dalam pencantuman modal saham di Laporan keuangan.

Contoh kasus:

PT ‘Park Ji Sung’ pada saat pendirian mengotorisasi pengeluaran saham sebanyak 10.000.000 lembar dengan nilai nominal Rp. 1000 per lembar. Jumlah yang disetujui untuk diedarkan adalah 4.000.000 lembar dan dijual dengan harga Rp. 3000 per lembar. 60% dari jumlah tersebut sudah dibayar oleh pembeli

Komponen Modal Saham:Komponen Modal Saham:

MODAL SAHAM

Modal saham (nilai nominal Rp. 1000/lbr) diotorisasi untuk diedarkan 10.000.000 lbr Rp. 10.000.000.000

Dikurangi:

- Jumlah yg belum disetujui untuk dikeluarkan

6.000.000 lbr (Rp. 6.000.000.000)

Rp. 4.000.000.000

- Dijual tetapi belum disetor (Rp.1.600.000.000)

Modal saham sudah disetor Rp. 2.400.000.000

Ditambah:

Kelebihan pembayaran atas nilai nominal Rp. 8.000.000.000

Modal Saham Rp.10.400.000.000

Jenis SahamJenis Saham

Saham Biasa (Common Stock)

- Dgn nilai nominal

- Tanpa nilai nominal, ttp tercatat pada saat dikeluarkan

- Tanpa nilai nominal dan tdk tercatat pada saat dikeluarkan

Saham Prioritas/Preferen (Preferred Stock):

Jenis: - Callable; Saham dapat ditebus kembali atas opsi

perusahaan penerbit

- Convertible; Pemodal dapat menukarkan porto folio

investasinyayang saham prioritas ke bentuk

saham biasa

- Redeemable; Harus dilunasi atau dibayar kembali

pada tanggal tertentu sesuai dg kontraknya

Jenis SahamJenis Saham Klausul:

- Saham Prioritas Komulatif, Partisipatif

- Saham Prioritas Komulatif, tidak Partisipatif

- Saham Prioritas tidak Komulatif, Partisipatif

- Saham Prioritas tidak komulatif dan tidak Partisipatif

Komulatif: berhak memperoleh dividen pada setiap tahun

bukunya. Apbl dalam suatu tahun buku dividen

belum dibayarkan (disebut dividen menunggak),

dividen tersebut tetap harus dibayarkan terlebih

dahulu

Partisipatif: Bisa memperoleh tambahan dividen setelah

dividen dlm jumlah tertentu sudah dibayarkan

kepada para pemegang saham biasa

Hak Pemegang SahamHak Pemegang Saham Ikut serta dalam pengelolaan perusahaan atau memilih

anggota direksi dan menentukan kebijakan strategis perusahaan

Mendapatkan pembagian laba dalam bentuk dividen yang dibagikan oleh perusahaan

Mendapatkan aktiva bersih, apabila perusahaan dilikuidasi

Mempertahankan jumlah relatif saham yang dimiliki, melalui pembelian saham baru yang diterbitkan perusahaan (preemptive right)

Note: Pemegang saham prioritas mendapatkan hak point 2 & 3 didahulukan drpd pemegang saham biasa

Beberapa istilah:Beberapa istilah:

Saham yang diotorisasi (Authorized) Saham yang beredar (Issued) Outstanding stock Nilai nominal/nilai pari/par value Nilai/harga pasar/Kurs Nilai buku/Book value

Penjualan Saham:

1. Secara Tunai

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES at PAR VALUE

Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 1,000 shares of $1 par value

common stock at par for cash. The entry to record this transaction is:

1000

1000

5,000 5,000 1,000 1,000 4,000 4,000

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES at GREATER

THAN PAR VALUE

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES at GREATER

THAN PAR VALUE

Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues an additional 1,000 shares of the $1 par value common stock for cash at $5 per share. The entry to record this transaction is:

Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues an additional 1,000 shares of the $1 par value common stock for cash at $5 per share. The entry to record this transaction is:

40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES with STATED

VALUES

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES with STATED

VALUESPaid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value is reported as part of paid-in capital in the stockholders’ equity section. When no-par stock does not have a stated value, the entire proceeds from the issue become legal capital and are credited to Common Stock. If Hydro-Slide does not assign a stated value to its no-par stock, the issuance of the 5,000 shares at $8 per share for cash is recorded as follows:

Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value is reported as part of paid-in capital in the stockholders’ equity section. When no-par stock does not have a stated value, the entire proceeds from the issue become legal capital and are credited to Common Stock. If Hydro-Slide does not assign a stated value to its no-par stock, the issuance of the 5,000 shares at $8 per share for cash is recorded as follows:

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES at GREATER

THAN STATED VALUES

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES at GREATER

THAN STATED VALUES

40,000 40,000 25,000 25,000 15,000 15,000

When no-par common stock has a stated value, the entries are similar to those for par value stock. The stated value represents legal capital and therefore is credited to Common Stock. When the selling price of no-par stock exceeds stated value, the excess is credited to Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value. Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 5,000 shares of $5 stated value no-par stock at $8 per share for cash. The entry is:

When no-par common stock has a stated value, the entries are similar to those for par value stock. The stated value represents legal capital and therefore is credited to Common Stock. When the selling price of no-par stock exceeds stated value, the excess is credited to Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value. Hydro-Slide, Inc. issues 5,000 shares of $5 stated value no-par stock at $8 per share for cash. The entry is:

80,000 80,000 50,000 50,000 30,000 30,000

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES for ASSETS

OTHER THAN CASH

ACCOUNTING FOR COMMON STOCK ISSUES for ASSETS

OTHER THAN CASH

Athletic Research Inc. is a publicly held corporation whose $5 par value stock is actively traded at $8 per share. The company issues 10,000 shares of stock to acquire land recently advertised for sale at $90,000. On the basis of these facts the market price of the consideration given is the most clearly evident value. The par or stated value of the stock is never a factor in determining the cost of the assets received. The entry is:

Athletic Research Inc. is a publicly held corporation whose $5 par value stock is actively traded at $8 per share. The company issues 10,000 shares of stock to acquire land recently advertised for sale at $90,000. On the basis of these facts the market price of the consideration given is the most clearly evident value. The par or stated value of the stock is never a factor in determining the cost of the assets received. The entry is: