ENGLISH GRAMMAR

AND STRUCTURE

By: Ayu

MODUL 1: SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, HOMONYMS, HYPONYMS

  SYNONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki arti sama   Example: fast = rapid (arti: cepat); heaven = paradise

(arti: surga); trust = believe (arti: percaya)

  ANTONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki arti berlawanan   Example: fast >< slow (arti: lambat); heaven >< hell (arti:

neraka); believe >< doubt (arti: tidak percaya/ragu)

  HOMONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki bunyi pengucapan yang mirip tapi ejaan dan artinya berbeda   Example: tea tee; to two too; write right

  HYPONYMS: kata-kata yang merupakan bagian dari satu kelas yang sama   Example: furniture chair, table, cupboard

MATERI TAMBAHAN: BASIC GRAMMAR

  SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

  FUNGSI: hal-hal yang terjadi berulang-ulang/sering/berurutan, hal-hal umum (informasi umum), fakta

  KETERANGAN WAKTU (ADVERB): every day, sometimes, always, often, usually, seldom, never

  STRUCTURE:

 Subject + Verb 1 (+s/es for She/He/It) (+ Object)

 Subject + to be + Object (Adjective/Noun)

FORM

FORM

EXAMPLE

  Kalimat positif

  She/He/It works

  They/We/I/You work

  She drinks coffee

  I like apple

  I am hungry

  Kalimat negatif

  She/He/It does not work

  They/We/I/You do not work

  I am not hungry

  Kalimat tanya

  Does she/he/it work?

  Do they/we/i/you work?

  Am I hungry?

MODUL 2: ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION

  AKHIRAN BAHASA INGGRIS (SUFFIX)

  Akhiran pembentuk KATA BENDA

  Akhiran pembentuk KATA KERJA

  Akhiran pembentuk KATA SIFAT

  Akhiran pembentuk KATA KETERANGAN

  AWALAN BAHASA INGGRIS (PREFIX)

  AKAR KATA BAHASA INGGRIS (ROOTS)

SUFFIX

  SERING MUNCUL:

  PEMBENTUK KATA BENDA: -ance, -ence, -ancy, -acy, -cy, -ation, -sion, -tion, -ator, -or, -er, -ery, -ory, -ism, -ist, -ity, -ive, -ly, -ment, -ness, -ship

  PEMBENTUK KATA KERJA: -en, -ify, -fy, -ize, -ise

  PEMBENTUK KATA SIFAT: -able, -ible, -ful, -ish, -ive, less, -y

  PEMBENTUK KATA KETERANGAN: -ly

PREFIX & ROOTS

  PREFIX

  SERING MUNCUL: a-, an-. Co-, dis-, e(n), extra-, i(n)-, inter-, mis-, multi-, non-, re-, sub-, super-, un-, under-, up-, well

  ROOTS Bahasa Inggris merupakan gabungan dari akar kata yang berasal dari Bahasa Yunani dan Bahasa Latin

MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR

  PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS TENSE

  FUNGSI: sesuatu yang terjadi pada/sekitar saat percakapan berlangsung; sesuatu yang sudah diputuskan atau dirancang untuk dilakukan (fixed plan)

  KETERANGAN WAKTU: now, at the moment, look!, listen!

  STRUCTURE:

 Subject + to be + Verb-ing   EXAMPLE:

  She/He/it IS working

  They/We/You ARE working

  I AM working

FORM

MODUL 3: Reference

  KATA PENUNJUK: this, that, those

  KATA GANTI: it, he, she, we, they, I, you, them, him, her, us

  KATA KEPUNYAAN: its, his, her, our, their, my, your

  LAIN-LAIN

MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR

  SIMPLE PAST TENSE

  FUNGSI: aktivitas/kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau

  KETERANGAN WAKTU: last…, …ago, in 1990, yesterday

  STRUCTURE:

  Irregular

  Subject + Verb 2 (+Object)

  Regular

  Subject + Verb + ed (+ Object)

FORM

FORM

FORM

MODUL 4 Sensitizing

  Purpose: learn how to understand relations within a sentence as well as between parts of a text.

  TIPS:

 Highlight “To be” (am, is, are) & Reference (that, who, which, whom, where etc – MODUL 3)

  FIND THE SUBJECTS

  FIND THE VERB/ARTICLES (am,is,are,were,was)

  FIND THE OBJECTS

  FIND THE ADVERBS (keterangan: waktu, tempat etc)

  Common english structure: S+Verb+O

Modul 4: Sensitizing (cont’d)

 Understanding relations within complex sentences

  TIPS:   Get the clue from Before and After sentence!

(Antonym~ Synonyms~ Hyponyms)   Fragmentation (Pemecahan kalimat)   DICTIONARY!

  Linking Sentence and Ideas: Reference

  TIPS:   ALL TIPS ABOVE   Perhatikan REFERENCE (it, this, that, which)   Baca seluruh paragraf dan pahami

MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR

  FUTURE TENSE

1. SUBJECT + WILL + VERB (kata kerja)

Example: I will work tomorrow

“Will” dipakai untuk menunjukkan prediksi (tingkat kepastiannya rendah)

2. SUBJECT + TO BE + GOING TO + VERB (kata kerja)

Example: I am going to work

“to be + going to” dipakai unttuk menunjukkan rencana (tingkat kepastiannya tinggi)

Modul 5: Previewing

  Tujuan: mempelajari teknik-teknik membaca cepat sehingga Anda dapat mengetahui isi suatu bacaan dengan cepat.

 Metode: mengetahui isi buku secara sepintas dengan melihat judul, daftar isi atau sampul belakang.

Modul 5: Previewing (cont’d)

  Lihat JUDUL cari ) spesifik, example: Asia, Europe, power politics, jazz, Megawati, earthquake, Korea

  Lihat DAFTAR ISI cari antar judul bab (chapter), example: I.

SURFING >> II. SCUBA DIVING tentang SPORT

  Lihat SAMPUL BELAKANG   

 

Modul 5: Previewing (cont’d)

  Example (Sampul Belakang):

  ”This book by George Orwell is a novel based on the lives of a society of animals living on the Manor Farm. Although the title of the book suggests the book is merely about animals, the story is a much more in depth analysis of the workings of society in Communist Russia. The animals are used as puppets to illustrate how the communist class system operated, and how Russian citizens responded to this, and how propaganda was used by early Russian leaders such as Stalin, and the effect this type of leadership had on the behaviour of the people of Russia.”

  Pilihan judul:   A. Communication and Technology

B. Russian culture C. Animal Farm D. Social Science Methodology

Modul 6: Anticipation

  Tujuan: Mahasiswa dapat melihat dan mengantisipasi tentang apa yang dimuat dalam sebuah teks, sehingga semakin mudah kita menangkap poin-poin penting dalam bacaan tersebut.

  TIPS (Modul halaman 6.1):   Sediakan selalu pensil dan stabilo!   Sediakan kamus!   Baca teks secara menyeluruh dan garisbawahi

kata2 yang tdk dipahami   Baca kembali teks dengan teliti   Buat catatan pinggir tentang ide pokok setiap

paragraf!

Modul 6: Anticipation (cont’d)

  TIPS Menjawab Soal Modul:

  Cari arti JUDUL buka KAMUS!

  Jawab 5W+1H Question! (What, Who, Where, When, Why + How) berdasarkan JUDUL tersebut!

  Pikirkan opini pribadi tentang JUDUL tersebut!

 Menerka isi bacaan berdasarkan HEADLINE surat kabar

  Cari , e.g. Megawati, SBY, earthquake, tornado

  Perhatikan umumnya terdapat keterangan mengenai isi artikel

Modul 6: Anticipation (cont’d)

  Contoh Judul: TOURISM IN KOREA

  1. Tourism in Korea Pariwisata di Korea

  2. What? Pariwisata, Where? Korea, When? Anytime (tidak ada keterangan pada judul), Who? For tourists, published by Korean government or traveler or foreigner, Why? For promotion, How? Introducing tourist destinations, foods, culture, traditions, costumes, palaces etc

 Opini pribadi: Tourism in Korea is very attractive and well-managed (pariwisata di Korea sangat menarik dan diatur dengan baik)

TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR

 MODALS

  Can expresses ability: I can pay my meal

 Might expresses possibility, maybe yes, maybe no: I might pay my meal

 Will future intent (niat): I will pay my meal

  Should obligation (kewajiban), suggestion (anjuran) levelnya lemah: I should pay my meal

 Must obligation (kewajiban), command (perintah) levelnya kuat: I must pay my meal

TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR (Cont’d)

 Would expresses reservation (ada syarat (conditions) yang harus dipenuhi) kalau….saya akan….: I would pay if I have money

 Menanyakan kesediaan: would you pay for me?

  Could

  Ability (past tense) bentuk lampau dari “can”

  Expresses possibility (ada syarat (conditions) yang harus dipenuhi) kalau…saya bisa….: I could pay if I have money

  Request/permission: could you please pay for me?

TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR (Cont’d)

  Couldn’t inability (ketidakmampuan) dan bentuk lampau dari “can’t”: I couldn’t pay my meal

  Shouldn’t negative suggestion (anjuran negatif) bentuk negative dari “Should”: I shouldn’t pay my meal

 Mustn’t negative command (larangan), bentuk negatif dari “Must”: I mustn’t pay my meal

 Won’t (Will not) bentuk negative dari “Will”: I won’t pay my meal

TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR (Cont’d)

 USING MODALS

  Contoh Kalimat:

 Will you open the door for me?

 Would you mind opening (V+ing) the door for me?

  Could you please open the door?