MAKALAH_KIMIA_IKATAN_KIMIA (1)

7/26/2019 MAKALAH_KIMIA_IKATAN_KIMIA (1)

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MAKALAH

IKATAN KIMIA

Disusun Oleh :

Prastika Pri Febriana

Ratu Lima

Riani Novianti

Rika Febiyani

Riki Arya Nugraha

X Farmasi C

SMK BAKTI INDONESIA KUNINGAN

TAHUN PELAJARAN 2015 / 2016


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KATA PN!ANTAR

Puji dan !u"u# $%nu&i $anja'"an "%(adi#a' Tu(an )an* Ma(a Ea

!an* '%&a( +%+,%#i"an #a(+a' dan "a#unia-N!a %(in**a $%nu&i da$a'

+%n!%&%ai"an Ma"a&a( d%n*an judu& IKATAN KIMIA. Ma"a&a( ini diuun

da&a+ #an*"a +%+%nu(i 'u*a "%&+$"

A'a ,i+,in*an ,a$a"/i,u *u#u dan a#an da#i '%+an-'%+an +a"a

diuun&a( Ma"a&a( ini. S%+*a d%n*an '%#uunn!a +a"a&a( ini

di(a#a$"an da$a' ,%#*una ,a*i "a+i %+ua da&a+ +%+%nu(i a&a( a'u

!a#a' 'u*a "a+i. Ma"a&a( ini di(a#a$"an ,ia ,%#+anaa' d%n*an %i%n

da&a+ $#% $%+,%&aja#an.

Da&a+ +%n!uun +a"a&a( ini $%nu&i ,an!a" +%+$%#&%(,an'uan da#i ,%#,a*ai $i(a" +a"a $%nu&i +%n*u3a$"an '%#i+a "ai(

"%$ada $i(a"-$i(a" !an* '%#"ai'. Da&a+ +%n!uun +a"a&a( ini $%nu&i

'%&a( ,%#ua(a d%n*an %*%na$ "%+a+$uan un'u" +%+,ua' +a"a&a(

!an* %,ai"-,ai"n!a.

S%,a*ai $%+u&a '%n'un!a +ai( ,an!a" "%"u#an*an dan "%a&a(an

da&a+ +a"a&a( ini &%( "a#%nan!a "a+i +%n*(a#a$"an "#i'i" dan a#an

a*a# +a"a&a( ini ,ia +%njadi &%,i( ,ai".

Kunin*an M%i 2016

P%nu&i

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KATA PN!ANTAR

Kata Pengantar """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" i

Da#tar $si"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" ii

%A% $ PNDA&'L'AN

A. La'a# B%&a"an*......................................................................... 1B. Ru+uan Maa&a(.................................................................... 24. Tujuan...................................................................................... 2

%A% $$ P(%A&A)AN

A. P%n*%#'ian I"a'an Ki+ia........................................................... B. J%ni-J%ni I"a'an Ki+ia............................................................ 4. I"a'an P#i+%# .......................................................................... D. I"a'an S%"und%# Ga!a Ta#i" An'a#+&%"u&7............................. 8E. G%+%'#i M&%"u&..................................................................... 119. T%#i D+ain E&%"'#n.............................................................. 11!" P#ini$ Daa#T%#i D+ain E&%"'#n........................................ 11

%A% $$$PN'T'P

A. K%i+$u&an.............................................................................. 12B. Sa#an...................................................................................... 12

DAFTAR P')TAKA""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *+

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5/18

%A% $

PNDA&'L'AN

A" Latar %elakangPada u+u+n!a unu#-unu# diju+$ai 'ida" da&a+ "%adaan ,%,a

"%3ua&i $ada u(u 'in**i7 +%&ain"an %,a*ai ua'u "%&+$"-

"%&+$" a'+ !an* di%,u' %,a*ai +&%"u&. Da#i a"'a ini da$a'

dii+$u&"an ,a(:a %3a#a %n%#*i "%&+$"-"%&+$" a'+ a'au

+&%"u& +%#u$a"an "%adaan !an* &%,i( 'a,i& di,andin* unu#-unu#

da&a+ "%adaan ,%,a.S%&ain *a +u&ia di a&a+ unu#-unu# 'ida" %&a&u ,%#ada %,a*ai

unu# ,%,a %,a*ai a'+ 'un**a&7 '%'a$i "%,an!a"an ,%#*a,un*

d%n*an a'+ unu# &ain. Ta(un 1;16 G.N. L%:i dan a&%ni 2 %$%#'i H% di%,u'

+%n*i"u'i a'u#an du$&%'. 4a#a !an* dia+,i& unu# u$a!a da$a'

+%n*i"u'i *a +u&ia !ai'u?1. +%&%$a a'au +%n%#i+a %&%"'#n=2. $%+a"aian ,%#a+a $aan*an %&%"'#n.

Pada ,a, '#u"'u# a'+ dan i'%+ $%#idi" unu# Anda uda(

+%+$%&aja#i ,a(:a a+$ai aa' ini ju+&a( unu# !an* di"%na&

+anuia ,ai" unu# a&a+ +au$un unu# in'%'i '%&a( +%n3a$ai%,an!a" 118 unu#. Ta(u"a( Anda ,a(:a di a&a+ %+%'a ini an*a'

ja#an* %"a&i di'%+u"an a'+ ,%#di#i %ndi#ian 'a$i (a+$i# %+uan!a

,%#i"a'an d%n*an d%n*an a'+ &ain da&a+ ,%n'u" %n!a:a ,ai"

%n!a:a ">a&%n +au$un %n!a:a ini". P%#na("a( Anda

+%+,a!an*"an ,%#a$a ,an!a" %n!a:a !an* da$a' '%#,%n'u" di a&a+

%+%'a ini@ M%n*a$a a'+-a'+ '%#%,u' da$a' a&in* ,%#i"a'an a'u

d%n*an !an* &ain@ A$a"a( %'ia$ a'+ $a'i da$a' ,%#i"a'an d%n*an

a'+-a'+ &ain@ A$a"a( i"a'an an'a#a'+ da&a+ %n!a:a %n!a:a di

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a&a+ ini %+uan!a a+a@ Un'u" +%n*%'a(ui ja:a,an da#i $%#'an!aan

$%#'an!aan '%#%,u' Anda (a#u +%+$%&aja#i ,a, I"a'an "i+ia ini.Pada ,a, ini Anda a"an +%+$%&aja#i a$a"a( i"a'an "i+ia i'u

+%n*a$a a'+-a'+ da$a' a&in* ,%#i"a'an a$a aja j%ni-j%ni i"a'an

"i+ia dan &ain-&ain. Ga!a !an* +%n*i"a' a'+-a'+ da&a+ +&%"u&

a'au *a,un*an in da&a+ %'ia$ %n!a:a di%,u' i"a'an "i+ia. Kn%$

ini $%#'a+a "a&i di"%+u"a"an $ada 'a(un 1;16 &%( Gi&,%#' N%:'n

L%:i 185-1;C67 da#i A+%#i"a dan A&,#%3(' K%& 185-1;27 da#i

J%#+an.%" Rumusan (asalah

1. A$a !an* $%n*%#'ian da#i i"a'an "i+ia@2. A$a aja"a( j%ni-j%ni i"a'an "i+ia@. Ba*ai+ana"a( $#% '%#,%n'u"n!a i"a'an "i+ia@

C" Tu,uan1. Un'u" +%n*%'a(ui dan +%+a(a+i $%n*%#'ian da#i i"a'an "i+ia.2. Un'u" +%n*%'a(ui %&u#u( j%ni-j%ni i"a'an "i+ia.. Un'u" +%n*%'a(ui dan +%+a(a+i $#% '%#,%n'u"n!a i"a'an

"i+ia.

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%A% $$

P(%A&A)AN

A" Pengertian $katan Kimia

I"a'an "i+ia ada&a( *a!a 'a#i" +%na#i" !an* "ua' an'a#a a'+-a'+

'%#'%n'u ,%#*a,un* +%+,%n'u" +&%"u& a'au *a,un*an in-in %(in**a

"%adaann!a +%njadi &%,i( 'a,i&. Dua a'+ a'au &%,i( da$a' +%+,%n'u"ua'u +&%"u& +%&a&ui i"a'an "i+ia. I"a'an "i+ia '%#jadi "a#%na

$%n**a,un*an a'+-a'+ !an* +%+,%n'u" +&%"u& %n!a:a !an*

%uai d%n*an a'u#an "'%'.

%" -enis.-enis $katan Kimia

I"a'an "i+ia +%#u$a"an %,ua( $#% i"a !an* ,%#'an**un*ja:a,

da&a+ *a!a in'%#a"i 'a#i" +%na#i" an'a#a dua a'+ a'au +&%"u& !an*

+%n!%,a,"an ua'u %n!a:a dia'+i" a'au $&ia'+i" +%njadi 'a,i&.S%3a#a u+u+ i"a'an "i+ia da$a' di*&n*"an +%njadi dua j%ni !ai'u

i"a'an $#i+%# dan i"a'an %"und%#.

C" $katan Primer

I"a'an $#i+%# ada&a( i"a'an "i+ia di+ana i"a'an *a'a an'a# a'+n!a

#%&a'i ,%a#. I"a'an $#i+%# ini '%#di#i a'a i"a'an in i"a'an ">a&%n dan

i"a'an &*a+.

1. I"a'an inAda ,%,%#a$a d%nii '%n'an* i"a'an in !ai'u?- I"a'an in ada&a( i"a'an !an* '%#jadi a"i,a' *a!a 'a#i"-+%na#i"

&an'a#a in $i'i dan in n%*a'i.- I"a'an in '%#jadi an'a#a unu# &*a+ d%n*an unu# nn&*a+.- I"a'an in '%#jadi "a#%na adan!a %#a( '%#i+a %&%"'#n da#i a'u

a'+ "% a'+ !an* &ain.- I"a'an in ini an*a' 'a,i& "(uun!a ,i&a +%n!an*"u' in

,%#>a&%ni *anda.

4i#i-3i#i %n!a:a ini"?- M%+$un!ai 'i'i" didi( dan 'i'i" &%&%( 'in**i.- Ga!a 'a#i" +%na#i" an'a#$a#'i"%& an*a' "ua'.


8/18

- Tida" da$a' +%n*(an'a#"an &i'#i" "a#%na in-in !an* ,%#ada

da&a+ "#i'a& u&i' ,%#*%#a".

4n'( P%+,%n'u"an I"a'an In

Na'#iu+ '%#*&n* unu# &*a+ d%n*an %n%#*i iniai !an*

#%&a'i #%nda(. A#'in!a +uda( +%&%$a %&%"'#n. Di &ain $i(a" "in

ada&a( unu# nn&*a+ d%n*an da!a 'a#i" %&%"'#n !an* #%&a'i

,%a#. A#'in!a "in +%+$un!ai "%3%nd%#un*an ,%a# un'u"

+%na#i" %&%"'#n. K%'i"a na'#iu+ di#%a"i"an d%n*an "in "in

a"an +%na#i" %&%"'#n dan na'#iu+. Na'#iu+ ,%#u,a( +%njadi in

$i'i Na7 %dan*"an "in ,%#u,a( +%njadi in n%*a'i 4&-7. In

in '%#%,u' "%+udian +%n*a&a+i 'a#i"-+%na#i" "a#%na *a!a

4u&+, %(in**a +%+,%n'u" Na4&.

Ga+,a# 1.1

Da#i "au '%#%,u' "i'a da$a' +%n!i+$u&"an ,a(:a i"a'an

in '%#jadi "a#%na adan!a ua'u *a!a %&%"'#'a'i dan in !an*

,%#,%da +ua'an $i'i dan n%*a'i7. Ha& i'u da$a' '%#jadi ji"a

an'a#a unu# !an* di#%a"i"an '%#da$a' $%#,%daan da!a 'a#i"

%&%"'#n !an* 3u"u$ ,%a#. Sa'u unu# +%+$un!ai *a!a 'a#i"

%&%"'#n !an* &%+a( %(in**a %&%"'#nn!a +uda( &%$a dan "%dua

unu# '%#%,u' +%+,%n'u" in unu#n!a. G&n*an unu# !an* *a!a

'a#i" %&%"'#nn!a #%&a'i ,%a# ada&a( unu# nn&*a+ %dan*"an

*&n*an unu# !an* +%+$un!ai *a!a 'a#i" %&%"'#n #%&a'i &%+a(

ada&a( unu# &*a+. O&%( "a#%na i'u unu# &*a+ d%n*an unu#

nn&*a+ u+u+n!a ,%#i"a'an in da&a+ %n!a:an!a.

Ru+u Ki+ia S%n!a:a In

S%uai d%n*an a'u#an "'%' a'+ na'#iu+ a"an +%&%$a 1

%&%"'#n %dan*"an a'+ "in a"an +%n!%#a$ 1 %&%"'#n. Jadi

%'ia$ 1 a'+ "in +%+,u'u("an 1 a'+ na'#iu+. A"an '%'a$i

'ida" ,ia dia#'i"an ,a(:a a'u in Na(an!a '%#i"a' $ada a'u in

4&-. Da&a+ "#i'a& Na4& %'ia$ a'+ Nadi"%&i&in*i &%( 6 in 4&-dan

%'ia$ in 4&- di"%&i&in*i &%( 6 in Na da&a+ ua'u '#u"'u# 'i*a

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di+%ni ,%#,%n'u" "u,u. Ru+u "i+ia Na4& ada&a( #u+u %+$i#i

+%n!a'a"an ,a(:a $%#,andin*an in Nadan 4&-ada&a( 1?1.

2. I"a'an ">a&%nAda ,%,%#a$a d%nii '%n'an* i"a'an ">a&%n !ai'u?- I"a'an ">a&%n ada&a( i"a'an "i+ia !an* an*a' "ua' di+ana

*a!a an'a# a'+n!a di'i+,u&"an da#i $%n**unaan ,%#a+a

%&%"'#n.- I"a'an ">a&%n '%#jadi an'a#a unu# nn&*a+ d%n*an unu# nn

&*a+ %#'a +%+$un!ai $%#,%daan %&%"'#n%*a'i'a !an* "%3i&.- I"a'an ">a&%n '%#jadi "a#%na $%+a"aian ,%#a+a %&%"'#n-

%&%"'#n &%( dua a'+.- I"a'an ">a&%n '%#jadi an'a#a unu# nn&*a+ d%n*an unu#

nn&*a+.

4n'( P%+,%n'u"an I"a'an K>a&%n

P%+,%n'u"an i"a'an da&a+ +&%"u& H2'ida" +%&a&ui $%&%$aan

dan $%n!%#a$an %&%"'#n. S%,a*ai unu# nn&*a+ a'+-a'+

(id#*%n +%+$un!ai da!a 'a#i" %&%"'#n !an* 3u"u$ ,%a#. O&%(

"a#%na $%aan*an %&%"'#n !an* '%#,%n'u" di'a#i" &%( "%dua in'i

a'+ (id#*%n !an* ,%#i"a'an "%dua a'+ '%#%,u' +%njadi a&in*

'%#i"a'. I"a'an !an* '%#,%n'u" d%n*an 3a#a $%n**unaan ,%#a+a

$aan*an %&%"'#n ini !an* di+a"ud d%n*an i"a'an ">a&%n.

Ga+,a# 1.2

Ru+u Ki+ia S%n!a:a K>a&%nD%n*an +%n*a3u $ada a'u#an "'%' "i'a da$a'

+%+$#%di"i"an #u+u +&%"u& da#i %n!a:a !an* ,%#i"a'an

">a&%n. Da&a+ (a& ini ju+&a( %&%"'#n !an* di$aan*"an (a#u

dia+a"an. A"an '%'a$i $%#&u diin*a' ,a(:a a'u#an "'%' 'ida"

%&a&ui di$a'u(i '%#da$a' ,%,%#a$a %n!a:a ">a&%n !an*

+%&an**a# a'u#an "'%'. 4n'(n!a ada&a( i"a'an an'a#a H dan O

da&a+ H2O. Kn*u#ai %&%"'#n H dan O ada&a( H +%+%#&u"an 1%&%"'#n dan O +%+%#&u"an 2 %&%"'#n. A*a# a'+ O dan H

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10/18

+%n*i"u'i "aida( "'%' ju+&a( a'+ H !an* di,%#i"an (a#u

+%njadi dua %dan*"an a'+ O a'u %(in**a #u+u +&%"u&

%n!a:a ada&a( H2O.

Ga+,a# 1.

S'#u"'u# L%:i a'au Ru+u S'#u"'u# S%n!a:a K>a&%n

S'#u"'u# L%:i ada&a( dia*#a+ !an* +%nunju""an i"a'an-

i"a'an an'a# a'+ da&a+ ua'u +&%"u&. S'#u"'u# L%:i di*una"an

un'u" +%n**a+,a#"an i"a'an ">a&%n dan i"a'an ">a&%n "#dina'.

4a#a a'+-a'+ a&in* +%n*i"a' da&a+ ua'u +&%"u& din!a'a"an

d%n*an #u+u ,an*un a'au #u+u '#u"'u#. Ru+u '#u"'u#

di$%#&%( da#i #u+u L%:i %'ia$ $aan*an %&%"'#n i"a'an $ada

#u+u &%:i di*a+,a#"an d%n*an %$'n* *a#i.

Rumus (olekul Rumus Le/is Rumus %angun

0Rumus )truktur1H2 H ? H H - HH4& H 4& H - 4&H2O H O

H

H O

H

Ta,%& 1.1

I"a'an ">a&%n '%#di#i a'a i"a'an ">a&%n $&a# ">a&%n nn $&a#

dan ">a&%n "#dinai.

a. K>a&%n $&a#S%n!a:a ">a&%n di"a'a"an $&a# ji"a %n!a:a '%#%,u' +%+i&i"i

$%#,%daan "%%&%"'#n%*a'ian. D%n*an d%+i"ian $ada %n!a:a

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11/18

I"a'ann!a PEI7 3%nd%#un* '%#'a#i" "% a&a( a'u a'+ !an*

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an'a#a a'+-a'+ unu# !an* +%+$un!ai ,%da

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a'au +%+$un!ai ,%n'u" +&%"u& i+%'#i.

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!an* ,%#%a"i d%n*an ,#n '#i"ida B4&7 +%+,%n'u"

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"'%' dan +%+$un!ai %$aan* %&%"'#n ,%,a. Di &ain $i(a"

a'+ B da&a+ B4& uda( +%+aan*"an %+ua %&%"'#n

>a&%nin!a na+un ,%&u+ +%+%nu(i "aida( "'%'. Da&a+ (a& ini

a'+ N da#i NH7 dan a'+ B da#i B4&7 da$a' ,%#i"a'an d%n*an

+%n**una"an ,%#a+a $aan*an %&%"'#n ,%,a da#i a'+ N.


12/18


13/18

$ada'an

">a&%n %$%#'i

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na+un u"a#&a#u' da&a+

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PO4& HNB9

SOTa,%& 1.

D" $katan )ekun2er 0!aya Tarik Antarmolekul1

I"a'an %"und%# ada&a( i"a'an an'a# +&%"u&. Ga!a i"a'an %"und%# 'i+,u&

da#i di$& a'+ a'au +&%"u&. Pada daa#n!a di$& &i'#i" 'i+,u& ji"a ada

ja#a" $ia( an'a#a ,a*ian $i'i dan n%*a'i da#i %,ua( a'+ dan

+&%"u&. P%#&u diin*a' ,a(:a *a!a 'a#i" an'a#+&%"u& ,%#i"a'an d%n*an

ia'-ia' i a' %$%#'i 'i'i" &%&%( dan 'i'i" didi(. S%+a"in "ua' *a!a

'a#i" an'a#+&%"u& %+a"in u&i' un'u" +%+u'u"ann!a %(in**a

+%n*a"i,a'"an %+a"in 'in**i 'i'i" &%&%( +au$un 'i'i" didi( ua'u

%n!a:a.

1. Ga!a Lndn / Ga!a Di$%#iGa!a Lndn a'au *a!adi$%#i ada&a( *a!a 'a#i" +%na#i"

an'a#a +&%"u&-+&%"u& da&a+ a' !an* nn$&a#. 9#i' Lndn

%#an* i&+u:an J%#+an +%n*un*"a$"an '%#i '%n'an* *a!a ini

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%(in**a *a!a ini ,ia di%,u' *a!a Lndn. Ga!a Lndn ada&a(

*a!a di+ana %&%"'#n %nan'iaa ,%#*%#a" da&a+ #,i'a&.

P%#$inda(an %&%"'#n da#i ua'u da%#a( "% da%#a( &ainn!a

+%n!%,a,"an ua'u +&%"u& !an* %3a#a n#+a& ,%#ia' nn$&a#

+%njadi $&a# %aa' +%+,%n'u" di$& %aa'. Di$& !an* '%#,%n'u"

d%n*an 3a#a ini di%,u' di$& %aa' "a#%na di$& ini da$a' ,%#u,a(

%3a#a ,an!a" da&a+ a'u d%'i". Di$& %aa' $ada ua'u +&%"u&

da$a' +%n*i+,a +&%"u& di %"i'a#n!a %(in**a +%+,%n'u" ua'u

di$& '%#i+,a.Ga!a Lndn +%#u$a"an *a!a !an* #%&a'i &%+a(. a' !n*

+&%"u&n!a ,%#'a#i"an (an!a ,%#daa#"an *a!a Lndn +%+$un!ai

'i'i" &%&%( dan 'i'i" didi( !an* #%nda( di,andin*"an d%n*an a' &ain

!an* +aa +&%"u&n!a #%&a'i "i#a-"i#a a+a. Ji"a +&%"u&-

+&%"u&n!a "%3i& a'-a' i'u ,iaan!a ,%#,%n'u" *a $ada u(u

"a+a#. 4n'(n!a ada&a( (id#*%n H27 ni'#*%n N27 +%'ana 4HC7

*a-*a +u&ia %$%#'i (%&iu+ H%7 dan %,a*ain!a.K%"ua'an *a!a Lndn ,%#*an'un* $ada ,%,%#a$a a"'#

an'a#a &ain "%#u+i'an +&%"u& dan u"u#an +&%"u&.a. K%#u+i'an M&%"u&

L%,i( ,an!a" '%#da$a' in'%#a"i$ada +&%"u& "+$&%" da#i

+&%"u& %d%#(ana %(in**a Ga!a Lndn &%,i( ,%a#

di,andin*"an +&%"u& %d%#(ana.

Ma"in ,%a# M# +a"in "ua' Ga!a Lndn.,. U"u#an M&%"u&

M&%"u& !an* &%,i( ,%a# +%+$un!ai 'a#i"an &%,i( ,%a# da#i

$ada +&%"u& ,%#u"u#an "%3i&. S%(in**a +uda( '%#jadi "u'u,

&i'#i" %aa' !an* +%ni+,u&"an Ga!a Lndn ,%a#.

Da&a+ a'u *&n*an da#i a'a "% ,a:a( u"u#ann!a

,%#'a+,a( ,%a# %(in**a *a!a &ndnn!a ju*a %+a"in

,%a#.

2. I"a'an Hid#*%nSua'u *a!a an'a#+&%"u& !an* #%&a'i "ua' '%#da$a' da&a+

%n!a:a (id#*%n !an* +%+$un!ai "%%&%"'#n%*a'ian ,%a# !ai'u

u#in 97 "i*%n O7 dan ni'#*%n N7. Mia&n!a da&a+ H9 H20

dan NH. Ha& ini '%#3%#+in da#i 'i'i" didi( !an* +%n!&" 'in**i da#i

%n!a:a-%n!a:a '%#%,u' di,andin*"an d%n*an %n!a:a &ain !an*

%j%ni.

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K%"ua'an i"a'an (id#*%n ini di$%n*a#u(i &%( $%#,%daan

%&%"'#n%*a'i>i'a an'a#a a'+-a'+ da&a+ +&%"u& '%#%,u'.

S%+a"in ,%a# $%#,%daann!a %+a"in ,%a# i"a'an (id#*%n !an*

'%#,%n'u".I"a'an (id#*%n +%+%n*a#u(i 'i'i" didi( ua'u %n!a:a.

S%+a"in ,%a# i"a'an (id#*%nn!a %+a"in 'in**i 'i'i" didi(n!a.

Na+un "(uu $ada ai# H2O7 '%#jadi dua i"a'an (id#*%n $ada 'ia$

+&%"u&n!a. A"i,a'n!a ju+&a( ''a& i"a'an (id#*%nn!a &%,i( ,%a#

da#i$ada aa+ #ida H97 !an* %(a#un!a +%+i&i"i i"a'an

(id#*%n '%#,%a# "a#%na $a&in* 'in**i $%#,%daan

%&%"'#n%*a'i>i'an!a7 %(in**a 'i'i" didi( ai# &%,i( 'in**i da#i$ada

aa+ #ida.

Ga+,a# 1.C

I"a'an (id#*%n !an* '%#jadi an'a# +&%"u& ai# di+ana +ua'an

$a#ia& $i'i ,%#aa& da#i a'+ H !an* ,%#aa& da#i a&a( a'u

+&%"u& ai#. I"a'an (id#*%n da$a' '%#jadi in'%# +&%"u& dan in'#a

+&%"u&. Ji"a i"a'an '%#jadi an'a#a a'+-a'+ da&a+ +&%"u& !an*

a+a +a"a di%,u' i"a'an (id#*%n in'#a+&%"u& a'au dida&a+

+&%"u& %$%#'i +&%"u& H2O d%n*an +&%"u& H2O. I"a'an (id#*%n

ju*a '%#,%n'u" $ada $ada an'a# +&%"u& %$%#'i +&%"u& NH

4H4H2OH d%n*an +&%"u& H2O i"a'an !an* %+a3a+ ini di%,u'

d%n*an i"a'an (id#*%n in'%#+&%"u&.

. I"a'an / Ga!a an D%#


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$%+,%daan !an* ,%#'ujuan un'u" +%+$%#j%&a *a!a an'a#+&%"u&

da&a+ ua'u a' ,%#i"u'.- I'i&a( *a!a Lndn a'au *a!a di$%#i di*una"an ji"a *a!a

an'a#+&%"u& i'u&a( a'u-a'un!a !ai'u un'u" a'-a' !an*

nn$&a#. Mia&n!a un'u" *a +u&ia (id#*%n dan ni'#*%n.

-I'i&a( *a!a >an d%#


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+%n*a+,i& #+ai7 %d%+i"ian #u$a %(in**a '&a"-+%n&a" di

an'a#an!a +%njadi +ini+u+.2. Paan*an %&%"'#n ,%,a +%+$un!ai *a!a '&a" !an* %di"i' &%,i(

"ua' da#i$ada $aan*an %&%"'#n i"a'an. Ha& i'u '%#jadi "a#%na

$aan*an %&%"'#n ,%,a (an!a '%#i"a' $ada a'u a'+ %(in**a

*%#a"ann!a &%,i( &%&uaa.

%A% $$$

PN'T'P

A" Kesim3ulan

Da#i ,a, $%+,a(aan di a'a +a"a $%nu&i da$a' +%n!i+$u&"an

,a(:a a'+-a'+ a&in* +%n*i"a'"an di#i a'u a+a &ain "a#%na in*in

+%n!%'a#a"an "%'a,i&an +%#%"a %uai d%n*an "aida( "'%' a'au %$%#'i

(a&n!a *&n*an *a +u&ia !an* '%&a( +%+i&i"i "%'a,i&an !an* 'ida"

da$a' '%#%&a""an &a*i (u"u+ a&a+7. Ada$un j%ni-j%ni i"a'an "i+ia

'%#di#i a'a +a3a+ !an* $%#'a+a ada&a( i"a'an in !an* +%#u$a"an

i"a'an an'a#a unu#-unu# &*a+ dan nn-&*a+ "%dua ada&a( i"a'an

">a&%n !ai'u $%+a"aian %&%"'#n %3a#a ,%#a+a-a+a &%( unu# nn-

&*a+ dan unu# nn-&*a+ %#'a i"a'an &*a+ !an* +%#u$a"an

$%+a"aian %&%"'#n %3a#a ,%#a+a-a+a &%( a'+-a'+ &*a+.

%" )aran

H%nda"n!a +a(ai:a +%njadi"an +a"a&a( ini %,a*ai a&a(

a'u #%%#%ni,%&aja#. Na+un +a(ai:a ju*a dianju#"an un'u"

+%n3a#i #%%#%ni &ain %,a*ai$%&%n*"a$ dan $%+,andin*

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DAFTAR P')TAKA

(''$?//"+$&n+a"a&a(.,&*$'.3+/2012/12/i"a'an-"i+ia.('+&

(''$?//(%#iu(%#i;0.,&*$'.3+/2012/12/+a"a&a(-"i+ia-i"a'an-"i+ia.('+&(''$?//"i+&%+%'.:#d$#%.3+/201/11/10/i"a'an-"i+ia-"%&a-/

(''$?//:::.u'.a3.id/('+&/u$&%+%n/$%"iC15/.('+

(''$?//:::.3(%+-i-'#!.#*/+a'%#i"i+ia/"i+ia-"%%(a'an/i"a'an-

"i+ia/i"a'an-(id#*%n/

(''$?//a&"a!un%.:#d$#%.3+/'a*/*a!a-&ndn/

1C
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MAKALAH_KIMIA_IKATAN_KIMIA (1)

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